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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69e9cc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55603 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55603) diff --git a/old/55603-0.txt b/old/55603-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fe2f062..0000000 --- a/old/55603-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1557 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 51, -June 19, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 51, June 19, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 22, 2017 [EBook #55603] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 19, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 51. SATURDAY, JUNE 19, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: SAINT SENAN’S WELL, COUNTY OF CLARE.] - -There are perhaps no objects in our own dear Ogygia, or Sacred Island, -as it was also anciently called, which strike the minds of strangers -with greater surprise, and excite them to more meditative reflection, -than the holy wells which are so numerous in it, and the religious -observances--to them so strange--which they see practised at them. By -the devout of the reformed creeds, among such observers, these sacred -fountains, with their adjacent and almost equally sacred trees, covered -with bits of rag and other votive offerings of propitiation or gratitude -to the presiding spirit of the spot, who is generally the patron saint of -the district, are usually regarded with horror, as objects closely allied -to pagan idolatry; and the religious devotions which they see practised -at them excite only feelings of pity or contempt for what they consider -the debased intellect of the votaries who frequent them. By the painter, -poet, and the mere man of taste, however, they are viewed in a spirit of -greater toleration, and with a more pleasing interest, particularly in -the western portions of our island, where the wild scenery amid which -they are generally to be met with, the symmetrical forms and often -beautiful faces of the devotees, and the brilliant colours of their -ancient national costumes, impart that interest and picturesqueness to -the spectacle of which our own great national painter Burton has so -admirably availed himself, and made familiar to the world, in his picture -of the Blind Girl at the Holy Well. It is, however, by the antiquary -and the philosopher that they are viewed with the deepest interest, for -to the one they present in all their vividness the still existing images -of customs which originated in the earliest period of the history of our -race, while to the other they supply the most touching evidences of the -strength of that devotional instinct, however blind and misapplied, that -humble faith in the existence and omnipotence of a Divine Intelligence, -which are among the loftiest feelings of our nature, and which, when -properly directed, must lead to the noblest results. In the minds of such -philosophers, a contemplation of the usages to which we have referred -will be apt to excite, not feelings of depression and despondency, but -rather cheering anticipations of hope for the future prospects and -ultimate happiness of the human race; and they who practise those usages -will be regarded, even in their present meanness of garb, and concomitant -vulgarity of habits, not as degraded outcasts from society, grovelling in -the mire of ignorance and superstition, but as members of the universal -human family, to be tolerated and cherished in all kindliness; while, -with respect to their peculiar devotion, for which so many censure them, -it can still be said, - - ----“This may be superstition, weak or wild, - But even the faintest relicts of a shrine - Of any worship, wake some thoughts divine.” - -The Pagan origin of well-worship is now established beyond the -possibility of contradiction, and its extreme antiquity is lost in the -night of time. This has been satisfactorily shown in a very interesting -essay, written with a view to the annihilation of its remains in -Ireland, by a Roman Catholic clergyman of distinguished abilities and -learning, the late Dr Charles O’Conor. This learned writer attributes -its introduction into the British islands, and Ireland in particular, -to the Phœnicians, and quotes several authorities to show that if it -had not its origin with the Chaldeans, it can at least be traced as -far back as to them, and that from Chaldea and Persia it passed into -Arabia, thence into Egypt and Lybia, and lastly into Greece, Italy, -Spain, and Ireland. In all these countries its vestiges are still to -be found, but in none of them at this day so numerous as in Ireland; -and it is remarkable that its usages are still identical in the far -distant regions of the east with those in our own _Ultima Thule_ of the -west. This identity is clearly evidenced by Hanway, in his “Travels -in Persia,” in which he says, “We arrived at a desolate caravanserai, -where we found nothing but water. I observed a tree _with a number of -rags to the branches_. These were so many charms which passengers coming -from Ghilan, a province remarkable for agues, had left there in a fond -expectation of leaving their disease also in the same spot.” Similar -instances have been adduced by later travellers in the east, in reading -whose descriptions we might almost suppose that they were depicting -scenes in Ireland; and if all other evidences were wanting, these facts -alone would be sufficient to establish the conclusion that the worship -of fountains in Ireland was of Pagan origin. But we have in our ancient -manuscripts the most satisfactory historical evidences to establish the -fact. Thus, in Tirechan’s Life of St Patrick, preserved in the Book of -Armagh, and St Evin’s Life as published by Colgan, it is stated, in -detailing the progress of the Irish Apostle through Ireland, that he came -to the fountain called Slan [that is, health], “because it was indicated -to him that the Magi honoured this fountain, and made donations to it as -gifts to God.” This fountain was square, and there was a square stone in -the mouth of it, and the water came over the stone, that is, through the -interstices; and the Pagans told him that a certain Magus, who worshipped -water as a divinity, and considered fire as a destroyer, when dying, made -a shrine for his bones in the water beneath the stone, in order that they -might be preserved. Patrick told the assembled congregation that it was -not true that the king of the waters was in the fountain, and bade them -raise up the stone, remarking that the bones of a man were not beneath -it, but that he thought there was some gold and silver appearing through -the joinings from their impious offerings; no such valuable offerings -were, however, found; and Patrick consecrated the stone so raised to -the true Divinity. It may not be unworthy of remark, that the well of -Finnmagh is still, as in the time of St Patrick, equally reverenced, -though under a different name and with a different faith. It is now -called Tober Brighde, or Bride’s Well, having been subsequently dedicated -to that saint as well as all the churches in the plain of Finnmagh, -and under this name the Druidical well of _Slan_ is one of the most -frequented and honoured in the whole of the county of Roscommon. - -Several authorities of the same character as that now adduced may be -found in the lives of other early Irish saints, but it is not necessary -to our purpose to quote them. - -Dr O’Conor shows from various evidences that on the firm establishment -of Christianity in various parts of Europe the most severe ordinances of -the church were promulgated against the continuance of well-worship in -any form. “I have already stated,” he observes, “that well-worshipping -has been utterly abolished by the Catholic religion in Italy. The -_Fontinalia_ exist no longer; the fountain of Egeria, which I have seen -near Rome, is known only to the learned; and I have seen the common -peasantry of Castel Gandolfo and Marino washing their linen in the sacred -waters of the _Ferentine_ Assemblies of Latium and of Rome!” - -In reference to its abolition in England, he adduces a canon made in the -reign of Edgar, A.D. 960, by which it was ordained “that every priest -_do forbid the worship of fountains_, and necromancy, and auguries, and -enchantments, and soothsayings, and false worship, and legerdemain, which -carry men into various impostures, and to groves and Ellens, and also -many _trees_ of divers sorts, and _stones_.” - -He also shows that similar ordinances appear in the Capitularies of -Charlemagne, and that amongst the laws of the reign of Ecgbright, A.D. -740, the 148th canon is:--“If any man, following the custom of the -Pagans, introduce diviners or sorcerers into his house, or attend the -_lustrations_ of Pagans, let him do penance for five years.” - -It may be asked, then, how has it happened that the veneration paid to -wells has continued in Ireland even to the present day, and to this -question it is not very easy to give a satisfactory answer. It may be -remarked, however, that no evidences have yet been discovered to show -that similar local ordinances were made to destroy their continuance in -Ireland, and that it may hence be inferred that the attachment of the -Irish People generally to their ancient usages in this instance, as well -as in their funeral lamentations, May-fires, and many other ceremonies -of a religious character derived from the same eastern and Pagan origin, -was too strong even for the power of the clergy to eradicate or greatly -diminish. Certain it is, that the pilgrimages to Lough Derg, which, there -is every reason to believe, derive their origin from the same source, -were abolished by an order of Pope Alexander VI, in 1497, and yet the -people returned to them again, and they are at the present moment as -numerously made, if not more so than ever. And, in like manner, the -pilgrimages to wells, even where discountenanced and punished by the -Roman Catholic clergy, as they are now in almost every part of Ireland, -are still continued in secrecy, with a tenacity to ancient usages -singularly characteristic of the Irish race, and which will ensure their -existence for a considerable time longer. - -St Senan’s Well, which we have selected as a characteristic example of -the holy wells of Ireland, is situated near the west bank of the Shannon, -near Dunass, in the county of Clare. There is nothing very peculiar to -distinguish this well from a thousand other fountains of the same kind, -but the unusual character of the votive offerings made at it, which, as -our engraving exhibits, consist chiefly of wooden bowls, tea-cups whole -and broken, blacking-pots, and similar odd offerings of gratitude to St -Seanan Liath, or Seanan the Hoary, the patron saint of the parish. - - P. - - - - -A FAIR-DAY IN NORMANDY, - -BY MARTIN DOYLE. - - -Having a strong desire to procure some of the small compact Norman -draught horses for my farm-work, I ventured last year to visit Normandy, -for the purpose of making the desired selections. I took with me a young -friend, who had been partly educated in France, as my interpreter with -the French horse-dealers, and to arrange every particular for me during -my intended hasty intercourse with the foreigners. But previously we went -for passports to the office in Poland-street, where the Consul filled -up the documents without ever looking at our faces, and I believe very -incorrectly as to portraiture. “Your profession?” inquired he in French, -as he was scribbling down the length of my nose, the colour of my hair -and eyes, &c. “Homme de lettres,” responded my companion for me. I nodded -my head in acquiescence, without knowing anything about the matter; but -I was quite satisfied when my friend explained it afterwards to me, and -assured me that Lord Brougham, when Lord Chancellor, had from sheer -modesty sunk his rank and other artificial honours on going to Paris, and -simply designated himself as “Avocat, et homme de lettres.” “Does not -all the world,” said my companion, “know perfectly well that you are, in -the first place, one of the props of the Irish Penny Journal?” “Enough,” -said I, somewhat tickled by the reference to Lord Brougham; “be it as you -please--though I think that, as a farmer going to France merely to buy -horses, I might as well have been written down under the useful character -of ‘agriculturist.’” My passport, however, was by this time in my pocket, -and any alteration in it was out of the question. - -I had ascertained that a fair would be held on a particular day at -Falaise, and having time enough to make a long journey by land, and much -curiosity to see Calais, I determined to go there: we reached that port -early in the day. - -“Well, then, I am in France,” said I, as we landed from the steamer -on the pier; “here I am, actually on the Continent, looking at French -soldiers, who won’t shoot me, stab me, nor take me prisoner, and on -fishwomen, with kerchiefs tastily arranged on their heads, large -ear-rings, and brown faces, and hearing a language altogether strange to -me.” After staring about me there for half a day, and eating a very nice -dinner in a very grand hotel, fitted up as if there was never any winter -in that part of France, we moved onwards in a most extraordinary kind of -coach: such a lumbering machine!--less than an entire troop of cavalry -appeared to me insufficient to move its prodigious wheels; yet five -miserable-looking horses, with dirty half rotten harness, were compelled -to pull it along towards Boulogne at the rate of more than four miles an -hour. - -I know not how it happened--perhaps it was fatigue--possibly a dose of -claret, which caused me to fall asleep in the cuppy[1] soon after I had -passed the barriers of Calais. Be this as it may, while I was dreaming -of home, there was a sudden stop, which aroused me. I could have sworn -at the moment that I was upon a dreary part of the road between Wexford -and Dungarvan; for, besides the general features of the locality, I saw -on the door of a very Irish-like looking public-house, these words--“John -Cullen sells beer and brandy.” “Where am I?” said I to myself; “surely -not in France.” The matter was explained to me. There are several -hundred families of English manufacturers, principally from Nottingham, -employed at their trade in Calais and its vicinity; and John Cullen, who -says he is a Yorkshireman, and has certainly been for more than twenty -years established where he now is, and has married a Frenchwoman, finds -it his interest to brew good beer, and to keep a public-house for the -entertainment of his neighbours and the operatives of Calais, although -the town is three miles distant. But at the moment I was fully impressed -with the notion that John Cullen and his house were in the barony of -Bargy, or in that of Forth. - -As the horses at this place were not disposed to run away with the -diligence, and the conductor had no indisposition to a glass of brandy, -I contrived to enter John Cullen’s house, which certainly has nothing -English about it, and asked for the landlord, who soon appeared--an -apparently thoroughbred Irishman, and with a fry of half-bred youngsters -at his heels, speaking the oddest jargon that ever man heard. At first I -hoped that it might have been the old dialect of the barony of Forth, but -I was grievously disappointed. Though John Cullen brews very good beer, -which he sends regularly into Calais, and sells very fair brandy, it -would be no harm, from what I could learn, if Father Mathew could spare -time to make a morning visit to his neighbourhood. - -The greater part of the way from Calais to Boulogne is bleak, open, and -ill drained, and altogether more of a snipe-shooting country than a -farmer would desire to see, with a good deal of wheat, however, here and -there, but not in the regularly formed ridges which I had seen in England. - -We reached Boulogne that night, and fixed ourselves quietly in an English -kind of hotel, after having been well tormented, before we were fairly -housed, by emissaries from half a dozen establishments, pressing us in -French, English, and German, to patronise their respective employers. -We started at five o’clock the next morning from a coach-office very -like one of our own in its arrangement of desks, clerks, way-bills, and -weighing machines. - -On _some_ parts of my journey, as we receded from the coast, the drill -husbandry, the garden-like culture, and the open country entirely under -tillage, resembled portions of England, especially in those districts -where the rural population is confined to villages very distant from each -other, and concealed from the road. The French peasants are very early -risers; I saw many of them at their various labours at four o’clock in -the morning; some women at that hour were leading cows by a string--three -very frequently connected together--or a few wretched-looking sheep, to -pasture on the margin of the road. The dresses of these people, and the -appearance of the sheep, in those spots, informed me very unmistakeably -that I was no longer in England. Sometimes, however, an entire flock of -sheep met our observation. One of these, under the care of a shepherd, -and two dogs which showed remarkable sagacity, we particularly noticed. -The sheep, when I caught the first view of them, were huddled together -in a fallow field, looking wistfully at, but not presuming to touch, a -compartment of luxuriant clover within a few feet of them. The shepherd, -leaving one of the dogs with the flock, and having the other at his -heels, paced off