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diff --git a/old/55369-0.txt b/old/55369-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 377abd5..0000000 --- a/old/55369-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11759 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Times of Her Majesty Caroline -Matilda, Vol. 3 (of 3), by Sir C. F. Lachelles Wraxall - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Life and Times of Her Majesty Caroline Matilda, Vol. 3 (of 3) - Queen of Denmark and Norway etc. - -Author: Sir C. F. Lachelles Wraxall - -Release Date: August 17, 2017 [EBook #55369] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HER MAJESTY CAROLINE MATILDA *** - - - - -Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - +-------------------------------------------+ - | Note: | - | | - | = around word indicates bold =CAPSULE.= | - | _ around word indicated italics _Erebus_ | - +-------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - LIFE AND TIMES - - OF - - HER MAJESTY CAROLINE MATILDA. - - - - - LIFE AND TIMES - - OF - - HER MAJESTY - - CAROLINE MATILDA, - - QUEEN OF DENMARK AND NORWAY, - - AND - - SISTER OF H. M. GEORGE III. OF ENGLAND, - - FROM FAMILY DOCUMENTS AND PRIVATE STATE ARCHIVES. - - BY - - SIR C. F. LASCELLES WRAXALL, BART. - - IN THREE VOLUMES. - - VOL. III. - - LONDON: - - WM. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. - - 1864. - - [_All Rights reserved._] - - - - -LEWIS AND SON, PRINTERS, SWAN BUILDINGS, MOORGATE STREET. - - - - -CONTENTS OF VOL. III. - - - CHAPTER I. - - THE TRIAL OF COUNT BRANDT. - - PAGE - - The Indictment--Brandt at Court--The Assault on the King--The - King's Deposition--The Queen and Struensee--Duty of - a Good Citizen--The Confidant--The Alleged Forgery--The - Sentence Proposed--The Defence--The King at Home--Duties - of the Favourite--A Man of Courage--The Royal Gift--Brandt's - Letter to his Judges--A Modest Request--Hurried - Proceedings 1 - - - CHAPTER II. - - THE TWO COUNTS. - - Struensee's Sentence--His General Conduct--The Maître des Requêtes--The - German Language--Struensee's Despotism--The - Council of the Thirty-two--The Cabinet Minister--The King's - Presents--Struensee's Precautions--His Downfall--The Sentence - Approved--Count Brandt--His Assault on the King--His - Behaviour--The Royal Assent 33 - - - CHAPTER III. - - THE EXECUTION. - - Confirmation of the Sentence--Struensee's Correspondence--Rantzau's - Treachery--An Unfeeling Court--Struensee's Penitence--The - Scaffold--April 28--Execution of Brandt--Horrible - Details--Death of Struensee--His Character--Enlightened - Despotism--The First Servant of the State--The Queen - Dowager 71 - - - CHAPTER IV. - - THE HIGH COMMISSION. - - PAGE - - The Ten Prisoners--The Report--Lt.-Colonel von Hesselberg--Etats-rath - Willebrandt--Professor Berger--Unjust Sentences--Von - Gähler--Falckenskjold and Struensee--Serious Crimes--The - Sentence--The Royal Approval--The Fortress of Munkholm--The - Commandant--Resignation--The Order of Release--Curious - Conditions--Death of Falckenskjold 103 - - - CHAPTER V. - - DEPARTURE OF THE QUEEN. - - The British Fleet--Spirited Conduct of Keith--The Order of Release--The - Prisoner Louisa Augusta--The Departure--The - Landing at Stade--The Stay at Göhrde--Arrival in Celle--The - Queen's Court--A Happy Family--Keith's Mission--Literary - Pirates--Reverdil to the Rescue 141 - - - CHAPTER VI. - - THE SECRET AGENT. - - The Court at Celle--Mr. Wraxall--Presentation to the - Queen--Hamburg--The Danish Nobility--The Proposition--The - Credentials--Return to Celle--Baron von Seckendorf--The - Queen's Acceptance--Another Visit to Celle--The Interview - in the Jardin François--Caroline Matilda's Agreement--The - Inn in the Wood--Baron von Bülow--A Strange Adventure--Arrival - in England 167 - - - CHAPTER VII. - - 'TWIXT THE CUP AND THE LIP. - - Baron von Lichtenstein--The King's Instructions--The Arrival - from Hamburg--The Four Articles--A Terrible Journey--Arrival - at Celle--Interview with the Queen--Baron von Seckendorf--The - Answer from Copenhagen--The Appeal to George - III.--The Counter-Revolution--Another Visit to Celle--The - Last Interview--The Queen's Gratitude--Return to London--Waiting - for the Answer--A Sudden Blow 202 - - - CHAPTER VIII. - - DEATH OF CAROLINE MATILDA. - - PAGE - - The Typhus Fever--Death of the Page--The Queen's Visit--Symptoms - of Illness--Dr. Zimmermann--Pastor Lehzen--Caroline - Matilda's Goodness of Heart--Her Death--The Funeral--General - Grief--The Monuments--Letter to George III.--Proofs - of Caroline Matilda's Innocence--The Queen's Character 242 - - - CHAPTER IX. - - WHEN ROGUES FALL OUT----. - - The Reaction--The King's Will--Köller-Banner--Rantzau's - Dismissal--Prince Charles of Hesse--Court Intrigues--Eickstedt's - Career--Beringskjold's Career and Death--Von der Osten--The - Guldberg Ministry--The Prince Regent--The Coup d'État--Uncle - and Nephew--Fate of Guldberg--Death of Juliana Maria 259 - - - APPENDIX A. 291 - - APPENDIX B. 307 - - APPENDIX C. 313 - - - - -LIFE AND TIMES - -OF - -CAROLINE MATILDA. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -THE TRIAL OF COUNT BRANDT. - - THE INDICTMENT--BRANDT AT COURT--THE ASSAULT ON THE KING--THE KING'S - DEPOSITION--THE QUEEN AND STRUENSEE--DUTY OF A GOOD CITIZEN--THE - CONFIDANT--THE ALLEGED FORGERY--THE SENTENCE PROPOSED--THE - DEFENCE--THE KING AT HOME--DUTIES OF THE FAVOURITE--A MAN OF - COURAGE--THE ROYAL GIFT--BRANDT'S LETTER TO HIS JUDGES--A MODEST - REQUEST--HURRIED PROCEEDINGS. - - -On the same day that the Fiscal General Wiwet handed in his indictment -of Struensee, he delivered to the commission his charges against Count -Brandt, which were to the following effect:-- - -THE INDICTMENT OF COUNT BRANDT. - -As concerns the second principal prisoner, Count Enevold Brandt, -we cannot say of him that he undertook something which he did not -understand, but he has committed actions in which he ought not to have -allowed himself to be used. - -I have already most submissively stated how he, after being dismissed -from court, again returned to it; that it took place through the -intercession of Count Struensee, who required a person in whom he could -trust, who was bound to him, and who would neither betray Struensee's -enterprises, nor allow other persons to betray them. It was his function, -therefore, to pay attention to everything that his royal Majesty -undertook, in word and in deed, and to prevent any one having access to -the king who did not belong to the party. - -The attendance of the valets was for this purpose shortened. On the other -hand, the king was to receive every morning the visit of a doctor, who -gave him powders, although there was nothing the matter with his Majesty, -and, as valet Torp stated, lit. F., p. 52, his Majesty was just as -healthy as he had been before, and demanded no attendance from a doctor. - -This doctor, Professor Berger, who, as the chosen instrument of Counts -Struensee and Brandt, there can be no doubt indulged in thoughts about -great posts of honour to be acquired in Denmark, allowed himself to -be employed in incommoding his Majesty every morning. The two other -physicians in ordinary, Etats-rath von Berger and Piper, could not be -induced to do such useless things; and hence we see that Professor Berger -did not go solely on account of his Majesty's health, but in order that -the morning hour might be spent with him, the confidant of the counts. - -It is not easy to understand how Count Brandt, of whom it must be -confessed that he possessed common sense, and might have been useful to -the king and country as a native, allowed himself to be persuaded to -become a promoter of the Struensian undertakings. Nor is it possible to -discover what could induce him, as a person of rank and family, to deny -that _hauteur_ which is generally observed toward people of low origin, -unless it was caused by an unbounded desire for honours and wealth, and -that he consequently behaved like those who consort with, and are the -accomplices of, thieves. - -If Count Brandt, as he says and writes, wished to leave the court and -go on his travels, if only an income of 1,000 dollars were allowed -him, because he saw that his remaining would do him no good, why did -he remain? Why did he not say to his Majesty that he did not wish to -stay at court any longer? What Count Brandt alleges, therefore, is only -a subterfuge; and what he states in his memorials to Count Struensee -is not earnestness, but merely threats against Count Struensee, who -must effect that which Count Brandt desired to attain, as is visible -from the fact that Count Struensee appears to have employed soothing -language. For if Count Brandt regarded his position at court as a Hell -(his own expression), he was at liberty to get rid of it by sending in -his resignation. But it was not meant seriously. Hence he is not to be -excused for accepting a post of which himself says:--"Mais je le force -de vivre avec moi et pour comble de disgrâce je suis encore obligé à le -(the king) traiter durement, à ce qu'il l'appelle pour qu'il ne devient -insolent vis-à-vis de la Reine, et si cela arrive par hazard j'en porte -la faute: cela tout seul est un Enfer." In this position with his royal -Majesty he has proved himself guilty of the following capital crimes:-- - - -I. - -After free consideration and consultation he went in to the king his -master, and then challenged, abused, attacked, beat, and bit his Majesty. -This is certainly unheard of, and, I must say of this deed, "animus -meminisse horret luctuque refugit." But it happened so, and Count -Brandt's own confession and the statements of the witnesses confirm it. - -Count Brandt confessed before the commission that he--after his royal -Majesty one day at breakfast had said something which he, Count -Brandt, considered insulting, and his Majesty had thrown a lemon at -him--consulted with Count Struensee on the matter, who advised him to -go to the king and demand satisfaction. In consequence of this, after -laying a riding-whip previously in a pianoforte standing in the king's -ante-chamber, in order to threaten the king with it, he went into the -king's cabinet, challenged, assaulted, and maltreated him. (_V._ his -confession, lit. F., pp. 309 and 322.) - -This confession is confirmed by his Majesty's own declaration to valet -Schleel, who, on the morning after the assault, came to his Majesty, -and saw that the king's neck was scratched; by the statements of valet -Brieghil, page of the bed-chamber Schack, valet Torp, and also by the -evidence of the negro boy Moranti. From all this it is indisputably fully -proved that Count Brandt laid hands on his Majesty in order to insult -him--an awful deed, as King David says in the second book of Samuel, -chap, i., vv. 14, 15, 16: "How wast thou not afraid to stretch forth -thine hand to destroy the Lord's anointed? * * * * Thy blood be on thine -own head." - -It is true that Count Brandt has tried to excuse this audacious deed, -partly by the assurance that such things were frequently done to his -Majesty by Count Holck and Warnstedt, partly by asserting that his royal -Majesty has forgiven him this crime. But even if, as regards the first -apology, we were to assume for a moment that such audacious deeds were -really done by Count Holck and Von Warnstedt, this cannot exculpate Count -Brandt, who was not justified in acting thus because another before -him had committed these crimes and escaped punishment. And as regards -the second excuse, his royal Majesty never forgave him his crime, for -the witnesses I have mentioned declare, that after this occurrence his -Majesty could not endure Count Brandt, and was afraid of being attacked -by him; that his Majesty locked his door on the following night, which -was not usually the case, and thus revealed that his Majesty had not -forgiven Count Brandt the offence, and also that his Majesty ordered page -Schack[1] to denounce Count Brandt's treatment of him to this commission, -which would not have happened had the offence been pardoned. Although -such conduct toward a king can never meet with an apology, still, if -the assault had been made at the moment when Count Brandt considered -himself insulted, and if it might appear that he had undertaken it in an -outburst of excitement, a good deal might still be said against it. But -in this case, where he goes in to his king after reflection, and in cold -blood, orders out the persons present, so that there may be no witnesses -of the improper deed, locks the door, in order that no one may afford -assistance, seizes the king round the neck, threatens him with death; and -when he at length lets him loose, after the king has spoken soothingly, -threatens him that another time he shall not get off so cheaply; and, -in addition, abuses the king, as himself is obliged to confess--nothing -can be brought forward as the slightest excuse for him; he is a child of -death, and one of the greatest criminals that ever trod the earth. He has -acted against his oath, which commands him to risk his life and blood for -his king and the defence of his life; but exactly contrary to this oath -he attacks his king, and in such a way that the latter suffers a loss of -blood. - -It is of no avail in his excuse that he alleges his royal Majesty -assaulted him first, unless this occurred at a time when his Majesty was -angry with him, and he merely defended himself, which is human; but still -could not be permitted to any subject against his king. But that he goes -in to the king at a time when he had no duties to perform, and only in -order to say harsh things to the king; that he goes in to terrify the -king; that he abuses him; that he defies the king,--all this leaves him -no other mode of escape but his statement, that the king assaulted him -first. But, in my opinion, every man who suffers such treatment in his -own house has the right to regale a man with a cudgel who comes into his -room for the purpose of prostituting him, and how much more so a king. If -his Majesty had killed him, Count Brandt, on the spot, it would have been -his well-merited reward, and could have been answered before God and man. - -As concerns Count Brandt's general behaviour toward his royal Majesty; -for instance, his going in to the king in his _peignoir_, remaining with -his Majesty with his hat on, or entering the king's room while playing -the flute, this is really such conduct as no master would put up with -from his servant, much less a king from his subject. - -Count Brandt, it is true, apologises for all this by saying that his -Majesty would have it so, and that the same thing was done in the time -of earlier servants in an even more indifferent way. But the former is -only a proof of his Majesty's gentleness and kindness, which do not like -to express what a man ought to say to himself, and the latter gives him -no right; for must I be a churl because my predecessor was one? In this -matter I could mention several instances of bad conduct on the part of -Count Brandt in treating his royal Majesty contemptuously. But as the -great crime swallows up all the rest, it is unnecessary to mention them -here, and so make the trial longer. _Crimine ab uno discimus omnia._ - -I will, therefore, now proceed to Count Brandt's second capital offence. - - -II. - -Count Brandt has broken the fidelity which he owed to the king his master -by virtue of the oath he took to his Majesty, by being an accomplice in -the improper intercourse and intimacy which Count Struensee had acquired -with the person to whom he certainly owed reverence and affection, but -no tenderness. Count Brandt confesses this, and that Count Struensee -confided it to him is proved by his, Brandt's, own confession, lit. a, -pp. 40 and 41. It is true that Count Struensee, in his declaration, lit. -a, p. 50, will not quite admit Count Brandt's statement; but no doubt -can be possible when we remember that Count Brandt was placed about his -Majesty to prevent other persons having access to the king, in order that -Count Struensee might have the better opportunity to play his part. What -could induce Count Struensee to share the booty with him, and to allow -him to rise in honour equally with himself, unless it were done to render -him, Brandt, faithful, silent, and attentive? - -That Count Brandt was cognizant of this illicit familiarity is -furthermore shown by Count Struensee's reply to Count Brandt's letter, -in which we read: "Je n'ai partagé avec personne la confiance que je -vous ai donné: vous êtes le seul qui possède mes secrets, et à qui je -m'explique sur tous les objets sans reserve." Count Brandt, generally -as a subject, and specially as a royal official, Danish count and -chamberlain, was commanded by the law to promote the king's welfare -and prevent his detriment by his utmost efforts. Hence two duties were -offered him: either to reveal the affair to the king, or to observe to -the guilty party that such things must not be allowed; to oppose such a -disgusting life, and threaten to reveal it to the king. I fancy I can -hear a sincere friend of the king and of the honour of the royal family -speaking thus to Count Struensee: "Audacious traitor and most impudent of -the human race! you who ought to recognise and honour the supremacy and -majesty, turn back from your impudence, and know that I, even through my -birth, am bound to avert everything that entails the dishonour of the -house of the king and his family." I believe that such language would -have had more effect than all the memoirs. But, unhappily, money flowed, -which Count Brandt needed; and hence he did not dare say, "May you be -damned with your money!" I certainly see that I may be answered: "Why did -not others do so? Why did the Fiscal General himself neglect it?" But to -this it may be answered: "No one knew so much about it as Count Brandt. -No one was so near the king as he; he kept every one away from the king, -for the purpose that his royal Majesty might learn nothing about it -from one or the other." But it was his duty, as he was always about the -king, and was accurately acquainted with everything. If he were, on the -contrary, to object that such matters did not concern him, although he -is forced to confess having warned Count Struensee of what happened to -them both on January 17, still he could have learned from Councillor of -Chancery Blechinberg and his wife, and Mesdames Schiötte and Buch, what -his duty was, and what he ought to have done. But as he not only omitted -to do this, but did everything that lay in his power to prevent the -affair reaching the king, and as Count Struensee has been found guilty in -this matter of an assault on the king's supremacy, Count Brandt must be -regarded as an accomplice, and punished in accordance with the paragraph -of the law 6--4--14. - - -III. - -In the same way as Count Brandt displayed faithlessness toward his king -in the previous point, he furthermore showed it in the following affair, -by joining Count Struensee in robbing the royal treasury of various sums -of money. - -It is an easy matter for a person who is daily with his king, and in -such a manner that no one else can reach him, to grow rich. But such -an enterprise cannot be so easily excused, even if there be the king's -assent to it, for the king's favour must be as little abused in money -matters as in other things. To pocket a sum of 60,000 dollars for so -short a period of service, because he annoyed the king, and waited on -him, not to his comfort, but to his vexation and that of others, seems -to denote audacity and impudence as well as slight reflection. To -appropriate so large a sum in so short a time, while the land was sunk in -debt, and seventy thousand human beings must contribute to it from their -poverty, and save it out of their food, was not a wise action on the part -of a man who wished to be regarded as a patriot. But his royal Majesty -did not give Count Brandt any such sum; but Count Struensee procured it -for him by converting 6,000 dollars into 60,000. - -I produce here the questions laid before Count Brandt in respect to this -matter, and his answers. From these we learn that Count Brandt declares -he first received 10,000 dollars and afterwards 60,000, although he -alleges it was only 50,000, and lastly, at the new year, in addition to -300 dollars, 3,000 more. - -Count Brandt is obliged himself to confess that there appears to him -something strange and very suspicious in the document in which credit -is taken for the 60,000 dollars, and which I have discussed more amply -in the indictment of Count Struensee. Count Brandt does not deny having -received the money, and that he gave no receipt for it, but thanked the -king for it, though without mentioning the amount. If we now take into -consideration what I said about this in my accusation against Count -Struensee, not the slightest doubt can exist that Count Brandt was an -accomplice in this audacious deed, and therefore was guilty of the crime -of forgery. - -These are the principal crimes of Count Brandt as regards his own person. -In addition, he took part in all the crimes which Count Struensee -committed; he had confidants and instruments to set in work everything -that Count Struensee wished, instead of acting in accordance with his -oath and his duty, and avoiding those things which he knew would have -evil results. I may be permitted to regard it as superfluous to enter -more fully into these matters, as they are well known to the exalted -commission, and I have sufficient proofs for my proposed sentence, which -I most submissively offer for decision in the following terms:-- - -"That Count Chamberlain Enevold Brandt, who has not only forgotten the -most submissive veneration which he owed to the king his master, but -also had the audacity to go into the king's cabinet, and then not only -address his supreme royal Majesty in bad language, but also to commit -the most audacious and unheard-of deed of laying hands on his lord the -king, the anointed of God, as an insult to his royal Majesty, as well -as behaved in many points unfaithfully to his Majesty, and consented to -many things against his better knowledge, although his royal Majesty had -shown him great favour,--be condemned by virtue of the paragraphs of -the law 6--4--1--14, to forfeit his dignity as count and his office of -chamberlain as well as his honour, life and estate; that after his coat -of arms has been broken by the executioner, his right hand shall be cut -off while alive, the body quartered and exposed on the wheel, his head -and hands affixed to a pole, his fortune confiscated to the king, and his -heirs, should he possess any, lose their rank and name." - - _April_ 21, 1772. - - F. W. WIWET. - - * * * * * - -As regards Brandt's confession of a knowledge of the familiarity between -the queen and Struensee, it is probable that Brandt was persuaded that -his life depended on what he might say about the _liaison_. What other -motive could he have had for making such a confession? If Brandt had -merely declared, like Berger and others, that he had suspicions on -the subject, it would have been of no use. Something positive being -required, he declared that he was informed of it. How could he be so? Was -it by Struensee, who concealed nothing from him? - -But Struensee, instead of acknowledging this confidence, absolutely -denied it, and no confrontation was ventured. Again, if Brandt's -declaration was correct, why did Struensee repulse it so loudly? It -appears indisputable that he did so because it was false. - -And the position in which Brandt placed himself by yielding to the -solicitations of the commissioners was very probably the cause of his -ruin. The mysteries of this trial must be buried with him. Without this -motive, what interest could there have been in destroying a man like -Brandt? Was there a shadow of justice in condemning him to death for -things which were quite common with the king? - -Two days after this wretched indictment, which was merely handed in to -the commission as a matter of form, the defence was delivered by Advocate -Bang to the same judges, and was to the following effect:-- - - -BANG'S DEFENCE OF COUNT BRANDT. - -By the most gracious commands of his royal Majesty, of March 23, -which are attached to this under lit. A, I shall lay before this high -commission Count Brandt's defence--not the defence of the actions of -which he is accused, but his defence in so far as the accusations are -incorrect. - -It must reasonably insult Count Brandt to find that he whom his Majesty, -through his own special favour, and as a reward for his faithful services -to his king and master, raised to the rank of Count, selected for his -daily intimate society, and honoured with many superfluous proofs of -favour and confidence,--that he, I say, should see himself condemned -to lose his dignity of count, his honour, life, and fortune, and have -his body ill-treated by the executioner. But, according to his own -declaration, made to me, his defender, neither his death, his disgrace, -nor his torture, will be so painful to him as the sole idea that he has -failed in the most submissive reverence, willingness, devotion, and -fidelity, which his duty to his king and benefactor commanded, and by -which he would have descended below humanity, and, so to speak, have -borrowed a model of his actions from the evil spirits. If his conscience -reproached him on these points, the bodily punishments would be no -torture as compared with this grief; but he has, with a calm conscience, -and unassailed by its gnawings, listened to the charges brought against -him, and requested me to bring forward the following in his defence:-- - - -_Ad Præliminaria._ - -The Fiscal General accuses Count Brandt (_a_) that by Count Struensee's -regulation, and in _liaison_ with him, he was employed at court after his -foreign tour, so that Count Struensee might have in him a man in whom he -could trust, who would neither betray his designs, nor allow any one else -to reveal them; (_b_) that Count Brandt kept people from the king who did -not belong to the party; (_c_) that he shortened the attendance of the -valets on the king's person, and, instead of it, arranged that Professor -Berger, contrary to the king's wish, should wait on his Majesty in the -mornings for the purpose of giving him powders, which were innocent, -however; and (_d_) that he compelled the king to live with him, and -treated him harshly. - -Count Brandt has never regarded it as a crime to have allowed himself -to be recommended to his Majesty by the man to whom the king granted -his favour and confidence. What he attained through Struensee's -recommendation was only a continuation of what Privy Councillors Saldern -and Bernstorff had begun. The aforesaid post was neither given him to -keep things secret, nor to conceal from the king things which, according -to the Fiscal General's opinion, his Majesty must not be allowed to know. -As it is not specially mentioned what the things were which must be -concealed from the king, while the counsel only appears to refer to that -which is alleged under the third chief point, I will reserve my special -reply to it, and here content myself with offering a general denial to -the general statement. I do not know what sort of party it was of which -the Fiscal General speaks when he says that Count Brandt prevented -persons having access to the king who were not useful to the party. He -probably supposes a party which was opposed to the king or the welfare of -the country; but as he does not state of what persons the assumed party -was composed, the nature of their actions, what designs they entertained, -or by what means they were to be realised, I am here dispensed from the -obligation of answering this specially, and can content myself with the -remark that there was no such party hostile to the king and country so -far as came to Count Brandt's knowledge. He certainly had the permission -to be near the king's person, but had neither the power nor the wish to -keep any one away from his Majesty; and the Fiscal General has not been -able to mention a single person of sufficient dignity to have access to -the king, and who was refused it by Count Brandt. I must remark here that -the king was lord and master, and had merely to command by a sign who was -to come and who to go, and how long each was to remain, in which Count -Brandt never opposed the king's will. - -Had the king wished that the valets should remain longer with his -Majesty, Count Brandt would not have prevented him; and this charge can -the less be brought against him, as it can be seen from valet Schleel's -evidence, how it had been ordered long before that not the valet, but Von -Warnstedt, who formerly occupied Count Brandt's post, should dress and -undress the king; and after Count Brandt, the black boys were ordered to -perform this duty. Equally little can Professor Berger's morning visits -be brought as a charge against Count Brandt, even if they had had evil -consequences; while, on the contrary, the powders which the king took -did not impair his health. Berger paid these visits so long as the king -was willing to accept them; but when his Majesty no longer desired them, -Berger kept away. - -The words in Count Brandt's letter to Count Struensee, which the Fiscal -General treats as a crime, have been so fully explained by Count Brandt's -reply to questions 92 and 93, p. 120 of the examination, that I have -nothing to add but refer to it, and this explanation deprives that -passage in the letter of all the harshness which might otherwise be -found in it. With what right Count Brandt could be accused of having an -understanding with Count Struensee, and of striving to sustain him, is -proved by his explanation to questions 64, 65, and 68 of the examination, -in which he gives a full account how he had resolved to overthrow Count -Struensee, from the time when he perceived the encroachments of the -latter; that he consulted with Count von der Osten about this operation, -by which Count Struensee was to be placed under arrest at Kronborg--a -proposal which was not carried into effect, solely through an earlier, -riper, and more successful interruption. As regards this disposition, the -count has appealed to the testimony of Privy Councillor von der Osten, -and I am convinced that this statement of Count Brandt has been imparted -to his excellency, who has not disavowed it. Count Brandt's letter to -Struensee, and the answer of the latter, which have been produced by -the Fiscal General, prove how little desire Count Brandt had to enter -into Count Struensee's views; that his whole conduct and thought was -to surrender the post which he occupied, and to be allowed to quit the -court. There is further evidence of this in the fact that when Count -Struensee offered him the ministerial post of Privy Councillor von -der Osten, he refused it, and preferred retirement from court to this -pleasant office. All this destroys the charges which the Fiscal General -has alleged in the preliminary part of his indictment of Count Brandt. - - -_Ad possum 1mum._ - -"According to the Fiscal General, Count Brandt, of his free will, and -after due reflection, went in to his master the king and challenged, -abused, attacked, and bit him." - -If Count Brandt performed this execrable deed in the way the Fiscal -General represents it, his righteous king would not have hesitated -a moment to have had him thrown into fetters, and given him his -well-merited reward--the hardest death. His Majesty, however after this -event is stated to have occurred, namely, at the end of September, for -several months admitted him to his presence as before, and granted him -his most gracious daily intercourse, which satisfactorily proves that his -royal Majesty did not regard the aforesaid occurrence as criminal. - -Count Brandt, for his part, equally little regarded it as audacious, -either when the affair occurred, or afterwards. For, just as he described -it, in its full details, in presence of the commission, when nothing -could induce him to do so but the innocence which, according to his -opinion, lay in the whole affair, if the circumstances connected with -it were taken into consideration in the same way, his open confession -proves the confidence he placed in his innocence, as the affair could -not be proved by witnesses; and the man who knows himself to be innocent -is never criminal. This confession of Count Brandt, therefore, must, as -the sole existing proof in the affair, be registered as credible, just -as well in those passages where it speaks for his acquittal as where it -serves to testify against him. - -From this deposition, which perfectly agrees with Count Struensee's -statement before the commission on March 21, we see what in this strange -affair speaks in Count Brandt's defence. We must, therefore, regard -in the first instance the peculiar circumstance that his Majesty the -King, for the sake of enjoying the pleasures of private intercourse, as -people of equal rank carry it on together--although the "sweetness" of -such intercourse usually shuns thrones--commanded that the man whom -he selected as his intimate should not consort with him as the king, -but as his equal, or as one friend with the other. If Count Brandt, -through submissive respect, addressed him differently, the king answered -sarcastically, "Most submissive knave," in order to remind him of the -commands which had been given, that Count Brandt in daily intercourse -should forget he was the king, just as one of his Majesty's ancestors, of -most revered memory used to act, and at times remarked, "Now the king is -not at home;" and, again, when the free conversation was to have an end, -"The king is at home again now."[2] But his present Majesty never would -be at home, so to speak, for the man he had admitted to his intimacy, but -demanded equality. - -From those men selected for his constant society, the king demanded what -is understood by the term _un homme fait_, that they should be smart -fellows, and before all, have their heart in the right place, of which -they must furnish a proof if he desired it, and he could not on any -terms endure cowards, because such disgusted his heroic nature. As now -his Majesty had seen no proof of this good quality from Count Brandt, -not even after many inducements had been given, because Count Brandt -always held back, his Majesty most effectually forced them from him by -threatening to cudgel him in the presence of the queen, Struensee, and -other persons. Count Brandt, who regarded this as a real sign of the -king's disfavour, fell into a state of desperation about it, until he was -informed by Struensee, who had spoken with the king on the subject, that -his Majesty's wishes and most gracious intentions were only directed to -obtain a proof of Brandt's courage. It was for this reason that Count -Brandt one evening, without feeling the slightest anger, went into -the king, and, after ordering out the lad, who was not to witness the -sport, stated to the king that he had been told by Count Struensee that -his Majesty wished him to prove himself a man of courage, and to do so -against the king. His Majesty, far from being offended at such a scene on -the part of Count Brandt, "admitted" him, in accordance with his given -order, at once to a fight, and the king himself made the first five or -six attacks. This would have assuredly taken a very different course if -the king had regarded it as an insult. On this occasion, his Majesty -involuntarily thrust a finger into Count Brandt's mouth, which the latter -quite as innocently seized with his teeth. The defence followed the -attack: the king demanded of Count Brandt, _presta te virum_. Upon this -Count Brandt seized the king by the coat, thrust him against the wall, -and thus proved that he was stronger than the king; and with this the -whole affair ended. - -Count Brandt persistently denies having beaten the king, or audaciously -raised his hand against his Majesty; he only proved himself to be strong -and brave, without seriousness or passion, by his Majesty's commands. -His Majesty's own most gracious conduct to Count Brandt also proves that -everything passed off without anger and annoyance, as his Majesty showed -the count the signal favour of kissing him on the spot, and requesting -him to remain and kill the time with conversation, which Count Brandt -did by the king's orders, and all of which points to the disposition of -their minds, and proves that they were not excited, as is also confirmed -by Count Struensee's statement in the examination of March 21, that -Count Brandt, when he went in to the king, was not at all irritated, -but perfectly calm. After this time his Majesty also promoted him to -be _grand maître de la garderobe_, and carried on his confidential -intercourse with him for several months as before, all of which speaks -for the nature of this affair. In Count Brandt's heart reigned no -bitterness against the king, and no contempt: trembling from veneration, -he performed the action which he would have regarded as audacious, had -it not been for the king's command. It is true that Count Brandt, a few -days previously, laid a riding whip upon a pianoforte standing in the -king's ante-chamber, but only did so thoughtlessly, which he afterwards -regretted, and as ill-deeds consist in actions carried out but not in -inconsiderate designs, this occurrence cannot be reckoned as a crime on -the part of Count Brandt. - -If Count Brandt employed some expressions against the king which, -according to the strict letter, would be highly criminal, he only -employed them in the tone of all the rest, and consequently only in jest. -I pass over the statements of the witnesses examined, as these people -neither heard nor saw the occurrence, but only testify what they heard -said about it. On the other hand, the declaration which his Majesty laid -before the commission, through his page of the chamber Schack, is of the -extremest importance. I read it to Count Brandt, and he has requested me -to make the following explanation about it:-- - -"He did not remember this 'passage' in the way that it flowed from the -page's lips: he considers himself too insignificant to contradict a -declaration which emanated from the king his master, and only emboldens -himself in dust and fetters to mention, that if his Majesty were most -graciously disposed to take this affair seriously, as the declaration -made by page of the chamber Schack appears to intimate, he regards -himself as lost, and will not from this moment attempt any further -justification, but will at once throw himself at his Majesty's feet, and -seek his salvation in the king's clemency; but in the most submissive -confidence in his Majesty's mercy, he would venture most humbly to remind -him of the circumstances already mentioned." - -As concerns the charge which the Fiscal General derives from the fact -that Count Brandt at times went to the king playing the flute, and -with his hat on his head, and also in his _peignoir_, Count Brandt -acknowledges that this did occur when he returned from the chase and -was heated, but that it was not done through contempt of the king, but -because his Majesty preferred such conduct, and never evinced any anger -at it. He also dared to appear before the king in his _peignoir_, which -consisted of a cloth surtout, because it was his Majesty's wish that he -should come in the dress he was wearing when the king summoned him. - - -_Ad passum_ 2_dum_. - -"That Count Brandt did not reveal to the king the improper intercourse -which is said to have taken place between the queen and Struensee, by -which he has rendered himself guilty of the punishment which the law -dictates for this in 6--4--14." - -Although Count Brandt felt morally convinced of this improper intercourse -between the queen and Count Struensee, still he possessed no juridical -proof of it, much less such proofs as he could at once have produced in -his defence against the denial of the guilty parties. And what might -Count Brandt have reasonably expected if he had alleged such a crime -against a reigning queen, who at that time possessed the king's heart, -which would have disturbed the king, shamed the queen, and dishonoured -the royal house? In that case, 6--4--1 of the law would have been proper -for him, even if he could have proved his denunciation instantly. If, -for his own part, he could have proved this crime with his life, he -would, probably, not have spared his life. Things, however, under the -circumstances, remained as they were. Count Brandt would have been a -ruined man, without amending the business; and if such a sort of silence -were a neck-breaking crime, only few persons in the country would retain -their heads. - - -_Ad passum_ 3_tium_. - -"That Count Brandt has been guilty of the crime of forgery." - -Whatever forgery Count Struensee may have committed, it does not affect -Count Brandt. Even if Count Struensee may have converted the sum of -6,000 dollars, approved by the king into 60,000, Count Brandt knows -nothing about it. Count Brandt has not acknowledged this, and it has -not been proved against him, nor did he receive 60,000 dollars all at -once; but, on one occasion, 10,000 dollars, for which the king's note is -still in existence; and the other 50,000 dollars were paid him by Baron -Schimmelmann, and, according to Count Struensee's statement, were a -present to him from the king. Count Brandt thanked the king for this, who -answered him, "It was but fair he should give him a _douceur_, as he was -always with him." Count Brandt never asked for this sum, and if it was -given him by the king, he could not refuse it, the less so as, through -his daily intercourse with the royal family, he was compelled to play -high, in which he lost considerable sums. Count Brandt even declared on -this occasion that if the king were indisposed to grant such large sums, -he was ready to give the money back. - -From all this I believe I have proved that the crimes alleged against -Count Brandt are exaggerated. I must therefore most submissively request -that Count Enevold Brandt may be acquitted from the accusation of the -Fiscal General. - -In all the rest he submits himself to the clemency of his most gracious -king. - - O. L. BANG. - - _April_ 23, 1772. - -So little did Brandt comprehend the danger of his position, that he -sent to the judges the following letter, in which, as Reverdil justly -remarks, the Don Quixotism, levity, and inconsequence of his character -are displayed in a manner which would be ridiculous under any other -circumstances:-- - - -COUNT BRANDT'S PETITION. - -"_Pro Memoriâ._" - -I send you, my judges, a letter to his Majesty,[3] and leave it to you, -when you have read it and this pro memoriâ, whether you will then think -proper to have it delivered to the king or not. What I now write to you -is in the same manner no document which I wish to be placed with the -rest, or to be regarded as if it belonged to my trial. - -The letter to the king is rather badly written, but the pens given me -were very bad. I beg the king's forgiveness, as I now know that in all -cases, none excepted, it is the duty of a subject to humiliate himself -before his monarch. Previously a flashing sword would not have brought me -to do so. - -My letter could be more imploring and submissive, but I did not believe -that this would please his Majesty. I employ the expression which the -king so frequently used: "That no one knew so much about his affairs as I -did." This he was accustomed to say to me when he was in a good temper, -and I hope thus to recall his thoughts. He often added, that no one bore -such a resemblance to him as myself; but I have omitted this expression, -as the words would be too bold. I should prefer that this letter should -be read to the king at a favourable moment, than that he should read it -first himself. - -I find it natural that a double doubt will arise with you, my judges, and -with all to whom you may show this letter: - -(1) Does Brandt deserve, from the nature of the affair, that the king -should pardon him fully? and - -(2) What more does he want? - -With the same frankness with which I have explained myself during -the whole of my trial, I can assert, that you would at once feel the -heartiest compassion, if it were feasible to bring my affair entirely to -light, partly by summoning fresh witnesses, partly by cross-examining -those who have been heard: but I do not wish this, even though it might -cost me life and liberty. I will only mention a few slight but important -circumstances, which might induce you to believe that I must feel a -bitterness against the king: - -(1) That I am said to have bitten the king's finger. My statement proves -that I did not hear of it till afterwards. Consequently, it was not done -_animo nocendi_, but was a natural movement for a man to close his mouth -when his tongue was caught hold of, and as soon as I perceived it, I -asked for pardon. The king tapped me on the cheek, and said: "It does not -hurt." - -(2) I myself mentioned that I laid a riding whip on the pianoforte, with -the intention of taking it in with me to the king: but could that have -been known without my frankness? and woe to us, if every thought were to -be punished! - -(3) On this occasion I employed improper language to the king, although -not that of which I am accused: but in the melancholy alternative of -displaying my courage either in words or deeds, I chose the former. - -(4) An important circumstance, which rendered a proof of such courage -rather necessary, was that the king often said: "If I was certain you -were a coward, I would post myself behind the door and kill you." - -(5) But why was the king so angry? Solely because, from that time, I was -more serious and submissive than before, which I did to render the king -more reserved, but which had the effect that he supposed I disliked him; -and a temper, which has been once rendered captious, soon places the -worst construction upon everything. - -(6) I declare before God, who knows my heart, that a similar scene never -occurred before or afterwards. The king once threw his glove in my face: -I stooped, picked it up, and said: "Why do you do that? I am really not -cross with you;" and with this he was satisfied. - -(7) That I never regarded this occurrence as anything but a joke, the -result of youth and eccentricity, is seen from the fact that when the -commission began sitting, I was not aware of my offence. - -In this way I believe I have answered all doubts. I am quite ready to -die, and to endure all the punishments that are imposed upon me. It is -God's chastening hand, which I have deserved: but I consider it my duty -to speak this once. - -His Majesty was angry with me: hence, I was imprisoned; hence, I was put -in fetters. I can offer no objection to this: I kiss the hand that smites -me, but the hand which smites me can also let loose and forgive, in the -same way as Henri IV. frequently forgave much greater offences. Even -should you consider that this is too great mercy, and if you wish that -I should humiliate myself, personally, before his Majesty, I should not -regard such a thing at all as a disgrace. - -Oh! my judges, if you would only see what my situation with the king was! -and would you could feel as greatly, but forget quite as quickly, what -my present position is! Your eyes would assuredly shed tears, and your -hearts would be moved by the sincerest compassion! I commend my cause to -the hands of God, and beg you for what I have no occasion to beg, namely, -to follow your own convictions: with that I shall be perfectly satisfied. - -In the letter to his Majesty, I have begged to be allowed to pass my days -in peace, and by that I mean a bailiwick in a remote province. I do not -know whether such a post is vacant, of which I might entertain hopes, but -I know that Bailiff Arnholdt, of Bramstedt[4] (in Holstein) has long -wished himself away from there, and that this post is one of the worst. -Further my wishes do not extend, and what right could I have to ask! - - BRANDT. - - _Frederikshaven, April_ 14, 1772. - -The drama of the great trial rapidly approached the catastrophe after the -charges against Struensee and Brandt were delivered to the commissioners -on April 21. Struensee's defence followed on the 22nd; the Fiscal -General's reply and Brandt's defence on the 23rd; and so early as the -25th the sentences were promulgated. In Brandt's trial a reply was not -even considered necessary, for the accuser had announced this to be -superfluous in his sentence, _ab uno discimus omnia_. But the orders -from the highest quarters were for the greatest possible speed, and the -length of the sentence proves that it had been drawn up beforehand. That -two human lives were at stake, was only so far taken into consideration -as it was necessary to prove two judicial murders justifiable by every -resource of sophistry; but how little the venal judges succeeded in doing -so, will be seen from a perusal of the memorable documents which are here -published for the first time without any abbreviation. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 1: To form an idea of the pretended denunciation made by -the king to the commission, it is only necessary to observe that page -Schack, who was the intermediary, received for this gratifications and an -employment whose appointments amounted to 4,000 crowns a-year.--_Mémoires -de Falckenskjold_, p. 214.] - -[Footnote 2: An allusion to King Frederick III., who was fond of the -bowl, and in his orgies permitted a general fraternity. In reference to -this remark of the advocate, Mr. Wraxall says (in his "Northern Tour"): -"This seems more like the speech of an Englishman than a Dane, and -breathes a manly and unfettered spirit."] - -[Footnote 3: This letter no longer exists, and was, in all probability, -suppressed by the commission.] - -[Footnote 4: On this point Reverdil writes: "The bailiwick of Bramstedt, -bordering that held by M. Brandt the elder, was situated in the -southernmost province of the kingdom, and near Hamburg. This remote -province, consequently, suited him better than any other, and what he -solicited as an exile, and to some extent as the equivalent of a capital -punishment, would have been to any other person a very considerable -recompense, and the end desired by some old servant of the state for a -life usefully devoted to the advantage of the country."] - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE TWO COUNTS. - - STRUENSEE'S SENTENCE--HIS GENERAL CONDUCT--THE MAITRE DES - REQUETES--THE GERMAN LANGUAGE--STRUENSEE'S DESPOTISM--THE - COUNCIL OF THE THIRTY-TWO--THE CABINET MINISTER--THE KING'S - PRESENTS--STRUENSEE'S PRECAUTIONS--HIS DOWNFALL--THE SENTENCE - APPROVED--COUNT BRANDT--HIS ASSAULT ON THE KING--HIS BEHAVIOUR--THE - ROYAL ASSENT. - - -STRUENSEE'S SENTENCE.[5] - -Apart from the fact that Count John Frederick Struensee has already been -convicted, and has himself confessed that he has committed a terrible -crime, which involves in an eminent degree an assault on the king's -supremacy, or the crime of high treason, and according to the law -(especially art. 1 of cap. iv. of book vi.) deserves the severe penalty -of death; it is sufficiently notorious and proven that his whole conduct -and management during the time when he had a share in the administration -of the affairs was a chain, which, on one side, was composed of vain -and audacious impetuosity; on the other, of tricks and intrigues, -all of which operated to secure him the whole power and authority to -the exclusion of others. At the same time he boldly employed all the -measures which appeared to be useful in attaining his ends, without in -the slightest degree reflecting whether they were permitted or not, and -how far they accorded with the form of government and the constitution, -the genius of the nation and the regulations and laws, both civil and -fundamental, or were in strict opposition to them. - -His great design was partly to become privy cabinet minister, with the -extraordinary and unparalleled authority which he filched in the last -month of July, partly to exclude all the subjects from their king, and -the king from them; partly to exercise at court and over his Majesty such -an unbridled power as has been seen with astonishment. - -In order to attain this end, he strove, during his Majesty's foreign -journey, to gain his most gracious favour by proved care for the king's -health and pleasure. When his Majesty returned, Struensee behaved -quietly, and seemed to think of nothing less than the attachment of -charges and honours, although his ambition and his love of power desired -them. - -He lived at court, amused himself, demanded no increase of his salary, -and seemed to satisfy himself with peace and voluptuousness; but in -secret he zealously strove to lay the foundation on which he intended to -raise his proud fortune. - -It was not his business to learn the language of the country, to -study the position and true interest of the kingdom, and to learn its -civil laws and constitution. This was the way which he ought to have -chosen; but about all these things he was, and remained, in the deepest -ignorance. Instead of this, he preferred to establish the principles -which his Majesty should follow in the government, so that he might use -them in concealing his infamous propositions behind them, and as he had -every reason to apprehend that either faithfully minded men might reveal -his designs, or that the king himself should detect them; in order to -prevent the former effect, he calumniated without distinction all those -who had the honour of being allowed to approach the monarch, and in order -to secure the latter, he strove to acquire a powerful protection, and -to have in the king's neighbourhood so close, constant, and trustworthy -a friend, that it was rendered almost impossible for his Majesty to -penetrate this man's ways and designs. - -No sooner had he got his machine in perfect readiness in the year 1770 -than he at once set it in motion. - -Since the sovereignty our kings have had a council, composed of men who -were experienced in the laws and customs of the country, and had studied -the true state-system and real interests of the land, while, at the same -time, they knew the rules which were applicable in cases that occurred. - -It was their office to attend the king, as often as matters of importance -were to be laid before him, in order to afford his Majesty the necessary -explanations about everything he wished to know, so that he might give -his decision. - -These men, however, as members of the council, had no vote, no -expedition, no secretaries; for everything depended on the king's will, -and everything was carried into effect by the departments concerned. - -This traditional and so natural council Struensee and his adherents[6] -wished to have entirely abolished and quashed, for this man apprehended -that if such a council existed, and even if it were composed of his -own friends, the time would arrive when it would oppose his injurious -propositions, and reveal them to the king, as he could not exclude them -(the members) from speaking with his Majesty, and representing to him -what was best for him and the land. - -For this end Struensee had previously calumniated the ministry by all -sorts of insinuations, and even depicted in the blackest colours those of -their actions which were evidently to the advantage of the king and the -state. - -His Majesty the king, who heartily loves his people, only desires honest -officials, and jealously holds to his sovereign power, now lost his -confidence in the council, wished to appoint other men to it, and to give -it a different constitution; but Struensee, by false statements, and -the most cunning tricks, laid such obstacles in the king's way that the -council gradually ceased to meet, and was finally solemnly abolished by a -decree of December 27, 1770. - -At the same time, he became _maître des requêtes_, and as it was his -plan that only he should have the right to speak to the king about the -affairs, and that all other persons should be excluded from doing so, -it appeared to him that the remaining colleges might still lay some -impediments in his way. - -In order to prevent this, he represented to his Majesty the King, who -wished to be thoroughly acquainted with the affairs sent in from the -colleges for his most gracious decision, that nothing would be more -useful for this object than for the colleges to be ordered to deliver -their written requests in a portfolio, so that the king might be allowed -the requisite time to read through the memoirs and reflect. - -By this brilliant, and apparently so useful advice, this man gained his -object of also "excluding" the colleges from the king. - -He soon seizes the portfolios, and thus becomes the sole master to lay -matters before the king at his pleasure. - -If the colleges wished to produce further reasons for the king's better -information, they must apply to Struensee, and thus he alone became what -the council and the colleges together had formerly been. - -Under the pretext of a more rapid expedition of various matters, and in -order to display the royal authority in its right supremacy, he issued -cabinet decrees, which were carried out without the colleges concerned -being informed of them,--a conduct which necessarily produced the -greatest confusion, and which a man dared, who was neither acquainted -with the country nor its laws, its condition nor its language. But this -did not trouble him at all, so long as he could grasp all the respect and -all the power. - -This ignorance of Count Struensee in everything, which every minister in -Denmark must know, and his extremely slight efforts to obtain a knowledge -of it, entailed innumerable disadvantages, both generally and for private -persons. - -In the colleges, which were formerly accustomed to send in their reports -in Danish, a special official had to be appointed to translate them into -German, so that Count Struensee might read them in this language. The -Danish Chancery, the only college which continued to report in Danish, -had only too often opportunity for learning that these representations -were not read at all, as only an extract of the proposition, which, by -command, was inserted in what was called the Rotulus, was translated -into German and seen by Count Struensee, after which the resolution -ensued in the German language, and was again translated into Danish in -the Chancery. It could not fail but that the resolution often proved -equivocal, incomprehensible, and but little adapted to the affair, of -which the man who represented it to his Majesty had only rarely a correct -idea. - -Private persons who wished to send in petitions to the cabinet, and -had drawn them up in the Danish language, ran about to find a German -translator, as they were of the possibly not incorrect opinion that their -memorial, if such was only in Danish, would not be read, while these -cheap translations often turned out so, that it was impossible to discern -what was the real object of the petition. - -Count Struensee's ignorance of the organization of the colleges, his -unwillingness to instruct himself about it, and his exertions to reform -the entire old state constitution, and to increase the number of his -adherents by appointing persons everywhere, and to the highest offices, -who owed their fortune to him--all this led him to lay hands on one -college after the other. And as he would not and could not work himself, -he employed other men in carrying out the important reforms, several of -whom afterwards confessed that they had no knowledge of the advantages -and defects of the former organization of these colleges, nor attempted -to acquire it, as they were only ordered to draw up a plan of the new -arrangements after a certain predetermined date. - -After Count Struensee had drawn all power and authority into his own -hands by removing the privy council, by weakening and reconstituting, and -by the exclusion of verbal reports, it was not long ere his Majesty's -subjects perceived the effects of his, Struensee's, despotic principles -and ideas. - -As a consequence of the before-mentioned paternal and mild government, to -which people had been long accustomed in Denmark, and which had to some -extent acquired a traditional right, every one who had obtained a royal -appointment considered himself justified in believing that he should -retain it so long as he behaved himself properly and attended to his -duties, and therefore ran no risk of losing his post against his will, so -long as he was not declared unworthy of it through a judicial sentence -on account of malversation, errors, or negligence. These moderate -principles, which characterised the mildness of the government, and had -many excellent results, were not at all to Count Struensee's taste, who -did not wish to be in the least degree impeded when the object was to -ruin people, and imbue others with terror. - -For this reason it was heard frequently, nay, almost daily, that first -one, then the other, royal official was removed by a cabinet order, -without their learning what error they had committed, or in what their -offence consisted.