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diff --git a/old/55561-8.txt b/old/55561-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 46fa9ba..0000000 --- a/old/55561-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3115 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fort Ticonderoga, by S. H. P. Pell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Fort Ticonderoga - A Short History - -Author: S. H. P. Pell - -Release Date: September 16, 2017 [EBook #55561] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORT TICONDEROGA *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - Cover: Montcalm Congratulating His Victorious Troops, - Battle of Carillon, Fort Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758. - - [Illustration: Fort Ticonderoga: Looking South, Up Lake Champlain] - - - - - _Fort Ticonderoga_ - A Short History - - - Compiled from Contemporary Sources - By S. H. P. Pell - - Profusely Illustrated - - [Illustration: Cannon] - - Reprinted for the Fort Ticonderoga Museum - 1966 - -"_The_ little bronze flint _and_ tinder box illustrated, was found in -1888 by _the_ present Museum Director, then _a_ small boy. His brother -dislodged _a_ stone while they were climbing around _the_ fort. Under -_the_ stone was this box with flint _and_ tinder in it. Bronze _and of_ -French design, it must have belonged to some important officer, probably -Montcalm de Levis, Bougainville _or_ Bourlamacque. _The_ busts represent -Cupid _and_ Psyche; _the_ faces are extraordinarily beautiful _and_ -expressive. _The_ box measures 2-1/4 _by_ 1-1/4 inches. - -I consider this box _and the_ back plate _for the_ suit _of_ half-armor -(_found a few years ago_) _the_ most interesting _of the_ thousands _of_ -articles found _at the_ Fort. - -_This_ little box stimulated _the_ Director's interest. Even as a small -boy he hoped some day to preserve _and_ perhaps restore Fort -Ticonderoga. Many _a_ year was to pass before _this_ dream could become -_a_ reality." - - [Illustration: Flint and Tinder Box Which Started the Fort - Ticonderoga Collection (Found by S. H. P. Pell, when a small boy) - (Drawing by Herbert Sherlock of North Canton, Ohio) - BUSTS _in_ CENTER _of_ TOP _and_ BOTTOM _of_ CASE - BOX OPEN SHOWING INTERIOR - DETAIL _of_ FLOWER DESIGN - _and_ BORDER - REAR _of_ HINGE] - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - The Aborigines, Chapter One 9 - Champlain, Chapter Two 11 - The Building of the Fort, Chapter Three 19 - Abercromby's Defeat, Chapter Four 27 - The Amherst Campaign, Chapter Five 47 - The Calm Before the Storm, Chapter Six 53 - Ethan Allen, Chapter Seven 54 - Montgomery, Knox, Valcour Island, Chapter Eight 67 - Burgoyne Takes the Fort and Brown Fails to Retake it, Chapter Nine 83 - The Military History Ends, Chapter Ten 91 - The Restoration of Fort Ticonderoga, Chapter Eleven 93 - The Fort Ticonderoga Museum 113 - The Book Shelf 115 - The Fort Ticonderoga Association 117 - - [Illustration: Major Robert Rogers and An Indian Chief] - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PAGE - Fort Ticonderoga Inside Front Cover - Flint and Tinder Box 2 - Major Robert Rogers and an Indian Chief 4 - Airview of Fort Ticonderoga and Surrounding Country 6 - Indian Costumes 8 - Champlain and the Iroquois, Near Ticonderoga 10 - Marquis de Lotbiniere 14 - Marquis de Vaudreuil 18 - Part of the Original Instructions to de Lotbiniere 20 - Major Robert Rogers 22 - Wounding of Baron Dieskau 24 - Abercromby's Expedition, Embarking at Head of Lake George 26 - The Marquis de Montcalm 28 - Brig. General Lord Howe 30 - Duc de Levis 32 - Plan of Town and Fort (Insert) 32-33 - Major General Israel Putnam 34 - Replica of the Cross Erected by General Montcalm 44 - Montcalm Congratulating His Victorious Troops 45 - Major Robert Rogers' Battle on Snowshoes in 1757 46 - Sir Jeffrey Amherst 48 - General Amherst and the Burning Fort 50 - Ethan Allen 54 - Catamount Tavern, Where Plans Were Laid to Capture Fort 57 - Ethan Allen and Captain Delaplace 59 - Letter from Ethan Allen 60-61 - Allen Needs You at Ti 63 - Ethan Allen's Blunderbuss 65 - Benedict Arnold 66 - Major General Richard Montgomery 68 - General Knox 70 - General Knox Moving Cannon from Ticonderoga to Cambridge 72 - Rig of Fleet at Valcour Island 74 - Map of the Attack and Defeat of the American Fleet 76 - General Schuyler 78 - Major-General Arthur St. Clair 79 - Major-General Horatio Gates 80 - Ticonderoga and Its Dependencies, 1776 81 - The Massacre of Jane McCrea 82 - General John Burgoyne 84 - The Battle of Saratoga 86 - Surrender of Burgoyne 88 - George Washington at Halfway Brook 90 - Stephen H. P. Pell 92 - The Pavilion 94 - Fort Ticonderoga and the Pavilion, 1827 96 - The Silver Bullet 98 - Restoration Model of Fort Ticonderoga 100 - Thomas Cole Painting of Fort, Early 1820's 101 - Entrance to Place D'Armes 103 - The Place D'Armes 105 - Fort Ticonderoga in 1959 107 - The Ethan Allen Door 109 - George Washington in Uniform of American General 112 - Powder Horn Map Made at Mount Independence 1776 114 - Flag Bastion 118 - Fort Ticonderoga: South Barracks Inside Back Cover - - [Illustration: Airview of Fort Ticonderoga Showing Strategic - Location of Mount Defiance, Beyond Which Is Lake George] - - [Illustration: Indian Costumes, From Lafitau. 1, Iroquois; 2, - Algonquin] - - - - - CHAPTER ONE - The Aborigines - - -When Columbus was landing in the West Indies, and discovering America, -the Champlain Valley was thickly populated. There are signs of Indian -village sites all along the shores and the thousands of stone -implements, arrow and spear points, scrapers, hatchets, pestles and -mortars that are turned up each year indicate an occupation of hundreds, -probably thousands, of years. But when the first white man arrived all -was silence and desolation. The fierce Iroquois from the south had not -long before slaughtered the peaceful Algonquin Indians and driven the -survivors back into the mountains, where they were living a hand to -mouth existence. In fact so degenerate had they become that the Iroquois -referred to them as "Adirondacks" or "Bark-eaters," because of their -necessity of depending on the bark of trees during the winter when game -was scarce. Remains of these people are so many that for a hundred years -arrow heads and other stone implements have been found on the shore of -the lake under the walls of the Fort and yet each rain and wind storm -discloses new ones. These Indians were a partly agricultural people as -shown by the many bits of pottery and hoes that are found, but little is -definitely known of them or their habits. - - [Illustration: Champlain and the Iroquois Near Ticonderoga, July 30, - 1609 From "Champlain's Life and Travels, 1613"] - - - - - CHAPTER TWO - Champlain - - -In May, 1609, the same year that Hendrick Hudson discovered and named -Hudson's River, Samuel de Champlain with a contingent of eleven -Frenchmen, a small body of Montagnais Indians and between two and three -hundred Hurons left Quebec on an exploring expedition to the south. - -At the rapids of the Richelieu, Champlain quarreled with his Indians, -who had assured him that there was smooth water from the St. Lawrence to -the great lake to the south. Three-quarters of them went home and with -them he sent all but two of his white companions. His force now -consisted of three Frenchmen and sixty Montagnais and Hurons. - -They traveled in twenty-four canoes and soon entered Lake Champlain, -and, as they now were approaching the Iroquois country, they traveled by -night and hid in the woods by day. - -Champlain's own description of his discovery and the battle at -Ticonderoga from his "Voyages and Discoveries" published in Paris, 1613 -... reads as follows: - -"We left next day, continuing our route along the river as far as the -mouth of the Lake. Here are a number of beautiful, but low islands -filled with very fine woods and prairies, a quantity of game and wild -animals, such as stags, deer, fawns, roe-bucks, bears and other sorts of -animals that come from the main land to the said islands. We caught a -quantity of them. There is also quite a number of beavers, as well in -the river as in several other streams which fall into it. These parts, -though agreeable, are not inhabited by any Indians, in consequence of -their wars. They retire from the rivers as far as possible, deep into -the country, in order not to be so soon discovered. - -"Next day we entered the lake, which is of considerable extent; some 50 -or 60 leagues in length, where I saw 4 beautiful islands, 10, 12 and 15 -leagues in length formerly inhabited, as well as the Iroquois river, by -Indians, but abandoned since they have been at war the one with the -other. - -"Several rivers, also, discharge into the lake, surrounded by a number -of fine trees similar to those we have in France, with a quantity of -vines handsomer than any I ever saw; a great many chestnuts, and I have -not yet seen except the margin of the lake, where there is a large -abundance of fish of divers species. Among the rest there is one called -by the Indians of the country Chaousarou, the divers lengths. The -largest I was informed by the people, are of eight to ten feet. I saw -one of 5, as thick as a thigh, with a head as big as two fists, with -jaws two feet and a half long, and a double set of very sharp and -dangerous teeth. The form of the body resembles that of the pike, and it -is armed with scales that a thrust of a poniard cannot pierce; and is of -a silver grey colour. The point of the snout is like that of a hog. This -fish makes war on all others in the lakes and rivers and possesses, as -those people assure me, a wonderful instinct; which is, that when it -wants to catch any birds, it goes among the rushes or reeds, bordering -the lake in many places, keeping the beak out of the water without -budging, so that when the birds perch on his beak, imagining it a limb -of a tree, it is so subtle that closing the jaws which it keeps half -open, it draws the birds under water by the feet. The Indians gave me a -head of it, which they prize highly, saying, when they have a headache -they let blood with the teeth of this fish at the seat of the pain which -immediately goes away. - -"Continuing our route along the west side of the lake, contemplating the -country, I saw on the east side very high mountains capped with snow. I -asked the Indians if those parts were inhabited? They answered me, Yes, -and that they were Iroquois, and that there were in those parts -beautiful valleys, and fields fertile in corn as good as I had ever -eaten in the country, with an infinitude of other fruits, and that the -lake extended close to the mountains, which were, according to my -judgment, 15 leagues from us. I saw others, to the South, not less high -than the former; only, that they were without snow. The Indians told me -it was there we were to go to meet their enemies, and that they were -thickly inhabited, and that we must pass by a waterfall which I -afterwards saw, and thence enter another lake three or four leagues, -long, and having arrived at its head, there were 4 leagues overland to -be traveled to pass to a river which flows toward the coast of the -Almouchiquois, tending towards that of the Almouchiquois, and that they -were only two days going there in their canoes, as I understood since -from some prisoners we took, who, by means of some Algonquin -interpreters, who were acquainted with the Iroquois language, conversed -freely with me about all they had noticed. - -"Now, on coming within about two or three days journey of the enemy's -quarters, we traveled only by night and rested by day. Nevertheless, -they never omitted their usual superstitions to ascertain whether their -enterprise would be successful, and often asked me whether I had dreamed -and seen their enemies. I answered no; and encouraged them and gave them -good hopes. Night fell, and we continued our journey until morning when -we withdrew into the picket fort to pass the remainder of the day there. -About ten or eleven o'clock I lay down after having walked some time -around our quarters, and falling asleep, I thought I beheld our enemies, -the Iroquois, drowning within sight of us in the Lake near a mountain; -and being desirous to save them, that our savage allies told me that I -must let them all perish as they were good for nothing. On awakening, -they did not omit, as usual to ask me, if I had any dream, I did tell -them, in fact, what I had dreamed. It gained such credit among them that -they no longer doubted but they should meet with success. - - [Illustration: Marquis de Lotbiniere] - -"At nightfall we embarked in our canoes to continue our journey, and as -we advanced very softly and noiselessly, we encountered a war party of -Iroquois, on the twenty-ninth of the month, about ten o'clock, at night, -at the point of a cape which juts into the lake on the west side. They -and we began to shout, each seizing his arms. We withdrew towards the -water and the Iroquois repaired on shore, and arranged all their canoes, -the one beside the other, and began to hew down trees with villainous -axes, which they sometimes got in war, and others of stone, and -fortified themselves very securely. - -"Our party, likewise, kept their canoes arranged the one alongside the -other, tied to poles so as not to run adrift, in order to fight all -together should need be. We were on the water about an arrow-shot from -their barricades. - -"When they were armed and in order, they sent two canoes from the fleet -to know if their enemies wished to fight, who answered they desired -nothing else; but that just then, there was not much light, and that we -must wait for day to distinguish each other, and that they would give us -battle at sun rise. This was agreed to by our party. Meanwhile the whole -night was spent in dancing and singing, as well on one side as on the -other, mingled with an infinitude of insults and other taunts, such as -the little courage we had; how powerless our resistance against their -arms, and that when day would break we should experience this to our -ruin. Ours, likewise, did not fail in repartee; telling them they should -witness the effects of arms they had never seen before; and a multitude -of other speeches, as is usual at a siege of a town. After the one and -the other had sung, danced and parliamented enough, day broke. My -companions and I were always concealed, for fear the enemy should see us -preparing our arms the best we could, being however separated, each in -one of the canoes belonging to the savage Montagnais. After being -equipped with light armour we took each an arquebus and went ashore. I -saw the enemy leave their barricade; they were about 200 men, of strong -and robust appearance, who were coming slowly towards us, with a gravity -and assurance which greatly pleased me, led on by three Chiefs. Our's -were marching in similar order, and told me that those who bore three -lofty plumes were the Chiefs, and that there were but these three and -they were to be recognized by those plumes, and that I must do all I -could to kill them. I promised to do what I could, and that I was very -sorry they could not clearly understand me, so as to give them the order -and plan of attacking their enemies, as we should indubitably defeat -them all; but there was no help for that; that I was very glad to -encourage them and to manifest to them my good will when we should be -engaged. - -"The moment we landed they began to run about two hundred paces toward -their enemies who stood firm, and had not yet perceived my companions, -who went into the bush with some savages. Our's commenced calling me in -a loud voice, and making way for me, opened in two parts, and placed me -at their head, marching about 20 paces in advance, until I was within 30 -paces of the enemy. The moment they saw me, they halted, gazing at me -and I at them. When I saw them preparing to shoot at us, I raised my -arquebus, and aiming directly at one of the three Chiefs, two of them -fell to the ground by this shot and one of their companions received a -wound of which he died afterwards. I had put 4 balls in my arquebus. -Our's on witnessing a shot so favorable for them, set up such tremendous -shouts that thunder could not have been heard; and yet, there was no -lack of arrows on one side and the other. The Iroquois were greatly -astonished seeing two men killed so instantaneously, notwithstanding -they were provided with arrow-proof armour woven of cotton-thread and -wood; this frightened them very much. Whilst I was reloading, one of my -companions in the bush fired a shot, which so astonished them anew, -seeing their Chiefs slain, that they lost courage, took flight and -abandoned the field and their fort, hiding themselves in the depths of -the forest, whither pursuing them, I killed some others. Our savages -also killed several of them and took ten or twelve prisoners. The rest -carried off the wounded. Fifteen or sixteen of ours were wounded by -arrows; they were promptly cured. - -"After having gained the victory, they amused themselves plundering -Indian corn and meal from the enemy; also their arms which they had -thrown