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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain - Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time - -Author: William Andrews - -Release Date: August 17, 2017 [EBook #55375] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FROSTS *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<h1>FAMOUS FROSTS AND FROST FAIRS.</h1> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="bbox"> - -<p><i>Number <span class="u">389</span></i></p> - -<p><i>Of Four-Hundred Copies -printed.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">FROST FAIR ON THE RIVER THAMES, IN 1814.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="larger">FAMOUS FROSTS</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">AND</span><br /> -<span class="larger">FROST FAIRS</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">IN</span><br /> -GREAT BRITAIN.</p> - -<p class="titlepage gothic">Chronicled from the Earliest to -the Present Time.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -<i>WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.</i>,<br /> -<span class="smaller">Author of “Historic Romance,” “Modern Yorkshire Poets,” etc.</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br /> -GEORGE REDWAY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.<br /> -1887.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> - -<p>The aim of this book is to furnish a reliable account of remarkable -frosts occurring in this country from the earliest period in -our Annals to the present time. In many instances, I have given -particulars as presented by contemporary writers of the scenes and -circumstances described.</p> - -<p>In the compilation of this Chronology, several hundred books, -magazines, and newspapers, have been consulted, and a complete list -would fill several pages. I must not, however, omit to state that I -have derived much valuable information from a scarce book printed -on the Ice of the River Thames, in the year 1814, and published under -the title of “Frostiana.” I have gleaned information from the late -Mr. Cornelius Walford’s “Famines of the World,” which includes a -carefully prepared summary of “The Great Frosts of History.” -Some of the poems in my pages, bibliographical notes and facts, are -culled from Dr. Rimbault’s “Old Ballads Illustrating the Great Frost -of 1683-4,” issued by the Percy Society. It will be also observed -that I have drawn curious information from Parish Registers and old -Parish Accounts.</p> - -<p>Several ladies and gentlemen have rendered me great assistance, -and amongst the number must be named, with gratitude, Mrs. George -Linnæus Banks, author of “The Manchester Man;” Mr. Jesse Quail, -<span class="smcapuc">F.S.S.</span>, editor of the <cite>Northern Daily Telegraph</cite>; Mr. C. H. Stephenson, -actor, author, and antiquary; Mr W. H. K. Wright, <span class="smcapuc">F.R.H.S.</span>, editor of -the <cite>Western Antiquary</cite>; Mr. W. G. B. Page, of the Hull Subscription<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> -Library; Mr. Frederick Ross, <span class="smcapuc">F.R.H.S.</span>, and Mr. Ernest E. Baker, editor -of the “Somersetshire Reprints.” Mr. E. H. Coleman kindly prepared -for me a long list of books and magazines containing articles -on this subject. I have to thank Mr. Mason Jackson, the author of -“The Pictorial Press,” for kindly presenting to me the quaint cut -which appears on page 29 of my work.</p> - -<p>In 1881, the greater part of the matter contained in this book -appeared in the <cite>Bradford Times</cite>, a well-conducted journal, under the -able editorship of Mr. W. H. Hatton, <span class="smcapuc">F.R.H.S.</span> The articles attracted -more than local attention, and I was pressed to reproduce them in a -volume, but owing to various circumstances, I have not been able -to comply with the request until now. The record is now brought -up to date, and many facts and particulars, gleaned since the articles -appeared, have been added.</p> - -<p class="right">WILLIAM ANDREWS.</p> - -<p class="smaller hanging">Rose Cottage, Hessle, Hull,<br /> -January, 1887.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/header.jpg" width="500" height="115" alt="Decorative header" /> -</div> - -<h2>Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain.</h2> - -<div class="sidenote">A.D.</div> - -<p> </p> - -<div class="sidenote">134</div> - -<p>Thames frozen over for two months.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">153</div> - -<p>Very severe frost, lasting nearly three months. -English rivers frozen, including the Thames.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">173</div> - -<p>A frost lasted three months, and was followed by -a dearth.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">220</div> - -<p>A continuous frost of five months in Britain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">250</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for nine weeks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">290-91</div> - -<p>Severe frost lasted six weeks. English rivers -frozen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">359</div> - -<p>The frost very severe in England and Scotland. It -lasted fourteen weeks in the latter country.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">474</div> - -<p>Four months’ frost, and great snow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">507-8</div> - -<p>Frost lasted two months: rivers frozen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">525</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for six weeks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">604</div> - -<p>A frost lasting four months, followed by dearth in -Scotland: also very severe in England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">670</div> - -<p>“A fatal frost.”—<span class="smcap">Short.</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">695</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for six weeks, and booths erected on -the ice.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">759-60</div> - -<p>Frost from October 1st, 759, to February 26th, 760.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">821</div> - -<p>Great frost after two or three weeks’ rain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">827</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for nine weeks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">908</div> - -<p>The greater part of the English rivers frozen for two -months.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">923</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for thirteen weeks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">962</div> - -<p>The frost this year was so great as to cause a famine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">975</div> - -<p>Severe frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">987</div> - -<p>This year is notable for a frost lasting one hundred -and twenty days.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">998</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for five weeks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1020</div> - -<p>Very severe frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1035</div> - -<p>Short says: “Frost on Midsummer day; all grass -and grain and fruit destroyed; a dearth.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1059</div> - -<p>Great frost, followed by a severe plague and famine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1061</div> - -<p>Thames frozen for seven weeks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1063</div> - -<p>Fourteen weeks’ frost: Thames frozen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1076-7</div> - -<p>Frost lasted from 1st November, 1076, to 15th -April, 1077. It is recorded in the “Harleian -Miscellany,” iii, page 167, that: “In the -tenth year of his [William the Conqueror] reign, -the cold of winter was exceeding memorable, both -for sharpness and for continuance; for the earth -remained hard from the beginning of November -until the midst of April then ensuing.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1086</div> - -<p>According to Walford’s “Insurance Cyclopædia,” -“The weather was so inclement that in the unusual -efforts made to warm the houses, nearly all -the chief cities of the kingdom were destroyed -by fire, including a great part of London and St. -Paul’s.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1092</div> - -<p>In this year occurred a famous frost, and it is stated, -in the quaint language of an old chronicler, that -“the great streams [of England] were congealed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -in such a manner that they could draw two -hundred horsemen and carriages over them; whilst -at their thawing, many bridges, both of wood and -stone, were borne down, and divers water-mills -were broken up and carried away.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1095-99</div> - -<p>Very severe winters.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1114-15</div> - -<p>The following is from an “Old Chronicle:” “Great -frost; timber bridges broken down by weight of -ice. This year was the winter so severe with -snow and frost, that no man who was then living -ever remembered one more severe; in consequence -of which there was great destruction of -cattle.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1121-22</div> - -<p>A severe frost killed the grain crops. A famine -followed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1128</div> - -<p>Very severe frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1149-50</div> - -<p>Frost lasted from 10th December to 19th February.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1154</div> - -<p>A great frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1176</div> - -<p>A frost lasted from Christmas to Candlemas.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1205</div> - -<p>In Stow’s “Chronicle,” it is recorded that on the 14th -day of January, 1205, “began a frost which continued<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -till the 20th day of March, so that no -ground could be tilled; whereof it came to passe -that, in the summer following, a quarter of wheat -was sold for a mark of silver in many places of -England, which for the most part, in the days of -King Henry II., was sold for twelve pence; a -quarter of oats for forty pence, that were wont to -be sold for fourpence. Also the money was so -sore clipped that there was no remedy but to have -it renewed.” Short states, “Frozen ale and wine -sold by weight.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1207</div> - -<p>Fifteen weeks’ frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1209</div> - -<p>A long and hard winter followed by dearth.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1221</div> - -<p>Severe frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1226</div> - -<p>Severe frost and snow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1233</div> - -<p>Frost lasted until Candlemas.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1234-35</div> - -<p>Penkethman gives the following particulars of -this frost: “18 Henry III. was a great frost at -Christmasse, which destroyed the corne in the -ground, and the roots and hearbs in the gardens, -continuing till Candlemasse without any snow, so -that no man could plough the ground, and all the -yeare after was unseasonable weather, so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -barrenesse of all things ensued, and many poor -folks died for the want of victualls, the rich being -so bewitched with avarice that they could yield -them no reliefe.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1241</div> - -<p>A great frost after a heavy fall of snow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1250</div> - -<p>Very severe frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1254</div> - -<p>A severe frost from 1st January to 14th March.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1263</div> - -<p>On St. Nicholas’s Day a month’s hard frost set in.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1269</div> - -<p>A frost lasted from 30th November to the 2nd -February.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1281-2</div> - -<p>“From Christmas to the Purification of Our -Lady, there was such a frost and snow as no -man living could remember the like: where, -through five arches of London Bridge, and all -Rochester Bridge, were borne downe and carried -away by the streame; and the like hapned to -many other bridges in England. And, not long -after, men passed over the Thames between Westminster -and Lambeth dryshod.”—Stow, edited by -Howes, 1631.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1288</div> - -<p>Great frost and snow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1337</div> - -<p>Severe frost without snow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1338</div> - -<p>Twelve weeks’ frost, after rain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1353</div> - -<p>A frost from 6th December to 12th March.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1363-64</div> - -<p>“Very terrible” frost from 16th September to 6th -April.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1407</div> - -<p>A frost lasted fourteen weeks.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1410</div> - -<p>It is recorded in the “Chronicles of the Grey Friars -of London,” as follows: “Thys yere was the -grete frost and ise, and most sharpest winter that -ever man sawe, and it duryd fourteen wekes, so -that men myght in dyvers places both goo and -ryde over the Temse.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1434-35</div> - -<p>Stow records that the Thames was frozen, from -below London Bridge to Gravesend, from December -25th to February 10th, when the merchandise -which came to the Thames mouth was carried to -London by land.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1438</div> - -<p>A long frost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1506</div> - -<p>We find this entry in the “Chronicles of Grey Friars -of London”: “Such a sore snowe and a frost that -men myght goo with carttes over the Temse and -horses, and it lastyed tylle Candlemas.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1515</div> - -<p>The Thames frozen, and carts crossed on the ice to -and from Lambeth to Westminster.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1523</div> - -<p>Very severe frost.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1564-65</div> - -<p>Interesting particulars of this severe frost are -given in Stow’s “Annals,” and Holinshed’s -“Chronicle.” The latter historian says that the -frost continued to such an extremity that, on New -Year’s Eve, “People went over and alongst the -Thames on the ise, from London Bridge to Westminster. -Some plaied at the football as boldlie there, -as if it had been on the drie land; divers of the court -being then at Westminster, shot dailie at prickes set -upon the Thames; and the people, both men and -women, went on the Thames in greater numbers -than in anie street of the Citie of London. On -the third daie of January, at night, it began to -thaw, and on the fifth there was no ise to be seene -betweene London Bridge and Lambeth, which -sudden thaw caused great floods, and high -waters, that bare downe bridges and houses, and -drowned manie people in England, especiallie in -Yorkshire. Owes Bridge was borne awaie, with -others.” There is a tradition that Queen Elizabeth -walked upon the ice.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1607</div> - -<p>An old tradition still lingers in Derbyshire, respecting -the famous Bess of Hardwick, to the -effect that a fortune teller told her that her -death would not happen as long as she continued -building. She caused to be erected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -several noble structures, including Hardwick and -Chatsworth, two of the most stately homes of -old England. Her death occurred in the year 1607, -during a very severe frost, when the -workmen could not continue their labours, -although they tried to mix their mortar with -hot ale.</p> - -<p>Malt liquor in the days of yore was believed -to add to the durability of mortar, and items -bearing on this subject occur in parish accounts. -The following entries are extracted from the -parish books of Ecclesfield, South Yorkshire:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1619</div> - -<table summary="Entries from the parish books of Ecclesfield"> - <tr> - <td>Itm. 7 metts [<i>i.e.</i> bushels] of lyme for poynting some - places in the church wall, and on the leades</td> - <td class="tdr">ij<i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">iiij<i>d.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Itm. For 11 gallands of strong liquor for the blending of the lyme</td> - <td class="tdr">iij<i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">viij<i>d.</i></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Two years later we find mention of “strong -liquor” for pointing and ale for drinking:—</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1621</div> - -<table summary="Entries from the parish books of Ecclesfield"> - <tr> - <td>For a secke of malt for pointing steeple</td> - <td class="tdr">viij<i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To Boy wyfe for Brewing itt</td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr">vj<i>d.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>For xvij gallons of strong Lycker</td> - <td class="tdr">vij<i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">4<i>d.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>For sixe gallons of ale wch. we besttowed of the workmen - whilst they was pointing steeple</td> - <td class="tdr">ij<i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>For egges for poynting church</td> - <td class="tdr">ij<i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>Many of the old parish accounts contain items -similar to the foregoing.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1607</div> - -<p>The following is an abstract from Drake’s “Eboracum; -or, the History and Antiquities of York;” -“About Martinmass (1607) began an extream frost; -the river Ouze was wholly frozen up, so hard -that you might have passed with cart and carriage -as well as upon firm ground. Many -sports were practised upon the ice, as shooting at -eleven score, says my ancient authority, bowling, -playing at football, cudgels, &c. And a horse-race -was run from the tower at S. Mary[’s] Gate End -along and under the great arch of the bridge to the -Crain at Skeldergate postern.