[7] - -Several persons also lost their posts without any royal resolution on the -subject being imparted to them, and without knowing anything of it, till -they learned that their office had been given to another man by a cabinet -order. This conduct was even extended to the dismissal of entire colleges. - -The entire magistracy, consisting of from eighteen to twenty, or even -more persons, was abolished, and a new magistracy was appointed by a -cabinet order addressed on April 3, 1771, to the president, who had been -appointed to this post only a few days previously, and also by a cabinet -decree, and who contented himself with informing the previous members -of the magistracy by letter that they were dismissed, and the new ones -that they were to assemble at the town-hall without the deposed members -learning what offence they had committed, or why they were discharged. - -In addition to the magistracy, there was another college or public -assembly in Copenhagen, namely, the so-called thirty-two men, as, owing -to the bravery and fidelity so solemnly displayed by the Copenhageners -during the siege, and on the establishment of the sovereignty,[8] it was -conceded among the privileges granted to the citizens on June 24, 1664, -that they should be allowed to elect thirty-two of the best and most -respected citizens, who would, with the magistracy, consult about the -welfare of the city, and its revenues and out-goings. In these privileges -access to his Majesty's person was also granted to the city deputies and -the magistracy. - -This assembly, which was regarded as the highest of these privileges, and -had had many good results, and, moreover, did not cost the king or city -a farthing, was also dissolved by the aforesaid cabinet order, by virtue -of which the chief president informed the men that they were no longer -permitted to meet, and ordered the council-hall to be closed. This, and -many other instances of a similar nature, which all proved that nothing -was sacred to this equally incautious and absolute man, and that he was -as great an enemy of all sense and mildness as he was of order and good -morals, produced a striking effect upon the nation, which fancied itself -suddenly removed under an "Oriental climate." - -Some lamented and sighed, others expressed their amazement or bitterness -in one way or the other. But all were agreed that his Majesty's mild and -paternal heart for his subjects was still the same, if their complaints -and sighs could only penetrate to the throne, and the real posture of the -affair be represented to his Majesty. - -This, however, seemed quite impossible, owing to the precautions which -Count Struensee had taken in this respect. He had placed his intimate -friend, Count Brandt, near the king,[9] and as he, in accordance with -the well-known proverb, _nulla amicitia nisi inter bonos_, was not fully -convinced of the duration of this friendship, he sought to insure its -permanence by a mutual interest, and, as will be shown presently, at the -expense of his Majesty and the royal treasury. - -Count Brandt, who was always about the king, confirmed him in everything -that Count Struensee alleged or insinuated, and prevented everybody from -having an opportunity to convince his Majesty of the opposite truth. - -There was no council, and, so to speak, no minister. No one succeeded in -speaking alone with the king, save those persons of whose devotion Count -Struensee considered himself assured and if it ever happened, it was only -for moments which admitted of no detailed explanation or discussion. All -the rest were held aloof from his Majesty, which was even extended to -his Majesty's own most exalted relatives and his nearest family, toward -whom the king had formerly displayed special tenderness and affection. -But from the time when Count Struensee had usurped the administration of -the court and of the whole country, the latter never had an opportunity -of conversing alone with the king, as they would not have omitted to -represent to his Majesty the good of his subjects and their grief, -of which these exalted personages afterwards, when the opportunity -was offered, have given incontrovertible proofs, which can never be -sufficiently praised and recognised. - -It could not fail but that Count Struensee should render himself odious -to all, through such despotic, arbitrary, and unreasonable conduct. - -His emissaries, and the adherents whom he still possessed, tried, even -though they did not dare to justify or excuse his undertakings, at least -to boast of his asserted disinterestedness, and to spread far and wide -that he was satisfied with his moderate salary, without asking either -money or honours for himself or his friends. How far this met with belief -may be left an open question. But it is certain that Count Struensee took -very carefully-devised measures to conceal his selfishness at that time, -and so long as it lasted. But it was afterwards seen only too plainly -that he was an extremely interested and selfish man, of whom it may be -justly said that he pillaged his Majesty's treasury. - -He had a very respectable and considerable salary, which ought to have -been sufficient, as he had everything free at court down to the very -banquets he gave. He knew, and often enough proclaimed, in what a bad -state the public treasury and his Majesty's were from former times. - -For all that, after the council was dissolved, and he had become _maître -des requêtes_, he allowed hardly three months to pass ere he, by an -abuse of his Majesty's good heart, demanded and received from his most -gracious lord a present of 10,000 dollars for himself, and a similar sum -for his friend Count Brandt. It might be supposed that so considerable -a present for these two persons, of whom one was _maître des requêtes_, -and the other _directeur des spectacles_, and who both had only held -these offices for a short time, would have satisfied their greediness for -a while. But, instead of this, we find that it grew and increased, for -Count Struensee, after receiving the above mentioned present in February -or March, again received in May, or at the end of two or three months, -from his Majesty 50,000 or 60,000 dollars, and Count Brandt the same sum, -so that these two persons, in the short time of three or four months, -cost his Majesty, in addition to their regular salary, 140,000 dollars, -or at least 120,000--for which of these two sums is the correct one -cannot as yet be stated with certainty, owing to the confusion prevailing -in Count Struensee's accounts--and this in addition to the presents which -before and after this date they procured for their good friends: such as -Justiz-rath Struensee 4,000 dollars, Countess Holstein 3,000, Chamberlain -Falckenskjold 3,500 or more, and so on. - -That Count Struensee's irresponsible selfishness was duly considered and -intended, is seen from the artificial machinery which he formed, solely -that he might be able to take these sums without any one detecting it. - -For this purpose, he first proposed the abolition of what was called -the "Trésor"--which consisted of a sum of money laid by for unforeseen -expenses, and that it should be paid into the public treasury. As the -Trésor, however, must pass through the cabinet on its way to the public -exchequer, he proposed to his Majesty to reserve 250,000 dollars of the -same, in order to form a special cabinet treasury which would stand under -his control. - -In this way Count Struensee obtained a good opportunity for receiving -considerable sums, without any one being acquainted with the fact. - -He behaved in such a way with this treasury, that after it was -established in April, 1771, and at that time consisted of 250,000 -dollars, at the end of May only 118,000 dollars remained of the original -contents, although the king had no other out-goings but these presents. - -The remaining 118,000 dollars would have gone by degrees the same road as -the others if Struensee had been allowed sufficient time. - -Count Struensee's disgraceful avarice and selfishness are thus rendered -so evident, that those persons who proclaimed him as disinterested -must fairly confess that they knew him badly, and were not properly -informed.[10] - -But this is not sufficient. There is the very strongest presumption that -Count Struensee in this traffic committed an impudent, disgraceful, and -highly criminal fraud. When the account found among Count Struensee's -papers, and approved by his Majesty, of the income and expenditure of -the special treasury for the months of April and May, was laid before -his Majesty, as it was considered suspicious, the king at once declared -that he perfectly well remembered having at that time given 10,000 -dollars to the queen, 6,000 to Count Brandt, and other 6,000 to Count -Struensee, but no more. Just as these sums amount to 22,000 dollars, it -is on an inspection of the document as clear as the sun that the addition -was in the first instance 22,000 dollars, but the first figure two was -converted into a three--a change which is so visible that it is at once -noticed--and that a one was afterwards added, for which there was no -other room but in front of the line drawn underneath, which is quite -contrary to the practice in the other accounts, and in this very one on -the preceding page, where the in-comings are calculated. Hence, then, -the said sum of 22,000 dollars became 132,000, which is proved by the -fact that the two sums of 6,000 dollars for Struensee and Brandt were -converted into 60,000 by the addition of a cipher, and 2,000 dollars -were added for Falckenskjold. This last sum seems to have been added, in -order not to be obliged to convert the second two into a cipher in the -sum of 22,000 dollars, which had become 130,000. - -These suppositions, the real strength of which only that man can -comprehend who has the document in question before him, is also confirmed -by other concurrent circumstances-as, for instance, that the account for -April and May is written by Struensee himself, while the other extracts -and calculations are written by the secretary of the cabinet, which -probably occurred because Count Struensee wished no one to be cognizant -of the embezzlement effected by him, and further by the fact that, from -this time, Count Struensee laid no account of the treasury before the -king until the end of October, although in June there was an out-going of -2,000 dollars, which were given to Justiz-rath Struensee.[11] - -This negligence or omission appears to have taken place purposely, -so that his Majesty, after so long an interval, might not thoroughly -remember the real state of the treasury. To this must be added his -Majesty's own alleged and very natural conjecture that it cannot be -credited that he gave Counts Struensee and Brandt 50,000 or 60,000 -dollars apiece, while he only made the queen a present of 10,000. - -Count Struensee, who is obliged to confess the selfishness of having -requested this money of the king, will not, however, acknowledge this -embezzlement, but asserts that his Majesty at that time, on his request, -gave him 50,000 dollars, and Count Brandt the same sum, and that, as -the 10,000 dollars previously given had not been taken to account, they -were included in this amount. On the document being produced before the -commission, however, he was obliged to allow that all the facts concurred -against him to arouse such a presumption, which he had no evidence to -refute, while at the same time, he regretted his want of accuracy and his -negligence. - -That Count Struensee's ambition was not less than his avidity, and that -his "moderation," as regards honours and titles, was in no way inferior -to that for money and resources, is equally self-evident. - -Within two years he made such progress as others of greater nobility -and higher merit hardly make in thirty years and more. According to the -position which he occupied, he could not fail to stand in great honour -both at court and in the city. But all this was not enough for him. - -Through constant persuasion he brought it about that his Majesty -appointed him on July 14, 1771, privy cabinet minister, which design he -contrived to conceal up to the last moment, even from his most intimate -friends, just as he, and Chamberlain Brandt were a few days later raised -to the rank of counts.[12] - -Although as privy cabinet minister he regarded himself as the first -private person in the whole kingdom, still, the title and the authority -he had hitherto possessed did not suffice him; but he wished to have -prerogatives connected with them which were not at all seemly for a -subject, and involved a portion of the sovereign authority which belonged -to the king alone. - -Count Struensee had already seized on all the power, and as those persons -who were about the king spoke in Struensee's behalf, and his Majesty -thus only heard praises of his minister, it was perfectly natural that -he should have a certain liking for him, and as he was nearly the only -person who discussed the affairs with his Majesty, it could not fail -that the latter should consent to everything he proposed. Thus he had -everything that he could crave; but this was not sufficient to satisfy -his immoderate ambition, as the colleges refused to obey unless they saw -the king's signature. - -This did not suit Struensee, and there are grounds for believing that it -did not agree with his secret designs, and his wish that his signature -should be worth as much as the king's, and that the persons concerned -should obey both signatures. - -This he attained by the royal order projected by himself, which was -issued to the colleges on July 15, 1771, with reference to his office as -privy cabinet minister, and was afterwards published by them; for in the -first article of this cabinet order the decrees signed by Struensee, and -provided with the cabinet seal, were placed perfectly parallel with those -signed by his Majesty himself, and countersigned by Struensee, and in the -fourth article it is expressly ordered that everybody should execute the -cabinet orders issued and expedited by Struensee. It is true that this -article seems to contain a certain limitation, where it states, "so far -as no royal regulation or resolution speaks to the contrary;" but what -follows on this may be rather regarded as an extension, for, instead of -stating, as might be expected, that in such a case execution was to be -deferred until a royal resolution was issued, it continues, "in which -case, the fact is to be immediately reported to the cabinet," so that -if any one thought it his duty to remonstrate against Struensee or his -order, he would have to apply to Struensee himself; and if the minister -then commanded him to obey his first order and carry it out, he must do -so. This is what Count Struensee intended and practiced. In this way, -however, he filched a portion of the sovereignty, and, from what had -previously happened, it might be concluded that he intended to exercise -it alone. - -As Struensee acknowledges having read the _Lex Regia_, and as he as -minister must have been fully acquainted with its contents, he must have -known that article 7 resolves "that all government decrees, letters, and -documents shall be signed by the king himself." But the article of the -royal law most applicable here is the 26th, in which the most revered -king and first autocrat, Frederick III., appears to have had a species -of presentiment that a Struensee might one day arise in Denmark, because -it is stated in it how injurious it is when the mildness and kindness -of kings and masters are so abused that their power and authority are -cut away in an almost imperceptible manner, and for this reason it is -recommended to, and impressed on, the kings of Denmark zealously to watch -over their sovereignty and autocracy in order to keep it uninjured; and -the conclusion is, that if any one should dare to desire or appropriate -anything which might in any way be prejudicial to the sovereign authority -and monarchical power of the king, everything of the sort shall be -regarded as null and void, and those who have not hesitated to acquire -such a thing, or tried to do so, shall be punished as insulters of -majesty, because they have committed the greatest crime against the -supremacy of the royal autocracy. - -Count Struensee could have read his sentence here, if he had not -committed another and equally coarse offense against the king's highness, -apart from the fact that he was not only an accomplice and adviser, -but also an inciter of the assault made on his Majesty's person by his -intimate friend Count Brandt. - -The way in which Count Struensee exercised the power and authority -entrusted to him as privy cabinet minister does not excuse him, but, on -the contrary, incriminates him in the highest degree, because it is a -further proof that he regarded the welfare, honour, life, and property of -his Majesty's subjects as purely dependent on his discretion. - -He revoked, by cabinet orders drawn up by himself, and under his hand, -former royal resolutions, of whose existence he was cognizant. - -In the most important affairs he issued orders without his Majesty's -knowledge, and he partly neglected the extracts from cabinet decrees -imposed upon him as a duty by the resolution of July 15, which he was to -lay before the king every week, or drew them up in such a way that it was -impossible to discover the nature of the orders, or the effect they were -intended to produce. - -When the direction of the privy treasury was entrusted to him--for -he wished to direct all the treasuries--he thought proper to give -the cashier fresh instructions from his hand; and when the cashier -represented to him that he held a royal instruction which could only -be revoked by another royal resolution, he gave him an answer which -contained a species of reprimand, and ordered him to obey the order and -instruction given by him, Struensee. - -The pretty corps of Horse Guards, which was composed exclusively of Danes -and Norwegians, and consequently did not please Count Struensee--or, as -it only consisted of two squadrons, was not very expensive--was disbanded -in February, 1771, by Count Struensee's proposition, and in accordance -with his wish, but against the opinion of the college.[13] - -The Fusilier Guards still remained. They consisted of five companies, -and were composed of none but clever and trustworthy men, to whom the -guard of the royal palace, and before the apartments of the royal house, -could be safely entrusted; but they possessed a "quality" which prevented -Struensee from being able to place confidence in them,--they were nearly -all Danes and Norwegians. - -He had long resolved on the reduction of this corps, and spoken with -several persons about it, most of whom, however, dissuaded him. At length -he carried it through, and without his Majesty's knowledge (as the king -himself has declared)[14] issued, on December 21, 1771, a cabinet order -to the Generalty and Commissariat College, by which the five companies of -Foot Guards were to be transformed into five companies of grenadiers, and -one company of them be attached to each of the five regiments quartered -in Copenhagen. - -He allowed December 21, 22, and 23 to pass without telling his Majesty -anything about it, although Struensee, on the 23rd, procured the -Generalty the royal approbation of the said order of the 21st, because -this college required a royal resolution, and refused without it to -execute the cabinet order, as it considered the affair of too great -importance, and foresaw the consequences that would result from it. - -As, however, the Guards on December 24 declared that their capitulation -must be kept, and that it was contrary to it to make them serve in other -regiments, Struensee found himself compelled to lay the whole matter -before his Majesty, and advised that force should be employed, and the -Guards compelled to obey. However, a royal order was issued on December -24, by which those guards who would not serve as grenadiers were granted -their discharge. - -The result of this operation of Count Struensee's therefore was, that his -Majesty lost from his military service several hundred brave, faithful, -and trustworthy men, who were all natives. Count Struensee's improper -and treacherous conduct in this affair is at once seen on comparing the -protocol kept about the cabinet orders, with the weekly extract from -them, which was laid before his Majesty. - -In the protocol we find the said order of December 21, under No. 709, -quoted with the correct date. After this, several other cabinet orders -were drawn up, to No. 733, on December 22, 23, and 24; but the second -cabinet order of December 24 is not found among them, but a space is left -open at the very end, in order to book it afterwards. But in the extract -from the cabinet orders expedited from December 18 to 25, which was drawn -up on December 31, and afterwards laid before his Majesty, we find these -two orders of December 21 and 24 quoted together at the end, under the -numbers 22 and 23, just as if they had been expedited at the same time -and under the same date, while, on the contrary, the cabinet orders -issued from December 22 to 23 are omitted from this extract. From this -a general idea of the completeness and trustworthiness of these extracts -may be formed. - -This protocol further proves how Count Struensee--although he had -long before sufficiently provided that no one should bring before the -king either verbally or in writing anything that might injure him, -Struensee--found himself obliged, at the time when the guards were -dismissed, to take just precautions. For under date of December 23 he -expedited two cabinet orders, one to (the Danish chief postmaster) -Etats-rath Waitz, in Hamburg, that the packets for his Majesty sent by -post should be addressed to the cabinet, the other to Court-Intendant -Wegener, by which all letters and parcels sent to the king, and letters -and portfolios that came in from Copenhagen, should not be delivered -in the king's ante-chamber, but in the cabinet. One of these orders, -though they immediately concerned the king, was entirely omitted in the -above-mentioned extract, while the other was quoted imperfectly, so that -his Majesty was not at all informed of these regulations. - -Just as Count Struensee more and more evinced his distrust of the nation, -so the reciprocal hatred of the nation against him increased more and -more (and was expressed), in various ways. Thus, in the summer of 1771, -various pasquinades were in circulation, and although their contents and -style sufficiently proved that they emanated from the common people, -still they all displayed the strongest attachment to his Majesty's -person, and a readiness to sacrifice life and blood for him, while the -bitterness had no other object but the privy cabinet minister and his -adherents. - -This, and the fact that a few sailors and others who believed themselves -insulted, went out to Hirschholm in order to lay their complaints before -his Majesty himself, caused Count Struensee such terror, that he made -preparations and was on the point of taking flight and running away. - -As he, however--probably by the advice of his friends--desisted from -this design, it seemed as if he, on the other hand, prepared to maintain -himself in his post, and against everybody, in every possible way. This -gave cause to various hitherto unknown measures. - -When their Majesties came to town, at which times Count Struensee always -accompanied them, they were surrounded by an unusual escort; wherever -they stopped in town, at the palace or in the theatre, double sentries -were posted, &c. - -Such a course increased the bitterness of the nation, and especially of -the Copenhageners, against Count Struensee in more than one respect. They -saw in it a proof that he persuaded his Majesty to believe there were -among the inhabitants people who entertained bad designs against his -Majesty and the royal house. They were confirmed in their suspicion that -Count Struensee entertained other, more extensive, ambitious, and, at -the same time, most audacious and criminal designs. - -It must also be confessed that much of what happened during this summer, -but more especially in autumn, must confirm them in this belief, and -produce a strong presumption of it, as he has himself been obliged to -confess that several of his measures were intended to maintain himself in -every way in the situation he occupied. - -As already stated, the Horse Guards were disbanded. - -As, however, Count Struensee, who always lived in fear, wished to have -some cavalry in the vicinity of the court, an exercising troop was -formed. But, ere long, he learned that both the officers and men of this -corps were natives, so that they were not at all the sort he wanted, -whence his confidence in them was lost, and this troop was also disbanded -in the autumn. - -He then ordered the Seeland Dragoons to the court and the city, but they -have given incontrovertible testimony that they were no better disposed -toward him than the preceding dragoons. - -He now obtained a resolution that two of the regiments lying in garrison -here should be removed to other towns in the spring. But, instead of -letting this fall on the two youngest regiments, as the rule was, he -wished--for reasons known to himself, and which it is not difficult to -conjecture--that they should be his Majesty the King's, and his brother -the Prince Frederick's, regiments, contrary to the opinion of the -Generalty, and without informing his royal highness, the colonel of the -latter regiment, or asking his assent to it. Furthermore, he managed to -have a new commandant of Copenhagen appointed, in whom he believed he -could place full confidence. - -But what heightened the distrust most, and excited the inhabitants -of Copenhagen, was the following last-discovered circumstance, that, -according to Struensee's instructions to the commandant, cannon, with -cartridges and the proper complement of men, were held in readiness -at the arsenal, so that they could be used at the first signal,-a -regulation which was also concealed from his Majesty.[15] - -The king and the royal house, as well as the whole nation, must at last -lose all patience when they were compelled to see, in addition to all the -rest, how audaciously he behaved in the harsh and extraordinary education -which he dared to give to the crown prince, and by which his royal -highness ran the greatest risk of losing his health and life. - -Thus, then, the bitterness was raised to the highest pitch, and must -have had the most dangerous consequences, when a fortunate end was put -to the widely-extended designs and despotic administration of this vain, -thoughtless, arbitrary, and ambitious man. - -As it is clear, therefore, that Count Struensee, in more than one way and -in more than one respect, has both himself committed the crime of high -treason in an eminent degree, as well as participated in similar crimes -with others; and that, further, his whole administration was a chain of -violence and selfishness, which he ever sought to attain in a disgraceful -and criminal manner; and that he also displayed contempt of religion, -morality, and good manners, not only by word and deed, but also through -public regulations, the following sentence is passed on him, according to -the words of article 1 of chapter iv. of the 6th book of the Danish law:-- - -Count John Frederick Struensee shall, as a well-deserved punishment for -himself and an example and warning for others of the same mind, have -forfeited honour, life, and property, and be degraded from his dignity -of count, and all other honours which have been conferred on him, and -his noble coat of arms be broken by the executioner: John Frederick -Struensee's right hand shall be cut off while he is alive, and then his -head, his body quartered and exposed on the wheel, but his head and hand -shall be stuck upon a pole. - -The commission at the Christiansborg Palace, April 25, 1772. - - J. K. JUELL-WIND. - H. STAMPE. LUXDORPH. - KOFOD ANCHER. - F. C. SEVEL. - G. A. BRAËM. - A. G. CARSTENS. - J. C. E. SCHMIDT. - O. GULDBERG. - -Two days after this barbarous sentence was passed, it received the full -royal confirmation in the following words:-- - -_We hereby approve, in all points, the sentence passed by the Commission -of Inquiry appointed by us at our Palace of Christiansborg, which -declares John Frederick Struensee, on account of his crimen læsæ -Majestatis, in more than one point to have forfeited honour, life, and -property; he shall be degraded from his dignity of count, and all the -other dignities conferred on him; his coat of arms shall also be broken -by the executioner; his right hand shall be cut off while he is alive, -and then his head, his body quartered and exposed on a wheel, but his -head and hand stuck on a pole. To which those whom it concerns will pay -most submissive attention._ - - * * * * * - -Given at our Palace of Christiansborg, this April 27, 1772. - - CHRISTIAN. - - O. THOTT. - LUXDORPH. A. SCHUMACHER. - DONS. HOYER. - - -COUNT BRANDT'S SENTENCE. - -By Count Brandt's own confession, the declaration of the ex-cabinet -minister John Frederick Struensee, and various circumstances, it has been -already proved that Count Enevold Brandt was not only Struensee's good -friend, but also his intimate, whom he (Struensee) entrusted with his -greatest secrets. - -In consideration of the gracious intimacy in which he stood with his -Majesty the King, it would have been his duty, therefore, to prevent all -the things which, according to his own declaration when examined, he -disapproved, and must have recognised in Struensee's life, sentiments, -and undertakings, as foolish, audacious, and detrimental both for the -king and the government and the country. - -Instead of this, he, as a criminal subject and unworthy confidential -servant of the king, made common cause with Struensee, continually -remained his confidant, and sought to sustain him. - -He allowed himself to be employed by Struensee in keeping everybody -from the king, so that nothing should be revealed to his Majesty about -Struensee's criminal conduct, and the share himself had in it. - -To the great concern of all his fellow-subjects he behaved haughtily, and -not with the due respect to his king, both in private and in the sight of -all men. - -He did not show the submissive reverence to the king which every subject -owes him, and expresses voluntary from his heart on every occasion in -word and deed, but he rather opposed the king, in order to maintain -Struensee's favour, and acquire an extravagant fortune and special -advantages for himself. - -The memoirs exchanged between him and Struensee furnish a proof of his -unreasonable pretension, and that he was conscious of his reprehensible -behaviour toward the king. From this cause he should have altered his -conduct, or sooner have resigned a post which was repulsive to him, and -for which he did not consider himself equal. But no, he did not wish to -oppose his patron and protector, who, for his own purposes, desired to -keep him, Brandt, about the king's person, while, on the other hand, -Count Brandt expected greater fortunes in service and pecuniary affairs -from him, Struensee. - -As _directeur des spectacles_, he assisted Struensee in producing a -misunderstanding in the royal family by contriving that a separate box -should be given Prince Frederick in the playhouse, so that his royal -highness should not be in the king's box, and thus have an opportunity -for revealing to his Majesty, Brandt and his intimate friend's most -culpable conduct.[16] - -He obtained through Struensee in a short period 60,000 dollars from the -royal treasury, although he must have known, or at least could not have -doubted, that he had not earned them by his services or general conduct. - -When he thanked his Majesty for this large sum, he did not mention the -amount which Struensee had procured him, because he knew that the matter -was not all right, and Struensee had forbidden his doing so, lest his -Majesty might thus be informed of that which the approved extract, found -among Struensee's papers, has since revealed to his Majesty and every -other person who sees the extract. - -Count Brandt has been guilty of all this criminality, although his -conscience must reveal to him at every moment that he was acting as an -unfaithful subject, and against the duty and the bond imposed on him by -the king's gracious familiarity, and in defiance of the warnings which -the two letters from an anonymous writer found in Brandt's pocket-book so -impressively and clearly contained, by reminding him of his duties, and -advising him what he should do if he did not wish to risk his head. - -He only allowed himself to be ruled and guided by his arrogance, -fortune-hunting, and avarice. - -But though the things mentioned appear so criminal, they cannot be -compared with the crime of laying hands on the exalted person of his -Majesty the King, which Count Enevold Brandt has himself clearly and -regularly confessed in his examination before the commission, and as it -has been proved and confirmed by several witnesses. For this crime may be -regarded as if Count Brandt wished to hazard the king's death, because -the result of such an assault cannot be foreseen, and an unlucky blow on -a tender part has frequently caused death. - -He was angry with the king, and demanded satisfaction of his master, -whose well-deserved admonition he ought to have accepted in penitence for -his previous conduct, and have withdrawn himself from his (the king's) -countenance, in order not to irritate him more. - -On the contrary, he consulted with his intimate friend Struensee how -and when he should assault the king, and reflected what sort of weapon -he should employ, and held it in readiness; but after more mature -reflection, made no use of it. - -After he had been warned by Struensee that the king was now alone, -and the right time had arrived, he goes with reflection, and a firm -determination to avenge himself, in to the king, orders out the two lads -in attendance, and bolts the door, so that no one may come in to oppose -his resolution or to prevent his design, and forces his Majesty the King, -by language and assault, to offer resistance. - -While doing so, he wounds his Majesty in the neck, bites his finger, -and at the same time insults his benefactor and king by audacious words -and expressions of such a nature that everybody must feel horrified at -repeating them. - -It is true that Count Brandt has urged, in his excuse, that his Majesty -has pardoned him for this occurrence, yet, even were it so, it can only -be supposed that his Majesty wished to overlook so great an insult for -a time. Count Brandt, however, has produced no proof of this, and his -Majesty alone is in a position to judge how far this indulgence should -extend. - -This most atrocious and audacious undertaking of Count Brandt cannot be -regarded otherwise than as an open attack on the king's person, and the -greatest crime of high treason, which deserves the punishment attached to -such a crime in art. 1, 4th chapter of the 6th book of the Danish law. - -We, therefore, consider ourselves justified in condemning Count Brandt, -and passing the following sentence:-- - -Count Enevold Brandt shall have forfeited honour, life, and property, -and be degraded from his dignity of count, and all the other honours -conferred on him; his coat of arms shall be broken by the executioner on -the scaffold; his right hand cut off while he is still alive; then the -head; his body quartered and exposed on the wheel; but his head and hand -stuck on a pole. - -The Commission at the Christiansborg Palace, this 25th April, 1772. - - J. K. JUELL-WIND. - H. STAMPE. LUXDORPH. - KOFOD ANCHER. - F. E. SEVEL. - G. A. BRAËM. - A. G. CARSTENS. - J. E. E. SCHMIDT. - O. GULDBERG. - -The royal confirmation of the sentence was to the following effect:-- - -_We hereby approve in all points the sentence passed by the Commission -of Inquiry appointed by us at the Christiansborg Palace, which declares -that Enevold Brandt, for his most atrocious and audacious design and -assault on our own person, shall have forfeited honour, life, and -property, and that he shall be degraded from his dignity as count, and -all the other honours conferred on him; that his coat of arms shall be -broken by the executioner on the scaffold; after that his right hand be -cut off while he is alive; and then his head; and that the body shall -be quartered and exposed on the wheel; but the head and hand stuck on a -pole. Whereupon those whom it concerns are ordered to act accordingly._ - - * * * * * - -Given at our Palace of Christiansborg, this April 27, 1772. - - CHRISTIAN. - - O. THOTT. - LUXDORPH. A. SCHUMACHER. - DONS. HOYER. - - * * * * * - -These sentences are certainly among the rarest documents which the annals -of justice contain. Struensee was convicted of a single crime; Brandt was -innocent. In the sentence, Struensee's crime is not stated, and the whole -document is a disgustingly long narrative of undecided actions, not one -of which would offer grounds for a sentence of death. Reverdil, usually -so cool and impartial, cannot restrain his feelings when he writes about -these atrocious verdicts:-- - -"The sentences were minuted by Wiwet. They were inserted in the -newspapers; among others, the _Leyden Gazette_. They seem expressly drawn -up to dishonour the king, the judges, and the country. The crimes proved -are confounded in them with presumptions, offences with imprudences, -faults peculiar to favourites with those in which, as they were covered -by the king's authority, the culpability falls on him. In the fear of -not charging enough, intentions and passions are taken into account. In -the sentence passed on Brandt, after describing the scene of fisticuffs, -which so strongly revealed the king's imbecility, they were not ashamed -to add: 'Count Brandt has certainly alleged in his defence that the -king had pardoned him; but even supposing that the fact was proved, it -could not be understood otherwise than that his Majesty was kind enough -to suffer so great an extremity for a time. After all, the culprit has -proved nothing in this respect, and his Majesty is the sole judge of the -extent he gives to his own indulgence.' When this extraordinary document -was read to the man whom it concerned, he said very justly in his way, -that its author deserved a hundred lashes with a stirrup-leather." - -It is not surprising to find that the authenticity of the sentences was -not believed when they were published in foreign countries. Thus we read -in the _Annales Belgiques_ for May, 1772:-- - -"A sentence ought to state the facts simply, and declare the penalty -which is pronounced against the man who has been guilty of them. Care -should be taken to avoid mixing up in it reasonings and epithets which -denote in the judge a disposition for vengeance or any passion: now this -pamphlet, which is offered us under the title of a sentence, displays -from one end to the other such marked characters of a violent prejudice -against the condemned, that this in itself would be sufficient to render -it suspicious. It forms a tissue of vague imputations which can be easily -destroyed." - -But the dominant faction did not trouble itself about what might be said: -sentence had been passed, and the next matter of importance was to have -it executed before any revulsion took place in public opinion. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 5: This is translated _verbatim_ from the original, published -in 1772, a copy of which was forwarded me from the Danish Foreign Office.] - -[Footnote 6: These adherents who aided in the suppression of the privy -council were Rantzau and Köller, that is to say, the men who figured -among the principal enemies and accusers of Struensee. It was Rantzau who -invented the decree that suppressed this council.--_Falckenskjold_, p. -205.] - -[Footnote 7: Did they forget that the constitution which governs Denmark -gives the king absolute power? Could not the king dismiss one of his -officers without form of trial or the intervention of justice? Remember, -that those who brought this charge against Struensee also removed from -office persons who displeased them, and even deprived them of their -liberty and property. What I personally experienced certainly places me -in the position to judge.--_Falckenskjold_, p. 205.] - -[Footnote 8: A reference to the sieges of Charles X. in 1658 and 1659, -and more especially to the violent assault by the Swedes on the night of -February 11, 1659, which was repulsed by the citizens, and to the conduct -of the Copenhageners at the Diet of 1660, when the sovereignty was handed -over to Frederick III., and the previous electoral kingdom was converted -into an agnatic-cognatic Denmark-Norway, exclusive of the German Duchies -and counties.] - -[Footnote 9: This accusation is devoid of truth. Brandt could not always -be about his Majesty. The truth is, that the king was no more difficult -to approach under Struensee's administration than he had been under the -previous ministry. He was frequently alone, and I saw him arrive thus -at Gripsholm. It was after the fall of Struensee that the king, being -closely watched, was only accessible as far as pleased the dominant -party.-_Falckenskjold_, p. 205.] - -[Footnote 10: I may remark that Struensee had a salary of 1,500 crowns as -secretary to the cabinet; that he afterwards had 3,000 in his quality of -councillor; that he lived inexpensively and dressed plainly; that only -a few days before his fall he set up his carriage, the magnificence of -which was imputed as a crime--it was a carriage in the English style, -without gilding or painting, lined with straw-coloured cloth. Guldberg, -who charged him with avidity, afterwards thought proper to accept a -gratification of 100,000 crowns in one sum, by a note signed by the -king.--_Falckenskjold_, p. 208.] - -[Footnote 11: If Struensee's enemies had not been his accusers and -judges, they would not have compared a small present made to the queen -with what the king gave to simple private persons without fortune, whom -he had summoned and admitted to his familiarity. They would not have -pretended to be ignorant why Struensee wrote the accounts of May, 1771, -and did not write the following accounts when he had ceased to be cabinet -secretary.-_Falckenskjold_, p. 206.] - -[Footnote 12: Struensee had no more power on this account than when he -was merely master of requests and private secretary to the king. The -great reforms were effected while he occupied those two posts. Besides, -according to the royal law, "the king can appoint any minister under such -title and with such power as he pleases." It was no contravention of -the law to accept an office which the king could give and revoke at his -pleasure; but, with such a law as that of Denmark, weight may be attached -to any sort of accusation. Count de St. Germain was accused of infringing -the royal law, because he proposed to raze the useless fortresses -and dress the army in blue. The first Bernstorff was also accused of -contravention of the _Lex Regia_ when he was dismissed. The persons who -condemned Struensee to death for having encroached on the absolute power -of the king, issued the following decree on February 13, 1772, or while -the trial was going on:-- - -"All orders shall be drawn up by the council and through the council. No -order given directly by the king shall be carried into effect, unless the -bearer of it has made application to the department which it concerns, -and this department has acknowledged the said order."-_Falckenskjold_, -p. 208.] - -[Footnote 13: It was, on the contrary, Struensee's principle to -purge the army and civil service of foreigners, and only to leave -natives; the reform had already been effected in this way in the -regiment of Seeland Dragoons. Braëm, one of the commissioners to try -Struensee, was well aware of this, as he was a member of the War -Department.--_Falckenskjold_, p. 209.] - -[Footnote 14: The order concerning this reform is the only one which -Struensee was accused of having issued without the king's privity. The -War Department, of which I was a member, received on December 21 the -Minutes of this order for the disbandment of the Foot Guards; it made -no protest; it did not ask that the minute should be signed by the -king, which was not necessary; the patent was immediately drawn up, and -addressed, according to custom, to the king, that it might receive his -signature and seal; the king signed this patent on December 23; such is -the exact truth. How could it be stated in the sentence that the king had -no cognizance on December 21 of a minute the patent of which he ratified -on the 23rd by his signature? How could he be ignorant on December 24 of -an order he had signed on the 23rd?--_Falckenskjold_, p. 209.] - -[Footnote 15: Struensee denied this: there were no proofs, and it is well -known that this minister only gave orders in writing.] - -[Footnote 16: It is a curious fact that Brandt's having given Prince -Frederick a separate box was made a capital crime; that Baron de -Bülow, the king's equerry, was exiled for giving a separate stable to -the horses of Prince Frederick; and that I was cruelly prosecuted for -having allowed the band to play at a place which Prince Frederick was -passing.--_Falckenskjold_, p. 222.] - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -THE EXECUTION. - - CONFIRMATION OF THE SENTENCE--STRUENSEE'S CORRESPONDENCE--RANTZAU'S - TREACHERY--AN UNFEELING COURT--STRUENSEE'S PENITENCE--THE - SCAFFOLD--APRIL 28--EXECUTION OF BRANDT--HORRIBLE DETAILS--DEATH OF - STRUENSEE--HIS CHARACTER--ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM--THE FIRST SERVANT OF - THE STATE--THE QUEEN DOWAGER. - - -On the same day that the sentences were signed by the Commissioners, -Uldall, the counsel, went to Struensee, in order to inform him of the -termination of the trial. - -When the advocate entered the cell, he said to the unhappy victim of a -conspiracy: - -"Good count, I bring you bad news." - -And with these scant words he drew a copy of the approved sentence out of -his pocket. - -Calmly and silently the man condemned to such a cruel death perused the -sentence, but not the slightest alteration took place in his countenance. -Then, he handed the ominous paper to Dr. Münter, who happened to be with -him at the time. - -While the latter was trembling as he read the sentence, Struensee began -to talk with composure with his counsel, and asked if all the points of -his accusation had been regarded in passing his sentence, especially that -about the education of the crown prince; to which Uldall answered in the -affirmative. Struensee added, that he must confess that, if he had had -children of his own, he would not have reared them in any other way. - -"And what will Brandt's fate be?" he exclaimed. - -"His sentence is exactly the same as yours," Uldall replied. - -"And could his counsel do nothing to save him?" Struensee went on to ask. - -"He said everything that could be urged in his favour, but Count Brandt -has too much laid to his charge." - -This information caused Struensee greater emotion than the news of his -own fate. But he soon regained his composure, and added a few words about -a petition to the king for mercy, although he at the same time expressed -his conviction, that even this last step would meet with no success. - -When Struensee and Münter were left alone again, the man who was now -Death's own assured his friend that his impending punishment did not -terrify him. He had thought that he might be broken on the wheel, and -was already considering whether he could suffer this kind of death with -patience. - -"If I have deserved such a death," he then added, "my infamy would not -be removed, though those disgraceful circumstances were not annexed to -it. And if I had not deserved it, which I cannot assert, sensible people -would do me justice, and I should gain in point of honour. And upon the -whole, what is honour or infamy in this world to me? My judges had the -law before them, and therefore they could not decide otherwise. I confess -my crime is great: I have violated the majesty of the king. Many things -I might not have done if I had been sufficiently acquainted with the -law,--But why did I neglect it?" - -These words, uttered by Struensee so shortly before his death, seemed -to reveal a doubt of his perfect innocence. Perhaps, however, this -uncertainty was rather produced by his conversion to the Christian -religion, by the recollection of past errors, and by the effect of a long -and painful imprisonment; while the imminent and awful close of his life -might also have produced impressions on him which made him fancy himself -guiltier than he really was. Or was it the voice of his conscience at the -remembrance of the ruin which he had brought on his young queen, which -spoke out of his soul, though he dared not clothe it in language? - -My readers will remember how much this unhappy man was affected by a -letter which he received from his father, at the time when he still -maintained his irreligious principles. He now delivered to Dr. Münter a -letter for his parents, leaving him the option whether he would send it -at once, or after the execution. Münter chose the latter course, as he -knew Struensee's death was very near at hand, and he wished to save them -the anxiety of expecting the melancholy news of it. The letter was to the -following effect:-- - - Your letters have increased my pain; but I have found in them that - love which you always expressed for me. The memory of all the sorrow - I have caused you, by living contrary to your good advice, and the - great affliction my imprisonment and death must give you, grieve me - the more, since, enlightened by truth, I see clearly the injury I - have done. With the most sincere repentance I implore your pardon and - forgiveness. I owe my present situation to my belief in the doctrine - and redemption of Christ. Your prayers and your good example have - contributed much toward it. Be assured that your son has found the - great good, which you believe to be the only true one. Look upon his - misfortune as the means which made him obtain it. All impressions - which my fate could make or give will be weakened by this, as it has - effaced them with me. I recommend myself to your further intercession - before God. I pray incessantly to Christ, my Redeemer, that he may - enable you to bear your present calamities. I owe the same to His - assistance. My love to my brothers and sisters. - -Brandt also received from his defender, Bang, a copy of the sentence -passed on him, and, like Struensee, sent in a petition for mercy. It -was reported that he would be pardoned. For Owe Guldberg, the most -influential of the judges at Christiansborg Palace, had thrown himself -at the feet of Queen Juliana Maria, who now held the authority in her -hands, and implored a mitigation of the punishment. But the queen dowager -absolutely refused to listen to him, not even when Guldberg earnestly -implored that at least Brandt's life might be saved. Crushed by such -harshness, and bitterly undeceived as to the extent of his influence, he -returned to his apartments, threw himself on the bed, refused to take -food, and passed several days in apathetic reflection. - -Brandt's mother and brother asked permission to come to court to implore -the king's clemency, and, being unable to obtain it, they wrote to -the queen dowager and to Prince Frederick. The answers they received -were full of compliments, but gave them no hope. It was said, however, -that in the council, when the question of confirming the sentence was -discussed, there were voices for mercy; but that Counts von Rantzau and -Von der Osten absolutely opposed any being shown. The honour of the king -should have demanded that Brandt's life should be spared, in order to -conceal from the world what had passed between them, but the king had -an extreme repugnance to this; the mere name of the ex-favourite made -him tremble and turn pale. He positively declared that he would not save -Brandt unless Struensee were also spared, and the ministry considered -it necessary to immolate one of the victims, so as not to let the other -escape. The two sentences were consequently confirmed without the -slightest display of clemency. - -Count von Rantzau more particularly displayed a sustained hardness and -fearful blackness of soul. He, doubtless, believed that by closing all -access to clemency, by forcing to the scaffold two intimate friends, one -of whom had been his benefactor, he should purge himself of the suspicion -of complicity, and that by sheer hypocrisy he should cause his connection -with the condemned men to be forgotten. At any other time, instead of -sitting in the council and determining the fate of the culprits, he would -have himself been the object of a severe sentence; instead of being -spared for having betrayed the favourites, there would have been an -additional charge against him, that of anticipating the royal commands to -arrest them; hence, being well aware that, in spite of his dignities, he -was marked, both as a restless and unbelieving man, he was more assiduous -than any one in his attendance at the court chapel, and joined in singing -hymns, which must have possessed all the charm of novelty for him.[17] - -How little feeling that most miserable of monarchs, Christian, really had -in the whole matter, is seen by a perusal of the Danish journals at the -time. The amusements of the court offer a most revolting exhibition of -apathy and want of sympathy. - -On April 23, there was a masked ball, _en domino_, at which the king, -the queen dowager, and their suite were present; on the 24th, instead of -the play, a concert at the Danish theatre, where the royal family were -present; on the 25th, the sentence on Counts Struensee and Brandt was -pronounced in open court; in the evening, the opera of _Adrien en Syrie_ -was performed. The small-pox continuing its ravages, on the 26th, Sunday, -profane amusements were interdicted by the new government. On the 27th, -the king dined with his court at Charlottenlund, and returned to town at -7 P.M.; he signed the sentences, and proceeded to the Italian Opera. On -the 28th, the day of the execution, there was a grand concert at court. -Well may a writer in the _Annales Belgiques_ for May, 1772, remark:-- - -"If the king has unfortunately reached such a stage of unfeelingness, -what praise does not Caroline Matilda deserve for having succeeded -in captivating him so greatly that up to the present it was not even -suspected that he possessed such a disposition?" - -In the meanwhile, Dr. Münter had informed Struensee, on April 26th, of -the promulgation of the sentences, and that they would be carried into -effect two days after. Struensee listened to him patiently, and then -remarked, as to the circumstances which were to throw infamy upon his -death-- - -"I am far above all this, and I hope my friend Brandt may be the same. -Here in this world--since I am on the point of leaving it--neither honour -nor infamy can affect me any more. It is equally the same to me after -death, whether my body putrifies under ground or in the open air; whether -it serves to feed the worms or the birds. God will know very well how to -preserve those particles of my body which, on the day of resurrection, -are to constitute my future glorified body. It is not my all which is to -be laid on the wheel. Thank God! I know now very well that this dust is -not my whole being." - -After this they conversed quietly about various matters concerning -Struensee's administration. The decision whether his government had -been politically bad he left to posterity, and many times repeated his -assurance that he was not conscious of any wrong intentions. When Dr. -Münter left him, Struensee handed him the following letter for Frau von -Berkentin at Pinneberg. This was the patroness who, as chief gouvernante -to the prince royal, had recommended Struensee as physician in ordinary -for the king's foreign tour:-- - - I make use of the first moments which permit me to write to you. - Business, duties, and my late connexions have perhaps lessened in me - the remembrance of my former friends, but they have been not able - to obliterate their memory entirely. My present leisure has revived - it. If my silence has aroused suspicion as to my former sentiments, - I beg pardon of all those who are entitled to my gratitude, and - of you, gracious lady, in particular. This however, is not the - only advantage which the change of my fate has produced. I owe my - knowledge of truth to it; it has procured me a happiness of which - I had no further expectation, as I had already lost sight of it. I - entreat you to consider my misfortunes in no other light but that of - religion. I gain more by them than I can ever lose; and I feel and - assure you of this with conviction, ease, and joy of heart. I beg you - to repeat what I now write in the house of Count Ahlefeldt and at - Rantzau. I am under great obligations to these two families, and it - has grieved me far more to have drawn with me into misfortune persons - who are related to them. - -On the following day, April 27, Struensee also referred to his -administration, and assured Münter again, most sacredly, that he had not -falsified the accounts about the presents made by the king to him and -Brandt. Münter's remarks on this subject are worthy quotation:-- - -"It is difficult to dismiss every suspicion on this head against -Struensee; and if he were guilty, of how little value would be his -conversion! It has made me uneasy, frequently, and even now, still, -after his death. All manner of appearances, his own confession that he -could not free himself from all suspicion, and many other evidences, -are against him. However, on the other side, it makes me easy that he -confessed greater and more punishable crimes without constraint, but -denied this with a firmness, calmness of mind and confidence, which, -inexplicable as the matter remains, makes it difficult to believe him -guilty." - -Struensee then handed to Münter the following letter to Chamberlain -Christian Brandt, which he desired him to get delivered:-- - - Permit me to bewail with you and with the gracious lady your mother, - the fate of our dear Enevold. Do not think me unworthy of sharing - your grief with you, though, accidentally, I have been the cause of - it. You know how much I love him. He was the man of all the world - who possessed the largest share of my friendship. His misfortunes - cause me the greatest anxiety, and my own have been on his account - most painful to me. He has shared my prosperity with me, and I trust - that we shall now together enjoy that happiness which our Redeemer - has promised us. I do not know anything wherewith I could comfort - you. You are acquainted with religion. In that I found a refuge to - comfort me on account of my misfortune. I pray to God that he may at - this very moment let you feel all its power. I shall not cease to - entertain a most lively sense of gratitude toward all those persons - who are dear to me at Rantzau. I am wholly yours, &c. - - April 27, 1772. - - P.S.