a square of ten or twelve yards, slightly marking the -limits with his foot; he then made a signal to the sentry dog, which at -once allowed the sheep to pass on to the clover, while the other dog -perambulated the prescribed limits, and prevented them from encroaching a -single foot. - -As I do not mean to trouble the reader with all the details of my -journey, I need only say that I reached in safety the very heart of -Normandy; and on the way, while admiring the woods, rivers, meadows, and -undulating scenery through which we passed, I perceived a resemblance to -the county of Wicklow, and many other well-wooded and fertile parts of -Ireland. - -I had been unable to reach Falaise the night before the fair, but I was -there in time for an early breakfast; and certainly this breakfast was -of an extraordinary kind. We had broth well thickened with vegetables; -the bouilli from which the juices had been extracted made its appearance -as a matter of course, and the whole company took a bit of it. Then came -the liver of a sheep fried in oil, a dish of white beans well mashed and -buttered, cheese, cider, and (though last not least appropriately to the -breakfast table) coffee and boiled milk, with eggs and bread and butter. -Many of the company, including some lady-like looking females, dipped -their well-buttered bread into their coffee, and swallowed it in this -nasty greasy manner with great apparent relish, and several of the party -pocketed the lumps or sugar which they did not use with their coffee. -But every country has its own fashions; and if people are here put upon -an allowance in the article of sugar, and pay for a fixed quantity, why -should they not take away that for which they pay, if they please? - -I hastened away from the breakfast table to the place where the fair -was held, and was surprised at the similarity of the scene before me to -those which I have so often witnessed at home. It had nothing of the -English character, excepting some wooden drinking-booths and caravans -for showmen; there were no smart-looking horse-jockeys, no well-dressed -grooms, not a white smock-frock, a laced buskin, a well-trimmed bonnet, -nor a neatly appointed tax-cart or gig in view; but a crowd of men -generally dressed in blue jackets and trousers and glazed hats, among -whom were interspersed some wearing the blue blouse, and a cloth cap -or red worsted nightcap, and a great number of women in their striped -woollens, and high white linen or muslin coifs--nay some of these (on -the heads of the rich farmers’ wives) were of lace, and worth scores -of pounds sterling. The whole assemblage (combining with it groups of -country fellows mounted on hardy ponies, with here and there a woman -_en croupe_, or independently on a pad, with bags behind and before -her, kicking away at the ribs of their horses with their heavy sabots) -reminded me of what we see on a market-day in several parts of Ireland. -Then, to render the similitude more striking, there were the clamour -and jargon of persons buying and selling; and now and then a half -drunken fellow singing in the lightness of his heart, or very noisy in -argument; but generally courteous, and _never_ daring to strike a blow, -and a pedlar selling beads and almanacks amidst a din of oaths and -imprecations, and the embarrassments occasioned by the movements of a -team of four bullocks and three little horses in single file, dragging -each other along with a huge tonneau of cider for the refreshment of the -thirsty crowd, on a two-wheeled waggon, in the rear. We had passed this -rude and very dirty vehicle, when the roll of a drum startled me. Thinks -I to myself, “war is about to commence in earnest,” but it was only the -preliminary flourish of a drummer, who immediately afterwards read out -a notice that a celebrated dentist was about to appear in his voiture, -for the purpose of relieving sufferers from those ailments which, alas! -are incidental to us in every stage of life. Having raised his hat from -respect to the majesty of the sovereign people, he moved off to an -adjacent street, while the great operator himself appeared at hand in a -showy kind of cab drawn by two horses (one in the shafts and the other in -the outrigger style), with a tawdrily dressed postilion to guide them. -Being in haste to reach the open square where the horse fair was held, I -had little time for witnessing the operations of the tooth-drawer, who -was flourishing his case of instruments in a most attractive way. When he -had trapped his victim, he blew a long loud blast upon a horn to intimate -that he was going to operate before the crowd, and after keeping the -sufferer in an agony of suspense and nervousness, he pulled out one or -more teeth with a _large nail_ (sometimes a screw) in the twinkling of an -eye, and with a degree of dexterity which I had conceived impossible. I -was afterwards told that he had several patients in succession, from whom -as they sat backwards in the cab, within view of hundreds of spectators, -he extracted teeth at the rate of sixpence each. This practitioner, -however, was not without a rival: another dentist was mounted on a high, -raw-boned horse, with his case of instruments, and some physic for -curing the rheumatism, in a leathern portmanteau strapped upon the pommel -of his saddle: his dress was of a military character--his coat being -braided like an undress frock; his bridle and saddle of the cavalry form; -his headpiece, a forage cap; and his boots and spurs like those of a -dragoon in the days of the Duke of Marlborough; a _coronet_ hung from his -saddle-bow; and whenever the other dentist sounded his bugle, this man -blew from beneath the overhanging cover of thick hair on his upper lip, a -longer and a louder strain. But the peculiarity of his style of operating -was really striking: instead of dismounting and removing the tooth, he -remained steadily in his saddle, examined the mouths of the patients who -presented themselves for relief, and from his vantage ground pulled or -rather pushed out the diseased grinder. While I was looking on, he poked -out three with a hooked nail for one sous, saying, successively, as he -drew them in a few seconds (as my companion translated his expressions -for me), “Here’s a long one; here’s a longer; and here’s the longest of -all.” - -A quack doctor in a huge caravan drawn by four horses, appeared next, and -apparently with much profitable practice, among the dupes who crowded -about him to read his puffs and buy his physic. A pedlar in another -part of the _place_ where the crowd was considerable, without coat or -waistcoat (the wind was at north-east), and labouring very hard with his -hands and lungs, was disposing of coloured cotton handkerchiefs by a sort -of auction form. He took a piece from a lot of the same pattern, tied it -round his waist or on his head as an indication that the handkerchiefs -he was about to put up for sale were of the same sort, and then named -a price, lowering the amount, perhaps, from twenty to fourteen sous, -until he heard such an amount bid as satisfied him; then with the -rapidity of a conjuror he flung the article to the bidder. Another and -another purchaser followed as fast as he could unfold and throw the -handkerchiefs at their faces, stopping occasionally for a few seconds to -receive payments from many customers; then he opened a fresh lot, and -thus perpetually exhibited varieties, selling all the time at a rate of -rapidity which I had never seen equalled, and which could only occur -where every individual in the little crowd is strictly honest. - -Little bags of silver and copper were, in the open booths, carelessly -slipped into unlocked boxes, from which any clever rogue might easily -have helped himself; but such an occurrence is almost unknown in the -provincial parts of France. These latter exhibitions were certainly -neither English nor Irish. - -It would afford no interest to any of my readers to inform them of the -number of horses which I purchased, nor of the prices which I paid, nor -of the arrangements which I made for sending them to Liverpool. It is -enough to tell them that out of the many strings of horses which had been -conducted to the fair in the English way by ropes from the head to the -tail, and the tail to the head, in succession, and were now drawn up in -rank and file under the shade of a wall for inspection, I bought some of -those which were most free from the characteristic defects of the Norman -horses, and had them safely stabled. - -I returned to the scene of gaiety and confusion. There was a young woman -there, bare-headed, but decently dressed in the main, playing upon a -violin, while her male partner blew a terrible blast upon a bugle at -intervals, at the conclusion of each, announcing a grand spectacle for -the evening. The female had given a finishing scrape, and in a moment -was on the ground, flat upon her back, but fortunately without injury -to herself or her fiddle. I looked about and perceived the cause of the -disaster: a horse had been pressed forward very rudely through the crowd, -with a calf dangling from each of his sides, and one of these coming into -violent contact with the fair musician, had thrown her down. - -The mode by which those wretched animals had been conveyed to the fair -was truly horrible. The four legs of each being bound, a rope connecting -the poor creatures together by their tortured limbs was passed over the -back of the horse, keeping them _in equilibrio_, and with the heads -hanging downwards in agony, while the ligatures confining the legs by -which they were suspended were impressed, by the weight of the body -below, into the very bone! Oh, for a Humane Society in France to prevent -such monstrous cruelty, taking for their motto the sentiment of her -own Montaigne: “even theology enjoins kindness to brute animals; and -considering that the same Master has given us our dwelling-place with -them, and that they like ourselves are of his family, we should have a -_fellow feeling_ for them!” - -Attracted by a concourse of children in another spot, I soon found myself -standing close to an old woman who was dealing out small thin cakes in -a curious kind of manner. Before her was placed what appeared to be a -small round table, but with an index, which, after being set in motion -by a boy, stopped suddenly, and pointed like the hand of a clock to one -of twelve numbers described in a circle. The perpetual invitation was, -“Play, play! twelve cakes for a halfpenny;” and the little urchins, -preferring the chance of twelve cakes for a halfpenny to the certainty -of perhaps only three or four from a regular vender elsewhere, came up -in rapid succession and with eager eyes to the game. Joy sparkled in -the countenance of the juvenile speculator if the hand pointed to a -high number; disappointment lowered upon his brow if a unit or two was -the number which fortune assigned to him, while the hearty laugh of the -spectators increased the acrimony of his temper. - -I tried my own luck, and had one cake for my share, to the unrestrained -delight of the little folk. - -“Cakes for a halfpenny!” said I to myself. “What a good subject for a -moral reflection!” - -Here we have the seeds of gambling sown at an early season in the lively -soil, and the systematic culture of this baneful and vivacious principle -subsequently ensures its establishment in the human heart through the -length and breadth of the land; it finds its congenial bed every where, -from the child of the poorest mechanic to the grey-headed gamester in -the polished societies of higher life. The avaricious principle thus -precociously introduced into the youthful heart among the many natural -weeds which are but too ready to spring up there, has its own distinctive -fruits; and though it may be urged by those who think not deeply on the -effects of early impressions on the ductile mind of childhood, that the -disappointment which the little gamester experiences in his play of -“twelve cakes for a halfpenny” counterbalances (as a trial of temper) the -evils arising on the other hand from success in his object, this defence -is really untenable in its general points. - -In the little party before me I saw the willing and prepared pupils of -a higher order of play--of rouge-et-noir, and hazard, and ecarté--by -which so many of our own countrymen are infatuated, and sometimes ruined, -when they take up their residence in France, heedless of the value of -that time and those opportunities for the right use of which they are -responsible to the bountiful Giver of them. - -We now entered a low kind of café, in which the next scene of the serious -drama of “twelve cakes for a sous” was exhibited. In one room was a -billiard-table, at which two common-looking fellows were playing, at -the rate of threepence an hour for the tables, for a cup of coffee and -a glass of brandy. In a corner sat a bloated, half-drunken looking old -man in a blouse and nightcap, while his bustling wife discharged all the -labours of the establishment. - -In walked a burly-looking customer, who ordered a glass of brandy for -himself, and another for the landlord Nicole. Immediately afterwards--and -this was a daily practice with old Nicole--a game of cards was proposed, -which terminated in favour of the customer, who walked off scot free. - -In several instances the old man played in this way--double or quits with -his customers--for the amount of coffee, wine, cider, or brandy, consumed -in his company (he himself copiously partaking of all), and no one seemed -without some play for it, to pay for what he had ordered. At several -tables there were many parties playing in this way at different rates; -and certainly if some of them had seen the contortions of their faces in -a mirror, they would have been disgusted with a vice which so agitates -the human frame, and unfits for every wise and rational pursuit. - -Having only played “spoil-five” and “five-and-forty” in my youth, -I neither understood nor wished to learn the game which was played -around me. My young friend and I went to our hotel, and there found the -chambermaid and the waiter, while they were awaiting our arrival, playing -ecarté together on the dinner table for the amount of their morning’s -gratuities. “Twelve cakes for a halfpenny!” said I to myself again. - -It only remains for me to tell how I got back to England. - -I had reached Havre, by the beautiful Seine from Rouen, in the evening, -without any particular adventure, and gone to an hotel kept by an -Englishman, just as a waiter was cursing an unlucky boy, who had broken -a wine-glass, in true English style. I heartily regretted that I had not -gone to a French house, in which, if the waiter had cursed for a month in -his own language, I should not have understood him. - -An accident had happened to the regular steamer for London, and there -appeared no chance of my getting off for three days; I was in despair, -especially as my horses had preceded me from another port, and I wished -to be in Liverpool contemporaneously with their arrival there. - -In the course of the night I was informed that a steam-vessel had just -arrived in Havre from Gibraltar, with some of the Braganza family on -their way to Paris, and that she was going on to London at day-break. I -tucked up my portmanteau under my arm, and my young friend and I sallied -out to the part of the quay where the steamer lay, in profound darkness -and the most perfect silence. “Qui vive?” said a watchman, as he put -his lantern to my face and a hand upon my throat, while I was advancing -to the gangboard. My companion explained; and as I had the prudence to -give a franc to the watchman, he lighted us carefully to the side of the -vessel. - -Down we groped our way to the cabin; all was darkness there, and every -one on board was asleep. The vessel was so full that the steward and -his wife were lying on the floor (in a heavy slumber), and directly in -my way. I spoke: no one answered. I caught the stewardess by the nose, -and could not conceive what it was that I had in my hand. She screamed, -and gave her husband a smart blow on the head, thinking that he was the -assailant. “Pordonnez,” said I, trying to speak civilly in French, and -supposing they could not understand English. “Who the deuce is there?” -roared out the steward. “Oh, English,” said I to myself. I explained, -and slipped a five-franc piece into the man’s hand, and apologized at -the same time to his wife for having pulled her nose instead of the -bell-handle. - -“The captain is asleep,” said he, “but I shall awake him.” “Good fellow,” -said I. - -My interpreter and I followed him, and the captain, who had heard the -bustle, opened his cabin door. I repeated the purport of my unseasonable -visit, telling him, by way of a clincher, that the Irish Penny Journal, -to which I contributed by far the best articles (“and which,” said I, -“you of course take for the gratification of your passengers”), could not -flourish during my absence from home. - -“Come on board, both of you,” said he, “if you like, but don’t bother me -with any more talk at this unseasonable hour of the night.” - -“An Irishman!” thought I to myself. - -He banged the door, and I suppose was instantly asleep again. - -I was soon in the same condition, and did not awake until we had made -considerable progress with the very next tide towards London. - -[1] Mr Doyle probably means the coupée.