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1608</div> - -<p>This year a frost fair was held upon the Thames. -Edmund Howes, in his “Continuation of the -Abridgement of Stow’s English Chronicle,” 1611, -p. 481, gives the following curious account of it: -“The 8th of December began a hard frost, and -continued untill the 15th of the same, and then -thawed; the 22nd of December it began againe -to freeze violently, so as divers persons went -halfe way over the Thames upon the ice: and -the 30th of December, at every ebbe, for the flood -removed the ice, and forced the people daily to -tread new paths, except only betweene Lambeth -and the ferry at Westminster, the which, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -incessant treading, became very firm, and free -passage, untill the great thaw: and from Sunday, -the tenth of January, untill the fifteenth of the -same, the frost grew so extreme, as the ice became -firme, and removed not, and then all sorts of men, -women, and children, went boldly upon the ice in -most parts; some shot at prickes, others bowled and -danced, with other variable pastimes; by reason of -which concourse of people were many that set up -boothes and standings upon the ice, as fruit-sellers, -victuallers, that sold beere and wine, shoemakers, -and a barber’s tent, etc.” It is also stated that the -tents &c. had fires in them. The artichokes in the -gardens about London were killed by the frost. The -ice lasted until the afternoon of the 2nd of February. -Gough presented to the Bodleian Library, a rare -tract containing a wood-cut representation of the -Thames in its frozen state, with a view of London -Bridge in the distance. It is entitled: “Cold -Doings in London, except it be at the Lottery, -with Newes out of the Country. A familliar talk -between a Countryman and a Citizen, touching -this terrible Frost, and the Great Lottery, and -the effect of them.” London, 1608, quarto.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1609</div> - -<p>Great frost commenced in October, and lasted four -months. The Thames frozen, and heavy carriages -driven over it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1614</div> - -<p>It is recorded in Drake’s “Eboracum” as follows: -“On the 16th of January the same year [1614] it -began to snow and freeze, and so by intervals -snowing without any thaw till the 7th of March -following; at which time was such a heavy snow -upon the earth as was not remembered by any -man then living. It pleased God that at the -thaw fell very little rain, nevertheless the flood -was so great, that the Ouze ran down North -Street and Skeldergate with such violence as to -force all the inhabitants of those streets to leave -their houses. This inundation chanced to happen -in the Assize week, John Armitage, Esquire, -being then High Sheriff of Yorkshire. Business -was hereby much obstructed; at Ouze bridge -end were four boats continually employed in carrying -people [a]cross the river; the like in Walmgate -[a]cross the Foss. Ten days this inundation -continued at the height, and many bridges were -driven down by it in the country, and much land -overflown. After this storm, says my manuscript, -followed such fair and dry weather, that in April -the ground was as dusty as in any time of summer. -This drought continued till the 20th of -August following without any rain at all; and -made such a scarcity of hay, beans, and barley, -that the former was sold at York for 30s. and 40s.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -a wayne load, and at Leeds for four pounds.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1615</div> - -<p>A severe frost from the 17th January to 7th March. -In 1814 a tract was republished entitled “The -Cold Yeare: a Deep Snow in which Men and -Cattle perished; written in Dialogue between a -London Shopkeeper and a North-countryman.” -1615. 4to.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1620</div> - -<p>“This year a frost enabled the Londoners to carry -on all manner of sports and trades upon the river.” -“Old and New London,” by E. Walford, M.A., -v 3, p. 312.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1634</div> - -<p>Says a contributor to “Notes and Queries” in the -<cite>Nottingham Guardian</cite>, the following is an extract -from Prynne’s “Divine Tragedie lately acted,” -1636:—“On January the 25th, 1634, being the -Lord’s Day, in the time of the last great frost, -fourteen young men, presuming to play at football -on the river Trent, near Gainsborough, coming -altogether in a scuffle, the ice suddenly broke, and -there were eight of them drowned.” The “Divine -Tragedie,” like several other works of that period, -was written to show how judgments were overtaking -the people because of the recent order -that the Book of Liberty should be read in -churches, which legalised sports on Sunday after -service.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1648-49</div> - -<p>John Evelyn wrote in his “Diary;” “Now was -the Thames frozen over, and horrid tempests of -wind.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1663</div> - -<p>From the 28th January to 11th February, severe -frost. Samuel Pepys records in his “Diary,” “8th -February being very hard frost; 28th August, -cold all night and this morning, and a very great -frost they say, abroad; which is much, having -had no summer at all, almost.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1664-65</div> - -<p>Severe frost from 28th December to 7th February. -Pepys says, 6 February: “One of the -coldest days, they say, ever felt in England.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES IN THE REIGN OF CHARLES II.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1672</div> - -<p>In the December of 1672 occurred in the West of -England, an uncommon kind of shower of freezing -rain, or raining ice. It is recorded that this rain, -as soon as it touched anything above ground, as -a bough or the like, immediately settled into ice; -and by multiplying and enlarging the icicles -broke down with its weight. The rain that fell -on the snow immediately froze into ice, without -sinking in the snow at all. It made an incredible -destruction of trees, beyond anything in all -history. “Had it concluded with some gust of -wind” says a gentleman on the spot, “it might -have been of terrible consequence. I weighed -the sprig of an ash tree, of just three quarters of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -a pound, the ice of which weighed sixteen pounds. -Some were frighted with the noise of the air till -they discerned it was the clatter of icy boughs -dashed against each other.” Dr. Beale says, that -there was no considerable frost observed on the -ground during the whole time; whence he concludes -that a frost may be very intense and dangerous on -the tops of some hills and plains; while in other -places, it keeps at two, three or four feet distance -above the ground, rivers, lakes, &c. The frost -was followed by a forwardness of flowers and -fruits.</p> - -<p>The foregoing appears to have escaped the -notice of the compiler of an interesting and informing -little book entitled “Odd Showers.” -London, 1870.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1683-84</div> - -<p>From the beginning of December until the 5th -of February, to use the words of Maitland, frost -“congealed the river Thames to that degree, that -another city, as it were, was erected thereon; -where, by the great number of streets and shops, -with their rich furniture, it represented a great -fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of -all sorts; and near Whitehall a whole ox was -roasted on the ice.” Evelyn gives perhaps the -best account of this’ great frost. Writing in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -“Diary” under date of January 24th, 1684, he -observes, “the frost continuing more and more -severe, the Thames before London, was still -planted with boothes in formal streetes, all sorts -of trades and shops furnish’d and full of commodities, -even to a printing presse, where the -people and ladyes tooke a fancy to have their -names printed, and the day and yeare set down -when printed on the Thames: this humour tooke -so universally, that ’twas estimated the printer -gain’d £5 a day, for printing a line onely, at sixpence -a name, besides what he got by ballads, -etc. Coaches plied from Westminster to the -Temple, and from several other staires, to and -fro, as in the streetes, sleds, sliding with skeetes, -a bull-baiting, horse and coach races, puppet-plays, -and interludes, cookes, tipling, and other -lewd places, so that it seem’d to be a bacchanalian -triumph, or carnival on the water.” Evelyn -tells how the traffic and festivity were continued -until February the 5th, when he states -that “it began to thaw, but froze again. My -coach crossed from Lambeth to the horse-ferry, -at Milbank, Westminster. The boothes were -almost all taken downe, but there was just a map, -or landskip, cut in copper, representing all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -manner of the camp, and the several actions, -sports, pastimes, thereon, in memory of so signal -a frost.”</p> - -<p>King Charles visited the sports on the Thames, -in company with members of his family and of -the royal household. They had their names -printed on a quarto sheet of Dutch paper, -measuring three and a half inches by four. The -following is a copy of the interesting document:—</p> - -<div class="bbox"> - -<table summary="Names and titles of the members of the royal family"> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Charles,</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">King.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">James,</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Duke.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Katherine,</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Queen.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Mary,</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Dutchess.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Ann,</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Princesse.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">George,</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Prince.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Hans in Kelder.</span></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="smaller bt"><i>London</i>: Printed by G. Croom, on the ICE, on -the River <i>Thames</i>, <i>January 31, 1684</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>In the foregoing list of names we have Charles -the Second; his brother James, Duke of York, -afterwards James the Second; Queen Catherine, -Infanta of Portugal; Mary D’Este, sister of -Francis, Duke of Modena, James’s second duchess;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -the Princess Anne, second daughter of the Duke -of York, afterwards Queen Anne; and her -husband Prince George of Denmark. It has been -suggested that the last name displays a touch of -the King’s humour, and signifies “Jack in the -Cellar,” alluding to the pregnant situation of -Anne of Denmark.</p> - -<p>In some quaint lines, entitled “Thamasis’s -Advice to the Painter, from her frigid zone, etc.” -“printed by G. Croom, on the river of Thames,” -occurs:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent6">“To the print-house go,</div> -<div class="verse">Where Men the art of Printing soon do know,</div> -<div class="verse">Where for a Teaster, you may have your name</div> -<div class="verse">Printed, hereafter for to show the same:</div> -<div class="verse">And sure, in former Ages, ne’er was found</div> -<div class="verse">A Press to print, where men so oft were droun’d!”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Landskip, mentioned by Evelyn, is entitled “An -exact and lively Mapp or Representation of -Boothes, and all the Varieties of Showes and -Humours upon the Ice, on the River of Thames -by London, during that memorable Frost, 35th -yeare of the Reign of his Sacred Majesty King -Charles the Second. Anno Dni <span class="smcapuc">MDCLXXXIII</span>. -With an Alphabetical Explanation of the most -remarkable figures.” It consists of a whole-sheet -copper-plate engraving, the view extending from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -the Temple-stairs and Bankside to London-bridge. -In an oval cartouche at the top within the frame -of the print, is the title; and below the frame are -the alphabetical references, with the words -“Printed and sold by William Warter, Stationer, -at the signe of the Talbott, under the Mitre -Tavern in Fleete street, London.” In the foreground -of this representation of Frost Fair appear -extensive circles of spectators surrounding a bull-baiting, -and the rapid revolution of a whirling-chair -or car, drawn by several men, by a long rope -fastened to a stake fixed in the ice. Large boats, -covered with tilts, capable of containing a considerable -number of passengers, and decorated -with flags and streamers, are represented as being -used for sledges, some being drawn by horses, and -others by watermen, lacking their usual employment. -Another sort of boat was mounted on -wheels; and one vessel, called “the drum boat,” -was distinguished by a drummer placed at the -prow. The pastimes of throwing at a cock, -sliding and skating, roasting an ox, football, -skittles, pigeon-holes, cups and balls, &c., are -represented as being carried on in various parts -of the river; whilst a sliding-hutch, propelled by a -stick; a chariot, moved by a screw; and stately -coaches filled with visitors, appear to be rapidly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -moving in various directions, and sledges with -coals and wood are passing between London and -Southwark shores. An impression of this plate -will be found in the Royal Collection of Topographical -Prints and Drawings, given by George -the Fourth to the British Museum, vol. xxvii., -art. 39. There is also a variation of the same -engraving in the City Library at Guildhall, divided -with common ink into compartments, as if intended -to be used as cards, and numbered in the -margin, in type with Roman numerals, in sets of -ten each, with two extra.</p> - -<p>This famous frost gave rise to many pictures -and poems. In the British Museum is a broadside -as follows:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">“<span class="smcap">A True Description of Blanket Fair upon -the River Thames, in the time of the -Great Frost in the Year of our Lord, -1683.</span>”</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">How am I fill’d with wonder for to see</div> -<div class="verse">A flooding river now a road to be,</div> -<div class="verse">Where ships and barges used to frequent,</div> -<div class="verse">Now may you see a booth of fudling tent;</div> -<div class="verse">And those that us’d to ask where shall I land ye,</div> -<div class="verse">Now cry, what lack ye, sir, beer, ale, or brandy?</div> -<div class="verse">Here, here, walk in, and you shall surely find</div> -<div class="verse">Your entertainment good, my usage kind.</div> -<div class="verse">Booths they increased dayly, more and more,</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -<div class="verse">People by thousands flocking from the shore;</div> -<div class="verse">And in such heaps they thither did repair,</div> -<div class="verse">As if they had been hasting to a fair.</div> -<div class="verse">And such a fair I never yet came near,</div> -<div class="verse">Where shop-rents were so cheap, and goods so dear.</div> -<div class="verse">Then might you have all kind of earthenware,</div> -<div class="verse">You can scarce name a thing but what was there.</div> -<div class="verse">There was to sell both French and Spanish wine,</div> -<div class="verse">And yet, perhaps, a dishclout for a signe;</div> -<div class="verse">In short, the like was never seen before,</div> -<div class="verse">Where coaches run as if upon the shore;</div> -<div class="verse">And men on horseback to and fro did ride,</div> -<div class="verse">Not minding either current, or the tide:</div> -<div class="verse">It was exceeding strange at first to see,</div> -<div class="verse">Both men and women so advent’rous be;</div> -<div class="verse">And yet at last it grew so very common,</div> -<div class="verse">’Twas not admir’d, it seemed strange to no man.</div> -<div class="verse">Then from the Temple there was built a street,</div> -<div class="verse">Made old and young, and all admire that see’t;</div> -<div class="verse">Which street to Southwark reached. There might you see</div> -<div class="verse">Wonders! if you did love variety,</div> -<div class="verse">There was roast beef, and gamon to be sold,</div> -<div class="verse">But at so dear a rate, I dare be bold</div> -<div class="verse">To say, ’twas never sold so on the shore,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor on the Thames, in haste, be any more.</div> -<div class="verse">There were Dutch whimsies turning swiftly round,</div> -<div class="verse">By which the owners cleared many a pound;</div> -<div class="verse">And coles and corn was there in sledges draw’d,</div> -<div class="verse">As if the Thames would never have been thaw’d.</div> -<div class="verse">All kinds of trades did to this market come,</div> -<div class="verse">Hoping to get more profit than at home:</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -<div class="verse">And some whose purses were a little swel’d,</div> -<div class="verse">Would not have car’d how long the frost had held.</div> -<div class="verse">In several places there was nine-pins plaid,</div> -<div class="verse">And pidgeon holes for to beget a trade.</div> -<div class="verse">Dancing and fidling too there was great store,</div> -<div class="verse">As if they had not been from off the shore;</div> -<div class="verse">The art of printing there was to be seen,</div> -<div class="verse">Which in no former age had ever been;</div> -<div class="verse">And goldsmiths’ shops were furnished with plate,</div> -<div class="verse">But they must dearly pay for’t that would hav’t.</div> -<div class="verse">And coffee-houses in great numbers were,</div> -<div class="verse">Scattered about in this cold freezing fair,</div> -<div class="verse">There might you sit down by a char-cole fire,</div> -<div class="verse">And for your money have your heart’s desire,</div> -<div class="verse">A dish of coffee, chocalet or tea,</div> -<div class="verse">Could man desire more furnished to be?</div> -<div class="verse">No, no, if you the world should wander through,</div> -<div class="verse">No fair like this could pleasant seem to you.</div> -<div class="verse">There was the baiting of the ugly bear,</div> -<div class="verse">Which sport to see hundreds did repair,</div> -<div class="verse">And I believe since the world’s first creation,</div> -<div class="verse">The like was never seen in this our nation:</div> -<div class="verse">And football playing there was day by day,</div> -<div class="verse">Some broke their legs, and some their arms they say:</div> -<div class="verse">All striving to get credit, but some paid</div> -<div class="verse">Most dearly for it, I am half afraid.</div> -<div class="verse">Bull-baiting likewise there was known to be,</div> -<div class="verse">Which on the Thames before none ever see,</div> -<div class="verse">And never was poor dogs more bravely tost</div> -<div class="verse">Then they were, in this prodigious frost;</div> -<div class="verse">Th’ inraged bull perceiv’d his enemies,</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -<div class="verse">And how to guard himself could not devise,</div> -<div class="verse">But with his horns did toss them too and fro,</div> -<div class="verse">As if their angry meaning he did know;</div> -<div class="verse">Besides all this a thing more strange and rare</div> -<div class="verse">Than all the things were seen in Freezland fair,</div> -<div class="verse">An ox was roasted whole, which thousands saw,</div> -<div class="verse">For ’twas not many dayes before the thaw;</div> -<div class="verse">The like by no man in this present age</div> -<div class="verse">Was ever seen upon this icy stage.</div> -<div class="verse">And this hard frost it did so long endure,</div> -<div class="verse">It pinch’d, and almost famish’d many poor.