--I have been in hopes, and still flatter myself, that the - sentence of my friend will be mitigated. - -To Münter, Struensee declared that Brandt's sentence of death could not -be signed with a good conscience; for, he said, he could not regard -the action for which his friend's life was forfeited as a crime, and -he, Struensee, did not repent having taken part in it. On the other -hand, he reproached Brandt, because in his intercourse with the king he -neglected the reverence he owed him, which had also been the reason why -he attracted the king's displeasure on himself. - -Of all the letters written by Struensee, the one he addressed to Count -von Rantzau is assuredly the most remarkable. Instead of the reproaches -with which he might have justly overwhelmed him, he wrote in the -following forgiving spirit:[18]-- - - This, Sir (Dr. Münter), is what I have begged you to say in my behalf - to Count von Rantzau. I never entertained any feeling contrary to - what his friendship had a right to expect. Though convinced long - ago that he was acting against me, I did not venture to remove - him from Copenhagen. The facilities I possessed for doing so, - the solicitations addressed to me, and very powerful reasons not - affecting me personally, could not induce me to do so. The Russian - affairs will inform him of the measures taken against him, of which - he is probably ignorant, as I never spoke to him about them in - detail. I had conceived that his attachment to his master caused him - to find the conduct of his friend blamable, but it did not enter my - mind that he was capable of engaging any one to render his friend - as unfortunate as possible. Still, convinced by experience, I have - understood that the vivacity of zeal, circumstances, the persuasion - of the peril with which the king was believed to be menaced, might - stifle every other feeling. I have retained no bitterness against the - count. Having been since enlightened by religion, I have preserved - all the feelings of a personal attachment for him which, through - various signs, his memory will, doubtless, bring before his eyes. - I offer up vows for his prosperity. It is not in my power to give - him stronger proofs than by ardently wishing that he may find the - happiness which the truth of religion has taught me to know. I - would desire the count, on this point, to remember, by analogy, his - prejudices against medicine, and how he removed them by reading - "Zimmermann," and by experiencing the good effects of the medicines - I administered to him at Glückstadt. May these few words efface - everything that the count nourishes against me in his mind! You - will deliver this note to him, Sir, when no further motives are in - existence which may make him attribute this step of mine to any other - object. - - STRUENSEE. - - P.S. Having altered my mind, I have the honour to address this note - directly to the count, instead of entrusting it to Dr. Münter. - - This 27th April, 1722. - - S. - -Struensee did not wish to take a personal farewell of his brother, -Justiz-rath Struensee, because he was afraid that this might produce a -scene which would be too affecting for both of them. He therefore begged -Münter to do so for him. He entreated his brother's pardon for drawing -him into his misfortunes, but hoped and was certain that his affairs -would turn out well. He also assured him that he was leaving the world -with true brotherly affection for him. He also wished his brother to -be told of the sentiments in which he died. This commission Dr. Münter -discharged on the same evening, and carried back the answer of the much -afflicted brother. - -Brandt also received on April 27, from his chaplain, Dean Hee, the news -of the confirmation of his sentence and the day of execution, which he -heard unconcerned, and said that he readily submitted to the will of God. - -A report had been spread that Brandt had spoken recklessly while in -prison, and sung merry songs. Hence the dean made a proposition to him, -which he left to him to accept or not, that he should make a declaration -of what his real sentiments were, in the presence of witnesses. He -readily complied with the proposal, and Hee went to the commandant, who -came with four officers, in whose presence Brandt declared that he was -ready to die, and was not afraid of it; he likewise confessed before the -omniscient God, that he had without hypocrisy sought for God's mercy; -he likewise confessed, as he had done before, that he had acted very -inconsiderately, that his levity had been very great, and that he, on -this account, acknowledged God's mercy in suffering him to die, lest he -should be drawn away again from religion. He said, he knew very well -that the same levity of temper had induced him, in the beginning of his -imprisonment, to talk in a manner he was now ashamed of, though he was -sure in his conscience that many untruths were invented, and propagated -among the people, but he forgave those who had been guilty of such a -thing. Now, he wished that the gentlemen present would bear testimony to -what he should say. He acknowledged himself a great sinner before God: -a sinner who had gone astray, but was brought back by Christ. He then -begged the commandant and the other officers to forgive him, if, by his -levity, he had offended any one of them, and wished that God's mercy in -Christ might always attend them as the greatest blessing. He said all -this with such a readiness, and in such moving terms, that all who were -present were affected by it, and every one of them wished that God would -preserve him in this situation of mind to the last. - -In the meanwhile, the town council, the police, and military -authorities, were making preparations for the execution. Copenhagen is -surrounded on the land side, next the three suburbs, by three large -fields bordered by neat _allées_, which are used as exercising grounds -for the garrison, and for public festivities. On the easternmost of these -fields, situated on the Sound, a scaffold, 8 yards long and broad, and -27 feet in height, was erected; and on the gallows hill, a mile distant, -and situated in the western suburb, two poles were planted, both of which -were surrounded by four wheel-posts. It took some trouble to complete -this job, because no artisans consented to undertake it. It was not until -other workmen were persuaded that a pleasure-house was to be built on the -field that the scaffold was completed. No wheelwright was willing either -to supply the wheels; so that the eight carriage wheels required had to -be begged from friends of the court party. - -When dawn broke on the 28th of April, 1772, a day which inflicted an -eternal stain on the history of Denmark, the troops, consisting of 4,400 -sailors belonging to the vessels in ordinary, and armed with pikes, -1,200 infantry, 300 dragoons, and, strange to say, the corps of military -cadets, marched through the gates, in order to form a large circle round -the stage of blood on the Osterfeld, keep back the eager countless -mob, and be ready for any eventualities. General von Eickstedt, town -commandant, had the supreme command of all the troops. - -The two gates of the citadel were also kept shut till the departure of -the criminals; and the posts had been doubled in order to keep off the -pressure of the crowd, who also congregated eagerly here. - -The two clergymen went at an early hour to the condemned men, and found -them both calm and easy in mind. When Münter entered, Struensee was -fully dressed, and lying on a couch. He was reading Schlegel's sermons -on Christ's Passion, and a religious conversation began between the two, -during which Münter looked very often toward the cell door with a fearful -expectation; but the count not once. - -At length the officer on duty came in and requested Münter to step into -the coach, and precede Struensee to the place of execution. Münter was -greatly moved, but Struensee, as if it did not concern himself the least, -comforted him by saying:-- - -"Make yourself easy, my dear friend, by considering the happiness I am -going to enter into, and with the consciousness that God has made you a -means for procuring it for me." - -Soon after, the two delinquents were requested to get into their coaches, -Brandt going on first. The latter, after praying fervently, had had -his chains, which were fixed in the wall, taken off, and he put on the -clothes in which he intended to appear on the scaffold. He then drank a -dish of coffee and ate something, walking up and down the room, which -he had not been able to do before. As often as Dr. Hee asked him how he -found himself, he said that he was not afraid of dying. He afterwards -asked Hee whether he had seen anybody executed before, and how far he was -to lay his body bare for the execution. - -Struensee was dressed in a blue cut velvet coat with silver buttons; -Brandt in a green court dress richly embroidered with gold, and both had -costly fur pelisses thrown over them, but, as if in mockery, still had -a chain on their hand and foot. This gay attire had been given them in -order to remind the populace that the dizzy fall from the greatest power -to the scaffold was the just punishment of their unparalleled crimes. By -the side of each of the prisoners sat an officer, and opposite to them -two sergeants. The two coaches were surrounded by 200 infantry soldiers -with fixed bayonets, and an equal number of dragoons with drawn sabres. -The procession was opened by a third coach, in which the Fiscal General -and the king's bailiff were seated, and, facing them, the latter's -deputy, holding two tin shields, on which the arms of the two counts were -painted. - -Half-past eight was striking from the tower of the citadel when the three -coaches began their progress to the scaffold, where they were expected by -upwards of 30,000 persons. - -When the procession reached the spot, the Fiscal General and the king's -bailiff with his assistant first mounted the scaffold, on which the -executioner and his aids were awaiting their victims. They were followed -by Brandt; his features were so unchanged, and his bearing was so -perfectly calm, that it was generally supposed that a hope of mercy was -aroused in his mind at this supreme moment. Dean Hee mounted the scaffold -stairs immediately after him, and it was not till they reached the top -that the prisoner's fetters were removed. Even here he assured Hee that -his mind was composed, and that he was not afraid of death. The dean, -however, continued to encourage him, and concluded with the words:-- - -"Son, be of good cheer, for thy sins are forgiven thee." - -To which Brandt replied:-- - -"Yes; they are all cast into the depths of the sea." - -The king's bailiff, Etats-rath Ortwed, now read the sentence; and when -he had finished, the executioner advanced to receive the count's coat of -arms. He asked Brandt whether it was his escutcheon, to which the other -replied by a nod; he then swung it in the air, and broke it with the -words:-- - -"This is not done in vain, but as a just punishment." - -After the clergyman had read Brandt those things from the ritual which -are usual on such occasions, Hee asked him whether, in addition to his -other sins, he repented of his great crime of high treason? Brandt -answered in the affirmative, and then added:-- - -"I pray God, the king, and the country, for forgiveness, and only wish -that God may bless the king and the whole land for the sake of Christ's -blood." - -After these words the clergyman gave him the benediction, and, taking -him by the hand, delivered him over to justice. When the executioner -approached to assist Brandt in undressing, the latter said to him with -firmness, though not without mildness, "Stand off, and do not presume -to touch me!" He quickly let his pelisse fall, took off his hat, and -himself removed his coat and waistcoat. After previously feeling in all -the pockets, which he doubtless did out of habit, he also began to bare -the right arm, from which the hand was to be cut off, but the executioner -now advanced, and helped him to bare the whole arm as well as his -neck.[19] After this, Brandt knelt down, and laid his head on one block -and his hand on another. When the victim had thus offered himself for the -execution of the sentence, the clergyman reminded him of the posture of -the Saviour in the garden of Gethsemane, with his face on the ground, to -which Brandt, lying on the block, replied in a loud voice:-- - -"The blood of Christ intercedeth for me." - -Hee stepped back, and while he was saying, "O Christ, in Thee I live, in -Thee I die! Oh! thou Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world, -be merciful!" the execution was over. Brandt did not die as a hypocrite, -but at the same time displayed no defiance. - -Immediately after, the executioner's aids advanced, stripped the body, -and then divided it into four quarters with an axe. Each quarter was let -down separately by a rope into a cart standing below, and the vessels -with the entrails were also placed in it. Lastly, the head was held -up, shown to the spectators, and then let down into the cart, together -with the hand. After which the scaffold was strown with fresh sand, in -readiness for Struensee.[20] - -During this awful tragedy Struensee sat in his coach, which was standing -near the scaffold. When Brandt went up, Münter ordered the coach to be -turned in such a way that they might not witness Brandt's execution. But -Struensee's eyes had already found his unfortunate friend, and hence he -said:-- - -"I have seen him already." - -After some further exhortation, Münter said to the prisoner:-- - -"Christ prayed for his murderers even on the cross. May I rely upon your -leaving the world with the same sentiments of love toward those whom you -might have reason to think your enemies?" - -"In the first place," Struensee replied, "I hope that there is no one who -has a personal hatred against me; but that those who have promoted my -misfortunes, have done it with the intention of doing good. Secondly, I -look upon myself already as a citizen of another world, and consider that -I am obliged to entertain sentiments conformable with this dignity; and -I am sure that if I were to see those who might perhaps be my enemies -here in the bliss of that world which I hope to enter into, it would give -me the highest satisfaction. I pray to God that if my enemies hereafter -repent of their behaviour toward me, this repentance may induce them to -look out for that salvation which I confidently promise myself through -the mercy of God." - -Struensee, during this conversation, suffered no other change than that -he appeared very pale, and thinking and speaking evidently cost him more -trouble than they had done earlier in the morning. Still he retained -perfect composure, and saluted some of those around the coach by raising -his hat, or by friendly glances. From the motion of the spectators, Dr. -Münter, though he could not see the scaffold, guessed that Struensee's -turn to ascend it had arrived, and that, with Brandt's death, all hope of -a pardon had disappeared. - -When summoned by name, Struensee stepped out of the coach, and went, led -by Münter, with dignity though humbly, through the ranks of favoured -spectators, and bowed to them also. With difficulty he ascended the -fifteen steps leading to the scaffold. When they reached the top, Münter -spoke very concisely, and in a low voice, upon the words, "He that -believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live." After this the -sentence of the Commission of Inquiry and the royal confirmation were -read to Struensee, and the king's own signature was shown him. Then came -the breaking of the coat of arms, after which Struensee's chains were -taken off. The clergyman once again went up to Struensee, and asked him -various questions. - -"Are you very truly sorry for all those actions by which you have -offended God and man?" - -"You know my late sentiments on this point," Struensee replied, "and I -assure you they are this very moment just the same." - -"Do you trust in the redemption of Christ as the only ground of your -being pardoned before God?" - -"I know no other means of receiving God's mercy, and I trust in this -alone." - -"Do you leave this world without hatred or malice against any person -whatever?" - -"I hope nobody hates me personally; and as for the rest, you know my -sentiments on this head; they are the same as I told you before." - -Doctor Münter then laid his hand upon Struensee's head, and said with -deep emotion, before he delivered him up to justice:-- - -"Then go in peace whither God calls you! His grace be with you!" - -Struensee then took off his fur pelisse, removed his hat, and tried to -undress himself, but his strength failed him in doing so, and he was -obliged to ask the executioner's help. After this he produced a white -handkerchief to bind his eyes with, but the executioner said that it was -not necessary, and then assisted him in removing his shirt. - -Struensee then walked with hesitating steps the few yards leading to -the block, which still reeked with the blood of his dearest friend; a -stronger mind than Struensee ever possessed might have been unhinged -by the dreadful scene before his eyes. He knelt down, but had great -difficulty in placing himself in the proper position. As the executioner -raised the axe to cut off his right hand, Münter began slowly pronouncing -the words:-- - -"Remember Jesus Christ crucified, who died, but is risen again." - -The first blow fell, and with it, Struensee was attacked by violent -convulsions, the result of which was, that the second blow intended -to behead the poor wretch, failed. He sprang up convulsively, but the -assistant seized him by the hair, and pulled him down on the block by -force; even when the head was removed, a portion of the chin was left -behind. - -The same horrors were committed on his poor corpse as on Brandt's, but -I have no heart to dwell on them: let us rather agree with the poet in -saying, - - "Excidat illa dies ævo: nec postera credant - Sæcula: nos certé taceamus et obruta multa - Nocte tegi nostræ patiamur crimina gentis." - -The mangled remains, after they had been thrown into the cart, were -conveyed all through the city to the field at the other extremity, where -they were to be left to moulder or be devoured by the fowls of the -air. For each, four stout balks were, at equal distances, driven into -the earth; a taller pole was fixed in the centre; the entrails, &c., -were buried in a hole dug at the foot of the central pole; on the top -the head was fixed, the pole being forced up inside the skull, through -which a spike was driven to make it fast; the hand was nailed on a piece -of board, placed transversely below the head; a cart wheel was fixed -horizontally on the top of each of the four posts or pillars, on which a -quarter of the body was exposed, made fast to the wheel by iron chains. - -The countless crowd, whose curiosity was now fully satisfied, returned -to the city, shaken by the scenes they had witnessed, and the deep -impression produced by the awful drama could be noticed for a long time. -Convicts had to be employed on the next day in removing the scaffold, as -no honest man would have a hand in it; but Gallows Hill preserved its -decorations for some years, and even in 1775, Mr. Coxe saw Struensee's -and Brandt's skulls and bones there.[21] All this was done to satiate -the vengeance of the queen dowager. With a telescope in her hand, -Juliana Maria had witnessed the whole execution from the tower of the -Christiansborg, and when the turn arrived for the special object of her -hatred, Struensee, she rubbed her hands joyously, and exclaimed, "Now -comes the fat one."[22] - -But the queen did not neglect to observe decorum even in this affair, and -hence, soon after the execution, sent for Dr. Münter, in order to hear -all the details of the judicial murder from this immediate witness of the -fearful scene. When he had ended his report, the queen burst into tears; -but, as our Danish authority remarks, "it is notorious that a crocodile -can weep." Then she said to Münter-- - -"I feel sorry for the unhappy man. I have examined myself whether in all -I have done against him I have acted through any feeling of personal -enmity; but my conscience acquits me of it." - -After this, the queen dowager gave Dr. Münter a snuff-box of rock -crystal, while a similar gift in porcelain was forwarded to Dean Hee.[23] - -But the historian, Suhm, who was attached to the court, and was one of -the most zealous enemies of Struensee, tells us how far we are justified -in believing the queen dowager's statement. As the queen occupied the -upper floor of Christiansborg Palace, whence a view of the Gallows Hill -was obtained, Chamberlain Suhm asked her some years later, why her -Majesty, who had so many splendid palaces at her service, inhabited these -unpretending rooms, and received the answer:-- - -"And yet these rooms are dearer to me than all my most splendid -apartments; for from these windows I saw my bitterest foe exposed on the -wheel." - -Such was the end of a man whose miserable story is indubitably one -of the most romantic episodes of his century; and it only required a -Danish Walter Scott, in order to make of it an historical romance of -the first class. For such a work the matter is fully sufficient. But -for the same reason all efforts must fail to convert Struensee into the -hero of a tragedy. Many poets, some of them in the first flight, have -undertaken this ungrateful task, but have not attained any success worth -mentioning. The reason can easily be found. Struensee was no hero; not -even an original: he possessed no distinct character, but was merely -a type of his age, and in spite of his undeniable talents, he was an -ordinary adventurer after all. Fortune is as much the touchstone of -minds as misfortune is. It subjected this man to a trial, and he came -out of it badly. Arrogant and unbridled in fortune, he proved himself in -misfortune despondent, cowardly, and even worthless. The fortune which -he at first did not turn to a bad use, brought a king's sceptre into -his hand, and he allowed it to be shamefully torn from him by people -far inferior to him in intellect. A queen, young and beautiful as a May -morning, supported him, and he betrayed her. He had felt a pride in being -an avowed free-thinker, and he died with wailing and gnashing of teeth, -as a penitent sinner. No, he was not a tragic hero. Even the genius of a -Shakspere would have failed in rendering him one. - -It is a fact worthy of attention that Struensee possessed none of the -qualities which generally presuppose success at court. He was not an -amiable man, in the conventional sense of the term. The English envoy, -Gunning, who was not ill-disposed toward him, expressly stated, in a -despatch of April, 1770, that Struensee did not at all display in his -conversation the liveliness and pleasantry by which other men pave the -way to fortune. "His mode of behaving and expressing himself is dry and -even unpleasant, so that it was a subject of general surprise how he -contrived to acquire such unbounded influence over the king and queen." -Further, the envoy allows the favourite "no inconsiderable acquirements," -but denies him all statesman-like ability and political tact. At the same -time he was deficient in sufficient insight into Danish affairs. He was -tolerably free from vanity, but not from an immoderate self-confidence, -which not unfrequently degenerated into "impudence." The envoy, however, -supplies us with the key to the enigma of Struensee's sudden elevation, -when he mentions that he was "bold and enterprising," and such a man is -sure to make his way among women.[24] - -Still, in spite of Struensee's deficiency and all his mistakes, so -much justice must be done him as to allow that he desired the welfare -of the state. He originally possessed a not ignoble mind, which was -lowered and degraded by his fabulous elevation and sudden fall. Being -formed of much softer and more worthless stuff than the metal out of -which great, or even second-rate statesmen are composed, he could not -endure either fortune or misfortune. An idealist, trained in the school -of enlightened despotism, he did not understand that a nation must be -raised from the bottom to the top. This was the mistake of the age. -The reasons of state of a Frederick the Great or a Joseph II. were, -after all, only an improvement of the breed. We have all due respect -for those enlightened despots who have so far freed themselves from the -swaddling-clothes of the Byzantine ideas about the divine right of kings, -as to wish themselves to be merely regarded as the first servants of the -state; but, at the same time, we are inclined to say with old Wieland, -"May Heaven protect us from the luck of being obliged to live under the -sceptre or stick of such first servants of the state." Struensee acted on -the principle that, in order to make nations progress, nothing further -was required than to realise by edicts the principles of the French -philosophers and German illuminati. After the fashion of many other -world-betterers of the age, he did not know or reflect that it is far -more difficult to lead the unjudging masses to what is good, than to what -is bad; that the most absurd prejudices of the plebs must be humoured -far more than the noblest human privileges; that the coarse diplomacy of -pot-house demagogues is sufficient to make the ignorant mob throw away -the diamonds of truth and eagerly clutch at the _strass_ of falsehood and -absurdity; and that, lastly, the people in all times are most willing, at -the desire of their enemies, to hate, persecute, stone, and crucify their -friends. - -It is possible, even probable, that, if Struensee had held the power -longer, he would have passed from the experimentalising stage to really -beneficial results. The beginning of his display of power was not so bad. -Denmark had long sighed under the brutal dictatorship which the envoys -of Russia exercised. Struensee broke this yoke, and did it so cleverly, -that the ambitious czarina in Petersburg was obliged to give way, whether -she liked it or not. The management of the foreign policy by Struensee -least of all deserves blame, because it was based on the sensible -principle that Denmark must live in peace and amity with all states, but -not be subject to any one of them. The same praise cannot be afforded -to Struensee's home administration. The tendency generally was good and -reasonable here, but the execution left much, very much, to be desired. -We find everywhere hasty attempts, but no thorough carrying through. A -despotic theorising, which was followed by no energetic practice, and -the most correct designs destroyed and confused by the interference -of personal interests, sympathies, and antipathies, characterised the -administration. - -Struensee's great fault was that he did not, and would not, understand -that in statesman-like calculations, not abstract ideas but men are the -figures employed in reckoning--men with all their weaknesses, follies, -prejudices, and passions. Through mistaking this great fact, he contrived -to embitter all classes of the nation. He offended the nobles without -winning the peasants; he made the officers, soldiers, and sailors his -enemies, without making the citizens his friends. And he did this among -a people whose education was behindhand, and to whom he was an object of -hatred, from the fact of his being a foreigner. - -After his fall, which every one but himself had foreseen--and we may -fairly say that he signed his own death-warrant by the maniacal cabinet -decree which placed all the authority in his hands--Struensee behaved -like a miserable coward and traitor. It has been said that his judges, -or, more correctly, executioners, terrified the ruined man by a menace of -the torture, and, at the same time, deluded him by the idea that his sole -chance of salvation was in compromising Caroline Matilda most deeply. -But, for all this, a man would never do, and only a weakling and coward -would do what he did, when he confessed, on February 21, that he had -been the queen's lover. From this moment he could only lay claim to a -feeling of contempt. It would not even excuse him were it true, as has -been alleged, that a pretended confession of Caroline Matilda's guilt was -shown him. - -Still the means employed to get rid of the favourites were most -reprehensible. It is true that the queen dowager and Prince Frederick -had a right to feel irritated at having no credit at a court where -a Struensee domineered, and that they wished to remove him and his -partisans. We can understand that Queen Juliana Maria, who had no -experience of business, and Prince Frederick, who had scarce emerged from -boyhood, should not suspect the extremities to which Guldberg's faction -would lead them; and it may be true that it was owing to their generosity -that the children of Caroline Matilda were not deprived of their rights. -Nor can we positively condemn Guldberg for wishing to tear from Struensee -powers which Struensee had torn from others. Perhaps Guldberg possessed -more capacity, or a better claim to hold the power than he. But, as to -the means employed in gaining the object, we cannot help agreeing with -Falckenskjold when he says: - -"To make Struensee perish in order to seize on his office, was not this -purchasing it very dearly? and especially to add the punishment of the -unfortunate Brandt to that of Struensee, and to assail the liberties -and fortunes of so many persons who were innocent of the ambition of -these two men. And, in order to give a legal appearance to these -proscriptions, they do not hesitate to abuse whatever is most sacred in -human laws; they convert private intrigues into judicial proceedings; -they employ calumnious libels as authentic documents and sentences; they -raise the veil and expose to the public the domestic secrets of the -king's house! They do not fear violently to break the happy union of the -king with his consort; to render doubtful the rights of the issue of that -union, by compromising the future tranquillity of the state; and, lastly, -to cast on a young queen the affront of a mortal stain, and to condemn -her to expire in a lengthened agony! - -"Was the post of a principal minister of the King of Denmark so -important, or desirable at such a price?" - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 17: Reverdil, p. 422.] - -[Footnote 18: Reverdil is the only writer who produces this curious -document.] - -[Footnote 19: Gespräch im Reiche der Todten.] - -[Footnote 20: Gespräch im Reiche der Todten.] - -[Footnote 21: Struensee's skull was eventually stolen by four English -sailors, belonging to a Russian man-of-war commanded by Admiral Greig.] - -[Footnote 22: It has been said that Juliana Maria expressed a regret at -not seeing the decapitated corpse of Caroline Matilda by the side of -that of her accomplices. But such language would be quite contrary to -the reserve, prudence, and dissimulation of which she furnished so many -proofs during the whole of her life.] - -[Footnote 23: The Commission of Inquiry has received orders to consider -in what manner the persons _employed in convicting_ the prisoners of -state should be rewarded; in consequence of which it was allotted that -Dr. Hee and Dr. Münter should each receive 300 rix dollars; but the court -was of a different opinion, and judged it most proper to make presents to -these ecclesiastics. The two civil officers who drew up the protocol each -received 150 Danish ducats.--_Annual Register_ for 1772.] - -[Footnote 24: This letter I have found in Raumer's "Beiträge zur neueren -Geschichte," vol. i.] - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE HIGH COMMISSION. - - THE TEN PRISONERS--THE REPORT--LIEUT.-COLONEL VON - HESSELBERG--ETATS-RATH WILLEBRANDT--PROFESSOR BERGER--UNJUST - SENTENCES--VON GAHLER--FALCKENSKJOLD AND STRUENSEE--SERIOUS - CRIMES--THE SENTENCE--THE ROYAL APPROVAL--THE FORTRESS OF - MUNKHOLM--THE COMMANDANT--RESIGNATION--THE ORDER OF RELEASE--CURIOUS - CONDITIONS--DEATH OF FALCKENSKJOLD. - - -After the execution of the two counts, the turn came for the other ten -prisoners of state to be disposed of. In order to justify in the sight -of Europe the sanguinary treatment of the two principal victims, these -prisoners must also appear in the light of state criminals, although no -actual offence could be proved against a single one of them. Although -the grounds for their sentences are of the most paltry description, -it is easy to discover in them that, after the removal of their real -enemies, the dominant faction wished to affect a display of mercy, -probably through fear of public opinion, which was beginning to be loudly -expressed both at home and abroad, about the cruel fate of the two -counts. - -The court believed it necessary to lay before the nation in print the -sentences of Counts Struensee and Brandt, and with them a list of -the crimes for which they were tried. This measure, however, had the -contrary effect to what was expected. Nothing was seen in this sentence -but a desire to prove the counts guilty, and a long series of absurd -conclusions, by which it was sought to attain this object: the sentence -on Count Brandt, more especially, revolted every one, and the general -dissatisfaction was unmistakable.[25] Hence, although it was proposed in -the council to lop off one or two more heads, one of the judges, Kofod -Ancher, thought it was time to say to the king, as was said to Augustus, -_siste carnifex_. It was therefore decided that the only victim of -judicial vengeance should be Falckenskjold, who had dared to be an honest -admirer of Struensee, and was really at the same time an enlightened -statesman and politician. - -On April 21 a royal command was sent to the commissioners to hand in an -accurate representation of the offences of all the other persons arrested -on January 17, and more especially those who had been guilty of minor -crimes. This order was executed in a "most humble" report, dated May -5. The poor wretches had been allowed to pass all this time in prison, -suffering from the most painful uncertainty. - -Frau von Gähler was placed at the head of the list as the least guilty -sinner. She had attracted suspicion--so it was stated in the report--by -her intercourse with Struensee, by an uninterrupted correspondence -during the Holstein progress with her husband in Copenhagen, by her -being selected to be constantly in attendance on the queen, by her and -her husband's decoration with the queen's Order of Matilda; and lastly, -by the rumour that important papers had been entrusted to her care. As, -however, the closest investigation had not produced a tittle of proof -against her, and her correspondence with her husband proved to be of the -most innocent nature, while other ladies who stood under no suspicion had -enjoyed equal favour at court, the commission had discovered nothing that -could be brought as a charge against her. - -A similar declaration was issued by the commission in the matter of -Lieutenant-Colonel von Hesselberg. This officer who--on account of the -acquirements he had gained on foreign service, and the intelligence -displayed by him while holding an appointment at the Academy of Military -Cadets, had been proposed by Falckenskjold as lieutenant-colonel of -the king's regiment, because the latter wished to have an efficient -representative, while he went on diplomatic business to Russia--had -received orders to have an eye on Struensee's youngest brother, who was -appointed to his regiment. Such was the state crime brought against this -man of honour by the exalted commissioners. - -As an example of the condition of the Danish army at that day, the -circumstances connected with Hesselberg's appointment will be perused -with interest. When Falckenskjold, shortly after his arrival from Russia, -was appointed colonel of the king's regiment, the quartermaster delivered -to him an account of the state of the regimental chest, according to -which there ought to be 25,000 dollars in it. Falckenskjold replied, that -he would take over the chest after a committee of inquiry had sat. The -quartermaster objected that this was displaying an unusual suspicion, -but Falckenskjold stuck to his text, and lo and behold! there were -but 95 dollars in the chest. On his threatening to report the affair, -5,000 dollars were produced, and the quartermaster bolted. A close -investigation proved that the missing sum had been stolen by frauds, in -which the officers were mixed up, and Falckenskjold was at last obliged -to let the matter drop, but for this very reason selected Hesselberg, in -whom he could trust, as his second in command. - -The third ill-used man, against whom the commission could not produce a -_scintilla_ of evidence either, was Rear-Admiral Hansen. He had first -formed Struensee's acquaintance when he received orders to join the -Algerine Committee, and afterwards assumed a special command in the -expedition. He had never spoken on any matters but those connected -with the navy to Struensee, and yet was kept for months in prison as a -dangerous criminal. - -Equally little could be alleged against Councillor of Legation -Sturtz. His connection with Struensee had never possessed an intimate -character, which was proved by the fact, that he had remained attached -to Bernstorff. The sole reason for his lengthened residence at -Hirschholm, in the summer of 1771, was, that he, as a clever amateur in -portrait-painting, had received a commission to take the likeness of -the queen and prince royal, and the diamond ring presented to him by -the queen for his bride, was only an acknowledgment given him for these -works of art, which are still in existence, and said to be excellent -likenesses. Nor was anything in the slightest degree incriminating found -among his papers. - -Lieutenant Aboe, of the navy, was the next prisoner declared to be -innocent. When a cadet he had formed the acquaintance of Brandt, and -became intimate with him, partly on account of the pecuniary assistance -the latter gave him, partly to be recommended to Chamberlain Struensee, -through whose application he obtained the interim post of master of the -crews at the navy docks, and of adjutant to the Algerine expedition. In -the latter capacity he frequently waited on Struensee, and handed in -some pretended ameliorations in the administration of the navy, which, -however, only proved his ignorance. He had no further connection with -Struensee, and was, indeed, offended with the cabinet minister, because -the latter did not sufficiently recognise his merits. - -The examination had thus proved that five innocent persons had been -kept in a state of torturing uncertainty as to their fate, and in cruel -imprisonment for four months and a half, while their relatives were -exposed to public contumely. - -Of Etats-rath Willebrandt it was alleged that he had been so simple and -bold as to wish to reform the Admiralty College, without having gained -a proper insight of the administration of the navy, much less of the -difference in the business of the department during peace and war, as -he had solely obeyed the order given him to establish the Admiralty -College after the pattern of that of the Generalty. The commissioners, -it is true, declared that it was not within their competence to judge -the value of a plan which in any case had been approved by his Majesty, -and for this reason did not dare to express dissatisfaction with it. -Still they thought themselves at liberty to state that which the result -proved, that a portion of the plan, owing to Willebrandt's ignorance, -produced irregularity and inconveniences, which could only be prevented -by alterations and fresh expenses for the king's treasury. After this, an -allusion was made to the affair with the enrolled sailors, who marched -on Hirschholm in 1771. Willebrandt's offence, therefore--the report -went on to say--consisted in his having undertaken to reform things of -which he had no thorough knowledge, and he thus produced scenes which -might easily have had dangerous consequences. It was not mentioned in -the report, however, that the king had given him this order, that Count -Haxthausen took part in it, and that both, when they drew up the plan, -expressly requested that the new scheme might be previously examined by -professional men. - -Professor Berger, the physician in ordinary, also appeared to the -commission to have committed an offence. It was true that all the -medicines found in his house proved to be innocuous; there was no proof -that the steel cure attempted on his Majesty was improper; in the matter -of the rearing of the crown prince he had not agreed in all points with -Struensee, but rather had been the cause that warmer clothing and better -food were granted his royal highness toward the close: it was also true -that he expressed his anger at Struensee having acquired a power which he -considered prejudicial to the nation; but he had given serious offence -by concurring with Struensee, and giving his advice and propositions in -reforms of which he probably knew nothing, more especially in things -which did not concern his trade as physician, or the _res literariæ_ -generally. As a proof of this, it was alleged that he had proposed some -persons to fill the places of the dismissed members of the magistracy, -and that Struensee requested him to mention a person who would be -suitable for the chief post in the navy yards. Still the commission would -not venture to judge of the use or disadvantage of such propositions, as -the papers found on the accused and the other prisoners, on which their -argument must be founded, contained no information about them. - -This was everything that could be brought against a professional man, -who, in spite of his zealous attention to the king's health, and his -well-earned reputation, was dragged to the fortress, and, like a -murderer, prohibited the use of knife and fork, and was not allowed to -shave himself, or sleep on his own mattress. - -If the conduct of the commission had hitherto retained a varnish of -justice, the royal resolution, minuted by Councillor of Conference -Schumacher, and issued on May 18, was a strange proof of tyranny, which -smote truth on the face with open falsehoods. For it was stated in this -resolution, that the persons who had been guilty of the "smallest crimes" -should be punished in the following way:-- - -Frau von Gähler would be set at liberty, but must refrain from appearing -at court so long as her husband's affair was not concluded. - -Rear-Admiral Hansen and Lieutenant Aboe would be discharged from arrest, -and report themselves to the Admiralty College, where they would learn -the king's commands with respect to them. - -Legations-rath Sturtz would also be released from arrest, and ordered to -proceed to Holstein. He would retain his pension of 500 dollars, which -had been granted him by the royal resolution of January 26, but must -expend it away from the court. - -Etats-rath Willebrandt, after being discharged, would proceed to one of -the small towns in Seeland, where an annual pension of 300 dollars would -be paid him. - -Professor Berger, lastly, after being set at liberty, would go to -Aalborg, in northern Jütland, where a pension of 300 dollars would be -paid him, until a post of provincial surgeon became vacant in Jütland. - -These decisions the commissioners made known to the persons concerned -with the solemn warning that, after the king had pardoned them this time, -through special mercy, for their incautious, thoughtless, and criminal -conduct, they must be very careful not to give rise to greater suspicion -by word or writing, as, in that case, they would be subjected to a -further examination, and might expect the king's most serious displeasure. - -The sovereign lord over the life and death of his subjects was -consequently of a different opinion from the commissioners, who had found -the accused guilty of no offence. But it was considered desirable to get -rid of those persons most hated, and, in order to convict them, it was -requisite to accuse them of offences at the expense of truth. - -Lieutenant-Colonel von Hesselberg, who was referred to the Commissariat -College, learnt there that the king had appointed him Commander of the -2nd National Battalion of Schleswig-Holstein. This distinguished officer -afterwards became colonel of an infantry regiment in Norway, where he -died in 1808, a lieutenant-general, and commandant of the fortress of -Bergenhuus. - -Rear-Admiral Hansen was informed by the Admiralty that he had forfeited -his post as deputy of the latter college, but would continue to serve the -state. He died a few years after the catastrophe. - -Lieutenant Aboe, who also learnt his future fate from the Admiralty, -received orders to pass two years abroad, but retained his commission and -pay. Eventually, he left the service with the rank of captain, set up as -a merchant in Copenhagen, failed, made voyages to the East Indies, and -died after many hard adventures in Copenhagen. - -The three exiles, Legations-rath Sturtz, Etats-rath Willebrandt, and -Professor Berger, in obedience to the royal commands, quitted the -capital, and proceeded to their several destinations. When Falckenskjold -was recalled from Switzerland by the crown prince in 1788, he found -Willebrandt still in exile: Berger was a practising physician at Kiel, -but Sturtz had died of grief.[26] - -The public of Copenhagen were astonished at this mild treatment of -persons who had been kept in such close arrest. Much worse had been -anticipated. But three state criminals still remained in prison, and -what had been spared their associates, who were punished for having been -proved innocent, could be done to them. - -Lieutenant-General von Gähler, Colonel and Chamberlain von Falckenskjold, -and Justiz-rath Struensee, were still awaiting their sentence. But on -May 10 an order had been issued to the commission to lay before the -king a full report of the crimes of these men, for his Majesty's most -gracious consideration and resolution. In obedience with this command, -the commission sent in its report on May 30. - -With respect to Gähler, it was alleged that he was mixed up both in -the Traventhal league and the abolition of the council. It was true -that he had denied both, but, on the first point, the letters found -at his house contradicted him. As regards the council, he had not, as -his duty ordered, sufficiently represented the value of the council in -his answers to the questions laid before him for explanation on Sept. -24, 1770, and there were even strong reasons for conjecturing that he -proposed and promoted the abolition of the council, because he was -Struensee's principal adviser about this time. In the same way he had -recommended to his friend Struensee, the abolition of the verbal reports -of the colleges. By this, the general had helped to conceal Struensee's -audacious conduct from the king, and given him, Struensee, opportunity -for filching all the power and authority. It was allowed that Von Gähler, -by his propositions, had no intention of sustaining Struensee in his -situation and promoting his autocracy. Still, he ought, and must have -noticed Struensee's boundless ambition, when he perceived that the latter -"wished to apply the practice of his profession to the state, and began -by amputating from it so important a limb as the council was." General -von Gähler ought the less to have attempted to promote Struensee's views, -as he was not adapted either by nature or Providence to regulate or -remodel a state. He ought not to have furnished Struensee with projects, -all the consequences of which he could not foresee. More especially, he -ought not to have advised the suppression of verbal reports, but to have -always opposed it. But he appeared to have been possessed by a mania -for reformation. As a proof, it might be mentioned that he proposed the -reform for which was introduced into Norway by the regulation of January -14, 1771, that lands, after ten years' tenure, should become freehold, -which no man of perspicuity could have advised.[27] The commission found -a second instance in the reform of the two Chanceries, although the -division of business, according to provinces, had had the best results. - -Before all, however, Von Gähler wished to remodel the navy. It was -quite incredible what tricks he employed to get it into his hands, and -the commission reports that the misfortune which befel the Algerine -expedition gave Von Gähler the desired opportunity for effecting it. Herr -von Gähler's crime, therefore, principally consisted in the fact, that -he interfered in everything, and wished to reform all the regulations -of the state, without possessing the requisite knowledge and insight, -without knowing the advantages or defects of what existed, and without -sufficiently pondering over the consequences of his propositions. The -commission, however, could find no excuse in the circumstance that Von -Gähler's proposed reforms only consisted of ideas and thoughts, whose -trial by experiments injured nobody, because most of the affairs in which -he interfered in no way concerned him, and the trouble he took in order -to obtain a justification for doing so, proved a greater offence; for he -had applied to Struensee, a man who was even more ignorant than himself -in such things, and blindly followed everything that was proposed to -him, especially when such propositions suggested radical changes. The -commission, however, would not omit mentioning that the general, since -May, 1771, had possessed no special influence over Struensee, because -he had joined the opposition against the reduction of the Horse Guards, -and besides, he had not commended himself to the cabinet minister, by -representing to him how little the power he had appropriated agreed -with the royal law. Lastly, the general also displayed firmness when -the Foot Guards were disbanded; he had likewise resisted the removal -of the two regiments, and in the Generalty represented to Chamberlain -von Falckenskjold how improper it was to propose the regiment of the -hereditary prince for such a dislocation, without first asking whether -this would be agreeable to the prince. - -The second of the criminal three was Colonel and Chamberlain von -Falckenskjold. According to the opinion of the commission, he was the -man who, next to Brandt, stood in the closest intimacy with Struensee. -Perhaps, however, Falckenskjold's notorious dislike of the hereditary -prince, and his bold and manly behaviour in the presence of the -commission, had their share in prejudicing his judges against him, so -that they, through personal hatred, behaved in the most unscrupulous way -toward a man of honour. Professor Sevel acted as inquisitor, and seemed -to find a pleasure in insulting the fallen friend of Struensee by all -sorts of cruel questions. We can form an idea of this man's moral value -on seeing that Sevel, in his examination, so far forgot what he owed to -himself as a judge, as to express his regret that Struensee had not been -murdered by the sailors. In their report, the commissioners first made -Falckenskjold's intimacy with Struensee a capital offence, and asserted -that he had sought to maintain this intimacy so eagerly, because he and -Brandt had received the greatest benefactions from Struensee. The latter -not only conferred on him offices and honorary posts, but also gave him -money out of the royal treasury. - -Thus, Falckenskjold, although on May 2, 1771, he had received from the -cabinet treasury, in payment of his travelling expenses to Petersburg, -the usual sum of 400 dollars, obtained on the 19th of the same month -2,000 dollars more, under the same excuse, from the private treasury, -and, after his return, or in a period of three months, a further sum of -3,500 dollars. Of these amounts, Struensee paid him 1,000 dollars under -the false allegation that Falckenskjold had spent them on the journey -from his private means, while the 2,000 dollars were paid him without -the king's cognizance. How he had earned these presents, neither he nor -Struensee would have been able to specify, and the assertion that the -king had promised to pay Von Falckenskjold's debts by degrees, was only -an empty pretext, for the latter had deposited 2,000 dollars with the -minister of finances, and therefore could only have had debts to the -amount of 400 dollars; and moreover, he never expressed the proper thanks -to his Majesty for such large gifts in money. The commission consequently -assumed that Struensee desired to acquire Falckenskjold's gratitude, -and declared in their report that they had strong grounds for believing -that it had been arranged between the couple, that Struensee should be -supported under all circumstances, and guarded against any possible -surprise, on which Falckenskjold's own fortunes also depended. - -In understanding with Struensee, he proposed the abolition of the -Chevalier guard, and no other had been more busy than Falckenskjold in -setting at work the cabinet order of December 21. If any event occurred, -and Struensee believed himself in danger, Falckenskjold was immediately -at hand; he had not merely proved his devotedness to Struensee in this -way, but also, for the sake of pleasing the minister, had neglected the -reverence due to the hereditary prince, and in this had gone so far that -he had furnished proofs of it in the presence of the entire public. -Two facts had convinced the commission of this daring sentiment of -Falckenskjold, which was based on affection for Struensee, namely, the -removal of the prince's regiment, and more especially the occurrence on -the walls. The latter event, the commission represented as follows:-- - -In the spring of 1771, the prince was, one day, riding along the walls -at the moment when Colonel Falckenskjold was "exercising" his band, -composed of hautboists and fifers; the colonel blocked the road, and -marched straight upon the prince. Both majors of the regiment called -his attention to the fact, that the prince was coming toward them; but -Falckenskjold let his men march on. A groom of the prince's now rode -up, and requested room for his royal highness to pass. The adjutant -reported it to the colonel, and asked whether the band should not leave -off playing, and room be made for the prince? but Falckenskjold answered: -"No, not even if the good God were to come along Himself." He allowed the -band to continue playing, and the prince, in order to pass, was compelled -to ride close to the parapet. - -Falckenskjold alleged, in his excuse, that he had orders to let the band -play in public places, especially when the king came past, and for this -reason there would have been an impropriety in his stopping the band on -the arrival of the prince. The colonel also observed that, in France, -where he had served a long time, an officer was rarely on guard without -hearing the sentinel shout, "_Aux armes! le bon Dieu arrive!_" when the -Catholic priests passed with the host, and hence it had grown into a -habit to confirm a negative by saying, "No, I would not do it, even if -_le bon Dieu_ were to come." The commission, however, considered that -this sort of defence contradicted itself, and the colonel ought certainly -to have made way for the prince. - -Colonel Falckenskjold's crime, consequently, consisted in his having -sold himself to Struensee, in having always had an understanding with -him, in having advised the reduction of both Guards, in having expressed -himself for Struensee's conservation, in having given proofs, on every -occasion, how anxious he was that Struensee should escape a surprise, and -lastly, in having tried, for the sake of pleasing Struensee, to cause -annoyance to his Royal Highness Prince Frederick, and, for this object, -having been so audacious as to neglect the respect due to his royal -highness. Without dwelling on Falckenskjold's numerous and high services -to the king and country, the commission concluded their report with the -disgraceful statement, that they could not refrain from seeing in Colonel -and Chamberlain von Falckenskjold a foolhardy, detrimental, and the more -dangerous man, because he would do anything for money. - -The third and last upon whom the commission had to express an opinion -was Justiz-rath Struensee. As he had only been released from his chains -by special favour, after his brother's execution, it might have been -expected that the commission would depict him as a great criminal. It was -quite different, however, though through no love of truth and justice on -the part of the Inquisition, but in consequence of commands from higher -quarters. For Frederick II. of Prussia, who had kept Struensee's place, -as professor at Liegnitz, open for him, while he went to try his luck, -allowed his minister, Herr von Arnim, whose tutor Struensee had been, to -employ his master's name in claiming him.[28] - -The report on this prisoner of state, after opening with the statement -that Justiz-rath Struensee, though he only possessed a theoretical -knowledge of the laws and constitution of Denmark, readily accepted -a seat as deputy in the Financial Department, and had the special -inspection of the Mint, the Bank, and the course of Exchange--in the hope -of obtaining a better knowledge of these branches of the administration -by industry and work--acknowledged his irreproachable conduct in the -latter respect, and added the remark, that the commission could express -this with the greater confidence, as the College of Finances, at their -request, had had the matter examined by an authority on the subject. -As concerned his functions as deputy of the finances generally, -however, the commission must blame Justiz-rath Struensee for a tendency -to foolhardy boasting about services which he had not rendered, and -arbitrariness in financial matters, as he wrote to a friend that all the -others in the Financial College understood nothing, and eventually strove -to become _Contrôleur Général des Finances_. - -Although, as regarded his official administration as deputy, there were -no positive proofs that he had abused his charge to the injury of the -king and country for his own interest, yet there was a tolerably strong -presumption that, with the help of his brother and his office, he wished -to render all the subjects in Denmark tributary to a few Brandenburg -partners, who were to hold the salt and tobacco monopolies, in exchange -for profits promised to him and his brother. As regards the salt-farming, -the commission allowed that the Justiz-rath had accepted no benefit -for himself, but annually paid over to the king the 10,000 dollars -intended for himself. In the matter of the tobacco-farming, however, -some suspicion clung to him that he, contrary to his brother's advice, -accepted the two shares offered him to promote the affair. But although, -in spite of all Justiz-rath Struensee's allegations to the contrary, -the strongest presumptions existed against him and his integrity, -the commissioners felt themselves bound to state that it was not his -intention to deprive the Danish tobacco-planters and spinners of their -livelihood, as the farming proposition was not carried into effect.[29] - -However--thus runs the forced conclusion of the report:--the reports as -to the Justiz-rath's former life in Prussia are generally satisfactory, -and he is honoured with the distinguished favour of Prince Henry, the -brother of Frederick II., who takes a lively interest in him, and -considers him incapable of any serious crime. Besides, no traces had been -found that the Justiz-rath had intrigued with his brother, and just as -few that he had interfered in things that did not concern him. Finally, -it could not be alleged as an offence that he received 4,000 dollars -from the private treasury, under the title of gratifications, because -the first 2,000 were given him with the king's assent, and there was no -evidence of his being aware that the other 2,000 were paid him without -the cognizance of the king. - -After the commissioners, probably with a heavy heart, had closed their -report in so mild a way, there followed, on June 12, 1772, a royal -resolution, containing his Majesty's "will and commands" respecting the -crimes of Lieutenant-General von Gähler, Colonel and Chamberlain von -Falckenskjold, and Justiz-rath and Deputy of Finances Struensee. The king -had learned from the report of the commissioners that-- - -Von Gähler generally undertook to remodel and reform the whole -arrangements of the state, though he possessed no vocation or knowledge -for it; further, that Von Falckenskjold devoted himself entirely to -Struensee, was joined with him in a portion of his injurious enterprises, -and declared himself in favour of his conservation, and on all occasions -furnished proof of this, and displayed a further audacious mode of -behaviour; and that, lastly, - -Strong presumptions existed against Justiz-rath Struensee and his honest -performance of his duties, and that he had not fully consulted with -the other persons concerned on matters that came before the College of -Finances. - -For this reason, the commission would make known to Lieutenant-General -von Gähler, that, on account of his thoughtless and improper undertaking, -he was dismissed from the king's service, had forfeited the royal favour -granted him in the decree of March 26, 1767,[30] and must at once -select a spot in the Danish monarchy--Seeland, Fühnen, and Schleswig -excepted--where he would permanently reside, and commence his journey to -it immediately after leaving the castle. At the same time, the commission -would seriously warn him, under threats of the royal displeasure, not to -speak or to write about public affairs, as his Majesty, through special -clemency, granted him a pension of 500 dollars, and the same to his wife. - - -The commission would demand of Colonel von Falckenskjold the -chamberlain's key and the Russian order, and announce to him that, in -consequence of his audacious and detrimental behaviour, he would be -conveyed to the fortress of Munkholm, and be imprisoned there for life, -half a dollar a day being allowed him from the treasury for his support. - -Lastly, the commission would announce to Justiz-rath Struensee that, as -he had caused his arrest by his own suspicious behaviour, he was now -released from it, but he must leave the country at once, after making a -promise, on oath, to reveal neither in writing nor verbally anything he -knew about the Danish state affairs, and neither to write nor to speak -about the events which had lately occurred in Copenhagen, and he would -also begin his journey immediately he was released from the castle. - -The fate of the three men was very different. Poor Von Gähler died in -exile; Justiz-rath Struensee became Minister of State in Prussia, where -he acquired a considerable fortune; he was ennobled in 1789 by the same -court of Copenhagen which had his brother's escutcheon broken by the -executioner.