--EDITOR. - - - - -ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES. - -BY JOHN O’DONOVAN. - -Sixth Article. - - -In my last article I gave examples of the process now in progress in -the several provinces of Ireland among the people generally in changing -their original names into names apparently English or Scottish: there -are others in Ireland among the genteeler classes who have changed -their old Milesian names in such a manner as to give them a French or -Spanish appearance; and the adopters of these names _now_ wish to be -deemed as of French or Spanish origin (any thing but Irish!) These, -it is true, are few in number, but some of them are respectable; and -their effort at concealing their origin is not to be recommended. We -shall therefore exhibit a few instances of this mode of rendering Irish -names _respectable-looking_ by giving them a foreign aspect, which the -bearers cannot by any effort give their own faces. The most remarkable -of these changes has been made by the family of O’Dorcy, in the west of -the county of Galway, who have assumed not only the name of D’Arcy, but -also the arms of the D’Arcys of England. But it is well known that the -D’Arcys of Galway are all descended from James Reagh Darcy, of Galway, -merchant, whose pedigree I know to be traced by Duald Mac Firbis, not to -the D’Arcys of Meath, who are of Anglo-Norman origin, but to the Milesian -O’Dorcys of West Connaught, who were the ancient chiefs of Partree, a -well-known territory extending from the lakes of Lough Mask and Lough -Carra, westwards, in the direction of Croaghpatrick. - -The next instance of this kind of change which I shall adduce, is found -in the adjacent county of Mayo, where a gentleman of the ancient and -celebrated family of O’Malley wishes all his friends to call him not -O’Malley, for that is Irish, but De Maillet; but though his friends -condescend sometimes to call him by this name, they can scarcely refrain -from laughter while pronouncing it, for they know very well that he -descends from Owen O’Malley, the father of the famous heroine Grania -Wael, and chief of Umallia or the Owles, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. - -The third instance I have met with of this false Irish vanity is in the -far-famed Thomond, where a gentleman of the O’Malronies has followed the -plebeian corruption of that name, by which it is metamorphosed to Moroni, -by which he affects to pass as one not of Irish but of Spanish descent; -but he cannot prevent his neighbours from calling him _O’Murruana_ when -they speak the native language, for by a strange corruption in that part -of Ireland, where the Irish language is in most other instances very -correctly pronounced, when the prefix _maol_ is followed by _r_, the _l_ -is itself pronounced _r_, as in the instance under consideration, and -in O’Mulryan, a well-known name in Munster, which they now pronounce -O’Murryan. Thus an accidental corruption in the pronunciation of a -consonant is taken advantage of to metamorphose a famous old Irish name -into a Spanish one. It is indeed most lamentable to see the native Irish -think so little of their names and of their _own natural country_. - -I have many other instances of this audacious kind of change of surnames -at hand, but I refrain from enlarging on them, from the apprehension of -exceeding my limits without being enabled to bring this subject to a -close in the stipulated space. A few others, however, are necessary to -be exhibited to public scorn. The next instance, then, which has come -under my notice, is in the province of Connaught, where the family of -O’Mulaville have all changed their name to Lavelle, and where those who -know nothing of the history of that family are beginning to think that -they are of French descent. But it is the constant tradition in the -county of Mayo that they are of Danish origin, and that they have been -located in Iarowle since the ninth century. Of this name was the late -Editor of the Freeman’s Journal: a man of great abilities and extensive -learning, who among other ancient languages had acquired a profound -knowledge of his own native dialect. This name is scotticised Mac Paul in -the province of Ulster. - -Another name which some people are apt to take for a French or -Anglo-Norman name, is Delany, as if it were De Lani; but the Irish origin -of this family cannot be questioned, for the name is called O’Dulainé in -the original language, and the family were originally located at the foot -of Slieve Bloom in Upper Ossory. Another instance is found in the change -of O’Dowling to DuLaing, but this is seldom made, and never by any but -people of no consequence. - -Some individuals of the name of Magunshinan, or Magilsinan, upon leaving -their original localities in Cavan and Meath, have assumed, some the name -of Nugent, and others that of Gilson. Of this family was Charles Gilson, -the founder and endower of the public school of Old Castle, a man of -great benevolence, who found it convenient on his removal to London to -shorten his name to Gilson. - -Other individuals of Irish name and origin, upon settling in London and -other parts of England, have changed their surnames altogether, as the -ancestor of the present Baron of Lower Tabley, whose name was Sir Peter -Byrne, but who was obliged to change his name to Leycester, to conform -to the will of his maternal grandfather, who had bequeathed him large -estates in England, on condition of his dropping his Irish name and -adopting that of the testator. He is the most distinguished man of the -O’Byrne race now living, and we regret that his Irish origin is entirely -disguised in his present name of Warren. He descends from Daniel, the -second son of Loughlin Duff of Ballintlea, in the county of Wicklow, a -chief of great distinction, and is related to the Byrnes of Fallybeg, -near Stradbally, in the Queen’s County, who descended from the first -son of this Loughlin--a fact with which his lordship is altogether -unacquainted; and the writer of these remarks has often regretted that -his lordship has not been made acquainted with this fact, as it might be -in his power to serve the sons of the late venerable Laurence Byrne of -Fallybeg. - -Other changes have been made in Irish surnames by abbreviation; but -though we regret this, we are not willing to condemn it altogether, -especially when the changes are made for the purpose of rendering such -names easy of pronunciation in the mouths of magistrates and lawyers, who -could not, in many cases, bring their organs of speech to pronounce them -in their original Irish form. Of these we could give a long list, but we -shall content ourselves with a selection. - -In the province of Connaught the name Mac Eochy has been shortened to -M’Keogh, and latterly to Keogh; O’Mulconry to Conry and Conroy. In -Ossory, Mac Gillapatrick has been manufactured into Fitzpatrick. In the -county of Galway, and throughout the province of Connaught generally, -Mac Gillakelly has been manufactured into Kilkelly; O’Mullally to Lally; -Mac Gillakenny, to Kilkenny; Mac Gillamurry, to Kilmurry; Mac Gilladuff -to Kilduff; Mac Geraghty, to Geraghty and Gearty; Mac Phaudeen, to -Patten; O’Houlahan, to Nolan. This last change is not to be excused, for -it entirely disguises the origin of the family; and we would therefore -recommend the Nolans of the county of Galway to reject their false name, -and re-assume that of O’Houlahan. This family were removed from Munster -into Connaught by Oliver Cromwell, under the name of O’Houlahan, and they -have therefore no just right to assume the name of another Irish family -to whom they bear no relation whatsoever. The real Nolans of Ireland -are of Leinster origin, and were the ancient chiefs of the barony of -Forth, in the now county of Carlow, anciently called Foharta Fea, where -they are still numerous; but the Connaught Nolans are not Nolans at all, -but O’Houlahans, and are a family who bore the dignity of chieftains in -ancient times, though it happens, that, not knowing their history, or -taking a dislike to the sound of the name, they have, with questionable -propriety, assumed the name of a Leinster family, which seems to sound -somewhat better in modern ears. In the province of Ulster, the name Mac -Gillaroe has been shortened to Gilroy and Kilroy; Mac Gillabride, to -Mac Bride; Mac Gillacuskly, to Cuskly, and impertinently to Cosgrove -and even Costello! Mac Gilla-Finnen, to Linden and Leonard; Mac Gennis, -to Ennis and Guinness; Mac Blosky, to Mac Closky. In Munster the noble -name of Mac Carthy (or, as it is pronounced in the original Irish, Maw -Caurhă) has dwindled to Carty (a vile change!); O’Mulryan, to O’Ryan and -Ryan; Mac Gilla-Synan, to Shannon; Mac Gillaboy, to Mac Evoy, &c. &c. -In Leinster, all the O’s and Macs have been rejected; and though a few -of them are to be met there now, in consequence of the influx of poor -strangers of late into that province, it is certain that there is not -a single instance in which the O’ or Mac has been retained by any of -the aboriginal inhabitants of that province, I mean the _ancient Irish_ -Leinster, not including Meath. The most distinguished of these was Mac -Murrogh, but there is not a single individual of that name now living in -Leinster; the descendants of Donnell Mac Murrogh Cavanagh, who, although -illegitimate, became by far the most distinguished branch of that great -family, having all changed their surnames to Cavanagh, and the other -branches having, as the present writer has strong reasons to believe, -changed it to Murphy. The writer has come to this latter conclusion from -having ascertained that in the territory of the Murrows, in the county -of Wexford, once the country of a great and powerful sept of the Mac -Murroghs, the greater number of the inhabitants, who are perhaps the -finest race of men in Ireland, are now called Murphy. He has therefore -come to the conclusion, and he hopes not too hastily, that the Murphys -of this territory are all Mac Murroghs. At the same time, however, he is -well aware that the name generally anglicised Murphy is not Mac Murrogh, -but O’Murchoo, which was that of a branch or offshoot of the regal family -of Leinster, who became chiefs of the country of Hy-Felimy, and whose -chief seat was at Tullow, in the now county of Carlow. The writer is well -aware that the Murphys of the county of Carlow and Kilkenny are of this -latter family, but he cannot get rid of the conviction that the Murphys -of the Murrowes, in the east of the county of Wexford, are Mac Murroghs. -On the subject of the difference between these two families, we find the -learned Roderic O’Flaherty thus criticising Peter Walsh towards the close -of the seventeenth century:-- - -“An O’ or a Mac is prefixed in Irish surnames to the proper names of -some of their ancestors, intimating that they were the sons, grandsons, -or posterity of the person whose name they adopted; but it was not -proper to use one name promiscuously in the place of another, as he -writes O’Murphy, king of Leinster, instead of Mac Murphy, or rather Mac -Murchadh; but the family of O’Murchadha, which in English is Murphy, is -very different from and inferior to this family.”--Ogygia, Part III, cap. -xxvii. - -There are also some few instances to be met with, in which the O’ has -been changed to Mac, and _vice versa_, as in the remarkable instance -of O’Melaghlin, chief of the Southern Hy-Niall race, to Mac Loughlin; -also in those instances in which O’Duvyerma has been changed to Mac -Dermot, O’Donoghy to Mac Donogh, O’Knavin to Mac Nevin, O’Heraghty to Mac -Geraghty, and a few others. - -These latter changes are not calculated to disguise the _Irish origin_ of -the families who have made them, but they are still to be regretted, as -they tend to disguise the origin, race, and locality of the respective -families, and we should therefore like to see the original names restored. - -Similar changes have been made in the family names among the Welsh, as -Ap-John into Jones, Ap-Richard into Prichard and Richards, Ap-Owen into -Owens, Ap-Robert into Probert and Roberts, Ap-Gwillim into Williams, &c. -&c. - -Having thus treated of the alterations the Irish have made in their -surnames, or family names, for the purpose of making them appear English, -I shall next proceed to point out the changes which they have likewise -made in their Christian or baptism names, for the same purpose. Many of -their original names they have altogether rejected, as not immediately -reducible to any modern English forms; but others they have retained, -though they have altered them in such a manner as to make them appear -English. The writer could furnish from the authentic Irish annals and -pedigrees a long list of proper names of men which were in use in the -reign of Queen Elizabeth, and which have been for a long time laid aside; -but the limits of this Journal would not afford room for such a list: -he must therefore content himself by pointing out the original forms of -such names as have been retained in an anglicised shape. These changes -in the Christian names have been made, not only by those families who -have adopted English surnames, but also by those who have retained the -Milesian O’s and Macs; but these families have assumed that the English -forms which they have given this class of names are perfectly correct. -This was assumed to be true so early as the year 1689, in which we find -Sir Richard Cox writing on the subject as follows:-- - -“The Christian names of the Irish are as in England; Aodh _i. e._ Hugh, -Mahoone _i. e._ Matthew, Teige _i. e._ Timothy, Dermond _i. e._ Jeremy, -Cnogher _i. e._ Cornelius, Cormac _i. e._ Charles, Art _i. e._ Arthur, -Donal _i. e._ Daniel, Goron _i. e._ Jeofry, Magheesh _i. e._ Moses.” - -Now, I absolutely deny that these names are identical, though I -acknowledge that they are at present universally received and used as -such. In the first place, the name _Aodh_, which has been metamorphosed -to Hugh, is not synonymous with it, for the name Aodh signifies _fire_, -but _Hugh_, which has been borrowed from the Saxon, signifies _high_ or -_lofty_. Since, then, they bear not the same meaning, and are not made -up of the same letters, in what, may it be asked, does their identity -consist? It is quite obvious that they have nothing in common with -each other. In the second place, Mahon, or, as Sir Richard Cox writes -it, Mahoone, is not Matthew; for if we believe Spenser and some Irish -glossographists, Mahon signifies a _bear_; and if they be correct, it -cannot be identical, synonymous, or cognate with the Scriptural name -Matthew, which does not signify a _bear_, but a _gift_, or a _present_. -In the third instance, the Irish name Teige, which according to all the -Irish glossaries signifies _a poet_, is not synonymous with Timothy, -which means _the God-fearing_, and therefore is not identical or cognate -with it; and I therefore doubt that the Irish people have any right to -change Teige into Timothy. It was first anglicised Thady, and the writer -is acquainted with individuals who have rendered it Thaddæus, Theophilus, -and Theodosius. - -In the fourth instance, Dermod, or, as Sir Richard Cox writes it, -Dermond, is not identical with Jeremy, nor is it synonymous or even -cognate with it. On this name, which was first very incorrectly -anglicised Darby, the learned Dr O’Brien writes as follows:--“_Diarmaid_, -the proper name of several great princes of the old Irish. This name -[which had its origin in Pagan times] is a compound of _Dia_, god, and -_armaid_, the genitive plural of the Irish word _arm_, Latin _arma_, -_armorum_, so that _Dia-armaid_ literally signifies the same as _Deus -armorum_, the god of arms. Such is the exalted origin of this Irish name, -which does not screen it from being at times a subject of ridicule to -some of our pretty gentlemen of the modern English taste.” - -It must, however, in candour be acknowledged that this is not the meaning -of the name Dermod, and that Dr O’Brien invented this explanation to -gain what he considered respectability for a name common in his own -illustrious family, and which was considered vulgar by the fashionable -people of the period at which he wrote. We have the authority of the -Irish glossaries to show that _Diarmaid_, which was adopted at a remote -period of Irish history, as the proper name of a man, signifies a -freeman; and though this meaning does not sound as lofty as the _Deus -armorum_ of Dr O’Brien, still it is sufficiently respectable to show -that Dermod is not a barbarous name, and that the Irish people need -not be ashamed of it; but they will be ashamed of every Irish name in -despite of all that can be said, as the writer has very strong grounds -for asserting. The reason is obvious--because they have lost their -nationality. - -In the fifth instance, Concovar, or, as Sir Richard Cox writes it, -Cnogher, is not identical, synonymous, or even cognate with Cornelius; -for though it has been customary with some families to latinize it to -Cornelius, still we know from the radices of both names that they bear -not the slightest analogy to each other, for the Irish name is compounded -of _Conn_, strength, and _Cobhair_, aid, assistance; while the Latin -Cornelius is differently compounded. It is, then, evident that there is -no reason for changing the Irish Concovar or Conor to Cornelius, except a -fancied resemblance between the sounds of both; but this resemblance is -very remote indeed. - -In the sixth instance, the name Cormac has nothing whatsoever to do with -Charles (which means _noble-spirited_), for it is explained by all the -glossographers as signifying “Son of the Chariot,” and it is added, “that -it was first given as a sobriquet, in the first century, to a Lagenian -prince who happened to be born in a chariot while his mother was going -on a journey, but that it afterwards became