</div> -<div class="verse">But one thing more I needs to you must tell</div> -<div class="verse">The truth of which thousands do know full well,</div> -<div class="verse">There was fox-hunting on this frozen river</div> -<div class="verse">Which may a memorandum be for ever.</div> -<div class="verse">For I do think since Adam drew his breath</div> -<div class="verse">No Fox was hunted on the ice to death.</div> -<div class="verse">Thus have you heard what wonders there were seen,</div> -<div class="verse">How heaven and earth the people walk’d between.</div> -<div class="verse">And since the world at first had its creation,</div> -<div class="verse">The like was never seen in this our nation.</div> -<div class="verse">Yet was it hard and grievous to the poor,</div> -<div class="verse">Who many hungry bellies did endure.</div> -<div class="verse">Sad spectacles enough you might behold</div> -<div class="verse">Who felt th’ effect of this prodigious cold;</div> -<div class="verse">But God who is most righteous, good, and just,</div> -<div class="verse">Will them preserve who in him put their trust;</div> -<div class="verse">And when their dangers greatest seem to be,</div> -<div class="verse">Blest be his name, he then doth sit them free.</div> -<div class="verse">Then let us all, while we have time and breath,</div> -<div class="verse">Be still prepar’d to meet with pale-fac’d death.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -<div class="verse">That when he comes we need not be afraid,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor at his dart be frighted or dismaid;</div> -<div class="verse">If we on Jesus Christ wholly depend,</div> -<div class="verse">He’l prove to us an everlasting friend.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center smaller">London: Printed by H. Brugis, in Green Arbor, Little Old -Bayly. 1684.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The following is a copy of a broadside preserved -in the British Museum:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">GREAT BRITAIN’S WONDER: OR, LONDON’S -ADMIRATION.</p> - -<p class="noindent">Being a true Representation of a prodigious Frost, which -began about the beginning of December, 1683, and continued -till the fourth day of February following, and held on with -such violence, that men and beasts, coaches and carts, went -as frequently thereon, as boats were wont to pass before. -There was also a street of booths built from the Temple to -Southwark, where were sold all sorts of goods imaginable, -namely, cloaths, plate, earthenware, meat, drink, brandy, -tobacco, and a hundred sorts of other commodities not here -inserted: it being the wonder of this present age, and a -great consternation to all the spectators.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse"><span class="smcap">Behold</span> the wonder of this present age,</div> -<div class="verse">A famous river now become a stage.</div> -<div class="verse">Question not what I now declare to you,</div> -<div class="verse">The <em>Thames</em> is now both <em>fair</em> and <em>market</em> too;</div> -<div class="verse">And many thousands dayly do resort,</div> -<div class="verse">There to behold the pastime and the sport,</div> -<div class="verse">Early and late, used by young and old,</div> -<div class="verse">Who valu’d not the fierceness of the cold;</div> -<div class="verse">And did not think of that Almighty hand</div> -<div class="verse">Who made the waters bare, like to the land.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -<div class="verse">Thousands and thousands to the river flocks,</div> -<div class="verse">Where mighty flakes of ice do lye like rocks.</div> -<div class="verse">There may you see the <em>coaches</em> swiftly run,</div> -<div class="verse">As if beneath the ice were waters none;</div> -<div class="verse">And sholes of people every where there be,</div> -<div class="verse">Just like to herrings in the brackish sea;</div> -<div class="verse">And there the quaking water-men will stand ye,</div> -<div class="verse">Kind master, drink you beer, or ale, or brandy?</div> -<div class="verse">Walk in, kind sir, this booth it is the chief,</div> -<div class="verse">We’l entertain you with a slice of beef,</div> -<div class="verse">And what you please to eat or drink, ’tis here,</div> -<div class="verse">No booth, like mine, affords such dainty cheer.</div> -<div class="verse">Another crys, Here master, they but scoff ye,</div> -<div class="verse">Here is a dish of famous new made coffee.</div> -<div class="verse">And some do say a giddy senseless ass</div> -<div class="verse">May on the Thames be furnished with a lass;</div> -<div class="verse">But, to be short, such wonders there are seen,</div> -<div class="verse">That in this age before hath never been.</div> -<div class="verse">Before the Temple there a street is made,</div> -<div class="verse">And there is one almost of every trade:</div> -<div class="verse">There may you also this hard frosty winter,</div> -<div class="verse">See on the rocky ice a working printer,</div> -<div class="verse">Who hopes by his own heart to reap some gain,</div> -<div class="verse">Which he perchance does think he may obtain.</div> -<div class="verse">Here is also a lottery, and musick too,</div> -<div class="verse">Yea, a cheating, drunken, leud, and debauch’d crew.</div> -<div class="verse">Hot codlins, pancakes, duck, goose and sack,</div> -<div class="verse">Rabit, capon, hen, turkey, and a wooden jack.</div> -<div class="verse">In this same street before the Temple made,</div> -<div class="verse">There seems to be a brisk and lively trade:</div> -<div class="verse">Where ev’ry booth hath such a cunning sign,</div> -<div class="verse">As seldome hath been seen in former time;<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And there, if you have money for to spend,</div> -<div class="verse">Each cunning snap will seem to be your friend.</div> -<div class="verse">There may you see small vessels under sail,</div> -<div class="verse">All’s one to them, with or against the gale,</div> -<div class="verse">And as they pass they little guns do fire,</div> -<div class="verse">Which feedeth some, and puffs them with desire</div> -<div class="verse">To sail therein, and when their money’s gone,</div> -<div class="verse">’Tis right, they cry, the Thames to come upon.</div> -<div class="verse">There on a sign you may most plainly see’t,</div> -<div class="verse">Here’s the first tavern built in Freezeland-street:</div> -<div class="verse">There is bull-baiting and bear-baiting too,</div> -<div class="verse">That no man living yet e’re found so true;</div> -<div class="verse">And foot-ball play is there so common grown,</div> -<div class="verse">That on the Thames before was never known;</div> -<div class="verse">Coals being dear, are carry’d on men’s backs,</div> -<div class="verse">And some on sledges these are drawn in sacks;</div> -<div class="verse">Men do on horse-back ride from shore to shore,</div> -<div class="verse">Which formerly in boats were wafted o’re:</div> -<div class="verse">Poor people hard shifts make for livelihoods,</div> -<div class="verse">And happy are if they can sell their goods;</div> -<div class="verse">What you can buy for three-pence on the shore,</div> -<div class="verse">Will cost you four-pence on the Thames or more.</div> -<div class="verse">Now let me come to things more strange, yet true,</div> -<div class="verse">And question not what I declare to you;</div> -<div class="verse">There rosted was a great and well-fed oxe,</div> -<div class="verse">And there, with dogs, hunted the cunning fox;</div> -<div class="verse">Dancing o’th’ ropes, and puppit plays likewise,</div> -<div class="verse">The like before ne’er seen beneath the skies;</div> -<div class="verse">All stand admir’d, and very well they may,</div> -<div class="verse">To see such pastimes, and such sort of play.</div> -<div class="verse">Besides the things I nam’d to you before,</div> -<div class="verse">There other toys and baubles are great store;</div> -<div class="verse">There you may feast your wandring eyes enough,</div> -<div class="verse">There you may buy a box to hold your snuff.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> -<div class="verse">No fair no market underneath the skies</div> -<div class="verse">That can afford you more varieties;</div> -<div class="verse">There you may see some hundreds slide in skeets,</div> -<div class="verse">And beaten paths like to the city streets.</div> -<div class="verse">There were Dutch whimsies turned swiftly round</div> -<div class="verse">Faster then horses run on level ground.</div> -<div class="verse">The like to this I now to you do tell</div> -<div class="verse">No former age could ever parallel;</div> -<div class="verse">There’s all that can supply most curious minds,</div> -<div class="verse">With such varieties of cunning signs</div> -<div class="verse">That I do think no man doth understand;</div> -<div class="verse">Such merry fancies ne’r were on the land;</div> -<div class="verse">There is such whimsies on the frozen ice,</div> -<div class="verse">Make some believe the Thames a Paridice.</div> -<div class="verse">And though these sights be to our admiration</div> -<div class="verse">Yet our sins, our sins, do call for lamentation.</div> -<div class="verse">Though such unusual frosts to us are strange,</div> -<div class="verse">Perhaps it may predict some greater change;</div> -<div class="verse">And some do fear may a fore-runner be</div> -<div class="verse">Of an approaching sad mortality:</div> -<div class="verse">But why should we to such belief incline?</div> -<div class="verse">There’s none that knows but the blest Pow’r divine</div> -<div class="verse">And whatsoe’re is from Jehovah sent,</div> -<div class="verse">Poor sinners ought therewith to be content;</div> -<div class="verse">If dreadfull, then to fall upon the knee,</div> -<div class="verse">And beg remission of the Deity;</div> -<div class="verse">But if beyond our thoughts he sends us store,</div> -<div class="verse">With all our hearts let’s thankful be therefore.</div> -<div class="verse">Now let us all in great Jehovah trust</div> -<div class="verse">Who doth preserve the righteous and the just;</div> -<div class="verse">And eke conclude sin is the cause of all</div> -<div class="verse">The heavy judgments that on us do fall:</div> -<div class="verse">And call to mind, fond man, thy time mispent,</div> -<div class="verse">Fall on thy knees, and heartily repent;</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -<div class="verse">Then will thy Saviour pity take on thee,</div> -<div class="verse">And thou shalt live to all eternity.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="smaller">Printed by M. Haly and J. Miller, and sold by Robert Waltor, at the -Globe, on the north side of St. Paul’s Church, near that end towards -Ludgate, where you may have all sorts and sizes of maps, coppy-books, -and prints, not only in English, but Italian, French, and Dutch; and by -John Seller, on the west side of the Royal Exchange. 1684.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Two lines omitted.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p>The foregoing is illustrated with a quaint -wood-cut, roughly executed. It is reproduced in -Mr. Mason Jackson’s “Pictorial Press,” (London, -1885), and by his courtesy we are able to include -it in this work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES.</p> -<p class="caption smaller">Copy of an engraving from a broadside entitled: “<cite>Great Britain’s Wonder, London’s Admiration. Being a True Representation -of a prodigious Frost, which began about the beginning of December, 1683 and continued till the fourth day of February -following.</cite>” <i>etc.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p>The following is a copy of a broadside preserved -in the Ashmolean Museum. It was -printed for J. Shad, London, in 1684.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">A WINTER WONDER; OR THE THAMES FROZEN -OVER, WITH REMARKS ON THE RESORT THERE.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse"><span class="smcap">When</span> Neptune saw a wondrous bridge built o’er</div> -<div class="verse">His silver Thames, that reach’d from shore to shore,</div> -<div class="verse">He shook his trident and with aweful frown,</div> -<div class="verse">Swore ’twas presumption in the haughty town,</div> -<div class="verse">Now laughs to see it standing useless o’re,</div> -<div class="verse">Whilst ice has made it one continued shore,</div> -<div class="verse">Under whose spreading roof he silent glides</div> -<div class="verse">And ebbs, and hews, unheard, unseen, his tides.</div> -<div class="verse">Greenland, Muscovy, sure their cold have lent,</div> -<div class="verse">And all their frigid blasts have hither sent,</div> -<div class="verse">Whilst Boreas with his keenest breath has blown,</div> -<div class="verse">To make our winter cold as is there own:</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -<div class="verse">That if my inke was not congeal’d as it,</div> -<div class="verse">I’de on the subject shew a poet’s wit.</div> -<div class="verse">The fish lye closely in their watry bed,</div> -<div class="verse">And find an icy ceiling o’re their head.</div> -<div class="verse">They fear no anglers that do lye in wait,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor are deceived by the alluring bait.</div> -<div class="verse">The watermen with folded arms doe stand,</div> -<div class="verse">And grieve to see the water firm as land,</div> -<div class="verse">Their boats hal’d up, their oars laid useless by,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor oars, nor skuller, master, do they cry,</div> -<div class="verse">Wishing kind Zephyrus with a warmer gale</div> -<div class="verse">Would once more launch their boat and fill their sail;</div> -<div class="verse">Or that the sun would with his gentle flames</div> -<div class="verse">Again set free their best of friends, the Thames.</div> -<div class="verse">The shoars no longer sound with Westward hoe,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor need men boats where they can firmly goe.</div> -<div class="verse">See how the noble river in a trice</div> -<div class="verse">Is turned as it were one spacious street of ice.</div> -<div class="verse">And who’ld believe to see revived there,</div> -<div class="verse">In January, Bartholomew fair.</div> -<div class="verse">Where all the mobile in crowds resort,</div> -<div class="verse">As on firm land, to walk, and trade, and sport;</div> -<div class="verse">Now booths do stand where boats did lately row,</div> -<div class="verse">And on its surface up and down men go,</div> -<div class="verse">And Thames becomes a kind of raree-show.</div> -<div class="verse">Its upper rooms are let to mortal dweller,</div> -<div class="verse">And underneath it is god Neptune’s cellar;</div> -<div class="verse">Now Vulcan makes his fires on Neptune’s bed,</div> -<div class="verse">And sawcy cooks roast beef upon his head,</div> -<div class="verse">As many tuns of ale and brandy flow</div> -<div class="verse">Above the ice, as water do below;</div> -<div class="verse">And folk do tipple, without fear to sink,</div> -<div class="verse">More liquors then the fish beneath do drink.</div> -<div class="verse">Here you may see a crowd of people flock,</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -<div class="verse">One’s heels fly up, and down he’s on his dock;</div> -<div class="verse">Another steps, ’tis strange but true, no matter,</div> -<div class="verse">And in he flounces up to th’ neck in water;</div> -<div class="verse">And third more sure his slipp’ry footsteps guides,</div> -<div class="verse">And safely o’er the ice away he slides;</div> -<div class="verse">Another upon skeats does swiftly pass,</div> -<div class="verse">Cutting the ice like diamonds upon glass.</div> -<div class="verse">Women, beware you come not here at all,</div> -<div class="verse">You are most like to slip and catch a fall,</div> -<div class="verse">This you may do, tho’ in your gallant’s hand,</div> -<div class="verse">And if you fall, he has no power to stand;</div> -<div class="verse">Tis ten to one you tumble in a trice,</div> -<div class="verse">For you are apt to fall where there’s no ice,</div> -<div class="verse">Oft on your back, but seldome on your face,</div> -<div class="verse">How can you stand then on such a slippery place?</div> -<div class="verse">Yet you will venture briskly to a booth,</div> -<div class="verse">To take a glass or two with youngster Smooth,</div> -<div class="verse">Then back again as briskly to the shore,</div> -<div class="verse">As wise and honest as you were before.</div> -<div class="verse">Here (like the great) on slip’ry place you stand,</div> -<div class="verse">They can nor fate, nor you your feet, command.</div> -<div class="verse">My muse to scribble further has no maw,</div> -<div class="verse">But for your good doe wish a speedy thaw,</div> -<div class="verse">And let it ne’r be said ’twixt you and I,</div> -<div class="verse">The winter’s cold, but move your charity.</div> -<div class="verse">Then let the poor meanwhile your bounty find,</div> -<div class="verse">And heav’n to you, as you to them prove kind.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p>The title of another broadside was the “Wonders -of the Deep,” illustrated with a rude wood-cut, representing -the Frost Fair. This intimated that it -was “an exact Representation of the River Thames, -as it appeared during the memorable Frost, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> -began about the middle of December, and ended -on the 28th of February, anno 1683-4.” The lines -under the picture are as follow:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">THE WONDERS OF THE DEEP.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The various sports behold here in this piece,</div> -<div class="verse">Which for six weeks were seen upon the ice;</div> -<div class="verse">Upon the Thames the great variety</div> -<div class="verse">Of plays and booths is here brought to your eye.</div> -<div class="verse">Here coaches, as in Cheapside, run on wheels,</div> -<div class="verse">Here men (out-tipling of the fishes) reels:</div> -<div class="verse">Instead of waves that us’d to beat the shore,</div> -<div class="verse">Here bulls they bait, till loudly they do roar;</div> -<div class="verse">Here boats do slide, where boats were wont to row,</div> -<div class="verse">Where ships did sail, the sailors do them tow;</div> -<div class="verse">And passengers in boats the river crost,</div> -<div class="verse">For the same price as ’twas before the frost.</div> -<div class="verse">There is the printing booth of wonderous fame,</div> -<div class="verse">Because that each man there did print his name;</div> -<div class="verse">And sure, in former ages, ne’re was found,</div> -<div class="verse">A press to print, where men so oft were drown’d.</div> -<div class="verse">In blanket booths, that sit at no ground rent,</div> -<div class="verse">Much coin in beef and brandy there is spent.