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diff --git a/old/55518-h/55518-h.htm b/old/55518-h/55518-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index a61ac0d..0000000 --- a/old/55518-h/55518-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1938 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50, June 12, 1841, by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - width: 40em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.footnotes { - margin-top: 1em; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; -} - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; -} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.gap4 { - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: smaller; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50, -June 12, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50, June 12, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 10, 2017 [EBook #55518] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 12, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 50.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, JUNE 12, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/prophecy.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="A Prophecy Man holding forth to an audience" /> -</div> - -<h2>THE IRISH PROPHECY MAN.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</span></h2> - -<p>The individual to whom the heading of this article is uniformly -applied, stands, among the lower classes of his countrymen -in a different light and position from any of those previous -characters that we have already described to our readers. -The intercourse which <em>they</em> maintain with the people is one -that simply involves the means of procuring subsistence for -themselves by the exercise of their professional skill, and their -powers of contributing to the lighter enjoyments and more -harmless amusements of their fellow-countrymen. All the -collateral influences they possess, as arising from the hold -which the peculiar nature of this intercourse gives them, generally -affect individuals only on those minor points of feeling -that act upon the lighter phases of domestic life. They bring -little to society beyond the mere accessories that are appended -to the general modes of life and manners, and consequently -receive themselves as strong an impress from those -with whom they mingle, as they communicate to them in return.</p> - -<p>Now, the Prophecy Man presents a character far different -from all this. With the ordinary habits of life he has little -sympathy. The amusements of the people are to him little -else than vanity, if not something worse. He despises that -class of men who live and think only for the present, without -ever once performing their duties to posterity, by looking into -those great events that lie in the womb of futurity. Domestic -joys or distresses do not in the least affect him, because -the man has not to do with feelings or emotions, but with -principles. The speculations in which he indulges, and by -which his whole life and conduct are regulated, place him far -above the usual impulses of humanity. He cares not much -who has been married or who has died, for his mind is, in -point of time, communing with unborn generations upon affairs -of high and solemn import. The past, indeed, is to him -something, the future every thing; but the present, unless -when marked by the prophetic symbols, little or nothing. The -topics of his conversation are vast and mighty, being nothing -less than the fate of kingdoms, the revolution of empires, the -ruin or establishment of creeds, the fall of monarchs, or the -rise and prostration of principalities and powers. How can -a mind thus engaged descend to those petty subjects of ordinary -life which engage the common attention? How could -a man hard at work in evolving out of prophecy the subjugation -of some hostile state, care a farthing whether Loghlin -Roe’s daughter was married to Gusty Given’s son, or not? -The thing is impossible. Like fame, the head of the Prophecy -Man is always in the clouds, but so much higher up as -to be utterly above the reach of any intelligence that does -not affect the fate of nations. There is an old anecdote told -of a very high and a very low man meeting. “What news -down there?” said the tall fellow. “Very little,” replied the -other: “what kind of weather have you above?” Well indeed -might the Prophecy Man ask what news there is below<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> -for his mind seldom leaves those aërial heights from which it -watches the fate of Europe and the shadowing forth of future -changes.</p> - -<p>The Prophecy Man—that is, he who solely devotes himself -to an anxious observation of those political occurrences which -mark the signs of the times, as they bear upon the future, the -principal business of whose life it is to associate them with -his own prophetic theories—is now a rare character in Ireland. -He was, however, a very marked one. The Shanahus -and other itinerant characters had, when compared with him, -a very limited beat indeed. Instead of being confined to a -parish or a barony, the bounds of the Prophecy Man’s travels -were those of the kingdom itself; and indeed some of them -have been known to make excursions to the Highlands of -Scotland, in order if possible to pick up old prophecies, and to -make themselves, by cultivating an intimacy with the Scottish -seers, capable of getting a clearer insight into futurity, -and surer rules for developing the latent secrets of time.</p> - -<p>One of the heaviest blows to the speculations of this class -was the downfall and death of Bonaparte, especially the latter. -There are still living, however, those who can get over -this difficulty, and who will not hesitate to assure you, with a -look of much mystery, that the real “Bonyparty” is alive and -well, and will make his due appearance <em>when the time comes</em>; -he who surrendered himself to the English being but an accomplice -of the true one.</p> - -<p>The next fact, and which I have alluded to in treating of -the Shanahus, is the failure of the old prophecy that a George -the Fourth would never sit on the throne of England. His coronation -and reign, however, puzzled our prophets sadly, and -indeed sent adrift for ever the pretensions of this prophecy -to truth.</p> - -<p>But that which has nearly overturned the system, and routed -the whole prophetic host, is the failure of the speculations so -confidently put forward by Dr Walmsey in his General History -of the Christian Church, vulgarly called Pastorini’s Prophecy, -he having assumed the name Pastorini as an <i lang="la">incognito</i> or <i lang="fr">nom -de guerre</i>. The theory of Pastorini was, that Protestantism -and all descriptions of heresy would disappear about the year -eighteen hundred and twenty-five, an inference which he drew -with considerable ingenuity and learning from Scriptural prophecy, -taken in connexion with past events, and which he -argued with all the zeal and enthusiasm of a theorist naturally -anxious to see the truth of his own prognostications verified. -The failure of this, which was their great modern standard, -has nearly demolished the political seers as a class, or compelled -them to fall back upon the more antiquated revelations -ascribed to St Columkill, St Bridget, and others.</p> - -<p>Having thus, as is our usual custom, given what we conceive -to be such preliminary observations as are necessary to -make both the subject and the person more easily understood, -we shall proceed to give a short sketch of the only Prophecy -Man we ever saw who deserved properly to be called so, in the -full and unrestricted sense of the term. This individual’s -name was Barney M’Haighery, but in what part of Ireland -he was born I am not able to inform the reader. All I know -is, that he was spoken of on every occasion as The Prophecy -Man; and that, although he could not himself read, he carried -about with him, in a variety of pockets, several old books and -manuscripts that treated upon his favourite subject.</p> - -<p>Barney was a tall man, by no means meanly dressed; and -it is necessary to say that he came not within the character -or condition of a mendicant. On the contrary, he was considered -as a person who must be received with respect, for the -people knew perfectly well that it was not with every farmer -in the neighbourhood he would condescend to sojourn. He -had nothing of the ascetic and abstracted meagreness of the -Prophet in his appearance. So far from that, he was inclined -to corpulency; but, like a certain class of fat men, his natural -disposition was calm, but at the same time not unmixed with -something of the pensive. His habits of thinking, as might be -expected, were quiet and meditative; his personal motions -slow and regular; and his transitions from one resting-place -to another never of such length during a single day as to -exceed ten miles. At this easy rate, however, he traversed -the whole kingdom several times; nor was there probably a -local prophecy of any importance in the country with which -he was not acquainted. He took much delight in the greater -and lesser prophets of the Old Testament: but his heart and -soul lay, as he expressed it, “in the Revelations of St John -the Divine.”