[31] - -As for the third person, he shall tell us his story himself, as it throws -such an extraordinary light on the treatment of state prisoners at a -period within a hundred years of our own. - - -FALCKENSKJOLD'S ABODE AT MUNKHOLM. - -On June 12, 1772, Sevel, accompanied by the commandant of the marines and -several officers, entered my prison and told me that the king stripped me -of all my offices and the military order of Russia, and that I should be -transported to a rock and be detained there for the rest of my days. - -The crowd of people who entered with Sevel had so deafened me, that a -portion of what he said escaped me. - -I begged him to repeat how long I was to remain in detention. - -_For your whole life_, he replied, with a grin which I fancy I can still -see. - -The commission had doubtless made a report. I requested the communication -of it--it was refused me. I was promised a copy of my examination, but -was unable to obtain it. - -Thus I was deprived of every document that might one day be useful in -proving my innocence. - -On June 26, I was taken on board a merchant vessel the Admiralty had -freighted in order to go to Munkholm, my place of destination; a sergeant -and four grenadiers of Prince Frederick's regiment, chosen by Eickstedt, -were ordered to guard me on board the vessel; two grenadiers with drawn -sabres were to watch me and prevent me from speaking. - -I have since learned that the sergeant commanding this guard, had a -promise of being made lieutenant if he could induce me to take any step -which would cause me to be landed at Munkholm in chains. But the skipper -had declared to the Admiralty that he would not allow any one but himself -to give orders, and that if he required the guard, he would summon it. - -This worthy man contrived to make himself respected, and to protect me -from ill treatment. - -The vessel touched at Christiansund, where a part of its cargo was to be -delivered. A custom-house clerk came on board and wanted to speak with -me. He wished to insult me, as he had been dismissed in 1763 from his -rank of lieutenant; observe, that I had no part in military affairs till -1771. I heard his conversation on this subject with the master, who saved -me this annoyance. - -The vessel arrived at Munkholm on August 4th, and I parted, not without -regret, from this honest skipper, who had so generously protected me. - -The fort of Munkholm is situated on a barren rock four hundred paces -in circumference, in the middle of the sea, half a league from -Trondhjem,[32] toward the 64° of northern latitude. During the winter it -is covered with an almost continual fog; the snow hardly remains there -eight days in succession; but it freezes there from the beginning of -September, and snow falls in the month of June. - -The only inhabitants of this place consisted of a detachment of the -garrison of Trondhjem, the fort commandant, the officers under him, and -the prisoners guarded there. - -I was lodged in a low room a little above the ground-floor. Its planks -and walls were damp, and the snow fell into it in a fine rain when it -thawed. Under the window was a cistern of stagnant water; this lodging, -which was also surrounded by the quarters of the soldiers and the -prisoners, whose cries stunned me, was assuredly not good; but I was -alone in it, had plenty of books, enjoyed the liberty of walking on the -ramparts when I pleased, and I felt much less unhappy than in Copenhagen; -everything is relative. - -I had been warned that the water of the fort was unhealthy, and produced -gravel. I asked if I could have any other, and they offered me spirits, -the beverage _par excellence_ at this spot, but it was worse for me than -bad water. - -I could not procure good bread; old bread, partly spoiled, was purchased -for the prisoners, which cost 12 per cent. less than the ordinary bread. -Though the government had confiscated 8,000 crowns belonging to me, it -only allowed me half-a-crown a day for my subsistence. - -A battalion of the Delmenhorst regiment was in garrison at Trondhjem; I -had served in this regiment, and found at Munkholm soldiers of a company -I had formerly commanded. They formed a plan for carrying me off and -deserting, but not having been able to communicate their plan to me, they -deserted without me, and tried to reach Sweden overland; a detachment, -sent in pursuit, caught them and brought them back. - -The solders, generally, were in a profound state of wretchedness and -demoralisation; the spirits and herrings on which they lived diffused a -frightful stench, and I had a difficulty in protecting myself against -their uncleanliness. - -Everything here depended on Lieut.-General von der Osten, grand bailiff -and governor of Trondhjem: he was said to be fond of presents, and did -not hesitate to ask them, and I had none to offer him. The commandant -of Munkholm, on my arrival, had been a servant and woodcutter to a -Copenhagen tradesman. He was first a gunner, then non-commissioned -officer in the militia, afterwards a spy, captain of a company of guides, -inspector of an hospital, and, lastly, commandant of Munkholm. This -man, who was extremely brutal and coarse, was frequently intoxicated; -he called himself an atheist, believed himself an engineer, astronomer, -tactician, and decided on everything without allowing an answer; he -declaimed a great deal, though I could not learn why, against Counts von -Bernstorff and St. Germain. - -A poor author, a very pious man, who was placed here because he had the -simplicity to believe in the freedom of the press, had become, on account -of his devotion, odious to the commandant, who used to beat him. He also -treated very badly another person who had held a post at court, although -the latter made him presents. - -The other officers were given up to the most disgusting intoxication. - -I took great care to avoid these gentlemen, and only spoke to them when -I could not help it. I do not believe it would have been very difficult -for me to escape from this fortress, and, perhaps, Guldberg offered me -the means by proposing to me a retreat at Vardohuus,[33] under the polar -circle. But, I said to myself, what should I go so far to seek? more -injustice and persecution! - -What had been done to me gave me a sort of disgust for human society. I -had wished to render myself illustrious by arms--the perusal of the lives -of celebrated warriors had inflamed my imagination at an early age. I -aspired to become one day the rival of the Löwendahls and the Münnichs. -My studies, my reflections, were all directed to this object. On emerging -from childhood I took up arms and sought combats--I followed this career -successfully. I was summoned to aid in the reformation of my country and -the amelioration of its condition. I quit with regret the mode of life I -had chosen and loved; I arrive, I consecrate my efforts, all my thoughts -to this new task, and persecution, exile and contumely are my reward! No, -I will not take a single step to return to society; I was never a man of -pleasures, though not at all insensible to the enjoyments designated by -that name; I shall, doubtless, learn to forget them. Society has rejected -me; they refuse to allow me any part in its joys and honours, and I have -been relegated to this rock. Well, then, let us perform our task apart, -let us work to render this state supportable, and to depend on others as -little as possible. - -I daily confirmed myself in these thoughts--a favourite and habitual -subject of my reveries--and this has decided the rest of my life. - -I should be satisfied if I had a healthy lodging, good water, and if I -were not obliged to speak to the people who surround me. - -The taste for study is a great resource for me. I read a great deal with -a pen in my hand; on the margin of my books I note my souvenirs, my -reflections, and trace the details of the campaigns I have been through, -and develope the considerations I had sketched about the military -condition of Denmark. I still like to occupy myself with society as a -simple spectator, though I have no desire to act a part in it. I like -to dream awake while walking. The ramparts are the ordinary scene of my -promenades. - -Thence, when the weather is fine, I perceive the mountainous coasts of -the mainland, the rocks, the valleys, the forests, the habitations, -which form varied scenes, the islets and shoals with which the coast -is studded. Sometimes I discern in the distance a vessel which is, -perhaps, bringing me books; more frequently I watch the departure of the -fishermen's boats, or else see them return, uttering shouts of joy and -triumph, with the booty they have gained by so much fatigue and boldness -in the dangerous Northern Seas. - -I also take pleasure in contemplating the fury of the waves raised by -storms, and which break against the rock on which I am a captive. - -In the months of July and August the coast of Norway offers an aspect -of magnificent vegetation; the navigation is active; clouds of birds -appear to animate the rocks that border the shore; the sky is pure, and -the view enjoyed from Munkholm is enchanting. The nights, especially, -have a peculiar charm; the air has something unctuous and _suave_, which -seems to soften my melancholy reveries; the nights at this period are a -species of twilight, for at midnight it is clear enough to read even the -finest type. - -I have found in an external staircase a spot which has grown my favourite -asylum, even when winter has commenced. There I am sheltered against the -north winds; there, and in the company of my books, wrapped up in an old -bearskin coat, I feel less a prisoner than elsewhere; though the eyes of -the sentry plunge into the spot, my presence in it could not be suspected. - -Since the commencement of my stay on the island, I have regulated the -employment of my time. I rise in summer at daybreak, and in winter at -eight o'clock. I employ the first hour of the day in pious meditations; -I then occupy myself with readings that require some mental effort; a -short walk precedes my dinner; I take a longer walk after the meal. -Reading the newspapers, romances, or theatrical pieces, generally ends my -evenings. The days on which the public papers arrive are holidays with -me. The fort chaplain pays me a visit now and then: the one who held this -office on my arrival has been removed to Bergen. His conversation caused -me pleasure, and that of his successor pleases me no less; I have found -them both enlightened, charitable, disposed to relieve me by consolatory -discourses, and by procuring me books. The Danish clergy, generally, -are distinguished from the rest of the nation by their virtues and -information. - -When the weather is bad, I walk in a large room in the tower of the -fortress; this room served as a lodging for Count von Griffenfeldt. He -was the son of a wine-merchant, and rose by his merit to the place of -grand chancellor of the kingdom and the dignity of count. He governed -the state wisely; if he had retained the power, he would have prevented -the wars that ruined Denmark under Christian V. His enemies had him -condemned to the punishment which the unhappy Struensee underwent; but -on the scaffold itself the penalty of death, which had been too hasty, -was commuted, as if by mercy, into a confinement on this rock, where he -prolonged his wretchedness for nineteen years, and died of the gravel. - -"Such," I said to myself, "is the fate which menaces me; but I shall -not wait so long for it, for I believe that I can already feel the same -malady." - -In October, 1774, the marriage festival of Prince Frederick was -celebrated, and at this very period a despatch arrived for the commandant -of Munkholm. He was recommended greater severity with his prisoners, and -especially with me. This letter of General Hauch's was certainly not -written with the intention of my seeing it, but it was shown me by the -commandant. His attentions to me did not escape my notice; he, doubtless, -wished to make me feel them; what did he expect from me? - -On March 1, 1775, a lodging was assigned me in another house, which -had just been finished. I was given two rooms, but did not gain by the -change. The other buildings of the fort, and in particular the one I -had inhabited, were sheltered by the ramparts, while the new house, -built in the angle of a lofty rock, was exposed to the north, east, and -west winds. The beams that formed the walls did not join, any more than -the planks of the floor; under my lodging a cellar seemed to breathe an -icy blast through the openings in the flooring. The stove intended to -heat the room could not protect me from the cold; yet its effect was -sufficient when the snow fell to dissolve it into rain in the apartment; -and it is in such a habitation, under the 64° of northern latitude, that -I write this description, which is not exaggerated. - -In November, 1775, I was attacked by an hemorrhoidal colic, which caused -me such pain as to draw shrieks from me. The surgeon who attended me -evidently thought my condition desperate. The pain grew less, however; -I needed rest, and begged the sentry not to let any one enter. I was -beginning to sleep, when the commandant arrived; he entered in defiance -of my orders, woke me, and said that as I was on the point of death, I -ought to make haste, and leave a will in his favour; I evaded this by -answering him that I did not intend dying yet. He assured me again that -I must believe him, because he was commandant: I made no answer, and he -went off growling, and soon after made a frightful disturbance, alleging -that an attempt was going to be made to carry me off, and that a boat had -been noticed in the neighbourhood. - -Early in 1776, the commandant of Munkholm was removed, and Major Colin -took his place. - -This new commandant, two days after his arrival, sent me a bottle of good -water, bread, and fresh butter; this procured me the best meal I had yet -had. Under this commandant I enjoyed great tranquility and greater ease. -I relieved myself by writing these memoirs, and I fancied that I felt -less resentment at the evil that had been done me, in proportion as I -wrote the narrative of it. - -It is certain that fate has been very contrary to me. I joined to the -passion of arms a taste for meditation, study, and retirement. I eagerly -desired to acquire glory, but an independence would have been sufficient -for me: I could not hope for either now. - -Some one once said to Count de St. Germain, that it was surprising he -should resolve to quit the service of France, when he had 60,000 livres a -year from the king's bounty; he answered, that 100 crowns a year composed -his whole patrimony, but he would sooner live on that than endure -affronts. - -This answer struck me, and I resolved to save all I could, so as to -acquire an independence. I possessed, in 1771, 8,000 crowns, which I had -entrusted to Schimmelmann, while awaiting the opportunity to sink them -in an annuity. If I did not succeed in a military career, I hoped with -this resource to procure a retreat in an agreeable country, and in a warm -climate. - -Now, my money is lost, I have no longer a career to follow, and I am a -prisoner for life on a rock in 64° of northern latitude: but how great -was my folly in leaving the service of Russia to come to Denmark! - -I was making these sad reflections when, on September 25, 1776, I was -informed by a note from Lieutenant-General von der Osten, grand bailiff -and commandant of Trondhjem, that I should receive a visit from him. I -had not recovered from the surprise this note caused me, when Von der -Osten himself appeared, followed by the commandant, a surgeon, and his -valet. He hurriedly entered my room, shouting, _Pardon, pardon, in the -king's name!_ He held in his hand a portfolio full of papers, among which -were-- - -1. An order for my release, addressed to General Hauch, in his quality of -first deputy of the College of War: this order was signed by the king, -and countersigned by Guldberg, under date, Frederiksborg, August 21, 1776. - -2. An order to the same effect, addressed to the commandant of Munkholm. - -3. An instruction referring to the engagement I was to sign and seal -before obtaining my release. - -These three documents were to the effect that his Majesty, on the -intercession of his Royal Highness Prince Frederick, his beloved brother, -consented to pardon me by liberating me from the captivity in which I -was at Munkholm, upon the following conditions:-- - -I. That I should leave Trondhjem by sea, to proceed to the northern coast -of France, and thence directly and immediately either to Provence or -Languedoc, at my choice. - -II. That I would pledge myself never to return to Copenhagen, or the -king's states. - -III. That I would not leave the country to which I was sent without the -king's permission, and that I would not make frequent journeys. - -IV. That I would not approach the town of Orange (where Rantzau had taken -up his abode). - -V. That I would not enter the service of any foreign power. - -VI. That I would not act, write, or speak in any way against the king or -the royal family. - -VII. That I would take no part in affairs of state. - -If there was no vessel ready for me to embark, I was allowed to remain -at Trondhjem; but I must not leave the town without the governor's -permission, or go further than a league from it. The king granted me for -my journey 800 crowns of the money which had belonged to me, and hopes -were held out of a pension. - -The instruction concerning my engagement was very long. Guldberg, who had -drawn it up, had interlarded it with a good many religious motives: he -even alluded to the efficaciousness of Christ's blood; but, after all, -it was probably to him that I owed the amelioration in my fate. - -General von der Osten added to the conditions various articles, by which -he hoped to pay court to the minister. - -I signed what was asked, and though I felt perfectly well the value of -an engagement imposed on a man who had not been legally convicted of any -crime, I resolved to observe it. When this act was regularly drawn up, -the general, in order to give the circumstance greater _éclat_, had me -bled by his surgeon-major, after which he proposed to me a bottle of red -wine to restore my senses. - -I excused myself by observing that I did not drink, and offered him a -liqueur, of which I possessed two bottles. - -"I could carry them off," he said, after examining them; "but this -commission must be worth more than that." - -This was giving me to understand that he reckoned on a goodly portion of -my 800 crowns. It may be supposed that my intentions on this point did -not at all accord with his. - -There was no vessel at Trondhjem destined for France, and I could not -expect one for a long time, as from the beginning of September till the -end of April the sea is very stormy in these latitudes, and hence I -should have to wait eight full months before I could depart. - -In this situation I wrote to the court to offer my thanks for the mercy -shown me, and to obtain permission to proceed to my destination by land. -In the meanwhile I remained at Munkholm, hoping to be less exposed there -to the importunities of the general. The court of Copenhagen rejected my -request, but allowed me to take ship for Holland. - -Three vessels were preparing to sail for Amsterdam, one of which belonged -to Trondhjem, and General von der Osten wished me to take passage in it; -but I gave the preference to a Danish ship. - -The general offered me the services of his valet, to prepare a gold-laced -coat; but this offer did not tempt me. I set out with my bearskin -pelisse, which composed my wardrobe. I also carried off my 800 crowns, -without leaving one for the general. - -The three vessels bound for Amsterdam set sail from Trondhjem on October -16; two perished: the one I was on board reached Christiansund, where -we remained till February 16. After a stormy navigation, we reached -Amsterdam on March 10. - -On April 12, 1777, I arrived at Montpellier, where I fixed my domicile. - - * * * * * - -In 1780, Falckenskjold received permission to retire to the Pays de Vaud, -where his friend Reverdil invited him, and he established his home at -Lausanne. In 1787, the court of Petersburg proposed to him to re-enter -its service; he was offered the post of chief of the staff in the army -intended to act against the Turks. But, finding himself bound by the -engagements he had made, he replied, that he could not accept the offer -without the formal consent of the court of Copenhagen; and this court -refused its assent, under the pretext that it needed his services. At the -same time, it permitted Falckenskjold to return to Copenhagen, and seemed -disposed to revoke his order of banishment. - -In the spring of 1788 he went to Copenhagen, but his reception there was -such that he longed to return to his retreat at Lausanne. He obtained -permission to go back, and, having recovered a portion of his property, -which the state had seized, he invested it in annuities in the French -funds. In the same year, war having broken out between Denmark and -Sweden, the Danish government recalled Falckenskjold, conferring on him -the rank and pay of a major-general; but when he was going to set out he -learned that peace was signed, and he was saved the journey. - -His pay and savings enabled him to live comfortably, with such friends as -Gibbon and Reverdil; and he kept his health till the last two years of -his life, when he was attacked by a gouty rheumatism, the seeds of which -he had contracted in his Munkholm prison. He died on September 30, 1820, -at the age of eighty-two years and a few months. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 25: "Authentische Aufklärungen," p. 246.] - -[Footnote 26: "Mémoires de Falckenskjold," p. 252.] - -[Footnote 27: The judges could not have brought forward a greater proof -of their ill-will than this. For even the usurping faction did not -dare upset this regulation, which was so useful for the cultivation of -desolate districts in Norway.] - -[Footnote 28: Reverdil, p. 437.] - -[Footnote 29: The judges evidently acted on the principle that if they -threw mud enough, some of it would be sure to stick.] - -[Footnote 30: The royal promise to grant him a pension of 3,000 dollars -when he retired from active service.] - -[Footnote 31: Struensee's younger brother, the lieutenant in -Falckenskjold's regiment, also obtained employment in Prussia.] - -[Footnote 32: Canute the Great, A.D. 1028, founded on Munkholm a -Monastery of Benedictines, the first of that order established in Norway; -a low round tower is all that remains of it, and this is within the walls -of the fortress. It was in a small gloomy chamber in this tower that the -Staats minister of Denmark, Graf von Griffenfeldt, was immured from 1680 -to 1698. He was originally, Peter Schumacker. This dungeon is no longer -shown; but it is said that he had worn a deep channel in the pavement in -walking up and down, and indented the stone table where he had rested -his hand in passing it. This fortress has ceased to be used for state -prisoners, but it is still the dark and solitary rock which Victor Hugo -has described in his "Hans of Iceland," looking more like a prison-house -than a fortress.--_Murray's Handbook_ for Denmark, &c.] - -[Footnote 33: A small fort built by King Christian IV., more than 200 -years ago, as a protection for the Danish fisheries, and to guard against -Russian encroachments in the Varanger Fjord.--_Murray's Handbook_ for -Denmark, &c.] - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -DEPARTURE OF THE QUEEN. - - THE BRITISH FLEET--SPIRITED CONDUCT OF KEITH--THE ORDER OF - RELEASE--THE PRINCESS LOUISA AUGUSTA--THE DEPARTURE--THE LANDING AT - STADE--THE STAY AT GOHRDE--ARRIVAL IN CELLE--THE QUEEN'S COURT--A - HAPPY FAMILY--KEITH'S MISSION--LITERARY PIRATES--REVERDIL TO THE - RESCUE. - - -We have seen that the sentence of the court, decreeing a dissolution of -the marriage, was announced to Caroline Matilda. From this moment she was -no longer regarded as queen, and all her ties with Denmark were broken -off with her marriage. After her condemnation, the ambassadors of the -foreign powers were convoked at the Christiansborg Palace. They proceeded -thither in mourning, and heard from the grand-master that, as the king no -longer had a consort, there was no longer a queen. The name of Caroline -Matilda was from this moment effaced from the public prayers. She became -a stranger to the country over which she had reigned.[34] - -As was the case with the other prisoners, whose position was considerably -mitigated so soon as they had made satisfactory confessions in their -examination before the Commission of Inquiry, the queen, after the -separation, was granted better apartments in the first-floor of the -fortress, and was allowed to take the air on the ramparts. That Colonel -Keith was permitted to visit the queen was looked on as a further -concession, and that the envoy frequently took advantage of this -permission, may surely be regarded as a further and important proof how -greatly he was convinced of her innocence. - -When her Majesty was informed of the circumstances connected with the -tragical death of the two prisoners, she said to Fräulein Mösting, her -maid of honour, - -"Unhappy men! they have paid dearly for their attachment to the king, and -their zeal for my service." - -No thought of self, it will be noticed: Caroline Matilda entirely forgot -the humiliation to which she had been exposed by Struensee's dastardly -confession, and only evinced sincere compassion for his undeserved and -barbarous fate. But she was ever thus: from the first moment to the last, -she sacrificed herself for others. Of this, the following anecdote will -serve as an affecting proof:-- - -The queen, having so fatally experienced the vicissitudes of human -grandeur, was not so deeply affected by her own disasters as to overlook -the sufferings and misery of some state prisoners, doomed to perpetual -exile in the Castle of Kronborg. Her Majesty's liberal beneficence was -never more conspicuous than in this period of affliction and distress. -She sent daily from her table two dishes to these forsaken objects of -compassion, and out of a scanty allowance, she sent, weekly, a small sum -to be distributed among them. The governor having requested her Majesty -to withdraw her bounty from an officer who had been closely confined for -some years past in a remote turret, debarred from all human intercourse, -on suspicion of a treasonable correspondence with the agent of a northern -power, who had enlisted, with the assistance of the prisoner, several -Danish subjects for his master's service, the queen merely replied with -the following line of Voltaire:-- - - "Il suffit qu'il soit homme et qu'il soit malheureux."[35] - -On one occasion, Caroline Matilda, conversing on the early commencement -of her misfortunes, observed that, since she was born to suffer, she -found some consolation in being marked out so soon by the hand of -adversity. "I may possibly live," said her Majesty, "to see Denmark -disabused with respect to my conduct: whereas my poor mother, one of the -best women that ever existed, died while the load of obloquy lay heavy -upon her, and went to the grave without the pleasure of a vindicated -character."[36] - -Early in March, the charges against Caroline Matilda had been forwarded -to London, and were there submitted to the opinions of the first lawyers, -who, though consulted separately, all declared that the evidence brought -forward was so far from being legal conviction, that it scarce amounted -to a bare presumption of guilt: and they affirmed that they did not give -credit to any of the facts as lawyers, but even found themselves obliged -to disbelieve them as men. Upon this the court of St. James insisted -that no sentence should be passed on her Danish Majesty, as the evidence -against her was only presumptive, and very inconclusive. - -A strong fleet was now fitted out, and universally supposed to be -destined for the Baltic; still the most prudent thought, or at least -hoped, that the fleet was only intended to intimidate the Danes, but -would not sail, as the king of Prussia would certainly march an army -immediately to Hanover, and then a new war would be kindled in the north. -On the 22nd, counter orders, for suspending the preparations, were sent -to Portsmouth. Horace Walpole, the omniscient, shall tell us what was the -generally accepted version of the affair:-- - -"The king, as Lord Hertford told me, had certainly ordered the fleet to -sail; and a near relation of Lord North told me that the latter had not -been acquainted with that intention. Lord Mansfield, therefore, who had -now got the king's ear, or Lord Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, -must have been consulted. The latter, though I should think he would -not approve it, was capable of flattering the king's wishes: Lord -Mansfield assuredly would. The destination was changed on the arrival of -a courier from Denmark, who brought word that the queen was repudiated, -and, I suppose, a promise that her life should be spared: for, though -the Danes had thirty ships and the best seamen, next to ours, and though -we were sending but ten against them, the governing party were alarmed, -probably from not being sure their nation was with them. The queen had -confessed her intrigue with Struensee, and signed that confession. When -the counsellor, who was to defend her, went to receive her orders, she -laughed, and told him the story was true." - -In this we have a favourable specimen of Walpole's talent as an -embroiderer of history. It is very evident that he had heard the facts -floating about society; but his additions to them were evidently pure -inventions. He shall give us one bit more of gossip, which may or may not -have been true, although there appears to be evidence in its favour in -the strange conduct of George III. toward his sister:-- - -"They gave her (Caroline Matilda) the title of Countess of Aalborg, and -condemned her to be shut up in the castle of that name. The King of -England had certainly known her story two years before. A clerk in the -secretary's office having opened a letter that came with the account, -told me that he had seen it before the secretaries gave it to the king. -It was now believed that this intelligence had occasioned the Princess -of Wales to make her extraordinary journey to Germany, where she saw -her daughter, though to no purpose. Princess Amelia told Lord Hertford, -on the 26th, that when the King of Denmark was in England, observing -how coldly he spoke of his wife, she asked him why he did not like her. -He answered, 'Mais elle est si blonde!' The princess added, that Queen -Matilda had a very high spirit, and that she believed the Danes would -consent to let her go to Hanover. 'But she will not be let go thither,' -added the princess, meaning that the queen's brother, Prince Charles of -Mecklenburg, commanded there, 'or to Zell, but she will not go thither -(another of the queen's brothers was there); perhaps she _may_ go to -Lüneburg."[37] - -It is very probable, too, that the temper of the British nation, which -had undergone a complete revulsion on the announcement of the fleet -sailing, had something to do with its suspension. At any rate, we read in -the _General Evening Post_ for April 30, the following painful account:-- - -"Nothing, surely, is a greater impeachment of our laws, and more, of -our lawgivers and magistrates, than the unrestrained licentiousness -daily exhibited by the common people in this metropolis. Yesterday, in -some parts of the city, men were crying about printed papers containing -the most scandalous, ruinous, and impudent reflections on the Queen of -Denmark. The worst prostitute that ever Covent Garden produced could not -have had more gross abuse bestowed on her." - -But Sir R. M. Keith had been working hard in the meanwhile, and on the -receipt of his letters of recall and news of the menaces of England in -equipping a fleet, the regency gave in at once, promised to repay the -queen's dowry, allow her five thousand a-year, and let her go to Hanover, -beyond Jordan, anywhere, so long as they could only be rid of her. In -reply to the despatch in which Sir R. M. Keith announced his success, he -received the following official letter:-- - - -LORD SUFFOLK TO SIR R. M. KEITH. - - _St. James's, May_ 1, 1772. - - SIR, - -Your despatches by King the messenger have been already acknowledged; -those by Pearson were received on Wednesday afternoon, and I now answer -both together. - -His Majesty's entire approbation of your conduct continues to the last -moment of your success, and his satisfaction has in no part of it been -more complete than in the manner in which you have stated, urged, -and obtained the liberty of his sister. The care you have taken to -distinguish between a claim of right and the subjects of negotiation, -and to prevent the mixture of stipulations with a demand, is perfectly -agreeable to your instructions. - -The national object of procuring the liberty of a daughter of England -confined in Denmark, after her connection with Denmark was dissolved, is -now obtained. For this alone an armament was prepared, and therefore, -as soon as the acquiescence of the court of Copenhagen was known, the -preparations were suspended, that the mercantile and marine interests -of this kingdom might be affected no longer than was necessary by the -expectation of a war. - -Instead of a hostile armament, two frigates and a sloop of war are now -ordered to Elsinore. One of these is already in the Downs--the others -will repair thither immediately; and, so soon as the wind permits, they -will proceed to their destination. I enclose to you an account of them, -which you may transmit to Monsieur Ostein (Von der Osten) ministerially, -referring at the same time to the assurance of these pacific proceedings. - -The compliance of the Danish court with his Majesty's demand is still -a compliance. Their continuing, unasked, the title of queen, and other -concessions, and the attainment of the national object accompanying -each other, his Majesty would think it improper to interrupt the -national intercourse from any personal or domestic consideration. You -will therefore inform Mr. Ostein that his Majesty intends to leave a -minister at the court of Copenhagen, the explanation you may give of this -suspension of former directions, and his determination, being left to -your own discretion.[38] - -It was with feelings of pride that the British envoy passed through the -vaulted entrance of "Hamlet's Castle," to carry to an afflicted and -injured princess the welcome proofs of fraternal affection and liberty -restored. The feeling was reciprocal, for when Keith brought the order -for Caroline Matilda's enlargement, which he had obtained by his spirited -conduct, she was so surprised by the unexpected intelligence, that she -burst into a flood of tears, embraced him in a transport of joy, and -called him her deliverer.[39] - -The queen from this time forth was more constantly than ever on the -ramparts watching for the arrival of the British flotilla. The squadron, -consisting of the _Southampton_, Captain McBride, the _Seaford_, Captain -Davis, and the _Cruizer_, Captain Cummings, left England on May 22, and -anchored off Elsinore on the 27th. In the meanwhile Caroline Matilda -wrote her brother a most affecting letter, asserting her innocence of -all the criminal accusations against her in the strongest manner, and -declaring that the strictness of her future life should fully refute -the slander of her enemies. She at the same time expressed a wish to be -allowed to return to England, but left her fate in his Majesty's hands. -A consultation had been held at Buckingham House on the subject, but it -was found too expensive, and it was finally settled that Caroline Matilda -was to take up her residence at Celle, in Hanover, George III. allowing -her £8,000 a year for the support of her dignity. - -Very touching, too, is it to read that the queen at this time wore -nothing but deep mourning; and one of her ladies asking her why she -affected such a semblance of sorrow, she replied-- - -"It is a debt I owe to my murdered reputation." - -Sir Robert Murray Keith supplies an interesting anecdote of the queen in -a letter to his sister:-- - -"Here I am, thank my stars, upon the utmost verge of Denmark. My ships -are not yet arrived, but a few days may conclude the whole affair; and -the weather is mild and agreeable. I return to Copenhagen this evening, -but only for a day or two, to wind up my affairs, and give my parting -advice to the little secretary, in whose success as _chargé d'affaires_ -I take a particular interest. I am just returned from her Majesty, who -is, Heaven be praised, in perfect health, notwithstanding the danger she -has run of catching the measles from the young princess, whom she never -quitted during her illness. A more tender mother than this queen has -never been born in the world." - -Caroline Matilda was at dinner when the imperial salute of the English -frigate and the castle guns informed her Majesty of Captain McBride's -arrival. This gallant officer met Sir R. Keith on shore, who, after a -mutual exchange of compliments, introduced the captain to her Majesty, -by whom he was most graciously received as a man destined to convey her -safe to her brother's electoral dominions; far from the reach of the -personal shafts of her enemies, and that land which had been the dismal -scene of her unparalleled misfortunes and humiliations. When the captain -had notified his commission, and said that he should await her Majesty's -time and pleasure, she exclaimed in the anguish of her heart, "Ah! my -dear children," and immediately retired. It was not for an insensible -monarch on a throne, on which she seemed to have been seated merely to -be the butt of envy, malice, and perfidy, that her Majesty grieved: -the excruciating idea of being parted from her dear children, and the -uncertainty of their fate, summoned up all the feelings of a tender -mother. She begged to see her son before he was torn for ever from her -bosom: but all her Majesty's entreaties were unsuccessful. Juliana -Maria envied her the comfort of the most wretched--that of a parent -sympathising in mutual grief and fondness with children snatched from her -embrace by unnatural authority. - -A deputation of noblemen having been appointed by the queen dowager to -observe the queen after her enlargement till her departure, under the -fallacious show of respect for the royal personage so lately injured and -degraded--when they were admitted to Caroline Matilda's presence, and -wished her in her Majesty's name a happy voyage, she answered-- - -"The time will come when the king will know that he has been deceived and -betrayed; calumny may impose for a time on weak and credulous minds, but -truth always prevails in the end. All my care and anxiety are now for the -royal infants, my children."[40] - -On May 30, a lady belonging to the court went to Kronborg in one of the -king's coaches to remove the young Princess Louisa Augusta, and conduct -her royal highness to Christiansborg Palace. Hence the last moments which -the feeling queen spent in Denmark were the most painful of all: she was -obliged to part from her only consolation, her only blessing, her beloved -daughter: she was forced to leave her dear child among her enemies. For -a long time she bedewed the infant with hot tears--for a long time she -pressed it to her heart. She strove to tear herself away; but the looks, -the smiles, the endearing movements of the infant, were so many fetters -to hold the affectionate mother back. At last she called up all her -resolution, took her once more in her arms, with the impetuous ardour of -distracted love imprinted on the lips of the child the farewell kiss, -and, delivering it to the lady-in-waiting, shrieked, "Away, away, I now -possess nothing here!"[41] - -As the governor had behaved to the queen so as to merit her Majesty's -confidence and esteem, she entrusted him with a letter for the king, -which he promised faithfully to deliver into his Majesty's own hands. It -must have been very moving, as the king was observed to shed tears on -reading it.[42] - -At six in the evening of May 30, Caroline Matilda proceeded in a royal -Danish boat on board the English frigate. Her suite consisted of Colonel -Keith, who would accompany her to Göhrde, and of Count Holstein zu -Ledreborg, his wife, Lady-in-waiting von Mösting, and Page of the Chamber -von Raben, who were ordered to convey her Majesty as far as Stade, and -then return by land. When the anchor was apeak, the fortress, and the -Danish guardship in the Sound, gave a salute of twenty-seven guns. - -The queen remained on deck, her eyes immovably directed toward the -fortress of Kronborg, which contained her child, who had so long been her -only source of comfort, until darkness intercepted the view. The vessel -having made but little way during the night, at daybreak she observed -with fond satisfaction that the fortress was still visible, and could not -be persuaded to enter the cabin so long as she could obtain the faintest -glimpse of the battlements. - -Among Sir R. M. Keith's papers was found the following copy of verses, -whose title speaks for itself. Unfortunately, there is no positive proof -that they were written by the queen herself, beyond the care that Sir -Robert took of them:-- - - -WRITTEN AT SEA BY THE QUEEN OF DENMARK, - -ON HER PASSAGE TO STADE, 1772. - - At length, from sceptred care and deadly state, - From galling censure and ill-omened hate, - From the vain grandeur where I lately shone, - From Cronsberg's prison and from Denmark's throne, - I go! - Here, fatal greatness! thy delusion ends! - A humbler lot thy closing scene attends. - Denmark, farewell! a long, a last adieu! - Thy lessening prospect now recedes from view; - No lingering look an ill-starred crown deplores, - Well pleased, I quit thy sanguinary shores! - Thy shores, where victims doomed to state and me, - Fell helpless Brandt and murdered Struensee! - Thy shores where--ah! in adverse hour I came, - To me the grave of happiness and fame! - Alas! how different then my vessel lay; - What crowds of flatterers hastened to obey! - What numbers flew to hail the rising sun, - How few now bend to that whose course is run! - By fate deprived of fortune's fleeting train, - Now, "all the oblig'd desert and all the vain." - But conscious worth, that censure can control, - Shall 'gainst the charges arm my steady soul-- - Shall teach the guiltless mind alike to bear - The smiles of pleasure or the frowns of care. - Denmark, farewell; for thee no sighs depart, - But love maternal rends my bleeding heart. - Oh! Cronsberg's tower, where my poor infant lies, - Why, why, so soon recede you from my eyes? - Yet, stay--ah! me, nor hope nor prayer prevails-- - For ever exiled hence, Matilda sails. - Keith! formed to smooth the path affection treads, - And dry the tears that friendless sorrow sheds, - Oh! generous Keith, protect their helpless state, - And save my infants from impending fate! - Far, far from deadly pomp each thought remove, - And, as to me, their guardian angel prove! - Yes, Julia, _now_ superior force prevails, - And all my boasted resolution fails! - -Before taking leave of Kronborg, I may be permitted to insert an anecdote -related by my grandfather in his "Travels in the North." When he visited -Kronborg, in 1774, a poor fettered slave came up and addressed him in -French. Mr. Wraxall then commenced a conversation with him, and asked him -if he were here when Queen Matilda was in confinement. - -"Ah! Monsieur," the prisoner replied, "I saw her every day. I had the -honour to turn the spit for her Majesty's dinner. She even promised to -endeavour to obtain me my liberty. I assure you," he added warmly, "that -she was the most amiable princess in the world." - -Whether the man said this because he believed it would please an -Englishman, or whether it was the genuine effusion of respectful -gratitude, my grandfather was unable to say, but could not resist the -compliment to an English and injured queen. - -By a royal resolution of March 18, 1773, all the documents connected -with the dissolution of the marriage of Queen Caroline Matilda were -made into four separate packets, and one of them, which contained -the orders, protocols, and examinations, was deposited in the secret -archives: the second, containing the perfect acts with the votes of all -the commissioners, and a copy of the examination of the witnesses, was -entrusted for safe keeping to the governor of Glückstadt: the third, -consisting of a copy of the original articles and the examinations, was -kept at the Norwegian fortress of Bergenhuus, in an iron chest, in a room -the keys of which were held by the commandant and the viceroy: and the -fourth packet, which only contained a copy of the articles, but not of -the depositions, was placed in the archives of the Danish Chancery. This -division of the documents also serves as a proof, how every possible care -was taken that the queen's posterity should not hereafter find the whole -of the documents at any one place. - -The queen did not reach Stade till June 5, where she was received with -all the respect due to crowned heads. The Hanoverian Privy Councillor -von Bodenhausen, and the Land Marshal Chamberlain von Bülow, pulled on -board the flag-ship to welcome the queen. At the landing-place, where the -ladies and gentlemen selected to attend on her Majesty were awaiting her, -the Danish escort took leave. The queen gave Count Holstein a diamond -solitaire as a souvenir, and entrusted him with a gold snuff-box for the -wife of General von Hauch, commandant of Kronborg. - -The new suite of the queen was composed of a grand lady, two -ladies-in-waiting, one chief chamberlain, a chamberlain, one page of -the bed-chamber, two pages and a number of servants. After remaining -for two days at Stade, she travelled with her suite, _viâ_ Harburg, -to the Château of Göhrde, thirty miles from Stade, where she intended -to remain till the palace at Celle was restored for her reception. At -Göhrde, Sir R. Keith took leave of her, and she received a visit from her -eldest sister, the Hereditary Princess of Brunswick Wolfenbüttel and her -husband.[43] These near relations, however, also belonged to the princely -family from which Juliana Maria was descended, and in consequence, were -rather suspicious friends for Caroline Matilda. - -On October 20, the queen made her entrance into Celle, and took up her -abode in the royal château. This old residence of the former Dukes of -Lüneburg was at this time a fortified castle surrounded by moats and -walls. Although the apartments were spacious and habitable, and well -furnished, the exterior of the castle resembled a prison rather than -a palace. But the queen soon gained the hearts of all the inhabitants -by her amiability and resignation, and thus converted the unfriendly -asylum into an abode of peace and consolation. She frequently attended at -church, was fond of conversing on religious topics, and gave rich gifts -to the poor, both with her own hands and through the clergy of the town. -Treating all gracefully who approached her presence, she more especially -gave children an opportunity of telling their parents, with delight, that -they had been spoken to by the queen. If, at night, she fancied she had -not been so friendly as usual to any one during the day, she reproached -herself for it. Judging all persons indulgently, she could not endure -that absent persons should be harshly condemned in her presence, and, in -truth, she ruled her court, not alone by her rank, but even more through -the lovingness of her noble heart. But, whenever she was obliged to act -the queen, she did so, on the other hand, with a dignified demeanour and -with majesty. - -Although Caroline Matilda excelled in all the exercises befitting her -sex, birth, and station, and danced the first minuet in the Danish court, -she never again indulged in this polite amusement, of which she had been -extremely fond, after the masked ball the conclusion of which had been -so fatal and disgraceful to her Majesty. As one of her pretended crimes -had been the delight she took in riding, and the uncommon address and -spirit with which she managed her horse, she also renounced this innocent -recreation, for fear of giving the least occasion to the blame and malice -of the censorious and the ignorant. Her Majesty had an exquisite taste -for music, and devoted much of her time to the harpsichord, accompanied -by the melodious voice of a lady of her court. - -There was in the queen's dress a noble simplicity which exhibited more -taste than magnificence. As her mind had been cultivated by reading -the most eminent writers of modern times, she read regularly for two -hours before dinner with Fräulein Schülenburg, whatever her Majesty -thought most conducive to her instruction or entertainment, in poetry -and history, the ladies communicating their observations to each other -with equal freedom and ingenuity. The queen improved the knowledge she -had acquired of the German language, and had a selection of the best -authors of that learned nation. As her manners were the most polished, -graceful, and endearing, her court became the resort of persons of -both sexes, celebrated for their love of the fine arts. The contracted -state of her finances could not restrain the princely magnificence and -liberal disposition which made her purse ever open to indigent merit and -distressed virtue. Naturally cheerful and happy in the consciousness of -her innocence, adored and revered by the circle of a court free from -cabals and intrigues, even the dark cloud of adversity could not alter -the sweetness and serenity of her temper. She was surrounded by faithful -servants, who attended her, not from sordid motives of ambition, but from -attachment and unfeigned regard. - -Peace, content, and harmony dwelt under her Majesty's auspices, and -her household was like a well-regulated family, superintended by a -mistress who made her happiness consist in doing good to all those who -implored her Majesty's compassion and benevolence. Banished with every -circumstance of indignity from the throne of Denmark, her noble soul -retained no sentiment of revenge or resentment against the wicked authors -of her fall, or against the Danish people. Ambition, a passion from which -she was singularly exempt, never disturbed her peace of mind; and she -looked back to the diadem which had been torn from her brow with wondrous -calmness and magnanimity. - -It was not the crown Caroline Matilda regretted, for her children alone -occupied all her care and solicitude; the feelings of the queen were -absorbed in those of the mother; and if she ever manifested by tears her -inward grief and perplexity, maternal fondness caused all these fears and -agitations.[44] - -In October of this year Sir R. Keith was requested by Lord Suffolk to -visit Caroline Matilda, and send in a minute account of her position and -feelings. How well the ambassador performed his task will be seen from -his letter. - - -SIR R. M. KEITH TO LORD SUFFOLK. - - _Zell_, _November_ 2, 1772. - - MY LORD,-- - -I arrived here on the 31st October, late in the evening, and the next day -had the honour of delivering the king's letter to her Danish Majesty, -whom I found in perfect health, and without any remains of pain from her -late accident. In two very long audiences, which her Majesty was pleased -to grant me, I endeavoured to execute, with the utmost punctuality, -his Majesty's command, and shall now lay before your lordship all the -lights those audiences afforded me, relative to the queen's wishes and -intentions. I cannot enter upon that subject without previously assuring -your lordship that the queen received those repeated proofs of his -Majesty's fraternal affection and friendship, which my orders contained, -with the warmest expressions of gratitude and sensibility; and that -nothing could be more frank or explicit than her answers to a great -number of questions, which she permitted me to ask upon any subject that -arose. - -In regard to Denmark, the queen declares that, in the present situation -of the court, she has not a wish for any correspondence or connection -there, beyond what immediately concerns the welfare and education of her -children. That she has never written a single letter to Denmark since she -left it, or received one thence. That the only person belonging to that -kingdom from whom she hears lives in Holstein, and is not connected with -the court. - -The queen having expressed great anxiety with respect to the false -impressions which may be instilled into the minds of her children, -particularly regarding herself, I thought it my duty to say that such -impressions, however cruelly intended, could not, at the tender age -of her Majesty's children, nor for some years to come, take so deep a -root as not to be entirely effaced by more candid instructions, and the -dictates of filial duty, when reason and reflection shall break in upon -their minds. The queen seemed willing to lay hold of that hope, yet could -not help bursting into tears, when she mentioned the danger of losing the -affections of her children. - -Her Majesty appears very desirous to communicate directly to her royal -brother all her views and wishes in the most confidential manner, hoping -to obtain in return his Majesty's advice and directions, which she -intends implicitly to follow. She said that, in matters of so private and -domestic a nature, it would give her much greater pleasure to learn his -Majesty's intentions upon every point from his own pen, than through the -channel of any of his electoral servants. - -It gave me great satisfaction to find her Majesty in very good spirits, -and so much pleased with the palace at Zell, the apartments of which are -very spacious, and handsomely furnished. She wishes to have an apartment -fitted up in the palace for her sister, the Princess of Brunswick, as she -thinks that the etiquette of this country does not permit that princess, -in her visits to Zell, to be lodged out of the palace, without great -impropriety. Her Majesty said that she intended to write herself to the -king on this head. - -The queen told me that the very enterprising and dangerous part which -Queen Juliana has acted in Denmark, has created greater astonishment in -Brunswick (where the abilities and character of that princess are known) -than, perhaps, in any other city of Europe. - -Her Majesty talked to me of several late incidents at the court of -Denmark, but without appearing to take much concern in them. She -mentioned, with a smile, some of the paltry things which had been sent -as a part of her baggage from Denmark, adding, that this new instance -of their meanness had not surprised her. But the Princess of Brunswick, -who happened to be present when the baggage was opened, expressed her -indignation at the treatment in such strong terms, that she (the queen) -could not help taking notice of it in her letters to the king. - -She let me understand that a small collection of English books would be -very agreeable to her, leaving the choice of them entirely to his Majesty. - -Her Majesty more than once expressed how much she considered herself -obliged to the king's ministers, for the zeal they had shown in the whole -of the late unhappy transactions relating to Denmark and to herself. -She is particularly sensible to the great share your lordship had in -all those affairs, and has commanded me to convey to your lordship her -acknowledgments for that constant attention to her honour and interests, -which she is persuaded the king will look upon as an additional mark of -your lordship's dutiful attachment to his royal person and family. - -It only remains that I should beg your forgiveness for the great length -to which I have swelled this letter. The only excuse I can offer arises -from my ardent desire to excuse the king's orders with the utmost -possible precision. - - I am, &c., &c., - R. M. KEITH.[45] - - * * * * * - -At home, Caroline Matilda appeared to have dropped out of memory with -her landing at Stade. Her name is never found in the journals of the -time. Grub-street alone took possession of her memory. In those days -many literary scoundrels earned a precarious livelihood by deliberately -forging pamphlets on topics of interest at the moment, and thought -nothing of trying to enhance their veracity by assuming names and titles -to which they had not the slightest claim. One of these hungry gentry -received a severe discomfiture, and must have felt ashamed, if he could -feel shame, from honest Reverdil, in the July number of the _Monthly -Review_. Reverdil's letter, written in English, is tremendously to the -point. The lie, with a circumstance, bore the title of--"The real Views -and Political System of the late Revolution of Copenhagen. By Christian -Adolphus Rothes, formerly Councillor of Conference, Secretary of the -Cabinet to his Majesty Christiern (_sic_) VII., and Great Assessor of the -Supreme Council at Altona." - -To which Reverdil quietly makes answer:-- - -1. As I am pretty well acquainted with the Danish service, I can assure -you that there is not in Denmark, Norway, or any of the Danish dominions, -such a man as Mr. Christian Adolphus Rothes, in any employment whatever. - -2. The dignity of Councillor of Conference being merely titular, there is -no _formerly_ Councillor. - -3. The present king, Christian VII., has had three secretaries of the -cabinet: the first is now in London (himself); the second, who followed -his master on his voyage, is in the Court of Chancery at Copenhagen; the -third was beheaded on April 28. - -4. There is no supreme council at Altona; that town, being no capital, -hath but a corporation, and no other council. In that corporation there -is no assessor, great or little. - -To this crushing reply Reverdil adds that every circumstance in the book -is absolutely false, and grounded on facts and a state of things that -never existed. For instance, the conduct of the queen dowager in the -king's council is very circumstantially described; but she never sat in -the king's council.[46] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 34: De Flaux: "Du Danemarc."] - -[Footnote 35: "Memoirs of an Unfortunate Queen," p. 94.] - -[Footnote 36: _General Evening Post_, May 14.] - -[Footnote 37: "Walpole's Journal of the Reign of George III.," vol. i. -pp. 89-91.] - -[Footnote 38: Sir R. M. Keith's "Memoirs," vol. i. p. 287.] - -[Footnote 39: Coxe's "Travels," vol. v. p. 113.] - -[Footnote 40: "Memoirs of an Unfortunate Queen," p. 98.] - -[Footnote 41: "Authentische Aufklärungen," p. 252.] - -[Footnote 42: The following interesting account, which I have found -in a pamphlet published under the title of "Sittliche Frage," was not -sufficiently authenticated to be embodied in my text. Still I do not -think it should be passed over, as it affords an idea of the sentiments -of the queen's party. - -Keith laid before the king the letter of separation for his signature, -which the king was about to sign without reading. "No, no, your Majesty," -the envoy said, "read it first. It concerns you. It is the separation -between yourself and your consort, which the court of England solicits -for the reasons given." The king cried in confusion, "What! I am to lose -my wife? State it even in writing? No, I cannot. I love and long for -her again. Where are Struensee and Brandt? I long for them too." "Your -Majesty," Keith replied, "they have been quartered, your Majesty signed -their sentences yourself, and as it is also wished to condemn the queen -to death, my court demands her back." The king became inconsolable. He -asked for the queen and his two counts, and dismissed the envoy. - -That England imposed weighty points on the Danish court, and demanded -all possible satisfaction for the trick played the queen regnant, is -evident from the following facts:--The queen is still called Queen of -Denmark, even by the Danish court; her children by the king are brought -up royally, and called the crown prince of the Danish kingdom and the -king's daughter. When she set out from Kronborg for Celle, all royal -honours were granted (which could not have been the case had the fabulous -intercourse been true), and a pension of 30,000 rix-dollars is to be paid -her annually. - -The king now lives very sadly, and his days pass away in melancholy. He -still exclaims, "My wife, my wife! she has been torn from me. I ask for -her again. My ministers, my Struensee and Brandt, where are they? They -have been condemned to death. They have passed over into eternity, and I -am left desolate."] - -[Footnote 43: They write from Hanover that the Hereditary Princess of -Brunswick has been at Goerde, accompanied, contrary to expectation, by -her husband, which is looked upon as a convincing proof that a perfect -harmony subsists between these two illustrious personages. They stayed -four days with Queen Caroline Matilda of Denmark, who was overjoyed to -see her sister. It is since reported that the queen may possibly soon -make a tour to Brunswick.