</div> -<div class="verse">The Dutchmen here in nimble cutting scates,</div> -<div class="verse">To please the crowd do shew their tricks and feats;</div> -<div class="verse">The rabble here in chariots run around,</div> -<div class="verse">Coffee, and tea, and mum, doth here abound,</div> -<div class="verse">The tinkers here doth march at sound of kettle,</div> -<div class="verse">And all men know that they are men of mettle:</div> -<div class="verse">Here roasted was an ox before the court,</div> -<div class="verse">Which to much folks afforded meat and sport;</div> -<div class="verse">At nine-pins here they play, as in Moorfields,</div> -<div class="verse">This place the pass-time us of foot-ball yields:</div> -<div class="verse">The common hunt here makes another show,</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -<div class="verse">As he to hunt an hare is wont to go;</div> -<div class="verse">But though no woods are here or hares so fleet.</div> -<div class="verse">Yet men do often foxes catch and meet;</div> -<div class="verse">Into a hole here one by chance doth fall,</div> -<div class="verse">At which the watermen began to bawl,</div> -<div class="verse">What, will you rob our cellar of its drink?</div> -<div class="verse">When he, alas! poor man, no harm did think.</div> -<div class="verse">Here men well mounted do on horses ride</div> -<div class="verse">Here they do throw at cocks as at Shrovetide;</div> -<div class="verse">A chariot here so cunningly was made,</div> -<div class="verse">That it did move itself without the aid</div> -<div class="verse">Of horse or rope, by virtue of a spring</div> -<div class="verse">That Vulcan did contrive, who wrought therein.</div> -<div class="verse">The rocks at nine-holes here do flock together</div> -<div class="verse">As they are wont to do in summer weather.</div> -<div class="verse">Three ha’perth for a penny, here they cry,</div> -<div class="verse">Of gingerbread, come, who will of it buy?</div> -<div class="verse">This is the booth where men did money take,</div> -<div class="verse">For crape and ribbons that they there did make;</div> -<div class="verse">But in six hours, this great and rary show</div> -<div class="verse">Of booths and pastimes all away did go.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center smaller">Printed in the year 1684.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">1683-4</div> - -<p>In the parish register of Holy-rood Church, -Southampton, is the following record of this -winter’s remarkable frost:</p> - -<p>“1683-4 This yeare was a great Frost, which -began before Christmasse, soe that yᵉ 3rd and 4th -dayes of this month February yᵉ River of Southampton -was frossen all over and covered with ice -from Calshott Castle to Redbridge and Tho: -Martaine maʳ of a vessell went upon yᵉ ice from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -Berry near Marchwood to Milbrook-point. And -yᵉ river at Ichen Ferry was so frossen over that -severall persons went from Beauvois-hill to Bittern -Farme, forwards and backwards.”</p> - -<p>The following curious extract is from the Parochial -Register at Ubley, near Wrington: “In the -yeare 1683 was a mighty great frost, the like was -not seene in England for many ages. It came -upon a very deep snow, which fell imediately after -Christmas, and it continued untill a Lady-day. -The ground was not open nor the snow cleane -gone off the earth in thirteene weeks. Somm of -the snow remained at mindipe till midsummer. It -was soe deepe and driven with the winde a gainst -the hedges and stiles, that the next morning after -it fell men could not goe to their grounds to serve -their cattell without great danger of being buried, -for it was above head and shoulders in many places—sum -it did burie—did betooken the burieing of -many more which came to pass before the end of -the yeare; but in few days the frost came soe -fearce, that people did goe upon the top of it over -wals and stiles as on levell ground, not seeing -hardly where they was, and many men was forced -to keep their cattell untill the last, in the same -ground that they was in at first, because they -could not drive them to any other place, and did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -hew the ice every day for water, by reason of the -sharpness of the frost and the deepness of the -snow. Som that was travelling on mindipe did -travell till they could travell no longer, and then -lye down and dye, but mortality did prevaill most -among them that could travell worst, the sharpness -of the season tooke off the most parte of them that -was aged and of them that was under infermities, -the people did die so fast, that it was the greatest -parte of their work (which was appointed to doe -that worke) to burie the dead; it being a day’s -work for two men, or two days’ work for one man, -to make a grave. It was almost as hard a work -to hew a grave out, in the earth, as in the rock, -the frost was a foot and halfe and two foot deepe -in the dry earth, and where there was moister and -watter did runn, the ice was a yard and fower foot -thick, in soe much that ye people did keepe -market on the River at London; ‘God doth -scatter his ice like morsels, man cannot abide his -cold.’—Psalme, 147, 17.”</p> - -<p>The following are particulars of the chief publications -issued in connection with this frost:—</p> - -<p>A large copper-plate, entitled “A Map of the River -Thames, merrily call’d Blanket Fair, as it was -frozen in the memorable year 1683-4, describing -the booths, footpaths, coaches, sledges, bull-baiting,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -and other remarks upon that famous -river.” Dedicated to Sir Henry Hulse, Knt., and -Lord Mayor, by James Moxon, the engraver.</p> - -<p>“A wonderfull Fair, or a Fair of Wonders; being -new and true illustration and description of the -several things acted and done on the river of -Thames in the time of the terrible frost, which -began about the beginning of Dec., 1683, and continued -till Feb. 4, and held on with such violence, -that men and beasts, coaches and sledges, went -common thereon. There was also a street of -booths from the Temple to Southwark, where was -sold all sorts of goods; likewise bull-baiting and -an ox roasted whole, and many other things, as -the map and description do plainly show.” -Engraved and printed on a sheet, 1684.</p> - -<p>A small copper-plate representation of Frost Fair, -with the figure of Erra Pater in the foreground. -At the top, are the words, “Erra Pater’s Prophesy, -or Frost Faire in 1683,” and underneath, the -following lines:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Old Erra Pater, or his rambling ghost,</div> -<div class="verse">Prognosticating of this long strong frost,</div> -<div class="verse">Some ages past, said yᵗ yᵉ ice-bound Thames,</div> -<div class="verse">Shou’d prove a theatre for sports and games;</div> -<div class="verse">Her watry green be turn’d into a bare,</div> -<div class="verse">For men a citty seem, for booths a faire;</div> -<div class="verse">And now the straggling sprite is once more come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></div> -<div class="verse">To visit mortalls and foretel their doom.</div> -<div class="verse">When maids grow modest, yᵉ dissenting crew</div> -<div class="verse">Become all loyal, the falsehearted true,</div> -<div class="verse">Then you may probably, and not till then,</div> -<div class="verse">Expect in England such a frost again.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center smaller"><i>Printed for James Norris, at the King’s Armes, without Temple -Barr.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">1688-89</div> - -<p>Timbs, in his “Curiosities of London,” records a -great frost, lasting from 20th December to 6th -February. Pools were frozen eighteen inches -thick, and the Thames ice was covered with streets -of shops, bull-baiting, shows and tricks; hackney -coaches plied on the ice-roads, and a coach with -six horses was driven from Whitehall almost to -London Bridge; yet in two days all the ice -disappeared.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1709</div> - -<p>The Thames frozen over, and some persons crossed -it on the ice. In the Crowle Pennant is a coarse -bill, within a wood-cut border of rural subjects, -bearing the inscription, “Mr. John Heaton, -printed on the Thames at Westminster, January -7th, 1709.” The frost lasted three months. It is -somewhat remarkable to find that there was very -little frost this year in Scotland and Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1715-16</div> - -<p>Thames again frozen over. At the time of this -frost an advertisement appeared as follows: “This -is to give notice to gentlemen and others that pass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> -upon the Thames during this frost, that over -against Whitehall-stairs they may have their -names printed, fit to paste in any book, to hand -down the memory of the season to future ages.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">You that walk there, and do desyn to tell</div> -<div class="verse">Your children’s children what this year befell,</div> -<div class="verse">Go print your names, and take a dram within;</div> -<div class="verse">For such a year as this, has seldom been.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The following account of this frost is drawn -from <cite>Dawks’s News-Letter</cite> of January 14th, 1716: -“The Thames seems now a solid rock of ice; and -booths for the sale of brandy, wine, ale, and other -exhilarating liquors, have been for some time fixed -thereon; but now it is in a manner like a town: -thousands of people cross it, and with wonder -view the mountainous heaps of water, that now -lie congealed into ice. On Thursday, a great -cook’s-shop was erected, and gentlemen went as -frequently to dine there, as at any ordinary.”</p> - -<p>“Over against Westminster, Whitehall, and -Whitefriars, Printing-presses are kept upon the -ice, where many persons have their names printed, -to transmit the wonders of the season to posterity.”</p> - -<p>It is further recorded of the Thames that -“coaches, waggons, carts, &c., were driven -on it, and an enthusiastic preacher held forth -to a motley congregation on the mighty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -waters, with a zeal fiery enough to have thawed -himself through the ice, had it been susceptible to -religious warmth. This, with other pastimes and -diversions, attracted the attention of many of the -nobility, and even brought the Prince of Wales, -to visit Frost Fair. On that day, there was an -uncommonly high spring-tide, which overflowed -the cellars on the banks of the river, and raised -the ice full fourteen feet, without interrupting the -people from their pursuits. The <cite>Protestant Packet</cite> -of this period, observes that the theatres were -almost deserted. The <cite>News-letter</cite> of February 15, -announces the dissolution of the ice, and with it -the ‘baseless fabric’ on which Momus had held -his temporary reign; the above paper then proclaims -the good fare, and various articles to be -seen, and purchased.”</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Thou beauteous River Thames, whose standing tide</div> -<div class="verse">Equals the glory of thy flowing pride,</div> -<div class="verse">The city, nay the world’s transferr’d to thee</div> -<div class="verse">Fin’d as the land, and richer than the sea.</div> -<div class="verse">The various metals, Nature can produce,</div> -<div class="verse">Or Art improve, for ornament or use,</div> -<div class="verse">From the Earth’s deepest bowels brought are made</div> -<div class="verse">To shine in thee, and carry on thy trade.</div> -<div class="verse">Here Guilledum, fam’d for making silver pass</div> -<div class="verse">Through various forms; and Sparks as fam’d for brass,</div> -<div class="verse">There’s T⸺ ’tween God and gold who ne’er stood neater,</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -<div class="verse">And trusty Nicholson, who lives by pewter,</div> -<div class="verse">Wrote o’er their doors, having affix’d their names,</div> -<div class="verse">We under-writ, remov’d are to the Thames.</div> -<div class="verse">There miles together for the common good</div> -<div class="verse">The Slippery Substance offers dainty food.</div> -<div class="verse">Here healing Port-wine, and there Rhenish flows,</div> -<div class="verse">Here Bohea Tea, and there Tobacco grows.</div> -<div class="verse">In one place you may meet good Cheshire cheese,</div> -<div class="verse">Another proffers, whitest Brentford peas:</div> -<div class="verse">Here is King George’s picture, there Queen Anne’s,</div> -<div class="verse">Now nut-brown ale in cups, and then in canns:</div> -<div class="verse">One sells an Oxford dram as good as can be,</div> -<div class="verse">Another offers General Peper’s brandy.</div> -<div class="verse">See! there’s the Mall, and in that little hut</div> -<div class="verse">The best Geneva’s sold, and live to boot,</div> -<div class="verse">See there, a sleek Venetian Envoy walks;</div> -<div class="verse">See here, an Alderman more proudly stalks.</div> -<div class="verse">Behold the French Ambassador, that’s he;</div> -<div class="verse">And this the honest Sire, and Captain Leigh.</div> -<div class="verse">Here is St. James’s street, yonder the Strand:</div> -<div class="verse">In this place Bowyer plies; that’s Lintot’s stand.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The chief illustrations of this frost are as -follows:—</p> - -<p>A copper plate representing London Bridge on -the right hand, and a line of tents on the left, -leading from Temple Stairs. In front, another -line of tents, marked “Thames Street,” and the -various sports, &c., before them: below the print -are alphabetical references, with the words -“Printed on the Thames, 1715-16;” and above<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -it, “Frost Fair on the River Thames.”</p> - -<p>A copper-plate of much larger dimensions, -representing London at St. Paul’s, with the tents, -&c., and with alphabetical references; “Printed -and sold by John Bowles, at the Black Horse, in -Cornhill.” In the right-hand corner above, the -arms and supporters of the City; and on the left -a cartouche, with the words “Frost Fayre, being -a True Prospect of the Great Varietie of Shops -and Booths for Tradesmen, with other Curiosities -and Humors, on the Frozen River of Thames, as -it appeared before the City of London, in that -memorable Frost in yᵉ year of the Reigne of Our -Sovereigne Lord King George, Anno Domini -1716.”</p> - -<p>“An exact and lively View of the Booths, and -all the variety of Shows, &c., on the ice, with an -alphabetical explanation of the most remarkable -figures, 1716.” A copper-plate.</p> - -<p>“Frost Fair; or a View of the Booths on the -Frozen Thames in the 2nd year of King George, -1716.” A wood-cut.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1739</div> - -<p>The following is a list of the most important memorials -of this famous frost fair:—</p> - -<p>A copper-plate, representing a view of the -Thames at Westminster, with the tents, sports,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -&c., and alphabetical references, entitled “Ice -Fair.” Printed on yᵉ River Thames, now frozen -over. Jan. 31, 1739-40.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Amidst yᵉ arts yᵗ on yᵉ Thames appear,</div> -<div class="verse">To tell yᵉ wonders of this frozen year.</div> -<div class="verse">Sculpture claims prior place, since yᵗ alone,</div> -<div class="verse">Preserves yᵉ image when yᵉ prospect’s gone.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>A coarse copper-plate, entitled “The view of -Frost Fair,”—scene taken from York-buildings -Water Works; twelve verses beneath.</p> - -<p>A small copper-plate, representing an altar-piece -with ten commandments, engraven between -the figures of Moses and Aaron; and beneath, on -a cartouche, “Printed on the Ice, on the River -of Thames, Janʳʸ 15, 1739.”</p> - -<p>A small copper-plate, representing an ornamental -border with a female head, crowned at the top; and -below two designs of the letter press and rolling -press. In the centre, in type, “Upon the Frost in -the year 1739-40,” six verses, and then, “Mr. John -Cross, aged 6. Printed on the ice upon the Thames, -at Queen-Hithe, January the 29th, 1739-40.”</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Behold the liquid Thames now frozen o’er,</div> -<div class="verse">That lately ships of mighty burden bore;</div> -<div class="verse">Here you may print your name, tho’ cannot write,</div> -<div class="verse">’Cause numb’d with cold; ’tis done with great delight.</div> -<div class="verse">And lay it by, that ages yet to come,</div> -<div class="verse">May see what things upon the ice were done.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> -<p>A coarse copper-plate engraving, looking down -the river, entitled “Frost Fair,” with eight lines -of verse beneath, and above, “Printed upon the -River Thames when frozen, Janu. the 28, 1739-40.”</p> - -<p>“An Extract Draught of Frost Fair on the -River Thames, as it appears from Whitehall Stairs, -in the year 1740,” with twelve lines of verse underneath. -“Printed and sold by Geoᵉ Foster, Printseller, -in St. Paul’s Church-yard, London.”</p> - -<p>“The English Chronicle, or Frosty Kalender; -a broadside containing a memorial of the principal -frosts, with a view of the fair from the Southwark -side of the river, opposite St. Paul’s. -Printed on the Thames, 1739-40.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1739-40</div> - -<p>The winter of 1739-40 was one of great severity. -The frost commenced on Christmas-day, and -lasted until the 17th February following. It -caused much distress amongst the poor, coals -could hardly be obtained for money, and water -was equally scarce. It is recorded that “the -watermen and fishermen, with a peterboat in -mourning, and the carpenters, bricklayers, &c., -with their tools and utensils in mourning, walked -through the streets in large bodies, imploring -relief for their own and families’ necessities; and, -to the honour of the British character, this was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -liberally bestowed. Subscriptions were also -made in the different parishes, and great benefactions -bestowed by the opulent, through which -the calamities of the season were much mitigated. -A few days after the frost had set in, great damage -was done among the shipping in the river Thames -by a high wind, which broke many vessels from -their moorings, and drove them foul of each other, -while the large sheets of ice that floated on the -stream, overwhelmed various boats and lighters, -and sunk several corn and coal vessels. By these -accidents many lives were lost; and many others -were also destroyed by the intensity of the cold, -both on land and water.</p> - -<p>Above the Bridge, the Thames was completely -frozen over, and tents and numerous booths were -erected on it for selling liquors, &c., to the multitudes -that daily flocked thither for curiosity or -diversion. The scene here displayed was very -irregular, and had more the appearance of a fair -on land, than of a frail exhibition, the only basis -of which was congealed water.”</p> - -<p>Sports were enjoyed on the ice, and shops -opened for the sale of fancy articles, food and -drink. A printing press was in active operation, -and amongst the papers printed was the following:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>The noble Art and mystery of Printing, was -first invented by J. Faust, 1441, and publicly -practised by John Gottenburgh, a soldier of -Mentz, in High Germany, anno. 1450. King -Henry VI. (anno. 1457) sent two private messengers -with fifteen hundred marks, to procure -one of the workmen. These prevailed on -Frederick Corsellis to leave the Printing-house in -disguise; who immediately came over with them, -and first instructed the English in this most -famous Art, at Oxford, in the year 1459.