</p> - -<p>His usual practice was, when the family came home at -night from their labour, to stretch himself upon two chairs, his -head resting upon the hob, with a boss for a pillow, his eyes -closed, as a proof that his mind was deeply engaged with the -matter in hand. In this attitude he got some one to read the -particular prophecy upon which he wished to descant; and a -most curious and amusing entertainment it generally was to -hear the text, and his own singular and original commentaries -upon it. That he must have been often hoaxed by wags and -wits, was quite evident from the startling travesties of the -text which had been put into his mouth, and which, having -been once put there, his tenacious memory never forgot.</p> - -<p>The fact of Barney’s arrival in the neighbourhood soon -went abroad, and the natural consequence was, that the -house in which he thought proper to reside for the time became -crowded every night as soon as the hours of labour -had passed, and the people got leisure to hear him. Having -thus procured him an audience, it is full time that we should -allow the fat old Prophet to speak for himself, and give us all -an insight into futurity.</p> - -<p>“Barney, ahagur,” the good man his host would say, -“here’s a lot o’ the neighbours come to hear a whirrangue -from you on the Prophecies; and, sure, if you can’t give it to -them, who is there to be found that can?”</p> - -<p>“Throth, Paddy Traynor, although I say it that should -not say it, there’s truth in that, at all evints. The same knowledge -has cost me many a weary blisthur an’ sore heel in -huntin’ it up an’ down, through mountain an’ glen, in Ulsther, -Munsther, Leinsther, an’ Connaught—not forgettin’ -the Highlands of Scotland, where there’s what they call the -‘short prophecy,’ or second sight, but wherein there’s afther -all but little of the Irish or long prophecy, that regards -what’s to befall the winged woman that flown into the wilderness. -No, no—their second sight isn’t thrue prophecy at -all. If a man goes out to fish, or steal a cow, an’ that he -happens to be drowned or shot, another man that has the -second sight will see this in his mind about or afther the time -it happens. Why, that’s little. Many a time our own Irish -drames are aiqual to it; an’ indeed I have it from a knowledgeable -man, that the gift they boast of has four parents—an -empty stomach, thin air, a weak head, an’ strong whisky, -an’ that a man must have all these, espishilly the last, before -he can have the second sight properly; an’ it’s my own opinion. -Now, I have a little book (indeed I left my books with a friend -down at Errigle) that contains a prophecy of the milk-white -hind an’ the bloody panther, an’ a forebodin’ of the slaughter -there’s to be in the Valley of the Black Pig, as foretould by -Beal Derg, or the prophet wid the red mouth, who never was -known to speak but when he prophesied, or to prophesy but -when he spoke.”</p> - -<p>“The Lord bless an’ keep us!—an’ why was he called the -Man wid the Red Mouth, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“I’ll tell you that: first, bekase he always prophesied -about the slaughter an’ fightin’ that was to take place in the -time to come; an’, secondly, bekase, while he spoke, the red -blood always trickled out of his mouth, as a proof that what -he foretould was true.”</p> - -<p>“Glory be to God! but that’s wondherful all out. Well, -well!”</p> - -<p>“Ay, an’ Beal Derg, or the Red Mouth, is still livin’.”</p> - -<p>“Livin’! why, is he a man of our own time?”</p> - -<p>“Our own time! The Lord help you! It’s more than a -thousand years since he made the prophecy. The case you -see is this: he an’ the ten thousand witnesses are lyin’ in an -enchanted sleep in one of the Montherlony mountains.”</p> - -<p>“An’ how is that known, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“It’s known. Every night at a certain hour one of the -witnesses—an’ they’re all sogers, by the way—must come out -to look for the sign that’s to come.”</p> - -<p>“An’ what is that, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“It’s the fiery cross; an’ when he sees one on aich of the -four mountains of the north, he’s to know that the same sign’s -abroad in all the other parts of the kingdom. Beal Derg an’ -his men are then to waken up, an’ by their aid the Valley of -the Black Pig is to be set free for ever.”</p> - -<p>“An’ what is the Black Pig, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“The Prospitarian church, that stretch from Enniskillen to -Darry, an’ back again from Darry to Enniskillen.”</p> - -<p>“Well, well, Barney, but prophecy is a strange thing to be -sure! Only think of men livin’ a thousand years!”</p> - -<p>“Every night one of Beal Derg’s men must go to the mouth -of the cave, which opens of itself, an’ then look out for the -sign that’s expected. He walks up to the top of the mountain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> -an’ turns to the four corners of the heavens, to -thry if he can see it; an’ when he finds that he can not, he -goes back to Beal Derg, who, afther the other touches him, -starts up, an’ axis him, ‘Is the time come?’ He replies, ‘No; -the <em>man is</em>, but the <em>hour</em> is <em>not</em>!’ an’ that instant they’re both -asleep again. Now, you see, while the soger is on the mountain -top, the mouth of the cave is open, an’ any one may go -in that might happen to see it. One man it appears did, an’ -wishin’ to know from curiosity whether the sogers were dead -or livin’, he touched one of them wid his hand, who started -up an’ axed him the same question, ‘Is the time come?’ -Very fortunately he said ‘<em>No</em>;’ that minute the soger -was as sound in his trance as before.”</p> - -<p>“An’, Barney, what did the soger mane when he said, ‘The -man is, but the hour is not?’”</p> - -<p>“What did he mane? I’ll tell you that. The man is Bonyparty; -which manes, when put into proper explanation, -the <em>right side</em>; that is, the true cause. Larned men have -found <em>that</em> out.”</p> - -<p>“Barney, wasn’t Columkill a great prophet?”</p> - -<p>“He was a great man entirely at prophecy, and so was St -Bridget. He prophesied ‘that the cock wid the purple comb -is to have both his wings clipped by one of his own breed before -the struggle comes.’ Before that time, too, we’re to have -the Black Militia, an’ afther that it is time for every man to -be prepared.”</p> - -<p>“An’, Barney, who is the cock wid the purple comb?”</p> - -<p>“Why, the Orangemen to be sure. Isn’t purple their colour, -the dirty thieves?”</p> - -<p>“An’ the Black Militia, Barney, who are they?”</p> - -<p>“I have gone far an’ near, through north an’ through -south, up an’ down, by hill an’ hollow, till my toes were -corned an’ my heels in griskins, but could find no one able to -resolve that, or bring it clear out o’ the prophecy. They’re -to be sogers in black, an’ all their arms an’ ’coutrements is -to be the same colour; an’ farther than that is not known <em>as -yet</em>.”</p> - -<p>“It’s a wondher <em>you</em> don’t know it, Barney, for there’s -little about prophecy that you haven’t at your finger ends.”</p> - -<p>“Three birds is to meet (Barney proceeded in a kind of -recitative enthusiasm) upon the saes—two ravens an’ a dove—the -two ravens is to attack the dove until she’s at the point of -death; but before they take her life, an eagle comes and tears -the two ravens to pieces, an’ the dove recovers.</p> - -<p>There’s to be two cries in the kingdom; one of them is -to rache from the Giants’ Causeway to the centre house of -the town of Sligo; the other is to rache from the Falls of -Beleek to the Mill of Louth, which is to be turned three times -with human blood; but this is not to happen until a man with -two thumbs an’ six fingers upon his right hand happens to -be the miller.”</p> - -<p>“Who’s to give the sign of freedom to Ireland?”</p> - -<p>“The little boy wid the red coat that’s born a dwarf, lives -a giant, and dies a dwarf again! He’s lightest of foot, but -leaves the heaviest foot-mark behind him. An’ it’s he that is -to give the sign of freedom to Ireland!”</p> - -<p>“There’s a period to come when Antichrist is to be upon -the earth, attended by his two body servants Gog and Magog. -Who are they, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“They are the sons of Hegog an’ Shegog, or in other -words, of Death an’ Damnation, and cousin-jarmins to the -Devil himself, which of coorse is the raison why he promotes -them.”</p> - -<p>“Lord save us! But I hope that won’t he in our time, -Barney!”</p> - -<p>“Antichrist is to come from the land of Crame o’ Tarthar -(Crim Tartary, according to Pastorini), which will account -for himself an’ his army breathin’ fire an’ brimstone out of -their mouths, according’ to the glorious Revelation of St John -the Divine, an’ the great prophecy of Pastorini, both of which -beautifully compromise upon the subject.</p> - -<p>The prophet of the Black Stone is to come, who was born -never to prognosticate a lie. He is to be a mighty hunter, -an’ instead of riding to his fetlocks <em>in</em> blood, he is to ride <em>upon</em> -it, to the admiration of his times. It’s of him it is said ‘that -he is to be the only prophet that ever went on horseback!’