--_Annual Register_ for 1772.] - -[Footnote 44: I am indebted for this account to the "Memoirs of an -Unfortunate Queen," and it the more confirms my opinion that the book was -written by some one immediately about her Majesty's person.] - -[Footnote 45: "Memoirs of Sir R. M. Keith," vol. i., p. 304.] - -[Footnote 46: I have, perhaps, dwelt more fully on this subject than -it deserves; but I have also suffered from this iniquitous system. My -agent in Germany wrote me some months ago that he had made an invaluable -_trouvaille_--no less than an apology for Caroline Matilda, written by -herself. Of course, I at once secured it; but was rather disappointed to -find that it was translated from the English. On reading, I found many -discrepancies, but did not give up all hope of being able to make use of -the pamphlet. I had the British Museum searched for the original, but in -vain; and I began to think that the alleged translation was only intended -to add value to a document which might have been drawn up by a German -from expressions which had fallen from the queen. Imagine my disgust -when, as the reward of all my trouble, I found in the list of pamphlets -in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1772, the following:-- - -"The Queen of Denmark's own Account of the late Revolution in Denmark: -Written while her Majesty was a Prisoner in the Castle of Cronenburgh, -and now first published from the Original Manuscript sent to a noble -Earl." 8vo., 1s. 6d. Wheble. - -The publisher and the title were quite sufficient to convince me that the -pamphlet issued from the great _officina_ of Grub Street.] - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -THE SECRET AGENT. - - THE COURT AT CELLE--MR. WRAXALL--PRESENTATION TO THE - QUEEN--HAMBURG--THE DANISH NOBILITY--THE PROPOSITION--THE - CREDENTIALS--RETURN TO CELLE--BARON VON SECKENDORF--THE QUEEN'S - ACCEPTANCE--ANOTHER VISIT TO CELLE--THE INTERVIEW IN THE JARDIN - FRANCOIS--CAROLINE MATILDA'S AGREEMENT--THE INN IN THE WOOD--BARON - VON BULOW--A STRANGE ADVENTURE--ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND. - - -There is but little information to be derived about the life of Caroline -Matilda during the year 1773. All we know is, that she continued to -devote her life to charity and literary pursuits. Being endowed with a -rare desire for learning and a splendid memory, she soon became versed in -the beauties of German literature. Every evening before supper she had -either German works read to her or read them herself. "The Death of Abel" -moved her to tears, and Gellert was another of her favourite poets. She -knew many of his hymns by heart, and was fondest of the one beginning "I -ne'er will seek to injure him, who seeks to injure me." She arranged a -small hand library in a turret room hung with green damask, where she -liked most to sit, and amused herself in turn with music and reading. -Although she was a first-rate musician, she continued to take lessons in -the art; but only cared for serious and tragical compositions, and might -frequently be heard confiding to the instrument the grief that agitated -her sorrowing heart. - -In order to distract her thoughts, a theatre was arranged in the palace. -On January, 1773, Schröder's celebrated company of comedians came to -Celle, and gave their first performance on the court stage, a spacious -box having been railed off in the pit for the queen, the court, and -the nobility. The queen attended nearly every performance, and the -court chamberlain carefully obeyed the instructions he had received -from London, only to allow amusing performances to take place, so -that Holberg's comedies were frequently played, but never tragedies, -or even serious dramas. That this precaution was necessary, was seen -on the performance of the play "Appearances are Deceptive," in which -the appearance of some children on the stage produced so violent an -impression on the queen, that she at once quitted the playhouse, and, in -spite of the rough breeze, was obliged to walk about for a long time in -the gardens ere she could regain her self-possession. Afterwards, the -court at times acted plays, in order to provide a slight amusement for -their beloved queen. - -An idea of Caroline Matilda's mode of life will be best formed, however, -from a perusal of the following letter to her sister, written in the -summer of 1773:-- - - MADAM AND DEAR SISTER, - - Thanks to Heaven for having made me sensible of the futility and - delusion of all worldly pomp and stately nothingness. Believe me - when I tell you that I have not once wished to be again an enthroned - queen. Were my dear children restored to me, I should think, if - there is on this earth perfect happiness, I might enjoy it in a - private station with them; but the Supreme Disposer of all events - has decreed that my peace of mind should be continually disturbed - by what I feel on this cruel and unnatural separation. You are a - tender mother, and I appeal to your own fondness. Pray give my love - to the dear Augusta[47] and all her brothers; now that she is in her - seventh year, she is, I dare say, an agreeable, chatty companion. As - for Charles, he is, I understand, like his father, born a warrior: - nothing but drums, swords, and horses can please his martial - inclination. George, Augustus, and William equally contribute to your - comfort and amusement. Tell them I have some little presents I shall - send them the first opportunity. - - You desire to know how I vary my occupation and amusements in this - residence. I get up between seven and eight o'clock; take a walk - in the garden if the weather permits; give my instructions to the - gardener for the day; observe his men at work with that contented - mind which is a perpetual feast; return to my castle for breakfast; - dress myself from ten to eleven; appear in my little circle at - twelve; retire to my apartment about one; read, and take an airing - till dinner; walk again about an hour in the garden with the ladies - of my retinue; drink tea, play upon the harpsichord, sometimes a - little party at quadrille before supper; and, am commonly in bed - before twelve. Every Monday, I receive petitions from real objects - of compassion, and delight in relieving their necessities according - to my power; and thus, every week passes in a regular rotation - of rational conversation, _lectures amusantes et instructives_, - musical entertainments, walks, and a little curious needlework. I - see everybody happy around me, and vie with each other in proofs of - zeal and affection for my person. Now, I can truly say, I cultivate - friendship and philosophy, which are strangers to the throne. I - expect to see you soon, according to your promise; this visit will - add greatly to the comfort of your most affectionate sister, - - CAROLINE MATILDA. - -But all these efforts were impotent to dispel the expression of gnawing -sorrow, which was imprinted on the countenance of the queen, and was -spread over her whole manner. Toward the middle of 1774, a great -pleasure, however, was caused the queen, by the receipt of a portrait of -her son, the crown prince Frederick, which was sent her from Copenhagen. -Shortly after she had received the picture, her grande maîtresse, Madame -d'Ompteda, entered the room, because she had heard the queen speaking -loudly, and was much surprised at finding her alone. With tears in her -eyes, but with the sweet smile which, even in sorrowful moments, played -round her mouth, she said to the grand mistress: - -"You cannot account for hearing me speaking loudly and yet not finding -any one with me? Well, do you know with whom I was conversing? It was -with this dear picture." - -And she then produced the portrait of the youthful prince. - -"And now that you have surprised me," the queen continued, "you shall -also know what I was saying to the picture. I employed the words which -you a few days ago placed in the mouth of a daughter who had found her -lost father again, except that I have altered them as follows: - - Eh! qui donc comme moi gouterait la douceur - De t'appeler mon fils, d'être chère a ton cœur! - Toi, qu'on arrache aux bras d'une mère sensible, - Qui ne pleure que toi, dans ce destin terrible."[48] - -On September 18, 1774, Mr. N. W. Wraxall, junior, arrived at Celle. This -gentleman had, at an early age, obtained a profitable employment in the -East Indies, and had even attained some dignity; he, however, threw up -his post for motives which may be made known hereafter but do not belong -here, and returned to England. He was very ambitious, and that ambition -had been fostered by the fact that, having in his youth ransacked the -muniments of Bristol, he had discovered that one of his ancestors was -bailiff of that city in the thirteenth century; but the difficulty -was, to what object would he turn that ambition: he was unknown and -friendless, while, at the same time, the _res angusta domi_ warned him -to be up and stirring. There was but one way of acquiring fame and -popularity: in those days, authorship was more respected, as being rarer, -than it is among ourselves. Mr. Wraxall, therefore, determined first to -make a tour, and then print an account of it, and, for this purpose, -resolved to visit a but little known part of Europe, and thus add novelty -to his descriptions. With this purpose he set out for the North, ran -through Denmark, a portion of Sweden and Russia, and, on his homeward -route, thought there would be no harm in going a little out of his way to -visit the Queen of Denmark: he had learned something about her sad fate -while in Copenhagen, and this had excited a wish to know more, literary -capital being left out of the question. - -On September 18, then, Mr. Wraxall waited on Baron Seckendorf, -chamberlain to the queen, who presented strangers. The "Private Journal" -shall tell us how he fared:-- - -"I went, at half-past one, to the castle of Zell. Monsieur Seckendorf -introduced me to the grand maître of her Highness the Princess of -Brunswick. The princess herself entered in about a quarter of an hour: -she gave me her hand to kiss, and began conversation with me directly; -it was interrupted by the queen's entrance, to whom I was presented, -with the same ceremony. Her Majesty and the princess kept me in constant -talk before and after dinner; we talked of Denmark, of Prince Frederick, -his intended marriage, &c. 'He was a child,' said she (the queen), -'unknown while I was there.' Hirschholm, she said, was her favourite -palace. 'But, tell me,' said the princess, 'about the queen-mother: -she's my aunt, but no matter: say what you will, you may be free--and -for the king, how is he?' I very frankly expressed my sentiments. The -queen asked me a thousand questions about the court of Russia, Sweden, -my travels, &c. The queen asked me, also, about her children, the prince -in particular. I told her how they dressed him now: I assured her I -had been taken for a spy in Copenhagen. Her Majesty related to me Mr. -Morris's affair with Miss Calvert. She was very gay, and seemed in no -way a prey to melancholy. She was very fat, for so young a woman. She -asked me my age. I told her. 'You are, then,' said she, 'exactly as old -as I am; we were born in the same year.' Her features are pretty, and -her teeth very small, even, and white. She resembles his Majesty (George -III.) infinitely in face: but the princess said, not so strongly as she. -I don't think so, and told her royal highness so. Her Majesty appealed -to one of her maids of honour, who agreed in opinion with me. The queen -was dressed in a Barré coloured gown, or at least an orange red, so very -nearly resembling it that I could not distinguish the difference. I asked -her how many languages she spoke. 'Five,' she said, 'Danish, English, -French, German, and Italian.' The princess is much thinner in face, but -not a great deal less in her person: she wants the Queen of Denmark's -teeth, but has a very good complexion. She asked me about the Duchess of -Glo'ster, if I had seen her, if I knew her. 'She is a very fine woman,' -she added, 'even now.' Mrs. C---- was mentioned. 'She was a prodigious -favourite,' I remarked, 'of the Duke of York.' She replied, with a smile, -'For a moment.' She did me the honour to ask me to take Brunswick in my -way next summer, or whenever I visited Germany again. She said she might, -and should, have mistaken me for a Frenchman. 'You don't take that for -a compliment, do you?' the queen observed. 'Indeed, no! I was too proud -of my country.' Macaronies formed a part of our conversation. ''Tis all -over now,' I said, 'the word is quite extinct in England.' 'But, tell -me,' said her Majesty, 'tell me ingenuously, were you not a bit of a one, -while it lasted?' I assured her not. I took my leave soon after dinner. - -"Tuesday, Sept. 20.--'Tis a very pleasant, delightful walk round the -ramparts, of a full English mile. The gardens, likewise, near the town -are very pleasant and well kept. The streets of Zell are for the most -part wide enough, and well paved, but the buildings are very old and very -miserable. The fortifications are merely nominal, of no sort of strength. -The castle stands detached from the town; it is a square building, -surrounded by a broad, wet ditch. There were formerly round towers at -the corners, but they have been pulled down. It was built by one of the -ancient dukes of Zell; within it is a quadrangle. About ten o'clock I -went to the Hôtel de Ville, where at this time the shops of the merchants -who come to the fair of Zell are held. Her Majesty the Queen, and her -sister the princess, were there. I had the honour to talk with them near -an hour; we conversed in English most familiarly on fifty subjects--the -Grand Duke of Russia, the empress, the peace between Russia and Turkey, -my travels, Dantzig, formed the chief articles. I showed her Majesty my -medals of the Empress of Russia and some other things. She was dressed -quite à l'Anglaise: a white bonnet, a pale pink nightgown, a gauze -handkerchief, a little locket on her bosom. Her face is very handsome: -they are his Majesty's features, but all softened and harmonized. Pity -she is so large in her person. The princess was quite English all over: a -black hat over her eyes, and a common nightgown with a black apron." - -Little anticipating that he should see the Queen of Denmark so soon -again, Mr. Wraxall proceeded leisurely through Hanover, which he says -may be truly described as "a hungry electorate," to Verden and Bremen. -On Sept. 27 he reached Hamburg, and dined with Mr. Hanbury, the English -consul, on the following day. Among the company present were Baron von -Schimmelmann and his lady, Baroness von Bülow, "a very elegant woman," -and M. le Texier, who had been treasurer to Christian VII. during the -memorable tour. On the next night Mr. Wraxall was gratified at the Opera -with a sight of the celebrated, or rather notorious, Countess Holstein, -of whom he says:-- - -"I examined her through my glass. She is doubtless pretty, though not in -my opinion so divinely fair as fame says. Her history at Hirschholm is -well known. There was no gallantry, I thought, marked in her features, -though 'tis said she certainly has that quality in her constitution. I -thought of the unhappy Brandt as I looked at her." - -At this time the city of Altona, only half a mile from Hamburg, was -crowded with the adherents and partisans of the queen, many of them being -of the first families in Denmark. Hamburg offered more amusements than -Altona, and they were therefore constantly to be found in the houses of -the opulent citizens. Baron von Bülow, master of the horse to the Queen -of Denmark, who was arrested at the time of the palace revolution, and -eventually exiled to Altona, was among the number. They had already -conceived the plan of effecting a counter revolution, and of restoring -Queen Matilda, an enterprise to which they were urged by many motives. - -The new ministry in Denmark was already growing unpopular from its -weakness, languor, and incapacity. It was understood that the king -ardently desired the return of his consort. The engaging qualities, -fortitude, and talents of that princess, rendered more interesting by -adversity, had awakened the attachment of the Danes. A numerous and -powerful party in the capital and throughout the nation anxiously desired -her restoration. - -It was indispensable, in the first instance, previous to any attempt -on the part of the exiled nobility, to ascertain with precision the -sentiments of the queen herself. It was important for them to know -whether she was willing to return to Copenhagen to resume the sovereign -authority, which the king was incapable of exercising, and to co-operate -with her friends toward her re-establishment. But the attempt to open -any communication with the queen was equally dangerous and difficult. -Though Celle was only eighty English miles distant from Hamburg and -Altona, still, as the northern bank of the Elbe was in, or close to the -Danish territory, the journey to and from Celle was extremely perilous. -The latter court, as well as Altona, was full of spies and emissaries, -maintained by the party possessing the authority at Copenhagen. Such were -their suspicions, and so great was their vigilance, that no person could -have passed and re-passed between those places without being watched. -These impediments had hitherto prevented the queen's adherents from -venturing to send any of their own body to lay their projects before her -Majesty; nor did they appear to have found any other person to whom they -could confide the execution of so momentous a commission. They were still -under this embarrassment when chance threw Mr. Wraxall in their way. - -Having supped at the house of Mr. Jerome Matthiesen, where several of the -Danish nobility were invited, Mr. Wraxall was led to talk about Denmark, -from which country he had so recently returned. He expressed, with the -warmth natural to a young man and an Englishman, his respect for Queen -Caroline Matilda, his concern for her sufferings, and his detestation -of the proceedings of her enemies. These sentiments, delivered without -reserve or disguise, impressed the persons present that he might be -induced to undertake the commission of repairing to Celle, negotiating -with the queen, and taking an active part in their intended enterprise -for her restoration. - -Two or three of the principal persons concerned having met on the -following day, agreed to sound Mr. Wraxall's dispositions, and if they -found them such as they had reason to suppose, they determined to confide -their project to him. Mr. le Texier, brother-in-law of Mr. Matthiesen, -was selected to execute this task. From the nature of his employment at -the Danish court, this gentleman necessarily had an intimate knowledge -of all the political intrigues as well as the secret history of the -Danish court. At the revolution, he had been sent to Altona. This -gentleman cultivated Mr. Wraxall's friendship with marked assiduity, -visited him frequently, and turned the conversation on the affairs of -Denmark. In order to gain Mr. Wraxall's confidence, he unfolded to him -the concealed causes and springs alluded to. He inveighed against the -mal-administration of the Dowager Queen Juliana and her son Prince -Frederick; lamented the misfortunes of Queen Matilda, and expressed his -wishes for her restoration. - -On October 3, 1774, Le Texier called again on Mr. Wraxall, and being -together alone, he asked him, after some rather mysterious and -preparatory conversation, "if he would be ready, and if he were disposed, -to serve the Queen of Denmark?"[49] - -Mr. Wraxall immediately answered in the affirmative; and though he was -on the point of returning to England, assured his visitor that he was -ready to devote his labour, and risk his life, if necessary, in such a -cause. Le Texier expressed his strong satisfaction at the reply; conjured -Mr. Wraxall to be silent on everything that had passed, and undertook, -without delay, to take measures for introducing Mr. Wraxall to the -persons at whose request he had sounded him. Mr. le Texier then left his -new ally, in order, as he said, to make his report to his friends, which -they were expecting with anxiety and impatience. - -On October 5, Mr. le Texier brought to Mr. Wraxall's lodgings the eldest -son of Baron von Schimmelmann, and left them together. The baron, after -exacting a solemn promise of secrecy, disclosed, not without marks of -great agitation and apprehension, a project which had been formed for -restoring the Queen of Denmark. He reminded his hearer that his life, -his fortune (one of the greatest in reversion of any in Denmark), were -entrusted to a stranger, as well as those of all the persons engaged in -the undertaking. They then entered upon business; and the baron divulged -the plans and the means by which it might be effected. At a second -interview on October 7, Baron von Schimmelmann informed Mr. Wraxall -that, as he was on the point of setting out for Copenhagen, in order -to arrange many circumstances preparatory to, and indispensable for, -carrying out this plan, the latter would receive his further instructions -from Baron von Bülow. - -After several interviews with this nobleman, it was finally arranged that -Mr. Wraxall should set out for Celle with all practicable despatch. But -points of material consequence must previously be adopted. Among them, -the most important were the agent's credentials and despatches. It was -dangerous to commit anything to paper, as he might be stopped, searched, -and discovered on the road, which, in more than one place, ran through -the dominions of Denmark. On the other hand, it was indispensable to -convince the queen that he was invested with powers to treat with her, on -the part of the noblemen exiled to Altona, as well as other persons in -various parts of the Danish territories. To obviate these difficulties, -the following expedients were determined on:-- - -Baron von Bülow delivered to Mr. Wraxall in lieu of credentials a seal, -with which, when in Queen Matilda's family, he was accustomed to seal -those private or confidential communications that he often, from the -nature of his office, had occasion to make to her. He assured Mr. Wraxall -that, so soon as her Majesty should see it, she would have no doubt of -his coming from the baron, and would have faith in what he was empowered -to impart. This seal was to be produced in the event of Caroline Matilda -assenting to the plan. - -The plan was, that a numerous and powerful party was disposed to restore -her to the throne, and that they had invested Mr. Wraxall, as their agent -and representative, with powers to treat with her. They were ready and -willing to incur all the dangers or hazard annexed to such an enterprise, -provided she, on her part, agreed to three conditions:-- - -_First._ That she assured them of her willingness to return to Denmark, -and to assume the reins of government, which the king was incapacitated -to direct in person. - -_Secondly._ That she engaged to co-operate with, and to assist her -adherents in every way and by every mode in her power. - -_Thirdly._ That she would endeavour to induce the King of Great Britain, -her brother, to extend his protection and assistance toward the success -of the enterprise. - -As for obvious reasons it would have been imprudent and hazardous to -commit these propositions to paper, it was left to Mr. Wraxall to draw -up a letter to the queen as soon as he arrived at Celle. It was likewise -settled that, in order more effectually to evade suspicion or enquiry, -he should, on leaving Celle, proceed to Hanover, as if on his way to -Holland, and thence return by cross-roads to Hamburg. In case her -Majesty assented to the three propositions made her, Mr. Wraxall was -authorized to name Baron von Bülow, and young Baron von Schimmelmann, as -the two avowed chiefs of the proposed counter-revolution. No other names -were entrusted to him, as these two were judged sufficient in this early -stage of the business; eight days were calculated as adequate for the -purposes of the mission, and a spot was fixed on in the city of Hamburg -where Mr. Wraxall, on his return, should meet Baron von Bülow at a -certain hour. - -Thus authorized and instructed, the agent set out from Hamburg on the -evening of October 8, 1774, travelled all night, and reached Celle on -the ensuing evening. He learned immediately, to his great regret, that -the Hereditary Princess of Brunswick was then in the castle, on a visit -to her sister, the queen. Her presence augmented the difficulties of his -errand, and the Danish nobility had warned him to be on his guard with -respect to her. They dreaded lest the queen, from motives of affection -and confidence, might communicate to her the nature or purpose of his -errand. They were equally afraid of her suspecting or discovering it. -These apprehensions were founded on the circumstance that the queen -dowager of Denmark, Juliana Maria, was sister to the then reigning Duke -of Brunswick, and aunt to the hereditary prince. - -One great and important arrangement yet remained to be made ere Mr. -Wraxall could advance further,--the mode of delivering his despatches to -the queen. It was hardly practicable to present a letter to her, except -in public; and even to do that, a pretext was necessary, which might -have, at least, an air of plausibility. Mr. Wraxall, while at Hamburg, -had accidentally heard Mr. Mathias, the British minister, say that he -might have occasion to write to her Majesty at Celle on the subject of -a company of comedians, who were accustomed to repair thither annually -in the autumn, to play for the amusement of the queen. Mr. Wraxall, -therefore, determined to say that he was the bearer of such a letter from -Mr. Mathias, of which he had taken charge on his way back to England, -through Hanover and Holland. He was well aware that he should have the -honour of an invitation to dine at her Majesty's table, and as no better -mode of communicating his errand to her offered itself, he resolved to -give the letter into the queen's hand in the drawing-room, when he should -be presented to her before dinner. - -Having formed this resolution, Mr. Wraxall sat down on the night of his -arrival in Celle and drew up a despatch, addressed to her Majesty, in -which he stated every circumstance relating to his mission. He entered -into the requisite detail, only reserving the names of the noblemen who -had sent him, until he should have the honour of being admitted to a -private interview with the queen. He stated the conditions demanded -of her, and concluded by entreating her to favour him with as quick -and explicit an answer as the nature of the subject would admit. He -especially requested her Majesty to take some occasion of re-delivering -his letter to him, for two reasons: one, that it might be unsafe for such -a document to remain in her hands; the other, that the contents of it -would be the best testimony to the persons for whom he was acting that he -had accurately conceived and faithfully executed the purpose for which he -was sent. - -Conscious, nevertheless, that such a communication, made to the queen at -a moment when she was totally unprepared for it, before witnesses and in -the presence of the Hereditary Princess of Brunswick, might disconcert -and agitate her, Mr. Wraxall felt the necessity of guarding against so -dangerous an accident as far as possible. Hence he wrote on the first -page of the letter the following words:-- - -"As the contents of the subsequent letter are of a nature which involve -in them your Majesty's dearest interests, and even your crown and -dignity, it is my duty earnestly to supplicate you, that you will be -pleased on no consideration to peruse them at the present moment; but -to read them when alone. I am likewise bound to entreat you that, as -you regard the safety and welfare of those who are most devoted to your -service, you will endeavour not to betray any agitation or emotion in -your countenance or manner; and, above all, that you will observe the -strictest precaution to prevent her Royal Highness the Princess of -Brunswick from entertaining any suspicion." - -These necessary and preparatory precautions having been taken, Mr. -Wraxall called next morning on Baron von Seckendorf, the queen's -chamberlain. Having mentioned that he had a letter for her Majesty from -the English minister at Hamburg relative, as he understood, to the -comedians who were accustomed to visit Celle in that season, the baron -waited on the queen to inform her of the fact. Mr. Wraxall received an -invitation to dine at court in consequence, and went at two o'clock to -the castle. When the queen and the Princess of Brunswick came together -out of their own apartments into the drawing-room, where the few persons -who composed the court were assembled, her Majesty, advancing toward Mr. -Wraxall, said: - -"I am glad to see you here again: I understand that you have a letter for -me from Mr. Mathias?" - -Mr. Wraxall presented it, and the queen withdrew a few steps to a window -to read it. At the same moment the princess addressed Mr. Wraxall, and he -contrived to detain her in conversation while the queen was employed with -the letter. He noticed her Majesty hastily put it in her pocket, while -her face betrayed the agitation of her mind in the most visible manner. -Fortunately, about that minute dinner was announced, and the company -followed the queen into the eating-room. - -At table, Caroline Matilda recovered herself, and conversed with her -usual freedom and gaiety. The queen and princess were seated in two state -chairs, separated nearly five feet from each other. When the dessert -was brought, the queen, unable any longer to restrain her curiosity and -impatience, took the letter from her pocket, and, placing it in her lap, -perused it from the beginning to the end. From time to time she raised -her eyes, and took part in the conversation. The distance at which she -was from the Princess of Brunswick rendered it impossible for the letter -to be overlooked. After taking coffee, the two princesses withdrew, and -Mr. Wraxall returned to the inn where he lodged. - -In about three hours Baron von Seckendorf waited on him, and informed -him that her Majesty had sent him in the quality of her confidential -agent: that she had perused with great attention the letter, the contents -of which she had communicated to him, and had chosen him from among -the persons composing her court to conduct the business on her part. -He added, that the queen would, with the utmost readiness, grant Mr. -Wraxall that same night the audience he desired, if the presence of the -princess her sister, who never quitted her for a moment, did not render -it dangerous and impossible. She fully felt the necessity of caution, and -the suspicions which even Mr. Wraxall's stay at Celle might occasion. -Under these circumstances, she wished and enjoined Mr. Wraxall to deliver -his credentials to Baron von Seckendorf, and confide to him the names -of the noblemen from whom he came, as well as every other particular not -contained in the letter. - -Thus authorized, and after receiving from Baron von Seckendorf his most -solemn promises of fidelity and secrecy, Mr. Wraxall delivered to him -Baron von Bülow's ring, and acquainted him with everything necessary to -be laid before the queen. On the following morning the baron returned -with the queen's answer, which Mr. Wraxall at once committed to paper in -his presence. It was to the following effect:-- - -That her Majesty, being under the immediate protection, and depending -on the king her brother, could not consent to any proposition involving -her future destiny and interests, without obtaining his consent and -approbation. That, if she only consulted her own tranquillity and -happiness, she would never desire to revisit Copenhagen, where she had -been so unworthily treated. But that the duties of a mother, and a -queen, being superior to every other sentiment, impelled her not only to -forgive these outrages, but to resume her station in Denmark. That, as -far, therefore, as depended on herself, she agreed to the propositions -made by the Danish nobility, provided it should appear to her, on further -information, that they were sufficiently powerful to effect the intended -counter-revolution. That she desired to be more fully informed at Mr. -Wraxall's next visit of the names of the principal persons concerned, -and the means. Lastly, that she would write in the most pressing and -strenuous manner to his Britannic Majesty, whenever it should be judged -proper so to do, requesting of him to lend his aid and assistance toward -effecting her restoration. - -The queen, at the same time, returned Mr. Wraxall Baron Bülow's seal, -which she had recognised, and the letter which he had addressed to -herself. In conformity with a request Mr. Wraxall had made, the queen had -subscribed on the first page of the letter the initials of her name C. M. -She likewise inclosed it in a cover, addressed in her own handwriting to -Baron von Bülow, and sealed with one of her private seals. - -Baron von Seckendorf enjoined Mr. Wraxall from the queen to return as -soon as possible to Celle, where she hoped to be able to admit him to an -audience. She likewise desired that he would then give, on being stopped -at the gates, a French name, which she suggested, as by that means, -on seeing the report of all strangers who arrived at Celle, which was -brought to her every morning, she should be apprised of his return. It -was settled that on Mr. Wraxall's next visit to Celle he should take care -to arrive in the night, go round the city, and lodge at a little obscure -inn, called the "Sandkrug," in one of the suburbs. - -Having received this satisfactory answer from her Majesty, Mr. Wraxall -left Celle immediately and proceeded to Hanover, where he remained two -days. He then crossed a large portion of the Electorate to Harburg, -and reached Hamburg on the evening of October 15, 1774. On the morning -of the 17th he repaired to the place when Baron von Bülow had arranged -to meet him. The latter affected not to notice him, and turning, Mr. -Wraxall followed him through a number of streets, till they arrived on -the ramparts of the city. There, upon a retired bastion, Mr. Wraxall -delivered the baron the letter, whose seal and address he immediately -recognised as those of the queen, saying, "Oui, bon, je reconnais bien -cette écriture." Mr. Wraxall then related to him all the circumstances -of his journey, the mode he employed to deliver his letter to the queen, -and the subsequent interview with Baron von Seckendorf. The baron -approved highly of all that had been done; promised to communicate the -particulars, and the queen's reply to his associates; and requested Mr. -Wraxall to hold himself in readiness to return to Celle. - -During the next six days the couple contrived to meet several times, -though in the meanwhile the baron made excursions into Holstein, in order -to lay before his friends the state of the business, and to concert the -most judicious means for carrying it on to the desired completion. On -October 23, Mr. Wraxall received from him his instructions for his second -journey to Celle. They were, as before, only verbal, and the agent was -empowered to commit them to paper when he should arrive there, observing -the same precautions in receiving them back. They were to the following -effect:-- - -"That the Danish nobility were grateful for, and perfectly satisfied -with, the answer made by her Majesty to their proposals, and that they -should proceed, in consequence, to concert measures for executing at a -proper time the intended revolution in her favour. That Baron von Bülow, -in addition to his own name, and that of young Baron von Schimmelmann, -was empowered to vouch for Count von Laurvig, his father-in-law, the -viceroy of Norway, who was to secure that kingdom and its capital, -Christiania, for the queen. That old Baron von Schimmelmann, though he -refused to take any active part in the enterprise, or to risk by any -overt act his safety and fortune, was sincerely attached to the cause. -That the governor of Glückstadt, one of the most important places and -fortresses in Holstein, was disposed to aid the queen. That Rendsburg, -the key of the duchy of Schleswig, would open its gates, as the party had -secret adherents in the garrison, who would declare themselves, when it -should prove necessary. - -"That their friends were numerous and powerful in the army, the navy, -the guards, in the metropolis, and even about the person of the king -himself. But, that they besought her Majesty to repose on the honour -and assurances given by Baron von Bülow, as representing the party, -and entreated her not to insist on the disclosure of their names--a -disclosure which could be of little or no advantage or gratification -to her, and which might be fatal to them. That they unanimously and -earnestly requested her to write to the King of England immediately, and -confide the letter to their agent, urging the indispensable necessity of -his sending a minister to the court of Copenhagen, where there was then -only a resident, and authorizing such minister to declare, at the time -when the counter-revolution was being effected, that the King of Great -Britain was acquainted with it, approved of it, and would maintain it -with all his power. - -"That, as considerable expenses must necessarily be incurred in -conducting and executing a project of such magnitude and importance, they -hoped that the King of Great Britain, if he approved of the attempt to -restore his sister, would be graciously pleased to assist the persons -engaged in her cause with some immediate pecuniary assistance. They -besought the queen to recommend this object to her brother. That during -the winter they would perform everything for striking the blow, and -would, if the answer from England were favourable, proceed to execute it -as soon in the ensuing spring as the two Belts should be free from ice, -and the communication open between the island of Seeland and the mainland -of Jütland. - -"That they hoped her Majesty would be pleased to communicate to Baron von -Bülow the tenor of her letter to the King of England, as on his reply, -in a great measure, depended the progress and success of the enterprise. -Baron von Bülow particularly enjoined Mr. Wraxall to ask the queen -whether she would consent to quit Celle and repair to Altona in disguise, -if such a step should at a future time be thought expedient or necessary." - -Previous to Mr. Wraxall's departure from Hamburg, he agreed on a meeting -with Baron von Bülow, on October 28, at a posthouse in the wood of -Zährendorf, a solitary hamlet nearly equi-distant from Celle and Altona. -It was settled, that on leaving Celle, Mr. Wraxall should repair to -Zährendorf, _en route_ to Holland, and that the baron, disguised as a -dealer in goods, should go to the same posthouse, without any attendant. -As two travellers, it would be easy to meet and to pass some hours -together, in so unfrequented a place, during the night. - -This matter adjusted, Mr. Wraxall set out on October 23rd, but, in -order to elude suspicion from passing the same road so frequently, he -took the Lüneburg road. Between three and four o'clock in the morning -of the 26th he reached the gates of Celle, and, after making use of -the name suggested by the queen, drove round to the little inn in the -suburbs. Baron von Seckendorf having set out on that very morning to pay -a visit to Hanover, Mr. Wraxall was obliged to send an express to him, -acquainting him with his arrival, and requesting his immediate return. -After which, Mr. Wraxall remained concealed in the inn the whole day, and -employed himself in drawing up his despatch to her Majesty. - -Early on the following morning the baron entered Mr. Wraxall's room, -and informed him, to his no small satisfaction, that the Princess of -Brunswick was not then in Celle. Mr. Wraxall delivered his letters for -the queen, which the baron went immediately to the castle to deliver. -About four hours after he returned, and desired Mr. Wraxall to go without -the loss of a moment to the Jardin François, a large garden without the -city belonging to the Elector of Hanover, where her Majesty would go -to meet him. He had not arrived there more than ten minutes when the -queen drove up in her coach. She sent away the carriage and all her -attendants, except one lady, who remained the whole time. The interview -lasted about an hour, during the greater part of which they walked in -one of the private vistas of the garden. Toward the end of it, the queen -took Mr. Wraxall into a pavilion where a dessert of fruit was laid, and -he then withdrew by her Majesty's permission.[50] The substance of the -conversation was of so important a nature that I feel bound to quote it -_in extenso_. - - * * * * * - -Having attentively perused the letter which I had written to her in the -name and by order of the Danish nobility, she was perfectly satisfied -with it in every particular. That the persons named as engaged in the -cause were sufficient to inspire confidence, and that, relying in a -special manner on the attachment, zeal, and talents of Baron von Bülow, -she would dispense with his divulging the names of any more of his -associates. That in compliance equally with their desire and with her -own wishes, she would, without loss of time, write to her brother. That, -if the time permitted, she would readily give in a copy of her intended -letter to be shown Baron von Bülow for his satisfaction, and that of his -friends; but that, as my interview with him in the wood of Zährendorf was -to take place on the following day, and could not be postponed, she must -of necessity delay writing the letter. That she would, therefore, send -it by the royal Hanoverian courier, who would set out for London in two -days, a conveyance, the expedition and safety of which might be relied on. - -That, by so doing, his Britannic Majesty would not only be apprised -of my intended arrival, but also of my errand, and, as she hoped, be -disposed to give me a prompt and favourable reply. That Baron von Bülow -might trust to her for writing with energy and earnestness. That she -would press her brother to send a minister to Copenhagen without delay, -and would, in a peculiar manner, urge the necessity of advancing to the -party engaged in her restoration a sum of money. That she thought Baron -von Bülow must know her well enough to be convinced that she was ready -to repair to her friends in any disguise that could be pointed out; but -she was persuaded the king her brother would never permit it. Still, she -added, could I come, or did I come disguised, nobody would know me, as I -am much altered since I was in Denmark. - -Her Majesty entered on the state of her own finances, and lamented to me -that the limited nature of her income, as well as some debts which she -had contracted in Holland, rendered it impossible for her to contribute -herself toward a cause in which she was so deeply interested. That she -had not any jewels, the Danes having taken from her everything of that -kind on her quitting Denmark. She was pleased to express her regret at -not having it in her power to give me any testimony of her approbation, -but she assured me of her future protection and recommendation to the -King of Great Britain. "You must," she said, "go very quietly to work -with my brother; if we manage with address, he will favour the attempt; -but it will be tacitly, not openly." - -Her Majesty gave me very minute instructions for my conduct, in case I -should have the honour to be admitted by the king to an audience in -London. She moreover charged me with some private and confidential things -relative to her sister, the Princess of Brunswick, which she enjoined me, -on no consideration, to impart to any one, except to the king himself, -and not even to him, unless I should see an opening to do it with a -prospect of good. - -On the mode and channel by which I should approach his Britannic Majesty, -she told me she had reflected seriously, and, after mature deliberation, -had determined on the following course:--That by the Hanoverian courier -she would write to Lord Suffolk, then secretary of state for the northern -department, and whose conduct toward her at the time of the revolution in -Denmark, she said, merited her utmost regard. That she would only say in -her letter to him, that "a gentleman, Mr. Wraxall, would shortly wait on -him, charged, on her part, with a very secret and important commission. -That she requested him to give credit to everything communicated to him -by Mr. Wraxall, and, above all, to aid and accelerate by every means in -his power the object of that commission." - -As, however, it might be, she conceived, more grateful to the king, -her brother, that a negotiation so delicate and so peculiar should be -transacted through a private, rather than through a public, channel; she -likewise determined to write, by the Hanoverian courier, to the Baron -von Lichtenstein. That nobleman, who occupied the post of marshal of the -court of Hanover, was, she said, then on a visit to England. He had the -honour to be much distinguished by the king, and he had given many proofs -of his devotion to her interests; she, therefore, would write to him to -the same effect as to Lord Suffolk, leaving me at liberty, according -to my discretion, to apply to either on my arrival in London, but -preferring, as far as regarded her own predilection, the medium of Lord -Suffolk. She enjoined me, further, to write to her after I had met Baron -von Bülow, and likewise from England, only observing, in both cases, the -precaution of enclosing my letters, under cover, to Baron von Seckendorf. - - * * * * * - -During the evening, Mr. Wraxall called on Baron von Seckendorf, from -whom be received a minute of the proposed letter to the King of England, -sent by the queen, which he would communicate to Baron von Bülow. At -ten o'clock at night, Mr. Wraxall started for Zährendorf, which place -he reached in the ensuing afternoon. A short time before nightfall, the -baron arrived, dressed as a tradesman, in an open post-waggon. The couple -passed more than eight hours together. Mr. Wraxall gave the baron the -documents; the latter approved of every measure taken, and authorized -Mr. Wraxall to assure the queen so by letter, as well as to renew to -her, in the name of the party, every possible protestation of zeal and -adherence. He also begged Mr. Wraxall to hasten back from England as soon -as he could, and to be assured of the gratitude of those persons in whose -service he was engaged.[51] - -About one in the morning the baron and Mr. Wraxall parted. Previous -to the separation, the latter received a cypher for the future -correspondence, which it was agreed should be carried on under cover -to Mr. le Texier, as less likely to excite suspicion, and that all Mr. -Wraxall's letters should be addressed to Mr. Matthiesen, at Hamburg. -The baron then returned to Altona, by the same conveyance which had -brought him, and the next morning Mr. Wraxall started for England _viâ_ -Osnabrück. In the latter city he had a trifling adventure, which seems -extracted from Casanova's Memoirs. I will give it in his own words:-- - -"I walked over the town, and returned to dinner at four. At about six -my servant announced a "gentleman," who would do himself the honour of -speaking to me. He came in, sat down, and stayed an hour. He requested -me to sup with him and Monsieur le Comte de Marazzani and his lady. I -excused myself on account of fatigue. He spoke English, French, Russian, -Italian, Latin: he was young, apparently of my own age. Finding I would -not accept his invitation, he took leave, first telling me he was the -Baron de Stampe, a German nobleman. I was, I must own, a little surprised -at his visit and manner of introducing himself--'twas odd! - -"_Tuesday_, _November_ 1.--I went, at about nine, to visit the count, -countess, and baron. 'Twas a miserable apartment I was shown into. Madame -la Comtesse was a little woman, very young, pretty in face, and her -complexion fair. I kissed her hand, and must avow she had a very fine -hand. They pressed me to stay dinner, or at least to remain in Osnabrück -till two or three o'clock, after which time they would, if necessary, -submit to losing me. I saw at once the deception. She squeezed my hand, -and added a thousand pressing instances to induce me to stay. I pleaded -urgent business. The count insisted on accompanying me to the inn, and -would not be refused. When we arrived, he walked in, told me in a few -words that he just then was in need of a little money, that his letters -of credit were not arrived, that his servant had stolen seventy guineas -and his lady's gold watch; that, therefore, he must request me to lend -him a few ducats. I pitied him, and, had my fortunes been sufficient, -would not have hesitated an instant to have _given_ him what he asked. -But I could not, for I had not even enough to permit me diminishing my -stock, and most frankly told him so. He reasoned the point, pressed, -requested, but 'twas impossible to comply, so he very politely took -leave, promising to visit me in England. I might, I am convinced, have -received the payment from Madame la Comtesse--_there_ was the temptation, -but with such adventurers was too dangerous. They might have served me a -worse trick than Don Raphael and Lamela did by poor Gil Blas, and I might -have had more reason to remember the Countess Marazzani than he had Doña -Camilla. 'Twas a droll adventure: doubtless their intention was to have -won my money by cards or love." - -On November 13, Mr. Wraxall embarked from Helvoetsluys, and arrived at -Harwich on the following day. To quote his own words: "This day shall -ever be sacred in my calendar. I had now finished my tour through the -northern kingdoms, and was once more in my native country, after being -absent seven months and three days, from the 10th of April last. I -returned thanks to the protecting gods who had carried me, unhurt, -through so many barbarous nations and Polar regions." - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 47: Eldest sister of H.R.H. Caroline, Princess of Wales.] - -[Footnote 48: I found this anecdote carefully preserved among my -grandfather's papers. The person who wrote it down for him, added, "Tout -cœur capable de sentiment, pourra imaginer combien dans la situation -de la jeune Reine, si digne d'un meilleur sort, des scènes pareilles -devoient être attendrissantes, et à quel point on devoit être touché -et pénétré d'admiration, en voyant que ce n'étoit pas le Faste, les -grandeurs, ce trône, l'objet de l'ambition, même des plus grands heros: -mais l'éloignement de sa famille royale, et ses retours sur la situation -de celle ci, qui étoient la source de cette douleur et de ces larmes -d'autant plus amères qu'elle les cachait avec le plus grand soin." This -opinion my readers will assuredly endorse.] - -[Footnote 49: My narrative is made up from the "Private Journal" already -mentioned, and a MS. entitled an "Historical Narrative of the Attempt to -Restore the Queen." In the former, my grandfather gives the following -account of the proposition:--"A momentary astonishment covered me, but -it neither altered my cheek nor faltered on my tongue. I felt in the -most unbounded degree where it might lead. I was conscious where it must -lead. I felt myself born for the achievement, and I ardently embraced it. -'Yes,' _I_ said in reply, 'I am the man you seek; give me the commission; -I am ready in a day, an hour, a minute. My life, my labour,--dispose of -them as your own. Enthusiasm I shall not want in such a cause so noble, -so honourable to me.' 'It is well,' he said. 'I am satisfied; wait till -this evening, or, at latest, to-morrow. You shall see and talk with this -person. At the Comédie Française we meet this night. Adieu.'"] - -[Footnote 50: In the "Private Journal" I find: "We conversed most -closely, most familiarly, most unreservedly, more than an hour. Her -graciousness and goodness knew no bounds. She described (as to an equal) -the king, and her sister, the Princess of Brunswick, especially the -last. Her dress was very simple and plain. It could scarce be more so." -From the minutes of this conversation, I also find that the queen told -my grandfather that three emissaries had reached her from Copenhagen. -The first was a Dane of the name of Guldenstern, about a year and a half -previously; the second mentioned the name of Count Holstein; he was a -musician, and named some of the bourgeoisie, whom she had never heard of. -The third came about a year before, but his communication was nothing.] - -[Footnote 51: The "Private Journal" adds:--"Toward eleven at night, as -we had finished business, our discourse took another turn, and fell on -the Danish affairs. The baron gave me a most interesting and masterly -account of Struensee's administration, his character, and his history. -He explained the manner in which he acquired his Majesty's graces, and -how he kept possession of them. He gave me the relation of the plot -for massacring them all at the "_Bœuf roti_," and how they escaped it. -He passed to the fatal night when the two counts were arrested, and -the wonderful incident of the tea-party, which Madame de Schimmelmann -broke off by her refusal. He ended with his own arrest and honorary -exile. 'Twas a relation to listen to; and I devoured his words. They are -inerasable from my memory."] - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -'TWIXT THE CUP AND THE LIP. - - BARON VON LICHTENSTEIN--THE KING'S INSTRUCTIONS--THE ANSWER - FROM HAMBURG--THE FOUR ARTICLES--A TERRIBLE JOURNEY--ARRIVAL - AT CELLE--INTERVIEW WITH THE QUEEN--BARON VON SECKENDORF--THE - ANSWER FROM COPENHAGEN--THE APPEAL TO GEORGE III.--THE - COUNTER-REVOLUTION--ANOTHER VISIT TO CELLE--THE LAST INTERVIEW--THE - QUEEN'S GRATITUDE--RETURN TO LONDON--WAITING FOR THE ANSWER--A SUDDEN - BLOW. - - -As the queen, in her instructions to Mr. Wraxall at Celle, had left it -entirely at his option, on his arrival in London, to wait either on -Lord Suffolk or Baron von Lichtenstein, though expressing a degree of -preference for the former, he went, on November 15, to Lord Suffolk's -residence in Downing Street. Being admitted, a private secretary -requested Mr. Wraxall to inform him of the nature of his business: Lord -Suffolk not only being confined to his bed-chamber by gout, but unable, -from the violence of his disorder, to see any one. Mr. Wraxall informed -him, in answer, that as his business was of a nature which could only be -communicated to Lord Suffolk in person, he would call again in a day or -two, by which time his lordship might be able to see him. - -Conceiving it, however, injudicious to lose a moment that could be -avoided in opening the object of his mission, Mr. Wraxall went directly -to the lodgings of Baron von Lichtenstein, in Chidleigh Court, Pall Mall. -The baron was at home, and so soon as the agent acquainted him with -his name, he expressed his satisfaction at Mr. Wraxall's arrival; he -produced the queen's letter announcing the intended visitor, and assured -the latter that it would be as much his wish as he felt it his duty to -comply with the Queen of Denmark's commands. He added, that so soon as -Mr. Wraxall should have put him in possession of the necessary facts, he -would endeavour to find an occasion for laying the whole matter before -the king. - -Mr. Wraxall informed the baron of his having been at Lord Suffolk's -house, but that he had not seen his lordship on account of his -indisposition. The baron entreated him not to call again on Lord Suffolk -till he should have seen his Majesty, and taken his pleasure on that -point, which he promised to do, as far as depended on himself, without -delay. In a long and confidential conversation, Mr. Wraxall laid before -the baron the proposals made to the queen by the Danish nobility, her -answer, and the objects intended to be effected by his present errand to -George III. The baron reiterated his assurances of co-operating toward -their success, and fixed a day for Mr. Wraxall coming again to him, to -know how he had proceeded in the business. - -Three days afterwards, the two gentlemen had a second interview, when -the baron stated that he had conversed with his Majesty at the queen's -house on the matter; that he had to communicate to Mr. Wraxall, in the -first place, the king's positive injunctions not to mention the object of -his journey and negotiations to Lord Suffolk, but to consider him (Baron -von Lichtenstein) as the sole medium through which all matters relative -thereto were to pass to the king. His Majesty had received the queen his -sister's letters by the Hanoverian courier, and would maturely consider -their contents before he should give any answer to them. To prevent any -reflections on the part of the court of Copenhagen at his having seen and -conversed with an agent of the Danish nobility and the queen, in case -that the present attempt were either discovered or found unsuccessful, -the king judged it fit not to admit Mr. Wraxall to a personal interview. -It was therefore his pleasure that Mr. Wraxall should communicate to him -on paper, through Baron von Lichtenstein, every circumstance touching the -business; explaining the causes and reasons which had induced the exiled -nobility at Altona to confide to his honour so secret and delicate a -matter. - -His Majesty also desired to know from Mr. Wraxall the names of the -principal persons concerned in the enterprise, and the precise time, -mode, and place, when and by which they proposed to accomplish the -queen's restoration. Baron von Lichtenstein added, that his Majesty -manifested favourable dispositions, but would give no opinion till he was -enabled to judge of the means possessed by the queen's adherents to carry -their proposals into effect. - -Thus commanded, Mr. Wraxall sat down and drew up a statement of the -whole transaction, going into every point suggested by the king. In -so doing, he pointed out, to the best of his judgment or information, -the manner in which the queen's adherents had laid their plan for the -counter-revolution. Mr. Wraxall, however, was compelled to avow his -ignorance of many parts of their future plan, either as having never -been entrusted to him, or as being in their own nature incapable of -arrangement till the time of their accomplishment approached. Mr. Wraxall -transmitted this paper to the king through Baron von Lichtenstein. - -On October 5, Mr. Wraxall received the king's answer to the propositions, -which the baron communicated to him. It was verbal, and to the following -effect:-- - -"His Majesty, relying on the means possessed by the Danish nobility -attached to the queen his sister to effect her restoration, and having -thoroughly considered their plans, consented to and approved of the -intended attempt in her favour. But the existing treaties between the two -courts of Copenhagen and St. James's did not allow him to lend any direct -assistance toward its execution. He, therefore, would not advance any -money at present, though he would not object to guarantee the restitution -of the sums necessarily expended in his sister's restoration, after the -completion of the enterprise. Finally, he should not be induced by any -entreaties of the queen, or by the applications of the Danish nobility, -to affix his signature to a paper promising aid, or even expressing his -approbation of the attempt itself."[52] - -By Baron von Lichtenstein's advice, Mr. Wraxall transmitted on the -following day this answer of the king to Baron von Bülow, in cypher: -desiring directions for his future conduct. Mr. Wraxall also communicated -it to the queen and to Baron von Seckendorf. From the latter, he received -an answer on January 3, 1775, expressing the queen's satisfaction at the -king's consent, though she regretted the qualifications which accompanied -it. - -In consequence of Baron von Bülow's absence from Hamburg, and other -impediments, Mr. Wraxall did not receive his answer till January 20, -1775: it was very short, and in cypher. The baron conjured Mr. Wraxall -not to lose a moment in returning to Hamburg with the king's approbation -of their conduct, authenticated in whatever way might be practicable. -He added, that his friends were busied in preparing everything for the -expected blow, and that their anticipations of success were sanguine.