</p> - -<p class="center">WILLIAM NOBLE, M.A.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Amidst the Arts which on the <span class="smcap">Thames</span> appear</div> -<div class="verse">To tell the wonders of this <em>icy</em> year,</div> -<div class="verse"><span class="smcap">Printing</span> claims prior place, which at one view</div> -<div class="verse">Erects a monument of <span class="smcap">That</span> and <span class="smcap">You</span>.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center smaller">Printed upon the river Thames, Jan. 29th, in the thirteenth year of the -reign of King George the IId. Anno Dom. 1740.</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Some venturers in the Strand,” says Timbs, -“bought a large ox in Smithfield, to be roasted -whole on the ice; and one, Hodgeson, claimed the -privilege of felling or knocking down the beast as -a right inherent in his family, his father having -knocked down the one roasted on the river in the -Great Frost, 1684, near Hungerford Stairs: -Hodgeson to wear a laced cambric apron, a silver-handled -steel, and a hat and feathers.”</p> - -<p>At the thaw a number of persons fell victims to -their rashness, amongst those who lost their lives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -may be mentioned <em>Doll</em>, the noted pippin woman. -Gay, in his “Trivia,” book ii, thus alludes to her -death:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Doll every day had walk’d these treacherous roads;</div> -<div class="verse">Her neck grew warp’d beneath autumnal loads</div> -<div class="verse">Of various fruit; she now a basket bore;</div> -<div class="verse">That head, alas! shall basket bear no more.</div> -<div class="verse">Each booth she frequent past, in quest of gain;</div> -<div class="verse">And boys with pleasure heard her thrilling strain.</div> -<div class="verse">Ah, Doll! all mortals must resign their breath,</div> -<div class="verse">And industry itself submit to death!</div> -<div class="verse">The cracking crystal yields: she sinks, she dies,—</div> -<div class="verse">Her head chopt from her lost shoulders, flies;</div> -<div class="verse">Pippins, she cried, but death her voice confounds,</div> -<div class="verse">And pip, pip, pip, along the ice resounds.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Many of the houses which, at this period, stood -on London Bridge, as well as the bridge itself, -sustained considerable damage.</p> - -<p>Thomas Gent, the celebrated printer and -historian, in his Life, relates how he set up a -printing press on the river Ouse at York during -this frost. “In January, 1739,” [1740 n.s.] he -says, “the frost having been extremely intense, -the river became so frozen, that I printed names -upon the ice. It was a dangerous spot on the -south side of the bridge, where I first set up, as it -were, a kind of press—only a roller wrapped about -with blankets. Whilst reading the verses I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -made to follow the names—wherein King George -was most loyally inserted—some soldiers round -about made great acclamation, with other good -people; but the ice suddenly cracking, they -almost as quickly ran away, whilst I, who did not -hear well, neither guessed the meaning, fell to -work, and wondered at them as much for retiring -so precipitately as they did at me for staying; but, -taking courage, they shortly returned back, brought -company, and I took some pence amongst them. -After this I moved my shop to and fro, to the -great satisfaction of young gentlemen and ladies, -and others, who were very liberal on the occasion.”</p> - -<p>It will not, we think, be without interest to reproduce -particulars of a palace which was built -solely of ice at this period. “In the year 1740, -the Empress Anne of Russia, caused a palace of -ice to be erected upon the banks of the Neva. This -extraordinary edifice was fifty-two feet in length, -sixteen in breadth, and twenty feet high, and constructed -of large pieces of ice cut in the manner -of freestone. The walls were three feet thick. -The several apartments were furnished with -tables, chairs, beds, and all kinds of household -furniture of ice. In front of this edifice, besides -pyramids and statues, stood six cannon, carrying -balls of six pounds weight, and two mortars,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -entirely made of ice. As a trial from one of the -former, a cannon ball, with only a quarter of a -pound of powder, was fired off, the ball of which -went through a two-inch board, at sixty paces -from the mouth of the piece, which remained -completely uninjured by the explosion. The -illumination of this palace at night was astonishingly -grand.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1741</div> - -<p>“All frost or rain from 15th September to 1st -February.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1742</div> - -<p>A severe frost for some weeks. It is recorded in the -<cite>Gentleman’s Magazine</cite>, 18 December, 1742: “The -frost having continued near three weeks, the -streets in some parts of the city, though there had -been no snow, were rendered very incommodious, -and several accidents happened.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1754</div> - -<p>A very severe frost this year, especially at Bath and -in the south-west of England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1763</div> - -<p>The frost lasted ninety-four days. According to the -<cite>Gentleman’s Magazine</cite> it set in on Saturday, 25th -December, 1762. It is thus described: “A most -intense frost with easterly wind, which has since continued, -with very little intermission, until the end -of January. Some experiments have been tried -during the course of it, which prove that on some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -days it was no less severe than that of 1740, though -upon the whole it has not been attended with the -same calamitous circumstances. On Friday, 31st -December, a glass of water placed upon the table -in the open air, in six minutes froze so hard as to -bear 5 shillings upon it; a glass of red port wine -placed upon the same table froze in two hours; -and a glass of brandy in six, both with hard ice.” -It is mentioned that in Cornwall, Wales, and Ireland, -this frost was felt but slightly.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1767-68</div> - -<p>Both these years opened with severe frosts, which -caused provisions to increase greatly in price. -Navigation on the Thames was suspended, and -great damage done to the small craft by the ice. -It is chronicled that “many persons perished by -the severity of the weather, both on the water and -on the shore. During the latter frost, the price -of butchers’ meat grew so exorbitant that the Hon. -Thomas Harley, Lord Mayor, proposed that -bounties should be given for bringing fish to -Billingsgate market; and this plan having been -carried into effect, the distresses of the poor were -greatly alleviated, by the cheap rates at which -the markets were supplied.”</p> - -<p>We read in White’s “Selborne,” under date of -January, 1768: “We have had very severe frost -and deep snow this month; my thermometer was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -one day 14½ degrees below freezing point, within -doors. The tender evergreens were injured pretty -much. It was very providential that the air was -still, and the ground well covered with snow, else -vegetation in general must have suffered prodigiously. -There is reason to believe that some days -were more severe than any since the year 1739-40.” -The frost this year was very severe in Scotland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1776</div> - -<p>The following “Icy Epitaph” is said to be from the -graveyard of Bampton, Devonshire:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="noindent">In memory of the Clerk’s son,<br /> -Bless my i, i, i, i, i, i,<br /> -<span class="indent3">Here I lies</span><br /> -<span class="indent3">In a sad pickle</span><br /> -<span class="indent3">Killed by an icicle,</span><br /> -In the year of Anno Domini 1776.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">1782</div> - -<p>The Plymouth correspondent of the <cite>Gentleman’s -Magazine</cite> wrote under date of 16th February, 1782: -“The most intense frost ever known … The -grass, which on Friday was as green and -flourishing as if it had been midsummer, on -Sunday morning seemed to be entirely killed. -This is mentioned by our correspondent as very -unusual in that part of the country; and the snow -lay on the ground in many places.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1783-84</div> - -<p>The frost lasted eighty-nine days. It commenced -in December, continued through January and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -February, and in March there was snow, and cold -cutting winds. We gather from the <cite>Gentleman’s -Magazine</cite> that it was general. In the February -number it is reported: “From different parts of -the country we have accounts of more persons -having been found dead in the roads, and others -dug out of the snow, than ever was known in any -one year in the memory of man.” On January -6th, “Thames not quite frozen over, but navigation -stopped by ice.” The frost from the 10th to -20th February was extremely severe. The Thames -frozen and traffic crossed in several places.</p> - -<p>On the fifth bell of Tadcaster peal is recorded: -“It is remarkable that these bells were moulded -in the great frost, 1783. C. and R. Dalton, -Fownders, York.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1784</div> - -<p>In the <cite>Gentleman’s Magazine</cite> for February the following -appears: “From 10th December, 1783, to this -day it has been 63 days’ frost; of these it snowed -nineteen, and twelve days’ thaw, whereof it rained -nine. Had the frost continued at 13 degrees as -on the 31st December during the night, it would -have frozen over the Thames in twenty-four -hours.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1788-89</div> - -<p>On the 25th November, 1788, a frost set in which -lasted seven weeks. It is recorded that the thermometer -stood at eleven degrees below<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -freezing point in the very midst of the city. The -Thames was frozen below London Bridge, and -the ice on the river assumed all the appearance of -a frost fair. A variety of amusements were provided -for the visitors, including puppet-shows -and the exhibition of wild beasts. In the <cite>Gentleman’s -Magazine</cite> for 1789 the following diary of -remarkable events which transpired during this -frost, is given:—</p> - -<p>“Saturday, January 10, 1789—Thirteen men -brought a waggon with a ton of coals from Loughborough -in Leicestershire, to Carlton House, as a -present to His Royal Highness the Prince of -Wales. As soon as they were emptied into the -cellars, Mr. Weltjie, clerk of the cellars, gave -them four guineas, and as soon as the Prince was -informed of it, his Highness sent them twenty -guineas, and ordered them a pot of beer each -man. They performed their journey, which is 111 -miles, in 11 days, and drew it all the way without -any relief.</p> - -<p>Monday 12.—A young bear was baited on the -ice, opposite to Redriff, which drew multitudes -together, and fortunately no accident happened -to interrupt their sport.</p> - -<p>Tuesday 13.—The Prince of Wales transmitted -£1000 to the Chamberlain for the benefit of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -poor, during the severe frost.</p> - -<p>Saturday 17.—The captain of a vessel lying off -Rotherhithe, the better to secure the ship’s cables, -made an agreement with a publican for fastening -a cable to his premises; in consequence, a small -anchor was carried on shore and deposited in the -cellar, while another cable was fastened round -a beam in another part of the house. In the -night the ship veered about, and the cables -holding fast, carried away the beam and levelled -the house with the ground; by which accident -five persons asleep in their beds were killed.”</p> - -<p>In the Common Place Notes for February, 1789, -is the following:—“With the new year, new -entertainments commenced, or more properly -speaking, old sports were revived in the neighbourhood -of London. The river Thames, which -at this season usually exhibits a dreary scene of -languor and indolence, was this year the stage on -which there were all kinds of diversions, bear-baiting, -festivals, pigs and sheep roasted, booths, -turnabouts, and all the various amusements of -Bartholomew fair multiplied and improved; from -Putney-bridge in Middlesex, down to Redriff, was -one continued scene of merriment and jollity; -not a gloomy face to be seen, nor a countenance -expressive of want; but all cheerfulness, originating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -apparently from business and bustle. From -this description the reader is not, however, to -conclude that all was as it seemed. The miserable -inhabitants that dwelt in houses on both sides the -river during these thoughtless exhibitions, were -many of them experiencing extreme misery; -destitute of employment, though industrious, they -were with families of helpless children, for want -of employment, pining for want of bread; and -though in no country in the world the rich are -more benevolent than in England, yet their benefactions -could bear no proportion to the wants of -numerous poor, who could not all partake of -the common bounty. It may, however, be -truly said, that in no great city or country on the -continent of Europe, the poor suffered less from -the rigour of the season, than the inhabitants of -Great Britain and London. Yet even in London, -the distresses of the poor were very great; -and though liberal subscriptions were raised for -their relief, many perished through want and cold.</p> - -<p>On this occasion, the City of London subscribed -fifteen hundred pounds towards supporting those -persons who were not in the habit of receiving -alms.”</p> - -<p>We cull from the <cite>Public Advertiser</cite> of January -15th, 1789, the following piece of drollery, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -shape of an inscription on a temporary building -on the Thames: “This Booth to Let. The -present possessor of the Premises is Mr. Frost. -His affairs, however, not being on a permanent -footing, a dissolution, or bankruptcy may soon -be expected, and a final settlement of the whole -entrusted to Mr. Thaw.”</p> - -<p>The printing-press was again at work on the ice, -and in Crowle’s “Illustrated Pennant,” there is a -bill, having a border of type flowers, containing -the following lines:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“The silver Thames was frozen o’er,</div> -<div class="verse">No difference twixt the stream and shore;</div> -<div class="verse">The like no man hath seen before,</div> -<div class="verse">Except he lived in days of yore.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“On the Ice, at the Thames Printing-Office, -opposite St. Catherine’s Stairs, in the severe Frost -January, 1789. Printed by me, William Bailey.”</p> - -<p>In the same collection is a stippled engraving -entitled: “A View of the Thames from Rotherhithe -Stairs, during the frost in 1789. Painted by -G. Samuel, and engraved by W. Birch, enamel-painter.”</p> - -<p>The end of the Fair we find thus described in -the <cite>London Chronicle</cite> of January 15th, 1789, “Perhaps -the breaking up of the fair upon the Thames -last Tuesday night below bridge, exceeded every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> -idea that could be formed of it, as it was not until -after the dusk of the evening that the busy crowd -was persuaded of the approach of a thaw. This, -however, with the crackling of some ice about -eight o’clock, made the whole a scene of the most -perfect confusion; as men, beasts, booths, turnabouts, -puppet-shows, &c., &c., were all in motion, -and pouring towards the shore on each side. The -confluence here was so sudden and impetuous, -that the watermen who had formed the toll-bars -over the sides of the river, where they had broken -the ice for that purpose, not being able to maintain -their standard from the crowd, &c., pulled up -the boards, by which a number of persons who -could not leap, or were borne down by the press, -were soused up to the middle.”</p> - -<p>The next issue of the paper records that “on -Thursday, January 15th, the ice was so powerful -as to cut the cables of two vessels lying at the old -Rose Chair, and drive them through the great -arch of London bridge; when their masts becoming -entangled with the balustrades, both were broken -and many persons hurt.” The river remained -frozen for some time after this.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1795-96</div> - -<p>The Antiquarian Society of Newcastle-on-Tyne -recorded that the ice on the river Tyne was -twenty inches thick. The Thames frozen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1809</div> - -<p>We find in “Frostiana” the following particulars -of the curious effect of cold on the feathered -tribe:—“In February, 1809, a boy, in the service -of Mr. W. Newman, miller, at Leybourne, near -Malling, went into a field, called the Forty Acres, -and saw a number of rooks on the ground very -close together. He made a noise to drive them -away, but they did not appear alarmed; he threw -snow-balls to make them rise, still they remained. -Surprised at this apparent indifference, he went -in among them, and actually picked up twenty-seven -rooks; and also in several parts of the -same field, ninety larks, a pheasant, and a buzzard -hawk. The cause of the inactivity of the -birds, was a thing of rare occurrence in this -climate; a heavy rain fell on Thursday afternoon, -which, freezing as it came down, so completely -glazed over the bodies of the birds, that they -were fettered in a coat of ice, and completely deprived -of the power of motion. Several of the -larks were dead, having perished from the intensity -of the cold. The buzzard hawk being -strong, struggled hard for his liberty, broke his -icy fetters and effected his escape.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1811</div> - -<p>In January this year the Thames frozen over.—<cite>Timbs.</cite></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">1813-14</div> - -<p>On the evening of the 27th of December, 1813, -a great fog commenced in London, and the greatest -frost of the century set in. We have taken -from a work compiled during the frost, the -following reliable account of it:—</p> - -<p>“On the night of 27th the darkness was so dense -that the Prince Regent, who desired to pay a visit -to the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield House, -was obliged to return back to Carlton House, not, -however, until one of his outriders had fallen into -a ditch on the side of Kentish Town. The short -excursion occupied several hours. Mr. Croker, of -the Admiralty, intending to go northward, -wandered in the dark for some hours without -making more than three or four miles progress.”</p> - -<p>On the night of the 28th of December, the -Maidenhead coach, on its return from town, -missed the road near Harford Bridge, and was -overturned. Amongst the injured passengers was -Lord Hawarden.</p> - -<p>It took, on the 29th of December, the Birmingham -mail nearly seven hours in going a couple of miles -past Uxbridge, or a distance of about twenty miles.