honourable as the name of -many great personages in Ireland.” After the accession of Charles the -First, however, to the throne, many Irish families of distinction changed -Cormac to Charles, in order to add dignity to the name by making it the -same with that of the sovereign--a practice which has been very generally -followed ever since. - -In the seventh instance, Sir Richard is probably correct. I do not deny -that Art may be synonymous with Arthur; indeed I am of opinion that -they are both words of the same original family of language, for the -Irish word _Art_ signifies _noble_, and if we can rely on the British -etymologists, Arthur bears much of a similar meaning in the Gomraeg or -Old British. - -With respect to the eighth instance given by Sir Richard Cox, I have -no hesitation in asserting that the Irish proper name Domhnall, which -was originally anglicised Donnell and Donald, is not the same with the -Scriptural name Daniel, which means _God is judge_. I am at least certain -that the ancient Irish glossographers never viewed it as such, for they -always wrote it _Domhnall_, and understood it to mean a great or proud -chieftain. This explanation may, however, be possibly incorrect; but the -_m_ in the first syllable shows that the name is formed from a root very -different from that from which the Scriptural name Daniel is derived. - -With respect to the names Goron (which is but a mistake for Searoon), -Jeofry, and Magheesh, Moses, the two last instances furnished by Sir -Richard Cox, they were never borne by the ancient Irish, but were -borrowed from the Anglo-Normans, and therefore I have nothing to do with -them in this place. What I have said is sufficient to show that the -Christian names borne by the ancient Irish are not identical, synonymous, -or even cognate with those substituted for them in the time of Sir -Richard Cox. - - * * * * * - -The most valuable part of every man’s education is that which he receives -from himself, especially when the active energy of his character makes -ample amends for the want of a more finished course of study. - - * * * * * - -“Would you know this boy to be my son from his resemblance to me?” asked -a gentleman. Mr Curran replied, “Yes, sir; the maker’s name is stamped -upon the _blade_.” - - - - -ELEGIAC STANZAS - -ON A SON AND DAUGHTER. - - - In Merrion, by Eblana’s bay, - They sleep beneath a spreading tree; - No voices from the public way - Shall break their deep tranquillity. - - Clontarf may bloom, and gloomy Howth - Behold the white sail passing by, - But never shall the spring-time growth - Or stately bark delight their eye. - - Clontarf may live, a magic name, - To call up recollections dear-- - But never shall great Brian’s fame - Delight the sleeper’s heedless ear. - - They fell, ere reason’s dawn arose-- - They, sinless, felt affliction’s rod; - Oh, who can tell their wordless woes - Before they reached the throne of God? - - What being o’er the cradle leans, - Where innocence in anguish lies; - Writhing in its untold pains-- - That feels not awful thoughts arise! - - ’Tis dreadful eloquence to all - Whose hearts are not of marble stone-- - Such eloquence as could not fall - E’en from the tongue of Massillon. - - Their ills are o’er--a father’s cares-- - A mother’s throes--a mother’s fears-- - A wily world with all its snares, - Shall ne’er begloom their joyless years. - - They sleep in Merrion by the bay, - From passions, care, and sorrow free; - No voices from the public way - Shall break their deep tranquillity. - - T. - - - - -TESTIMONIALS. - - -Every one who has had any thing to do with the filling up of appointments -for which there has been any competition, must have been struck--taking -the testimonials of candidates as criteria to judge by--with the immense -amount of talent and integrity that is in the market, and available often -for the merest trifle in the shape of annual salary. In truth, judging -by such documents as those just alluded to, one would think that it is -the able and deserving alone that are exposed to the necessity of seeking -for employment. At any rate, it is certain that all who do apply for -vacant situations are without exception persons of surpassing ability -and incorruptible integrity--flowers of the flock, pinks of talent, -and paragons of virtue. How such exemplary persons come to be out of -employment, we cannot tell; but there they are. - -The number of testimonials which one of these worthies will produce when -he has once made a dead set at an appointment, is no less remarkable than -the warmth of the strain in which they are written. Heaven knows where -they get them all! but the number is sometimes really amazing, a hatful, -for instance, being a very ordinary quantity. We once saw a candidate for -an appointment followed by a porter who carried his testimonials, and a -pretty smart load for the man they seemed to be. The weight, we may add, -of this gentleman’s recommendations, as well it might carried the day. - -In the case of regular situation-hunters of a certain class, gentlemen -who are constantly on the look-out for openings, who make a point of -trying for every thing of the kind that offers, and who yet, somehow or -other, never succeed, it may be observed that their testimonials have for -the most part an air of considerable antiquity about them, that they are -in general a good deal soiled, and have the appearance of having been -much handled, and long in the possession of the very deserving persons to -whose character and abilities they bear reference. This seems rather a -marked feature in the case of such documents as those alluded to. How it -should happen, we do not know; but you seldom see a fresh, clean, newly -written testimonial in the possession of a professed situation-hunter. -They are all venerable-looking documents, with something of a musty smell -about them, as if they had long been associated in the pocket with cheese -crumbs and half-burnt cigars. - -A gentleman of the class to which we just now particularly refer, -generally carries his budget of testimonials about with him, and is -ready to produce them at a moment’s notice. Not knowing how soon or -suddenly he may hear of something eligible, he is thus always in a state -of preparation for such chances as fortune may throw in his way. It is -commendable foresight. - -As regards the general style of testimonials, meaning particularly that -extreme warmth of eulogium for which these documents are for the most -part remarkable, it is perhaps in the case of aspirants for literary -situations that we find it in its greatest intensity. It is in these -cases we make the astounding discovery that the amount of literary -talent known is really nothing to that which is unknown; that in fact -the brightest of those geniuses who are basking in the sunshine of -popular favour, and reaping fame and fortune from a world’s applause, is -a mere rushlight compared to hundreds whom an adverse fate has doomed -to obscurity, of whose merits the same untoward destiny has kept the -world in utter ignorance. As proof of this, we submit to the reader -the testimonials of a couple of candidates for the editorship of a -certain provincial paper, with which, along with two or three others, -we had a proprietary connexion. There were in all one hundred and -twenty applicants, and each had somewhere about a score of different -testimonials, bearing witness to the brilliancy of his talents and the -immaculateness of his character. We, the proprietors, had thus, as the -reader will readily believe, a pretty job of it. One hundred and twenty -candidates, with each, taking an average, 20 letters of recommendation; -20 times 120--2,400 letters to read! - -In the present case we confine ourselves merely to one or two of the -most remarkable, although we cannot say that the difference between -any of them was very material. They were all in nearly one strain -of unqualified, and, as regarded their subjects, no doubt deserved -laudation. The testimonials were for the most part addressed to the -applicants themselves, as in the following case: - -“Dear Sir--In reply to your letter stating that you meant to apply for -the editorship of a provincial paper, and requesting my testimony to your -competency for such an appointment, I have sincere pleasure in saying -that you possess, in an eminent degree, every qualification for it. Your -style of writing is singularly elegant, combining energy with ease, and -copiousness with concentration; nor is the delicacy and correctness of -your taste less remarkable than the force and beauty of your language. -But your literary achievements, my dear sir--achievements which, although -they have not yet, will certainly one day raise you to eminence--bear -much stronger testimony to your merits than any thing I can possibly -say in your behalf; and to these I would refer all who are interested -in ascertaining what your attainments are. As an editor of a paper, -you would be invaluable; and I assure you, they will not be little to -be envied who shall be so fortunate as to secure the aid of your able -services,” &c. &c. &c. - -Well, this was one of the very first testimonials we happened to open, -and we thought we had found our man at the very outset, that it would be -unnecessary to go farther, and we congratulated ourselves accordingly. -We were delighted with our luck in having thus stumbled on such a genius -at the first move. It is true, we did not know exactly what to make of -the reference to the candidate’s literary achievements, what they were, -or where to look for them; for neither of these achievements, nor of the -candidate himself, had we ever heard before; but as the writer of the -letter was not unknown to us, we took it for granted that all was right. - -What, however, was our surprise, what our perplexity, when, on proceeding -to the testimonials of the next candidate, we found that he was a -gentleman of still more splendid talents than the first; that, in short, -the light of the latter’s genius, compared to that of the former’s, was -but as the light of a lucifer match to the blaze of Mount Etna. - -“Gentlemen,” said the first testimonial of this person’s we took up (we, -the proprietors, being addressed in this case), “Gentlemen, having learnt -that you are on the look-out for an editor for your paper, and learning -from Mr Josephus Julius Augustus Bridgeworth that he intends becoming a -candidate for that appointment, I at his request most cheerfully bear -testimony to his competency, I might say pre-eminent fitness, for the -situation in question. Mr Bridgeworth is a young man of the highest -literary attainments; indeed, I should not be going too far were I to -say that I know of no writer, ancient or modern, who at all approaches -him in force and beauty of style, or who surpasses him in originality of -thought and brilliancy of imagination: qualities which he has beautifully -and strikingly exhibited in his inimitable Essay on Bugs, which obtained -for him the gold prize-medal of the Royal Society of Entomologists, -and admission to that Society as an honorary member, with the right of -assuming the title of F. R. S. In fine, gentlemen, I would entreat of -you, as much for your own sakes as for that of my illustrious young -friend Mr Bridgeworth, not to let slip this opportunity--one that may -never occur again--of securing the services of one of the most talented -gentlemen of the day; one who, I feel well assured, will one day prove -not only an honour to his country, but an ornament to the age in which he -lives. With regard to Mr B.’s moral character, I have only to say that it -is every thing that is upright and honourable; that he is, in truth, not -more distinguished for the qualities of his head than of his heart.” - -We have already said that the circumstance of finding in the bug essayist -a greater genius than in the candidate who preceded him, most grievously -perplexed us. It did. But what was this perplexity compared with that -by which we were confounded, when, on proceeding to look over the -testimonials of the other candidates, we found that the merits of every -new one we came to surpassed those of him who had gone before, and this -so invariably, that it became evident that we had drawn around us all -the talent and character of the country; that in fact all the talent and -character of the country was striving for the editorship of our paper. - -Thus placed as it were in the midst of a perfect galaxy of genius, thus -surrounded by the best and brightest men of the age, we had, as will -readily be believed, great difficulty in making a choice. A choice, -however, we did at length make; fixing on the brightest of the brilliant -host by which we were mobbed. Need I tell the result? Need I say that -this luminary turned out, after all, but a farthing candle!--a very -ordinary sort of person. He did, indeed, well enough, but not better than -a thousand others could have done. - -While on this subject of testimonials, let us add that we had once, with -one or two others, the bestowal of an appointment to a situation of -trust, and for which integrity was the chief requisite. We had in this, -as in the former case, an immense number of applicants, and, as in the -former case, each of these produced the most satisfactory testimonials. -We chose the most immaculate of these honest men--we appointed him. In -three weeks after, he decamped with £500 of his employer’s cash! - - C. - - * * * * * - -FRIENDSHIP.--Friendship derives all its beauty and strength from the -qualities of the heart, or from a virtuous or lovely disposition; or -should these be wanting, some shadow of them must be present; it can -never dwell long in a bad heart or mean disposition. It is a passion -limited to the nobler part of the species, for it can never co-exist -with vice or dissimulation. Without virtue, or the supposition of it, -friendship is only a mercenary league, or a tie of interest, which must -of course dissolve when that interest decays, or subsists no longer. It -is a composition of the noblest passions of the mind. A just taste and -love of virtue, good sense, a thorough candour and benignity of heart, -and a generous sympathy of sentiment and affections, are the essential -ingredients of this nobler passion. When it originates from love, and -esteem is strengthened by habit, and mellowed by time, it yields infinite -pleasure, ever new and ever growing. It is the best support amongst the -numerous trials and vicissitudes of life, and gives a relish to most of -our engagements. What can be imagined more comfortable than to have a -friend to console us in afflictions, to advise with in doubtful cases, -and share our felicity? What firmer anchor is there for the mind, tossed -like a vessel on the tumultuous waves of contingencies, than this? It -exalts our nobler passions, and weakens our evil inclinations; it assists -us to run the race of virtue with a steady and undeviating course. From -loving, esteeming, and endeavouring to felicitate particular people, a -more general passion will arise for the whole of mankind. Confined to the -society of a few, we look upon them as the representatives of the many, -and from friendship learn to cultivate philanthropy.--_Sir H. Davy._ - - * * * * * - -HUMILITY.--An humble man is like a good tree; the more full of fruit the -branches are, the lower they bend themselves. - - * * * * * - -No dust affects the eyes so much as gold dust. - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at the - Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College - Green, Dublin. Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, Paternoster - Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, Manchester; C. - DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; JOHN MENZIES, Prince’s - Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -51, June 19, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 19, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55603-0.txt or 55603-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/6/0/55603/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 51, June 19, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 22, 2017 [EBook #55603] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 19, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 51.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, JUNE 19, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/well.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="Saint Senan’s well" /> -</div> - -<h2>SAINT SENAN’S WELL, COUNTY OF CLARE.