away in order to run the better. And having feasted, danced and -sung, we returned three hours afterwards with the prisoners. - -"The place where this battle was fought is in 43 degrees some minutes -latitude, and I named it Lake Champlain." - -Historians agree that this fight took place on the low ground, northeast -of the Fort at Ticonderoga. It was the Iroquois' first introduction to -firearms and forever alienated that great fighting confederation from -the French. - - [Illustration: Marquis de Vaudreuil] - - - - - CHAPTER THREE - The Building of the Fort - - -From 1609 to 1755 nothing of great interest happened at Ticonderoga. War -parties, explorers and traders passed up and down the lake in a steady -stream, but few left records. The English pushed north as far as the -south end of Lake George and built Fort William Henry; the French, as -far south as Crown Point and built Fort St. Frederic. All between was a -wild country, claimed by both France and Great Britain. - -In 1755 Michel Chartier, afterwards Marquis de Lotbiniere, under -instruction from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor-General of New -France, came down from Crown Point to select a site for a new fort. His -aide-memoire from de Vaudreuil is in the Fort Library. In October he -started cutting the great trees and leveling the ground to build the -stone fortress which he first called Fort Vaudreuil, but which was -afterwards given the name of Carillon, "A Chime of Bells," named from -the sound of the falls where the water from Lake George runs into Lake -Champlain. He employed the garrison from Crown Point and at one time as -many as 2,000 men were at work and made extraordinary progress, -considering that he was erecting a fort in the wilderness. - -Robert Rogers, the famous ranger, several times during the building of -the Fort reconnoitered and reported on the progress of the work. -September 9, 1756, he says: - -"I was within a mile of Ticonderoga fort where I endeavored to -reconnoitre the enemy's works and strength. They were engaged in raising -the walls of the fort and erecting a large blockhouse near the southeast -corner of the fort with ports in it for cannon. East from the blockhouse -was a battery which I imagined commanded the lake." - - [Illustration: Part of the Original Instructions for de Lotbiniere - to Start Construction of Fort Ticonderoga - (This manuscript is in the Fort Library)] - -He also reports the French to be building a sawmill at the lower end of -the falls. On Christmas Eve, 1757, Rogers got close enough to kill about -seventeen head of cattle and set fire to the wood piles of the garrison. -To the horns of one of the cattle, he attached a note to the commander -of the fort: - -"I am obliged to you, sir, for the repose you have allowed me to take. I -thank you for the fresh meat you have sent me. I will take care of my -prisoners. I request you to present my compliments to the Marquis de -Montcalm. - - (Signed) "Rogers, Commander of the Independent Companies." - -In 1755, Baron de Dieskau had gone from Crown Point to attack Sir -William Johnson at Lake George. Dieskau was wounded, and his defeated -army fought their way back to Ticonderoga. - -In March, 1758, Rogers' famous battle on snowshoes was fought a few -miles from Ticonderoga when the French under Captain Durentaye, -commanding a party of Indians and Canadians, captured and destroyed most -of his force. - -The guns which De Lotbiniere mounted on the Fort were mostly from Crown -Point and Montreal but some were brought from Fort William Henry in 1757 -when Montcalm captured that fort from Lieut. Col. Munro. It was after -Munro's surrender that the famous massacre of Fort William Henry -occurred. The British garrison was marching unarmed to Fort Edward when -it was attacked by Montcalm's Indians. The French officers did their -best to protect the garrison but many were slain. - -De Lotbiniere wrote to the Minister from Carillon on the 31st October, -1756: - - [Illustration: Major Robert Rogers] - -"My Lord:-- - -"I was so much occupied last year at the departure of the last ships -that it was not possible for me to render you an account of the St. -Frederic campaign, which M. de Vaudreuil ordered me to begin immediately -after M. de Dieskau's affair. I left with orders to examine the Carillon -Point ... where the waters of the Grande Baye and of Lake St. Sacrement -meet. At this point is the head of the navigation of Lake Champlain. M. -de Vaudreuil feared with reason that, the enemy gaining possession of -it, it would be very difficult for us to dislodge him, and that being -solidly established there, [and we] would be exposed to see him appear -in the midst of our settlements at the moment we least expected, it -being possible for him to make during winter all necessary preparations -to operate in the spring. - -"I found on my arrival at St. Frederic an intrenchment begun on wrong -principles which I felt obliged to continue to be agreeable to the -Commandant of the Army who feared the enemy might at any moment attack -the Fort. At last, on the 12th October, on the order of M. le Marquis de -Vaudreuil, these works ceased and we moved the camp from St. Frederic to -Carillon to begin a Fort at the location which I should find to be most -suitable for such purpose. - -"I decided to establish it on the ridge of rock which runs from the -point to the falls of Lake St. Sacrement. As the season did not permit -of our hoping to accomplish much work before winter I was obliged to -restrict my efforts more than I would have liked so as to at least place -the garrison under cover until the spring. - -"I contented myself with reserving sufficient ground in the front for a -camp of 2,000 to 3,000 men, if need be, covered by the Fort, and -although I was obliged to operate in the midst of a wood without being -able to see while surveying more than thirty yards ahead of me, I think -I was fortunate enough to have made the best use of the ground I was -ordered to fortify. We were not prepared to build in stone, having -neither the material assembled nor the workmen. We were therefore -obliged to line the works in oak which fortunately was plentiful on the -spot. I began the parapet of the whole work which I formed in a double -row of timbers distant ten feet from one another and bound together by -two cross-pieces dovetailed at their extremities, to retain the timbers. -This had reached the height of seven feet by the 28th November, date of -the departure of the army, which could not remain longer owing to the -ice beginning to form. - - [Illustration: Wounding of Baron Dieskau. From a Painting in the - Museum] - -"I remained until February hoping to be able to use the garrison to -advance the works; but finding that it was not possible to make the -garrison work, I decided to return to Montreal after the barracks had -been finished, to recuperate from the fatigues of the campaign and the -unwholesome food I had taken. - -"I left [Montreal] this year [1756] at the end of April and arrived at -the Fort the first days of May, when I resumed work which dragged on for -nearly a month not having the required workmen. During this campaign we -raised all the Fort to the height of the cordon. The earth ramparts were -made,--the platforms of the bastions completed, a cover built for each -bastion bomb-proof, two stone barracks built, the ditches of the place -dug to the rock everywhere, part of the rock even removed on two fronts, -the ditches of the two demi-lunes also excavated to the rock, a -store-house established outside the Fort as well as a hospital. The -parapet was raised on the two fronts exposed to the enemy's batteries if -he undertook to besiege this place, the exterior part of the Fort -supported by masonry resting on the solid rock. The next campaign will -be devoted to overhauling the main body of the place and building the -two demi-lunes proposed, as well as the redoubt at the extreme of the -Carillon Point. We will also work at the covered way and the glacis. -There will be two barracks to build in stone in the interior of the -Fort. As there is but one bastion exposed to attack I think it would be -well to protect it by a counter guard. This would constitute an -additional obstruction which might discourage the enemy from any attack -on that side and, should he do so, I would hope that the place, once -completed, he would not succeed. I would be flattered, My Lord, if you -gave me your orders to work with more latitude and, if you approve the -counter guard which would not be very expensive, I would beg of you to -order it by the first ships coming from France in order to embrace at -the same time the whole works. M. le Comte de la Galissoniere to whom I -communicated the information which I have acquired on this district will -not let you ignore how advantageous it is and of what consequence it is -to France. I presume to flatter myself, My Lord, that you will consider -me for the position occupied heretofore by M. de Lery. I think I have -worked in a manner to deserve it." - -It was during the summer of 1757 that De Lotbiniere started to -substitute stone for most of the timbers he had used on the outer walls -of the Fort. - - [Illustration: Abercromby's Expedition Against Fort Ticonderoga - Embarking at Head of Lake George - Courtesy Glens Falls Insurance Company] - - - - - CHAPTER FOUR - Abercromby's Defeat - - -In 1758 the Fort was almost completed. General James Abercromby had -gathered at the head of Lake George the greatest army ever seen on the -American continent, almost 15,000 men, of which 6,000 were British -regulars and the rest provincials from New England, New York and New -Jersey. - -In July, 1758, this great army, great for its day and place, left Fort -William Henry in hundreds of batteaux and whale boats to attack Fort -Carillon. It must have been an extraordinarily beautiful sight, that -vast fleet of little boats filled with the Red Coats and the plaids of -Highlanders. Early in the morning of July 6th the army landed on what is -now known as Howe's Cove at the northern end of Lake George. The army -immediately advanced in three columns but was soon lost in the dense -forest which then covered the whole country. An advance party of French -under the Sieur de Trepezec had been watching the landing from what the -French called Mount Pelee, but which is now called Roger's Rock. In -trying to return to the Fort they had also lost their way and met one of -the advancing columns, commanded by George Augustus, Viscount Howe, a -grandson of George the First of England. At the first fire Lord Howe was -killed and with his death the heart went out of the army. He was the -real leader of the expedition. Captain Monypenny, his aide, reported his -death in the following letter: - - [Illustration: The Marquis de Montcalm - (From a Pastel in the Museum.)] - -To Mr. Calcraft, dated Camp at Lake George, 11th July, 1758: - -"Sir: - -"It is with the utmost concern, I write you of the death of Lord Howe. -On the 6th the whole army landed without opposition, at the carrying -place, about seven miles from Ticonderoga. About two o'clock, they -march'd in four columns, to invest the breast work, where the enemy was -encamp'd, near the Fort. The Rangers were before the army and the light -infantry and marksmen at the heads of the columns. We expected, and met -with some opposition near a small river, which we had to cross. When the -firing began on the part of the left column, Lord Howe thinking it would -be of the greatest consequence, to beat the enemy with the light troops, -so as not to stop the march of the main body, went up with them, and had -just gained the top of the hill, where the firing was, when he was -killed. Never ball had a more deadly direction. It entered his breast on -the left side, and (as the surgeans say) pierced his lungs, and heart, -and shattered his back bone. I was about six yards from him, he fell on -his back and never moved, only his hands quivered an instant. - -"The French party was about 400 men, 'tis computed 200 of them were -killed, 160, whereof five are officers, are prisoners; their commanding -officer, and the partizan who conducted them were killed, by the -prisoner's account, in short, very few, if any, got back. - -"The loss our country has sustained in His Lordship is inexpressible, -and I'm afraid irreparable. The spirit he inspired in the troops, -indefatigable pains he took in forwarding the publick service, the -pattern he show'd of every military virtue, can only be believed by -those, who were eye witnesses of it. The confidence the army, both -regular and provincial, had in his abilities as a general officer, the -readiness with which every order of his, or ev'n intimation of what -would be agreeable to him, was comply'd with, is almost incredible. When -his body was brought into camp scarce an eye was free from tears. - -"As his Lordship had chose me to act as an aide de camp to him, when he -was to have commanded on the winter expedition, which did not take -place, and afterwards on his being made a brigadier general, had got me -appointed Brigade Major, and I had constantly lived with him since that -time...." - - "(Signed) Al. Monypenny." - - [Illustration: Brig. General Lord Howe] - -The three columns returned to the landing place on the 6th, and on the -7th the army again advanced, this time by way of the bridge over the -small stream connecting Lake George with Lake Champlain. The French had -destroyed the bridge in retreating but it was soon repaired. On the -night of the 7th the whole army lay on their arms, in what is now the -Village of Ticonderoga, and on the morning of the 8th advanced again in -three columns to attack the Fort. In the meantime Montcalm had elected -not to wait until the Fort was invested but to fight in the woods. With -almost superhuman energy he threw an earthwork across the whole -peninsula of Ticonderoga, about three-quarters of a mile from the Fort. -It consisted of a great wall of logs, and an abatis of trees with their -branches sharpened, a hundred feet or so from the trenches. He, himself, -commanded the center, the Chevalier de Lévis the right, and the Colonel -de Bourlamaque the left. Early in the morning the British columns -attacked. All through that hot, sultry July day the fight went on. -Abercromby had established his headquarters at the French sawmill but -had been deceived as to the strength of Montcalm's defenses. In this -fight the 42nd Highlanders, the famous Black Watch, suffered enormously. -Many of the Highlanders fought their way through the abatis and some -even reached the great log wall, only to be killed by bayonet or bullet. -The Royal American, a regiment still in the British army as the King's -Royal Rifle Corps, had losses second only to the Black Watch. And at the -end of the day Abercromby's army was forced to retreat, leaving the -French in command of the field. The British and Colonial losses in this -fight were almost as great as the whole French defending force. - - -Account of the Victory Won By the Royal Troops at Carillon on the 8th -Day of July, 1758 - - (Translated from a contemporary French manuscript report in the Museum - Library) - -"The Marquis de Vaudreuil, uncertain of the movements of the enemy, -thought necessary at the beginning of this campaign to distribute his -forces. He appointed the Chevalier de Lévis to execute a secret -expedition with a picked detachment, of which 400 men were chosen from -the land troops. The rest of these troops were sent by order of the -Marquis de Montcalm to defend the border of Lake Saint Sacrement [Lake -George]. The Marquis de Montcalm arrived at Carillon the 30th of June. -The report of prisoners made a few days before left him no doubt that -the enemy had gathered, near the ruins of Fort William Henry, an army of -20,000 to 25,000 men and that their intention was to advance immediately -upon him. - - [Illustration: Duc de Lévis] - -"He imparted at once this news to the Marquis de Vaudreuil and did not -hesitate to take an advanced position which would deceive the enemy, -retard his movement and give time for the colonial help to arrive. In -consequence, le Sieur de Bourlamaque was ordered to take possession of -the portage at the head of Lake Saint Sacrement, with the battalions of -La Reine, of Guyenne and of Bearn. The Marquis de Montcalm, with those -of La Sarre, of the Royal Roussillon, of the Languedoc Regiment and the -1st battalion of Berry, occupied personally the two banks of the Chute -River, thus named because in that spot the Lake St. Sacrement, narrowed -by the mountains, pours its bubbling waters into the St. Frederic River -and Lake Champlain. The 2nd Berry battalion took charge of the defense -and service at the Fort of Carillon. - - [Illustration: A PLAN of - _the TOWN and FORT of_ - CARILLON - at - TICONDEROGA; - with - the ATTACK made by the - _BRITISH ARMY_ - Commanded by Gen^l. Abercrombie. - _on July 1758_ - Engraved by - _Tho^s. Jefferys, Geographer to his Royal Highness the_ - Prince of Wales.] - -"The Marquis de Montcalm made the Sieurs de Pontleroy and Désandrouins, -Engineers, reconnoitre and determine a site for a fortified position -which could cover this fort; and as we had only a few Canadians and only -15 savages, he took from the French battalions two troops of volunteers, -the command of which was given to the Sieur Bernard, captain in the -Bearn Regiment, and Duprat, captain in La Sarre Regiment. - -"In the evening of the 5th scouts which we had on Lake Saint Sacrement -informed us that they had seen large numbers of barges which might be -and were, in fact, the vanguard of the enemy's army. At once the order -was given to the troops of the Portage and the Chute camps to take their -armaments, to spend the night at the bivouac, and to clear the -equipages. The volunteers of Duprat were sent to take position on a -creek called the Bernetz which, flowing between the mountains that cover -this part of the country, runs into the Chute River. The enemy could -pass around us by the back of these mountains. It was essential to be -aware of such a movement. 