</p> - -<p>Then there’s Bardolphus, who, as there was a prophet wid -the red mouth, is called ‘the prophet wid the red nose.’ Ireland -was, it appears from ancient books, undher wather for -many hundred years before her discovery; but bein’ allowed -to become visible one day in every year, the enchantment was -broken by a sword that was thrown upon the earth, an’ from -that out she remained dry, an’ became inhabited. ‘Woe, woe, -woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘the time is to come when we’ll have a -second deluge, an’ Ireland is to be undher wather once more. -A well is to open at Cork that will cover the whole island -from the Giants’ Causeway to Cape Clear. In them days St -Patrick will be despised, an’ will stand over the pleasant -houses wid his pasthoral crook in his hand, crying out <i lang="ga">Cead -mille failtha</i> in vain! Woe, woe, woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘for -in them days there will be a great confusion of colours among -the people; there will be neither red noses nor pale cheeks, an’ -the divine face of man, alas! will put forth blossoms no more. -The heart of the times will become changed; an’ when they -rise up in the morning, it will come to pass that there will be -no longer light heads or shaking hands among Irishmen! -Woe, woe, woe, men, women, and children will then die, an’ their -only complaint, like all those who perished in the flood of ould, -will be wather on the brain—wather on the brain! Woe, woe, -woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘for the changes that is to come, an’ -the misfortunes that’s to befall the many for the noddification -of the few! an’ yet such things must be, for I, in virtue of -the red spirit that dwells in me, must prophesy them. In -those times men will be shod in liquid fire an’ not be burned; -their breeches shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them; -their bread shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them; -their meat shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them; -an’ why?—Oh, woe, woe, wather shall so prevail that the -coolness of their bodies will keep them safe; yea, they shall -even get fat, fair, an’ be full of health an’ strength, by -wearing garments wrought out of liquid fire, by eating -liquid fire, an’ all because they do not drink liquid fire—an’ -this calamity shall come to pass,’ says Bardolphus, the prophet -of the red nose.</p> - -<p>Two widows shall be grinding at the Mill of Louth (so -saith the prophecy); one shall be taken and the other left.”</p> - -<p>Thus would Barney proceed, repeating such ludicrous and -heterogeneous mixtures of old traditionary prophecies and -spurious quotations from Scripture as were concocted for him -by those who took delight in amusing themselves and others -at the expense of his inordinate love for prophecy.</p> - -<p>“But, Barney, touching the Mill o’ Louth, of the two -widows grindin’ there, whether will the one that is taken -or the one that is left be the best off?”</p> - -<p>“The prophecy doesn’t say,” replied Barney, “an’ that’s -a matther that larned men are very much divided about. -My own opinion is, that the one that is taken will be the -best off; for St Bridget says ‘that betune wars an’ pestilences -an’ famine, the men are to be so scarce that several -of them are to be torn to pieces by the women in their -struggles to see who will get them for husbands.’<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> That -time they say is to come.”</p> - -<p>“But, Barney, isn’t there many ould prophecies about -particular families in Ireland?”</p> - -<p>“Ay, several: an’ I’ll tell you one of them, about a family -that’s not far from us this minute. You all know the hangin’ -wall of the ould Church of Ballynasaggart, in Errigle Keeran -parish?”</p> - -<p>“We do, to be sure; an’ we know the prophecy too.”</p> - -<p>“Of coorse you do, bein’ in the neighbourhood. Well, -what is it in the mean time?”</p> - -<p>“Why, that it’s never to fall till it comes down upon an’ -takes the life of a M’Mahon.”</p> - -<p>“Right enough; but do you know the raison of it?”</p> - -<p>“We can’t say that, Barney; but, however, we’re at home -when you’re here.”</p> - -<p>“Well, I’ll tell you. St Keeran was, may be, next to St -Patrick himself, one of the greatest saints in Ireland, but any -rate we may put him next to St Columkill. Now, you see, -when he was building the church of Ballynasaggart, it came -to pass that there arose a great famine in the land, an’ the -saint found it hard to feed the workmen where there was no -vittles. What to do, he knew not, an’ by coorse he was at -a sad amplush, no doubt of it. At length says he, ‘Boys, -we’re all hard set at present, an’ widout food bedad we can’t -work; but if you observe my directions, we’ll contrive to have -a bit o’ mate in the mean time, an’, among ourselves, it was -seldom more wanted, for, to tell you the thruth, I never thought -my back an’ belly would become so well acquainted. For -the last three days they haven’t been asunder, an’ I find they -are perfectly willing to part as soon as possible, an’ would be -glad of any thing that ’ud put betune them.’</p> - -<p>Now, the fact was, that, for drawin’ timber an’ stones, an’<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> -all the necessary matayrials for the church, they had but one -bullock, an’ him St Keeran resolved to kill in the evening, an’ -to give them a fog meal of him. He accordingly slaughtered -him with his own hands, ‘but,’ said he to the workmen, ‘mind -what I say, boys: if any one of you breaks a single bone, even -the smallest, or injures the hide in the laste, you’ll destroy -all; an’ my sowl to glory but it’ll be worse for you besides.’</p> - -<p>He then took all the flesh off the bones, but not till he had -boiled them, of coorse; afther which he sewed them up again -in the skin, an’ put them in the shed, wid a good wisp o’ straw -before them; an’ glory be to God, what do you think, but the -next mornin’ the bullock was alive, an’ in as good condition -as ever he was in during his life! Betther fed workmen you -couldn’t see, an’, bedad, the saint himself got so fat an’ rosy -that you’d scarcely know him to be the same man afther it. -Now, this went on for some time: whenever they wanted mate, -the bullock was killed, an’ the bones an’ skin kept safe as -before. At last it happened that a long-sided fellow among -them named M’Mahon, not satisfied wid his allowance of the -mate, took a fancy to have a lick at the marrow, an’ accordingly, -in spite of all the saint said, he broke one of the legs -an’ sucked the marrow out of it. But behold you!—the next -day when they went to yoke the bullock, they found that he was -useless, for the leg was broken an’ he couldn’t work. This, -to be sure, was a sad misfortune to them all, but it couldn’t -be helped, an’ they had to wait till betther times came; for the -truth is, that afther the marrow is broken, no power of man -could make the leg as it was before until the cure is brought about -by time. However, the saint was very much vexed, an’ good -right he had. ‘Now, M’Mahon,’ says he to the guilty man, -‘I ordher it, an’ prophesy that the church we’re building -will never fall till it falls upon the head of some one of your -name, if it was to stand a thousand years. Mark my words, -for they must come to pass.’</p> - -<p>An’ sure enough you know as well as I do that it’s all -down long ago wid the exception of a piece of the wall, that’s -not standin’ but hangin’, widout any visible support in life, an’ -only propped up by the prophecy. It can’t fall till a M’Mahon -comes undher it; but although there’s plenty of the name in -the neighbourhood, ten o’ the strongest horses in the kingdom -wouldn’t drag one of them widin half a mile of it. There, -now, is the prophecy that belongs to the hangin’ wall of -Ballynasaggart church.”</p> - -<p>“But, Barney, didn’t you say something about the winged -woman that flewn to the wildherness?”</p> - -<p>“I did; that’s a deep point, an’ it’s few that undherstands -it. The baste wid seven heads an’ ten horns is to come; an’ -when he was to make his appearance, it was said to be time -for them that might be alive then to go to their padareens.”</p> - -<p>“What does the seven heads and ten horns mane, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“Why, you see, as I am informed from good authority, the -baste has come, an’ it’s clear from the <em>ten</em> horns that he could -be no other than Harry the Eighth, who was married to <em>five</em> -wives, an’ by all accounts they strengthened an’ ornamented -him sore against his will. Now, set in case that each o’ them—five -times two is ten—hut! the thing’s as clear as crystal. -But I’ll prove it betther. You see the woman wid the two -wings is the church, an’ she flew into the wildherness at the -very time Harry the Eighth wid his ten horns on him was in -his greatest power.”</p> - -<p>“Bedad that’s puttin’ the explanations to it in great style.”</p> - -<p>“But the woman wid the wings is only to be in the wildherness -for a time, times, an’ half a time, that’s exactly three -hundred an’ fifty years, an’ afther that there’s to be no more -Prodestans.”