</h2> - -<p>There are perhaps no objects in our own dear Ogygia, or -Sacred Island, as it was also anciently called, which strike -the minds of strangers with greater surprise, and excite -them to more meditative reflection, than the holy wells which -are so numerous in it, and the religious observances—to them -so strange—which they see practised at them. By the devout -of the reformed creeds, among such observers, these sacred -fountains, with their adjacent and almost equally sacred trees, -covered with bits of rag and other votive offerings of propitiation -or gratitude to the presiding spirit of the spot, who is -generally the patron saint of the district, are usually regarded -with horror, as objects closely allied to pagan idolatry; and -the religious devotions which they see practised at them excite -only feelings of pity or contempt for what they consider the -debased intellect of the votaries who frequent them. By the -painter, poet, and the mere man of taste, however, they are -viewed in a spirit of greater toleration, and with a more pleasing -interest, particularly in the western portions of our island, -where the wild scenery amid which they are generally to be -met with, the symmetrical forms and often beautiful faces of -the devotees, and the brilliant colours of their ancient national -costumes, impart that interest and picturesqueness to the -spectacle of which our own great national painter Burton -has so admirably availed himself, and made familiar to the -world, in his picture of the Blind Girl at the Holy Well. It -is, however, by the antiquary and the philosopher that they -are viewed with the deepest interest, for to the one they present -in all their vividness the still existing images of customs -which originated in the earliest period of the history of our -race, while to the other they supply the most touching evidences -of the strength of that devotional instinct, however -blind and misapplied, that humble faith in the existence and -omnipotence of a Divine Intelligence, which are among the -loftiest feelings of our nature, and which, when properly directed, -must lead to the noblest results. In the minds of -such philosophers, a contemplation of the usages to which we -have referred will be apt to excite, not feelings of depression -and despondency, but rather cheering anticipations of hope -for the future prospects and ultimate happiness of the human -race; and they who practise those usages will be regarded, -even in their present meanness of garb, and concomitant vulgarity -of habits, not as degraded outcasts from society, grovelling -in the mire of ignorance and superstition, but as -members of the universal human family, to be tolerated and -cherished in all kindliness; while, with respect to their peculiar -devotion, for which so many censure them, it can still be -said,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">——“This may be superstition, weak or wild,</div> -<div class="verse">But even the faintest relicts of a shrine</div> -<div class="verse">Of any worship, wake some thoughts divine.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Pagan origin of well-worship is now established beyond -the possibility of contradiction, and its extreme antiquity -is lost in the night of time. This has been satisfactorily -shown in a very interesting essay, written with a view to -the annihilation of its remains in Ireland, by a Roman Catholic -clergyman of distinguished abilities and learning, the late -Dr Charles O’Conor. This learned writer attributes its introduction -into the British islands, and Ireland in particular, -to the Phœnicians, and quotes several authorities to show -that if it had not its origin with the Chaldeans, it can at least -be traced as far back as to them, and that from Chaldea and -Persia it passed into Arabia, thence into Egypt and Lybia, -and lastly into Greece, Italy, Spain, and Ireland. In all these -countries its vestiges are still to be found, but in none of them -at this day so numerous as in Ireland; and it is remarkable -that its usages are still identical in the far distant regions of -the east with those in our own <i lang="la">Ultima Thule</i> of the west. -This identity is clearly evidenced by Hanway, in his “Travels -in Persia,” in which he says, “We arrived at a desolate caravanserai, -where we found nothing but water. I observed a -tree <em>with a number of rags to the branches</em>. These were so -many charms which passengers coming from Ghilan, a province -remarkable for agues, had left there in a fond expectation -of leaving their disease also in the same spot.” Similar -instances have been adduced by later travellers in the -east, in reading whose descriptions we might almost suppose -that they were depicting scenes in Ireland; and if all -other evidences were wanting, these facts alone would be sufficient -to establish the conclusion that the worship of fountains -in Ireland was of Pagan origin. But we have in our -ancient manuscripts the most satisfactory historical evidences -to establish the fact. Thus, in Tirechan’s Life of St Patrick, -preserved in the Book of Armagh, and St Evin’s Life as published -by Colgan, it is stated, in detailing the progress of the -Irish Apostle through Ireland, that he came to the fountain -called Slan [that is, health], “because it was indicated to -him that the Magi honoured this fountain, and made donations -to it as gifts to God.” This fountain was square, and there -was a square stone in the mouth of it, and the water came -over the stone, that is, through the interstices; and the Pagans -told him that a certain Magus, who worshipped water -as a divinity, and considered fire as a destroyer, when dying, -made a shrine for his bones in the water beneath the stone, -in order that they might be preserved. Patrick told the assembled -congregation that it was not true that the king of the -waters was in the fountain, and bade them raise up the stone, -remarking that the bones of a man were not beneath it, but -that he thought there was some gold and silver appearing -through the joinings from their impious offerings; no such -valuable offerings were, however, found; and Patrick consecrated -the stone so raised to the true Divinity. It may not -be unworthy of remark, that the well of Finnmagh is still, as -in the time of St Patrick, equally reverenced, though under a -different name and with a different faith. It is now called -Tober Brighde, or Bride’s Well, having been subsequently dedicated -to that saint as well as all the churches in the plain of -Finnmagh, and under this name the Druidical well of <em>Slan</em> is -one of the most frequented and honoured in the whole of the -county of Roscommon.</p> - -<p>Several authorities of the same character as that now adduced -may be found in the lives of other early Irish saints, -but it is not necessary to our purpose to quote them.</p> - -<p>Dr O’Conor shows from various evidences that on the firm -establishment of Christianity in various parts of Europe the -most severe ordinances of the church were promulgated -against the continuance of well-worship in any form. “I -have already stated,” he observes, “that well-worshipping -has been utterly abolished by the Catholic religion in Italy. -The <i lang="la">Fontinalia</i> exist no longer; the fountain of Egeria, which -I have seen near Rome, is known only to the learned; and I -have seen the common peasantry of Castel Gandolfo and Marino -washing their linen in the sacred waters of the <i lang="la">Ferentine</i> -Assemblies of Latium and of Rome!”</p> - -<p>In reference to its abolition in England, he adduces a canon -made in the reign of Edgar, A.D. 960, by which it was ordained -“that every priest <em>do forbid the worship of fountains</em>, -and necromancy, and auguries, and enchantments, and soothsayings, -and false worship, and legerdemain, which carry men -into various impostures, and to groves and Ellens, and also -many <em>trees</em> of divers sorts, and <em>stones</em>.”</p> - -<p>He also shows that similar ordinances appear in the Capitularies -of Charlemagne, and that amongst the laws of the -reign of Ecgbright, A.D. 740, the 148th canon is:—“If any -man, following the custom of the Pagans, introduce diviners -or sorcerers into his house, or attend the <em>lustrations</em> of Pagans, -let him do penance for five years.”</p> - -<p>It may be asked, then, how has it happened that the veneration -paid to wells has continued in Ireland even to the present -day, and to this question it is not very easy to give a satisfactory -answer. It may be remarked, however, that no evidences -have yet been discovered to show that similar local -ordinances were made to destroy their continuance in Ireland, -and that it may hence be inferred that the attachment of the -Irish People generally to their ancient usages in this instance, -as well as in their funeral lamentations, May-fires, and many -other ceremonies of a religious character derived from the -same eastern and Pagan origin, was too strong even for the -power of the clergy to eradicate or greatly diminish. Certain -it is, that the pilgrimages to Lough Derg, which, there is every -reason to believe, derive their origin from the same source, -were abolished by an order of Pope Alexander VI, in 1497, -and yet the people returned to them again, and they are at -the present moment as numerously made, if not more so than -ever. And, in like manner, the pilgrimages to wells, even -where discountenanced and punished by the Roman Catholic -clergy, as they are now in almost every part of Ireland, are -still continued in secrecy, with a tenacity to ancient usages -singularly characteristic of the Irish race, and which will ensure -their existence for a considerable time longer.</p> - -<p>St Senan’s Well, which we have selected as a characteristic -example of the holy wells of Ireland, is situated near the -west bank of the Shannon, near Dunass, in the county of -Clare. There is nothing very peculiar to distinguish this well -from a thousand other fountains of the same kind, but the -unusual character of the votive offerings made at it, which, -as our engraving exhibits, consist chiefly of wooden bowls, -tea-cups whole and broken, blacking-pots, and similar odd -offerings of gratitude to St Seanan Liath, or Seanan the -Hoary, the patron saint of the parish.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">A FAIR-DAY IN NORMANDY,<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY MARTIN DOYLE.</span></h2> - -<p>Having a strong desire to procure some of the small -compact Norman draught horses for my farm-work, I ventured -last year to visit Normandy, for the purpose of making -the desired selections. I took with me a young friend, who -had been partly educated in France, as my interpreter with -the French horse-dealers, and to arrange every particular for -me during my intended hasty intercourse with the foreigners. -But previously we went for passports to the office in Poland-street, -where the Consul filled up the documents without ever -looking at our faces, and I believe very incorrectly as to portraiture. -“Your profession?” inquired he in French, as he was -scribbling down the length of my nose, the colour of my hair -and eyes, &c. “Homme de lettres,” responded my companion -for me. I nodded my head in acquiescence, without knowing -anything about the matter; but I was quite satisfied when my -friend explained it afterwards to me, and assured me that Lord -Brougham, when Lord Chancellor, had from sheer modesty -sunk his rank and other artificial honours on going to Paris, -and simply designated himself as “Avocat, et homme de -lettres.” “Does not all the world,” said my companion, “know -perfectly well that you are, in the first place, one of the props -of the Irish Penny Journal?” “Enough,” said I, somewhat -tickled by the reference to Lord Brougham; “be it as you -please—though I think that, as a farmer going to France -merely to buy horses, I might as well have been written down -under the useful character of ‘agriculturist.’” My passport, -however, was by this time in my pocket, and any alteration -in it was out of the question.</p> - -<p>I had ascertained that a fair would be held on a particular -day at Falaise, and having time enough to make a long journey -by land, and much curiosity to see Calais, I determined to -go there: we reached that port early in the day.</p> - -<p>“Well, then, I am in France,” said I, as we landed from the -steamer on the pier; “here I am, actually on the Continent, -looking at French soldiers, who won’t shoot me, stab me, nor -take me prisoner, and on fishwomen, with kerchiefs tastily -arranged on their heads, large ear-rings, and brown faces, -and hearing a language altogether strange to me.” After -staring about me there for half a day, and eating a very nice -dinner in a very grand hotel, fitted up as if there was never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> -any winter in that part of France, we moved onwards in a -most extraordinary kind of coach: such a lumbering machine!—less -than an entire troop of cavalry appeared to me insufficient -to move its prodigious wheels; yet five miserable-looking -horses, with dirty half rotten harness, were compelled to pull -it along towards Boulogne at the rate of more than four miles -an hour.</p> - -<p>I know not how it happened—perhaps it was fatigue—possibly -a dose of claret, which caused me to fall asleep in the cuppy<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> -soon after I had passed the barriers of Calais. Be this as it -may, while I was dreaming of home, there was a sudden stop, -which aroused me. I could have sworn at the moment that I was -upon a dreary part of the road between Wexford and Dungarvan; -for, besides the general features of the locality, I saw on the -door of a very Irish-like looking public-house, these words—“John -Cullen sells beer and brandy.” “Where am I?” said -I to myself; “surely not in France.” The matter was explained -to me. There are several hundred families of English -manufacturers, principally from Nottingham, employed -at their trade in Calais and its vicinity; and John Cullen, -who says he is a Yorkshireman, and has certainly been for -more than twenty years established where he now is, and has -married a Frenchwoman, finds it his interest to brew good -beer, and to keep a public-house for the entertainment of his -neighbours and the operatives of Calais, although the town is -three miles distant. But at the moment I was fully impressed -with the notion that John Cullen and his house were in the -barony of Bargy, or in that of Forth.</p> - -<p>As the horses at this place were not disposed to run away -with the diligence, and the conductor had no indisposition to -a glass of brandy, I contrived to enter John Cullen’s house, -which certainly has nothing English about it, and asked for -the landlord, who soon appeared—an apparently thoroughbred -Irishman, and with a fry of half-bred youngsters at -his heels, speaking the oddest jargon that ever man heard. -At first I hoped that it might have been the old dialect -of the barony of Forth, but I was grievously disappointed. -Though John Cullen brews very good beer, which he sends -regularly into Calais, and sells very fair brandy, it would be -no harm, from what I could learn, if Father Mathew could -spare time to make a morning visit to his neighbourhood.</p> - -<p>The greater part of the way from Calais to Boulogne is -bleak, open, and ill drained, and altogether more of a snipe-shooting -country than a farmer would desire to see, with a -good deal of wheat, however, here and there, but not in the -regularly formed ridges which I had seen in England.</p> - -<p>We reached Boulogne that night, and fixed ourselves quietly -in an English kind of hotel, after having been well tormented, -before we were fairly housed, by emissaries from half a dozen -establishments, pressing us in French, English, and German, -to patronise their respective employers. We started at five -o’clock the next morning from a coach-office very like one of -our own in its arrangement of desks, clerks, way-bills, and -weighing machines.</p> - -<p>On <em>some</em> parts of my journey, as we receded from the coast, -the drill husbandry, the garden-like culture, and the open -country entirely under tillage, resembled portions of England, -especially in those districts where the rural population is confined -to villages very distant from each other, and concealed -from the road. The French peasants are very early risers; -I saw many of them at their various labours at four o’clock -in the morning; some women at that hour were leading -cows by a string—three very frequently connected together—or -a few wretched-looking sheep, to pasture on the margin -of the road. The dresses of these people, and the appearance -of the sheep, in those spots, informed me very unmistakeably -that I was no longer in England. Sometimes, however, an -entire flock of sheep met our observation. One of these, -under the care of a shepherd, and two dogs which showed remarkable -sagacity, we particularly noticed. The sheep, when -I caught the first view of them, were huddled together in a -fallow field, looking wistfully at, but not presuming to touch, a -compartment of luxuriant clover within a few feet of them. -The shepherd, leaving one of the dogs with the flock, and having -the other at his heels, paced off a square of ten or twelve -yards, slightly marking the limits with his foot; he then made -a signal to the sentry dog, which at once allowed the sheep to -pass on to the clover, while the other dog perambulated the -prescribed limits, and prevented them from encroaching a -single foot.</p> - -<p>As I do not mean to trouble the reader with all the details -of my journey, I need only say that I reached in safety the -very heart of Normandy; and on the way, while admiring the -woods, rivers, meadows, and undulating scenery through -which we passed, I perceived a resemblance to the county of -Wicklow, and many other well-wooded and fertile parts of -Ireland.</p> - -<p>I had been unable to reach Falaise the night before the fair, -but I was there in time for an early breakfast; and certainly -this breakfast was of an extraordinary kind. We had broth -well thickened with vegetables; the bouilli from which the -juices had been extracted made its appearance as a matter of -course, and the whole company took a bit of it. Then came -the liver of a sheep fried in oil, a dish of white beans well -mashed and buttered, cheese, cider, and (though last not least -appropriately to the breakfast table) coffee and boiled milk, -with eggs and bread and butter. Many of the company, including -some lady-like looking females, dipped their well-buttered -bread into their coffee, and swallowed it in this nasty greasy -manner with great apparent relish, and several of the party -pocketed the lumps or sugar which they did not use with their -coffee. But every country has its own fashions; and if people -are here put upon an allowance in the article of sugar, and -pay for a fixed quantity, why should they not take away that -for which they pay, if they please?