</p> - -<p>On this and other evenings in London, a couple -of persons with links ran by each horse’s head; -yet with this and other precautions some serious -and many whimsical accidents occurred. Pedestrians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -even carried links or lanterns, and a number -who were not provided with lights lost themselves -in the most frequented and at other times well-known -streets. Hackney coachmen mistook the -pathway for the road, and <i lang="la">vice versa</i>—the greatest -possible confusion took place.</p> - -<p>The state of the Metropolis on the night of the -31st of December was in consequence truly alarming. -It required both great care and knowledge -of the public streets to enable anyone to proceed -any distance, and those obliged to venture out -carried torches. The usual lamps appeared -through the haze not larger than small candles. -Many of the hackney coachmen led their horses, -and others drove only at walking pace. Until the -3rd of January, 1814, lasted this tremendous fog, -or “darkness that might be felt.”</p> - -<p>Immediately on the cessation of the fogs, a -heavy fall of snow commenced. A writer of the -time said, “There is nothing in the memory of -man to equal these falls.” With the exception of -a few short intervals, the snow continued incessantly -for forty-eight hours, and this, too, after -the ground was covered with a condensation, -the result of nearly four weeks’ continued frost. -Nearly the whole of the time the wind blew from -the north and north-east, and was intensely cold.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> - -<p>The state of the streets was rendered dangerous -by a thaw which lasted about a day. The mass -of snow and water became so thick, that it was -with difficulty that the carriages could progress -even with the aid of an additional horse each. -Nearly all trades and callings carried on out of -doors were stopped, which considerably increased -the distress of the lower orders. The frost continued -and skating occupied the chief attention -of the people. It will be interesting to furnish -an account of the state of the river Thames -at this period.</p> - -<p>Sunday, January 30th: Immense masses of ice -that had floated from the upper parts of the river, -in consequence of the thaw on the two preceding -days, now blocked up the Thames between Blackfriars -and London Bridges, and afforded every -probability of its being frozen over in a day or -two. Some venturous persons even now walked -on different parts of the ice.</p> - -<p>Monday, January 31st: This expectation was -realised. During the whole of the afternoon, -hundreds of people were assembled on Blackfriars -and London Bridges, to see several adventurous -men cross and recross the Thames -on the ice; at one time seventy persons were -counted walking from Queenhithe to the opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -shore. The frost on Sunday night so -united the vast mass as to render it immovable -by the tide.</p> - -<p>Tuesday, February 1st: The floating masses of -ice with which the Thames was covered, having -been stopped by London Bridge, now assumed -the shape of a solid surface over that part of -the river which entered from Blackfriars Bridge -to some distance below Three Crane Stairs, at -the bottom of Queen-street, Cheapside. The -watermen, taking advantage of the circumstance, -placed notices at the end of all the streets -leading to the city side of the river, announcing -safe footway over the river, which, as might be -expected, attracted immense crowds to witness so -novel a scene. Many were induced to venture on -the ice, and the example thus afforded soon led -thousands to perambulate the rugged plain, where -a variety of amusements were prepared for their -entertainment.</p> - -<p>Among the more curious of these was the ceremony -of roasting a small sheep, which was toasted, -or rather burnt over a coal fire, placed in a large -iron pan. For a view of this extraordinary -spectacle, sixpence was demanded, and willingly -paid. The delicate meat when done was sold at a -shilling a slice, and termed Lapland mutton.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> - -<p>Of booths there was a great number, which -were ornamented with streamers, flags, and signs, -and in which there was a plentiful store of those -favourite luxuries, gin, beer and gingerbread.</p> - -<p>Opposite Three Crane Stairs there was a -complete and well-frequented thoroughfare to -Bankside, which was strewed with ashes, and -apparently afforded a very safe, although a very -rough path.</p> - -<p>Near Blackfriars Bridge, however, the path did -not appear to be equally safe, for one young man, -a plumber, named Davis, having imprudently -ventured to cross with some lead in his hands, he -sank between two masses of ice, to rise no more. -Two young women nearly shared a similar fate, -but were happily rescued from their perilous situation -by the prompt efforts of a waterman. Many -a fair nymph, indeed, was embraced in the very -arms of old Father Thames; three prim young -quakeresses had a sort of semi-bathing near -London Bridge, and when landed on <i lang="la">terra firma</i>, -made the best of their way through the Borough, -amid the shouts of an admiring populace, to their -residence at Newington. In consequence of the -impediments to the current of the river at London -Bridge, the tide did not ebb for some days more -than one half the usual mark.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> - -<p>Wednesday, February 2nd: The Thames presented -a complete Frost Fair. The grand mall or -walk was from Blackfriars Bridge; this was named -the City-road, and lined on each side with tradesmen -of all descriptions. Eight or ten printing -presses were erected, and numerous pieces -commemorative of the great frost were actually -printed on the ice. Some of these frosty typographers -displayed considerable taste in the -specimens.</p> - -<p>At one press an orange-coloured standard was -hoisted, with the watch word “Orange Boven” -in large characters, and the following papers were -issued from it:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Frost Fair.</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Amidst the arts which on the Thames appear,</div> -<div class="verse">To Tell the wonders of this icy year,</div> -<div class="verse">Printing claims a prior place, which at one view</div> -<div class="verse">Erects a monument of That and You.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p>Another:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“You that walk here, and do design to tell</div> -<div class="verse">Your children’s children what this year befell,</div> -<div class="verse">Come, buy this print, and it will then be seen</div> -<div class="verse">That such a year as this has seldom been.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Another of these stainers of paper addressed the -spectators in the following terms:—</p> - -<p>“Friends, now is your time to support the freedom -of the press. Can the press have greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -liberty? Here you find it working in the middle -of the Thames; and if you encourage us by buying -our impressions, we will keep it going in the true -spirit of liberty during the frost.”</p> - -<p>One of the articles printed and sold contained -the following lines:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Behold the river Thames is frozen o’er,</div> -<div class="verse">Which lately ships of mighty burden bore;</div> -<div class="verse">Now different arts and pastimes here you see,</div> -<div class="verse">But printing claims the superiority.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Besides the above the Lord’s Prayer and several -other pieces were issued from these ice bated -printing offices, and were bought with the greatest -avidity.</p> - -<p>Thursday, February 3rd: The adventurers -were still more numerous. Swings, book-stalls, -dancing in a barge, suttling-booths, -playing at skittles, and almost every appendage of -a fair on land was now transferred to the Thames. -Thousands of people flocked to behold this singular -spectacle, and to partake of the various sports and -pastimes. The ice now became like a solid rock -of adamant, and presented a truly picturesque -appearance. The view of St. Paul’s and of the -city with its white foreground had a very singular -effect; in many parts mountains of ice were -upheaved, and these fragments bore a strong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -resemblance to the rude interior of a stone quarry.</p> - -<p>Friday, February, 4th: Every day brought a -fresh accession of “pedlars to sell their wares,” -and the greatest rubbish of all sorts was raked up -and sold at double and treble the original cost. -Books and toys labelled “bought on the Thames” -were seen in profusion. The waterman profited -exceedingly, for each person paid a toll of 2d. or -3d. before he was admitted to the Frost Fair. -Some <i lang="fr">douceur</i> also was expected on your return. -These men were said to have taken £6 each in the -course of a day.</p> - -<p>This afternoon, about five o’clock three persons, -an old man and two lads, having ventured on a -piece of ice above London Bridge, it suddenly -detached itself from the main body, and was -carried by the tide through one of the arches. -The persons on the ice, who laid themselves down -for safety, were observed by the boatmen at -Billingsgate, who with laudable activity, put off -to their assistance, and rescued them from their -danger.</p> - -<p>One of them was able to walk, but the other -two were carried in a state of insensibility to a -public-house in the neighbourhood, where they -received every attention their situation required.</p> - -<p>Many persons were seen on the ice till late at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> -night, and the effect by moonlight was singularly -picturesque and beautiful. With a little stretch -of imagination, we might have transported ourselves -to the frozen climes of the north—to Lapland, -Sweden or Holland.</p> - -<p>Saturday, February 5th: The morning of this -day augured rather unfavourably for the continuance -of Frost Fair. The wind had shifted to the -south, and a light fall of snow took place. The -visitors of the Thames, however, were not to be -deterred by trifles. Thousands again returned, -and there was much life and bustle on the frozen -element.</p> - -<p>The footpath in the centre of the river was -hard and secure, and among the pedestrians we -observed four donkeys which trotted at a nimble -pace and produced considerable merriment. At -every glance, the spectator met with some -pleasing novelty. Gaming in all its branches -threw out different allurements, while honesty was -out of the question. Many of the itinerant admirers -of the profit gained by E. O. Tables, wheel -of fortune, the garter, &c., were industrious in -their avocations, leaving their kind customers -without a penny to pay their passage over a plank -to the shore. Skittles was played by several -parties, and the drinking tents filled by females<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -and their companions, dancing reels to the sound -of fiddles, while others sat round large fires, -drinking rum, grog, and other spirits. Tea, -coffee, and eatables were provided in ample order, -while passengers were invited to eat by way of -recording their visit. Several respectable tradesmen -also attended with their wares, selling books, -toys, and trinkets of every description.</p> - -<p>Towards evening the concourse became thinned; -rain fell in some quantity; Maister Ice gave some -loud cracks, and floated with the printing presses, -booths, &c., to the no small dismay of publicans, -typographers, &c. In short, this icy palace of -Momus, this fairy frost work, was soon to be -dissolved, and doomed to vanish like the baseless -fabric of a vision, but leaving some “wrecks -behind.”</p> - -<p>A short time before the thaw, a gentleman -standing by one of the printing presses, and -supposed to be a limb of the law, handed the -following <i lang="fr">jeu d’esprit</i> to its conductor, requesting -that it might be printed on the Thames. The -prophecy which it contains has been most remarkably -fulfilled:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">“To Madam Tabitha Thaw.</p> - -<p class="noindent">Dear dissolving dame,—</p> - -<p>Father Frost and Sister Snow have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -boneyed my borders, formed an idol of ice upon -my bosom, and all the Lords of London came to -make merry: now, as you love mischief, treat the -multitude with a few cracks by a sudden visit, -and obtain the prayers of the poor upon both -banks. Given at my press the 5th February, -1814. Thomas Thames.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>It was evident that a thaw was rapidly taking -place, yet such was the indiscretion and heedlessness -of some persons that one fatal accident -occurred.</p> - -<p>Two genteel looking young men fell victims to -their temerity in venturing on the ice above Westminster -Bridge, notwithstanding the warnings of -the waterman. A large mass on which they stood, -and which had been loosened by the flood-tide, -gave way, and they floated down the stream. As -they passed under Westminster Bridge they cried -out most piteously for help. They had not gone -far before they sat down, but, going too near the -edge, they overbalanced the mass, and were precipitated -into the stream, sinking not to appear -again.</p> - -<p>This morning, also, Mr. Lawrence, of the -Feathers, in High Timber street, Queenhithe, -erected a booth on the Thames opposite Brook’s -Wharf, for the accommodation of the curious.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -At nine at night he left it to the care of two men, -taking away all liquors, except some gin, which -he gave them for their own use.</p> - -<p>Sunday, February 6th: At two o’clock this -morning, the tide began to flow with great rapidity -at London Bridge; the thaw assisted the efforts -of the tide, and the booth just mentioned was -hurried along with the quickness of lightning -towards Blackfriars Bridge. There were nine -men in it, and in their alarm they neglected the -fire and candles, which, communicating with the -covering, set it in a flame. The men succeeded in -getting into a lighter which had broken from its -moorings, but it was dashed to pieces against -one of the piers of Blackfriars Bridge, on which -seven of them got, and were taken off safely; the -other two got into a barge while passing Puddle -Dock.</p> - -<p>On this day, the Thames towards high tide -(about 3 p.m.) presented a very tolerable idea of -the frozen ocean; grand masses of ice floating -along, added to the great height of the water and -afforded a striking sight for contemplation.</p> - -<p>Thousands of disappointed persons thronged the -banks; and many a ’prentice boy and servant -maid sighed unutterable things at the sudden and -unlooked-for destruction of Frost Fair.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> - -<p>Monday, February, 7th: Large masses of ice -are yet floating, and numerous lighters, broken -from their moorings, are seen in different parts of -the river, many of them complete wrecks. The -damage done to the craft and barges is supposed -to be very great. From London Bridge to Westminster, -twenty thousand pounds will scarcely -make good the losses that have been sustained.</p> - -<p>An interesting account of an “Ice Festival” -is given in the pages of <cite>The Champion</cite> of February -6th, 1814. It is chronicled that “Saturday se’nnight -afforded to the inhabitants of Kelso a scene -to which there has been nothing similar for the last -73 years. The late severe weather having frozen -the Tweed completely over, a number of the respectable -inhabitants were desirous of dining on -the ice, and gave orders to Mr. Lander, of the -Queen’s Head Inn, to provide what was necessary -for the occasion. He accordingly erected an -enormous tent in the midst of the river, opposite -Ednam House, and served up an excellent and -hot dinner to a numerous and respectable company. -The tent, which was well heated by stoves, -was surmounted by an orange flag, and the union -flags of England and Holland were displayed on -tables. From forty to fifty sat down to dinner. -The following toasts were drunk with glee:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>‘General -Frost, who so signally fought last -winter for the deliverance of Europe, and who -now supports the present company.’ ‘Both -sides of the Tweed, and God preserve us in the -middle.’ The company were much gratified by -seeing among them an old inhabitant of the town -who was present at the last entertainment given -under similar circumstances, in the winter of the -year 1740, when part of an ox was roasted on the -ice. No accident happened to disturb the pleasures -of the scene.”</p> - -<p>From a scene of rejoicing let us turn to a -record of a painful death occurring at this period. -We find in the “Annals of Manchester,” edited -by W. E. A. Axon, (pub. 1886) a note as -follows, under the year 1814:—“Miss Lavinia -Robinson was found drowned in the Irwell, near -the Mode Wheel, February 8. This young lady, -who possessed superior mental accomplishments, -as well as personal beauty, was engaged to Mr. -Holroyd, a surgeon, but on the eve of her intended -marriage she disappeared from her home in -Bridge Street, December 6th, and owing to the -long frost, her body remained under the ice for a -long period. It appears most probable that the -rash act of the ‘Manchester Ophelia’ was due -to a quarrel in which her betrothed had repeated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -some slanderous statements respecting her. There -was, however, a strong suspicion that she had -met with foul play. The slanders were shown to -be baseless, and the feeling against Mr. Holroyd -was so strong that he had to leave the town. -(Procter’s ‘Bygone Manchester,’ pages 268, 269. -‘City News Notes and Queries,’ vol. I., p. 265.)”</p> - -<p>We extract from the <cite>Newcastle Weekly Chronicle</cite> -the following lines by an anonymous author:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">TYNE FAIR;<br /> -OR, THE GREAT FROST, JAN. 31, AND FEB. 1, 1814.</p> - -<p>The frost here commemorated began about the -8th December, 1813, and continued in a gentle -manner until the morning of the 14th January, -1814, when a stronger frost covered the Tyne -below bridge with a smooth and perfect sheet of -ice, on which, the succeeding day, a number of -people ventured, and skaters, for three successive -days. A partial thaw came on which damped -the ardour of skaters, until the night of the 29th -of January, when again a severe frost considerably -strengthened the ice, and presented a glassy -surface above bridge. On Monday, 31st January, -no less than seven tents were erected on it for the -sale of spirits, and fires kindled on that and the -succeeding day. Parties dined in various of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> -tents. The desire of recreation shone forth in -every face. Horse shoes, football, “toss or buy,” -rolly polly, fiddlers, pipers, razor grinders, recruiting -parties, and racers with and without -skates, were all alive to the moment. Hats, -breeches, shifts, stockings, ribbons, and even legs -of mutton, were the rewards of the racers, who -turned night into day; the brilliancy of the full -moon contributing to their diversions until late -beyond midnight. A horse and sledge above -bridge added to the novelty of the scene; and it -is worthy of remark that not one accident of -consequence happened, although thousands ventured -their persons upon the ice. Owing to the -severity of the season, the London Mail for -Friday, the 21st January, and three following -days, was brought to Newcastle on the fifth day, -in the Lord Wellington Coach, with eight horses; -a circumstance quite new to the inhabitants of -canny Newcastle.