350 men under the command of the Sieur de -Trepezec, captain in the Bearn Regiment, were detached to take a -position between the Pelee Mountain and the left bank of Lake Saint -Sacrement and the volunteers of Bernard occupied another post -intermediary between the Pelee Mountain and the Portage camps. Measures -were taken also to throw light on a possible disembarkment which the -enemy might make on the right bank of the lake. - -"The 6th. At four o'clock in the morning, the vanguard of the opponent's -army was located in sight of the portage. At once the Marquis de -Montcalm sent orders to the Sieurs de Pontleroy and Désandrouins to lay -out, in front of Carillon on the ground already marked, trenches and -abatis and to the 2nd Battalion of Berry to work at them with its -ensigns. - - [Illustration: Major General Israel Putnam] - -"The enemy began to disembark at nine o'clock; the Sieur de Bourlamaque -retreated then in their presence with the 3rd battalion from the portage -and in the best of order. He joined the Marquis de Montcalm who was -waiting for him, formed for battle, on the heights at the right bank of -the Chute, with Roussillon Regiment and the first Berry Battalion; these -five battalions passed the river, destroyed the bridge and combined with -La Sarre and Languedoc Regiments occupied the heights which edge the -left bank. This retreat would have been carried out without the loss of -a single man, if the detachment of the Sieur de Trepezec had not lost -its way. Abandoned by the few savages that acted as guides, it strayed -in those wood-covered mountains and came, after walking 12 hours, upon -an English column bound for the Chute River. Of this detachment 6 -officers and about 150 soldiers were killed or made prisoners. They -defended themselves a long time, but they had to retreat before a -superior force. The English made an important loss in the person of Lord -Howe, quartermaster general of their army and Colonel of one of the -Regiments of old England. - -"At six o'clock in the evening, the Sieur Duprat, having announced that -the enemy was heading towards the Bernetz Creek with pioneers and that -their plan was evidently to throw a bridge over it, the Marquis de -Montcalm sent the order to retreat and started his own retreat towards -the heights of Carillon, where he arrived at sunset. That same evening a -portion of the opponents' regular troops and Rangers occupied the two -banks of the Chute River, going towards the Bernetz Creek and -entrenching there. The rest of their army occupied the place of -disembarkment and the portage, and entrenched there also. - -"The 7th. The French army was all employed working at the abatis which -had been started the day before by the 2nd Berry Battalion. The officers -were setting the example and the flags were hoisted--the plan of the -defences had been laid out on the heights, 650 fathoms from Carillon -fort. - -"On the left side it was backed up by an embankment 80 fathoms away from -the Chute River, the top of which was capped by a wall. This wall was -flanked by a gap back of which 6 cannon were to be placed to fire at it -as well as to the river. On the right it was also backed by an -embankment the slope of which was not as steep as the one on the left; -the plain between this hill and Lake Saint Sacrement River was bordered -by a branch of the trenches and also by a battery of 4 cannon which were -only placed there the day after the battle. Also the guns of the Fort -were pointed toward this plain as well as at any other disembarkment -which might be effected on the left. - -"The center followed the sinuosities of the ground, keeping the top of -the height, and all the parts flanked one another reciprocally. Several, -to tell the truth, were hit there, as well as on the right and on the -left by a cross fire of the enemy, but it was because we didn't have -time to put up traverses. That kind of defence was made by tree trunks -put one on top of the other, and had in front of it fallen trees the -branches of which, cut and sharpened, gave the effect of a chevaux de -frise. - -"Between 6 and 8 o'clock in the evening the piquets of our troops, -detached by order of the Chevalier de Lévis, arrived at the camp and the -Chevalier de Lévis himself went there at night. - -"All day our volunteers fired against the Rangers of the enemy. General -Abercromby with the main part of the militia and the balance made up of -regular troops advanced up to the falls. He had sent there several -barges and pontoons mounted with two guns each. These troops built also -on the same day several trenches, one in front of the other, of which -the nearest one to our abatis was hardly a cannon range away. We spent -the night in bivouac along side the trenches. - -"The 8th. At dawn we beat the drums so as to let all the troops know -their posts for the defense of the entrenchment, following the above -arrangement, which was about that in which they worked. The army was -composed at the right of battalions of La Reine, La Sarre, Royal -Roussillon, Languedoc and Guyenne Regiments and two Berry and the one -battalion of the Bearn Regiment and also of 450 Canadians or Marines -which brought the total to 3,000 fighting men. - -"At the left of the line they posted the Sarre and the Languedoc -battalions and the two piquets that had arrived the day before. The -volunteers of Bernard and Duprat were guarding the gap on the Chute -River. - -"The center was occupied by the first Berry Battalion, by one Royal -Roussillon and by the rest of the piquets of the Chevalier de Lévis. - -"Battalions of La Reine, the Bearn and the Guyenne defended the right -and in the plain between the embankment of this right [flank] and the -Saint Frederic River they had posted the colonial troops and the -Canadians, defended also by abatis. On the whole front of the line each -battalion had back of itself a company of grenadiers and a piquet in -reserve to support their battalion and also to be able to move where -they might be needed. The Chevalier de Lévis took charge of the right, -the Sieur de Bourlamaque of the left, the Marquis de Montcalm kept the -center for himself. - -"This arrangement, fixed and known, the troops at once fell back to -work, some of them busy improving the abatis, the rest erecting the two -batteries mentioned above and a redoubt to protect the right. - -"That day in the morning, Colonel [Sir William] Johnson joined the -English army with 300 savages of the Five Nations with 'Tchactas,' the -Wolf, and Captain Jacob with 140 more. Soon after we saw them, as well -as some Rangers, standing on a mountain opposite Carillon on the other -side of the Chute River. They even discharged much musketry which -interrupted the work. We did not bother answering them. - -"At half past twelve, the English army debouched upon us. The company of -grenadiers, the volunteers and the advanced guards retreated in good -order and joined the line again. At the same movement and at a given -signal all the troops took their posts. - -"The left was attacked first by two columns, one of which was trying to -turn the trenches and found itself under the fire of La Sarre Regiment, -the other directed its efforts on a salient between the Languedoc and -the Berry battalions. The center, where the Royal Roussillon was, was -attacked almost at the same time by a third column; a fourth attacked -the right between the Bearn and La Reine battalions. All these columns -were intermingled with their Rangers and their best riflemen, covered by -the trees, kept up a murderous fire. - -"At the beginning of the fight several barges and pontoons coming from -the Chute advanced in sight of Carillon. The steadiness of the -volunteers of Bernard and Duprat, supported by Sieur de Poulharies at -the head of a company of grenadiers and of a piquet of the Royal -Roussillon, with a few cannon shots fired from the fort, made them -retreat. - -"These different attacks were almost all in the afternoon and almost -everywhere of the greatest intensity. - -"As the Canadians and the colonial troops had not been attacked they -directed their fire upon the column which was attacking our right and -which from time to time was within their range. This column, made up of -English grenadiers and of Scotch Highlanders, charged repeatedly for -three hours without either being rebuked or broken up, and several were -killed at only fifteen feet from our lines. - -"At about five o'clock the column which had attacked vigorously the -Royal Roussillon threw itself back on the salient defended by the -Regiment of Guyenne and by the left wing of the Bearn, the column which -had attacked the right wing drew back also, so that the danger became -urgent in those parts. The Chevalier de Lévis moved there with a few -troops of the right [wing] at which the enemy was shooting. The Marquis -de Montcalm hastened there also with some of the reserves and the enemy -met a resistance which slowed up, at last, their ardor. - -"The left was still standing up against the firing of two columns which -were endeavoring to break through that part. The Sieur de Bourlamaque -had been dangerously wounded there at about 4 o'clock and Sieur de -Senezeraque and de Privast, Lieutenant Colonels of La Sarre and the -Languedoc Regiments were taking his place and giving the best of orders. -The Marquis de Montcalm rushed there several times and took pains to -have help sent there in all critical moments. - -"At 6 o'clock the two columns on the right gave up attacking the Guyenne -battalions and made one more attempt against the Royal Roussillon and -Berry. At last, after a last effort to the left, at 7 o'clock, the enemy -retreated, protected by the shooting of the Rangers, which kept on until -night. They abandoned on the battlefield their dead and some of their -wounded. - -"The darkness of the night, the exhaustion and small number of our -troops, the strength of the enemy which, in spite of its defeat, was -still in numbers superior to us, the nature of these woods in which one -could not, without assistance of the savages, start out against an army -which must have had from 400 to 500 of them, several trenches built in -echelon from the battlefield up to their camp, those are the obstacles -that prevented us following the enemy in its retreat. We even thought -that they would attempt to take their revenge and we worked all night to -escape attack from the neighboring heights by traverses, to improve the -Canadian abatis, and to finish the batteries of the left and of the -right [flanks] which had been begun in the morning. - -"The 9th. Our volunteers having informed the Marquis de Montcalm that -the post of the Chute and of the portage seemed abandoned, he gave -orders to the Chevalier de Lévis to go the next day at day break with -the grenadiers, the volunteers and the Canadians to reconnoitre what had -become of the enemy. - -"The Chevalier de Lévis advanced beyond the portage. He found everywhere -the vestige of a hurried flight wounded, supplies, abandoned equipage, -debris of barges and charred pontoons, unquestionable proofs of the -great loss which the enemy had made. We estimate it at about 4,000 men -killed or wounded. Were we to believe some of them, and judge by the -promptitude of their retreat, it would be still more considerable. They -have lost several officers and generals, Lord Howe, Sir Spitall, Major -General Commander in Chief of the forces of New York, and several -others. - -"The savages of the Five Nations remained as spectators at the tail of -the column; they were waiting probably to declare themselves after the -result of a fight which, to the English, did not seem doubtful. - -"The orders which were published in their colonies for the levying and -upkeep of this army, announces the general invasion of Canada and the -same statements are made in all the commissions of their officers and -militia. We must do them justice in saying that they attacked us with -the most ardent tenacity. It is not ordinary that trenches have stood -seven hours' attack at a stretch and almost without respite. - -"We owe this victory to good manoeuvres of our generals before and -during the action and to the extraordinary, unbelievable gallantry of -our troops. All the officers of the army behaved in a way that each one -of them deserves special praise. We have had about 350 men killed and -wounded, 38 of which were officers." - -A British account of the fight from "An Historical Journal of the -Campaigns in North America," London, 1759, is as follows: - -"A schooner arrived, from Boston, this morning; by this vessel we had -the satisfaction to receive a bag of letters, some from Europe, and -others from the southward, but none from the eastward; among those which -I got was the following one, from my friend in the Commander in Chief's -army, dated Albany, July the 29th, 1758. - -'I scratched a few lines to you, on the 11th instant, from Fort Edward, -and, as I wrote in great pain, I think it was scarce legible;--such, as -it was, shall be glad to hear it reached you safe: in a few days after I -dispatched it to you, my fever abated, and I was judged to be out of -danger; for some time, however, it was apprehended I should lose my arm; -as all my baggage remained here since last winter, I obtained leave to -remove to this place, knowing I could be better accommodated here, than -in my confined situation at Fort Edward: in my last, I promised you a -particular account of our unhappy storm of the 8th instant; it is a -mortifying talk, but you shall be indulged, as I know you are curious -after every occurrence. It will be needless to have retrospect to any -events preceding the 4th of this month, as there was not any thing -remarkable, except preparing for the expedition, and embarking our -provisions, stores, and artillery; the latter were mounted on floats or -rafts, for the protection of our armament upon the lake, and to cover us -at our landing. On the 5th, the whole army, amounting to about sixteen -thousand men, embarked likewise; our transports were bateaux and -whaleboats, and in such numbers as to cover the lake for a considerable -length of way, as may well be supposed; we proceeded soon after in great -order, and, as I was in one of the foremost divisions, as soon as we -were put in motion, I think I never beheld so delightful a prospect. On -the 6th, we arrived early in the morning at the cove, where we were to -land: here we expected some opposition; but a party of light troops -having got on shore, and finding all clear, the whole army landed -without loss of time, formed into columns and marched immediately; upon -our approach, an advanced guard of the enemy, consisting of several -hundred regulars and savages, who were posted in a strong intrenched -camp, retired very precipitately, after setting fire to their camp, and -destroying almost every thing they had with them; we continued our march -through dark woods and swamps that were almost impassable, till at -length, having lost our way, the army being obliged to break their order -of march, we were perplexed, thrown into confusion, and fell in upon one -another, in a most disorderly manner: it was at this time that Brigadier -Lord Howe, being advanced a considerable way ahead of us, with all the -light infantry, and one of our columns, came up with the -before-mentioned advanced guard of the enemy, who we also suppose to -have lost themselves in their retreat, when a smart skirmish ensued, in -which we were victors, though with some loss; trifling, however, in -comparison to that which the army sustained by his Lordship's fall, who -was killed at the first charge, and is universally regretted both by -officers and soldiers; the enemy suffered much in this encounter, being -very roughly handled; and we made many men and several officers -prisoners. On the morning of the 7th we marched back to the -landing-place, in order to give the troops time to rest and refresh -themselves, being by this time not a little harrassed, as may well be -conceived: here we incamped, got a fresh supply of provisions, and -boiled our kettles; we had not been there many hours, when a detachment -of the army (to which I belonged) were sent off under Colonel -Bradstreet, to dispossess