</p> - -<p>I hastened away from the breakfast table to the place -where the fair was held, and was surprised at the similarity -of the scene before me to those which I have so often witnessed -at home. It had nothing of the English character, excepting -some wooden drinking-booths and caravans for showmen; -there were no smart-looking horse-jockeys, no well-dressed -grooms, not a white smock-frock, a laced buskin, a -well-trimmed bonnet, nor a neatly appointed tax-cart or gig -in view; but a crowd of men generally dressed in blue jackets -and trousers and glazed hats, among whom were interspersed -some wearing the blue blouse, and a cloth cap or red -worsted nightcap, and a great number of women in their -striped woollens, and high white linen or muslin coifs—nay -some of these (on the heads of the rich farmers’ wives) were of -lace, and worth scores of pounds sterling. The whole assemblage -(combining with it groups of country fellows mounted -on hardy ponies, with here and there a woman <i lang="fr">en croupe</i>, or -independently on a pad, with bags behind and before her, -kicking away at the ribs of their horses with their heavy -sabots) reminded me of what we see on a market-day in several -parts of Ireland. Then, to render the similitude more -striking, there were the clamour and jargon of persons -buying and selling; and now and then a half drunken fellow -singing in the lightness of his heart, or very noisy in argument; -but generally courteous, and <em>never</em> daring to strike a -blow, and a pedlar selling beads and almanacks amidst a -din of oaths and imprecations, and the embarrassments occasioned -by the movements of a team of four bullocks and three -little horses in single file, dragging each other along with a -huge tonneau of cider for the refreshment of the thirsty -crowd, on a two-wheeled waggon, in the rear. We had -passed this rude and very dirty vehicle, when the roll of a -drum startled me. Thinks I to myself, “war is about to commence -in earnest,” but it was only the preliminary flourish of -a drummer, who immediately afterwards read out a notice -that a celebrated dentist was about to appear in his voiture, -for the purpose of relieving sufferers from those ailments -which, alas! are incidental to us in every stage of life. Having -raised his hat from respect to the majesty of the sovereign -people, he moved off to an adjacent street, while the great -operator himself appeared at hand in a showy kind of cab -drawn by two horses (one in the shafts and the other in the -outrigger style), with a tawdrily dressed postilion to guide -them. Being in haste to reach the open square where the -horse fair was held, I had little time for witnessing the operations -of the tooth-drawer, who was flourishing his case of instruments -in a most attractive way. When he had trapped his -victim, he blew a long loud blast upon a horn to intimate that -he was going to operate before the crowd, and after keeping -the sufferer in an agony of suspense and nervousness, he -pulled out one or more teeth with a <em>large nail</em> (sometimes a -screw) in the twinkling of an eye, and with a degree of dexterity -which I had conceived impossible. I was afterwards -told that he had several patients in succession, from whom -as they sat backwards in the cab, within view of hundreds of -spectators, he extracted teeth at the rate of sixpence each. -This practitioner, however, was not without a rival: another -dentist was mounted on a high, raw-boned horse, with his case<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> -of instruments, and some physic for curing the rheumatism, -in a leathern portmanteau strapped upon the pommel of his -saddle: his dress was of a military character—his coat being -braided like an undress frock; his bridle and saddle of the -cavalry form; his headpiece, a forage cap; and his boots and -spurs like those of a dragoon in the days of the Duke of Marlborough; -a <em>coronet</em> hung from his saddle-bow; and whenever -the other dentist sounded his bugle, this man blew from beneath -the overhanging cover of thick hair on his upper lip, a -longer and a louder strain. But the peculiarity of his style -of operating was really striking: instead of dismounting and -removing the tooth, he remained steadily in his saddle, examined -the mouths of the patients who presented themselves -for relief, and from his vantage ground pulled or rather -pushed out the diseased grinder. While I was looking on, -he poked out three with a hooked nail for one sous, saying, -successively, as he drew them in a few seconds (as my companion -translated his expressions for me), “Here’s a long one; -here’s a longer; and here’s the longest of all.”</p> - -<p>A quack doctor in a huge caravan drawn by four horses, -appeared next, and apparently with much profitable practice, -among the dupes who crowded about him to read his -puffs and buy his physic. A pedlar in another part of the -<i lang="fr">place</i> where the crowd was considerable, without coat or -waistcoat (the wind was at north-east), and labouring very -hard with his hands and lungs, was disposing of coloured -cotton handkerchiefs by a sort of auction form. He took -a piece from a lot of the same pattern, tied it round his -waist or on his head as an indication that the handkerchiefs -he was about to put up for sale were of the same sort, -and then named a price, lowering the amount, perhaps, from -twenty to fourteen sous, until he heard such an amount bid as -satisfied him; then with the rapidity of a conjuror he flung -the article to the bidder. Another and another purchaser -followed as fast as he could unfold and throw the handkerchiefs -at their faces, stopping occasionally for a few seconds to receive -payments from many customers; then he opened a fresh -lot, and thus perpetually exhibited varieties, selling all the -time at a rate of rapidity which I had never seen equalled, -and which could only occur where every individual in the -little crowd is strictly honest.</p> - -<p>Little bags of silver and copper were, in the open booths, -carelessly slipped into unlocked boxes, from which any clever -rogue might easily have helped himself; but such an occurrence -is almost unknown in the provincial parts of France. -These latter exhibitions were certainly neither English nor -Irish.</p> - -<p>It would afford no interest to any of my readers to inform -them of the number of horses which I purchased, nor of the -prices which I paid, nor of the arrangements which I made -for sending them to Liverpool. It is enough to tell them -that out of the many strings of horses which had been conducted -to the fair in the English way by ropes from the head -to the tail, and the tail to the head, in succession, and were -now drawn up in rank and file under the shade of a wall for -inspection, I bought some of those which were most free from -the characteristic defects of the Norman horses, and had -them safely stabled.</p> - -<p>I returned to the scene of gaiety and confusion. There -was a young woman there, bare-headed, but decently dressed -in the main, playing upon a violin, while her male partner -blew a terrible blast upon a bugle at intervals, at the conclusion -of each, announcing a grand spectacle for the evening. -The female had given a finishing scrape, and in a moment was -on the ground, flat upon her back, but fortunately without injury -to herself or her fiddle. I looked about and perceived -the cause of the disaster: a horse had been pressed forward -very rudely through the crowd, with a calf dangling from -each of his sides, and one of these coming into violent contact -with the fair musician, had thrown her down.</p> - -<p>The mode by which those wretched animals had been conveyed -to the fair was truly horrible. The four legs of each -being bound, a rope connecting the poor creatures together -by their tortured limbs was passed over the back of the -horse, keeping them <i lang="la">in equilibrio</i>, and with the heads hanging -downwards in agony, while the ligatures confining the legs by -which they were suspended were impressed, by the weight of -the body below, into the very bone! Oh, for a Humane Society -in France to prevent such monstrous cruelty, taking for their -motto the sentiment of her own Montaigne: “even theology enjoins -kindness to brute animals; and considering that the same -Master has given us our dwelling-place with them, and that -they like ourselves are of his family, we should have a <em>fellow -feeling</em> for them!”</p> - -<p>Attracted by a concourse of children in another spot, I soon -found myself standing close to an old woman who was dealing -out small thin cakes in a curious kind of manner. Before -her was placed what appeared to be a small round table, but -with an index, which, after being set in motion by a boy, stopped -suddenly, and pointed like the hand of a clock to one of -twelve numbers described in a circle. The perpetual invitation -was, “Play, play! twelve cakes for a halfpenny;” and -the little urchins, preferring the chance of twelve cakes for a -halfpenny to the certainty of perhaps only three or four from -a regular vender elsewhere, came up in rapid succession and -with eager eyes to the game. Joy sparkled in the countenance -of the juvenile speculator if the hand pointed to a high -number; disappointment lowered upon his brow if a unit or -two was the number which fortune assigned to him, while the -hearty laugh of the spectators increased the acrimony of his -temper.</p> - -<p>I tried my own luck, and had one cake for my share, to the -unrestrained delight of the little folk.</p> - -<p>“Cakes for a halfpenny!” said I to myself. “What a good -subject for a moral reflection!”</p> - -<p>Here we have the seeds of gambling sown at an early season -in the lively soil, and the systematic culture of this baneful -and vivacious principle subsequently ensures its establishment -in the human heart through the length and breadth of the -land; it finds its congenial bed every where, from the child -of the poorest mechanic to the grey-headed gamester in the -polished societies of higher life. The avaricious principle -thus precociously introduced into the youthful heart among the -many natural weeds which are but too ready to spring up -there, has its own distinctive fruits; and though it may be -urged by those who think not deeply on the effects of early -impressions on the ductile mind of childhood, that the disappointment -which the little gamester experiences in his play of -“twelve cakes for a halfpenny” counterbalances (as a trial of -temper) the evils arising on the other hand from success in -his object, this defence is really untenable in its general -points.</p> - -<p>In the little party before me I saw the willing and prepared -pupils of a higher order of play—of rouge-et-noir, and hazard, -and ecarté—by which so many of our own countrymen are -infatuated, and sometimes ruined, when they take up their -residence in France, heedless of the value of that time and -those opportunities for the right use of which they are responsible -to the bountiful Giver of them.</p> - -<p>We now entered a low kind of café, in which the next scene -of the serious drama of “twelve cakes for a sous” was -exhibited. In one room was a billiard-table, at which two -common-looking fellows were playing, at the rate of threepence -an hour for the tables, for a cup of coffee and a glass -of brandy. In a corner sat a bloated, half-drunken looking -old man in a blouse and nightcap, while his bustling wife -discharged all the labours of the establishment.</p> - -<p>In walked a burly-looking customer, who ordered a glass -of brandy for himself, and another for the landlord Nicole. -Immediately afterwards—and this was a daily practice with -old Nicole—a game of cards was proposed, which terminated -in favour of the customer, who walked off scot free.</p> - -<p>In several instances the old man played in this way—double -or quits with his customers—for the amount of coffee, wine, -cider, or brandy, consumed in his company (he himself copiously -partaking of all), and no one seemed without some -play for it, to pay for what he had ordered. At several -tables there were many parties playing in this way at different -rates; and certainly if some of them had seen the contortions -of their faces in a mirror, they would have been disgusted -with a vice which so agitates the human frame, and -unfits for every wise and rational pursuit.</p> - -<p>Having only played “spoil-five” and “five-and-forty” in -my youth, I neither understood nor wished to learn the game -which was played around me. My young friend and I went -to our hotel, and there found the chambermaid and the waiter, -while they were awaiting our arrival, playing ecarté together -on the dinner table for the amount of their morning’s -gratuities. “Twelve cakes for a halfpenny!” said I to myself -again.</p> - -<p>It only remains for me to tell how I got back to England.</p> - -<p>I had reached Havre, by the beautiful Seine from Rouen, in -the evening, without any particular adventure, and gone to -an hotel kept by an Englishman, just as a waiter was cursing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> -an unlucky boy, who had broken a wine-glass, in true English -style. I heartily regretted that I had not gone to a French -house, in which, if the waiter had cursed for a month in his -own language, I should not have understood him.</p> - -<p>An accident had happened to the regular steamer for London, -and there appeared no chance of my getting off for three -days; I was in despair, especially as my horses had preceded -me from another port, and I wished to be in Liverpool contemporaneously -with their arrival there.</p> - -<p>In the course of the night I was informed that a steam-vessel -had just arrived in Havre from Gibraltar, with some -of the Braganza family on their way to Paris, and that she -was going on to London at day-break. I tucked up my -portmanteau under my arm, and my young friend and I sallied -out to the part of the quay where the steamer lay, in -profound darkness and the most perfect silence. “Qui vive?” -said a watchman, as he put his lantern to my face and a -hand upon my throat, while I was advancing to the gangboard. -My companion explained; and as I had the prudence -to give a franc to the watchman, he lighted us carefully to the -side of the vessel.</p> - -<p>Down we groped our way to the cabin; all was darkness -there, and every one on board was asleep. The vessel was -so full that the steward and his wife were lying on the floor -(in a heavy slumber), and directly in my way. I spoke: no one -answered. I caught the stewardess by the nose, and could -not conceive what it was that I had in my hand. She screamed, -and gave her husband a smart blow on the head, thinking -that he was the assailant. “Pordonnez,” said I, trying to -speak civilly in French, and supposing they could not understand -English. “Who the deuce is there?” roared out the -steward. “Oh, English,” said I to myself. I explained, and -slipped a five-franc piece into the man’s hand, and apologized -at the same time to his wife for having pulled her nose instead -of the bell-handle.</p> - -<p>“The captain is asleep,” said he, “but I shall awake him.” -“Good fellow,” said I.</p> - -<p>My interpreter and I followed him, and the captain, who -had heard the bustle, opened his cabin door. I repeated the -purport of my unseasonable visit, telling him, by way of a -clincher, that the Irish Penny Journal, to which I contributed -by far the best articles (“and which,” said I, “you of -course take for the gratification of your passengers”), could -not flourish during my absence from home.</p> - -<p>“Come on board, both of you,” said he, “if you like, but -don’t bother me with any more talk at this unseasonable hour -of the night.”</p> - -<p>“An Irishman!” thought I to myself.</p> - -<p>He banged the door, and I suppose was instantly asleep -again.</p> - -<p>I was soon in the same condition, and did not awake until -we had made considerable progress with the very next tide -towards London.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr Doyle probably means the coupée.—<span class="smcap">Editor.</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.</span></h2> - -<h3>Sixth Article.</h3> - -<p>In my last article I gave examples of the process now in -progress in the several provinces of Ireland among the people -generally in changing their original names into names apparently -English or Scottish: there are others in Ireland among -the genteeler classes who have changed their old Milesian -names in such a manner as to give them a French or Spanish -appearance; and the adopters of these names <em>now</em> wish to be -deemed as of French or Spanish origin (any thing but Irish!) -These, it is true, are few in number, but some of them are respectable; -and their effort at concealing their origin is not to -be recommended. We shall therefore exhibit a few instances -of this mode of rendering Irish names <em>respectable-looking</em> by -giving them a foreign aspect, which the bearers cannot by any -effort give their own faces. The most remarkable of these -changes has been made by the family of O’Dorcy, in the west -of the county of Galway, who have assumed not only the name -of D’Arcy, but also the arms of the D’Arcys of England. But -it is well known that the D’Arcys of Galway are all descended -from James Reagh Darcy, of Galway, merchant, whose -pedigree I know to be traced by Duald Mac Firbis, not to -the D’Arcys of Meath, who are of Anglo-Norman origin, -but to the Milesian O’Dorcys of West Connaught, who were -the ancient chiefs of Partree, a well-known territory extending -from the lakes of Lough Mask and Lough Carra, westwards, -in the direction of Croaghpatrick.