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The angry winter storms aloud,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">In icy chains the floods are bound;</div> -<div class="verse">And on the Tyne the people crowd,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">As if it were on level ground.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The keelmen now lay many a plank,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">To make safe footing on the Tyne;</div> -<div class="verse">And old and young of every rank</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Pay them a toll to pace the Tyne.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There’s next erected many a tent,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And blazing fires the fancy charm;</div> -<div class="verse">Where the shivering lookers-on soon went,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And dine and drink to keep them warm.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">From Red Heugh down to Ouse Burn Quay,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The river’s crowded like a fair;</div> -<div class="verse">And many a group of people play</div> -<div class="verse indent1">At horse shoes for a quart of beer.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Two asses on the ice were brought—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">A smock displayed, for which a race</div> -<div class="verse">Upon the Tyne, who would have thought</div> -<div class="verse indent1">To see such sport in such a place?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There’s “Bambro’ Jack,” and “Mutton Pies,”</div> -<div class="verse indent1">With plump-fac’d Nell and hot black puddings,</div> -<div class="verse">“Come taste them, hinny,” oft she cries,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">“Believe me, lad, they’re very goodens.”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There’s Jack the razor-grinder too,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Rolling his wheel o’er icy Tyne;</div> -<div class="verse">Tho’ he’s as “drunk as Davey’s sow,”</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Yet he obtains some skates to grind.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Here Jim the fiddler screw’d his pegs,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">While stripling wenches round him dance;</div> -<div class="verse">And bold recruits a party begs</div> -<div class="verse indent1">To gather laurels e’en in France.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">In Jemmy Nelson’s tent we see,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">A toping party do combine,</div> -<div class="verse">To pass the afternoon with glee,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And drown their cares in rosy wine.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Now turn your eyes west of the bridge,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And you will view a sight that’s rare,</div> -<div class="verse">A horse there draws a Northern sledge,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Like unto Neptune’s stately car.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Peg Swinney, she to seek her mate,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Made her first passage o’er a ship,</div> -<div class="verse">But on the plank she slipp’d her feet,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Fell on the ice and lamed her hip.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">A barber, bred in Thespis’ school,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">With a new pair of skates well shod,</div> -<div class="verse">Display’d his anticks like a fool,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And through the arch he took his road.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">But here the faithless ice soon broke,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Up to the shoulders sous’d was he,</div> -<div class="verse">Where he remain’d till with a rope,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Some sailors dragg’d him to the quay.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">A gentle thaw took place at last,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The keels are all afloat we see;</div> -<div class="verse">And dingy Tyne, late bound so fast,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Now rolls its current to the sea.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">1814</div> - -<p>The winter very severe in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1838</div> - -<p>On the 7th January a very severe frost set in and -continued a month. This frost was predicted in -“Murphy’s Almanack,” and the fulfilment of the -prediction rendered the publication extremely -popular. A rhyme of the period was as follows—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Murphy hath a weather eye,</div> -<div class="verse">He can tell whatever he pleases,</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -<div class="verse">Whether it will be wet or dry,</div> -<div class="verse">When it thaws and when it freezes.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>It is recorded in January this year, that the thermometer -at Walton, near Claremont, fell to 14 -deg. below zero; at Beckenham it was 13½ deg. -below zero; at Wallingford, 5 deg. below zero; -at Greenwich, 4 deg. below zero; and at Glasgow -1 deg. below zero.</p> - -<p>The principal rivers of this country were -frozen over. This winter is frequently called -“Murphy’s winter.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1855</div> - -<p>On January 16th a very strong frost commenced, -and prevailed for about six weeks. Rivers -were frozen over, and inland navigation was -entirely suspended. The working classes were -subject to many privations on account of the -dearness of food and depression of trade. In -London 10,000 dock porters were out of work, -and such was their sufferings that bread-riots -occurred in the east end of the town. During -this frost traffic was established on the Ure in -Lincolnshire to the distance of thirty-five miles.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1860-61</div> - -<p>Very severe frost from 20th December to 5th -January. Says the <cite>Northern Daily Telegraph</cite>, in a -recent article on “Old Fashioned Winters” “on -the 25th of December, 1860, the thermometer in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -London fell to 15 degrees Fahrenheit, which is -17 degrees below freezing point. In the country -the same intensity of cold was felt, and a certain -meteorologist wrote to the <cite>Times</cite> stating that at -Boston, in Nottinghamshire, the temperature -four feet above the ground was 8 degrees below -zero, whilst on the grass it was 13 degrees, or 45 -degrees of frost. Fortunately this extreme cold -only lasted three days, and the inconveniences -attending it—in themselves bad enough—were not -to be compared with the miseries which accompanied -the great Frost Fair.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1879-1880</div> - -<p>In the middle of January, 1880, it was expected -by many that a Frost Fair would once more -be held on the Thames. The last two months of -1879 and the opening month of 1880 were extremely -cold. The President of the Meteorological -Society in his report, 1880, says, “The -period through which we have been passing since -October, 1878, has been one of great cold, in -many respects without precedent during nearly -a quarter of a century. The harvest of 1879 is -recorded as the worst ever known. Shrubs, even -hollies, little short of 100 years old were killed. -Birds were destroyed, Robin Redbreasts took -shelter in our houses; all the rivers in England -were frozen over. It is stated that Major Slack of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -the 63rd Regiment, at Oakamoor Station, -railway lamps were frozen out, and that rabbits -pushed for food had attacked the oil and grease -on the station crane.” At Chirmside Bridge a -temperature of 6° below zero was observed. Peach -trees 60 years old were killed to the roots. The -evergreens, laurels, rhododendrons, hollies in -many instances, Wellingtonias, and many others -were all killed, and many people frozen to -death. This frost began on the 22nd November, -1879, and on the 2nd February, 1880, a thaw -began.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1881</div> - -<p>Severe frost from the 7th to the 27th January. -Snow fell daily from the 9th to the 27th of the -month.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">1886-7</div> - -<p>The concluding pages of this work are being -written and printed during a hard frost. The -closing days of the past year, and the early days -of the current year will long be remembered -amongst severe winters.</p> - -<p>Perhaps we cannot more fitly close our account -of “Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs,” than by -quoting the following lines from the facile pen of -Edith May, culled from the pages of Hale’s -“Selections of Female Writers,” published in -1853.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">FROST PICTURES.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">When like a sullen exile driven forth,</div> -<div class="verse">Southward, December drags his icy chain,</div> -<div class="verse">He graves fair pictures of his native North</div> -<div class="verse indent4">On the crisp window-pane.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">So some pale captive blurs, with lips unshorn,</div> -<div class="verse">The latticed glass, and shapes rude outlines there,</div> -<div class="verse">With listless finger and a look forlorn,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Cheating his dull despair.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The fairy fragments of some Arctic scene</div> -<div class="verse">I see to-night; blank wastes of polar snow,</div> -<div class="verse">Ice-laden boughs, and feathery pines that lean</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Over ravines below.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Black frozen lakes, and icy peaks blown bare,</div> -<div class="verse">Break the white surface of the crusted pane,</div> -<div class="verse">And spear-like leaves, long ferns, and blossoms fair</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Linked in silvery chain.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Draw me, I pray thee, by this slender thread;</div> -<div class="verse">Fancy, thou sorceress, bending vision-wrought</div> -<div class="verse">O’er that dim well perpetually fed</div> -<div class="verse indent4">By the clear springs of thought!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Northward I turn, and tread those dreary strands,—</div> -<div class="verse">Lakes where the wild fowl breed, the swan abides;</div> -<div class="verse">Shores where the white fox, burrowing in the sands,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Harks to the droning tides.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And seas, where, drifting on a raft of ice,</div> -<div class="verse">The she bear rears her young; and cliffs so high,</div> -<div class="verse">The dark-winged birds that emulate their rise</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Melt through the pale blue sky.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There, all night long, with far diverging rays,</div> -<div class="verse">And stalking shades, the red Auroras glow;</div> -<div class="verse">From the keen heaven, meek suns with pallid blaze</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Light up the Arctic snow.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Guide me, I pray, along those waves remote,</div> -<div class="verse">That deep unstartled from its primal rest;</div> -<div class="verse">Some errant sail, the fisher’s lone light boat</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Borne waif-like on its breast!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Lead me, I pray, where never shallop’s keel</div> -<div class="verse">Brake the dull ripples throbbing to their caves:</div> -<div class="verse">Where the mailed glacier with his armed heel</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Spurs the resisting waves!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Paint me, I pray, the phantom hosts that hold</div> -<div class="verse">Celestial tourneys when the midnight calls;</div> -<div class="verse">On airy steeds, with lances bright and bold,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Storming her ancient halls.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Yet, while I look, the magic picture fades;</div> -<div class="verse">Melts the bright tracery from the frosted pane;</div> -<div class="verse">Trees, vales, and cliffs, in sparkling snows arrayed,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Dissolve in silvery rain.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Without, the day’s pale glories sink and swell</div> -<div class="verse">Over the black rise of yon wooded height;</div> -<div class="verse">The moon’s thin crescent, like a stranded shell,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Left on the shores of night.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Hark how the north wind, with a hasty hand,</div> -<div class="verse">Rattling my casement, frames his mystic rhyme.</div> -<div class="verse">House thee, rude minstrel, chanting through the land,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Runes of the olden times.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INDEX.</h2> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">Ale, Hot, used for mixing mortar, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anne, Princess, visits the Frost Fair, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Armitage, John, High Sheriff of Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Artichokes, growth of, in London in 1608, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, a Broadside in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Axon’s, W. E. A., <cite>Annals of Manchester</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Bailey, Wm., printer on the Thames, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bampton, Devonshire, Icy Epitaph at, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barley, Price of, in 1614, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Fair, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bath, Severe Frost at, in 1754, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beale, Dr., on the frost of 1672, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beans, price of, in 1614, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bear-Baiting on the Ice, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beckenham, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bess of Hardwick, Death of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Birch, W., Enamel-painter and Engraver, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Birmingham Mails delayed through a dense Fog, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Blanket Fair, A True description of, upon the River Thames, 1683. A broadside</cite>, <a href="#Page_22">22-26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bodleian Library, Oxford, <cite>Cold Doings in London</cite>, a tract in, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Book of Liberty</cite>, read in Churches, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boston, Notts., Severe Frost at, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowles, John, Printseller at “The Black Horse,” <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowyer, William, Printer, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brugis, H., Printer, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Catherine, Queen, Infanta of Portugal, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Champion, The</cite>, on the Ice Festival of 1814, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles II., Visit to the Frost Fair on the Thames in 1683-84, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>Chatsworth, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chirmside Bridge. Temperature at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Cold Doings in London</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Cold Yeare, The” quoted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cornwall, slight frost of 1763, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Corsellis, F., Oxford’s first Printer, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Croker, J. Wilson, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Croom, G., Printing done on the Thames by, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cross, John, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crowle’s <cite>Illustrated Pennant</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dalton, C. and R., Bell-founders, York, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Davis, Mr., Drowning of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Derbyshire, Chatsworth, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Hardwick, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dawks’s <cite>News-Letter</cite>, on the frost of 1715-16, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">D’Este, Mary, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Doll, the pippin Woman, death of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Gay’s verse on, <a href="#Page_49"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> - -<li class="indx">Drake’s <cite>Eboracum</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Drunk as Davey’s Sow,” a phrase, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ecclesfield Parish Register, extract from, on mixing Mortar with Malt-Liquor, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ednam House, Kelso, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eggs used for pointing Churches, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Introduction of Printing into, by Henry VI., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Rivers Frozen, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Severe frost in 359, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>English Chronicle, The, or Frosty Calendar</cite>, a broadside, 1739-40, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">E. O. Tables, gambling by, practised, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Epitaph, Icy, at Bampton, Devonshire, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Erra Pater’s Prophesy, or Frost Fair in 1683</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Evelyn, John, on the Frost of 1648-49, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">frost of 1683-84, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Faust, J., Inventor of Printing, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Foss, River, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Foster, Geo., Printseller, St. Paul’s Church-yard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Frost Fair, An Extract Draught of, on the River Thames</cite>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Frost Fair on the River Thames</cite>, 1715-16, <a href="#Page_43">43-44</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Frost in the Year 1739-40</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frost Pictures, a Poem, by Edith May, <a href="#Page_82">82-83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span><cite>Frostiana</cite>, Curious effect of the cold on birds in the Frost of 1806 mentioned in, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gainsborough, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gent, Thos., His Printing shop on the river Ouse, at York, in 1719, <a href="#Page_49">49-50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Gentleman’s Magazine</cite> on the Frost of 1742, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the Frost of 1763, <a href="#Page_51"><i>ibid.