the enemy of a post they had at a saw-mill, -about two miles from Ticonderoga; but they did not wait for us; for, -upon receiving intelligence, by their scouts of our approach, they -destroyed the mill, and a bridge that lay across the river; the latter -we soon replaced, and lay, upon our arms until the evening, when we were -joined by the remainder of the army. I wish I could throw a veil over -what is to follow; for I confess I am at a loss how to proceed:--our -army was numerous, we were in good spirits, and, if I may give you my -own private opinion, I believe we were one and all infatuated with a -notion of carrying every obstacle, with so great a force we had, by a -mere Coup de Musqueterie; to such chimerical and romantic ideas I -entirely attribute our great disaster on the 8th, in which we were -confirmed by the report of our chief engineer, who had reconnoitred the -enemy's works, and determined our fate, by declaring it as his opinion, -that it was very practical to carry them by a general storm; -accordingly, the army being formed, and every thing in readiness, we -proceeded to the attack, which was as well conducted and supported as -any bold undertaking ever was;--but alas! we soon found ourselves -grossly deceived;--the intrenchments were different from what we had -expected, and were made to believe, their breast-works were uncommonly -high, and the ground in their front, for a great length of way, was -covered with an Abatis de Bois, laid so close and thick, that their -works were really rendered impregnable. The troops, by the cool and -spirited example of the General, made many eager efforts to no purpose; -for we were so intangled in the branches of the felled trees, that we -could not possibly advance; the enemy were sensible of this, and -remained steady at their breast-works, repeating their fire, which, from -their numbers, was very weighty, and, from a conviction of their own -safety, was served with great composure. Such was our situation for -almost five hours, when, at length, finding our loss considerable, and -no prospect of carrying our point, we were ordered to desist, and -retire;--the army retreated to the ground we had occupied on the -preceding night at the sawmill, and the wounded were sent off to the -bateaux without delay, where the remains of our shattered forces joined -us early on the ninth, and the whole re-embarked, and continued our -retreat to Lake George; there we arrived the same evening and encamped. -That place is computed to be about thirty miles from Ticonderoga (though -I believe it is more) and fourteen from Fort Edward, whither, as also to -this town (from which I now write) all the wounded were sent the next -day. Our loss is indeed very considerable, as you will see by the -inclosed return. The valiant Colonels Donaldson, Bever, and Major Proby, -with many other of our friends, I am heartily sorry to acquaint you, are -among the slain. So that what we find so feelingly expressed by the poet -is here fatally verified, - - 'For, How many mothers shall bewail their sons! - How many widows weep their husbands slain!' - - [Illustration: Replica of the Cross Erected by General Montcalm, - Commemorating the French Victory at Carillon] - -What loss the enemy sustained, or if any, it is impossible for us to be -able to give the least account of; they did not attempt to pursue us in -our retreat.--Let me hear from you upon receipt of this packet, and, if -anything should occur in the farther course of this campaign, you shall -hear from me again; but, I presume the French general will cut out such -work for us, as will oblige our forces to act on the defensive.'" - -In August of this year Israel Putnam, while scouting near Fort Miller, -was captured by some French and Indians, and, after being stripped of -his coat, vest, stockings and shoes, was loaded with the packs of the -wounded and marched toward Ticonderoga. During this trip he was stripped -naked, tied to a tree, and preparations were made for burning him when a -French officer interposed. Reaching Ticonderoga, he was examined by the -Marquis de Montcalm and sent to Montreal as a prisoner. Afterwards -exchanged, he lived to have a distinguished career in the Revolution. - - [Illustration: Montcalm Congratulating His Victorious Troops After - the Battle of July 8, 1758 - (Painting by Harry A. Ogden in the Fort Ticonderoga Museum)] - - [Illustration: Major Robert Rogers' Battle on Snowshoes in 1757 - (From a Painting in the Glens Falls Insurance Co. Building)] - - - - - CHAPTER FIVE - The Amherst Campaign - - -The next year, 1759, General Jeffrey Amherst, who had succeeded General -Abercromby, again advanced down Lake George to attack the Fort. On July -21st with 5743 British regulars and about the same number of provincials -he left Fort William Henry. In the meantime, the French garrison at -Ticonderoga had been much reduced. Montcalm had gone to the defense of -Quebec, leaving General Bourlamaque, who had been slightly wounded the -year before, in command. Amherst's army followed Abercromby's route but -instead of attacking proceeded to invest the Fort. Bourlamaque soon -realized that he would be starved out and captured within a reasonable -time, so, after a few days defense decided to evacuate. He left Captain -Hebecourt with 400 of the garrison and with the balance retreated to -Crown Point and eventually to Isle aux Noix. Hebecourt kept up a heavy -artillery fire as the British advanced through the French lines and -threw up counter defenses. Amherst was then within 600 yards of the -Fort. He did not know that Bourlamaque had retreated with most of the -French Army. On the 3rd night Hebecourt embarked the balance of his -force, set fire to the Fort and left a lighted match headed for the -powder magazine, which was located in the South East Bastion. The Fort -was soon in flames and the magazine blew up with a tremendous explosion. -Hebecourt made good his retreat to Isle aux Noix where he joined -Bourlamaque. - -An excellent description of the taking of the Fort by Amherst is -contained in a letter from a Massachusetts soldier, Eli Forbush, in the -Museum collection. It follows herewith: - - [Illustration: Sir Jeffrey Amherst] - - Camp at Ticonderoga or Fort Carillon - Aug. 4, 1759. - -"Very Rev'd & Hon'd Sr. - -"Tis an old saying better late than never, therefore I presume (tho too -unseasonably) to wait upon you with a line, to tell you what God has -done for us the army and his Chh [Church] and people in gen'l. On ye 21 -of July ye army imbarked for this place, which consisted of 11756, the -Invincible rydau sail'd in ye rear of grenadiers, light infantry and -rangers, and in ye front of remaining army and ye sloop Halifax brought -up ye rear of ye whole. The fleet reached Sabbath Day Point by day -light, then the Invincible came to anchor, and ye whole Fleet lay upon -ye ores, till break of day, when ye signal was given for sailing, and -the whole landed without opposition, between ye hours of nine and -eleven, 22d, the light infantry, rangers, and grenad'rs marched -immediately for the mill, where they found the enemy posted, in three -advantageous places, but as soon as they saw the dexterity and -resolution of our advancing parties, they fled and left ye grounds in -our possession and as our people got ye first fire and received only a -running fire from them, little execution was done on either side, we -obtain 3 prisoners and kild 3 on ye spot, and received only a slight -wound or two from them. The whole army marched forward, beside what was -necessary to guard the landing place, with ye vessels and stores, some -were imployed in persuing the enemy, some in clearing the roads, and ye -water course from ye mill, others in taking possession of all ye most -advantageous ground near ye Fort--the whole was performed with ye -greatest regularity, ye least noise, a noble calmness and intrepid -resolution, ye whole army seemed to pertake of ye very soul of ye -commander. As ye enemy had not force nor courage to man ye lines yt -provd so fatal to our brave troops last year, we took possession of them -without much opposition, and before day of ye 23d began to intrench and -ye body of ye army incamped behind ye breastwork, which covered them -from ye enemies fire, as soon as it was light and ye enemy perceived our -disposition, they raised a smart canonade upon us, but without effect, -those that were intrenching, between ye Breastwork and ye Fort had by -this time covered ymselves, and ye breastwork was a defence to ye camp, -they continued to canonade and to throw yr shells, and we continued to -intrench, advancing nearer and nearer, the Gen'l ordered yt no fire shd -be returned upon ye enemy (except in case of necessary defence) till he -had all ye batteries ready to open at once, and as ye trenches were long -ye digging bad, the whole could not be compleated till Thursday night ye -26 or rather Fryday morning ye 27. When ye batteries were to be opened -at once, the enemy seemed fully sensible of ye fatal consequences of -such heavy batteries for a little after midnight between ye 26 & 27. -they blew up ye magazine and made off, some by land on ye east side of -ye lake and some by water with all yt they could carry (which could be -but a little), nineteen of those that went off by land got lost and came -into our camp next morning, some of ye light infantry yt were posted on -ye left by ye lake side hearing ye enemies boats fire several cannon -loaded with grape in among ym which greatly dismad and destresd -them,--we found 3 of ye boats adrift loaded with powder and other -stores, others broke and sunk. - - [Illustration: General Amherst and the Burning Fort - From a painting in the Museum Collection] - -"Six o'Clock 27. the French flagg was struck and ye English hoisted on -ye same staff, but as ye Fort was in flames and cannon loaded and a -large number of small armes, which kept a continual fire as ye wood -burnt, the Gen'l gave orders yt ye greatest caution shd usd in taking -possession, About 8 o'Clock they began to attempt to extinguish ye fire, -and to draw ye charges from those cannon yt ye fire had not reached,--We -found 13 pieces of cannon mounted, 4 Mortars two 13 Inch, two 9. Other -artillery is found since sunk in ye waters, the strength of ye Fort -exceeds ye most sanguine imagination, nature and art are Joind to render -it impregnable, and had not ye enemy behaved like cowards and traitors -they might have held out a long siege. Our loss is very inconsiderable -(except Col. Townsend) who was killed with a cannon ball on ye 25th -besides him we have lost none of note, the whole according to ye returns -yt have been made is 96 killd and wounded, 20 only of which was kild on -ye spot--We have had one killed as he stood centry and one Stockbridge -Indian, an Ensign, which is all ye loss that we have sustained by ye -savages since the Fort was abandoned. It came out in Gen'l Orders that -publick thanks shd be given at ye head of every core for ye conquest -obtained, ever since we got possession ye whole army has been imploy'd -in extinguishing ye fire of ye Fort, repairing ye breeches made by ye -explosion, gitting over ye beteaus and boats, provisions, and artilery -stores, in rebuilding ye mills and in erecting two more rydaus all whch -are near accomplished. August 3. A scout in from Crown-Point and brot -certain intelligence that the enemy have destroyed and abandoned that -also, upon which ye Gen'l sent a party immediately to take possession, -and this morning saild himself with his artilery and ye main body of ye -army leaving only such numbers as are necessary to defend ye several -posts which he has established and to carry on the works at ye mills and -ye Fort, tis supposd yt ye whole army will be ready to cross the Lake -Champlain in about ten days. We have two rydaus that carry Six 12 -pounders in yr sides and one 24 in ye bowes. four roe galleys yt carry -one 18 in each of yr bowes one flat boat and one six pounder and four -bay-boats with swivals and a brig in great forwardness, all which we -hope will be sufficient against the 3 schooners which ye enemy having -cruzing in ye Lake, so yet our success is not only great but ye prospect -still clear yt we shl by ye divine aide do ye business we came upon--The -health of ye army is very extraordinary in ye two battalions where I am -concerned, yr has died but two with sickness and one kild by ye enemy, -(ye sentery above mentioned) when I visited the fort which was about 9 -o'Clock Friday morning 27th I found many monuments of superstition which -would furnish a curious mind with aboundant matter for speculation--one -thing I cant omit, near ye breast-work where so many spilt yr blood last -year, was a cross erected of 30 feet high, painted red with this -inscription in lead on yt side next to ye breastwork 'Sone Principes -eorum Sicut oneb et heb et Zebee et ...' and under this at ye foot of ye -cross was an open grave--on ye opposite side of ye cross next to ye Fort -was this inscribed in lead viz 'Hoc Signum Vincit'--These are the most -remarkable, yt has feel within my notice since I wrote last. I hope you -will pardon my prolixity and overlook ye many imperfections of my -relation, tis a good story tho it is not well told, if you please let -Mr. Breek see the contents as I have not time to write particularly to -him nor anything new besides to communicate. - -"Please to give all proper salutations to all friends on ye river and -give me leave to subscribe your most obd't and affectionate son - - Eli Forbush - -"Last night I was hon'd with the reception of yr fav'r of ye 16 ulto for -which I thank you." - -To the Reverend Mr. Steven Williams - in Springfield, Lon Meadow Precinct. [Mass.] - - - - - CHAPTER SIX - The Calm Before The Storm - - -From 1759 to 1775 it was peaceful and tranquil at Ticonderoga. There are -but few records, though the British maintained a garrison at the Fort -and also one at Crown Point. The Fort was used as a storehouse for -military supplies, and presumably the garrison did its best to entertain -itself in what was then a wilderness. Major Gavin Cochrane commanded for -four years, and in 1765 Major Thomas James went down from Ticonderoga to -New York to aid in enforcing the Stamp Act. On February 15th, 1767, -Lieutenant-Governor Carleton wrote from Montreal to Major General Gage: - -"The forts of Crown Point and Ticonderoga are in a very declining -condition ... should you approve of keeping up these posts, it will be -best to repair them as soon as possible." - -Crown Point caught on fire in April, 1773, and a large part of the -barracks was destroyed by an explosion in the magazine. Detachments of -the 60th Regiment, the Royal American Regiment of Foot, was stationed -here for many years, and Major General Haldimand spent a short time at -the Fort. Early in 1775 Major Philip Skene of Skenesborough was -appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. However, -as he was captured on his return from England the same year and confined -as a Loyalist, (though afterwards exchanged and was with Burgoyne in -1777) he could not have done very much Lieutenant-Governoring. - - [Illustration: Ethan Allen] - - - - - CHAPTER SEVEN - Ethan Allen - - -In 1775, while the trouble in Boston was brewing, Samuel Holden Parsons, -Colonel Samuel Wyllys and Silas Deane, all of Connecticut, and probably -at the suggestion of Colonel John Brown of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, -conceived the idea of seizing Ticonderoga and capturing the great -quantities of military supplies known to be stored in the Fort. - -The Colony of Massachusetts voted a considerable sum and Colonel -Benedict Arnold was authorized to raise a force and seize the fort. -About the same time, however, Ethan Allen, leader of a body of irregular -troops known as the Green Mountain Boys, also conceived the idea. Allen -and Arnold met in Castleton, Vermont, and both claimed the command. The -Green Mountain Boys absolutely refused to serve under anyone but Allen. -Eventually a compromise was made and a joint command agreed on. A -rendezvous was agreed on in Hand's Cove on the east side of Lake -Champlain about two miles north of the Fort and on the night of May 9th -about 350 men had gathered. There was a scarcity of boats, however, and -the few obtainable were rowed back and forth all night, landing just -north of the present Fort Ticonderoga Ferry. Shortly before daylight -only 83 men and a number of officers had reached the west shore. Not -daring to postpone the attack, Allen proceeded by the wood road then -running across the swamp which formerly existed in what is now the North -Field. His own account of the capture is as follows: - -"I landed eighty-three men near the garrison, and sent the boats back -for the rear guard commanded by Col. Seth Warner; but the day began to -dawn, and I found myself under a necessity to attack the fort, before -the rear could cross the lake; and, as it was viewed hazardous, I -harangued the officers and soldiers in the manner following: - -'Friends and fellow soldiers, you have, for a number of years past, been -a scourge and terror to arbitrary power. Your valour has