</p> - -<p>“Faith that’s great!”</p> - -<p>“Sure Columkill prophesied that until H E M E I A M -should come, the church would be in no danger, but that afther -that she must be undher a cloud for a time, times, an’ half a -time, jist in the same way.”</p> - -<p>“Well, but how do you explain that, Barney?”</p> - -<p>“An’ St Bridget prophesied that when D O C is uppermost, -the church will be hard set in Ireland. But, indeed, -there’s no end to the prophecies that there is concerning Ireland -an’ the church. However, neighbours, do you know -that I feel the heat o’ the fire has made me rather drowsy, -an’ if you have no objection, I’ll take a bit of a nap. There’s -great things near us, any how. An’ talkin’ about DOC brings -to my mind another ould prophecy made up, they say, betune -Columkill and St Bridget; an’ it is this, that the triumph of -the counthry will never be at hand till the DOC flourishes in -Ireland.”</p> - -<p>Such were the speculations upon which the harmless mind -of Barney M’Haighery ever dwelt. From house to house, -from parish to parish, and from province to province, did he -thus trudge, never in a hurry, but always steady and constant -in his motions. He might be not inaptly termed the Old -Mortality of traditionary prophecy, which he often chiselled -anew, added to, and improved, in a manner that generally gratified -himself and his bearers. He was a harmless kind man, -and never known to stand in need of either clothes or money. -He paid little attention to the silent business of ongoing life, -and was consequently very nearly an abstraction. He was -always on the alert, however, for the result of a battle; and -after having heard it, he would give no opinion whatsoever -until he had first silently compared it with his own private -theory in prophecy. If it agreed with this, he immediately -published it in connection with his established text; but if it -did not, he never opened his lips on the subject.</p> - -<p>His class has nearly disappeared, and indeed it is so much -the better, for the minds of the people were thus filled with antiquated -nonsense that did them no good. Poor Barney, to -his great mortification, lived to see with his own eyes the -failure of his most favourite prophecies, but he was not to be -disheartened even by this; though some might fail, all could -not; and his stock was too varied and extensive not to furnish -him with a sufficient number of others over which to -cherish his imagination and expatiate during the remainder -of his inoffensive life.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> There certainly is such a prophecy.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES.</h2> - -<p class="center">BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.</p> - -<h3>Fifth Article.</h3> - -<p>According to Mabillon, hereditary surnames were first established -in Italy in the tenth and eleventh centuries; but -Muratori shows that this statement cannot be correct, as in -the MSS. of the tenth century in the Ambrosian Library of -Milan, no trace can be found of surnames. In the ninth -and tenth centuries, to distinguish persons, their profession -or country is added to the Christian name, as Johannes -Scotus Erigena, Dungallus Scotus, Johannes Presbyter, Johannes -Clericus; the dignity is also sometimes added, as Comes -Marchio, without stating of what place. In the tenth century, -“A, the son of B, the son of C,” was another mode of designation. -It is said that the Venetians in the beginning of the -eleventh century adopted hereditary surnames, a custom -which they borrowed from the Greeks, with whom they carried -on a great trade. The Lombards adopted the same practice -after the fashion of the Venetians, and accordingly the -great family of Monticuli took that name from their castle in -Lombardy called Montecuculi, it being on the top of a hill. -The great house of Colonna took its name from the town and -castle of Columna about the year 1156; and about the same -time the noble family of Ursini derived its name from an ancestor -nicknamed Ursus, or Orso, on account of his ferocity. -Other noble families adopted names from the nickname given -to an ancestor, as the illustrious family of Malaspina (the bad -thorn) of Pavia, and the family of Malatesta (the bad head). -The family of Frangipani, so formidable to the Popes, took -that name in the twelfth century. The Rangones of Rome -took their name from an estate of theirs in Germany. The -Viscontes of Milan were so called from their title of Viscount, -which was borne by one of the family. These names appear -for the first time in the latter end of the twelfth century. I consider -it but proper to observe, that for this information on the -subject of Italian surnames we are indebted to the antiquary -whose name I have already mentioned, the accurate and laborious -Muratori.</p> - -<p>To resume the history of surnames in Ireland. We have -seen in the last article that in the year 1682 the inferior -classes in Ireland, especially in Westmeath and the adjoining -counties, were very forward in accommodating themselves to -the English usages, particularly in their surnames, “which by -all manner of ways they strove to make English or English-like.” -This was more particularly the case after the defeat of -the Irish at the Boyne and Aughrim, when the Irish chieftains -were conquered, and the pride of the Irish people was -humbled. At this period, the Irish people, finding that their -ancient surnames sounded harshly in the ears of their conquerors -and new English masters, found it convenient to reduce -them as much as possible to the level of English pronunciation: -and they accordingly rejected in almost every instance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> -the O’ and Mac, and made various other changes in -their names, so as to give them an English appearance. Thus -a gentleman of the O’Neills in Tyrone changed his old name -of Felim O’Neill to Felix Neele, as we learn from an epigram -written in Latin on the subject by a witty scholar of the name -of Conway or Mac Conwy, whose Irish feeling had not been -blunted by the misfortunes of the times. The following translation -of this epigram is perhaps worth preserving:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">All things has Felix changed, he has changed his name;</div> -<div class="verse">Yea, in himself he is no more the same.</div> -<div class="verse">Scorning to spend his days where he was reared,</div> -<div class="verse">To drag out life among the vulgar herd,</div> -<div class="verse">Or trudge his way through bogs in bracks and brogues,</div> -<div class="verse">He changed his creed and joined the Saxon rogues</div> -<div class="verse">By whom his sires were robbed; he laid aside</div> -<div class="verse">The arms they bore for centuries with pride,</div> -<div class="verse">The Ship, the Salmon, and the famed Red Hand,</div> -<div class="verse">And blushed when called O’Neill in his own land!</div> -<div class="verse">Poor, paltry skulker from thy noble race,</div> -<div class="verse"><em>Infelix Felix</em>, weep for thy disgrace!</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Many others even of the most distinguished family names were -anglicised in a similar manner, as O’Conor to Conors and Coniers, -O’Brien to Brine, Mac Carthy to Carty, &c. The respectability -of the O’s and Macs, however, was kept up on the -Continent by the warriors of the Irish Brigade, who preserved -every mark that would prove them to be of Irish origin; the Irish -having at this period become so illustrious for their military -skill, valour, and politeness, that they were sought after by all -the powers on the Continent of Europe. Thus we find O’Donnell -made Field Marshal, Chief General of Cavalry, Governor-General -of Transylvania, and Grand Croix of the Military -Order of St Theresa. The O’Flanigan of Tuaraah (John), -in the county of Fermanagh, became Colonel in the imperial -service; and his brother James O’Flanigan was Lieutenant-General -of Dillon’s regiment in France. O’Mahony became a -Count and Lieutenant-General of his Catholic Majesty’s forces, -and his Ambassador Plenipotentiary at the Court of Vienna; -Mac Gawley of the county of Cork became Colonel of a regiment -in Spain; O’Neny of Tyrone settled at Brussels, -and became Count of the Roman Empire, Councillor of -State to her Imperial Majesty, and Chief President of the -Privy Council at Brussels. A branch of the family of -O’Callaghan, who followed the fortunes of King James II, -became Baron O’Callaghan, and Grand Veneur (chasseur) -to his Serene Highness the Prince Margrave of Baden-Baden. -The head of the O’Mullallys, or O’Lallys of Tulach -na dala, two miles to the west of Tuam, in the county -of Galway, settled in France and became Count Lally-Tollendal -and a General in the French service. O’Conor Roe -became Governor of Civita Vecchia, a sea-port of great trust -in the Pope’s dominions, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>The lustre derived from the renown of these warriors kept -up the respectability of the O’s and Macs on the Continent, and -induced many of the Irish at home to resume these prefixes, -especially the O’. Thus in our own time the name O’Conor -Don was assumed by Owen O’Conor, Esq. of Belanagare, -whose line was seven generations removed from the last ancestor -who had borne the name; and the name of the O’Grady -has also been assumed by Mr O’Grady of Kilballyowen, in -our own time, though none of his ancestors had borne it since -the removal of that family from Tomgraney, in the county of -Clare. Myles John O’Reilly, late of the Heath House, Queen’s -County, was at one time disposed to style himself the O’Reilly, -but I regret to say that his circumstances prevented him. Daniel -O’Connell, Esq. of Derrynane Abbey, prefixed the O’ after -it had been dropped for several generations; and I have heard -it constantly asserted that he has no <em>title</em> to the O’, because -his father, who did not know his pedigree, never prefixed it; -but such assertions have no weight with us, for we know that -O’Connell’s father never mentioned his own name in the original -Irish without prefixing O’, because it would be imperfect -without it. And whether O’Connell can trace his pedigree -with certainty up to Conall, chief of the tribe in the -tenth century, we know not, but we know that he ought to be -able to do so.