[53] -This letter Mr. Wraxall communicated at once to Baron von Lichtenstein, -and its contents were laid before the king. - -On January 23, Baron von Lichtenstein informed Mr. Wraxall that the king -would despatch him, in a few days, to Celle and Hamburg, adding, that he -had reason to believe his Majesty intended to empower him (Lichtenstein) -to sign certain articles, of which Mr. Wraxall should be the bearer, -and which would, in a great measure, satisfy the Danish nobility. It -was not till February 2 that Mr. Wraxall received his final orders and -despatches; they were delivered to him by the baron, and consisted of a -letter from the king to his sister, together with a paper containing four -articles. The baron drew these up in Mr. Wraxall's presence; after which -he affixed his seal and signature to them, as representing the King of -Great Britain. The articles were to the following effect:-- - -_First._ His Britannic Majesty gives his consent and approval to the plan -concerted by the adherents of his sister, the Queen of Denmark, for -restoring her to the throne. - -_Secondly._ His Britannic Majesty insists that, in the execution of it, -no blood be spilled, nor any measures of severity exercised toward the -present administration in Denmark, except such as are indispensable to -maintain the counter-revolution. - -_Thirdly._ His Britannic Majesty guarantees the repayment of all the -money advanced or expended in the necessary prosecution of the Queen of -Denmark's revolution. - -_Fourthly._ His Britannic Majesty will authorize and empower his Resident -at the court of Copenhagen to declare, in the most public manner, so -soon as the revolution in favour of the queen is accomplished, that the -King of Great Britain approves of it, and will maintain it against all -opposition. - -Baron von Lichtenstein, when he had placed in Mr. Wraxall's hands these -articles, which the latter saw him seal up, and place in a cover without -an address, signified to him his Majesty's pleasure that he should set -out on the following day for Celle. After delivering his letter to the -queen, and the articles, signed in his name, for her perusal, Mr. Wraxall -would receive the latter back from the queen, and proceed with them to -the Danish nobility at Hamburg. - -Accordingly, on the afternoon of February 3, 1775, Mr. Wraxall left -London, embarked at Harwich, and landed at Helvoetsluys on the evening -of the 6th. Passing through Holland by Utrecht and Deventer, he arrived -on Sunday morning, the 12th, at daybreak, at the bank of the little -river Dinckel, which divides the provinces of Over-Yssel from the circle -of Westphalia. From this point, the "Private Journal" shall speak for -itself, until the traveller arrives at Celle:-- - - * * * * * - -_February_ 12_th._--I arrived at the house near the bank of the Dinckel -as day broke: here I found the royal courier, who came over in the same -packet with me from England. He had arrived here on Friday morning, but -the waters were so deep that he had not dared to attempt the passage, -with two carts laden with boxes and coffers. The inn was misery itself: -oxen, pigs, men, and women all together. The courier assured me, that if -he had not provided himself with provisions very amply, he should have -been almost starved, nothing being procurable from the people. When I -had drunk my chocolate, we walked forward half a quarter of a mile, to -reconnoitre the spot, and see if it was practicable to pass over. After -a long debate, the landlord of the house offered, for a few stivers, to -mount one of the four horses, and endeavour to conduct us through it. -In consequence of this resolution, they raised my trunks, by putting -straw and turf under them to move them five feet from the surface of the -ground, to prevent the water from spoiling my clothes. They would have -persuaded me to get up behind the carriage, as, in case it overturned, -I might then have easily disengaged myself; but, notwithstanding, I got -in: as to my clothes and linen, I trusted them cheerfully to fortune, -and only reserved the letter with which I was charged, which I carried -in my bosom, resolved that it should not perish, except with myself. We -drove off about noon from the inn. When we came to the place, the two -fore horses plunged in; the water was as high as their backs, how much -deeper it might be I cannot pretend to say, as they immediately swam: -the carriage floated likewise, and the horses drew it about twelve or -fourteen paces in this manner, when we touched ground, and all the danger -was over. Had there been a very violent stream or had not the horses done -their part, the chaise must have inevitably been overturned--nothing -could have saved it. - -* * * * * * Continuing my route from Bentheim, -I got in the evening at about eight o'clock to -Rheine. The roads were terrible, and I trembled -continually for my own and my servant's safety. The -moon, however, was our protection, and under her -auspices and guidance we arrived safe. We passed -through another small river, which was swollen with -the rains to the breadth of three or four hundred -paces. Happily, however, the depth was not above -three or four feet, and we got through without any -accident. The country all round us was deluged -with water, and scarce appeared like land. Rheine -is a small town belonging to the bishopric of Münster, -not fortified, though surrounded with old walls. -The postmaster appeared to be an obliging man, and -the horses being ready, I set out at about ten o'clock -at night. I had not driven more than a mile from the -place when the carriage overturned; my servant's -hand was cut by the glasses, which broke in pieces, -but I escaped unhurt. The horses stood still, without -attempting to drag the chaise, which, had they done, -the consequences to us must have been very fatal, as -some minutes elapsed ere we could get out at the -windows. - -I despatched my servant back to the town for assistance, and the -postilion to a neighbouring village on the same errand, while I remained -alone with the carriage. My servant returned first, after an hour's -absence, with an old man, the postmaster not choosing, or not being -willing, to afford him any more help. We waited, therefore, for the -postilion, who came at length, to our great joy, with four villagers, -by whose endeavours we raised the carriage up once more, and returned -to Rheine about midnight. I am most fully of opinion that the postilion -did it purposely, and probably by his master's orders. The postmaster's -behaviour justified this conjecture: he neither blamed the man, nor -promised me any satisfaction; he only told me I had better forget it, -and go to bed in his house. I did so, for what other course could I -take in a country where I spoke the language very imperfectly, and in -which I was absolutely at their mercy? To proceed without glasses at -this season of the year, in the night, was not agreeable; and even if I -would, the postmaster said he could give me no other postilion till the -next morning, and to set out with the same would have been madness. I -was tempted to severely chastise the driver myself, but the consequences -which might have ensued deterred me. So I lay down in a miserable -apartment, as large as an Egyptian hall, where the winds whistled in -every corner. I made my servant lie in the same room, and held my pistols -ready, but all was very tranquil during the night. Why the landlord -should wish to overset my carriage, unless to make me return, and get a -couple of guilders for my lodging, I do not know, but I am convinced it -was a concerted affair. - -_February_ 13_th._--The morning began most inauspiciously. It rained very -hard, and blew with equal violence. I thought of the poor courier, who -would be prevented by it from passing the Dinckel. I set out once more -at eight o'clock from Rheine in this dismal weather and without glasses, -not any being procurable at the place. It was, indeed, a terrifying view -on all sides, and resembled a deluge or inundation. I recommended myself -to God, and comforted myself by the thought that I undertook the journey -in the service of my royal mistress. That I was not repeatedly overturned -was almost a miracle; and had I been so in the great pieces of standing -water through which I passed, the consequences might have been of the -worst sort. I crossed the little river Aá, which was likewise swollen -by the rain to a considerable size. I got at one o'clock to Ippenburen; -from this place I had only eighteen miles to Osnabrück, but the road -was so horribly bad that all I had yet seen sunk before it. A peasant -who accompanied us on foot about four miles from Ippenburen supported -the carriage at different places with his hands, or we must have been -overset. The torrents of rain which had fallen made the highway so soft -that the wheels sank up to the axletrees at every step. There were -great holes made in the middle of the road large enough to take a man -and horse. In other places it was so rough, I expected each moment that -the axletrees, wheels, or brancards must go to pieces. We crossed two -very dangerous waters by moonlight, in one of which a single inch more -on one side must have precipitated us into a river, where we should, I -think, have been both inevitably drowned. How we escaped and got safe to -Osnabrück I do not know. In the bitterness of my heart, tired with such -incessantly-repeated dangers and vexations, I cursed the errand, and -swore that I would never again undertake a journey through Westphalia -in the winter, let the inducement be what it would; but this was only -momentary, and _now_ I am ready, at my sovereign's command, to return -through all if it should be necessary. 'Twas near ten o'clock at night -when I reached Osnabrück, to my no small comfort. I was fatigued and -sore with the continued shaking of the carriage; I wanted glasses to my -chaise; I wanted repose; so I determined to stay the night. - -The landlord of the inn, after congratulating me on my safe arrival, -implored me not to attempt to pass the river Weser at Stolzenau, which -is the straight road to Hanover, but rather to go round ten miles by -Minden, where there is a bridge across it. He showed me a letter he had -just received from there, which said that the Weser was swollen to a -prodigious size; that twenty-two dead bodies had been taken up at the -bridge, floating on the water; that the danger of passing in a boat was -extreme, and the inundation beyond any ever remembered. This induced me, -though reluctantly, to take his advice as the safest, or at least the -most certain in every point of view. - -About one o'clock in the afternoon I left Osnabrück, and arrived at -Boomele, which is fifteen miles distant, at six. The road was, if -possible, yet worse than all I had hitherto seen or passed, but of a -different kind, in some measure. There were no dangerous waters or -rivers; but such numbers of stones, and of so prodigious a size, that -it appeared astonishing in the highest degree that the carriage was not -totally demolished by them. I started at eight for Diepenau, which is -twenty English miles, but did not arrive there till half-past five the -next morning. I had here occasion for all my courage to support me. -The postmaster obliged me to take six horses, and they were indeed -most necessary. The country was all covered with water like a lake; and -I passed through a horse-pond, where I expected every instant to be -overset, and in which the horses were almost up to their shoulders. At -length we came to two vast hollows, not less than four-and-twenty feet -deep, and in which a great quantity of water had collected. Here I got -out, as did my servant. The postilions carried us on their shoulders -through it, the carriage followed, but I never expected to see it come -out, at least, without being broken to pieces. It did get through, -notwithstanding, to my astonishment; yet, at many other places I dreaded -every instant to be overturned at the hazard of my life. Still, I -proceeded, encouraged by the moon, which shone very brightly, and was -indeed my protectress amid so many and so repeated dangers. Yet the -continued anxiety of mind which prevented me from closing my eyes, and -the violent exercise of the body in such horrid roads--if roads they -could with propriety be called--at length wearied and fatigued me beyond -belief. I wished to be at the end of my journey. I wished I had never -undertaken it; I almost lost that animating principle, that enthusiasm -and hope, which had borne me up and made me with joy devote myself to -every untoward accident. In a word, I felt that I could brave death, but -not mental and corporeal agitation unusually continued. But what could I -do? I had passed the Rubicon. - -_Wednesday, February_ 15_th._--In this frame of mind, after waiting from -five till three for horses at Diepenau, I again got into the carriage; -where to go, however, I really knew not. There were only three roads -to choose. If I went to Minden, which was only ten miles distant, I -could indeed get there and pass the Weser by the bridge; but then they -were unanimously agreed that the road from Minden to Hanover was not -practicable, or to be attempted. I would have gone north to Nienburg, and -have passed the Weser by _that_ bridge, but it was impossible; the Weser -had inundated the road, overflowed the bridge, left holes big enough to -hold a house in the highway; and there were at this time more than two -hundred carts belonging to the peasants which could not get out of the -town. The last resource was to go on straight to Stolzenau, and attempt, -at all events, to cross by boat to Leese on the eastern side. I embraced -this last proposal in consequence of the courier's advice, and followed -his waggons. While I was meditating on so many vexatious circumstances, -and going slowly along the pavé in the village of Diepenau, unsuspicious -at that moment of any immediate accident or danger, the postilion turned -the carriage short round a corner and flung it into a deep ditch. By a -good fortune, however, which never totally abandoned me, the chaise just -being in equilibrium, and a peasant running up came just at the instant -it was tumbling over, and supported it with the greatest difficulty with -his hands till more assistance arrived. - -I must own, I thought myself lost, and do assuredly believe that, if the -chaise had fallen over, the violence must have broken it in pieces, and -both myself and my valet would in all probability have been cut most -miserably, or been possibly killed on the spot. I jumped out of the -carriage the instant I could. I drew my hanger, and, in the transports of -my resentment, I should most assuredly have made the postilion remember, -as long as he lived, his carelessness; but the fellow was gone far beyond -my reach long even before I could get out. The villagers helped out -the chaise, and happily no material injury was done it. This provoking -accident filled up the measure of my vexations. To have my life and -limbs every moment in extreme danger--to suffer by roads, by villany, by -heedlessness, by water, by a train of obstacles which increased instead -of diminishing--the river Weser before me, and yet to be passed--I lost -all patience, I believe I shed tears of anger and sorrow. "In the name -of Heaven!" I said to myself, "am I destined to perish in one of these -confounded ditches? And is this message, for which I so eagerly wished, -to be the last I shall ever carry?" - -I trembled as I once more entered the carriage, which I began to think -was no other than my coffin. Another postilion mounted, and I fairly -told him that if he overset me I would put him to death on the spot, -whatever consequences might ensue. I abandoned myself to fortune; worn -and oppressed by such continued exertions, my senses sank under it, and -though in momentary expectation of being again overturned, I yet fell -asleep for a few minutes. I arrived safe, notwithstanding, at Stolzenau, -and walked down, accompanied by the courier, to view the Weser. What -a sight! it was more than a mile and a half wide, and ran with vast -rapidity. The meadows, the very hedges all under water, and extending -quite to the village of Leese on the other side. I was determined, if I -died, to attempt the passage. I agreed instantly with some boatmen to -take me and my carriage over in a boat. They would not go that night, but -agreed to carry me to-morrow morning at six o'clock. So I shall see some -end to my misadventures. I write this from Stolzenau. The courier left -all his waggons, for it was totally impossible to get them over in any -manner, and went away with his letters only to Hanover in a small boat. -I wrote to Baron von Seckendorf by him, telling him where I was, and my -resolution, my fixed determination, at all events, to cross to-morrow, -for I preferred anything to remaining in a vile inn, in a horrid village, -with the Weser in full view. At this moment my mind has somewhat -recovered, and I am calm and tranquil--yet some termination I will see to -these cursed disasters. And now for some rest. Sleep will, I doubt not, -be the kindest friend and restorer to me in nature. - -_February_ 16.--Why should I quarrel so with fortune? why complain, -when as yet she smiles upon me? True, the roads are terrible, and the -dangers numerous beyond belief; but am I not already past the worst, and -hastening to a queen? This reflection ought to be alone sufficient in -every situation. - -I got into my carriage, which was placed in a little boat, at about -seven in the morning, and, leaving Stolzenau, in about an hour and a -half I reached the opposite dry land, and set my foot again on shore. I -passed through meadows and fields, where the tops of the hedges and the -trees began to appear above the surface of the water for nearly a mile, -perhaps more. The inundation was amazingly extensive, and reminded me of -Deucalion's deluge. It cost me, I think, about a ducat to cross over from -Stolzenau. The water reached to about a quarter of a mile from Leese, -where the post is situate. I proceeded, as soon as I had drunk my coffee, -for Hanover, and got to Hazelberg, which is twelve miles from Leese, at -about three in the afternoon. The weather was beautiful, but the road -tremendous. I know not by what continued series of fortunate chances -we were not upset. I continued my journey, and arrived safe at Hanover -at about ten at night. This part of the Electorate, from the Weser to -Hanover, is the most beautiful I have seen, and finely cultivated; but -of all the roads conceivable, none ever, I believe, exceeded this in -badness. I drove in continual danger of my life, and, really, several -times, in the deep waters through which I passed, prepared myself for -instant death. - -_February_ 17.--I left Hanover about noon, and took the road for Zell. -I do not believe the whole distance is more than twenty-two or three -English miles, though it is called five German ones. I arrived at Engsen, -which is exactly half way, as night set in. The road was still the same; -it was not worse, but one can hardly say it was better. I waited for -the moon to rise, and then proceeded for Zell. I arrived there at ten -o'clock, but that I ever did arrive is wonderful. One half of the road -from Engsen, which is five miles, lay almost entirely through water, and -in many places so deep, so wide, and so long, as might have inspired -terror in the boldest heart; but my near approach to the place of my -destination gave me courage, and supported me through everything. Once, -though, we were just lost in the water. The carriage balanced, and the -balance was in our favour. I thought of William Rufus crossing into -Normandy, and the boatmen. "Rascals," said he, "did you ever know a king -drowned?" "Was ever," I thought, "young man drowned in sight of his -port?" I drove to the same inn where I had been concealed before, and -gave the same name to the guard. - - * * * * * - -On the following morning, Mr. Wraxall acquainted Baron von Seckendorf -with his arrival. The latter received the agent with the warmest marks -of joy and gladness, informed him that her Majesty, who was apprised of -his arrival by the name given at the gates, expected him with impatience, -and that she had already taken measures to admit him to an audience that -same afternoon. "When you hear the palace clock strike four," the baron -said, "set out from the inn, on foot, for the castle. Mantel, the queen's -valet, will wait to receive you, and conduct you to her." - -Mr. Wraxall delivered to the baron the despatches for her Majesty, and -went at the appointed hour to the palace. Mantel was waiting, and carried -him round the great court through a number of apartments to a room, where -he was left alone. At one end of it was a staircase communicating with -the queen's chamber. In a minute afterwards, Caroline Matilda came in, -and her reception of her agent was most gracious. The account of the -interview shall be told from the "Journal:"-- - -"We conversed till about ten minutes past six, entirely alone, and in -the most unreserved, undisguised manner. Her Majesty made me the recital -of her reign, of the revolution, of her own conduct on that fatal night -when she lost her crown. I listened in silence and astonishment. What -an avowal, what a recapitulation did she not make me! Her words are -for ever graven on my heart. I could repeat her story almost verbatim. -I know what scarce any other man on earth _can_ know. I must own, her -unreserve, her goodness, her minute detail of circumstances the most -concealed in their nature, my situation quite alone with her, superadded -to some consciousness still more affecting, made me more than once forget -I was talking to a queen. She was dressed in a brown silk Polonaise, -trimmed with green silk. Her hair powdered. A locket on her bosom. -Her under-lip is too large, but her teeth are fine, and that family -violence in speaking becomes her. Her nose is finely shaped, and her -eyes are eloquent. She is thinner in the face than she was last October. -She showed me his Majesty's letters to her, and permitted me to carry -an extract from one away with me. She was obliged to leave me soon -after six, which, otherwise, she seemed in no way inclined to do. Her -talents are very good, and in mimicry she excels. Her specimen of Prince -Frederick of Denmark was excellent. She went, and I remained ten minutes -alone. The valet came again and conducted me to a distant chamber of the -palace, where the baron attended my coming. We conversed together till -near eight, then I returned home. The baron himself conducted me to a -private staircase, by which I descended into the great court, and thence, -under cover of the night, got home undiscovered. This was _one_ of the -singular days of my life!" - -Mr. Wraxall passed nearly the whole of the next day with Baron von -Seckendorf, who returned him the articles from the queen, enclosed in a -cover addressed by herself to Baron von Bülow, and sealed with her own -cypher. She also transmitted to him assurances calculated to confirm the -zeal of her adherents. Mr. Wraxall proceeded toward Hamburg on the same -night, though the country between it and Celle was almost everywhere -under water. Crossing the Elbe, he arrived at Hamburg on the evening of -February 21, 1775, after a hazardous and fatiguing journey. - -On the following day he wrote to Baron von Bülow, by means of Monsieur -le Texier, informing him of his return. The baron came to Mr. Wraxall on -February 23, about noon, and expressed great joy at his safe arrival. -The agent then delivered the papers containing the articles to the -baron, who perused them many times with the deepest attention. Of the -two first articles he expressed the highest approbation. He regretted -that the King of England would not advance any pecuniary assistance -toward accomplishing his sister's restoration. But he lamented much more -that the fourth article only stipulated or promised, on the part of his -Britannic Majesty, to avow the revolution _after it should be effected_, -instead of making that avowal _during the time that it should be actually -executing_. - -"We must, however," the baron exclaimed, "transmit the articles to our -associates at Copenhagen, and receive their reply. That alone can enable -us to form our determination respecting the line to be pursued." - -The baron then asked Mr. Wraxall if he should be willing to undertake -the commission of carrying the articles to Copenhagen, which he assured -him he would do at an hour's warning. After thanking the agent for so -unequivocal a proof of his attachment to the cause, and admonishing him -to be on his guard, as they were surrounded by spies, the baron left, -promising to return on the next day. - -When they met on the 24th, the baron informed Mr. Wraxall that, having -maturely reflected on the proposition he had made the latter of going to -Copenhagen, and having consulted two of his friends upon it, they were -unanimously of opinion not to hazard such an experiment. Mr. Wraxall -being known in that capital, his return to it must, in the present -state of affairs, excite inquiry, and might expose the enterprise -itself to discovery or suspicion. They had, therefore, already selected -for that commission a gentleman attached to the cause, who would set -out immediately. He would return with all possible despatch, but, as -the passage of the two Belts was always uncertain in winter, it might -probably require two, or even three, weeks to receive an answer. During -this time the baron requested Mr. Wraxall, in the name of the party, to -remain quietly in Hamburg. - -On March 14, Baron von Bülow came to Mr. Wraxall and informed him that -the expected answer from Copenhagen had arrived. "It is," he said, -"exactly such as I predicted and anticipated. Our friends had hoped that -his Britannic Majesty would have authorised his Resident to have come -forward _at the time that they were effecting_ the counter-revolution; -and that, as representing the king his sovereign, he would, in that -critical and decisive moment, have been empowered openly to avow and -justify it. This is the only request they make. They know that they are -powerful enough to _accomplish_ the queen's recall, but to maintain it -may be their difficulty." - -After a little further conversation, the baron added: - -"At the instant when the queen dowager and her son, Prince Frederick, -are put under confinement in their own apartments, when the principal -ministers are arrested, and the King of Denmark's order obtained for -Queen Matilda's immediate return to Copenhagen, all eyes will be turned -upon the conduct of the British Resident. If he shuts the gates of -his hôtel, and remains a silent or a passive spectator of so great a -change, men will naturally conceive that his court and his master are -unacquainted with, if not adverse to, the enterprise itself. It is even -possible that, encouraged by such inaction on the part of the English -representative, the adherents of the queen dowager may attempt, while -the counter-revolution is yet scarcely completed, to overturn it, or to -excite the populace of Copenhagen to insurrection. We may be the victims -of the King of England's reserve. - -"But if, on the contrary, while Queen Matilda's friends are achieving the -counter-revolution, the English Resident goes to the palace, avows his -master's approbation of it, and adds, that every attempt to overturn -it, or to impede his sister's recall, will excite the resentment of his -Britannic Majesty, who will support it, if necessary, by force: all ranks -of men will remain in profound submission. The party is, therefore, -determined to draw up a letter to the above effect, addressed to the King -of England in their joint names, and to limit their requests to this -single point. That granted, they are ready, without delay, to proceed to -action." - -Before they parted, it was settled that Baron von Bülow should draw up -the letter in question, and that as soon as matters were arranged Mr. -Wraxall should return once more to Celle, and thence to England. - -As George III. had made choice of Baron von Lichtenstein as the medium -through which all immediate communications to him on the subject of the -queen his sister should pass, it was highly important to apprise the -baron of this intention. Mr. Wraxall accordingly wrote to him on the -same day by the post, expressing in very few words that, on account of -some circumstances which had arisen, he would probably see Mr. Wraxall -again in London early in the ensuing month. The writer added, that if, -unfortunately, the baron should have quitted England before his return, -he relied on his leaving accurate directions in writing how to proceed in -the affair. Mr. Wraxall also wrote to Baron von Seckendorf, apprising him -that he might be expected again in Celle in a few days. - -On March 20, Baron von Bülow delivered Mr. Wraxall the letter for the -King of Great Britain. It was not signed by him or by any of the party, -on account of the danger incurred by such a signature. But it expressed -in very strong terms the united entreaties of the queen's adherents on -the single point already stated. This letter Mr. Wraxall was empowered to -deliver to the queen on his arrival at Celle, to request her to peruse -it, and afterwards to enclose it in a letter from herself to her brother, -supporting every argument contained in it by her entreaties. Mr. Wraxall -was, as on the two previous occasions, to draw up a letter to the queen, -and his further instructions for her were to the following effect:-- - -"To assure her Majesty, on the part of the Danish nobility engaged in -her cause, that they were unremittingly occupied in concerting measures -for her restoration. That they were so numerous and powerful a body, -possessed of such means, and inspired by motives so strong, as to render -their success almost infallible. That the consent of the King of Great -Britain to the only request preferred by them would, indeed, accelerate, -as his refusal might retard, the accomplishment of the projected -enterprise, but that nothing could prevent its ultimate execution. That -even a discovery of the design would not frustrate it; and that, if the -executioner should strike off ten heads or twenty, a number sufficient -would still survive to seat her on the throne. That the plan, when ripe, -would be carried into execution in the following manner:-- - -"On the day fixed, certain of them would repair to the palace, obtain -access to the king, and either induce or compel him to affix his name to -an instrument ready drawn up for the purpose. The instrument would simply -contain an order to the queen dowager to retire to her own apartment -till his further pleasure was known; and to Prince Frederick, to remove -to one of the palaces, probably that of Frederiksborg, about twenty -miles from Copenhagen. That at the same time, by virtue of a similar -order, the ministers would be dismissed or arrested; and a messenger -sent off to invite the queen to return, without an instant's delay, to -Denmark, to resume her proper rank and authority. That their measures -would be so well concerted and so rapidly executed as to produce the -counter-revolution in the space of one or two hours. - -"That they trusted, therefore, she, on her part, would repair with all -possible expedition to Copenhagen. That a proper escort, becoming her -dignity, should be formed, to accompany her from Altona through the -Danish territories, and that they calculated she might, with despatch, -reach Copenhagen in four days from the time of her quitting Celle, if -no extraordinary impediment arose in her passing the two Belts. That -her presence in the capital of Denmark would animate the courage of -her adherents, cover her enemies with consternation, and complete the -counter-revolution. Lastly, that though they could not yet name the -precise time when they hoped to proceed to action, which must in a -certain degree depend on the answer of his Britannic Majesty to their -present request, yet, that for many and urgent reasons, they neither -could nor would long defer the blow." - -Having received the above-mentioned letter from Baron von Bülow, and -general directions for his conduct, Mr. Wraxall again set out from -Hamburg on March 21, 1775, and reached Celle on the following night, at -ten o'clock. He gave the same name to the sentinel at the gates, and -drove to the same obscure inn, as on former occasions. Next morning he -went to Baron von Seckendorf to inform him of his arrival. The baron -entreated him to remain concealed as much as possible, and not to stir -out by day, as the Princess of Brunswick was then on a visit to the -queen. But, he added, that her Majesty was determined to see Mr. Wraxall, -at all events, previous to his departure, as she had various matters to -impart to him of a confidential nature. - -On Mr. Wraxall's return to the inn, Mantel, the queen's valet, came to -him. Mr. Wraxall gave him, in consequence of the order he brought, the -letter of the Danish nobility to George III., and also a letter from -himself, addressed to the queen, containing the heads of the instructions -with which he was charged. It was afterwards fixed, between Baron von -Seckendorf and Mr. Wraxall, that, on Saturday morning, March 25, as soon -as the hereditary princess had returned to Brunswick, Mr. Wraxall should -be brought to the castle, where the queen would be ready to receive him. -But, after mature deliberation, the baron thought that it would be safer -for him to repair to the castle during the night before the princess -left Celle. The circumstance of her then being at Celle was favourable, -because no one would be tempted to suppose that the queen could venture -on so hazardous an experiment when her sister was under the same roof. It -was therefore agreed, that precisely at eight o'clock on the evening of -the 24th, Mr. Wraxall should wrap himself in his great-coat, and proceed -to the entrance of the drawbridge over the great moat of the castle, -where Mantel should punctually meet him, and conduct him to the queen. -The circumstances of this last interview are so interesting, that I shall -allow Mr. Wraxall to speak in the first person. - - * * * * * - -I set off about a quarter of an hour before eight for the inn. The -darkness of the night was accompanied by a tempest of wind and rain. When -I got to the spot, no valet appeared, and directly afterwards the guard -was relieved. I was therefore compelled to hide myself as well as I could -while the whole guard passed close to me. The rain was so heavy, and the -darkness such, that fortunately I was not discovered. I waited in this -unpleasant predicament a full quarter of an hour, anxious and impatient -to the greatest degree. At length Mantel came. He said not a word to me, -but, wrapping his cloak all over me, and covering me with his umbrella, -he led me in silence over the drawbridge, under the arch, into the square -court of the castle. - -We went up a private staircase, and he conducted me along the great -gallery or corridor into the queen's library. Two candles were burning, -and the book-cases were thrown open, as it was uncertain at what hour -the queen could come to me. Mantel left me, but returned in less than -a quarter of an hour with a note from Baron von Seckendorf, to the -following effect:-- - -"Un mot pour vous, mon très cher, tout va bien. On espère même que -la princesse se retirera à neuf heures; alors sa Majesté pourra vous -parler jusqu'a onze heures, à son aise. Vouz pouvez lui dire tout ce -que vous avez sur le cœur. Le mauvais temps, m'annonce l'impossibilité -de me trouver demain matin au rendezvous: ainsi, ayez la grace, étant -d'ailleurs destiné d'être mouillé, de passer à huit heures chez moi. -Ordonnez les chevaux à neuf, et partez sous la garde de Dieu. Bon soir. -Je retourne le chiffre dont j'ai pris copie. Rapportez-moi demain tout ce -que vous avez de papiers ou d'ailleurs. Vous verrez la reine précisement -à neuf heures." - -I had scarcely perused the note when I heard the queen's footstep on the -staircase. A moment afterwards she entered the room. She was charmingly -dressed, though without diamonds; she had on a crimson satin sack, and -her hair dressed. I drew a chair, and entreated her to allow me to stand -and receive her commands, while she was seated, but she declined it, and -we both stood the whole time. Our interview lasted about two hours. It -was a quarter past eleven when I asked her Majesty if I should retire, -and she signified her pleasure that I should. She approved of the letter -drawn up by the Danish nobility to the King of Great Britain, as well as -the request contained in it, which she confessed to be natural and just, -though she doubted his Britannic Majesty's consent to it. - -"I will, however," she added, "write to my brother the letter requested -before I go to bed to-night, enforcing, as far as I am able, the petition -of the nobility. You shall receive it from Baron Seckendorf to-morrow -morning, and at the same time that of the Danish nobility shall be -returned to you." - -Her Majesty ordered me to assure Baron von Bülow by letter that "she -was satisfied with all I had communicated to her on his part, and that -she should be ready on the shortest notice to mount on horseback in -men's clothes, in order more expeditiously to reach Copenhagen: there to -encounter every difficulty with her friends." - -Her Majesty was gracious enough to express to me the strongest assurances -of her protection. She was pleased to say: - -"I lament that I have no means left me of proving to you at this time my -satisfaction. You have run every hazard in order to serve me. I will, -whatever may be the event of the present attempt, recommend you to the -king, my brother. He can, and will, I have no doubt, recompense you -properly. Meanwhile, write to me freely and unreservedly from England on -every point, and rely on my recollection of your services." - -When the queen was about to withdraw, she opened the door, but held it -a few minutes in her hand, as if she had something to say: she then -retired. I little thought her death was so near, and that I should -never see her again. In a short time afterwards, Mantel came to me, -and wrapping me up in his cloak as before, conducted me by a private -staircase out of one of the postern gates of the castle. It was quite -dark, and he therefore showed me the way through the suburbs to the inn. -When I got there, it was midnight. - - * * * * * - -On the following morning, Mr. Wraxall waited on Baron von Seckendorf. The -latter delivered to him the two letters, one from the Danish nobility, -and one from the queen to George III. They were under separate covers, -but both were sealed and addressed by herself. Mr. Wraxall received -orders from her Majesty, concerning what he had written on March 14 -from Hamburg, namely, to deliver the letters on his arrival in London to -Baron von Lichtenstein, if he was still there, and in case of his having -quitted England, he would follow the instructions which might be left by -him respecting the mode of conveying the despatches to the king. - -Baron von Seckendorf, at the same time, communicated to Mr. Wraxall, -by the queen's command, a message with which she had charged him. It -contained the most gracious assurances of her favour and protection, -"as due," she was pleased to say, "to his zeal, exertions, and -disinterestedness." - -Mr. Wraxall left Celle immediately afterwards, and took the road to -Osnabrück and Holland. From Rotterdam he wrote to Baron von Bülow, as -well as to Mr. le Texier, informing them of all that had happened at -Celle, and of his being on his way to England. On April 1, he embarked at -Helvoetsluys, and reached London on the morning of the 5th. - -On the next day, Mr. Wraxall called at Baron von Lichtenstein's lodgings, -but, to his great mortification, learned that the baron had left England -ten days previously. He left behind him, however, the following letter -for the Queen of Denmark's agent:-- - - J'ai reçu, monsieur, la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur - de m'écrire en date du 14 de Mars. Je suis très faché que mes - occupations, et mon emploi à Hannovre, ne me permettent pas de - m'arréter ici jusqu'au temps de votre retour, pour avoir la - satisfaction d'apprendre le succès de votre voyage, n'en ayant pas - eu, comme vous vous imaginez, des nouvelles par la personne en - question. En attendant, j'ai donné l'avis de votre arrivée prochaine. - Vous trouverez çi joint l'adresse de la personne à laquelle _on_ - veut que vous remettiez vos lettres, dont vous pourriez être chargé. - Je dois vous dire de n'être pas surpris, se vous ne recevez point - de réponse. _On_ l'adressera à moi. Des raisons que vous savez, - c'est à dire qu'on ne donnera rien d'écrit de sa main touchant cette - affaire, ne permettent pas d'agir autrement. Si _on_ ne change pas - de sentiment, et si _on_ ne vous fait pas dire par celui auquel - vous donnerez vos lettres, d'attendre ici, je ne vois pas d'autre - expédient que de retourner dans une quinzaine de jours et de venir me - trouver à Hannovre, où je compte d'être infailliblement vers la fin - du mois d'Avril. J'ai l'honneur d'être avec la considération la plus - distinguée, - - Monsieur, - Votre très humble et - Très obéissant serviteur, - N. L. - - A Londres, ce 24 Mars, 1775. - -Adresse de la personne à laquelle Mr. Wr. remettra ses lettres, - - MONSIEUR DE HINÜUBER, - Jermain Street, St. James's. - -In obedience to this order, Mr. Wraxall waited upon Mr. Hinüber on the -next morning. The latter received him with great politeness, and informed -him that he had the king's directions to take from Mr. Wraxall, and -forward immediately in a sealed-up box to the queen's house, whatever -letters Mr. Wraxall might give him. Mr. Wraxall, in consequence, -delivered to Monsieur de Hinüber two packets: one from the Queen of -Denmark, and another from the Danish nobility. To these he added a letter -addressed by himself to his Majesty. In the last, he thought it his duty -to request the king, in the name of all the adherents of his sister, to -admit him to an audience, as the only person who could, from his perfect -knowledge of the plan and the persons, satisfy any inquiries, or explain -any secret matters relative to the enterprise itself. - -Mr. Wraxall also wrote to the queen, Baron von Seckendorf, and Baron -von Bülow, acquainting them with his arrival and his Majesty's orders. -During a fortnight, he waited in expectation that the king might possibly -signify to him his commands. But having received no communication, Mr. -Wraxall wrote, on April 21, to Baron von Bülow and Monsieur le Texier, -informing them how matters stood. He particularly requested to be told in -what manner he should act: whether they wished him to remain in London, -or return by Hanover and Celle to Hamburg. By the same post, he addressed -a letter to her Majesty at Celle, stating fully to her the facts which -he had communicated to the Danish nobility. - -It was not till May 10 that Mr. Wraxall received an answer from the -Danish nobility. The letter was written by Le Texier in his own name -and that of Von Bülow. It was to the effect that the baron's absence -from Altona had occasioned the delay of some days in replying to Mr. -Wraxall's last despatch; but that, the baron being then returned, -they had maturely considered it together. They greatly regretted the -king's not having admitted their agent to an audience, as well as his -silence on the important point requested. The state of affairs at -Copenhagen was extremely critical; but till the return of young Baron -von Schimmelmann, whom they expected impatiently and daily, they were -in a degree unacquainted with the person, condition, or intentions of -their associates. The instant they were enabled to give Mr. Wraxall any -information on the subject, he should hear again. In the meanwhile, they -besought him, in the joint names of all the party, to remain quiet where -he was, and not to set out from London, either for Celle or Hamburg, -unless by his Majesty's positive directions. - -In pursuance of this letter, Mr. Wraxall waited for further information, -and held himself in readiness, if it should be thought necessary, to -return to Germany, or to renew his application to George III. through Mr. -de Hinüber, if the Danish nobility should instruct him to do so; but -Providence had decreed that their efforts should be rendered vain. While -the measures concerted to restore the queen to the throne of Denmark -appeared to be near their accomplishment, she was no more. The melancholy -intelligence did not reach London till May 19, and it need hardly be -said that the news of so unexpected and lamentable an event produced a -terrible effect on her zealous agent. - -On May 25, Mr. Wraxall received a letter from Baron von Seckendorf, which -I shall transcribe here, as it contains a singular and material fact, -that George III. had given, through Baron von Lichtenstein, an answer -to the request made him by the Danish nobility; but that, as the king's -letter arrived at Hanover when Caroline Matilda was either dying or dead, -the packet was returned to him unopened:-- - - MON TRES CHER AMI, - - La mort également douleureuse et rapide de mon incomparable - maîtresse, renverse tout d'un coup l'édifice de notre prospérité. Que - nous sommes malheureux, et que sa perte est grande pour nos amis. - Lepy (Baron von Bülow) a été incessamment informé par moi de cette - triste catastrophe. Le paquet dont se trouvait chargé le courier, a - été renvoyé, sans être décacheté au Sieur Abel (the King of England) - par Alis (Lichtenstein) et j'ignore entièrement ce qu'auroit été la - résolution qu'il comptait donner aux amis de Montpelier (Copenhagen). - - - Alis m'a promis de faire en sorte que toutes les dépenses faites - par eux et par vous, seroient remboursées par Abel, le plutôt que - possible. Et sitôt que j'aurai des nouvelles sûres à cet égard, vous - en serez instruit. En attendant, je vous prie de dire ceci à Lepy. Il - est juste que personne ne perde son argent. - - Que deviendrons nous à cette heure, mon très cher ami? Resterez vous - à Londres, oui ferez vous le voyage que vos parents avaient projetté? - Puis-je me flatter de vous revoir jamais? Grand Dieu! quelle - désolation en si peu de momens! Je ne pourrai jamais me remettre de - ce coup. Vôtre dernière lettre parvint encore à la chère défuncte. - - Adieu, mon très cher ami! Je ne cesserai de ma vie de vous aimer - et de conserver la mémoire de votre attachement sincère pour la - precieuse Agujari (Queen of Denmark). - - Tout à vous, - BROCARD.[54] - - Ce 16ᵐᵉ May, 1775. - -From Baron von Bülow, Mr. Wraxall received a letter, in June, announcing -to him the same event; it was dated May 22nd, and I shall extract the -first part of it here, as it proves another very important circumstance, -that the enterprise would have been carried out whether George III. had -given the required promise or not:-- - - MONSIEUR, - - La nouvelle la plus malheureuse du monde m'avait mis dans un tel état - d'anéantissement, qu'il n'a été jusqu' ici pas possible de vous dire - un mot. - - Occupé avec Grenier (Schimmelmann) à deliberer sur les moyens les - plus prompts pour exécuter le plan, et rempli de nouvelles espérances - non équivoques fixant, pour ainsi dire, malgré le silence opiniâtre - d'Abel, le _jour_, le _moment_ tant désiré, je reçois une lettre de - Brocard. Je l'ouvre avec précipitation, dans l'idée d'y trouver les - choses les plus agréables: mais, au contraire, la première ligne - annonce l'arrêt du Destin le plus cruel. Je ne dirai rien de ce que - je sentis dans un moment aussi inattendu, puisque je suis sûr que - vous vous en faites une idée exacte, par la situation dans laquelle - vous vous serez trouvé vous même, en apprenant notre malheur. - - C'en est donc fait de notre bonheur! il s'est enfui pour toujours. - Nous n'avons pas dû être heureux. Nous n'avons pas dû le rendre les - autres. Il ne nous reste aucun espoir. Nous rentrons dans le néant - dont nous voulions sortir! Mais que ce Fantome de bonheur envolé ne - nous emporte pas votre amitié et attachement. Comptez jusqu'à la fin - des mes forces, sur le mien. Mes amis vous assurent la même chose. - Nous vous devons trop pour devenir ingrat. Tout ce qui dépendra de - nous, pour vous le temoigner, ne sera jamais négligé. Parlez et - disposez de ce qu'il y a en notre pouvoir. - -Thus terminated, seemingly at the point of fruition, an enterprise in -which some of the first nobility of Denmark, Norway, and Holstein, were -engaged, and to which George III. had given his consent.[55] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 52: George III., it must be borne in mind, considered his -public duties as superior to private feelings. In 1775, he, though -overwhelmed with grief at his sister's death, obtained from Christian -VII. a decree that the Danes were to give no sort of assistance to the -American rebels.] - -[Footnote 53: The admirers of cryptography will find a specimen of the -baron's letters in the Appendix. To the same dreary limbo I have also -consigned my grandfather's letters to his father relating to this affair, -solely through a fear that I might be charged with giving him undue -prominence in a work purporting to be the life of Caroline Matilda.] - -[Footnote 54: Seckendorf.] - -[Footnote 55: Baron von Bülow and his friends nobly kept their word, -and constantly urged George III., through Lichtenstein, to reward my -grandfather for his great exertions on behalf of Caroline Matilda. It was -not, however, till 1781, or when Mr. Wraxall had a seat in the House of -Commons, and a useful vote, that Lord North brought up the subject. My -grandfather then received 1,000 guineas for his services, and the promise -of a seat at the Board of Green Cloth. The promise was not kept; for what -reason he shall tell us himself:-- - -"In November, 1783, on the meeting of Parliament, the memorable East -India Bill was introduced by Mr. Fox. Upon the first division that took -place on the bill, I quitted Lord North, notwithstanding the motives I -had to adhere to him; rather choosing to abandon my expectations, however -near their accomplishment, than give my support to a measure which I -considered to be pregnant with mischief to the country and constitution. -I joined Mr. Pitt in opposition, and was one of the one hundred and -twenty members who formed the minority on that evening against a majority -of two hundred and twenty-nine in favour of the bill."] - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -DEATH OF CAROLINE MATILDA. - - THE TYPHUS FEVER--DEATH OF THE PAGE--THE QUEEN'S VISIT--SYMPTOMS - OF ILLNESS--DR. ZIMMERMANN--PASTOR LEHZEN--CAROLINE MATILDA'S - GOODNESS OF HEART--HER DEATH--THE FUNERAL--GENERAL GRIEF--THE - MONUMENTS--LETTER TO GEORGE III.--PROOFS OF CAROLINE MATILDA'S - INNOCENCE--THE QUEEN'S CHARACTER. - - -We have seen that in the early part of 1775 the queen of Denmark appeared -the picture of blooming health. Her _entourage_, and all who were of the -same age with her, consequently felt the most confident expectations that -they would long enjoy her pleasant and gracious society. But the news -from Altona, the hope of a justification in the sight of the world, and -of a reunion with her children, and at the same time apprehensions as to -the decisive result of Mr. Wraxall's mission to her obstinate brother, -kept her in a constant state of excitement, while she was obliged to -place a restraint on the feelings that disturbed her mind, in order not -to arouse any suspicion among her suite, or with her ever-watching -sister. Therefore, it was not surprising that her constitution, thus -rendered susceptible to external dangers, met a catastrophe half way, -which destroyed all the hopes of her friends about the apparently -blooming princess enjoying a long life. - -A dangerous scarlet fever had spread over the neighbourhood after the -severe and tempestuous winter, and one of the queen's young pages was -attacked by it, and died in a few days. When he was dead, and laid in his -coffin for interment, her Majesty expressed a great desire to see him. -The ladies opposed this wish, and requested her not to do it. She still -persisted in her resolution, and went down to the apartment in which he -lay. Mantel, the queen's valet, had purposely locked the door and taken -the key, and when Caroline Matilda asked him for it, he answered her that -it could not be found. After several vain endeavours, therefore, she -went up-stairs again. Mantel carried in the tea to her Majesty. In a few -minutes the queen suddenly got up, and before any of her ladies could -stop or prevent her, she ran down to the chamber where the corpse lay. -Unfortunately, the door was then open. She stepped in, and stayed about -a minute--not more--looking at it. She expressed no particular horror or -emotion, more than was natural on looking at such an object.[56] - -This took place on May 2nd, 1775. On the next morning the queen -complained to her bed-chamber woman that the image of the dead page had -appeared to her all through the night, and filled her with terror.[57] -Still she slightly recovered herself, although a little girl of four -years of age, Sophie von Benningsen, whom she had adopted when left an -orphan, and as some consolation for the loss of her own daughter, had -also been attacked by the disease, and filled her with fresh alarm. She -went as usual to the Jardin François, but felt unwell, and evidently had -the seeds of infection within her, for, on the third day after the visit -to the chamber of death, she was unable to ascend the stairs leading to -her apartments without the help of her lady-in-waiting. - -"I must force myself to seem less tired than I really am," she said to -her companion, "so that my good Omptéda (the grand maîtresse), who did -not like my driving out, may not scold me." - -She complained of sore-throat and chill, but sat down to dinner with -her court, though she was unable to eat anything. When the card-tables -were placed in the evening, the queen felt too indisposed to play. The -ladies proposed her having a sofa, and looking on at them; but Mantel -then presumed to speak, and advised her Majesty going immediately to bed. -The queen consented, and ordered her women to undress her. The illness, -however, made such alarming progress, that the grande maîtresse on the -next morning called in Dr. von Leyser, the physician in ordinary. - -"You have twice," the queen said to the physician, "extricated me from a -dangerous indisposition since the month of October; but this exceeds your -skill: I know I am not within the help of medicine." - -Leyser affected cheerfulness; but at once requested that Dr. Zimmermann, -a very celebrated physician at Hanover, might be called in. - -In the meanwhile the queen's condition grew worse every moment, and she -requested to see Magister Lehzen, the pastor of the city church. The -latter at once arrived, and, in the ante-chamber, was informed by Dr. -Zimmermann of the great danger that menaced the queen's life. When he was -shown into the bed-room, the queen said to him, in a weak voice: - -"You did not imagine me so ill as you find me." - -Lehzen assured Caroline Matilda how greatly he lamented it, and tried to -console the exalted sufferer with the consoling words of faith, read her -spiritual hymns, more especially Gellert's beautiful canticle, "Ne'er -will I seek to injure him;" and concluded with a prayer on the text of -St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians:-- - -"Unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask -or think." - -The worthy clergyman returned in the afternoon, and again in the -evening, and found the queen, in spite of her indescribably violent -illness, rather more calm; and when he returned to the castle on the next -morning, he found that Superintendent General Jacob had already been with -the patient, and the two physicians were still with her. On the faces -of the physicians he fancied he could read a certain calmness, and, in -fact, the patient was better, as she herself said. It was the usual lucid -interval which takes place before departure from life, the harbinger -of imminent death, dressed in the garb of mercy for the friends of the -departing. - -The queen employed these last moments in the exercise of a good deed. -She requested the clergyman to write a few words for her to her brother, -which would show that she had not forgotten her attendants, but -recommended them to the King of England. She tried to dictate the words -to him, but her tongue was already refusing to obey her, and she left it -to the pastor to write what he thought proper. When he had finished, she -took the paper in her hand, but returned it to him again immediately, -that he might read it to her and seal it before her eyes. The letter was -then handed by the queen to Director von Marenholz, whom she had ever -deeply respected, for transmission to the king. - -Toward evening the condition of the queen had evidently grown so serious, -that her dissolution might be apprehended at any moment. She was told -that the whole city was alarmed about her, and that even the Jewish -community had offered up prayers for her. - -"How this sympathy alleviates my sufferings!" the queen answered, in a -weak voice; and the clergyman offered up a prayer in words which her eyes -confirmed as her own. - -Then she inquired after the condition of Sophie von Benningsen; and -when the physician gave her the assurance that the child was out of all -danger, she breathed the words, "Then I die soothed," and fell asleep not -to wake again. - -Pastor Lehzen, who was present at the queen's death, describes it in the -following words:-- - -"My office has often enabled me to witness the last hours of my -fellow-mortals, but I never remember so easy a dissolution, in which -death loses all its terrors. The expression of the Scriptures was -literally true in this case: she fell asleep like a tired wayfarer." - -Caroline Matilda died on May 11, 1775, at 10 minutes past 11 P.M., at the -age of twenty-three years, nine months, and twenty days. - -As was very natural in those days, the queen's sudden death aroused -suspicions of poison. Mr. Wraxall, however, who asked Mantel about the -circumstances, gives us the following account, which may be regarded as -authentic:-- - - I desired to know if there was the shadow of reason to suspect poison - or any unnatural means. - - "Sir," said he, "God only knows, but I think not. The inhabitants of - Zell are all as firmly persuaded of her having been poisoned, as if - they had seen her swallow it. They accuse an Italian of it, though - the man had not been near the queen's person for near or quite a year - before. He had been in the service of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and - being recommended as an Intendant, was brought here from Vienna. - He was a profligate, unprincipled man. He brought with him a very - pretty young woman whom he called his daughter, but was in reality - his mistress. While he stayed here, he contracted a number of debts, - and being unable to discharge them, went off with his mistress to - Brunswick and Berlin. He has not been heard of since. The prejudiced - people accuse him of having been gained by the Danish court, and of - having administered a slow poison to the queen before his departure, - but I am really not inclined to believe this suspicion." - -To this statement Mr. Wraxall adds: "Among the many princes and crowned -heads whom the ignorant and misjudging multitude have supposed to be -dispatched by poison, none seems to have less foundation for such an -apprehension than the Queen of Denmark. She was exactly a subject for -an inflammatory or malignant distemper. She had already had repeated -attacks of the same nature, though not so violent as the last. It was -in the beginning of May, and the weather remarkably hot. The queen was -accustomed to use great exercise, and probably overheated herself. She -was young, large, and of a plethoric habit of body. When all these -circumstances are considered, who can wonder at the nature of her -disorder and death? Nothing so likely or natural." - -Owing to the mortification that at once set in, it was found absolutely -necessary to deposit the body in the vault of the Dukes of Celle until -the King of England had arranged the funeral ceremonies. This was done -at midnight, on May 13, with great order and decorum by Grand Maréchal -von Lichtenstein. At the sermons in the church, the whole congregation, -from the highest to the lowest, burst into tears. The queen's affability -and gentleness had gained her the hearts of even the lowest people, who -offered up heart-felt prayers for their _lieben und guten Königinn_. Her -Majesty's remains, accompanied by sixteen captains, were carried in a -hearse, drawn by six horses, and attended by a double guard of soldiers, -to the royal vault. The burial expenses, amounting to £3,000, though the -funeral was quite private, were defrayed, by order, out of George III.'s -privy purse.