been famed -abroad, and acknowledged, as appears by the advice and orders to me -(from the general assembly of Connecticut) to surprise and take the -garrison now before us. I now propose to advance before you, and in -person conduct you through the wicket-gate; for we must this morning -either quit our pretensions to valour, or possess ourselves of this -fortress in a few minutes; and, in as much as it is a desperate attempt, -(which none but the bravest of men dare undertake) I do not urge it on -any contrary to his will. You that will undertake voluntarily poise your -firelocks.' - -"The men being (at this time) drawn up in three ranks, each poised his -firelock. I ordered them to face to the right; and, at the head of the -centre-file, marched them immediately to the wicket-gate aforesaid, -where I found a centry posted, who instantly snapped his fusee at me; I -ran immediately toward him, and he retreated through the covered way -into the parade within the garrison, gave a halloo, and ran under a -bomb-proof. My party who followed me into the fort, I formed on the -parade in such a manner as to face the two barracks which faced each -other. The garrison being asleep, (except the centries) we gave three -huzzas which greatly surprised them. One of the centries made a pass at -one of my officers with charged bayonet and slightly wounded him: My -first thought was to kill him with my sword; but, in an instant, altered -the design and fury of the blow to a slight cut on the side of the head; -upon which he dropped his gun, and asked quarter, which I readily -granted him, and demanded of him the place where the commanding officer -slept; he showed me a pair of stairs in the front of a barrack, on the -west part of the garrison, which led up to a second story in said -barrack, to which I immediately repaired, and ordered the commander -(Capt. Delaplace) to come forth instantly, or I would sacrifice the -whole garrison; at which the capt. came immediately to the door with his -breeches in his hand, when I ordered him to deliver to me the fort -instantly, who asked me by what authority I demanded it; I answered, 'In -the name of the great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress.' (The -authority of the Congress being very little known at that time) he began -to speak again; but I interrupted him, and with my drawn sword over his -head, again demanded an immediate surrender of the garrison; to which he -then complied, and ordered his men to be forthwith paraded without arms, -as he had given up the garrison; in the meantime some of my officers had -given orders, and in consequence thereof, sundry of the barrack doors -were beat down, and about one-third of the garrison imprisoned, which -consisted of the said commander, a Lieut. Feltham, a conductor of -artillery, a gunner, two serjeants, and forty-four rank and file; about -one hundred pieces of cannon, one 13 inch mortar, and a number of -swivels. This surprise was carried into execution in the gray of the -morning of the 10th day of May, 1775. The sun seemed to rise that -morning with a superior lustre; and Ticonderoga and its dependencies -smiled on its conquerors, who tossed about the flowing bowl, and wished -success to Congress, and liberty and freedom of America." The flowing -bowl evidently had its effect as Allen's first account of the capture of -the Fort reads as follows: - - [Illustration: Catamount Tavern in Bennington Where Ethan Allen And - the Others Laid Plans To Capture The Fortress of Ticonderoga] - -To the Massachusetts Council, - -"Gentlemen: I have to inform you, with pleasure unfelt before, that on -the break of day of the tenth of May, 1775, by the order of the General -Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut, I took the fortress of -Ticonderoga by storm. The soldiery was composed of about one hundred -Green Mountain Boys and nearly fifty veteran soldiers from the Province -of Massachusetts Bay. The latter was under command of Colonel James -Easton, who behaved with great zeal and fortitude,--not only in council; -but in the assault. The soldiery behaved with such resistless fury, that -they so terrified the Kings troops, that they durst not fire on their -assailants, and our soldiery was agreeably disappointed. The soldiery -behaved with uncommon rancour when they leaped into the Fort; and it -must be confessed, that the Colonel has greatly contributed to the -taking of that fortress, as well as John Brown, Esq., attorney at law, -who was also an able counsellor, and was personally in the attack. I -expect the Colonies will maintain this fort. As to the cannon and -war-like stores, I hope they may serve the cause of liberty instead of -tyranny, and I humbly implore your assistance in immediately assisting -the Government of Connecticut in establishing a garrison in the reduced -premises. Colonel Easton will inform you at large. From, gentlemen, your -most obedient, humble servant. - - Ethan Allen" - -On the 12th, however, he sent a more temperate account to the Governor -of Connecticut, the original manuscript of which is now in the Fort -Library and reads as follows: - -"Hon'ble Sir: I make you a present of a Major, a Captain, and two -Lieutenants in the regular Establishment of George the Third. I hope -they may serve as ransoms for some of our friends at Boston, and -particularly for Captain Brown of Rhode Island. A party of men, under -the command of Capt. Herrick, has took possession of Skenesborough, -imprisoned Major Skene, and seized a schooner of his. I expect, in ten -days time, to have it rigged, manned and armed, with six or eight pieces -of cannon, which, with the boats in our possession, I purpose to make an -attack on the armed sloop of George the Third, which is now cruising on -Lake Champlain, and is about twice as big as the schooner. I hope in a -short time to be authorized to acquaint your Honour, that Lake -Champlain, and the fortifications thereon, are subject to the Colonies. - -"The enterprise has been approbated by the officers and soldiery of the -Green Mountains boys, nor do I hesitate as to the success. I expect -lives must be lost in the attack, as the commander of George's sloop is -a man of courage, etc. - -"Messrs. Hickock, Halsey and Nichols have the charge of conducting the -officers to Hartford. These gentlemen have been very assiduous and -active in the late expedition. - -"I depend upon your Honour's aid and assistance in a situation so -contiguous to Canada. - -"I subscribe myself, your Honour's ever faithful, Most obedient and -humble servant. - - Ethan Allen - -"At present commander at Ticonderoga. To the Hon'ble Johnathan Trumbull, -esq., Capt. General and Governor of the Colony of Connecticut." - - [Illustration: Ethan Allen and Captain Delaplace at The Capture of - Fort Ticonderoga] - -It is interesting to note that in neither of Allen's reports does he -mention Arnold, who had a joint command with him. Hard feeling between -the two commanders had already developed. Arnold was a commissioned -officer in the Connecticut Militia and Allen, an amateur. Professional -soldiers and amateurs never have hit it off. - - [Illustration: Letter From Ethan Allen, Ticonderoga, May 12, 1775, - Manuscript in the Museum Collection] - -Ticonderoga 12^th. May 1775 - -Hono^bl Sir I make You a Present of a Major a Captain and Two Lieut^s in -the regular Establishment of George the Third I hope they may serve as -ransoms for some of our Friends at Boston and particularly for Capt -Brown of Rhodiseland a Party of men under the Command of Cap^t Herich -has Took Posession Scenesborough Imprisoned Major Sceen^e and Seized a -Schooner of his, I Expect in ten days Time to have it rigged and man'd -and armed with 6 or 8 Pieces of Canon which with the Boat in our -Possession I Purpose to make an attack on the armed Sloop of George the -Third which is Now Cruising on Lake Champlain and is about Twice as bigg -as the Schooner. I Hope in a Short Time to be authorized to acquaint -your Hoour that Lake Champlain ^^& the fortifications thereon are -subjected to the Colonies The Enterprise has been approbated by the -Officers and Soldiary of the Green Mountain Boys Nor do I hesitate as to -the Success I Expect Lives must be Lost in the attack as the Comander of -George's Sloop is a man of Courage &c. - - [Illustration: Letter, continued] - -I Conclude Cap^t Warner is by this time in Possession of Crown Point the -Ordnance Stores &c I Conclude Governor Carlton will Exert himself to -oppose us & Command the Lake &c--Messers Hickock Halsey & Nichols have -the Charge of Conducting the ^Officers{illegible} to Harford These -Gentlemen have been Very Assiduous and active in the Late Expedition I -depend upon Your Honours Aid and Assistance in a Situation so Contiguous -toCanandaigaCanada--I Subscribe my Self Your Honours Ever Faithfull most -Obedient and Humble Servant - - Ethan Allen, - -at Present Commander of Ticonderoga - - -THE BRITISH SIDE OF THE CAPTURE - -A few years ago Mr. Allen French discovered the manuscript of Lieutenant -Feltham's report, which reads as follows: - - New York, June 11th 1775. - -"Sir - -"Capt. Delaplace of the 26th regt has given me directions to lay before -you in as plain a narrative as I can the manner of the surprizal of the -fort of Ticonderoga on 10th May with all the circumstances after it that -I thought might be of any service in giving you Exy any light into the -affair. - - [Illustration: "Allen Needs You at Ti" - (Courtesy National Life Insurance Company of Vermont)] - -"Capt. Delaplace having in the course of the winter applied to Gen. -Carleton for a reinforcement, as he had reason to suspect some attack -from some circumstances that happend'd in his neighborhood, Gen Carleton -was pleased to order a detachment of a subaltern and 20 men to be sent -in two or three separate parties the first party of which was sent as a -crew along with Major Dunbar who left Canada about the 12th April, I -being the first subaltern on command was ordered down with 10 men in a -few days more, to give up to Capt Delaplace with whom Lt Wadman was to -remain, having receiv'd orders from the regt some time before to join -there. as he was not arrived when I came I had orders to wait until he -did. I was 12 days there before he came which was about an hour after -the fort was surprised. I had not lain in the fort on my arrival having -left the only tolerable rooms there for Mr. Wadman if he arrived with -his family, but being unwell, had lain in the fort for two or three -nights preceding the 10th May, on which morning about half an hour after -three in my sleep I was awaken'd by numbers of shreiks, & the words no -quarter, no quarter from a number of arm'd rabble I jump'd up about -which time I heard the noise continue in the area of the fort I ran -undress'd to knock at Capt. Delaplaces door & to receive his orders or -wake him, the door was fast the room I lay in being close to Capt -Delaplace I stept back, put on my coat & waist coat & return'd to his -room, there being no possibility of getting to the men as there were -numbers of the rioters on the bastions of the wing of the fort on which -the door of my room and back door of Capt Delaplaces room led, with -great difficulty, I got into his room, being pursued, from which there -was a door down by stairs in to the area of the fort, I ask'd Capt -Delaplace who was by now just up what I should do, & offer'd to force my -way if possible to our men, on opening this door the bottom of the -stairs was filld with the rioters & many were forcing their way up, -knowing the Commg Officer lived there, as they had broke open the lower -rooms where the officers live in winter, and could not find them there, -from the top of the stairs I endeavour'd to make them hear me, but it -was impossible, on making a signal not to come up the stairs, they -stop'd, & proclaimd silence among themselves, I then address'd them, but -in a stile not agreeable to them I ask'd them a number of questions, -expecting to amuse them till our people fired which I must certainly own -I thought would have been the case, after asking them the most material -questions, I could think viz by what authority they entered his -majesties fort who were the leaders and what their intent &c &c I was -informd by one Ethan Allen and one Benedict Arnold that they had a joint -command, Arnold informing me he came from instructions recd from the -congress at Cambridge which he afterwards shew'd me. Mr. Allen told me -his orders were from the province of Connecticut & that he must have -immediate possession of the fort and all the effects of George the third -(those were his words) Mr. Allen insisting on this with a drawn sword -over my head & numbers of his followers firelocks presented at me -alledging I was commanding officer & to give up the fort, and if it was -not comply'd with, or that there was a single gun fired in the fort -neither man woman or child should be left alive in the fort. Mr. Arnold -begg'd it in a genteel manner but without success, it was owing to him -they were prevented getting into Capt Delaplaces room, after they found -I did not command. Capt. Delaplace being now dress'd came out, when -after talking to him some time, they put me back into the room they -placed two sentry's on me and took Capt Delaplace down stairs they also -placed sentrys at the back door, from the beginning of the noise till -half an hour after this I never saw a Soldier, tho' I heard a great -noise in their rooms and can not account otherwise than that they must -have been seiz'd in their beds before I got on the stairs, or at the -first coming in, which must be the case as Allen wounded one of the -guard on his struggling with him in the guard room immediately after his -entrance into the fort. When I did see our men they were drawn up -without arms, which were all put into one room over which they placed -sentrys and allotted one to each soldier their strength at first coming -that is the number they had ferry'd over in the night amounted to about -90 but from their entrance & shouting they were constantly landing men -till about 10 o'clock when I suppose there were about 300, & by the next -morning at least another 100 who I suppose were waiting the event & came -now to join in the plunder which was most rigidly perform'd as to -liquor, provisions, &c whether belonging to his majesty or private -property, about noon on the 10th May, our men were sent to the landing -at L. George, & sent over next day, then march'd by Albany to Hartford -Connecticut where they arrived on the 22d they would not allow an -Officer to go with them tho' I requested it. They sent Capt Delaplace -his Lady, family & Lt Wadman & myself by Skenesborough to Hartford where -we arrived the 21st." - -Shortly after Allen's capture of the Fort Congress decided to garrison -the place, and what was afterwards called the Northern Army was -concentrated there. It consisted mostly of New York, New Jersey and -Pennsylvania troops with the Pennsylvanians the best equipped and -organized. General Philip Schuyler of New York was in command through -1775. The Fort was repaired and the old French Lines strengthened and a -number of redoubts started. - - [Illustration: Ethan Allen's Blunderbuss in the Museum Collection] - - [Illustration: Benedict Arnold] - - - - - CHAPTER EIGHT - Montgomery, Knox, Valcour Island - - -A number of important things happened at Ticonderoga during the American -occupation between Allen's capture, May 10th, 1775, and St. Clair's -evacuation before Burgoyne, July 6, 1777. - -An expedition for the invasion of Canada was planned. By the middle of -July, 1775, General Schuyler arrived at Ticonderoga and found but little -progress had been made to advance the expedition, few bateaux, no -boards, little material and few workmen able to build boats. He repaired -the French sawmill, sawed boards, requisitioned carpenters, nails, -provisions and teams and forwarded matters with so much dispatch that by -the beginning of August regiments which were to form the army began to -move toward Ticonderoga. The Continental troops began to arrive by the -middle of August, and on the 13th General Richard Montgomery arrived and -reviewed the troops. On the 28th the army advanced and after a few -skirmishes on the way reached St. Johns on the 6th of September. The -army consisted of about 1000 men under command of General Philip -Schuyler, almost wholly Connecticut troops excepting about 250 of the -first battalion of New Yorkers, under command of Lieutenant Colonel -Ritzma. On the 13th of September General Schuyler was forced to return -to Ticonderoga on account of illness, leaving General Richard Montgomery -in command. The fort at St. Johns held out until November 2nd, when the -garrison surrendered to the American invaders. Among the officers who -surrendered and who were sent down to Ticonderoga, a prisoner with the -rest was Lieutenant John Andre, afterwards executed as a spy. - - [Illustration: Major General Richard Montgomery] - -On Monday morning, November 13th, a detachment from the Continental Army -took possession of Montreal. Unfortunately, the time of many of the -Connecticut troops had