</p> - -<p>In like manner, Morgan William O’Donovan, of Mountpelier, -near Cork, has not only re-assumed the O’ which his ancestors -had rejected for eight generations, but also has styled -himself the O’Donovan, chief of his name, being the next of kin -to the last acknowledged head of that family, the late General -Richard O’Donovan of Bawnlahan, whose family became extinct -in the year 1829. His example has been followed by -Timothy O’Donovan, of O’Donovan’s Cove, head of a respectable -branch of the family. We like this Irish pride of ancestry, -and we hope that it will become general before many years -shall have passed.</p> - -<p>There are other heads of families who retain their Irish -names with pride, as Sir Lucius O’Brien of Dromoland, in -Clare; Mac Dermot Roe of Alderford, in the county of Roscommon; -Mac Dermot of Coolavin, who is the lineal descendant -of the chief of Moylurg, and whose pedigree is as well -known as that of any royal family in Europe; O’Hara of Leyny, -in the county of Sligo; O’Dowda of Bunyconnellan, near Ballina, -in the county of Mayo; O’Loughlin of Burren, in the north -of the county of Clare; Mac Carthy of Carrignavar, near -Cork, who represents one of the noblest families in Ireland; -Mac Gillicuddy of the Reeks, in the county of Kerry, a collateral -branch of the same great family; O’Kelly of Ticooly, -in the county of Galway; O’Moore of Clough Castle, in the -King’s County; More O’Ferrall, M. P. O’Fflahertie, of Lemonfield, -in the same county; and John Augustus Mageoghegan -O’Neill, of Bunowen Castle, in the west of Connamara, in the -same county. We are not aware that any of the old families -of Leinster have preserved their ancient names unadulterated. -Of these, the Cavanaghs of Borris, in the county -of Carlow, are the most distinguished; and we indulge a hope -that the rising generation will soon resume the name of Mac -Murrogh Cavanagh, a name celebrated in Irish history for -great virtues as well as great vices.</p> - -<p>Among the less distinguished families, however, the translation -and anglicising of names have gone on to so great a degree -as to leave no doubt that in the course of half a century -it will be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish many families -of Irish name and origin from those of English name and -origin, unless, indeed, inquirers shall be enabled to do so by -the assistance of history and physiognomical characteristics. -The principal cause of the change of these names was the -difficulty which the magistrates and lawyers, who did not understand -the Irish language, found in pronouncing them, and -in consequence their constant habit of ridiculing them. This -made the Irish feel ashamed of all such names as were difficult -of pronunciation to English organs, and they were thus -led to change them by degrees, either by translating them -into what they conceived to be their meanings in English, by -assimilating them to local English surnames of respectable -families, or by paring them in such a manner as to make them -easy of pronunciation to English organs.</p> - -<p>The families among the lower ranks who have translated, -anglicised, or totally changed their ancient surnames, are -very numerous, and are daily becoming more and more so. -Besides the cause already mentioned, we can assign two -reasons for this rage which prevails at present among the -lower classes for the continued adoption of English surnames. -First, the English language is becoming that universally spoken -among these classes, and there are many Irish surnames -which do not seem to sound very euphoniously in that modern -language; and, secondly, the names translated or totally -changed are, with very few exceptions, of no celebrity in Irish -history; and when they do not sound well in English, the bearers -naturally wish to get rid of them, in order that they should not -be considered of Atticotic or plebeian Irish origin. As this -change is going on rapidly in every part of Ireland, I shall -here, for the information, if not for the amusement, of the -reader, give some account of the Milesian or Scotic names -that have thus become metamorphosed.</p> - -<p>And first, of names which have been translated correctly -or incorrectly. In the county of Sligo the ancient name of -O’Mulclohy has been metamorphosed into Stone, from an -idea that <i lang="ga">clohy</i>, the latter part of it, signifies a <em>stone</em>, but it -is a mere guess translation; so that in this instance this -people may be said to have taken a new name. In the county -of Leitrim, the ancient and by no means obscure name of -Mac Connava has been rendered Forde, from an erroneous -notion that <i lang="ga">ava</i>, the last part of it, is a corruption of <i lang="ga">atha</i>, <em>of -a ford</em>. This is also an instance of false translation, for we -know that Mac Connava, chief of Munter Kenny, in the -county of Leitrim, took his name from his ancestor Cusnava, -who flourished in the tenth century. In Thomond the -ancient name of O’Knavin is now often anglicised Bowen, -because Knavin signifies a <em>small bone</em>. This change was first -made by a butcher in Dublin, who should perhaps be excused, -as he conformed so well to the act of 5 Edward IV. In -Tirconnell the ancient name of O’Mulmoghery is now always -rendered Early, because <i lang="ga">moch-eirghe</i> signifies <em>early rising</em>. -This version, however, is excusable, though not altogether -correct. In Thomond, O’Marcachain is translated Ryder by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> -some, but anglicised Markham by others; and in the same -territory O’Lahiff is made Guthrie, which is altogether incorrect. -In Tyrone the ancient name of Mac Rory is now -invariably made Rogers, because Roger is assumed to be the -English Christian name corresponding to the Irish Ruaidhri or -Rory. In Connamara, in the west of the county of Galway, the -ancient name of Mac Conry is now always made King, because -it is assumed that <em>ry</em>, the last syllable of it, is from <i lang="ga">righ</i>, -a king; but this is a gross error, for this family, who are of -Dalcassian origin, took their surname from their ancestor -Curoi, a name which forms Conroi in the genitive case, and has -nothing to do with <i lang="ga">righ</i>, a king; and the Kings of Connamara -would therefore do well to drop their false name, a name to -which they have no right, and re-assume their proper ancient -and excellent name of Mac Conry, through which alone their -pedigree and their history can be traced.</p> - -<p>These examples, selected out of a long list of Irish surnames, -erroneously translated, are sufficient to show the false -process by which the Irish are getting rid of their ancient -surnames. I shall next exhibit a few specimens of Irish surnames -which have been assimilated to English or Scotch ones, -from a fancied resemblance in the sounds of both.