</i></a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1782, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1784, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">and of 1789, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">George, Prince, of Denmark, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glasgow, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gottenburgh, John, Printer, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gough, Richard. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gravesend, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Great Britain’s Wonder: or London’s Admiration</cite>, A Broadside, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Greenwich, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Grey Friars, Chronicles of the</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hale’s <cite>Selections of Female Writers</cite>, quoted <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haly, M., Printer, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harford Bridge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Harleian Miscellany</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harley Thos., Lord Mayor of London, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hatfield House, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hawarden, Lord, Accident to, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hay, price of, in 1614, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heaton, John, Printer, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry II. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">⸺ III. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">⸺ VI. and the Introduction of Printing into England, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hodgeson, Mr., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holinshed’s “<cite>Chronicle</cite>,” quoted, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holland, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holroyd, Mr., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Shoe, Game of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Howe’s “<cite>Stow’s English Chronicle</cite>,” quoted, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hulse, Sir Henry, Knt, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><cite>Ice Fair</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Icy Epitaph, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ireland, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">slight frost of 1763, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Irwell River, Drowning of Miss Robinson in, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Jackson’s <cite>Pictorial Press</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kelso, Ice Festival at, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Ednam House, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>Queen’s Head Inn, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kentish Town, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lambeth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lander, Mr. Publican, Public dinner served on the river Tweed by, during the frost of 1814, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lapland, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Lapland Mutton, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lawrence, Mr., Publican, erected a booth on the Thames, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leeds, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leybourne, Birds fettered with Ice at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lintott, Bernard, Bookseller, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">London, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Blackfriars Bridge, <a href="#Page_63">63-66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">British Museum, Royal Coll. of Prints and Drawings in the, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Brooks Wharf, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Carlton House, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cheapside, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Dock Labourers thrown out of work, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fire in 1086, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fleet Street, Shop signs in, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fog, Dense, in 1813-14, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Green Arbour, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Guildhall Library, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">High Timber Street, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Hungerford Stairs, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Little Old Bailey, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">London Bridge, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">Arches carried away during the frost of 1281-2, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">Houses on, damaged, in the frost of 1739, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">View of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">Ludgate, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Moorfields, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Newington, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Puddle Dock, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Royal Exchange, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queenhithe, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen Street, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Rose Chair, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Rotherhithe, Fall of a house at, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">St. James’s Street, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">St. Paul’s Cathedral, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">Burning of in 1086, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Smithfield, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Southwark, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Strand, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Temple Bar, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Temple Stairs, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">Thames Frozen, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">from London to Gravesend, in <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> -<li class="isub2">Blanket Fair upon, a Broadside, <a href="#Page_22">22-26</a>.</li> -<li class="isub2">Bull-Baiting on, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> -<li class="isub2">Coaches plying from Westminster to the Temple, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> -<li class="isub2">Fair in 1564-6, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">in 1608, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">in 1620, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">in reign of Charles II, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3"><cite>Frost Fair</cite>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> -<li class="isub2"><cite>Mapp or Representation of Boothes</cite> &c. 1683, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> -<li class="isub2">Men walking over, from Westminster to Lambeth, in 1281-2, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">Navigation on, suspended, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>Printing done upon, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">Subscriptions raised for the sufferers through the frost of 1789, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">Three Crane Stairs, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Westminster, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Westminster Bridge, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Whitehall, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Whitehall Stairs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Whitefriars, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>London Chronicle</cite>, on the frost of 1789, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Loughborough, Leicestershire, waggon load of Coals, drawn on the ice from, to Carlton House, London, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Maidenhead Coach, overturned, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maitland’s <cite>Hist. of London</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Malling, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manchester, Bridge Street, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><cite>City News Notes and Queries</cite>, on the Drowning of Miss Robinson, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martaine, Thos., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">May’s, Edith, Frost Pictures, a poem, <a href="#Page_82">82-83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Milbank, Horse Ferry at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mode Wheel, near River Irwell, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Modena, Francis, Duke of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moxon’s <cite>Map of the River Thames</cite>, 1683-4, referred to, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Murphy’s <cite>Almanack</cite>, Frost of 1838 predicted in, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Nelson, Jemmy, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Neva, River, Ice Palace erected upon, in 1740, <a href="#Page_50">50-51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newcastle, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Antiquarian Society Transactions, on the Frost of 1795-96, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Ouse Burn Quay <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Red Heugh, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">The Tyne Fair, at, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Newcastle Weekly Chronicle</cite>, on the Frost Fair of 1814, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newman, W., Miller, of Leybourne, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Norris, Jas., Bookseller, at the King’s Arms, Fleet St., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Northern Daily Telegraph</cite> on “Old Fashioned Winters” <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Nottingham Guardian</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Notes and Queries</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Oakamoor Station, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Odd Showers” referred to, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Old Chronicle,” quoted, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford, Printing first Practised at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ouse Bridges, borne away with the Ice, in 1564, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Penkethman, quoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>Pepys, Samuel, on the frosts of 1663, 1664-65, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth, intense frost at, in 1782, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Printing, Invention of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Proctors’ <cite>Bygone Manchester</cite>, on the Drowning of Miss Robinson, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prynne’s <cite>Divine Tragedie lately acted</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Public Advertiser</cite>, quoted <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Putney-Bridge, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Redriff, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Regent, Prince, his intended visit to the Marquis of Salisbury, 61</li> - -<li class="indx">Robinson, Miss L., Drowning of, in the Irwell, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rochester Bridge, destroyed by the frost of 1281-2, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Russia, Anne, Empress of, causes an ice Palace to be erected on the Neva, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Salisbury Marquis of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Samuel, G., Painter, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scotland, Fourteen weeks’ Frost in 359, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seller, John, Bookseller, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shad, J. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Short’s quoted <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Signs, Shop, Black Horse, Cornhill, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Feathers, High Timber St. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Globe, St. Paul’s Churchyard, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King’s Arms, Fleet Street <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Mitre Tavern, Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen’s Head Inn, Kelso, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Talbot, Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slack, Major, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Beauvois Hill, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Berry, <a href="#Page_37"><i>ib.</i></a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bittern Farme, <a href="#Page_37"><i>ib.</i></a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Calshott Castle, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Extract from Holy-Rood Church Register on the Frost of 1683-4, <a href="#Page_36"><i>ib.</i></a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Ichen Ferry, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Marchwood, <a href="#Page_37"><i>ib.</i></a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Millbrook point, <a href="#Page_37"><i>ib.</i></a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Redbridge, <a href="#Page_37"><i>ib.</i></a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stows’ <cite>Annals</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><cite>Chronicle</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sweden, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Swinney, Peg, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Thamasis’s <cite>Advice to a Painter</cite>, quoted <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Thames, A View of the, from Rotherhithe Stairs during the frost in 1789</cite>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Timbs’s <cite>Curiosities of London</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the Frost of 1739-40, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the Frost of 1811, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Times, The</cite>, on the Frost at Boston, Notts., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trent, River, Playing Foot-ball on, in 1634, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tweed, River, Dinner given upon, in 1814, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tyne, River, <a href="#Page_75">75-77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Frost Fair of 1814, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>a Ballad on the Fair, <a href="#Page_76">76-78</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ubley, Frost of 1683, Extract from Parochial Register on, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ure, River, Frozen in 1855, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Uxbridge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><cite>View of the Booths, and all the Variety of Shows &c.</cite>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Wales, slight frost of, 1763, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wales, Prince of, Visits the Frost Fair of 1715-16, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walford, C., <cite>Insurance Cyclopædia</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">⸺ Edward, M. A., <cite>Old and New London</cite>, quoted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wallingford, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walton, Near Claremont, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Waltor, Robt., Bookseller at the Globe, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Warter, Wm. Stationer, at the “Talbott,” <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wellington, Coach, Lord, from London to Newcastle, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Weltjie, Mr., Clerk of the Cellars to the Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White’s <cite>Natural Hist. of Selborne</cite>, on the Frost of 1768, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Winter Wonder, A, or the Thames Frozen over with Remarks on the Resort there, a broadside</cite>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Wonderfull Fair, A, or a Fair of Wonders</cite>, 1684, quoted, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><cite>Wonders of the Deep</cite>, a Broadside, <a href="#Page_34">34-36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wrington, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">York, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Flood of 1614, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Horse Race run upon the Ouse at, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Printing done upon the Ouse at, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Walmgate, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">York, James, Duke of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire, Ecclesfield Parish Register, Extract from, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">River Ouse Frozen in 1607, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">again 1614, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Overflow of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Ouse Bridge borne away in 1564-65, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Tadcaster Church Bells moulded during the frost of 1783, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -</ul> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/footer.jpg" width="200" height="130" alt="Decorative footer: a scroll wrapped in leaves" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><span class="smcap">Charles H. Barnwell, Printer, Bond Street, Hull.</span></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great -Britain, by William Andrews - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FROSTS *** - -***** This file should be named 55375-h.htm or 55375-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/3/7/55375/ - -Produced by deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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