expired and most of them decided to go home. The -General offered as a bounty for those who would enlist for only five -months, a watch great coat, coat, jacket and breeches, stockings and -shoes, shirt, caps, mittens, socks and an English Crown. About 200 -volunteered to stay. - -General Montgomery shortly afterwards joined Benedict Arnold who was -besieging Quebec, and lost his life in the unsuccessful attack on that -place. The remnants of two armies reached Ticonderoga in the spring of -1776 in a terrible condition. - -It was while serving under General Montgomery that Ethan Allen, -advancing toward Montreal to ascertain whether the Canadians were with -or against the Americans, was captured, sent to England as a prisoner -and not returned and released until May, 1778. He took no further part -in the Revolution, though Congress granted him the rank and pay of a -colonel. - -On the 16th of November General Washington sent the following -instruction to Henry Knox, then a Colonel of Artillery: - -"You are immediately to examine into the state of the artillery of this -army, and take an account of the cannon, mortars, shells, lead and -ammunition that are wanting. When you have done that you are to proceed -in the most expeditious manner to New York, there to apply to the -President of the Provincial Congress and learn of him whether Colonel -Reed did anything or left any orders respecting these things, and get -him to procure such of them as can possibly be had there. The president, -if he can, will have them immediately sent hither; if he cannot, you -must put them in a proper channel to be transported to this camp with -despatch before you leave New York. After you have procured as many of -these necessaries as you can there, you must go to Major-General -Schuyler and get the remainder from Ticonderoga, Crown Point, or St. -John; if it should be necessary, from Quebec, if in our hands. The want -of them is so great that no trouble or expense must be spared to obtain -them. I have wrote to General Schuyler, he will give every necessary -assistance, that they may be had and forwarded to this place with the -utmost despatch. I have given you a warrant to the Paymaster General of -the Continental Army for a thousand dollars, to defray the expense -attending your journey and procuring these articles, an account of which -you are to keep and render upon your return. - - [Illustration: General Knox] - -"Given under my hand at headquarters at Cambridge, this 16th day of -November, Annoque Domini 1775. - - G. Washington. - -"(Endeavor to procure what flints you can)" - - -The Continental Army, approximately 16,000 men, was besieging Boston, -but without heavy artillery it would be impossible to force the British -out. Apparently Colonel Knox had submitted a plan to Washington for the -removal of the guns from Ticonderoga. - -On the 5th of December Knox reached Ticonderoga and by the 6th was busy -removing heavy guns from the Fort to a gondola, a type of flat-bottomed -boat used on the lake. By the 9th they had all been transported to the -carrying-place and were loaded on the scows to take them to the head of -Lake George. With the greatest difficulty he transported them over-land, -having had made forty-two strong sleds and hired eighty-one yoke of -oxen. Not until January 4th did the first brass 24 pounder reach Albany, -and on the 24th of the same month with his "noble train of artillery," -he arrived at the camp in Cambridge. It was a great undertaking -considering the roads and bridges of the period. - - [Illustration: General Knox Moving Cannon From Fort Ticonderoga To - Cambridge - (Courtesy Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.)] - - Fort Ticonderoga's Immortal Guns go to General George Washington ... - winter of 1776 ... over hundreds of miles of roadless, trackless, - snowclad mountains and valleys, through thick forests, over - ice-covered lakes and rivers ... on sledges hauled by oxen ... in - charge of General Knox and his artillery men in their red-trimmed - regimentals, who deliver the guns at Dorchester Heights. There, - roaring down at the enemy, they drive him out of Boston Town. - -The guns removed from Ticonderoga by Knox consisted of: - - MORTARS and COHORNS - Dim of bore. Ft. & Weight Total - ins. of w'ht. - length. - Brass - - 2 Cohorns 5 - 7/10 1-4 150 300 - 4 do. 4-1/2 1-1 100 400 - 1 Mortar 8-1/2 2-0 300 300 - 1 do. 7-1/2 2-0 300 300 - 8 - - Iron - - 1 do. 6-1/2 1-10 600 600 - 1 do. 10 3-6 1800 1800 - 1 do. 10-1/4 3-6 1800 1800 - 3 do. 13 3 2300 6900 - (average) - 6 - - HOWITZERS - Iron - - 1 8 3-4 15.2.15 15.2.15 - 1 8-1/4 3-4 15.2.15 15.2.15 - 2 (16) - - CANNON - Brass - - 8 3 pounders 3 - 1/20 3-6 350 2,800 - 3 6 do. 3 - 7/10 4-6 600 1,800 - 1 18 do. 5-1/2 8-3 2000 2,000 - 1 24 do. 5 -11/12 5-6 16.3.18 1,800 - - Iron - - 6 6 do. 3 - 7/10 9-7 2500 15,000 - 4 9 do. 4 - 4/10 8-4 2500 10,000 - 10 12 do. 4-3/4 9 2800 28,000 - 7 18 do. 5-1/2 9 4000 28,000 - dble fortif. - 3 18 do. 5-1/2 11 5000 15,000 - To. can., 43 Total Weight, 119,900 - Mortars, 16 - - [Illustration: From Contemporary Water Colors. Showing Rig of Fleet - at Valcour Island. (Original in the Museum)] - -In the spring of 1776, Benedict Arnold returned to Ticonderoga from the -unsuccessful siege of Quebec. His spies soon told him that the British -under Sir Guy Carleton intended to invade from the North. Arnold, one of -the best soldiers this country ever has produced, realized that a fleet -on Lake Champlain should be the first line of defense. With super-human -efforts he collected shipwrights and carpenters at Ticonderoga and -Skenesborough, erected ways, and, in spite of the lack of men and money, -by the end of August the fleet was ready. It consisted of: - - Guns Men Capt. - - Schooner ROYAL SAVAGE 12 50 Wynkoop - (Arnold Flagship) - Schooner REVENGE 10 80 Seamen - Sloop LIBERTY 10 35 Plummer - Sloop ENTERPRIZE 12 50 Dickson - Galley WASHINGTON 3 45 Warner - (Gen. Waterbury on - board) - Galley TRUMBULL 3 45 Colonel Wigglesworth - Galley CONGRESS 3 45 Capt. Arnold - Galley CUTTER LEE 6 50 Davis - Gondola BOSTON 3 45 Sumner - " PROVIDENCE 3 45 Simmons - " NEW HAVEN 3 45 Mansfield - " SPITFIRE 3 45 Ulmer or Ustens - " PHILADELPHIA 3 45 Rice - " JERSEY 3 45 Grimes - " CONNECTICUT 3 45 Grant - " NEW YORK 3 45 Lee - - [Illustration: The Attack and Defeat of the American Fleet under - Benedict Arnold, by King's Fleet Commanded by Captain John Pringle, - upon Lake Champlain, the 11th of October, 1776.] - -The British, in the meantime, had also been building a fleet. Several -ships in the St. Lawrence had been taken apart, carried around the -rapids, and rebuilt at St. Johns. - -The two fleets met near Valcour Island on October 11th. After a two day -fight the American Fleet was almost entirely destroyed, but Arnold had -accomplished his object, he had held back the invaders for a whole year, -as by the time Sir Guy Carleton reached and took Crown Point it was too -late for his army to advance. - -The British fleet in the battle consisted of: - - Ship INFLEXIBLE 16 Guns Lt. Schank - Schooner MARIA 14 Guns Lt. Starke - (Pringle's Flagship) - Schooner CARLETON 12 Guns Lt. Dacres - Radeau THUNDERER 14 Guns Lt. Scott - Gondola LOYAL CONVERT 7 Guns Lt. Longcroft - Twenty Gun or Artillery Boats with one gun each. - Four Long Boats--one field piece or howitzer each. - -But three of the American Fleet escaped, the "Revenge," "Trumbull" and -"Enterprise." - - [Illustration: General Schuyler] - - [Illustration: Major-General Arthur St. Clair] - - [Illustration: Major-General Horatio Gates] - - [Illustration: Ticonderoga and Its Dependencies, August 1776] - - [Illustration: The Massacre of Jane McCrea - (From a painting in the Museum.)] - - - - - CHAPTER NINE - Burgoyne Takes the Fort and Brown Fails to Retake It - - -The winter of 1776-1777 was a terrible one. The sufferings among the -troops at Ticonderoga exceeded anything at Valley Forge. Men were frozen -to death in their tents, smallpox broke out in the spring and altogether -it was almost unbearable. General Gates succeeded General Schuyler as -commander-in-chief of the Northern Army. Anthony Wayne was succeeded by -Arthur St. Clair as commander at Ticonderoga, in the spring of 1777 and -took command of 2500 Continental troops and 900 militia. General John -Burgoyne had succeeded Sir Guy Carleton as commander-in-chief of the -British Army in Canada. - -With the destruction of the American Fleet at Valcour Island the autumn -before, there was nothing to stop the advance of the British, and their -army moved south up Lake Champlain in a great flotilla of bateaux and -little sailing vessels. A large part of the American army was -concentrated at Mount Independence directly across the lake from -Ticonderoga and a floating bridge had been built connecting the two -posts. - - [Illustration: General John Burgoyne] - -Early in July Burgoyne invested the defenses on the New York side of the -lake. John Trumbull in 1776 had suggested the fortifying of Mount -Defiance which commanded the Fort, but it was never done. On July 5th -the British succeeded in drawing a battery of guns to the top and opened -up on the Fort. General St. Clair decided to retreat by way of the -bridge and Mount Independence, the only road open. The retreat was well -conceived, but someone set fire to General de Fermoy's house and the -British outposts discovered the American army retreating. A rear guard -had been left at the Mount Independence end of the bridge, but -unfortunately, they found a cask of wine and when the British succeeded -in repairing and crossing the bridge, the whole guard was hors de -combat. Part of the Americans retreated toward Skenesborough, the -Whitehall of today, in the few gondolas and row galleys that had escaped -the defeat at Valcour Island the year before. Most of the army, however, -marched east toward Castleton. The British soon cut the boom which had -been thrown across the lake from Willow Point to the Vermont shore and -part of their army went on up the lake by water after the fleeing -Americans. General Fraser pursued the retreating army and overtook the -American rear guard under Seth Warner near Hubbardton. A sharp -engagement took place and the Americans were defeated, losing 324 in -killed and wounded. It was the German troops under Baron Riedesel, who, -coming into the action a little late, forced the Americans from the -field. On July 6th some of the British ships pursued the American -galleys as far as Whitehall, then Skenesborough, and captured two of -them, forcing the Americans to blow up the remainder. Burgoyne left a -garrison at Ticonderoga under General Powell and proceeded to follow out -his plan of taking northern New York and meeting General Howe at Albany. - -St. Clair was courtmartialed for retreating but was exonerated as it was -the only thing he could have done under the circumstances. In the -meantime the army from Ticonderoga formed the nucleus that eventually, -having received an enormous number of recruits from New York, Vermont -and New Hampshire, forced the capitulation of Burgoyne and the surrender -of his whole army at Saratoga late in the autumn. It was Burgoyne's -bombastic proclamation to the settlers to be loyal to the King, or he -would unloose his Indians, coupled with the unfortunate murder of Jane -McCrea by some of his Indians, which aroused the countryside. - -A determined attempt to recapture the Fort was made by Colonel John -Brown, the same Brown who probably was the originator of the capture by -Allen two years before. He was supported by Colonel Johnson whose duty -it was to take Mount Independence and by Captain Ebenezer Allen, whose -job it was to capture Mount Defiance. The attack was by way of the foot -of Lake George and his own account reads as follows: - - [Illustration: The Battle of Saratoga. (From a painting in the - Museum.)] - -Colonel Brown to General Lincoln: - - "North end of Lake George landing. - thursday Sept. 20 1777 - -Sir; with great fatigue after marching all last night I arrived at this -place at the break of day, after the best disposition of the men I could -make, immediately began the attack, and in a few minutes carried the -place. I then without any loss of time detached a considerable part of -my men to the mills, where a greater number of the enemy were posted, -who also were soon made prisoners, a small number of them having taken -possession of a blockhouse in that vicinity were with more difficulty -bro't to submission; but at a sight of a cannon they surrendered. During -this season of success, Mount Defiance also fell into our hands. I have -taken possession of the old French lines at Ticonderoga, and have sent a -flag demanding the surrender of Ty and of mount independence in strong -and peremptory terms. I have had as yet no information of Col. Johnson's -attack on the mount. My loss of men in these several actions are not -more than 3 or 4 killed and 5 wounded, the enemy's loss is less. I find -myself in possession of 293 prisoners, viz, 2 captains, 9 subs, 2 -commisaries, non Commissioned officers and privates, 143 British, 119 -Canadians, 18 artificers, and retook more than 100 of our men, total -293, exclusive of the prisoners retaken--The watercraft I have taken is -150 bateaus below the falls on Lake Champlain 50 above the falls -including 17 gunboats and one armed sloop, arms equal to the number of -prisoners. Some ammunition and many other things which I cannot now -ascertain. I must not forget to mention a few cannon which may be of -great service to us. Tho my success has hitherto answered most sanguine -expectations, I cannot promise myself great things, the events of war -being so dubious in their nature, but shall do my best to distress the -enemy all in my power,--having regard to my retreat--There is but a -small quantity of provisions at this place which I think will -necessitate my retreat in case we do not carry Ty and independence--I -hope you will use your utmost endeavor to give me assistance should I -need in crossing the lake &c--The enemy has but a very small force at -Fort George. Their boats are on an island about 14 miles from this -guarded by six companies, having artillery--I have much fear with -respect to the prisoners, being obliged to send them under a small -guard--I am well informed that considerable reinforcements is hourly -expected at the lake under command of Sir John Johnson--This minute -received General Powel's answer to my demand in these words, 'The -garrison intrusted to my charge I shall defend to the last.' - - [Illustration: Surrender of Burgoyne. (From a painting in the - Museum.)] - -"Indeed I have little hopes of putting him to the necessity of giving it -up unless by the force under Colonel Johnson. - - I am &c, John Brown." - -Brown, running short of provisions for his own men and his numerous -prisoners, retreated up Lake George and made an unsuccessful attack on -Diamond Island. - -Sir John Johnson, son of Sir William Johnson, of Johnson Hall, arrived -at Ticonderoga shortly before Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga. Numerous -deserters from Saratoga informed Powell of the situation there and he -immediately made preparations to retreat to Canada. He burned the houses -and barracks at Ticonderoga and Independence and made good his escape. - - [Illustration: George Washington at Halfway Brook, 1783 - From a Painting Owned by Glen Falls Insurance Company] - - - - - CHAPTER TEN - The Military History Ends - - -In 1781 Ira and Ethan Allen were negotiating with the British -authorities as to the feasibility of making Vermont a Canadian province. -Congress had refused to admit Vermont as the fourteenth state and were -considering dividing it between New York and New Hampshire. Rather than -submit to this the Allens and Governor Chittenden opened negotiations -with Lieutenant-Governor Haldimand of Canada, the object of which was -probably to force Congress to act in their favor, and they succeeded. - -In July, 1783, General George Washington, accompanied by Governor -Clinton, Col. Alexander Hamilton and others, visited the Fort on a tour -of inspection, returning to the headquarters at Newburgh on the 5th of -August. - -Shortly after the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United -States was signed the whole country began to be rapidly settled. No -guard was kept at Ticonderoga and it provided a convenient quarry for -the early settlers. All the furniture and movable objects were taken -first, then the doors and windows, floors were ripped up and the great -beams removed, and in a short time the barracks collapsed. Even the -abandoned cannon, most of them spiked, were removed to be melted up for -their iron. - - [Illustration: Stephen H. P. Pell] - - - - - CHAPTER ELEVEN - The Restoration of Fort Ticonderoga - by John H. G. Pell - - -After the Revolution, all crown lands reverted not to the national -government, but to the States in which they were situated. The Garrison -Grounds at Fort Ticonderoga and other pieces were designated by the -State of New York for educational purposes on March 31, 1790. On Sept. -12, 1803, the Garrison Grounds were deeded to Columbia and Union -Colleges jointly