</p> - -<p>In Ulster, Mac Mahon, the name of the celebrated chiefs -of Oriel, a name which, as we have already seen, the poet -Spenser attempted to prove to be an Irish form of Fitzursula, -is now very frequently anglicised Matthews; and Mac Cawell, -the name of the ancient chiefs of Kinel Ferady, is anglicised -Camphill, Campbell, Howell, and even Cauldfield. In Thomond, -the name O’Hiomhair is anglicised Howard among the -peasantry, and Ivers among the gentry, which looks strange -indeed! And in the same county, the ancient Irish name of -O’Beirne is metamorphosed to Byron; while in the original -locality of the name, in Tir-Briuin na Sinna, in the east of -the county of Roscommon, it is anglicised Bruin among the -peasantry; but among the gentry, who know the historical -respectability of the name, the original form O’Beirne is retained. -In the province of Connaught we have met a family -of the name of O’Heraghty, who anglicised their old Scotic -name to Harrington, an innovation which we consider almost -unpardonable. In the city of Limerick, the illustrious name of -O’Shaughnessy is metamorphosed to Sandys, by a family who -know their pedigree well; for no other reason, perhaps, than -to disguise the Irish origin of the family; but we are glad to -find it retained by the Roman Catholic Dean of Ennis, and -also by Mr O’Shaughnessy of Galway, who, though now reduced -to the capacity of a barber in the town of Galway, is -the chief of his name, and now the senior representative of -Guaire Aidhne, king of Connaught, who is celebrated in Irish -history as the personification of hospitality. Strange turn -of affairs! In the county of Londonderry, the celebrated old -name O’Brollaghan is made to look English by being transmuted -to Bradley, an English name of no lustre, at least in -Ireland. In the county of Fermanagh, the O’Creighans have -changed their name to Creighton, for no other reason than -because a Colonel Creighton lives in their vicinity; and in -the county of Leitrim, O’Fergus, the descendant of the ancient -Erenachs of Rossinver, has, we are sorry to say, lately -changed his name to Ferguson. Throughout the province of -Ulster generally, very extraordinary changes have been made -in the names of the aborigines; as, Mac Teige, to Montague; -O’Mulligan, to Molyneaux; Mac-Gillycuskly, to Cosgrove; -Mac Gillyglass, to Greene; O’Tuathalain, to Toland and -Thulis; O’Hay, to Hughes; O’Carellan, to Carleton, as, for instance, -our own William Carleton, the depicter of the manners, -customs, and superstitions of the Irish, who is of the old Milesian -race of the O’Cairellans, the ancient chiefs of Clandermot, -in the present county of Londonderry; O’Howen, to -Owens; Mac Gillyfinen, to Leonard; Mac Shane, to Johnson, -and even Johnston; O’Gneeve, to Agnew; O’Clery, to Clarke; -Mac Lave, to Hande; Mac Guiggin, to Goodwin; O’Hir, -to Hare; O’Luane, to Lamb; Mac Conin, to Canning; -O’Haughey, to Howe; O’Conwy, to Conway; O’Loingsy, to -Lynch; Mac Namee, to Meath, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>In Connaught, O’Greighan is changed to Graham; O’Cluman, -to Coalman; O’Naghton, to Norton; Mac Rannal, to -Reynolds; O’Heosa, to Hussey; Mac Firbis, to Forbes; -O’Hargadon, to Hardiman (the learned author of the History -of Galway, and compiler of the Irish Minstrelsy, is of this -name, and not of English origin, as the present form of his -name would seem to indicate); O’Mulfover, to Milford; -O’Tiompain, to Tenpenny; O’Conagan, to Conyngham; -O’Heyne, to Hindes and Hynes; O’Mulvihil, to Melville; -O’Rourke, to Rooke; Mac Gillakilly, to Cox and Woods. In -Munster, O’Sesnan is changed to Sexton; O’Shanahan, to -Fox; O’Turran, to Troy; O’Mulligan, to Baldwin; O’Hiskeen, -to Hastings; O’Nia, to Neville (in every instance!); -O’Corey, to Curry; O’Sheedy, to Silke; O’Mulfaver, to -Palmer; O’Trehy, to Foote; O’Honeen, to Greene; O’Connaing, -to Gunning; O’Murgaly, to Morley; O’Kinsellagh, to -Kingsley and Tinsly; Mac Gillymire, to Merryman; O’Hehir, -to Hare; O’Faelchon, to Wolfe; O’Barran, to Barrington; -O’Keatey, to Keating; O’Connowe, to Conway; O’Credan, -to Creed; O’Feehily, to Pickley; O’Ahern, to Heron, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>Scores of similar instances might be given, but the number -exhibited is sufficient to show the manner in which the Irish -are assimilating their names with those of their conquerors.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">SCRAP FROM THE NORTHERN SCRIP.</h2> - -<p class="center">Translated for the Irish Penny Journal, from the publications of the Royal -Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen.</p> - -<h3>NO. II.—AN IRISH HERDSMAN’S DOG.</h3> - -<p>After King Olave had married his Irish spouse Gyda, he -dwelt partly in England, partly in Ireland. While King -Olave was in Ireland, it so happened that he was engaged in -a certain expedition attended by a great naval force. When -they were short of plunder, they went ashore, and drove off a -great multitude of cattle. Then a certain peasant followed -them, begging that they would return him the cows which belonged -to him in the herd they were driving away. King -Olave answered, “Drive off your cows, if you know them, -and can separate them from the herd of oxen, so as not to -delay our journey; but I believe that neither you nor any -one else can do this, from among so many hundreds of oxen -as we are driving.” The peasant had a large herdsman’s -dog, which he ordered to sort the herds of oxen that were -collected. The dog ran about through all the herds of oxen, -and drove off as many oxen as the peasant had said he -wanted; all these oxen were marked in the same manner, from -which they inferred that the dog had rightly distinguished -them. Then the king says, “Your dog is very sagacious, -peasant! will you give me the dog?” He answered, “I will, -with pleasure.” The king immediately gave him a large gold -ring, and promised him his friendship. This dog was named -Vigins, and he was of all dogs the most sagacious and the -best; that dog was long in King Olave’s possession.</p> - -<p class="right">G. D.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ANIMAL HEAT.</h2> - -<h3>First Article.</h3> - -<p>A few years ago a conjuror made his appearance in London, -whose performances were so wonderful that his audience, instead -of being confined to the foolish and thoughtless people -who usually encourage such exhibitions, included many of the -most eminent philosophers and scientific men of the day. It -may naturally be supposed that his feats must have been more -than usually ingenious, to attract persons of such consequence; -and indeed many of them were so wonderful, that, had he ventured -to exhibit them a century or two ago, they would inevitably -have led him to the stake or the scaffold, for having too -intimate an acquaintance with a certain disreputable personage -whom it is not necessary to particularize by name. This -great conjuror defied all the ordinary laws of nature. He -would not condescend to exhibit such vulgar mountebank -tricks as crunching red-hot coals in his mouth, and dining on -tenpenny nails; but he struck the faculty with the greatest -horror, by making poison of all kinds his common food; -breakfasting on a strong solution of arsenic, and taking a -short drachm of prussic acid before dinner, as a whet for his -appetite. More wonderful still was his manner of preparing -this dinner: he used to have an oven heated intensely, every -day, into which he walked, or crawled, with the greatest composure, -taking with him a raw beef-steak, which in the course -of seven or eight minutes was well cooked by the intense heat of -the place, whilst the only effect of its high temperature on him -was to quicken his pulse a little, and produce a gentle perspiration. -Fire, indeed, appeared his element, and so perfectly -could he control and master it, that he received almost by -acclamation the title of “the Fire King.”</p> - -<p>Human greatness, however is but transitory, and even the -laurels of the Fire King were wrested from him by the envious -doctors of the metropolis, who wished him to drink prussic -acid of <em>their own manufacture</em>, an invitation which he very politely -and prudently declined. But though on this account<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> -suspicion was cast on his pretensions as a poison-drinker, yet -his reputation as a “Fire King” remained untarnished. He -could continue in an oven heated above the temperature at -which water boils, and he did so daily. There was no trick -in this performance, for he used to take raw eggs into the -oven with him, and send them out to the company, well done -by the heat of the place alone. It was thought no man could -imitate his example. But however wonderful the feats of this -conjuror may appear to persons unacquainted with science, -and while it must be confessed they were performed with an -appearance of daring and temerity which certainly entitled -the exhibitor to some degree of praise, yet his performances -were merely a striking illustration of the power which every -individual possesses of regulating the temperature of his own -body; and there was scarcely one person of his audience but -might himself have been the exhibitor, with very little training -and with very little courage.</p> - -<p>Of all the functions of the human body one of the most -wonderful is that by which it maintains in every climate, and -in every variety of season, an almost equal temperature. It -would appear to be necessary for the due performance of the -vital functions that this temperature should never suffer any -great degree of variation, and nature has accordingly provided -the means by which, when exposed to cold, the body can -generate heat; and when exposed to heat, so reduce its temperature -that no inconvenience shall result. Before considering -the manner in which these very different though equally -necessary results are produced, it will not be uninteresting to -notice a few examples of the power of endurance shown by -human beings and the lower animals in regard to extremes -of temperature. In another paper we will endeavour to explain -the cause.