</p> - -<p>The next instance of this kind of change which I shall adduce, -is found in the adjacent county of Mayo, where a gentleman -of the ancient and celebrated family of O’Malley -wishes all his friends to call him not O’Malley, for that is -Irish, but De Maillet; but though his friends condescend -sometimes to call him by this name, they can scarcely refrain -from laughter while pronouncing it, for they know very well -that he descends from Owen O’Malley, the father of the famous -heroine Grania Wael, and chief of Umallia or the Owles, -in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.</p> - -<p>The third instance I have met with of this false Irish vanity -is in the far-famed Thomond, where a gentleman of the -O’Malronies has followed the plebeian corruption of that -name, by which it is metamorphosed to Moroni, by which he -affects to pass as one not of Irish but of Spanish descent; -but he cannot prevent his neighbours from calling him <em>O’Murruana</em> -when they speak the native language, for by a strange -corruption in that part of Ireland, where the Irish language -is in most other instances very correctly pronounced, when the -prefix <em>maol</em> is followed by <em>r</em>, the <em>l</em> is itself pronounced <em>r</em>, as in -the instance under consideration, and in O’Mulryan, a well-known -name in Munster, which they now pronounce O’Murryan. -Thus an accidental corruption in the pronunciation of -a consonant is taken advantage of to metamorphose a famous -old Irish name into a Spanish one. It is indeed most lamentable -to see the native Irish think so little of their names and -of their <em>own natural country</em>.</p> - -<p>I have many other instances of this audacious kind of -change of surnames at hand, but I refrain from enlarging -on them, from the apprehension of exceeding my limits without -being enabled to bring this subject to a close in the -stipulated space. A few others, however, are necessary to -be exhibited to public scorn. The next instance, then, which -has come under my notice, is in the province of Connaught, -where the family of O’Mulaville have all changed their name -to Lavelle, and where those who know nothing of the history -of that family are beginning to think that they are of French -descent. But it is the constant tradition in the county of -Mayo that they are of Danish origin, and that they have -been located in Iarowle since the ninth century. Of this -name was the late Editor of the Freeman’s Journal: a man -of great abilities and extensive learning, who among other -ancient languages had acquired a profound knowledge of his -own native dialect. This name is scotticised Mac Paul in -the province of Ulster.</p> - -<p>Another name which some people are apt to take for a -French or Anglo-Norman name, is Delany, as if it were De -Lani; but the Irish origin of this family cannot be questioned, -for the name is called O’Dulainé in the original language, and -the family were originally located at the foot of Slieve Bloom -in Upper Ossory. Another instance is found in the change of -O’Dowling to DuLaing, but this is seldom made, and never -by any but people of no consequence.</p> - -<p>Some individuals of the name of Magunshinan, or Magilsinan, -upon leaving their original localities in Cavan and Meath, -have assumed, some the name of Nugent, and others that -of Gilson. Of this family was Charles Gilson, the founder -and endower of the public school of Old Castle, a man of -great benevolence, who found it convenient on his removal -to London to shorten his name to Gilson.</p> - -<p>Other individuals of Irish name and origin, upon settling -in London and other parts of England, have changed their -surnames altogether, as the ancestor of the present Baron -of Lower Tabley, whose name was Sir Peter Byrne, but -who was obliged to change his name to Leycester, to conform -to the will of his maternal grandfather, who had bequeathed -him large estates in England, on condition of his dropping -his Irish name and adopting that of the testator. He is -the most distinguished man of the O’Byrne race now living, -and we regret that his Irish origin is entirely disguised in -his present name of Warren. He descends from Daniel, -the second son of Loughlin Duff of Ballintlea, in the county -of Wicklow, a chief of great distinction, and is related to -the Byrnes of Fallybeg, near Stradbally, in the Queen’s -County, who descended from the first son of this Loughlin—a -fact with which his lordship is altogether unacquainted; -and the writer of these remarks has often regretted that -his lordship has not been made acquainted with this fact, -as it might be in his power to serve the sons of the late -venerable Laurence Byrne of Fallybeg.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span></p> - -<p>Other changes have been made in Irish surnames by abbreviation; -but though we regret this, we are not willing -to condemn it altogether, especially when the changes are -made for the purpose of rendering such names easy of pronunciation -in the mouths of magistrates and lawyers, who -could not, in many cases, bring their organs of speech to -pronounce them in their original Irish form. Of these we -could give a long list, but we shall content ourselves with -a selection.</p> - -<p>In the province of Connaught the name Mac Eochy has -been shortened to M’Keogh, and latterly to Keogh; O’Mulconry -to Conry and Conroy. In Ossory, Mac Gillapatrick -has been manufactured into Fitzpatrick. In the county of -Galway, and throughout the province of Connaught generally, -Mac Gillakelly has been manufactured into Kilkelly; -O’Mullally to Lally; Mac Gillakenny, to Kilkenny; Mac -Gillamurry, to Kilmurry; Mac Gilladuff to Kilduff; Mac -Geraghty, to Geraghty and Gearty; Mac Phaudeen, to Patten; -O’Houlahan, to Nolan. This last change is not to -be excused, for it entirely disguises the origin of the family; -and we would therefore recommend the Nolans of the county -of Galway to reject their false name, and re-assume that -of O’Houlahan. This family were removed from Munster -into Connaught by Oliver Cromwell, under the name of -O’Houlahan, and they have therefore no just right to -assume the name of another Irish family to whom they -bear no relation whatsoever. The real Nolans of Ireland -are of Leinster origin, and were the ancient chiefs of the -barony of Forth, in the now county of Carlow, anciently -called Foharta Fea, where they are still numerous; but the -Connaught Nolans are not Nolans at all, but O’Houlahans, -and are a family who bore the dignity of chieftains in ancient -times, though it happens, that, not knowing their history, or -taking a dislike to the sound of the name, they have, with -questionable propriety, assumed the name of a Leinster family, -which seems to sound somewhat better in modern ears. In -the province of Ulster, the name Mac Gillaroe has been shortened -to Gilroy and Kilroy; Mac Gillabride, to Mac Bride; -Mac Gillacuskly, to Cuskly, and impertinently to Cosgrove -and even Costello! Mac Gilla-Finnen, to Linden and Leonard; -Mac Gennis, to Ennis and Guinness; Mac Blosky, to Mac -Closky. In Munster the noble name of Mac Carthy (or, as -it is pronounced in the original Irish, Maw Caurhă) has dwindled -to Carty (a vile change!); O’Mulryan, to O’Ryan and -Ryan; Mac Gilla-Synan, to Shannon; Mac Gillaboy, to -Mac Evoy, &c. &c. In Leinster, all the O’s and Macs -have been rejected; and though a few of them are to be -met there now, in consequence of the influx of poor strangers -of late into that province, it is certain that there is -not a single instance in which the O’ or Mac has been retained -by any of the aboriginal inhabitants of that province, -I mean the <em>ancient Irish</em> Leinster, not including Meath. -The most distinguished of these was Mac Murrogh, but -there is not a single individual of that name now living in -Leinster; the descendants of Donnell Mac Murrogh Cavanagh, -who, although illegitimate, became by far the -most distinguished branch of that great family, having -all changed their surnames to Cavanagh, and the other -branches having, as the present writer has strong reasons -to believe, changed it to Murphy. The writer has come to -this latter conclusion from having ascertained that in the -territory of the Murrows, in the county of Wexford, once -the country of a great and powerful sept of the Mac Murroghs, -the greater number of the inhabitants, who are perhaps -the finest race of men in Ireland, are now called Murphy. He -has therefore come to the conclusion, and he hopes not too -hastily, that the Murphys of this territory are all Mac Murroghs. -At the same time, however, he is well aware that -the name generally anglicised Murphy is not Mac Murrogh, -but O’Murchoo, which was that of a branch or offshoot of -the regal family of Leinster, who became chiefs of the country -of Hy-Felimy, and whose chief seat was at Tullow, in the now -county of Carlow. The writer is well aware that the Murphys -of the county of Carlow and Kilkenny are of this latter -family, but he cannot get rid of the conviction that the -Murphys of the Murrowes, in the east of the county of Wexford, -are Mac Murroghs. On the subject of the difference -between these two families, we find the learned Roderic O’Flaherty -thus criticising Peter Walsh towards the close of -the seventeenth century:—</p> - -<p>“An O’ or a Mac is prefixed in Irish surnames to the proper -names of some of their ancestors, intimating that they -were the sons, grandsons, or posterity of the person whose -name they adopted; but it was not proper to use one name promiscuously -in the place of another, as he writes O’Murphy, -king of Leinster, instead of Mac Murphy, or rather Mac Murchadh; -but the family of O’Murchadha, which in English is -Murphy, is very different from and inferior to this family.”—Ogygia, -Part III, cap. xxvii.</p> - -<p>There are also some few instances to be met with, in which -the O’ has been changed to Mac, and <i lang="la">vice versa</i>, as in the remarkable -instance of O’Melaghlin, chief of the Southern Hy-Niall -race, to Mac Loughlin; also in those instances in which -O’Duvyerma has been changed to Mac Dermot, O’Donoghy -to Mac Donogh, O’Knavin to Mac Nevin, O’Heraghty to -Mac Geraghty, and a few others.</p> - -<p>These latter changes are not calculated to disguise the -<em>Irish origin</em> of the families who have made them, but they are -still to be regretted, as they tend to disguise the origin, race, -and locality of the respective families, and we should therefore -like to see the original names restored.</p> - -<p>Similar changes have been made in the family names among -the Welsh, as Ap-John into Jones, Ap-Richard into Prichard -and Richards, Ap-Owen into Owens, Ap-Robert into Probert -and Roberts, Ap-Gwillim into Williams, &c. &c.</p> - -<p>Having thus treated of the alterations the Irish have made in -their surnames, or family names, for the purpose of making -them appear English, I shall next proceed to point out -the changes which they have likewise made in their Christian -or baptism names, for the same purpose. Many of their -original names they have altogether rejected, as not immediately -reducible to any modern English forms; but others -they have retained, though they have altered them in such a -manner as to make them appear English. The writer could -furnish from the authentic Irish annals and pedigrees a long -list of proper names of men which were in use in the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, and which have been for a long time laid -aside; but the limits of this Journal would not afford room -for such a list: he must therefore content himself by pointing -out the original forms of such names as have been retained in -an anglicised shape. These changes in the Christian names have -been made, not only by those families who have adopted English -surnames, but also by those who have retained the Milesian -O’s and Macs; but these families have assumed that the English -forms which they have given this class of names are perfectly -correct. This was assumed to be true so early as the -year 1689, in which we find Sir Richard Cox writing on the -subject as follows:—</p> - -<p>“The Christian names of the Irish are as in England; -Aodh <i>i. e.</i> Hugh, Mahoone <i>i. e.</i> Matthew, Teige <i>i. e.</i> Timothy, -Dermond <i>i. e.</i> Jeremy, Cnogher <i>i. e.</i> Cornelius, Cormac -<i>i. e.</i> Charles, Art <i>i. e.</i> Arthur, Donal <i>i. e.</i> Daniel, Goron <i>i. e.</i> -Jeofry, Magheesh <i>i. e.</i> Moses.”</p> - -<p>Now, I absolutely deny that these names are identical, -though I acknowledge that they are at present universally -received and used as such. In the first place, the name <em>Aodh</em>, -which has been metamorphosed to Hugh, is not synonymous -with it, for the name Aodh signifies <em>fire</em>, but <em>Hugh</em>, which has -been borrowed from the Saxon, signifies <em>high</em> or <em>lofty</em>. Since, -then, they bear not the same meaning, and are not made up -of the same letters, in what, may it be asked, does their identity -consist? It is quite obvious that they have nothing in -common with each other. In the second place, Mahon, or, as -Sir Richard Cox writes it, Mahoone, is not Matthew; for if -we believe Spenser and some Irish glossographists, Mahon -signifies a <em>bear</em>; and if they be correct, it cannot be identical, -synonymous, or cognate with the Scriptural name Matthew, -which does not signify a <em>bear</em>, but a <em>gift</em>, or a <em>present</em>. In the -third instance, the Irish name Teige, which according to all -the Irish glossaries signifies <em>a poet</em>, is not synonymous with -Timothy, which means <em>the God-fearing</em>, and therefore is not -identical or cognate with it; and I therefore doubt that the -Irish people have any right to change Teige into Timothy. -It was first anglicised Thady, and the writer is acquainted -with individuals who have rendered it Thaddæus, Theophilus, -and Theodosius.</p> - -<p>In the fourth instance, Dermod, or, as Sir Richard Cox -writes it, Dermond, is not identical with Jeremy, nor is it -synonymous or even cognate with it. On this name, which -was first very incorrectly anglicised Darby, the learned Dr -O’Brien writes as follows:—“<em>Diarmaid</em>, the proper name of -several great princes of the old Irish. This name [which had -its origin in Pagan times] is a compound of <em>Dia</em>, god, and -<em>armaid</em>, the genitive plural of the Irish word <i lang="ga">arm</i>, Latin <i lang="la">arma</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> -<i lang="la">armorum</i>, so that <em>Dia-armaid</em> literally signifies the same as -<i lang="la">Deus armorum</i>, the god of arms. Such is the exalted origin -of this Irish name, which does not screen it from being at -times a subject of ridicule to some of our pretty gentlemen of -the modern English taste.”</p> - -<p>It must, however, in candour be acknowledged that this is -not the meaning of the name Dermod, and that Dr O’Brien -invented this explanation to gain what he considered respectability -for a name common in his own illustrious family, and -which was considered vulgar by the fashionable people of the -period at which he wrote. We have the authority of the Irish -glossaries to show that <em>Diarmaid</em>, which was adopted at a -remote period of Irish history, as the proper name of a man, -signifies a freeman; and though this meaning does not sound -as lofty as the <i lang="la">Deus armorum</i> of Dr O’Brien, still it is sufficiently -respectable to show that Dermod is not a barbarous -name, and that the Irish people need not be ashamed of it; -but they will be ashamed of every Irish name in despite of all -that can be said, as the writer has very strong grounds for -asserting. The reason is obvious—because they have lost -their nationality.</p> - -<p>In the fifth instance, Concovar, or, as Sir Richard Cox -writes it, Cnogher, is not identical, synonymous, or even cognate -with Cornelius; for though it has been customary with -some families to latinize it to Cornelius, still we know from -the radices of both names that they bear not the slightest -analogy to each other, for the Irish name is compounded of -<i lang="ga">Conn</i>, strength, and <i lang="ga">Cobhair</i>, aid, assistance; while the Latin -Cornelius is differently compounded. It is, then, evident -that there is no reason for changing the Irish Concovar or -Conor to Cornelius, except a fancied resemblance between -the sounds of both; but this resemblance is very remote -indeed.</p> - -<p>In the sixth instance, the name Cormac has nothing whatsoever -to do with Charles (which means <em>noble-spirited</em>), for it -is explained by all the glossographers as signifying “Son of -the Chariot,” and it is added, “that it was first given as a -sobriquet, in the first century, to a Lagenian prince who happened -to be born in a chariot while his mother was going on -a journey, but that it afterwards became honourable as the -name of many great personages in Ireland.” After the accession -of Charles the First, however, to the throne, many -Irish families of distinction changed Cormac to Charles, in -order to add dignity to the name by making it the same with -that of the sovereign—a practice which has been very generally -followed ever since.