by the State. - -William Ferris Pell, a New York business man, spent these years in -Burlington, Vermont. He made many trips between Canada, Burlington and -New York. While traveling up and down Lake Champlain he was struck by -the beauty of the point of land on which the Fort stands, and the -romantic interest of the ruins of the Fort. He determined to build a -house there, if ever able to do so. - -Returning to New York he organized the firm of Pells and Company, -importers of mahogany and marble. This firm flourished for a hundred -years. Mr. Pell leased the property from Columbia and Union Colleges and -shortly thereafter built a house which he called "Beaumont." The house -was situated below the Fort between the garden laid out by the French -officers in 1756 and the shores of Lake Champlain. Mr. Pell was much -interested in horticulture and he restored the old garden and imported -many plants from Europe and from the nurseries on Long Island to -embellish and beautify it. - -In 1820, he undertook to secure the deeds to the Garrison grounds and -they were purchased by him from Union College on July 28, 1820 and from -Columbia College on September 4, 1820. - - [Illustration: The Pavilion--Built in 1826] - -In addition to building a house and replanting the garden, he tried to -stop the depredations which were occurring to the Fort. The two -buildings that were standing after the Revolution, the South and West -Barracks, were ruined by the early settlers, who removed everything -movable--doors, windows, floor boards, etc., and eventually the very -beams themselves. Thousands of loads of stone were carted away for -foundations. Some men had repaired the French lime kiln and were burning -the walls of the Fort for lime. Mr. Pell had to buy up the numerous -squatters' rights but he eventually succeeded in stopping the -destruction. He fenced in various earthworks and redoubts to prevent -them being plowed under and did his best to preserve what was left. He -was a man of vision. Had it not been for William Ferris Pell and those -who came after him not a stone in Fort Ticonderoga would be in place -today. Every one would have been carted away or destroyed. - -In 1825, "Beaumont" burned and in 1826, he built "The Pavilion" which is -still standing and occupied by his descendants. "The Pavilion" was built -on the edge of "Le Jardin du Roi," a garden laid out by Captain de -Pontleroy, an engineer officer stationed here during the French -occupation, and renamed "The King's Garden" by the British, which name -it has borne ever since. Mr. Pell spent his summers here. His oldest -son, Archibald, had decided to be a gentleman farmer and took over the -management of the place, but was killed by the explosion of a cannon he -was firing as a salute to his father who was coming up the Lake, April -19th, 1838. Thereafter William Ferris Pell could not bear to live at his -beloved Ticonderoga. He died intestate and no will was ever found, but -he was a good business man and it is unlikely that he failed to make a -will, but safe deposit boxes were unknown in that day and wills were -kept in desks. Family tradition is that one of his sons found and read -the will, was dissatisfied with his share, and destroyed it. At any -rate, the property then passed in equal shares to his ten children. None -of them could afford to keep up "The Pavilion," so it was rented to -various people who ran it as a boarding house and hotel for many years. -However, seldom a summer went by without some member of the family -spending time at "The Pavilion," James Kent Pell, son of William Ferris, -managed the property for his brothers and sisters for many years and -struggled to preserve it. He was shocked on coming up one summer to find -that the breast-high wall running from the Fort to the lake, and a large -part of the Pontleroy and Germain Redoubts had been carted to the lake -front and thrown in for a steamboat landing. The farmer in charge said -that the contractor told him he had permission. It was too late to do -anything about it. - - [Illustration: Fort Ticonderoga and The Pavilion--1827] - -When James Pell died, John Howland Pell, a grandson, managed it for some -time and later Howland Pell, a great-grandson, ran the property for a -great many years. Howland always hoped that some member of the family -would some day take it over and if it had not been for Howland it would -have passed out of the family. Some people offered almost as much as the -whole property was worth for fifty acres between the Fort and the West -shore of the Lake. They wished to build a hotel, but he refused to sell. - -Towards the end of the century, Stephen Pell, a little boy of eight and -his brother, Howland, were sent up to visit their grandmother who was -spending the summer at Fort Ticonderoga at "The Pavilion" which was then -rented as a hotel. Filled with self importance at being intrusted with -tickets and money for such a long trip alone, the boys finally arrived -at Fort Ticonderoga. It is not hard to imagine how the Fort at once -captured their interest. Little boys of eight and ten have vivid -imaginations and with a doting grandmother who told delightfully the old -tales of capture and recapture, these imaginations soon ran riot. They -were in turn Montcalm, Allen, Arnold, Burgoyne (always a successful -officer). They ran up the hills and over the walls, demanding the -surrender, or holding the fort. Thrill of thrills came one day when -Stephen found the bronze flint box, containing a flint. It is typical of -little boys that an argument resulted--Howland claiming that it was half -his as he had dislodged the stone, under which it lay, as he climbed up -the hill. It was a beautiful little box that had belonged to a man of -means and of distinction. One can see them standing there after the -first raptures of finding it were over, eyes shining, picturing the Fort -in all its past glory, with the proud walls standing, the flags flying -and men in bright uniforms on the parade grounds. The lives of men are -swayed by seemingly unimportant things and in Stephen Pell's life always -there was the little flint box and the youthful dream. As he grew older -the imagination became an obsession, and the obsession became reality as -stone by stone, timber by timber, wall by wall, he repaired and restored -the Fort until it stands the old Fort Ticonderoga, all built from a -flint box, a little boy's vivid imagination and a man's hard work, -research and intelligence. - - [Illustration: SIR HENRY CLINTON'S DISPATCH.] - - [Illustration: THE SILVER BULLET.] - - -THE SILVER BULLET - -The famous silver bullet, carried by a messenger to General Burgoyne -from Sir Henry Clinton. The bullet was hollow and concealed a message. -The messenger, on being captured by American Troops, swallowed the -bullet. He was given an emetic and forced to disgorge it. Later he was -hanged as a spy. The bullet was preserved in the Tallmadge family and -presented to the Fort Ticonderoga Museum by Henry O. Tallmadge, Esq. - -The important contribution of the Pell family during a period -approaching 150 years has been an appreciation of historical values and -a sense of responsibility towards them. There has always been at least -one member of the family who refused to allow any part of the property -sold, who kept up the gardens and planted trees and who, above all, -cherished and preserved the Fort. - -In 1908, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Pell decided to rehabilitate the -"Pavilion" and spend their summers in it so that Mr. Pell could -undertake the restoration of the Fort. There were legal, financial, -architectural, political and engineering problems, and just plain -problems. There was a horse living in one of the rooms of the -"Pavilion." There was of course no plumbing, central heating or -electricity in the house. The land belonged to 17 members of the family -and the problem of locating them and arranging satisfactory terms of -purchase was a long and complicated one. There were squatters living all -along the shores of Lake Champlain, and these squatters had acquired -squatters' rights. Nevertheless, the house was painted and -rehabilitated, plumbing was installed and Mr. and Mrs. Pell moved in. - -While Mr. Pell made a complete study of fortifications before one stone -was touched at the Fort, Mrs. Pell worked incessantly on plans for the -"Pavilion" and the Jardin du Roi. From various members of the Pell -family she painstakingly gathered together pieces of furniture -originally from the "Pavilion," and added to it her collection of -furniture from her family, Gibbs and Thompson. She purchased only the -most minor items, old hooked rugs, curtains and draperies. She was -always tremendously interested in the Fort and contributed generously -not only valuable additions to its Museum collection, but a vast -knowledge of the authenticity of relics and was a true partner in the -restoration of Fort Ticonderoga. - - [Illustration: Restoration Model of Fort Ticonderoga] - -Alfred C. Bossom of New York was selected to be the architect of the -restoration of the Fort. The Tercentenary Celebration on Lake Champlain -provided an occasion for getting the work under way. - -At that time President Taft visited the Fort together with the -Ambassadors of France and England, the Governor of the States of New -York and Vermont and a most distinguished company. The preparations for -this were started in 1908, and with such good results that by the time -of the celebration the west barracks were ready for a preliminary -inspection. - -The natives in the surrounding country had to a very large extent -appropriated for use in their own houses the stone walls that had fallen -down but by careful excavation the precise plan of the original Fort has -been entirely laid bare. To aid this, and to verify many points that -were more or less uncertain, exceeding courtesy was extended by the -British Museum. Photographs and reproductions of all the drawings there -existing were forwarded and permission was given to search the records -in both the English and French War Departments. At Ottawa the archivist -of the Canadian Government also provided all the information available -and photographs of the drawings on file. Of course in America all of the -various authorities have cooperated to the utmost of their ability, and -with this it has been possible to carry on the work of restoration -without any uncertainty. - - [Illustration: Thomas Cole Painting of Fort, Early 1820's] - -One of the best maps of the Military Reservation was made by a man named -Jeffreys, who was sent out to make surveys of the forts in this country -by the Prince of Wales, who afterward became George III. His work was -conducted under considerable handicap and was not as accurate as it -might have been, but this map contains a lot of very useful information -that is not given on any other. - -The engineer who laid out the Fort, de Lotbiniere, followed the plans -and specifications of the great French engineer, Vauban. When the work -of restoration was started Mr. Pell obtained from France the original -manuscript of Vauban's "Traite des Fortifications." The book is a -fascinating leather bound folio containing many illuminated -illustrations of bastions, demilunes, moats, and all paraphernalia of -eighteenth century fortifications. This book is one of the most -priceless possessions of the Fort library today. - -The Fort itself is about 530 feet in diameter from point to point as -seen on the various plans. The wall on the north is comparatively low, -the fort on this side being approached by a glacis, but on the west -could be approached from the level along a grassy slope which ran to the -top of a wall at the Fort about 4 feet and 6 inches high, which formed a -counterscarp. To the south, a wall guarded the entrance to Lake George -and was of a very considerable height, and below this existed the French -Village. The French Village of traders and settlers had been behind a -stockaded wall, protected by the guns of the Fort. The houses were built -on either side of a center walk, and consisted of small stone dwellings, -sutler's stores, warehouses and a blacksmith shop. On the east side a -wall approached very close to the bastions and it was from about this -point a wide covered way (which was never completed) extended through -the rock to the Grenadiers' Battery, an outlying fort located at the -extreme end of the promontory. - -The Place d'Armes in the center of the fort was surrounded on three -sides by barracks and on the fourth or north side by a bomb-proof. The -bomb proof was of arched masonry construction where the garrison kept -stores that would be damaged by weather. - -Of the barracks, the most important was that located towards the west, -and it was here that Ethan Allen found Captain Delaplace at the time of -the capture. The ground floor of this building was divided up into a -mess room with a kitchen at one end and a scullery at the other. The -oven in the scullery when excavated was found to be in perfect -condition, the iron doors and dampers still being in their original -position. - - [Illustration: Entrance To Place D'Armes] - -In the second story a number of rooms existed which could be approached -by the exterior wooden staircase, and these are now used as a library -and office. The outer sides of the various barracks were protected by -the curtain walls and the walk behind these was generally at a level of -about 8 feet above the Place d'Armes. - -The drinking water for the barracks could be obtained in the usual way -from a military well located about one hundred yards to the north of the -fort, but under the northwest bastion and under the south barracks are -two large stone cisterns about 18 feet deep to which all the rain that -fell upon the roofs of the buildings was directed by means of -underground drains. The one under the bastion was found to be in perfect -condition with its pump and plunger as good as when last used. - -The accumulation of a century had to be excavated from between the walls -of the various buildings. The courtyard of the fort was between six and -seven feet below and in the west barracks, particularly under the -bastions, the excavation necessary was over 16 feet to get down to the -original surface. Everything that was found during the restoration -period was kept for the museum, and the workmen in handling this showed -particular interest, and all of the time this work of excavating -continued most interesting finds were made, such as pottery, firearms, -pieces of hardware and buttons. So many of the numbered buttons have -been found that it is possible to trace by them the name of each of the -regiments that was stationed at the Fort. - -Some of these buttons belong to regiments of which no other account has -been found of their residence here, such as the Twenty-first, and in -this case it is inferred that they belonged to British prisoners of war -who were brought down from St. Johns. One of the most interesting relics -was a piece of a punch bowl of white china decorated in blue, and across -the bottom of which is inscribed, "Success to General Amherst." This in -all probability must have been a presentation piece made either before -the General left England or at some point on his way to take up his -command at the Fort, and left behind when he departed. This has come -down to us in as good condition as it was in the day it was made. - -The roof of tile had fallen in, but sufficient remained so that more -could be produced to fill out the deficiencies, though some hundreds of -different specimens of clay had to be baked before one was found that -was exactly the same form and color of those originally used. - -The flooring of the first floor was also of very heavy, thick tile and -the same condition was experienced with these. Enough bricks have been -found to make it unnecessary to get any new ones, for apparently these -were of so little value to the natives that they were not purloined. In -the rebuilding of the walls the stones were replaced in their identical -positions, similar mortar was used, and heads and jambs of all openings -had remained in approximately the positions from which they fell, so -much so that with care these today occupy the same position that they -had before the walls were torn down. - - [Illustration: The Place D'Armes] - -The mode of procedure followed in making the excavations was to cut the -trench on either side of any walls uncovered and by this means specimens -of all the hardware, such as door handles, latches, window catches, -bolts and bars were recovered. In many cases the hinges had portions of -the old timber still attached and from this it was possible to determine -the wood used and its thickness. In some cases the larger bar hinges had -the wood so well preserved that the different pieces that were joined -together to form the doors were very readily discernible. The timber -used was largely local chestnut and oak, which have since almost -disappeared from the locality, but enough trees have been found to -enable the restored work in all cases to be of the same material as that -originally