</p> - -<p>One of the most striking and familiar of the laws of heat is -what is termed by philosophers “its tendency to an equilibrium.” -For instance, if a heated iron ball is suspended -nearly in contact with one quite cold, the former in a short -time will have imparted so much of its heat to the latter that -they will soon become almost of equal temperature. If a -penny piece is thrown into a kettle of boiling water it will -soon become as hot as the boiling water itself. If a cup of -water is exposed to a temperature below 32 degrees, it parts -with so much of its natural heat, to come into a state of equilibrium -with the medium in which it is placed, that it is converted -into ice. These and many more familiar instances -might be mentioned as illustrating the law of heat above -alluded to. In short, it may be received as one of the best established -facts in philosophy, that any substance, no matter -what may be its texture or natural qualities, provided it does -not possess life, will soon acquire and maintain the same temperature -as that of the medium in which it is placed, so long -as it continues in that medium. A piece of the metal platinum -in the furnace of a glass-house may be kept at a white heat -for years; a similar piece of metal, in an ice-house, will remain -below 32 degrees so long as it is kept there.</p> - -<p>It would be unnecessary to notice so particularly these -well-known facts, but that they will tend to render more striking -the power which living bodies possess of resisting the law -to which all unorganized bodies are subject. Any thing possessing -life <em>can maintain a different temperature to the medium -in which it lives</em>. The natural heat of fishes is two or three -degrees above that of the water in which they live; the natural -heat of creatures which live within the bowels of the earth, -like the earth-worm for example, is as much above the usual -temperature of the earth; while man himself maintains the -heat of his body, as shown by the thermometer placed under -the tongue or armpits, at about 98 degrees, under every -variety of season, and in every climate under the sun. Were -a human being to be kept imprisoned in an ice-house, the heat -of his body could never sink to 32 degrees (the freezing point) -while life remained. In these mighty reservoirs of ice and -cold, the arctic regions, the blood of the rude creatures who -exist there is as warm as that of ourselves; and at the torrid -zone, where the heat of the sun is almost insupportable, the -animal heat of the human frame is only one or two degrees -higher than it is at the frozen poles.</p> - -<p>The power of the superior animals, and especially of man, -to resist high degrees of temperature, is very extraordinary. -The account of the performances of the “Fire King” already -noticed, is a sufficient proof of this. Dr Southwood Smith, -in his excellent treatise on “Animal Physiology,” gives a far -more interesting description, however, of the accidental discovery -of this property of life, from which we quote the following -particulars:—“In the year 1760, at Rochefoucault, -Messrs Du Hamel and Tillet, having occasion to use a large -public oven on the same day in which bread had been baked -in it, wished to ascertain with precision its degree of temperature. -This they endeavoured to accomplish by introducing -a thermometer into the oven at the end of a shovel. On -being withdrawn, the thermometer indicated a degree of heat -considerably above that of boiling water; but M. Tillet, convinced -that the thermometer had fallen several degrees on -approaching the mouth of the oven, and appearing to be at a -loss how to rectify this error, a girl, one of the attendants on -the oven, offered to enter and mark with a pencil the height -at which the thermometer stood within the oven. The girl -smiled at M. Tillet’s appearing to hesitate at this strange -proposition, and entering the oven, marked with a pencil the -thermometer as standing at 260 degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale. -M. Tillet began to express his anxiety for the welfare of his -female assistant, and to press her return. This female salamander, -however, assuring him that she felt no inconvenience -from her situation, remained there ten minutes longer, when -at length, the thermometer standing at that time at 288 degrees, -or 76 degrees above that of boiling water, she came out -of the oven, her complexion indeed considerably heightened, -but her respiration by no means quick or laborious. The publication -of this transaction exciting a great degree of attention, -several philosophers repeated similar experiments, -amongst which the most accurate and decisive were those performed -by Doctors Fordyce and Blagden. The rooms in -which these celebrated experimenters conducted their researches -were heated by flues in the floor. There was neither -any chimney in them, nor any vent for the air, excepting -through the crevice at the door. Having taken off his coat, -waistcoat, and shirt, and being furnished with wooden shoes -tied on with lint, Dr Blagden went into one of the rooms as -soon as the thermometer indicated a degree of heat above -that of boiling water. The first impression of this heated air -upon his body was exceedingly disagreeable, but in a few -minutes his uneasiness was removed by a profuse perspiration. -At the end of twelve minutes he left the room, very much -fatigued, but no otherwise disordered. The thermometer -had risen to 220 degrees; the boiling point is 212 degrees. -In other experiments it was found that a heat even of 260 -degrees could be borne with tolerable ease. At these high -temperatures every piece of metal about the body of the experimenters -became intolerably hot; small quantities of water -placed in metallic vessels quickly boiled. Though the air of -this room, which at one period indicated a heat of 264 degrees, -could be breathed with impunity, yet of course the finger -could not be put into the boiling water, which indicated only -a heat of 212 degrees; nor could it bear the touch of quicksilver -heated only to 120 degrees, nor scarcely that of spirits -of wine at 110 degrees. But in a physiological view, the most -curious and important point to be noticed is, that while the -body was thus exposed to a temperature of 264 degrees, the -heat of the body itself never rose above 101 degrees, or at -most 102 degrees. In one experiment, while the heat of the -room was 202 degrees, the heat of the body was only 99½ -degrees; its natural temperature in a state of health being -98 degrees.”</p> - -<p>A similar power of withstanding extreme degrees of temperature -is one of the peculiar properties of every thing possessing -life. It is well known that an egg containing the living -principle possesses the power of self-preservation for several -weeks, although exposed to a degree of heat which would -occasion the putrifaction of dead animal matter. During the -period of incubation (hatching) the egg is kept at a heat of -103 degrees, the hen’s egg for three, that of the duck for -four weeks; yet when the chick is hatched, the entire yolk is -found perfectly sweet, and that part of the white which has -not been expended in the nourishment of the young bird is -also quite fresh. It is found that if the living principle be -destroyed, as it may be instantaneously, by passing the electric -fluid through the egg, it becomes putrid in the same time -as other dead animal matter. The power of the egg in resisting -cold is proved to be equally great by several curious -experiments of Hunter, the celebrated physiologist, which -were so managed as to show at the same time both the power -of the vital principle in resisting the physical agent, and -the influence of the physical agent in diminishing the energy -of the vital principle. Thus he exposed an egg to the temperature -of 17 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, he found -that it took about half an hour to freeze it. When thawed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> -and again exposed to a cold atmosphere, it was frozen in one -half the time, and when only at the temperature of 25 degrees. -He then put a fresh egg, and one that had previously -been frozen and again thawed, into a cold mixture at 15 degrees: -the dead egg was frozen twenty-five minutes sooner -than the fresh one. It is obvious that in the one case the undiminished -vitality of the fresh egg enabled it to resist the low -temperature for so long a period; in the other case the diminished -or destroyed vitality of the frozen egg occasioned -it speedily to yield to the influence of the physical agent.