[58] - -A general mourning was appointed in England, and on May 24 a committee -of the Lords, with staves, and also a committee of the House of Commons, -who were of the privy council, waited on his Majesty at St. James's, with -their address of condolence on the Queen of Denmark's death. To which -George III. replied: that "he returned his thanks to that House for the -concern they have expressed for the great loss which has happened to his -family by the death of his sister, the Queen of Denmark." The king also -recommended the succession of the late queen, for the advantage of her -children, to the care of the Regency of Hanover, and Baron von Seckendorf -was consequently entrusted with its administration. - -The British court sent a formal notification of the death of Queen -Caroline Matilda to Copenhagen. It arrived on a day when a court ball -was appointed, and the vengeance of old Juliana Maria went so far, that, -careless of decency, she did not even order the ball to be put off. -The usual ceremonial, however, had to be observed--for instance, the -ordinary court mourning of four weeks--as for foreign reigning princes -and princesses, and the children of the deceased were placed in deep -mourning. It is nevertheless certain that this foolhardy behaviour on the -part of the Danish usurpers proved most offensive at the court of St. -James's, and heightened the aversion George III. felt for the Danes. - -The unfortunate queen, however, was all the more regretted in the -land of her exile, and in the widest circles. The two Chambers of the -principality of Lüneburg, immediately after the death of this consoler -of all the poor and suffering in Celle, applied to her brother with a -request that they might be allowed to erect a monument to the deceased -queen, in that Jardin François of which she had been so fond, so that -there might be at this spot a memorial of the universal devotion with -which the great and noble qualities of the late Queen of Denmark were -revered among them, and to give remotest posterity an opportunity of -honouring, with silent emotion, the memory and reputation of the best and -most amiable of queens. - -George III. expressed his thanks for this offer, and we can easily -understand how welcome to him was this public proof of the veneration and -love which were felt for his sister, who had been so cruelly hurled from -her throne. - -After receiving the king's assent, the Chambers of Lüneburg had the -monument erected by Professor Oeser, of Leipzig, and to the present day -it is an ornament of the Jardin François, which travellers gaze on with -sympathy and regret. - -The governor of Celle, a prince of Mecklenburg Strelitz, also had a -monument erected in memory of Caroline Matilda in his English garden, and -it is well known that the Danish poets Baggesen and Oehlenschläger have -erected permanent memorials to her in their works. - -Some years ago, the following letter was discovered in the secret -archives of Hanover.[59] It was probably written by Caroline Matilda in -the first days of her illness, when she had a presentiment of her death. -When she was first attacked, she had said to her faithful valet--"Mantel, -I am very ill, and fully believe I shall die." - - SIRE, - - In the most solemn hour of my life, I turn to you, my royal brother, - to express my heart's thanks for all the kindness you have shown me - during my whole life, and especially in my misfortune. - - I die willingly, for nothing holds me back--neither my youth, nor - the pleasures which might await me, near or remote. How could life - possess any charms for me, who am separated from all those I love--my - husband, my children, and my relatives? I, who am myself a queen and - of royal blood, have lived the most wretched life, and stand before - the world an example that neither crown nor sceptre affords any - protection against misfortune! - - But I die innocent--I write this with a trembling hand, and feeling - death imminent--I am innocent! Oh, that it might please the Almighty - to convince the world after my death, that I did not deserve any - of the frightful accusations, by which the calumnies of my enemies - stained my character, wounded my heart, traduced my honour, and - trampled on my dignity! - - Sire! believe your dying sister, a queen, and even more, a Christian, - who would gaze with terror on the other world, if her last confession - were a falsehood. I die willingly: for the unhappy bless the tomb. - - But more than all else, and even than death, it pains me that not one - of all those whom I loved in life, is standing by my dying bed, to - grant me a last consolation by a pressure of the hand, or a glance of - compassion, and to close my eyes in death. - - Still, I am not alone: God, the sole witness of my innocence, is - looking down on my bed of agony, which causes me such sufferings. My - guardian angel is hovering over me, and will soon guide me to the - spot, where I shall be able to pray for my friends, and also for my - persecutors. - - Farewell, then, my royal brother! May Heaven bless you, my - husband--my children--England--Denmark--and the whole world! Permit - my corpse to rest in the grave of my ancestors, and now the last, - unspeakably long farewell from your unfortunate - - CAROLINE MATILDA. - - We have further and valuable testimony to the unstained memory of - Queen Caroline Matilda in the following extract from Falckenskjold's - "Memoirs:"-- - - In 1780, I had an opportunity at Hanover of forming the acquaintance - of M. Roques, pastor of the French Protestant Church in Celle. One - day, I spoke to him about Queen Caroline Matilda:-- - - "I was summoned almost daily by that princess," he said to me, - "either to read or converse with her, and most frequently to obtain - information relative to the poor of my parish. I visited her more - constantly during the last days of her life, and I was near her a - little before she drew her last breath. Although very weak, she - retained her presence of mind. After I had recited the prayers for - the dying, she said to me, in a voice which seemed to become more - animated: - - "_M. Roques, I am about to appear before_ GOD: _I protest that I - am innocent of the crimes imputed against me, and that I was never - faithless to my husband_." - - M. Roques added, that the queen had never spoken to him, even indirectly, - of the accusations brought against her. - - I wrote down on the same day (March 7, 1780) what M. Roques said to me, - as coming from a man distinguished by his integrity of character. - -Such is everything that can be learned of the death of Caroline Matilda. -Sacrificed in the first bloom of youth, and decked with the fillets of -misery, she was sent, an inexperienced victim, to become the bride of -a man who was a compound of insanity and brutality. In less than seven -years she experienced all the honours, but also all the wretchedness, -which a royal throne can offer. Then she died in the flower of life in -exile, the victim of the most scandalous conspiracy. - -Several descriptions of Caroline Matilda were written at the period of -her death in England--among others, one in the "Annual Register," by my -grandfather. From among them I have selected the one I consider the best, -which first appeared in the "Universal Magazine" for May, 1775:-- - - * * * * * - -The virtues of this unfortunate princess were many of them concealed with -as much art as if they had been her reproach. She had a ready and quick -apprehension, a lively and strong imagination, with a large compass of -thought. She excelled in an uncommon turn for conversation, assisted by -a natural vivacity, and very peculiar talents for mirth and humour. She -loved a repartee, was happy in making one herself, and bearing it from -others. And as this talent was rendered not only inoffensive, but amiable -by the greatest good-nature and cheerfulness of disposition, she was -the life of the company, and the delight of all that had the honour to -approach her. And though it generally requires much care and resolution -to govern any extraordinary degree of life and spirit, she had no pains -of that sort to overcome, having been blessed with a natural serenity and -calmness of mind that was inexpressible, and is hardly ever accompanied -with such uncommon share of vivacity; but in her it had so much the -ascendant, that it was invariably the same, and constantly remained with -her through the whole course of her misfortunes, so that she had reason -to express her thankfulness to God, as she often did, that he had given -her a temper which enabled her to support herself under the load of -injuries she sustained. - -Her gentleness of nature showed itself in every instance, both in public -and private, and inclined her to study all the ways of making herself -agreeable, and of suiting her discourse to the persons with whom she -conversed. But though her general manner of receiving company in public -was very obliging and gracious, she knew how to distinguish persons of -real merit, and had an effectual way of making those for whom she had any -particular regard fully sensible of the distinction she made. The same -softness of behaviour, and the same command of herself that appeared in -the drawing-room, went along with her into her private apartments, and -delighted every one that was about her, down to her meanest attendant. - -Her generosity was extended in the most impartial manner to persons of -different sects and parties; but her principal regards were paid to such -as were in the greatest distress, to those who were under the disability -of receiving a maintenance from the public, as well as to the widows -and children of clergymen and officers whose families, by their deaths, -were reduced at once from a state of plenty to a want of the common -necessaries of life. - -In these acts of benevolence she avoided all appearance of show and -ostentation so much, that many persons who subsisted by her bounty were -really ignorant of their benefactor. She conversed in private with -persons of all the different turns of genius in the whole compass of arts -and sciences; and with a few whom she honoured with a more particular -regard, she entered into all the freedoms of private and familiar life, -and showed that she could let herself down from her dignity as if she had -never possessed it, and could resume it again as if she had never parted -with it. - -It was this affability, however, that enabled her enemies to ruin her. -Perfectly innocent, and even virtuous in her conduct, her levity and -good humour threw her off her guard, and made her less circumspect than -her situation required. She conformed with difficulty to the strict -ceremonial which was observed at the court of Copenhagen; a vanity, -inseparable from the youthful part of the female sex, made her pleased -to see the influence of her beauty on all around her, and she indulged -herself in an easy familiarity with persons who were more remarkable for -their knowledge and abilities than the greatness of their rank. Wicked -instruments were planted by her unrelenting enemy the queen dowager, -who put a malignant interpretation on all the harmless liberties taken -by this amiable princess; and, paying no regard either to truth or -humanity in the calumnies which they suggested, insinuated the most cruel -suspicions into the king's ear, and took the most criminal methods to -destroy her character with the public. - -To these infernal machinations the amiable Matilda fell a sacrifice, -in the bloom of youth and beauty, and the zenith of power. After her -retirement to Zell she was often heard to wish for death, which the -innocence of her life, as well as the misfortunes to which she had been -exposed, rendered a most welcome guest; and her last moments passed in -imploring forgiveness for her enemies, and recommending her children, for -whose safety she was exceedingly apprehensive, to the protection of the -Almighty. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 56: Mantel's own words to Mr. Wraxall in 1777. He added, -however, "I neither believe the body could communicate any infection, nor -that she stayed long enough, had there been any, to receive it. Whether -it might have made any deep or injurious impression on her mind, I cannot -say; but I cannot in any degree attribute her consequent illness and -death to this accident."] - -[Footnote 57: Lehzen's "Die Letzten Stunden der Königinn von Danemark."] - -[Footnote 58: It is a strange coincidence that the body of Caroline -Matilda should be deposited close to that of her unhappy ancestress, -Sophia Dorothea, whose fate was in so many respects like her own. Both -have been bespattered for many years by calumny, but Dr. Doran took up -the cause of Sophia Dorothea, and amply proved her innocence. My only -hope is that I may have been equally successful in the cause of Caroline -Matilda.] - -[Footnote 59: The authenticity of this letter is incontestable. It has -reached me through the Duchess of Augustenburg, who was allowed to take a -copy by the late King of Hanover.] - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -WHEN ROGUES FALL OUT----. - - THE REACTION--THE KING'S WILL--KOLLER-BANNER--RANTZAU'S - DISMISSAL--PRINCE CHARLES OF HESSE--COURT INTRIGUES--EICKSTEDT'S - CAREER--BERINGSKJOLD'S CAREER AND DEATH--VON DER OSTEN--THE GULDBERG - MINISTRY--THE PRINCE REGENT--THE COUP D'ETAT--UNCLE AND NEPHEW--FATE - OF GULDBERG--DEATH OF JULIANA MARIA. - - -With Struensee fell all his reforms, and "the good old times" returned in -full force. - -The detested cabinet minister had scarce been thrown into prison ere -the new holders of power hastened to overthrow all the creations of -the fallen man. As if anxious to give the country and all the persons -watching their movements a proof of their care for the general welfare, -they began by establishing justice on its old basis, and restored -the Commission of Inquiry, who were allowed by the criminal code to -extort confessions from prisoners with the lash. This care for the due -administration of justice was soon followed to the satisfaction of -the pietists and the orthodox clergy by the reintroduction of public -penance for sexual sins, so that the plebs very soon enjoyed once more -the edifying spectacle of hot-blooded sinners, male and female, being -insulted by bigoted priests in temples devoted to the adoration of the -Almighty. Still, they did not dare to abolish the court and city court -established by Struensee, because the recognition of this benefit was -universal. In the same way, a decided error on Struensee's part, and -which, it might be assumed, the reaction would at once reform--the -lottery, that plague-spot of the poorer classes--was allowed to exist, -of course, because it caused a deal of money to flow into the treasury -"of the dearly-beloved king who so dearly loved his nation," and cash -was pressingly needed to satisfy the claims of the friends of the new -government. - -The spirit of the usurping party and its adherents was even more plainly -shown by the restoration of serfdom, so that the holders of estates could -treat their vassals as they pleased. The general dissatisfaction aroused -by this measure among the poor servile peasants is depicted by Suhm, who -once took the field so zealously against Struensee's "godless rule," in -an anecdote from Jütland. - -"Professor John Egede," so Suhm tells us, "saw a man in ragged clothes -working in a field with some half-naked children to help him, a few years -after Struensee's fall. 'Will not the extra tax be soon removed?' he -asked the passing professor. The latter replied that he did not know. -'Oh! yes, I can quite believe that,' the peasant retorted, 'for you don't -think about things of that sort in Copenhagen. That was a worthy man who -gave us the regulations by which the _corvées_ were settled. But that was -the very reason, I fancy, why they cut his head off. The new regulation -is only made to torment us poor peasants till we cannot stand it any -longer.'" - -It is notorious that serfdom was not abolished until the regency of the -Crown Prince Frederick. Under his long reign, which lasted from 1784 to -1839, nearly all Struensee's reforms, to which a more enlightened age did -ample justice, and which had obtained general recognition through the -ideas diffused by the French Revolution, were recalled to life. The task -was completed, greatly to his credit, by Christian VIII., the grandson of -Juliana Maria. - -All that remains for us now to do, is to show by what means the new -faction sought to secure its position, and how at last Nemesis revenged -herself on the principal conspirators. - -The usurpers did not consider themselves fully secured by having declared -the king's sole signature invalid, but they wished to make themselves -safe in the event of the weak king dying before the prince royal attained -his majority. For this object, they persuaded the king, after the queen's -matter had been amicably arranged with the English court, to sign a -will, a copy of which was handed to the colleges and courts, with orders -that the document was only to be opened after the king's death, in -case it took place during the crown prince's minority. As the presumed -event did not occur, however, the contents of the privy regulation have -remained a secret. It was generally supposed that the king's testament -contained an order that Queen Caroline Matilda should be excluded from -the guardianship of her son, and that the Hereditary Prince Frederick -should be appointed regent. Other suppositions hinted at still more -important regulations as to the successor, but it can hardly be believed -that the king, however imbecile he might be, would have signed such a -document. - -A desire to prevent a possible surprise was certainly the motive for the -decree that for the future foreign envoys would only be admitted to an -audience with the king in the presence of the council of state; and yet -such a custom had been regarded as high treason on the part of Struensee. - -The union among the conspirators, however, only lasted a short time after -the revolution had been carried out, and this was specially evident among -the military members. Generals Rantzau-Ascheberg and Eickstedt stood at -the head of two opposite parties. - -Rantzau-Ascheberg, Köller-Banner, and Von der Osten, formed a triumvirate -dangerous to their opponents. As chief aide-de-camp, Köller-Banner -received apartments in Frederiksberg Palace, where the court resided in -the summer of 1772. Hence Rantzau also procured rooms in the palace; but, -as the number of doors and windows annoyed him, he hired lodgings in the -village adjoining the palace, and Von der Osten removed to the same spot, -so that the three friends were close neighbours. Rantzau also supported -in the Generalty College all the propositions that emanated from Köller, -while he said simultaneously to Eickstedt, who hated Köller: - -"Do not suppose that I have any serious understanding with Banner. -Certainly not. I only pretend to be his partisan, in order that the -Pomeranian may burn his fingers in the candle." - -Von der Osten displayed equal dissimulation in the council of state, -where he supported and praised everything proposed by Schack Rathlau, -while in secret calumniating him to the best of his ability. - -The other conspirators, consequently, began to entertain doubts about -their three ambitious and intriguing colleagues, and apprehended that -they might even meditate evil designs against the queen dowager and -her son. Suddenly it was announced that Rantzau-Ascheberg, at his own -request, had been relieved of all his offices, and retired on a pension -of 8,000 dollars; and it was generally believed that Russia and Prussia -had insisted on his removal. There may be some truth in this, as the -Empress Catharine had just ratified the Holstein exchange, and naturally -expected something in return. In the highest circles, however, all were -glad at being freed from this dangerous man. Suhm, however, tells us, -that the decisive cause of Rantzau's dismissal was, that he said about -a letter written by the hereditary prince to Guldberg, "Yes, it can -be recognised by the style! But was not Struensee's head cut off for -the same thing?" Immediately after his retirement from active service, -Rantzau quitted Copenhagen, and went to his Holstein estates; but, on -October 16, the restless traitor proceeded to Kragsberg, near Odense, -in Fühnen, but whether with reactionary purposes remained an enigma. In -Copenhagen the return of the dangerous man occasioned such alarm among -his former confederates, that, on November 6, Major von Harboe suddenly -handed him a royal order to quit the island immediately. Under the -major's escort he returned to Ascheberg, and directly after went, _viâ_ -Hamburg, to Frankfort, where he cashed a draft of 24,000 florins in -the assumed name of Juel. He left Frankfort again as quietly as he had -arrived there, and proceeded to the south of France, where he took up -his temporary abode at Orange, probably in obedience to royal commands. -Afterwards he removed to Avignon, where he spent the rest of his days, -and died there, in 1789, in his seventy-second year, without having once -revisited his country. - -So soon as some order had been introduced in the course of business, -Köller-Banner, as representative of the infantry, produced in the War -College projects for the tactical remodelling of the battalions, which, -however, Eickstedt considered too expensive, and sought to prevent. -Köller-Banner's plans were on the point of failing, when, in the eleventh -hour, the government altered their mind, and temporarily assented to his -plans. Eickstedt felt so insulted by this, that he forwarded a letter to -the hereditary prince, in which he requested his discharge, and added, -that he desired no pension. Guldberg naturally undertook to answer this -request of one of the principal conspirators, and did it in his unctuous -way, by recalling to the petitioner's mind the Glorious 17th of January, -and reminding him of the necessity of all the sharers in it hanging -together. Eickstedt replied to this in his usual coarse way, that he was -sick and tired of constantly listening to the old chatter of January 17. -The object of that day had been to secure the king's person, maintain -the honour of the royal house, and promote the welfare of the country. -But, if that object could not be attained, it would have been better had -the events of January 17 never taken place. Such dangerous expressions -from a powerful member of the conspiracy induced the hereditary prince -himself to undertake satisfying the dissatisfied man; and he declared to -the petitioner in writing that the aid of so active and far-sighted a -man could not be dispensed with in the projected reforms, and hence his -resignation could not be accepted. - -Although Eickstedt had not succeeded in overthrowing Köller-Banner, -another man completely effected it. - -Directly after the revolution, Queen Juliana Maria invited to Copenhagen -Prince Charles of Hesse and his wife, but the death of one of their -children prevented the princely couple from reaching the capital until -October, at the time when the menacing measures of Gustavus III., for -the conquest of Norway, had aroused great terror among the incapable -members of the government, and caused the nomination of Prince Charles -as generalissimo in Norway. Immediately on his arrival the latter was -received by the queen; and, after a conversation about the dangers with -which Norway was menaced, was requested to examine Köller-Banner's -propositions; but, at the same time, was also warned by the crafty queen -against this dangerous man and Von der Osten. By the prince's advice, a -committee was appointed, under the presidency of the hereditary prince, -to investigate Köller-Banner's reforms: the other members being Prince -Charles, and Generals von Hauch and von Hobe, while the ministers -also took part in the discussions. This committee rejected nearly all -Banner's propositions, at which the latter was so offended, that he -not only forgot all the respect due to the king's brother-in-law, but -publicly declared that Frederick II. of Prussia would erect a statue to -him for reforms and ideas like his. When the authorities also learned -that Köller-Banner, wrapped in his cloak, paid nocturnal visits to the -French and Swedish envoys, his dismissal from his former posts, and his -appointment as governor of the fortress of Rendsburg, ensued, while the -Prince of Brunswick-Bevern was gazetted as commandant of the capital. -Still the hero of January 17 retained his full pay of 4,400 dollars, in -order not to offend him too greatly.[60] - -Although the general might now be reckoned among the exiles, he had not -fallen into utter disgrace, for Juliana Maria afterwards took him under -her protection, and tried to keep him, for the purpose of intimidating -the violent ministerial opposition. For in July, 1774, he unexpectedly -received an invitation from her to come at once to Fredensborg, where the -court was residing at the time; but when the ministers heard of this, -they were penetrated with fear, and induced the War College to intimate -to the general that he was to remain at his post in Rendsburg, and send -an apology to the queen. Although Banner found himself compelled to obey -on this occasion, on receiving soon after another request from the queen -to come across, he informed her that he would accede to her wishes, and -appeared at Fredensborg in the beginning of August. As, however, he was a -thorn in the eye of the ministers, he soon began quarrelling with them, -the result of which was, that he was commanded by the Generalty, who -would not listen to his plans and complaints, to return to his post. This -induced him to send in his resignation; but it was not accepted. Hence -he imagined himself indispensable, and took a step by which he hoped -to overthrow his opponents in the War College. He sent into the privy -council a rambling plan for a thorough reconstruction of the army; but as -Eickstedt had anticipated him, and handed in a similar project, Banner's -was sent back to him unheeded. Infuriated at this, he again forwarded his -resignation, and dated his request on the eventful day, January 17th, -1775; but this artful trick did not avail him. - -On January 23rd, a royal cabinet letter was sent to the Generalty, to the -effect that the king, in consideration of the proofs of fidelity, zeal, -and devotedness, which Lieut.-General von Köller-Banner had furnished, -felt himself induced to assent to his petition of January 17th in all -points. He would, however, retain his former pay of 4,400 dollars, of -which, 2,600 had been granted him for his meritorious services on January -17th, 1772. Furthermore, he would still remain in the king's service, -and be always ready to act as a Danish general whenever the king thought -proper, and as befitted a lieutenant-general; at the same time, he was -permitted to visit other armies, and take part in foreign campaigns. - -Köller-Banner, after this, left the country and went to Vienna and the -Austrian army, but returned at the beginning of 1777 to Copenhagen, where -he was again most graciously received by the old queen. Soon afterwards, -however, he was mixed up in a scandalous affair with the magistracy about -a child an actress had given birth to. The excitement caused by this -was so general, that he received his full discharge from the military -service. But the protection which the hero of January 17th still enjoyed -was so great, that his 4,400 dollars were left him as a life pension. - -When Köller went to take leave of his powerful patroness, Queen Juliana -Maria, he requested, as a last proof of her favour, that she should -inform him who it really was who had calumniated him so greatly to her -and the hereditary prince, and promised, at the same time, to make no -use of the information. The queen then acknowledged to him that it was -Admiral von Kaas. - -"Is it possible!" Köller-Banner exclaimed, in the utmost surprise. "That -is the greatest insult that could be offered me! The unworthy wretch--a -man who has dishonoured the Danish flag--a man whose wickedness is only -comparable with his stupidity--has been able to overthrow a faithful and -zealous servant of the royal house by his calumnies! I never could have -believed that my hostile destiny would prepare such a humiliation for me." - -Köller-Banner returned to his native land of Pomerania, but could not -stand it long there, and selected as his last residence the very city -where Struensee's memory was honoured. In this city, Altona, the -conspirator died in 1811, utterly forgotten, and avoided and detested by -everybody. - -The Pomeranian knight of the Dannebrog, Hans Henry von Eickstedt, held -his ground the longest. In 1773, this utterly ignorant soldier was -entrusted with the supervision of the education of the crown prince by -a royal letter, which was at the same time a grand panegyric of the -nominee. The king, we read in it, had appointed him chief governor -of his beloved son, because he could trust to the general's faithful -devotedness, Danish heart, and judicious care. But this selection was -so bad a one, that the excellent son of Caroline Matilda frequently -complained loudly in his maturer years that he had been purposely kept -from learning anything. It was the design of the queen and Guldberg to -keep the crown prince a minor as long as possible, and the best means for -this unscrupulous object were certainly to allow the heir to the throne -to grow up in ignorance, to imbue him with an immoderate preference -for everything Danish, and to divert his inclinations to unimportant -state-matters, such as playing at soldiers. Although the two leaders of -the conspiracy succeeded in this treacherous design, the country yet had -the consolation and satisfaction that King Frederick VI. inherited the -clear natural intellect of his unfortunate mother, and thus made up for -his deficiency of knowledge, even though his neglected education entailed -other consequences. - -In November, 1783, Eickstedt was given the order of the Elephant; and -when, in 1784, the education of the crown prince was said to be finished, -he was appointed his first chamberlain; but on the very next day after -the crown prince attained the government as regent, Eickstedt received -from his royal pupil his dismissal as member of the privy council and -commandant of the Horse Guards, with a pension of 5,000 dollars, which -was some time after raised to 7,000. This terrible fall so greatly -insulted the arrogant chamberlain, that he at once left the court and -retired to his estate of Boltinggaard, in the island of Fühnen, where he -died in the year 1801, in seclusion, and forgotten by the world. - -Beringskjold could not endure the loss of his chamberlain's dignity and -his banishment to the island of Möen, which I have already described, -for it was asking this ambitious man to resign half his life. Hence he -left the island secretly a little while after, and went to Sweden. What -he undertook there remains a mystery; but it is known that he ordered -his wife during his absence to send in a petition for his pardon, and -compensation for the losses he had sustained by being deprived of -his domain of Nygaard. As no resolution to this effect was issued, -he, in the following year, requested, through the same intercessor, -pardon and permission to return to his native land. This request had a -better result, for he was not only allowed to return to Möen, but the -chamberlain's key was also restored him. He received a letter from -the king himself, in which his disobedience was graciously forgiven, -and he was requested to remain quietly in Möen, or, if he preferred -it, somewhere in Jütland, Fühnen, or the duchies, and there enjoy his -guaranteed pension of 2,000 dollars. At the same time, however, he was -prohibited from travelling again to Sweden, or carrying on a secret -correspondence with that country, or leaving Denmark at all; and for -his own good he was recommended not to show himself at Copenhagen, -or any place where the court was residing. This indulgence toward -the accomplices of 1772 was further shown in the fact that, in 1780, -Beringskjold's son, who was a page of the bed-chamber, was appointed a -conferenz-rath, and the other, who was a captain, a chamberlain. But all -this but little satisfied the restless father. He next asked leave to -reside at least in the same island where the court was; and when this was -granted him, he bought, in a mysterious way, three considerable estates, -situate in the southern part of Seeland: Rönnebeksholm, Sparresholm, and -Sortebrödre, and selected the first as his residence. When the court was -staying at Fredensborg in the summer, he went repeatedly to Elsinore, -which was only ten miles from the palace, and thence sent letter after -letter, first to one, then to the other of the persons belonging to the -king's immediate _entourage_, in order to obtain further favours; but all -these efforts proved unsuccessful. - -When Beringskjold saw himself thus passed over, he formed a plan for -overthrowing the government, and laid his treacherous scheme before -a near relative of the royal family; but one of his own sons, the -chamberlain, betrayed his father's designs. - -On June 4, 1781, a royal cabinet order was sent to Bailiff von Bielcke, -Bürgomaster Wulf, and Regimental Quartermaster Schiött, all of Nestved, -to seize Chamberlain von Beringskjold, on whom a strong suspicion rested -of carrying on a very treasonable correspondence, and sequestrate his -papers. These gentlemen enticed the chamberlain, by a business pretext, -to the town, read him the king's order, and the bürgomaster at once -conveyed him under escort to Copenhagen, where he was handed over to the -commandant of the citadel, who locked him up, and informed him that a -dollar a day was allowed for his maintenance. In the meanwhile, the two -other commissioners went to the prisoner's estate, packed up all the -papers they found there in a trunk, sealed it up, and the quartermaster -immediately started with it for Fredensborg, where the court was residing -at the time. Simultaneously with the order of arrest, the postmasters -of Nestved and Ringstedt received instructions, during the next eight -days, to stop all letters addressed to Rönnebeksholm, and send them to -the royal cabinet. A similar order was sent to Bürgomaster thor Straten -and the postmaster of Flensburg, concerning all letters arriving for, or -despatched by, a certain Comptroller Wildgaard. - -On June 9, Bailiff von Bielcke and his fellow-commissioners were -instructed to restore to Frau von Beringskjold all the papers not -retained from the trunk which had been examined at Fredensborg, and to -give her and her sons, in the king's name, the assurance of his Majesty's -lasting favour. Frau von Beringskjold was allowed to remain on her -estate, and was only advised, in all future affairs, to consult with her -son, Conferenz-rath von Beringskjold. - -After a survey of the sequestrated papers had proved the "continued bad -designs of this man"--such were the royal words about Beringskjold--a -commission of inquiry was appointed on November 13, 1781. In order that -this affair which, owing to its nature, demanded the greatest secrecy, -should be discussed with all due justice, the king selected those men -as judges of whose insight and integrity he and the whole country were -convinced, namely, the Justiciary of the Supreme Court, Privy Councillor -of Conferences von Rosenörn, the Director and Attorney-General of the -General Chancery, Privy Councillor Carstens, the Minister of Finances, -Privy Councillor von Stemann, and the Professor of Law, Etats-rath -Colbjörnsen. - -The commissioners were ordered to assemble, after giving a solemn -pledge of secrecy, and, in accordance with the royal instructions, form -an opinion, from the papers laid before them, whether Chamberlain von -Beringskjold had not proved himself one of those restless subjects who -ought to spend the rest of their lives in imprisonment. - -The choice of the commission in itself proved what weight was attached -to Beringskjold's detected conspiracy. It was a peculiar circumstance, -too, that secret instructions were given to the Hamburg post-office, -which led to the tolerably correct supposition, that the person related -to the royal house was no other than the king's brother-in-law. As early -as 1773, Juliana Maria had felt alarm about Christian VII.'s sister, -and was very glad at that time that the latter consented to accompany -her husband, when appointed generalissimo of Norway, to that distant -country.[61] At the period when the conspiracy was detected, Prince -Charles was a highly esteemed volunteer in the Prussian army, so that -he must naturally have been consulted by letters which must go _viâ_ -Flensburg, after passing through Schleswig and Louisenlund. The result of -the investigation was, however, carefully kept private, and it is, up to -the present day, one of the state secrets of the Danish archives. - -In the Beringskjold affair, a great number of witnesses was examined who -had been connected with the prisoner of state, and even persons who had -dined with him were asked what their host had said about the government -at dinner. After the witnesses had all been examined, the prisoner's turn -arrived, and his crimes, among which a conspiracy against the government -was the chief, were brought before him, and he learned for the first -time that his own son had denounced him. Beringskjold handed in his -counter-declaration, and requested, during the trial, the assistance of -Advocate Colbjörnsen, brother of the commissioner. - -Finally, when all the regulations of the law, so far as the peculiar -nature of the affair allowed it, had been exhausted in the examination, -the commission sent in, on December 31, 1781, their opinion upon the -point laid before them by the king, which was to the effect, that -Chamberlain von Beringskjold was proved to be a restless man, and -dangerous to the general welfare and public order, and, as such, ought to -be imprisoned for life under a strict guard, according to the law. - -When the king was on the point of confirming the sentence or opinion -of the commissioners, but at the same time of granting the accused -a considerable sum for his maintenance, the discovery was made that -the prisoner, in spite of his strict arrest, had carried on a secret -correspondence, and undertaken "another attempt at his old wickedness." -After such "mad disobedience of all royal orders,"--so says the royal -re-script of February 20, 1782,--all the proofs against the prisoner -were to be gathered, and laid before the commission for a final judicial -sentence. - -On March 3, the sentence of the commissioners was made known, -which decreed the highest criminal penalty against Chamberlain von -Beringskjold, that is, like Struensee and Brandt, loss of honour, life, -and property. - -The king resolved on this that Beringskjold, although he had added more -than one offence to his original crimes, should be spared the extreme -penalty, but as a dangerous criminal remain in secure arrest; be degraded -from his dignity as chamberlain; and be told that, on the slightest -attempt to renew his designs, he would suffer death. This penalty, -however, was in no way intended to degrade or humiliate his innocent wife -or her sons. - -On April 9, the convict was informed of the royal pardon, and the -chamberlain's key taken from him for the second time. He was left in -the citadel under arrest, but no one was allowed access to him but Dean -Thybring. For all that, early in May he found means to write a letter -to his wife, which really reached its destination. In this letter he -complains of the "incredible godless treatment he had endured;" dropped -hints about the charges brought against him; and gave instructions for -further correspondence; stating, in conclusion, that he had already -written twice, for which purpose paper and pens were given him by special -orders of the commandant. - -When Frau von Beringskjold received this letter, she was so affected by -its contents, that she was attacked by a mortal disease. In her dying -moments, however, she handed the letter to Quartermaster Schiött, who at -once forwarded a copy to Eickstedt, and shortly after, by the general's -orders, the original to Guldberg. - -Beringskjold was now removed to Munkholm, where he took the place of -Falckenskjold, who had been overthrown by his machinations, and was kept -in the strictest arrest in the rock fortress. When, two years later, the -government passed into other hands, Beringskjold fancied that the hour of -his deliverance had arrived. He therefore hastened to send a petition to -Copenhagen, in which he requested a revision of his trial, but naturally -gained no hearing from the son of Caroline Matilda. However, the gentle -young prince allowed the originator of the conspiracy of 1772 to walk -about the fortress and pay visits, and his sons were ordered to give him -a portion of what they had inherited from their mother. - -A few years later, Beringskjold obtained his removal to the fortress -of Bergenhuus, where he remained as a prisoner till 1795, but lived in -incessant contention with the commandant, Major-General de Mothe, and the -officers. In the last-named year he obtained the regent's permission to -end his days in the unfortified town of Stavanger, in Southern Norway, -where he was placed under the supervision of the bailiff. He lived here -eight years, and died in 1803, at the great age of upwards of eighty -years. - -Count von der Osten, who became minister of foreign affairs through -the palace revolution of 1772, did not occupy his post long, but was -banished to Jütland in 1774, when, on the recommendation of Landgrave -Charles, Count Bernstorff's nephew, the afterwards so celebrated Peter -Andreas Bernstorff, was summoned to Denmark, and the foreign affairs -were entrusted to him. A few years after, however, Von der Osten was -recalled from his bailiff's post in Aalborg, and appointed president of -the Supreme Court; a little later, chief president of Copenhagen; and, -shortly before the downfall of the usurping government, was decorated -with the order of the Elephant. This participator in the conspiracy also -attained an age of upwards of eighty years, and died in 1797. - -All that is left now is to describe the fate of the fifth principal -conspirator and actual manager of the palace revolution, Cabinet -Secretary Guldberg, after whom the misgovernment, from January 17, 1772, -to April 14, 1784, has been called the Guldberg Ministry. - -Always keeping behind the scenes so long as he had any one to fear who -might contend with him for the supreme power, Guldberg accepted no seat -in the privy council established immediately after Struensee's fall, but -temporarily contented himself with his position as cabinet secretary to -the hereditary prince and intimate adviser of the queen dowager, though -he at the same time decided everything. But when the younger Bernstorff -undertook the foreign ministry in 1774, and Guldberg was alarmed at -the influence of this respected man, he effected his own appointment -to the hitherto vacant post of privy cabinet secretary to the king, -which ensued on the birthday of the hereditary prince. In this way, -the cabinet government, which had been charged as the highest crime -against Struensee, was re-established, and Guldberg granted official -interference in all higher affairs of state. External dignities speedily -followed; for the king, in 1777, raised him to the Danish nobility, with -precedence from January 29, 1773, the king's birthday, and granted him -the name of Höegh-Guldberg. In his new post of honour, he very soon made -Bernstorff tired of his ministerial functions;[62] so that the latter -sent in his resignation in 1780, and it was accepted. Immediately after, -Höegh-Guldberg was appointed a privy councillor, and it was at the same -time published that the king had also selected him as a member of the -privy council of state. - -After three years' working in the dark, the cabinet secretary, who -occupied Struensee's post, had thus acquired the governmental authority. -The revolution was ostensibly undertaken with the object of bringing the -sovereign power again into the hands of the king alone; but as the mental -condition of Christian VII. did not permit this, Queen Juliana Maria -assumed Struensee's part, though only indirectly, and through the medium -of her other self, Guldberg, as her sex did not permit her to preside -in person over the council of state. For the hereditary prince, who held -this presidency, was regarded in public as a mere puppet, and, according -to the testimony of an eye-witness, valet Franz Goos, passed most of -the sessions in sleeping. Höegh-Guldberg, however, did not carry on so -aristocratic a rule as Struensee, but cleverly left the current affairs -of the administration to the several colleges. But the higher affairs of -state were entrusted entirely to his guidance. - -Advancing gently, he contrived, by his defence of the principle of -nationality, to acquire some degree of respect among his countrymen, and -in this way concealed his utter want of statesman-like talent. In this -respect the introduction of what is called the Indigenate law of January -15, 1776, remains a lasting merit of his, for he was the concipient and -proposer of this law, even though he asked the advice of the two learned -brothers Colbjörnsen. By virtue of this law only natives could henceforth -hold office, though the king could naturalise deserving foreigners. The -motive for the law was so attractive as to gain its concipient great -praise. Justice demanded, the introduction said, that natives should eat -the bread of the country. The experience of all ages had proved that in -countries where the education of youth was attended to, there was never -any lack of useful people, if the regent sought them. In this respect, -the history of the country might be referred to with pleasure, which -could display men of all classes who had served the country, maintained -and saved its honour, and, with noble courage, sacrificed themselves for -their kings. - -The consequences of this regulation led to a perfect Danish -administration in both kingdoms, so that every failing Struensee had -committed in this respect was removed. If this was just, however, it did -not compensate for the errors which constantly brought the state nearer -to ruin in other points, as all Struensee's beneficial arrangements were -revoked through sheer hatred of him, in so far as too evident proofs -of their value did not prevent the reactionary party from doing so. -The final sanction of the exchange of territory, by which the former -Russian share of Holstein was acquired by Denmark, was not Guldberg, but -Bernstorff's merit. On the other hand, the former deserves praise for -having effected the liberation of Falckenskjold. - -In the meanwhile, the crown prince grew up; but his education was so -neglected under the coarse hands of Eickstedt and by the over-learned -Sporon, that, in truth, he only acquired a decided preference for -the Danish language, but never even learned to write it correctly. -Although the kings of Denmark are declared to be capable of governing -at the commencement of their fourteenth year, the confirmation of the -crown prince was deferred till his seventeenth year, and was only then -performed in the palace chapel on April 4, 1784,[63] because it could -not be delayed any longer. To this was joined the entrance of the crown -prince into the council of state, but the precaution was taken of -appointing, on April 6, Minister of Finance von Stemann and Secretary of -State Höegh-Guldberg, state ministers and members of the privy council, -so that these faithful adherents of the queen might check any possible -influence of the young crown prince. But the reckoning had been made -without the host. - -The crown prince, who was endowed with sound sense and a strong will, had -already formed his resolution. As early as autumn, 1781, he had suffered -an insult from Guldberg, which he never forgot. He had expressed himself -in terms of dissatisfaction about the cabinet orders re-introduced by -Guldberg, which had been regarded as a crime in Struensee. Guldberg -observed to him, in reply, that the cabinet orders were the sole sign of -the sovereignty, as without them there would soon be as many kings as -there were colleges in the land, and then told him, through the tutor -Sporon, that, were it not for the cabinet decrees, he, the prince, would -himself be not worth more than the cat of Slangerup. The brutal Eickstedt -even forced the prince to make Guldberg an apology in writing. From this -moment, the crown prince formed the fixed resolution to render himself -independent, ere long, both of Guldberg and the other holders of the -power. - -After carrying on a secret correspondence with Bernstorff, who had -retired to his estate of Borstel, near Hamburg, and receiving his ready -assurance that he would resume his ministerial functions in the event -of a change of government, the knowledge of the queen's ambitious plans -induced the prince to confide in other trustworthy opponents of the -Guldberg ministry, especially Privy Councillors Schack Rathlau and -Stampe, General Huth, and Count Reventlow, and arrange with them the -execution of his plan. - -Thus arrived April 14, 1784, on which day the crown prince was to enter -the council of state. When the members assembled, and the king had taken -his presidential seat,[64] the two excellencies, Höegh-Guldberg and Von -Stemann, appointed ministers of state on April 7, and Count Rosencrone, -who had been granted a vote in the privy council, advanced, in order to -hand to the king the formulary of the oath, signed by themselves; but the -crown prince prevented them, and calmly requested them to desist until -his Majesty had most graciously permitted him to make a proposition. As -all remained silent in expectation, the crown prince produced a paper, -and read from it that he gratefully recognised the favour shown him -by the king, in his appointment as member of the privy council, but -requested his father to dissolve the cabinet, by which the intention -expressed in the declaration of February 13, 1772, would be fulfilled. -He also begged that two hitherto pensioned men--Privy Councilors von -Rosenkrantz and Von Bernstorff--might be recalled to the council of -state; and, further, Lieutenant-General von Huth and Privy Councillor -Stampe be appointed councillors of state. - -After reading this proposal, the crown prince laid the paper for -signature before the king, who at once seized a pen, in order to fulfil -his son's wish; but the hereditary prince tried to prevent him, by saying -that the king must not be allowed to act with precipitation. Christian -did not allow himself to be checked by this objection, and tried to -complete his signature; but ere he could manage it, the pen fell from his -fingers. The crown prince handed it to him again directly, and the king -not merely completed his signature, but added his sanction, on his son -saying, "Will not my gracious father show me the affection of writing -'approved,' here?" When this was done, the hereditary prince attempted -to seize the paper; but the crown prince was too quick for him, and -put it in his pocket. Startled by this scene, the king hurried to his -apartment, whither the hereditary prince followed him with equal speed -and shot the bolt, so that the crown prince could not gain access to his -father. Embittered by this, the heir to the throne turned to the four -privy councillors, Moltke, Höegh-Guldberg, Stemann, and Rosencrone, with -the declaration that the king no longer required their services, and at -the same time announced the dismissal of the Supreme Marshal von Schack, -Conferenz-rath Jacobi, and Cabinet Secretary Sporon; and added, that the -first of them must not show himself before the king again. - -After this, the crown prince retired in order to reach his father by -another route, but found that also barred against him. He was about to -have the door opened by force, when his companion, Marshal von Bülow, -contrived to appease him, and immediately after the door opened, and the -hereditary prince appeared, leading the king by the hand, and trying, -as it seemed against his wish, to conduct him to the queen. The crown -prince leaped forward, seized the king's other hand, and most earnestly -begged him to return to his apartment, and feel convinced that nothing -should be done without his gracious sanction, and only that be effected -which would prove to the advantage of the subjects and the country. As -the weak king was more inclined to respond to his son's wishes than go -with the hereditary prince, the latter so greatly lost his self-command -as to seize hold of the crown prince's collar and try to tear him away -from the king by force. But the son held his father so tightly with the -left hand, and used his right so energetically against the hereditary -prince, that the uncle was soon obliged to yield, especially when the -crown prince laid his hand on his sword for the purpose of driving him -back. The crown prince's page of the bed-chamber, Von Mösting, afterwards -so well known as minister of finances, ran up, however, and ere the -hereditary prince knew what was being done to him, he found himself at -the other end of the corridor. The terrified king took advantage of -this moment to fly to his apartment, and thus the victory of the palace -revolution of April 14, 1784, was decided. For, if the hereditary prince -had succeeded in carrying the king to his step-mother, the recently -approved ordinance would certainly have been revoked, and the humiliating -announcement which the queen had made to the crown prince just before he -entered the privy council, that henceforth Guldberg would report to him -the king's orders, would have become a truth. - -We can imagine into what a fury Juliana Maria was thrown when her -beloved son told her of what had occurred in the council of state, and -the treatment he had undergone. She raved, wished to go to the king -even if it cost her life, called Count Reventlow, who threw himself at -her feet and implored her to be calm, a traitor, and said to the crown -prince that he was a treacherous gentleman, who always had honey in his -lips but poison in his heart, and that it was his intention to kill -his father. The hereditary prince, however, had so thoroughly lost all -courage for further resistance, that he wished himself dead. If we take -into consideration the energy of the intriguing lady, and the nimbus of -sovereignty which had surrounded her for twelve years, we must applaud -the precaution that the artillery under General Huth, and the palace -guard, were held in readiness, in case any further resistance should be -offered to the downfall of the late government, or the refusal of the -king to sign the order, had rendered the proclamation of the crown prince -as regent, which had been fully decided on, necessary. Still, all ended -with the fury and passion of the deposed Juliana Maria, and she had -rendered herself so odious to the nation, that the change of government -was greeted with universal joy, and the crown prince everywhere received -with applause. But the fury of the angry lady also became appeased when -the crown prince threatened serious measures and arrest. - -In the meanwhile, the king's commands had been sent to the colleges -and courts, and Bernstorff invited by the crown prince to return -immediately.[65] Early in May, the future foreign minister and president -of the German Chancery arrived in Copenhagen. His practised diplomatic -pen communicated to foreign courts the overthrow of the Guldberg -ministry, and of the rule of Juliana Maria, with the postscript that -the government firm would still remain that of Christian VII., but the -government of the crown prince as regent had commenced on April 14, 1784. - -Höegh-Guldberg was called on to pacify the old queen, and the regent -considered the deposed secretary of state's merit in effecting this so -great, that he contented himself with sending this concoctor of the -conspiracy against his mother, into the usual banishment in Jütland, -as bailiff of Aarhuus. The sudden removal from dignities held so long, -and from the sovereign authority, demanded resignation. The God-fearing -Höegh-Guldberg displayed it, at least externally, and retained his post -up to the year 1802, when he was dismissed, and retired to the fine -estate of Hald, near Viborg, which he had purchased, and where he died in -1806. He did not venture to present an order on the Treasury for 100,000 -dollars given him as a reward by the queen dowager, possibly because, -as a judge of Struensee, he felt his conscience prick him too strongly; -and when, after his death, his sons had the courage to bring forward -this claim on the government, the crown prince laughingly referred their -impudent demands to the Greek Calends. - -The enlightened statesman, Bernstorff, who afterwards acquired -world-renown by his decree of neutrality, was, from this time forth up -to his death in 1797, the adviser of the young, inexperienced, and, -unfortunately, poorly-educated crown prince. As such, he opposed -all odious measures in a reactionary sense, and it was to this mild -conduct that the queen dowager and Prince Frederick owed their security -as members of the royal house, though they were entirely excluded -from all participation in affairs of state. When the fire of 1794 -completely destroyed the splendid Christiansborg Palace, these two -royal conspirators against Struensee and Caroline Matilda were left -without a roof in the capital, and were obliged to seek shelter with -private persons until their future abode was prepared for them in the -Amalienborg Palace. Here, mother and son lived quietly till their death: -the former, engaged with penances, for which her crimes against her own -daughter-in-law and an innocent minister were sufficient reason; the -latter, more honourably, in promoting the arts and sciences, for which -the appanage of 12,000 dollars, granted him on the exchange of territory -for resigning the coadjutorship of the principality of Lübeck, afforded -him the means. By his consort, a princess of Mecklenburg, he had two -sons and two daughters; of the latter, the youngest, the grandmother -of ALEXANDRA, PRINCESS OF WALES, is, in spite of her great age, still -remarkable for her beauty and grace. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 60: "Mémoires de mon Temps."] - -[Footnote 61: "Mémoires de mon Temps."] - -[Footnote 62: "Frederick II. of Prussia had, by means of his cousin the -queen dowager, gradually acquired an almost absolute sway in the cabinet -of Denmark, and directed the foreign affairs in subserviency to the views -of the French court, and in opposition to the interests of England. Count -Bernstorff being the only person in the Danish ministry who ventured in -any degree to oppose the French and Prussian policy, his dismissal was -resolved on in the cabinets of Versailles and Berlin; and his conduct -with regard to the armed neutrality offered an opportunity to effect -their purpose."--_Coxe's Travels_, vol. v.] - -[Footnote 63: "The examination continued above an hour, and the prince -replied in a very sensible manner, sufficiently proving, from the -readiness and perspicuity of his answers, that the reports of his -incapacity were unfounded. He spoke in a loud, clear, manly voice, with a -dignity and propriety which astonished the assembly; and when he repeated -the oath, by which he swore to continue true to the Established Church, -he did it in so feeling a manner as absolutely to draw tears from the -eyes of many who were present."--_Coxe's Travels_, vol. v.] - -[Footnote 64: During the early part of Juliana's regency--a French -tourist tells us--the king, in one of his lucid intervals, signed a state -paper in the following terms:--"Christian VII., by the grace of God, King -of Denmark, &c., in company with Juliana Maria and others, by grace of -the devil."] - -[Footnote 65: The only foreigner who is supposed to have had any -knowledge of the transaction, was Mr. Elliot, who had left Berlin to come -to Copenhagen, in the capacity of British envoy: and the king of Great -Britain was the first sovereign to whom the prince-royal communicated his -success.