employed. The ceiling of the first floor was composed of -rough hewn logs with a heavy double floor on top. The walls throughout -the first and second stories were of rough plaster and in many cases the -stones projected right through and showed on the face. - -The fireplaces resembled the construction on the outside being of rough -stones with cut stone jambs and heads. - -The four bastions at the corners of the fort were used respectively for -powder magazine, bakery and two for stores, and under these were -unearthed a very considerable quantity of cannon balls, picks, shovels, -china and glass, cutlery, bar shot and complete material such as a -fortress of this kind would require. Upon excavating these the form of -construction originally employed was quite apparent. The floor was built -up from rock with a complete system of drains beneath to carry off any -surface water, and the roof was carried upon heavy wooden beams and -posts, crowned by flagstones forming the deck of the bastion itself. The -drains beneath the floor had outlets leading to the moat or ditch, which -in the usual way was dry, but when an attacking force was anticipated it -was possible to dam the outlet from this and the moat could be flooded -by the melting of the winter snows, as several months' advance -information in those days could readily be obtained before an attack was -likely to take place. - - [Illustration: Fort Ticonderoga in 1959] - - SHOWING: - SECTION THROUGH A-B (ENLARGED) - GLACIS - COVERED WAY - DITCH - NORTH DEMI-LUNE - NW BASTION - NE BASTION - COVERED WAY - PARADE GROUND - BRIDGE - WEST DEMI-LUNE - WEST BARRACKS - RAMP - SOUTH BARRACKS - RAMP - RUINS OF EAST BARRACKS - ENTRANCE TO FORT - DUNGEON - SW BASTION SE BASTION - ENTRANCE ARCHWAY - SOUTH WALL - -The job of repairing and restoring Fort Ticonderoga has consisted mostly -of putting stones back in place. At least ninety per cent of the walls -are built from the original stone, which had fallen or slipped into the -moat. (The floor tiles were originally made on the place from a blue -clay from the lake shores by French potters. The same clay was used in -the restoration, and the same methods, and it is impossible to tell -today which are the originals and which the copies.) Every bit of iron -work used in the restoration was copied from an example found in the -ruins. The great oak beams came from a half dozen jobs in the -Adirondacks and were rough-hewn as were the originals. The carriages -upon which the guns are mounted, if not original, are exact copies and -the cannon themselves are all French, British and American of the -period, presented by the American, British, Dutch, Haiten, San Dominican -and Nicaraguan Governments, or presented by individuals (notably -DeLancey Kountze) or purchased whenever they were found on the market. -An immense amount of material has been found on the place itself--a -cannon, thousands of cannon balls, hand grenades, swivel balls and grape -shot, barrels of bullets and barrels of flints, tomahawks, hatchets, -axes, hoes, gun barrels, gun locks, bayonets, sword blades, keys, -hinges, door locks and every kind of tool--everything that an army could -use--dug up wherever a spade is put in the ground and only a couple of -years ago one of the rarest finds we have ever made--the breast plate of -a suit of half-armor, French, early 18th century. - -First restorations actually were carried out a wall a season. The first -wing completed (the officers' mess and quarters) was filled with relics -which Mr. Pell and other members of his family had been accumulating -through the years. This was accomplished just in time to lock it for -protection of its contents when he went off to World War I. - -Before Mr. Pell had gone to France he had no idea of charging admission -to see the ruins and relics. But during his absence so many visitors -came asking for admittance that Mrs. Pell, who spent her summers there -superintending the work while her husband was overseas, was forced to -hire a full-time guide and charge sight-seers a small sum to pay his -salary. The first balance left after his salary was paid was used for -the purchase of some cannon of the Revolutionary period which Mr. Pell -had located in the West Indies years before. - -When restoration got under way after the war, Mr. Pell's infectious -enthusiasm for Fort Ticonderoga and his host of friends all over the -world, brought forth assistance from many unexpected sources. Only a few -of the cannon actually used at Ticonderoga could be located, since -George Washington himself had ordered those there during the early days -of the Revolution sent over the snow to the siege of Boston. But Mr. -Pell wanted the demilunes rearmed with authentic guns of the period. -Lord Charles Beresford and Lord Haldane, hearing of the effort to -restore the fort where some of their ancestors had fought, became -interested and persuaded the British government to send fourteen large -24-pounders, actually cast in England for use in America during the -Revolution but never shipped because the war ended too soon. After that, -as Mr. Pell expressed it, he was literally bombarded with cannon, from -unexpected sources. - - [Illustration: The Ethan Allen Door (Upper Left)] - -Colonel Robert Means Thompson, father of Mrs. Pell, found and purchased -twelve French bronze guns and mortars of the type used by the fort's -first builders. Yale University deposited cannon donated by an old -graduate, DeLancey Kountze, but never displayed for lack of space. H. -Jermain Slocum, retired Charleston, South Carolina, financier and nephew -of the late Russell Sage, at his own expense went cannon hunting through -the West Indies and South America, buying and donating many, and -persuading Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Nicaragua to send -others to the fort. The Netherlands, as well as the United States Army, -also helped him arm the ramparts until they took on their original -warlike aspect. - -Archer M. Huntington became interested, and through the years was a -large contributor to Ticonderoga's restoration fund. - -Scions of Philip Schuyler, Alexander Hamilton, Israel Putnam, Anthony -Wayne and many other men in some way connected with Ticonderoga have -deposited possessions of their ancestors within the fort. Collectors of -Revolutionary rifles, swords, powder horns and snuff boxes have willed -their entire collections, the result of many years' searches, to be kept -intact here. Even casual visitors have been so impressed that they have -gone home and shipped family relics that the museum could never have -acquired by purchase. Others have appointed themselves Ticonderoga -scouts who voluntarily tipped Mr. Pell off when they located desirable -objects. - -One of the museum's proud possessions is a blunderbuss used by Ethan -Allen in taking the fort from the British, then given by him to Benedict -Arnold, who in turn gave it to John Trumbull, the Revolutionary artist. -It was purchased by the grandfather of Maj. Philip Rhinelander at a sale -of Trumbull's effects, and the Rhinelander family in turn presented it -to the museum. Mr. Pell's pet treasure was a hollow silver bullet taken -from one of Sir Henry Clinton's messengers to Burgoyne just before the -latter surrendered at Saratoga. On capture, so papers accompanying the -bullet show, the courier swallowed this container of secret dispatches -and refused to take a "physick" until tough colonials threatened to "rip -his bellie" open. The silver bullet was presented to the fort by Henry -O. Tallmadge, a descendant of a Colonel Tallmadge, who was present when -it was captured. Other bullets show marks of teeth made while being held -in soldiers' mouths during floggings or amputations. - -At the present time the Fort is visited by some 200,000 people every -summer. Schools in Vermont and parts of New York State send their -children in busloads every year to see it. Many people come back -regularly every season to revisit the Fort and re-enjoy the surrounding -scenery. The beauty of the point on which the Fort stands overlooking -Lake Champlain and of the surrounding meadows and woods is appreciated, -consciously and unconsciously, by all of the many visitors. It is a -commonplace thing for people who have entered the Fort to return to pick -up cameras in their parked autos in order to be able to take photographs -in the beautiful surroundings. - -Fort Ticonderoga is a living page of American history--the most -faithfully restored Fort in America and houses the greatest collection -of Revolutionary and Colonial objects. - -Although the history of the Fort extends back over 200 years, its -present condition, and the incomparable museum which it contains have -resulted from the vision and work of one man, Stephen Pell. It is -fortunate indeed that as a boy he found a beautiful little bronze flint -box containing a flint. And it is fortunate that he grew to be the kind -of man who was capable of turning a dream into a living fact. - -Mrs. Stephen Pell, through her great vision and understanding encouraged -Mr. Pell in his life work, and in addition gave generously in time and -money for the restoration. - -In 1931, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Pell established the Fort Ticonderoga -Association, a non-profit membership corporation organized under the -educational laws of the State of New York. The objectives of the -Association are to preserve, maintain and develop the Fort and Museum -and the surrounding grounds for the benefit of the public. Mr. Stephen -Pell remained President of the Fort Ticonderoga Association until his -death in 1950, and his son, John H. G. Pell, has carried forward this -great work as President since that time. - - [Illustration: George Washington; in Uniform of American General - with Nassau Hall, Princeton College in Background - _By Charles Peale Polk, nephew of Charles Wilson Peale_ - Painting in Fort Ticonderoga Museum] - - - - - THE FORT TICONDEROGA MUSEUM - - - John H. G. Pell - _President_ - - Hon. Robert T. Pell - _Historian_ - - Col. Edward P. Hamilton - _Director_ - - Miss Eleanor S. Murray - _Curator_ - - Mrs. Thomas V. Lape - _Librarian_ - - Life Members - Dwight W. Garber - Stephen V. Grancsay - Col. Edward P. Hamilton - Anna Hyatt Huntington - Eleanor Murray - Theodore R. Pell - Benoni T. Phillips - Col. Arthur Shadis, USA - C. Otto von Kienbusch - - - ADMISSION: - -The Fort and Museum are open from mid-May to mid-October, including -Sundays and holidays from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. The admission charge is -$1.00. There is no charge for children under twelve or for school -children in study groups, supervised by a teacher. - - - LIBRARY: - -The library and manuscripts are available for students of history by -arrangements made with the Management. - - - PUBLICATIONS: - -The publications of the Museum are for sale at the Log House at the -entrance to the Fort, except the Bulletins. Some of the recent bulletins -are available at $1.00 each, but unfortunately many of the early ones -are entirely out of print. Also sold at the Log House are historical -novels pertaining to our neighborhood. Information on any of these may -be had from the Management. - - - GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM: - -Appropriate articles are acceptable and the President will be glad to -discuss desirable gifts and ways of assisting in the work of the Museum -with friends who may desire to help. Gifts are deductible for Federal -income tax purposes. - - [Illustration: Powder Horn Map Made at Mount Independence 1776] - - - - - The Book Shelf - - -ETHAN ALLEN, John Pell (_New Edition_) - - A sound and carefully researched biography of that controversial - leader of Vermont's Green Mountain Boys - $5.00 - -ARUNDEL, Kenneth Roberts - - The story of the early history of Maine, and the magnificent march - of Arnold's troops up Dead River and across the Height of Land to - attack Quebec - 4.00 - -RABBLE IN ARMS, Kenneth Roberts - - A sequel to ARUNDEL. The romance of the two-year struggle of the - American Northern Army to halt the British invasion from the north - 4.00 - -NORTHWEST PASSAGE, Kenneth Roberts - - The epic story of the greatest Indian fighter, Major Robert Rogers, - and his incredible adventure in the Old French War - 4.00 - -TOWN FATHER, _A Biography of Gamaliel Painter_, W. Storrs Lee - - The tale of a small man, a small town, a small college, that - combined present the greatness that founded this country - 3.75 - -MARINUS WILLETT, HOWARD THOMAS - - The biography of an American patriot whose lifetime embraced the - entire span of the American struggle for independence - 3.75 - -FORT TICONDEROGA: KEY TO A CONTINENT, Edward P. Hamilton - - The concise and violent story of a brief 20 year active span in the - Colonial and Revolutionary Wars, centering in and around the Great - Stone Fortress at Ticonderoga - 5.95 - -TICONDEROGA, _The Story of a Fort_, Bruce Lancaster - - Designed for a teen age audience, this unusual volume whose real - hero is the Fort itself, will delight the adult reader as well - 1.95 - -INDIAN WARS AND WARRIORS EAST, Paul I. Wellman - - Every major struggle between the white man and the Indian, from - Champlain's attack upon the Iroquois to the subjugation of the - Seminoles. Ages 11-up - 1.95 - -WASHINGTON AND THE REVOLUTION, Lynn Montross - - The inspiring story of the American Revolutionary Army, the army - that wouldn't stay beaten, and its great-hearted leader, George - Washington. Ages 11-up - 1.95 - -FORT TICONDEROGA, _A Short History_, S. H. P. Pell - - A comprehensive, well illustrated history of the Fort at - Ticonderoga, detailing the part it played in the history of three - nations - 1.00 - -THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS, Edward P. Hamilton - - _Mainstream of America Series_: The Story of Battles and Forts in - the Wilderness - 5.95 - -LAKE CHAMPLAIN AND THE UPPER HUDSON VALLEY, Edward P. Hamilton - - A concise picture of the military struggles for control of the - Champlain waterway, illustrated with carefully plotted population - maps detailing the progress of the westward colonial expansion - 1.00 - -THE BLACK WATCH AT TICONDEROGA, Frederick B. Richards, L.H.D. - - A complete account of the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment from the time - it left Scotland in 1756 until after the capture of Ticonderoga by - Amherst in 1759 - 1.00 - -ROBERT ROGERS OF THE RANGERS, John R. Cuneo - - A sympathetic biography of that great Indian fighter who was a - controversial figure in his own time and so continues today - 6.00 - -ADVENTURE IN THE WILDERNESS: THE AMERICAN JOURNALS OF LOUIS ANTOINE DE - BOUGAINVILLE, _Edited by_ Edward P. Hamilton - - The colonial experiences of an intelligent and articulate observer - who served on the frontiers of North America - 5.95 - -NAVIES IN THE MOUNTAINS, Harrison K. Bird - - The Battles on the Waters of Lake Champlain and Lake George, - 1609-1814 - 6.50 - -MARCH TO SARATOGA, Harrison K. Bird - - General Burgoyne and the American Campaign, 1777 - 6.50 - -GEORGE WASHINGTON'S GENERALS, _Edited by_ Dr. George A. Billias - - A series of penetrating essays depicting the military geniuses who - engineered the birth of this nation - 6.00 - -Set of 12 postcards of the French Regiments that served at Ticonderoga, - from paintings by Col. Harry C. Larter, Jr. - 1.00 - -Set of 12 postcards of the American Regiments that served at - Ticonderoga, from paintings by Col. Harry C. Larter, Jr. - 1.00 - -Set of 12 postcards of the British Regiments that served at Ticonderoga, - from paintings by Alex. R. Cattley - 1.00 - -Set of 12 postcards of the German Regiments that served with Burgoyne - 1.00 - -Supplemental Set of 8 postcards, British Regiments - .75 - - - - - THE FORT TICONDEROGA ASSOCIATION - - - Stephen H. P. Pell, _Founder_ - - Benefactors - John H. G. Pell - Archer M. Huntington - Sarah G. T. Pell - Robert M. Thompson - Gladys Pell Blankarn - Hon. Robert T. Pell - - Members of the Fort Ticonderoga Association - Mrs. Marshall Blankarn - Mrs. Roger Dechame (Director) - Mrs. Edwin Dunning - Hon. Robert T. Pell (Director) - Anthony D. S. M. Pell - Robert Livingston Pell - Hon. Claiborne Pell (Director) - Clarence C. Pell - Duncan C. Pell, Jr. - Duncan C. Pell III - Francis L. Pell, Jr. - Howland H. Pell - John B. Pell - John H. G. Pell (Managing Director) - Stuyvesant B. Pell (Director) - Theodore R. Pell - Rev. Walden Pell II - Eben W. Pyne - H. Pendleton Rogers - - [Illustration: Flag Bastion - - _The old guns of Fort Ticonderoga still stand guard over the waters - of Lake Champlain, in memory of the days when our forefathers fought - and bled in the many struggles which led to the foundation of this - great nation of ours._] - - [Illustration: Fort Ticonderoga: South Barracks] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fort Ticonderoga, by S. H. P. Pell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORT TICONDEROGA *** - -***** This file should be named 55561-8.txt or 55561-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/6/55561/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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