</p> - -<p>Animals can withstand the effects of heat far better than -the severity of cold. The human frame suffers comparatively -little even in the burning deserts of Arabia, compared with -what it endures in those wastes of ice and snow which form -the polar regions. Here the body is stunted in its growth; -there is no energy of mind or character; and life itself is only -preserved by extraordinary care and attention. When a -person is exposed to intense cold, it produces partial imbecility; -he neglects even those precautions which may enable -him to withstand its severity. He refuses to exercise his -limbs, without which they become torpid; and, unable to resist -the drowsiness that seizes on his frame, he resigns himself to -its influence, becomes insensible, and dies. Even in our own -climate this is not an unfrequent occurrence; and we cannot -conclude this paper better than by quoting the expressive -lines of Thomson, describing the death of an unhappy peasant -from the severity of a winter storm:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">As thus the snows arise; and foul, and fierce,</div> -<div class="verse">All winter drives along the darkened air;</div> -<div class="verse">In his own loose revolving fields, the swain</div> -<div class="verse">Disaster’d stands; sees other hills ascend,</div> -<div class="verse">Of unknown joyless brow; and other scenes,</div> -<div class="verse">Of horrid prospect, shag the trackless plain:</div> -<div class="verse">Nor finds the river nor the forest, hid</div> -<div class="verse">Beneath the formless wild; but wanders on</div> -<div class="verse">From hill to dale, still more and more astray,</div> -<div class="verse">Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps,</div> -<div class="verse">Stung with the thoughts of home; the thoughts of home</div> -<div class="verse">Rush on his nerves, and call their vigour forth</div> -<div class="verse">In many a vain attempt. How sinks his soul!</div> -<div class="verse">What black despair, what horror fills his breast!</div> -<div class="verse">When for the dusky spot, which fancy feign’d</div> -<div class="verse">His tufted cottage rising through the snow,</div> -<div class="verse">He meets the roughness of the middle waste</div> -<div class="verse">Far from the track and blest abode of man,</div> -<div class="verse">While round him might resistless closes fast,</div> -<div class="verse">And every tempest, howling o’er his head,</div> -<div class="verse">Renders the savage wildness more wild.</div> -<div class="verse">Then throng the busy shapes into his mind,</div> -<div class="verse">Of covered pits unfathomably deep,</div> -<div class="verse">A dire descent! beyond the power of frost;</div> -<div class="verse">Of faithless bogs; Of precipices huge</div> -<div class="verse">Smoothed up with snow; and what is land, unknown,</div> -<div class="verse">What water of the still unfrozen spring,</div> -<div class="verse">In the loose marsh or solitary lake,</div> -<div class="verse">Where the fresh fountain from the bottom boils.</div> -<div class="verse">These check his fearful steps; and down he sinks</div> -<div class="verse">Beneath the shelter of the shapeless drift,</div> -<div class="verse">Thinking o’er all the bitterness of death,</div> -<div class="verse">Mix’d with the tender anguish nature shoots</div> -<div class="verse">Through the wrung bosom of the dying man—</div> -<div class="verse">His wife—his children—and his friends unseen.</div> -<div class="verse">In vain for him the officious wife prepares</div> -<div class="verse">The fire, fair, blazing, and the vestment warm.</div> -<div class="verse">In vain his little children, peeping out</div> -<div class="verse">Into the mingling storm, demand their sire</div> -<div class="verse">With tears of artless innocence. Alas!</div> -<div class="verse">Nor wife, nor children more shall he behold—</div> -<div class="verse">Nor friends, nor sacred home. On every nerve</div> -<div class="verse">The deadly winter seizes; shuts up sense,</div> -<div class="verse">And, o’er his inmost vitals creeping cold,</div> -<div class="verse">Lays him along the snows, a stiffened corse,</div> -<div class="verse">Stretch’d out, and bleaching in the northern blast.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse right">J. S. D.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Gravity.</span>—Gravity is an arrant scoundrel, and one of the -most dangerous kind too, because a sly one; and we verily believe -that more honest, well-meaning people are bubbled out -of their goods and money by it in one twelvemonth, than by -pocket-picking and shop-lifting in seven. The very essence -of gravity is design, and consequently deceit; it is in fact a -taught trick to gain credit with the world for more sense and -knowledge than a man is really worth.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">WAR.</h2> - -<p>War, it is said, kindles patriotism; by fighting for our country -we learn to love it. But the patriotism which is cherished by -war, is ordinarily false and spurious, a vice and not a virtue, a -scourge to the world, a narrow unjust passion, which aims to -exalt a particular state on the humiliation and destruction of -other nations. A genuine enlightened patriot discerns that -the welfare of his own country is involved in the general progress -of society; and in the character of a patriot, as well -as of a Christian, he rejoices in the liberty and prosperity of -other communities, and is anxious to maintain with them the -relations of peace and amity.</p> - -<p>It is said that a military spirit is the defence of a country. -But it more frequently endangers the vital interests of a nation, -by embroiling it with other states. This spirit, like every -other passion, is impatient for gratification, and often precipitates -a country into unnecessary war. A people have no -need of a military spirit. Let them be attached to their government -and institutions by habit, by early associations, and -especially by experimental conviction of their excellence, and -they will never want means or spirit to defend them.</p> - -<p>War is recommended as a method of redressing national -grievances. But unhappily the weapons of war, from their -very nature, are often wielded most successfully by the unprincipled. -Justice and force have little congeniality. Should -not Christians everywhere strive to promote the reference of -national as well as of individual disputes to an impartial umpire? -Is a project of this nature more extravagant than the -idea of reducing savage hordes to a state of regular society? -The last has been accomplished. Is the first to be abandoned -in despair?</p> - -<p>It is said that war sweeps off the idle, dissolute, and vicious -members of the community. Monstrous argument! If a -government may for this end plunge a nation into war, it may -with equal justice consign to the executioner any number of -its subjects whom it may deem a burden on the state. The -fact is, that war commonly generates as many profligates as -it destroys. A disbanded army fills the community with at -least as many abandoned members as at first it absorbed.</p> - -<p>It is sometimes said that a military spirit favours liberty. -But how is it, that nations, after fighting for ages, are so generally -enslaved? The truth is, that liberty has no foundation -but in private and public virtue; and virtue, as we have -seen, is not the common growth of war.</p> - -<p>But the great argument remains to be discussed. It is said -that without war to excite and invigorate the human mind, -some of its noblest energies will slumber, and its highest qualities, -courage, magnanimity, fortitude, will perish. To this -I answer, that if war is to be encouraged among nations -because it nourishes energy and heroism, on the same principle -war in our families, and war between neighbourhoods, -villages, and cities, ought to be encouraged; for such contests -would equally tend to promote heroic daring and contempt of -death. Why shall not different provinces of the same empire -annually meet with the weapons of death, to keep alive their -courage? We shrink at this suggestion with horror; but -why shall contests of nations, rather than of provinces or -families, find shelter under this barbarous argument?</p> - -<p>I observe again: if war be a blessing, because it awakens energy -and courage, then the savage state is peculiarly privileged; -for every savage is a soldier, and his whole modes of life tend -to form him to invincible resolution. On the same principle, -those early periods of society were happy, when men were -called to contend, not only with one another, but with beasts -of prey; for to these excitements we owe the heroism of Hercules -and Theseus. On the same principle, the feudal ages -were more favoured than the present; for then every baron -was a military chief, every castle frowned defiance, and every -vassal was trained to arms. And do we really wish that the -earth should again be overrun with monsters, or abandoned -to savage or feudal violence, in order that heroes may be multiplied? -If not, let us cease to vindicate war as affording -excitement to energy and courage.—<cite>Channing.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">Suffer not your spirit to be subdued by misfortunes, but, -on the contrary, steer right onward, with a courage greater -than your fate seems to allow.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">John Menzies</span>, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; -and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -50, June 12, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 12, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55518-h.htm or 55518-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/1/55518/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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