</p> - -<p>In the seventh instance, Sir Richard is probably correct. I -do not deny that Art may be synonymous with Arthur; indeed -I am of opinion that they are both words of the same original -family of language, for the Irish word <i lang="ga">Art</i> signifies <em>noble</em>, -and if we can rely on the British etymologists, Arthur bears -much of a similar meaning in the Gomraeg or Old British.</p> - -<p>With respect to the eighth instance given by Sir Richard -Cox, I have no hesitation in asserting that the Irish proper -name Domhnall, which was originally anglicised Donnell and -Donald, is not the same with the Scriptural name Daniel, -which means <em>God is judge</em>. I am at least certain that the -ancient Irish glossographers never viewed it as such, for they -always wrote it <em>Domhnall</em>, and understood it to mean a great -or proud chieftain. This explanation may, however, be possibly -incorrect; but the <em>m</em> in the first syllable shows that -the name is formed from a root very different from that from -which the Scriptural name Daniel is derived.</p> - -<p>With respect to the names Goron (which is but a mistake -for Searoon), Jeofry, and Magheesh, Moses, the two last instances -furnished by Sir Richard Cox, they were never borne -by the ancient Irish, but were borrowed from the Anglo-Normans, -and therefore I have nothing to do with them in -this place. What I have said is sufficient to show that the -Christian names borne by the ancient Irish are not identical, -synonymous, or even cognate with those substituted for them -in the time of Sir Richard Cox.</p> - -<p class="gap4">The most valuable part of every man’s education is that -which he receives from himself, especially when the active -energy of his character makes ample amends for the want of -a more finished course of study.</p> - -<p class="gap4">“Would you know this boy to be my son from his resemblance -to me?” asked a gentleman. Mr Curran replied, -“Yes, sir; the maker’s name is stamped upon the <em>blade</em>.”</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ELEGIAC STANZAS<br /> -<span class="smaller">ON A SON AND DAUGHTER.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">In Merrion, by Eblana’s bay,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">They sleep beneath a spreading tree;</div> -<div class="verse">No voices from the public way</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Shall break their deep tranquillity.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Clontarf may bloom, and gloomy Howth</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Behold the white sail passing by,</div> -<div class="verse">But never shall the spring-time growth</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Or stately bark delight their eye.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Clontarf may live, a magic name,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">To call up recollections dear—</div> -<div class="verse">But never shall great Brian’s fame</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Delight the sleeper’s heedless ear.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">They fell, ere reason’s dawn arose—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">They, sinless, felt affliction’s rod;</div> -<div class="verse">Oh, who can tell their wordless woes</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Before they reached the throne of God?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">What being o’er the cradle leans,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Where innocence in anguish lies;</div> -<div class="verse">Writhing in its untold pains—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">That feels not awful thoughts arise!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">’Tis dreadful eloquence to all</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Whose hearts are not of marble stone—</div> -<div class="verse">Such eloquence as could not fall</div> -<div class="verse indent1">E’en from the tongue of Massillon.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Their ills are o’er—a father’s cares—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">A mother’s throes—a mother’s fears—</div> -<div class="verse">A wily world with all its snares,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Shall ne’er begloom their joyless years.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">They sleep in Merrion by the bay,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">From passions, care, and sorrow free;</div> -<div class="verse">No voices from the public way</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Shall break their deep tranquillity.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse right">T.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">TESTIMONIALS.</h2> - -<p>Every one who has had any thing to do with the filling up of -appointments for which there has been any competition, must -have been struck—taking the testimonials of candidates as -criteria to judge by—with the immense amount of talent and -integrity that is in the market, and available often for the -merest trifle in the shape of annual salary. In truth, judging -by such documents as those just alluded to, one would think -that it is the able and deserving alone that are exposed to -the necessity of seeking for employment. At any rate, it is -certain that all who do apply for vacant situations are without -exception persons of surpassing ability and incorruptible -integrity—flowers of the flock, pinks of talent, and paragons -of virtue. How such exemplary persons come to be -out of employment, we cannot tell; but there they are.</p> - -<p>The number of testimonials which one of these worthies -will produce when he has once made a dead set at an appointment, -is no less remarkable than the warmth of the strain in -which they are written. Heaven knows where they get them -all! but the number is sometimes really amazing, a hatful, -for instance, being a very ordinary quantity. We once saw -a candidate for an appointment followed by a porter who carried -his testimonials, and a pretty smart load for the man -they seemed to be. The weight, we may add, of this gentleman’s -recommendations, as well it might carried the day.</p> - -<p>In the case of regular situation-hunters of a certain class, -gentlemen who are constantly on the look-out for openings, -who make a point of trying for every thing of the kind that -offers, and who yet, somehow or other, never succeed, it may -be observed that their testimonials have for the most part -an air of considerable antiquity about them, that they are in -general a good deal soiled, and have the appearance of having -been much handled, and long in the possession of the very -deserving persons to whose character and abilities they bear -reference. This seems rather a marked feature in the case of -such documents as those alluded to. How it should happen, -we do not know; but you seldom see a fresh, clean, newly -written testimonial in the possession of a professed situation-hunter. -They are all venerable-looking documents, with -something of a musty smell about them, as if they had long -been associated in the pocket with cheese crumbs and half-burnt -cigars.</p> - -<p>A gentleman of the class to which we just now particularly -refer, generally carries his budget of testimonials about with -him, and is ready to produce them at a moment’s notice. -Not knowing how soon or suddenly he may hear of something -eligible, he is thus always in a state of preparation for -such chances as fortune may throw in his way. It is commendable -foresight.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span></p> - -<p>As regards the general style of testimonials, meaning particularly -that extreme warmth of eulogium for which these -documents are for the most part remarkable, it is perhaps -in the case of aspirants for literary situations that we find -it in its greatest intensity. It is in these cases we make -the astounding discovery that the amount of literary talent -known is really nothing to that which is unknown; that -in fact the brightest of those geniuses who are basking -in the sunshine of popular favour, and reaping fame and -fortune from a world’s applause, is a mere rushlight compared -to hundreds whom an adverse fate has doomed to obscurity, -of whose merits the same untoward destiny has kept the world -in utter ignorance. As proof of this, we submit to the reader -the testimonials of a couple of candidates for the editorship of -a certain provincial paper, with which, along with two or three -others, we had a proprietary connexion. There were in all one -hundred and twenty applicants, and each had somewhere about -a score of different testimonials, bearing witness to the brilliancy -of his talents and the immaculateness of his character. -We, the proprietors, had thus, as the reader will readily believe, -a pretty job of it. One hundred and twenty candidates, -with each, taking an average, 20 letters of recommendation; -20 times 120—2,400 letters to read!</p> - -<p>In the present case we confine ourselves merely to one or -two of the most remarkable, although we cannot say that the -difference between any of them was very material. They -were all in nearly one strain of unqualified, and, as regarded -their subjects, no doubt deserved laudation. The testimonials -were for the most part addressed to the applicants themselves, -as in the following case:</p> - -<p>“Dear Sir—In reply to your letter stating that you meant -to apply for the editorship of a provincial paper, and requesting -my testimony to your competency for such an appointment, -I have sincere pleasure in saying that you possess, in -an eminent degree, every qualification for it. Your style of -writing is singularly elegant, combining energy with ease, -and copiousness with concentration; nor is the delicacy and -correctness of your taste less remarkable than the force and -beauty of your language. But your literary achievements, -my dear sir—achievements which, although they have not yet, -will certainly one day raise you to eminence—bear much -stronger testimony to your merits than any thing I can possibly -say in your behalf; and to these I would refer all who -are interested in ascertaining what your attainments are. As -an editor of a paper, you would be invaluable; and I assure -you, they will not be little to be envied who shall be so fortunate -as to secure the aid of your able services,” &c. &c. &c.</p> - -<p>Well, this was one of the very first testimonials we happened -to open, and we thought we had found our man at the -very outset, that it would be unnecessary to go farther, and -we congratulated ourselves accordingly. We were delighted -with our luck in having thus stumbled on such a genius at -the first move. It is true, we did not know exactly what to -make of the reference to the candidate’s literary achievements, -what they were, or where to look for them; for neither of these -achievements, nor of the candidate himself, had we ever heard -before; but as the writer of the letter was not unknown to -us, we took it for granted that all was right.</p> - -<p>What, however, was our surprise, what our perplexity, -when, on proceeding to the testimonials of the next candidate, -we found that he was a gentleman of still more splendid talents -than the first; that, in short, the light of the latter’s -genius, compared to that of the former’s, was but as the light -of a lucifer match to the blaze of Mount Etna.</p> - -<p>“Gentlemen,” said the first testimonial of this person’s we -took up (we, the proprietors, being addressed in this case), -“Gentlemen, having learnt that you are on the look-out for -an editor for your paper, and learning from Mr Josephus -Julius Augustus Bridgeworth that he intends becoming a -candidate for that appointment, I at his request most cheerfully -bear testimony to his competency, I might say pre-eminent -fitness, for the situation in question. Mr Bridgeworth -is a young man of the highest literary attainments; indeed, I -should not be going too far were I to say that I know of no -writer, ancient or modern, who at all approaches him in force -and beauty of style, or who surpasses him in originality of -thought and brilliancy of imagination: qualities which he has -beautifully and strikingly exhibited in his inimitable Essay on -Bugs, which obtained for him the gold prize-medal of the -Royal Society of Entomologists, and admission to that -Society as an honorary member, with the right of assuming -the title of F. R. S. In fine, gentlemen, I would entreat of -you, as much for your own sakes as for that of my illustrious -young friend Mr Bridgeworth, not to let slip this opportunity—one -that may never occur again—of securing the services of -one of the most talented gentlemen of the day; one who, I -feel well assured, will one day prove not only an honour to his -country, but an ornament to the age in which he lives. With -regard to Mr B.’s moral character, I have only to say that it -is every thing that is upright and honourable; that he is, in -truth, not more distinguished for the qualities of his head -than of his heart.”</p> - -<p>We have already said that the circumstance of finding in -the bug essayist a greater genius than in the candidate who -preceded him, most grievously perplexed us. It did. But -what was this perplexity compared with that by which we -were confounded, when, on proceeding to look over the testimonials -of the other candidates, we found that the merits of -every new one we came to surpassed those of him who had -gone before, and this so invariably, that it became evident -that we had drawn around us all the talent and character of -the country; that in fact all the talent and character of the -country was striving for the editorship of our paper.</p> - -<p>Thus placed as it were in the midst of a perfect galaxy of -genius, thus surrounded by the best and brightest men of the -age, we had, as will readily be believed, great difficulty in -making a choice. A choice, however, we did at length make; -fixing on the brightest of the brilliant host by which we were -mobbed. Need I tell the result? Need I say that this luminary -turned out, after all, but a farthing candle!—a very ordinary -sort of person. He did, indeed, well enough, but not better -than a thousand others could have done.</p> - -<p>While on this subject of testimonials, let us add that we -had once, with one or two others, the bestowal of an appointment -to a situation of trust, and for which integrity was the -chief requisite. We had in this, as in the former case, an immense -number of applicants, and, as in the former case, each of -these produced the most satisfactory testimonials. We chose -the most immaculate of these honest men—we appointed him. -In three weeks after, he decamped with £500 of his employer’s -cash!</p> - -<p class="right">C.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Friendship.</span>—Friendship derives all its beauty and -strength from the qualities of the heart, or from a virtuous -or lovely disposition; or should these be wanting, some shadow -of them must be present; it can never dwell long in a -bad heart or mean disposition. It is a passion limited to the -nobler part of the species, for it can never co-exist with vice -or dissimulation. Without virtue, or the supposition of it, -friendship is only a mercenary league, or a tie of interest, -which must of course dissolve when that interest decays, or -subsists no longer. It is a composition of the noblest passions -of the mind. A just taste and love of virtue, good sense, a -thorough candour and benignity of heart, and a generous -sympathy of sentiment and affections, are the essential ingredients -of this nobler passion. When it originates from love, -and esteem is strengthened by habit, and mellowed by time, -it yields infinite pleasure, ever new and ever growing. It is -the best support amongst the numerous trials and vicissitudes -of life, and gives a relish to most of our engagements. What -can be imagined more comfortable than to have a friend to -console us in afflictions, to advise with in doubtful cases, and -share our felicity? What firmer anchor is there for the mind, -tossed like a vessel on the tumultuous waves of contingencies, -than this? It exalts our nobler passions, and weakens our -evil inclinations; it assists us to run the race of virtue with a -steady and undeviating course. From loving, esteeming, and -endeavouring to felicitate particular people, a more general -passion will arise for the whole of mankind. Confined to the -society of a few, we look upon them as the representatives of -the many, and from friendship learn to cultivate philanthropy.—<cite>Sir -H. Davy.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Humility.</span>—An humble man is like a good tree; the more -full of fruit the branches are, the lower they bend themselves.</p> - -<p class="gap4">No dust affects the eyes so much as gold dust.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin. -Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">John Menzies</span>, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; -and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -51, June 19, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 19, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55603-h.htm or 55603-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/6/0/55603/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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