--_Coxe's Travels_, vol. v.] - - - - -APPENDIX A. - - (_Extracts from the Correspondence of_ Mr. N. W. WRAXALL, Jun., _with - his Father, relative to the Restoration of_ CAROLINE MATILDA). - - * * * * * - - -No. 1. - - LONDON, ADELPHI, _Saturday Night, Jan._ 21_st_, 1775. - -I shall now endeavour to give my dearest father some idea of my present -views and plans. I have, after much time, labour, and trouble, deciphered -the letter pretty well. The Danish nobility wish impatiently my return, -and implore me not to delay it a day which I can prevent. They wait -in eager expectation of my arrival, with his Majesty's compliance and -support, to strike the blow, or lose all in the attempt. I went with -this letter to the Baron de Lichtenstein. He received himself a letter -yesterday from the queen, which orders him to give me another £100 from -her own moneys here, and superadded to these two sources, his Majesty -has promised to give an order on his Hanoverian Treasury, in case of -necessity, to supply me still further. So you see _they_ are all now in -earnest. I went to the merchant to-day, on whom my bill (received from -the Danish nobility yesterday) was drawn, and he gave me instantly a -bank note for £100 sterling, which I now have in my pocket book. How much -longer I shall stay in this kingdom I cannot say, nor can the Baron de -L---- say with any more certainty than myself. It absolutely and fully -depends on his Majesty's orders and pleasure. The baron will see him next -Tuesday morning (it is impossible sooner, two councils being held Sunday -and Monday at the queen's palace on American affairs), and communicate to -him my letter received from the Danish nobility. I shall write a number -of queries likewise for _Him_ on Monday, though I should not be surprised -if _He_ sees me before my departure. The baron thinks that I shall not -be sent away before the 6th or 7th of next month, when his Majesty will -have had time to give his full, clear, and mature reply, and some letters -are expected from Copenhagen, which will give a little light how to act. -I shall be glad if I am delayed yet some 2 or 3 weeks, as the spring -opens, and winter will begin to retire every day. 'Tis terrible to cross -Westphalia and Hanover at this season of the year; but that is nothing. - -I presume you will now begin to imagine my scheme less romantic, and -my views more probable, than they have hitherto appeared; but believe -me, my dearest sir, on my honour, I am no more elated now than I was -depressed 12 days ago, when things had a very dubious, uncertain aspect. -If I return, and if the queen should be reinstated, I may, and I think, -must be rewarded in some way--honorary, or otherwise; but I depend on -nothing, and hold it as loose as ever I did; yet I now hope and believe -I shall go back to Zell, Hamburgh, and perhaps Copenhagen; but still I -can positively assert nothing till I have _His_ reply and commands for my -departure. - -Though I have this hundred pounds now in my possession, yet I consider -it a sacred deposit, not to be touched or infringed on till I begin my -journey from hence, or the expenses immediately necessary to it. Even my -own interest would lead me to be very scrupulous and honourable on this -point. My reward is not yet come: it is to come, perhaps, bye-and-bye. - - * * * * * - - -No. 2. - - _Jan._ 23rd, 1775. - -And now respecting the grand affair. I conversed two hours with the baron -this morning. He hopes to see his Majesty to-morrow evening, or Wednesday -morning. I then shall know his ultimate pleasure and commands. The baron -has, however, requested me to write in cypher to the Danish nobility -to-morrow, that "I have received their money: that, according to all -appearances and probability I shall leave London on my return about the -first day or week in February, and shall take the direct road to Zell, -and thence to Hamburgh." He likewise writes the same to Her to-morrow. -I have drawn up a paper of articles to be presented to his Majesty by -the baron when he obtains audience, which will contain his reply and -argument. In my own opinion, I own, it seems as far as human foresight -can now determine, that I shall be sent away in the course of next week: -but nothing is sure, nothing to be depended on, till his Majesty's answer -and orders are known. Then, I've demanded four days or five, to be -ready and prepare my little affairs. A carriage I must buy in Rotterdam -or Utrecht, as no carriage can pass by the packet from hence. I've a -servant in readiness, whom I can engage the minute I've my despatch or -orders to be gone. 'Tis very probable I shall be sent on from Hamburgh -to Copenhagen, to give notice then to the party of his Majesty's full -consent. Then business will begin. God grant it may be successful! If we -are, I may then presume to hope and think I shan't be forgotten. - - * * * * * - - -No. 3. - - _Jan._ 31, 1775. - -I went to the baron. He was with the king last night, but the queen being -constantly at their elbow, he could not say one word to _Him_ respecting -audience. The king said: "venez Mercredi à onze heures." So, to-morrow -morning, at 11, he will see Him. I asked him if I might not, as 'twould -be very agreeable to me in many respects, stay till Monday next; he said -"I _might_ do it: but he must request me not to stay beyond Friday, if it -could be avoided by acquiescence, as the Danish nobility, and the queen -of Denmark, would expect me impatiently according to my promise, and I -should not fail to execute it, if to be done. Besides, I am sure," said -he, "the king won't delay for an hour, and will expect you to begone -before next Monday. Pray be ready! I hope to send you word to-morrow -evening all is done. So try, if you can, to be ready for Friday." I was -obliged, therefore, to submit, and expect surely to be gone next Friday -afternoon, though then I shall be confoundedly hurried and driven. - - * * * * * - - -No. 4. - - _Feb._ 2, 1775. - -I am just returned from the baron's: I have received my ultimate -despatches: a letter from his Majesty to her Majesty the queen, and -lastly, the articles to which the king consents. All therefore is done, -finished completely. The baron wished me joy, bade me farewell, wished -me a very happy journey, and all success! I must, 'tis his Majesty's -pleasure, begone to-morrow night for Harwich, and must be at Harwich by -or before 3 in the afternoon, as the packet sails (unless the wind is -directly contrary) Saturday evening. - - * * * * * - - -No. 5. - - ZELL, _Feb._ 19, 1775. - -Indeed, my dearest father, neither you nor I had any idea of the -tremendous roads through which I have passed, the continued and wondrous -chain of dangers, amid which I have as yet escaped unhurt. Imagination -cannot paint anything more horrid than the roads of Westphalia, of -Holland (beyond Utrecht), of Hanover, to the gates of Zell. But let me -continue my recital from Osnabrück. I quitted that city last Monday at -noon, and got to Diepenau by miracle almost next morning at daybreak. I -would willingly have gone round to Minden, or to Nienburg, two cities -situate on the river Weser, and at each of which there are bridges across -it--but this was impracticable. The river was so amazingly swelled by -the deluges of rain as to exceed all belief, and absolutely to cut off -all communication, in or out, with these two places. I had, therefore, -no partie left, but that of going on straight to Stolzenau, putting my -carriage into a boat, and crossing over at all events. I did so, and -succeeded. I arrived safe on the English bank of the Weser, Thursday -morning, after navigating more than a mile through fields and meadows, -the hedges of which only began to appear above water. It put me in mind -of Deucalion's deluge. Thence I had only 40 miles to Hanover. What -signifies it to repeat to you that I expected a hundred and a hundred -times to be lost! That I passed deep pieces of standing water, half a -mile in length! That several times I believed myself gone, and thought -never to see Zell alive! Here I am notwithstanding, unhurt, undismayed, -and ready to meet these dangers, if commanded, all again! Nor think that -I am unmindful of, or ungrateful to that Being, who protects the race -of man, and preserves us in every situation! I am not so wanting in the -noblest feeling of the human bosom; but as I feel, so I express myself -about it in very different language from you. I got here Friday night -by the kind assistance of the moon, without which 'twould indeed have -been an absolute impossibility ever to have got here in the mire; since -'twould be neither more nor less than madness and frenzy to attempt to -travel during a dark night. You may depend on it, my dear sir, I am not -desired to do this, and never shall, till the roads mend. As to the -rest, I know your parental anxiety will be all awake for me, and will -make you tremble for my preservation; but fear nothing. I have a noble -presentiment which never quits me, of future elevation! Some protecting -genius shelters me from danger, and averts every fatal accident from me. -I have no doubt I shall return to you bye-and-bye,--I cannot promise you -a richer man, but I can promise you, a wiser man. What passed last night -I cannot now mention to you. I may not trust to this uncertain, dangerous -conveyance. It is enough to say that all goes more than well, that I am -approved by my queen, that I am promised to share in the future happy -prospects, if we can realise them. That be my endeavour! I have devoted -myself to the enterprise. I have passed the Rubicon, and won't retreat. -If ever virtuous glory had power to animate a young man's bosom, it ought -to do so in mine! - -This night, or rather early in the morning, by moonlight, I begin my -journey. It is only about 80 English miles; but I don't expect to reach -Hamburgh before Wednesday noon, as I shall only travel during that part -of the night when the moon lights me on the way. You may depend, my -dearest father, that I will indeed take every care of my safety possible. -They implore me here to do so. _She_ has laid her commands on me to be -careful of myself, for _Her_ sake. What more forcible motives can I have? -I half think I shall go on to Copenhagen; but 'tis dangerous, and that -point's not settled yet. At Hamburgh I shall know all. Hitherto, all -success attends us: nor do I doubt that it will attend us to the end. -"'Tis not in mortals to command success:" we must do our utmost, and -leave the rest to fate. - -And now, my best, kindest, dearest father, I bid you and my mother -farewell! I am just going to set out for Hamburgh. Pray let me hear of -her story from you: 'twill be very inspiriting to a poor traveller, amid -the horrid roads of Westphalia and Lower Saxony. - - * * * * * - - -No. 6. - - HAMBURGH, _Feb._ 23, 1775. - -I have received no money yet in repayment of the £100 I spent last -autumn; but _She_ has not only promised me, in the fullest terms, that -sum, but superior marks of her bounty, if all goes well. We must have -patience, my dear father: time will do more for us than anything else. -Hanbury wonders what the deuce has brought me here. I told him I came by -Osnabrück and Bremen, and said not a word of Zell or Hanover. "You're a -wicked fellow," he said to me. "You've done some mischief: some man's -wife, now, or some lady or other. You had better be candid, and tell me, -for your father will, I am sure, bye-and-bye." 'Twas just the pretext I -intended to screen myself with. So I told him that a little affair of -gallantry, harmless enough, had induced me just now to travel, and that -my intentions were for Berlin. _That_ has satisfied him. - -Now, to continue my narrative. I wrote you from Zell. I left it on Sunday -at midnight, and arrived, though through a thousand hair-breadth escapes, -at this place, the day before yesterday. The country is an ocean. I -passed through towns so completely environed, as to resemble an island, -amid a vast lake or sea. Guess, then, what the roads must be. Surely, I -am protected from any harm in an extraordinary manner. I passed through -waters so deep, so long, so broad, that 'twas not in human nature to be -quite unmoved. I passed the Elbe very safely, about 20 miles higher up -than Hamburgh. 'Tis very, very happy, sir, yet here; for the rains have -begun afresh, and 'twill be impossible to travel for some time in these -countries. Here are not less than a dozen gentlemen now in Hamburgh, who -do not dare, though pressed by their affairs, to set out for Holland -and France. All the danger which threatened us, is, however, over: aye, -I believe I shan't quit this city this four weeks or more, and then -the spring will have mended the face of things. I have seen the Danish -nobleman to whom I am sent. To-morrow we shall have a long interview. -Then, as I can write with more certainty, I'll finish this letter. - - * * * * * - - _Feb._ 24. - -At present, my dear sir, I am a little more in the light than I was -yesterday. I shall not assuredly be sent to Copenhagen, but remain here -at least 14 or 16 days, as a messenger is sent with what I brought. What -will be done in consequence I can't yet say; and if I could, cannot -communicate to you by this conveyance. Some few weeks are requisite to -ripen matters. I am promised on all hands to have my fortune made if we -succeed: but, as Hamlet says, there's the rub! Meanwhile, they supply -me with money for all my expenses; so, at the worst, I am taken off -your hands for the present. Even that is somewhat, you must allow. My -expectations are neither languid nor sanguine. If they succeed, _She_ -neither can nor will forget me. If they fail, _She_ won't have it in her -power. That's exactly the case! So, I repeat, patience! The post which -ought to have arrived to-day from England is not come. No wonder, when -the rains continue, and all the country is deluged with water. I am happy -to find I shall have 15 days' respite from such perilous journeys. - - * * * * * - - -No. 7. - - LONDON, 7_th April_, 1775. - -As the Baron de Lichtenstein had left orders for me to wait on the -Hanoverian Envoy with what letters I might have for his Majesty, I waited -on him this morning. He received me with distinguished politeness. I gave -him three letters; one from the queen, one from the Danish nobility, -and a third from myself; all addressed to the king. He said he had -received his orders to forward them instantly to the queen's palace to -his Majesty, which he would not delay one moment. So, I suppose, in the -course of 4 or 6 days I shall receive some orders or message from _Him_. -'Tis a most delicate and difficult affair in which they have engaged me; -but, as I exactly and minutely know my instructions, and the genius of -the party, I fear nothing; but, on the contrary, am conscious of being -able so to act, as to approve myself to those who have honoured me by so -noble a deputation. As soon as I know anything, I shan't fail to inform -you; but I shan't be surprised if I should be sent back again to Germany -in less than 12 or 14 days. Yet I know nothing, and can draw no certain -inferences at present. All depends on his Majesty's replies and pleasure. - - * * * * * - - -No. 8. - - JERMYN STREET, _April_ 11, 1775. - -I would willingly give you a little light into the exact situation I am -in, and the views I have at this time. The nobility who sent me back -this second time to represent their requests, and notify their desires -to his Majesty, all men of the highest rank and eminence in Denmark and -Holstein, but being at present in a species of exile, unpensioned and -unofficed, were by no means capable of raising a large sum of money, or -supplying me with anything beyond the "de quoi vivre." They only give me -600 ducats, or near £300 per an.:--I mean, after that proportion, during -my stay in England as their agent or envoy. It is not from them--I mean -strictly, and in their own persons--that my reward must ultimately come. -It is from her Majesty the queen. If she returns to her kingdom, she -can highly honour and reward me, herself. If she does not, she can yet -recommend me so powerfully to her brother, that I shall be at least in -some manner or way taken care of. I do not account the money they give -me to procure bread and wine, while employed in their immediate service, -as in the minutest degree rewarding me. Neither do _they_ esteem it so. -Fond as I am of travelling, I am not desirous of repassing the circle -of Westphalia, at the continual hazard of my life and limbs; nor would -I do it in any cause less honourable, less noble, than that of seeing a -young and charming princess, whose graciousness and condescension have -attached me more to her, than any hopes of interest or even ambition. -Whether his Majesty rejects or consents to their request, alters not in -any degree the intentions of the party. His consent will accelerate the -blow; his refusal may retard, but cannot, never will change the design. -They ordered me to tell _Her_ Majesty--and I did tell her so--that if -the executioner should strike off ten heads, or if the plague should -destroy as many more--enough would still remain alive to reseat her on -the throne, and doubted not to effect it. The time when cannot be fixed. -It must depend on many circumstances. - -Her Majesty has written to the king, particularly requesting him, as the -nobility are poor, and cannot allow me much, to make me some genteel -present while in England--not as any reward to me, but to lighten their -burden. Whether he will, however, comply with this request, I very much -question. If I hear nothing in 8 or 10 days, I shall write to her Majesty -and the nobility, and request them to send more minute and precise -commands how to proceed. But surely I shall hear from the king in some -way or other within that time; at least, I can't but apprehend so. - - * * * * * - - -No. 9. - -_April_ 10, 1775. - -I sent the three letters to his Majesty last Friday. I've yet heard -nothing in answer. If I hear nothing in ten days from this time, I shall -then write to two of the nobility, and likewise to the queen (for she -expressly and personally enjoined me to write to Herself, and to address -all my letters immediately to her). This gracious and condescending -permission I won't fail to profit by. If his Majesty sees me, and gives -me a favourable answer to the request made him, I think, I believe, and -imagine, he will send me instantly back with it to Zell and Hamburgh. -Nay, the Queen has even requested him in her letter, in that case, to -honour me with some employ, or charge me with some ostensible message -or commission, to hide my real and actual errand. Her Majesty, in the -last interview I had with her at midnight, in an apartment of the castle -of Zell, where I was brought disguised, was most graciously pleased to -assure me that it was not only on account of my services that she would -endeavour to reward me, but that she was even _personally_ attached to -a man who would have rushed on certain death, to have had the glory of -sacrificing his life at such a shrine. - - * * * * * - - -No. 10. - - COCOA TREE, PALL MALL, _April_ 14, 1775. - -I have finished my packet for Germany to the nobility, but I don't write -to her Majesty till Tuesday next, as 'tis not impossible I may hear from -his Majesty in or within that time. My motive for not quitting town -before next Sunday se'nnight is, that I would wait a decent, proper time, -in expectation of an answer, message, or order from the king, who may -be hindered by business, &c., and who would, doubtless, think me very -inattentive to the queen's concerns, and my so important commission, if -I ran away in a week after my arrival to visit my friends, regardless of -him or his reply. Even if I hear not a word, direct or indirect, yet, -when I leave London, I shall put into the Hanoverian Envoy's hand a few -lines, which, if his Majesty should send for me, or ask after me, during -my absence, he will, in that case, send or deliver to his Majesty. What I -shall say will be to this purport:-- - -Sir,--Not having received any message from your Majesty, and not -having seen my father or friends these eighteen months, and not being -immediately wanted in London on account of my commission, I have presumed -to leave town; but am ready at a moment's notice, and the signification -of your Majesty's pleasure, to be again in London with all possible -expedition. - -This I shall give myself to the Hanoverian Envoy, and request him to give -me a line to Bristol, the instant he receives any message respecting -me from his Majesty, as, if wanted, I will, and shall hold myself in -readiness, to return to town without delay. This conduct will, I think, -obviate any censure or disapproval. - -My stay, as I said yesterday, won't, I believe, exceed, if it reaches, -three weeks, as I expect within that time from my quitting London, -answers to my letters to Hamburgh and Zell, which will require my return -to town. I may even have letters sooner, so important as to keep me -here, or necessitate me, if at Bristol, to return directly; but I think -I shall have none sent; though, truly, I can't say. It depends on the -course of events in Denmark and Germany. - -I think the king won't see me first or last, as envoy from the queen and -nobility; but I hope, that is, I half hope, that he'll, notwithstanding, -pay some sort of attention to her Majesty's recommendation of me, and -somehow or other, perhaps serve me, or employ me, or reward me--but yet I -doubt much even of that. If my fortune depended on the queen's goodness -and gratitude (for I have served her, and will with my life, if she bid -me), my life upon it, she would not leave me unprovided for. But she can -do nothing. Even if she should be restored, yet 'tis the king of England -must employ me. I neither could nor would profit by the Danish Majesty's -service. But we must leave all that to time. I expect nothing, nothing at -all; but I may have great things done for me. The latter won't give me -one moment's pain, the former not an hour's exultation. I have told you I -am in _omnia paratus_. Death or a ribbon are to me the same. - - * * * * * - - -No. 11. - - JERMYN STREET, _May_ 19, 1775. - -Imagine, my dear father, the shock I have received on hearing this -moment, on my arrival here, that the Queen of Denmark is dead. I am wrapt -in horror, sorrow, and consternation. I went to St. James's Coffee House, -where Lord Hertford confirmed to me the sad news. A purple fever carried -her off. The courier arrived yesterday, late at night. His Majesty is -said to be much hurt by this so unexpected a blow. No doubt remains of -its unhappy authenticity. As to me, indeed, I feel as I ought, the loss I -sustain by her Majesty's death. I was even attached to her, and interest -conspires in the nobler emotions to make me weep at the funeral of so -young, so amiable, so unhappy a queen. What will be the consequences -to me I can't say exactly. That she should die at this critical time, -at the very moment, when she would, no doubt, have recommended me so -strongly to the king, is one of those events which may overcome a temper -more steady and uniform than mine. - -No wonder now that I have no answer to the long letter which I addressed -to her three or four weeks ago, and which she graciously assured me at -my departure from Zell, she would certainly answer. My head sinks for a -moment under this very unexpected stroke; but it is really sorrow, more -than the mean consideration of self loss, that bend it down. True, I -have lost my patroness, my royal mistress; but, I have a hundred times -told you, that no accidents of fortune can permanently stagger me. I -am prepared to live or die; to be prosperous, or to stem the tide of -adversity--yet, I confess it lies heavy at my heart. I must have done. - -To-morrow I'll write more, be assured. Don't you be hurt, my dear father -at this news! Fear not for me. I can't be depressed. His Majesty may yet -patronise me; nay, I fear not that he will do it. My spirit is unbroken, -and ten times defeated I shall rally, and conquer in the end. - -Good night! I weep for the poor departed queen. Little did I think this, -when she so kindly bade me adieu, not two months since, in her library -at midnight. I remember her parting words, her look. She held the door a -moment in her hand before she went out. But I did not see, I did not know -that death followed her step, and shut the door for ever between her and -me. - -P.S.--Lord Lumley (Lord Harborough's son) told me 'tis believed the queen -was poisoned. - - * * * * * - - -No. 12. - -I have this very moment received a mournful letter from Baron de -Seckendorf, from Zell. I join my tears to his, on the loss of our royal -mistress, the gracious and amiable deceased queen. He says, the Baron -de Lichtenstein pledges himself that I shall be at least reimbursed -my expenses from his Majesty here. He mentions no circumstances of her -Majesty, the queen's death. He was too much oppressed with sorrow. Depend -on it, that in the end some notice from the throne will be taken of me. -It must be so, I think. - -No letter yet from the poor, miserable, thunderstruck nobility at -Hamburgh. - - * * * * * - - -No. 13. - - LONDON, _May_ 26, 1775. - -I have written, finished, sealed up, and put in the post this evening, -three very particular and minute letters. One to the Baron de -Lichtenstein, requesting him to recommend me to his Majesty, which I know -he will do, and which will be almost as effectual as the deceased queen's -recommendation. A second to Baron de Seckendorf, answering his letter -to me, and desiring him to strengthen my request made to Lichtenstein. -This, I know likewise, he'll do most cheerfully. I have also desired -him to send me the particulars of her Majesty's illness and death. The -third letter, and longest, is to the Danish nobility at Hamburgh. You may -almost divine its general meaning and contents. I condole with them on -our horrid loss in the dear departed queen: inform them I have written to -Lichtenstein, to the end that he may do his utmost, and what she would -have done, if she had only lived a few days longer, with his Britannic -Majesty. I offer them my further offices, if they have anything to employ -me in. I request the continuance of their friendship, and to hear from -them soon. This is, in general terms, the substance of my letter. - -I allow, my dear father, that I am generally too sanguine in my -expectations, too enthusiastic and lively in my ideas and descriptions; -but yet remember I predict it--something must, and will yet be done -effectual for me, by the Danish nobility and Baron de Lichtenstein. They -are all conscious of and acquainted with my services; feeling satisfied -of my zeal, capacity, and address, and extremely desirous of procuring -me some reward, some sort of recompense for my dangers, fatigues, and -endeavours. The Baron de Lichtenstein managed the whole affair, knows me, -esteems me: knows her Majesty the queen's intentions of serving me with -her brother: and, superadded to all this, he is vastly beloved by the -king, who showed him a thousand marks of goodness when in England. - -Attend the answer to their letters: they will come in three or four -weeks. I cannot, indeed, answer for his Majesty's conduct in consequence -of their recommendations; nor could I, even if the queen had recommended -me: but I think I may rely on their warm endeavours to procure me some -notice or reward from his Majesty; though what may be, whether greater or -smaller, must depend on his gracious pleasure. - -Undoubtedly, my dear sir, when I reflect on the so unexpected, so sudden, -so critical death, of the poor, amiable, unhappy queen, I am covered with -amazement, and own it is a lesson _never to depend on anything_. Could -anything not actually done be surer? A young, gay, healthy woman, who had -every appearance of long life, snatched away in four days, and buried ere -we imagined she was ill. Probably, if I live to a hundred years, I shall -never meet with another, so wondrous, so extraordinary an adventure, -which is so incredible in its own nature, that I know not what to say to -it. - - * * * * * - - -No. 14. - - LONDON, _May_ 30, 1775. - -I have received, my very dear father, a long and mournful letter from -the Baron de Bülow himself. You will see from it how ready the nobility -are to do any and every thing to conduce to my interests: how sensible -they are of my zeal, capacity, and unwearied fidelity in the execution -of their commands. I have already named the service, the only service, -they can do me. I mean that of requesting Baron de Lichtenstein to write -very strenuously in my favour to his Majesty. I shall reply to-morrow -or next day to this letter, and condole with them on our common, heavy, -and irreparable loss, in the dear, departed queen, and reiterate to -them my urgent request of being recommended to his Majesty, as the only -recompense I desire or ask. There is no shadow of doubt that they will -do their part. There is no doubt in nature of Lichtenstein's doing his; -but as to what notice our royal master may be pleased to take of their -recommendation, or how far he may be graciously disposed to extend his -favour or notice to this, I cannot presume or pretend to say, but must -leave to futurity to determine. That I shall be reimbursed seems clear; -but that's nothing. I aspire much beyond any pecuniary reward. Even if -his Majesty should not _now_ extend his munificence or protection to me, -yet I am at least known to him by character and reputation. I have served -without any reward his royal sister--I have claims--and some future time -may give me opportunity to renew or make them good. - -[It may be added that the Danish nobility wrote a letter to George III., -in which they formally renounced and refused all repayment of the sums -disbursed in the cause of the queen's restoration: which repayment was -expressly stipulated by his Britannic Majesty, in the third article of -the conditions which Mr. Wraxall carried over to Germany in February, -1775. They only asked that their agent might be honourably rewarded and -employed. But it was all of no avail.] - - - - -APPENDIX B. - - -The first letter of the word is marked by that which is above, excepting -in the case that it be lined under, when it signifies nothing (in itself). - -The second letter--count back from the letter you have written to that -you would write, and mark the number or cypher. - -One writes likewise in the syllables and words; letters of the upper -range with a line under, which _then_ marks nothing in itself; but you -must begin from that to count the number following, which deciphers the -true letter. - -Every letter which is not _lined_--(so)--marks that which is under. - -One writes at the end of every word one of those letters which signify -nothing; and sometimes in the middle of a word put two of them, to render -the cypher more difficult. - - 2 2 2 - l + 13 u + 1 b c ÷ 3 ÷ 2. p ÷ 11. + 13. φ ÷ 17 + 8 a - - + 2 ÷ 12 × - - * * * * * - - 0 l ÷ 8 u l + 3 b p 3 a 1 + 3 ÷ z + 17 g 9 ÷ 7 + 4. ÿ i - - 1 c 1 + 15 + 3 x o z ÷ 6 + 14 φ ÷ z ÷ 1 z + 13 b. i 1 e l - - ÿ 6 c l c z zz o z p 1 s i l + 1 + 1z ÷ 4 ÷ 4 ÷ 4 f + 3 a l + - ¯ - 3 x c 1 c z + 4 + ll ÷ 2 + 7 ÷ 5 + 10 k. n + z ÷ 1 g p 3 - ¯ - p l r ÷ l y x + 3 + z x c l + 14 g e l ÷ 7 ÷ 8 y p 3 a 1 + - - 3 + 10 ÷ l i z d + z h p l 9 + 5 + lz b a z + 4 + 10 x o - - 1 d + z g r + 5 ÷ z g 9 ÷ 7 u z ÷ z ÷ z h u l ÷ 5 + 8 + - ¯ ¯¯¯ - 8 m ÷ 3 k r p 1 p 3 + 4 + 9 + 8 ÷ 4 + 8. o z ÷ 10 b r h g - ¯ - + z ÷ 1z + l3 c l + 8 + 6 a l + 3 s f e l ÿ 9 1 + 7 + 6 ÷ - ¯ - z b c z ÷ z ÷ 3 0 3 + z + l + g + 1z d + z o 3 g e 1 i z c - - l h o z ÷ 6 f + 5 φ p 3 ÷ 1z : i 1 c l : d m ÷ 7 + l z i_ l + - - 2 - 9 ÷ 6 ÷ z k. c l + 6 φ d + z b i z c l + 13 + 1 y. a y e 1 c 1 - - + 8 k (d + 10 + l ÷ 6 ÷ 4) y a z + 4 o 1 + z y u 1 ÷ 5 + - - 19 y x ÷ l x. d + z d ÷ z m ÷ 7 + 1z ÷ 6 ÷ z + lz h d + - ¯ - l0 ÷ l + 6 ÷ z ÷ 1z. y o z + 3 + 3 ÷ 8 ÷ z o 1 + 4 p l. - - o z k d + 5 ÷ z + l3, + l0 + z e l + 3 y a z a z p z + l0 - ¯ - ÷ 11 y f y o 3 f ÷ l + 6 g n ÷ lz + 16 ÷ l + 4 + l0 g p - - 1 g o z p l g i l + l3 ÷ 3 ÷ 5 + 10 ÷ l4 x r ÷ l 0 3 + z - ¯¯¯ - ÷ 3 x a z + 4 c l h d + z + 6 + 9 o l s p l g l ÷ 6 + l9 + - - 8 m g c l. 9 s x y e l b o 3 b s + l ÷ l4 ÷ z + 6 k o z a l ÷ - - l g o 3 ÷ 4 ÷ z φ m ÷ 3. y (z k) d + l l n n ÷ 7 x i z f e 1 o - ¯ - 3 o 1 ÷ z + 6 + l + 3 ÷ 8 + 5 ÷ l + 5 6 d i z + l n a l - ¯¯¯ - + 7 ÷ 4 + 8 s a z + 4 o l + z y. z + l0 ÷ 7 ÷ l9 ÷ z u - - l ÷ 5 p z + l φ + 3 ÷ 5 c z y. r ÷ l + 6 ÷ 3 x o z c l o 3 - ¯¯¯ - b u l + 1l + 9 + 8 k + 9 d + 1 t z + 1. 9 s f + z + 6 ÷ z - ¯ - y i z + l + 6 o 3. p l ÷ 5 ÷ 7 ÷ 1 + 5 g r + z ÷ lz + 1 c - - 1 p 3 ÷ lz g i l c l. 9 x ÷ 7 h + 6 ÷ z h c l + 8 + 8 ÷ 7 f - - + 6 + lz x s + l ÷ 4 + 9 ÷ 1 ÷ 5 c z x c z ÷ z ÷ 3 r y o - ¯ - z + 4 a 1 + 3 k s + 5 ÷ z ÷ 3 + l b r ÷ l0 + l5. g p l + - ¯ - z φ + l7 ÷ z d + z k n s o l g r p l p 3 y o z ÷ l0. r + z i 3 - ¯¯¯ - + 5 n o 1 ÷ 4 + lz c l k r ÷ 1 + 4 + l p l + 4. o z p l x - ¯ - p 3 ÷ lz ÷ z c l i z + 7 + 4 ÷ l0 + 5 ÷ l x i l + l x + - - 6 ÷ 10 o z ÷ 6 + 14 φ ÷ z ÷ l z y i l c l. d m p l. + lz ÷ - - 6 ÷ z g o z ÷ 6. 9 ÷ l6 + 1z ÷ 8 c z p l a l + 9 ÷ 6 g o l - - s + 6 p 3 a z + 4 ÷ l5 h 9 s e l ÷ z k p l f ÷ 3 s ÷ 9 o 3 x - ¯ ¯ - u l + 3 + l4 + 7 h x r ÷ l + 6 p 3 y g ÷ 7 a z + 3 ÷ z - - ÷ 1 z g i l + 1 n + 3 ÷ l4 p 3 c z. d + z + 14. a z + 4 + 6 - ¯ ¯ - + lz ÷ 9 s p l r c l e l ÷ 5 + z ÷ lz o 3 o 3 + 3 o z + 3 o 3 - ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ - + z ÷ z h o 3 + 1z + lz c l o 3. x o l d o l s 9 + l8 + 6 + - - 23 g c l d + 14 h y ÷ 8 9 ÷ l i l + l o 3 p 1 + 4 + l4 a l - ¯ ¯¯¯ - + 3 ÷ 17 g a z + 5 ÷ 7 + l0 + 6 r + 3 h y d + z c z φ ÷ - ¯¯¯ - 14 y + 6 c l x c z y h φ p 3 c 1 y d + 1l ÷ z k φ ÷ 7 x i l c 1 - - x ÷ z ÷ 14 ÷ 19 ÷ 1 e l ÷ 8 ÷ 7. k h g o z p l y p 3 p l + - ¯ - 4 r ÷ 1 ÷ l d a l + 3. i l e 1 g p 3 f o l h p z ÷ 5 f + 4 + - ¯ ¯¯¯ - l b ÷ 1 ÷ 9 + 4 1 + 13 o z ÷ z ÷ 4 + lz u l ÷ l g f + l - ¯ - g φ ÷ 8 g d + ll ÷ z + 3 p 3 o 3 ÷ 13 i z i l. h r + z ÷ 8 - ¯ - ÷ 4 + 8 ÿ p l ÿ + z + z x ÷ z n + z i z o 3 ÷ 13 i z c z c 1 - ¯¯ - n i z ÷ 8 i z c z y a z c l o l x + 4 ÷ 8. p 3 ÷ lz o 3 φ ÷ 13 - ¯¯¯ - n a l o z c l y r p l ÷ 8 g n + 14 o z h p l g e l ÷ 7 p 3 ÷ - 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¯ ¯¯¯ ¯ ¯¯¯ - z h i z ÷ 8. 9 t 9 + l5 ÷ l k ÷ 4 + 1l o 3 g m p 1 i 3 p l p - - 3 i l c l p 3 h e l i z h o 3 f e l ÷ z. a z + 4 + 6 i z i l h i z - - + 1 + 6 o 3 h ÷ 5 + l e 1 ÷ z a 1 + 3 ÷ 7 r ÷ l o 3 ÷ 4 - ¯¯¯ - ÷ 1 + 5 h p 1 n ÷ 3 + z g φ ÷ 6 i l ÷ 4 m + 5 l ÷ z + - ¯ - l z + 1. c 1 c z p l 4 l φ p 3 f i z + 6 + 7 m + 5 + l h o z - ¯ - p l h + ll + z + 3 + z g c 1 + l4 o z ÷ 6 k c z ÷ 5 + 6 - - ÷ 3 ÷ 5 ÷ 7 i z c z h r ÷ 1 + 6 ÷ 3 a z + 4 o l s i 3 + 1 - ¯¯¯ - + 6 + z r + 3 φ ÷ 4 ÷ l + 5 h i z + 1 p 3 + 3 ÷ z 6 ÷ - ¯ - 13 c z x ÷ 4 ÷ l + 6 ÷ 3 k a z + 4 ÷ ll. o 3 c 1 + lz ÷ 3 - - ÷ 5 c z d + z y r + 3 ÷ g + 4 + l + 6 p 3 + 1 h + o z - ¯ ¯ - + g m + l x i l c l n ÷ n m + l ÷ g o l f i z o 3 x i l c l - ¯ ¯ - p 3 + l x o 3 + z a l + 16 ÷ g d + 1 + l a z + z g ÷ l4 - ¯ ¯¯¯ - + l o 3 φ u l o z f c z h s c 1 o 3 h p 1 + 4 l ÷ z g ÷ 3 h p - ¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ - l p 3 n c l o 3 h i z ÷ 8 + 13 + l + 9 + z h + l0 + ll p - ¯ - 3 + 1 s r f + 6 ÷ 3 h o 3 + 8 h o 3 ÷ 4 ÷ g e l ÷ 3 x c l - - ÷ ll ÷ 1 ÷ g o z ÷ 10 + 5 u l ÷ 5 + 8 + 8 c l s + lz + - - l3 e l o 3 φ ÷ g c z k i z f b l ÷ 6 l + 6 c 1 c z o l o z b r p 1 - - r + 3 ÷ l3 i 3 ÷ 6 s o z m + 6 ÷ l i z ÷ 8 r + 5 ÷ 3 l - ¯ ¯¯¯ ¯ ¯ - ÷ 1 l + 1 z x o z p l x + l4 ÷ l0 + 8 + 5 ÷ g f i z a z e l - - o l o z φ + g o 1 h r + 11 f + 6 h g φ n + 3 ÷ 4 + 3 + l0 - - + 6 h o z c l + 14 c l n o 3. a z + 4 c 1 9 f e l o 3 c l c z ÷ - - l4 o 3. x ÷ l3 i z d f p 3 c l 6 p l o z f i z i l p 3 c l x p l x o - - z c l o z e l o 1 x u l p l o l p 3 ÷ 1z h ÷ z + 11 ÷ z + 3 - - + z c l i z i 1 p 3 + 13. p l o l f e l c z ÷ l4 o 3 f h a z e l - - c l x o 3 o l o z h + z ÷ 8 b 9 ÷ l6 e l ÷ l h i z f e l o 3 h - - o 3 f e l c z c 1 i z o l p 3 c. l i z g p 3 o l c 1 i z k g o z p l u - - l φ ÷ 5 + 8 p 3 c 1 h i z c l. r c 1 e l c z r p 1 o 3 x c l c z p - - 3 ÷ u x φ i z c z p l n ÷ 7 c l x b h o l c l n ÷ 8 x u l + 3 - - ÷ 4 x p l 9 l c z p 3 c 1. i l o l o 3 d p 3 c l c z o l f i z x o l - - c l o 3 c 1 p 3 f o l o 3 x u l p l d m ÷ 3 h r ÷ 1 + 6 p 3 k - - 9 f + 6 ÷ z c l c z x o z p l 4 l s ÷ l i z ÷ 8 s d ÷ z ÷ 6 - - ÷ z ÷ l3 s o 3 o l h φ ÷ 8 9 f ÷ 5 + g h o z o 1 c l e z i l - - c l i z x i 1 f e l ÷ l + 1l p 3 g e l i z. n + z n ÷ 7 i z c z - - b g p l i 1 o l c l e l x p 1 p 3 p 3 o l 9 + 9 y p l e l r o z e l - - c z s + a 5. b o z c l i l o l f x i l + l x o l ÷ i z + 8 o l c l - - p 3. - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 3 4 2 5 4 - p a d i c u l m o p o n i t r a p o c e q u e f i t a r a n t i m a t - a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i k - - 1 5 6 3 4 3 3 1 4 5 3 2 6. 2 6 3 7 4 2 3 7. - b i x a n t e r v o k o m b o. s i c i n d i o. - l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. a b c d e f g h. - - g. h. v. w. y. z. - - |N. W.----| - - Lettre deux fois lignée ne signifié rien. - - - The K. of England Mr. Garrick. - - The Queen C. Matilda Mrs. Yates. - - Lichtenstein - Mr. Lug--n--st--n Mr. Woodward. - - Seckendorf - Mr. S--k--d--rf Mr. Beard. - - Dieden - Bn. D--d--n Mr. Powel. - - Bülow - Bn. B--l--w Mr. Holland. - - Schimmelmann - Bn. S--m--l--n Mr. Foote. - - Ld. North Mr. Mattocks. - - Mr. Delaval Mr. Shutter. - - Ahlefeldt - Ct. A--f--t Mr. Reddish. - - Ld. Simpelton Mr. Clarck. - - Texier Mdle. Louise Bonneval. - - Bulow Anne Moulin. - - - - -APPENDIX C. - -(_Correspondence of M. le Texier_). - - -No. 1. - - DEAR SIR, - -Having had nothing material to communicate to you since your departure -from hence, I would not trouble you with my letters till I did hear from -you, in consequence of our agreement, and now I find myself honoured with -your's of the 22nd November and 5th December; both which, for reason -of the early frost, and constant easterly wind, I did not receive but -lately, and at a short distance from one another. I congratulate you very -heartily upon the shortness of your passage, and happy arrival in London, -and beg you'll accept of my sincere thanks for the friendly expressions -of your letters, and the intelligence you are so obliging to impart to -me. I make not the least doubt but you'll be able to employ your time a -great deal better, and enjoy quite other pleasures in that great world, -where you must almost be lost in, than you did in our little trading -town of Hambro'. The inclosed letters which you transmitted to me, have -been deliver'd according to your direction. You'll certainly hear from -Mr. Holland directly. Mr. and Mrs. Matthiessen and their family, have -often enquired for you, are verry glad of the intelligence I gave them -from you, and that they may expect to see you, perhaps, in a short time, -back again in those quarters, and do return their best compliments to -you. I am glad to hear that Garrick approves of the new play that is -intended to be performed; but cannot help wondering at the same time of -his backwardness of concurring more effectually in its execution; but -this may perhaps comme in time, when he has more particularly digested -the plan, and seen the first actors in motion. You don't tell me of -having seen him yourself: this is, however, what I could have wished, -as you are by far better able than Woodward to give him a clear idea of -the whole, and remove such objection as he could have to it. I have not -yet heard from Beard, tho' I suppose, he must be in correspondence with -Holland. As to Foote, I had no letters from him, and none did I expect; -as we agreed, before his departure, that he should not write, but when -circumstances did absolutely require it. Do you think that Shutter will -have orders to advance the performance of this play on the stage he is at -this time engaged on, or that Garrick will, perhaps, chose somebody else -for having the management of it there. I cannot tell you anything more on -this subject till things are come to maturity. Meanwhile, if you hear of -something which you think will be worth transmitting, I'll be obliged to -you for the communication of it. Our German plays are interrupted till -the beginning of February, and the Cristmass vacancies won't allow the -balls at the Boselhoff till the latter end of this month. Last week I -heard at a verry grand concert the famous violin player, Lolly, who is, -perhaps, the greatest virtuoso on that instrument at present in Europe. -It is said he'll visit Engeland, where, I dare say, he'll be as much -admired as in the other places he has been. You don't tell me how you -deal with pleasures and amusements; for my part, my dear friend, I catch -as much of the sweets of life as time and circumstances will alow. You -must take up with this dish of broken English as it is, and excuse the -inaccuracies of it, provided only you are able to understand it. Let me -hear from you, and believe me, at all events, your devoted humble servant -and friend. - - _From Mons. T----r, written from Hamburgh, - about the beginning of January_, 1775. - - -No. 2. - - MY DEAR FRIEND, - -I have received consecutively, and very safely, four of your letters. The -first from Z----, the second from Rotterdam, and the two last ones, from -yᵉ 14th and 21st instant, from London, which give me a circumstantial -account of your journey, and your transactions after your arrival at -the last mention'd place. I should have answer'd them by the post of -last Friday, if it had not been for the absence of Holland, who having -been down to his estates for about 12 days, and beeing only return'd -yesterday, it was only this morning I could communicate to him the -contents of your last two letters. He is extremely satisfied; as, indeed, -he ought to be, of the activity, the zeal, skil, and affection, with -which you embrac'd and acted in the cause of Mrs. Yates, and pitty's -only that all the trouble you have taken, and our endeavours, cannot -prevail on Garrick's obstinacy to act his part in the _manner_ the -other actors desire it, in the new intended play, which may possibly be -deficient in succes, in case he should persist in his refusal. As we -have no intelligence as yet from Woodward or Beard (which we expect, -however, every moment), we can form no judgment about his intentions, -and therefore we are as little able to give you a cathegorical answer -upon your question, whether we can make any further use of your services, -or not? and, besides having no true account of the state of affairs -from the stage where the play is to be acted. If the comedians have not -been interrupted, if they know their parts, if the stage is adapted, if -the machinery's are readdy, &c., of which I doubt very much. You must -remember that at your departure things did not look very bright, and -that we were in apprehension of some disagreable news. Tho' we don't -know the circumstances of what has happened there, and tho' the pot is -not entirely _crack'd_, or has not _boil'd over_, as a certain person -express'd itself, something must, however, have been the matter, and -discomposed for the present the arrangements that were made, as _Mr. -Reddish_, and two others of the first actors, have left the playhouse, -and undertook a journey during this summer to the south of Germany, -till the suspicions that probably have been raised are dissipated, and -the difficulty's they met with have been removed, which we hope will be -towards the winter, when they will all meet again on the stage to make a -fresh rehearsal, of which the success may be less doubtfull, if Garrick -will second them as he ought. But be the case what it will, we expect -every day, and certainly in the course of next weak, ours and your good -friend, _Mr. Foote_, who will certainly relieve us of our anxiety, clear -our doubts, and lead us in the way to give you a clear and positive -decision. Till then, my dear, good friend, you must be quiet, and remain -where you are without taking any resolution (exept on Garrick's immediate -orders). This is what Holland entreats you to mind till he has explained -himself with Foote, which, as you see, will be very soon, assuring you -upon his honour, that his first business will be to settle with him in -what manner to employ you, and then to give you immediate and positive -resolution if you are to continue in the same station, and send you a -draught at the same time; or in case you were at present of no use for -to bring the play on the stage, to entreat Mrs. Yates (who is already -acquainted with your ability's), in the strongest terms to recommand -you to her friend, Mr. Garrick. This, my dear friend, is all I can, and -am commissioned to say to you upon this account. I hope my next will be -more satisfactory to you; meanwhile be assured that Holland, as well as -myself, we have the highest and best grounded esteem for your noble and -disinterested way of thinking, and whatever be the event, we shall always -congratulate ourself of having made your acquaintance, and cemented your -friendship. - -Holland begs to be excused in not writing to you himself, as he is -extremely fatigued of his journey, and troubled with a vast deal of -business which he found at his return; he begs you'll be so good to -secure for him the chariot you have bespoke, for which he'll send you -the draught you require. I am extremely satisfied with the manner in -which you communicate to me what intelligence you give us, and which I -understand perfectly. I wish mine were as intelligible to you, which -however I doubt of. Be so good, my dear friend, to continue in the -same way, but observe at the same time, when you make the cover to Mr. -Matthiessen, to lay a small bit of paper between the seal of my letters -and Matthiessen cover, as one of them stuck so fast to it that it was -tore to pieces in the opening of it, but happily there remained just so -much of the seal that it could not be opened. - -I'll be oblig'd to you for the books; my mother, brothers, sister, and -her children, make their best compliments to you, and wish you health and -pleasure. So do I do likewyse, my dear friend; farewell, and remember -your devoted friend and servant. - -By my next you shall have more, and perhaps a little tit-tat, which time -won't allow at present. - -_The_ 2_nd of May_, 1775. - - -No. 3. - - MY DEAR FRIEND, - -I received in due time your favour of yᵉ 13th of June, which was soon -followed by that of yᵉ second of the same month, accompanying a parcel -of silk, and four books, three of which I delivered according to your -orders, and kept the fourth to myself, as you desir'd me. Be so good -to receive my most gratefull acknowledgement for this mark of your -friendship. I have not yet found time sufficient to go through it with -due attention, but I'll reserve the perusal of it for those hours which -free from business I can devote to friendship, and shall look upon it as -a conversation which cannot but afford me a great deal of pleasure, as -anything that comes from the author will always be dear to me. When I -deliver'd the silk to Holland, I communicated to him the contents of your -first of the 13th of June; he join'd with me in his commendations with -regard to your noble and disinterested way of thinking, and acknowledged -the justness of your expectations with respect to Garrick. He assures -you of the continuation of his friendship and esteem, and desir'd me to -tell you that he made repeated applications to _Beard_, for insisting -with _Woodward_ to recommand you to Garrick's remembrance; so that I -don't doubt but you'll have heard by this time of something beeing done -for you, the news of which will be most heartily wellcome to me, you may -be assured. Foote has left this place some time ago; but he is soon to -return, in order to be married to a young and amiable lady, one of the -first family's of this country. He jointly with _Holland_, is in hopes -that you have burnt all the letters and papers which you have received -from the latter one, as well as from Miss Bonneval, respecting the -unhappy affair that was the object of your correspondence; and they beg -that you'll be so kind to confirm them in these hopes, for their future -quiet and tranquillity. I expect, my dear friend, not only to receive of -your letters, before you leave England, but even during your new intended -travels, when you'll be at leisure, and your thaughts will bring you back -to this place, where you have undoubtedly left a great many friends, some -of which are strongly attach'd to you, and more particularly Bonneval's -family. They all of them beg that you'll accept of their best compliments -and hearty wishes for your wellfare. - -It is with astonishment and sorrow I have read in the several papers the -account of the bloody scene exhibited in America. Is it possible that -the spirit of _rebellion_ (for as far as I am able to judge I cannot -call it _liberty_) has raised their madness so far as to make them run -blindly to their destruction? for what will be the consequence of all -this? a shocking bloodshed between children of the same mother, a total -destruction of their property, and the utter ruin of all commerce and -trade in those parts of the world, while a storm is preparing at this -side of the water, which may perhaps strike a fatal blow to Old England, -without being able to prevent it. What would become of Brittain's -grandeur, if this great Spanish Armada was intended on your coasts, or on -some of your American settlements? This opinion gains generally ground -here, and few people think this undertaking to be only for the barbarian -coast. But what is still more astonishing, is the spirit of division -that prevails in the metropolis, and the outrageous conduct of part of -its citisents; nothing remains but they should likewise take up arms, in -order to render the scene compleat. I pitty with all my heart those who -are at the helm; and from my peaceable hermitage (which you have seen), -when stretched upon my sopha, I cannot help smiling at the reading of -your brilliant regattas and sommer diversions, amidst all those clamours, -and while half of the nation is under arms, or preparing themselves to be -so. But enough of this. _Comment vont les plaisirs_, and _les amours_? I -wish you success in both. God bless you, my dear sir; remember him who is -very cordialy your devoted humble friend and servant. - -_July the_ 18_th. N.B._ 1775. - - -No. 4. - - MY DEAR SIR, - -It was not but yesterday I receiv'd your's of yᵉ 21st July, as we had -then two mails due from England, and much about the same time, or a -little after you have dispatch'd it, my last (which was wrote about the -middle of the same month) must have come to your hands, if it did come at -all, for I cannot account for its delay, having desired my sister to have -it put in the Post Office. I gave you an account in it of the several -applications Holland had made on your behalf to Beard, relative to -Woodward's putting Garrick in mind of you; the assurances we had got from -Beard of his having acted according to his promiss, and the ignorance -we then were in of its success. I have only the time to acquaint you -now, that I saw Holland this morning, who told me of Beard mentioning -in a letter he had lately receiv'd, that he hoped to have in a few days -something to communicate to him about you. That he, Holland, is expecting -this intelligence with the greatest impatience, and that as soon as he -shall have received it, he will immediately do himself the pleasure of -writing to you, in order to acquaint you of it. But, my dear sir, how -are we to act in directing our letters to you? as I see it is your -intention to set out from England after the 14th of this month. At all -events I'll direct what I have to send to you at the direction you left -me at your departure, and which I make use of now, in the supposition -that you'll leave such orders that anything will be transmitted to you. -I have likewise to acknowledge the favour of your former, including -a column of the newspapers, for the communication of which I am most -sincerely oblig'd to you. I find this account wrote with elegance, and -that warm interest the subject requir'd, and don't doubt it will answer -the intention it was design'd with. You see, my dearest friend, that our -ignorance is the sole cause of our silence, and thus I hope you'll be -persuaded to pardon it, and not adscribe it to ingratitude and oblivion, -which are sentiments that will never find entrance in our breast; but, -on the contrary, be assured that we wish nothing with more ardor then to -see you happy, and to see you rewarded, as you deserve it, by someboddy -else, it beeing not in our power to effect it, but by our repeated -intercessions, which I still hope will have their effect. I must finish -here, in order not to miss the time of the post office. Thus farewell, -and remember him who is with the sincerest affection your devoted friend -and servant. - -_August the_ 4_th_, 1775. - - -No. 5. - - _July the_ 16_th_, 1776. - -Not only, my dearest friend, several little excursions in the country, -but also our friend Holland's absence, who did return only since a couple -of days, have prevented my answering immediately the very kind letter -which you favour'd me with on the 18th of January. It gave me an uncommon -pleasure to hear of you, after so long a silence, which I could very well -account for, as I knew that you was again on a visit on the Continent. -I understand that you did not follow your first plan of crossing the -Pirrenean mountains, and going to the south of Spain, for else you would -have received a letter which I directed to you at Madrid, _a la poste -restante_, in September last, as we did agree. If it be lost, there is -no great news in it, as it contain'd nothing material. It was only _une -lettre d'amitié_, and an enquiry after your health, with a short account -of our doing here in the usual stile. - -I give you my most sincere thanks for the sentiments of friendship and -affection which you honour me with; be assured of the most hearty return, -not only from me, but likewise from our friends Holland and Foote, and -of the gratefull sense we do all retain of your noble and generous -behaviour. Believe me, dear sir, that it gives us the greatest pain and -sorrow to hear that nothing has been done as yet on your behalf from -Garrick's side, notwithstanding Beard's strong recommendations thro' -Woodward's channel. Beard expresses his astounishment at it as well as -Holland, and we are entirely at a loss how to account for Garrick's -neglect, in not making you a return so justly deserved, and which -can come from _him_ only. I do not doubt a moment of Woodward having -made all possible applications, and in that supposition, the critical -circumstances of Garrick's own affairs, and the hurry and perplexity he -has been in, can alone account for his behaviour. Holland desires that -you will be assured of his esteem, of his attachment and friendship -for you, and how much he wishes to convince you of those sentiments, -nothing will be able to efface them out of his heart; and the same I dare -answer for Foote, whom we have not seen since last summer, but who is -expected here at the beginning of August. As all the hopes of renewing -a theatrical entertainement are entirely dropt, you may easily imagin -that Beard and Holland do but seldom correspond together, and yet only on -friendly terms. - -I wish that the presenting the prints may open the way of helping you to -Garrick's remembrance, and if means could be found out of being presented -to him yourself, this, I dare say, would be of more effect. - -I paid for the hire of the carriage at Utrecht according to your desire. -Caillé had an opportunity to send hither a person of his acquaintance, -to whom I paid the money, and who gave me a receipt for it, so that this -point is settled. - -I was extremely welcome to my mother and brother, and likewyse to Mr. -M----'s family, with the news of having received a letter from you. They -were greatly rejoiced at hearing you were well, and safe return from -your late excursion. They beg you'll accept of the return of their best -compliments, and hearty sallutation to you. Mrs. S---- had the misfortune -of loosing again two childern last winter, but three weeks ago she was -brought to bed of a boy; this does partly make up the former loss. -However, her constitution is much hurt, and she enjoys but very little -health.--I would be much obliged to you, if at your leisure moments you -would favour me with a short account of your late excursion, and how you -was pleased in that tour; for such an attentive traveller as you are, I -dare say nothing will have escaped your inspection. I must acknowledge -to you that I am tired with the sedentary life I lead here, and the -insignificant business I am employ'd in; and between you and me I have -made application of beeing sent to England; in how far I shall be able -to succeed in this attempt I cannot tel, however, I have some hopes. How -happy should I be if I could have the pleasure of meeting you in England, -and embracing him whom I esteem and love with all my heart. This, my dear -sir, you may be assured of from your affectionate and most devoted friend -and servant. - -_From Mons. Le T---- to N. W. W._ - - -No. 6. - - _Sept. yᵉ_ 5th_, 1776. - -You must pardon me, my dear friend, if I deferred returning an immediate -answer to your kind letter of yᵉ 30th July. Holland's absence, and Foote -not being at that time arrived, put it out of my power to give you a -satisfactory one, before I had seen either of them. They are both here -now, and have retain'd for you the same sentiments of friendship and -esteem which you have impress'd them with at the beginning of our mutual -acquaintance. They acknowledge the justice of your claim on their warmest -interest and recommendation on your behalf. They were even beforehand in -offering to renew them, and to do anything in their power which might be -of further service to you; but they cannot help beeing surprised that -all their wishes and join'd endeavours with Beard, have hitherto been -unsuccessfull on that subject. How is it possible that Garrick, who -makes pretention on feeling and sentiments, can be regardless to the -services you intended him, and in which you have so effectually been -employed? This strange behaviour is above their conception. However, as -they are willing to account for this, more than seeming, neglect, on -behalf of the hurry of business, and the many vexations he has labour'd -under this year past, they hope that repeated application will be of -better effect. Foote, you will remember, has never been in any direct -intercourse with Beard or Woodward. But Holland not only accepted writing -again in the strongest terms, but told me that having had some time ago a -_rendez-vous_ with _Beard_, you took up great part of their conversation, -in which he dwelt upon the absolute necessity that something ought to be -done for you, and that they both would write to Woodward on that subject; -so that you may be sure, my dear friend, if their goodwill can have any -effect, and their recommendation any weight upon Garrick, you cannot, -with the help of your friends in England, fail of being successful in -your attempt to get a place, the intelligence of which will give me, -as you may easily guess, the most complete satisfaction; and so I am -positive it would also to Foote and Holland, who, I can assure you, do -lament at each time that I do mention you to them, their incapacity of -serving you according to their heart's desire, and do constantly express -in the most distinguished expression, their high esteem for your personal -quality's and noble way of thinking, and their perfect gratitude for your -behaviour in general. Those sentiments they will certainly never part -with; and they beg that you will do them the favour to continue that -friendship for them, of which you have given them such uncontestable -proofs; and give me leave, my dear friend, to join my request to theirs, -that I may retain the same share in your remembrance. - -Mr. and Mrs. M----, and their family, are highly pleased, as well as my -mother and brother, to hear of you; they desire that you'll be so good to -accept of their best compliments. Mr. Mathias is very much obliged to you -for your kind remembrance, wishes you a great deal of good, and gives his -best salutes to you. - -I will be vastly obliged to you for the new production of your pen, which -you are so good to promiss me. I wait for them with impatience, as they -will in a manner make me amends for our separation, and let me enjoy your -company, at least, in idea. - -I have but little hopes remaining of beeing successful in my application -for a change in my situation. Tho' I do not give them up entirely for the -future, I cannot flatter myself for the present of being so happy to make -a trip to Albion, unless some unexpected events would open the way for it. - -I perceive that the last disagreable news from the North American -Continent, have but little influence on the uninterrupted pleasures of -your town. However, the success of the present civil war cannot fail of -drawing the most serious consequences at their issue, and of bringing on -a prodigious change in a great many fortunes. Well! but let them fight -and quarrel as long as they please, I won't much trouble my head about -it; but I will ever be ready to convince you that I am sincerely, - - My dear Sir, - Your devoted friend and well-wisher. - - -No. 7. - -I can now very easily account, my dear friend, for Beard's silence with -regard to your last letter. His absence from his ordinary place of abode, -is undoubtedly the only reason of your having been without any news from -him since the latter end of June. He has made a tour to Saxony, where he -intended staying two or three months, but would be back towards the end -of this month; this is what I could learn from our friend Holland, who -has likewise been a very long time without his letters (their litterary -intercourse being now almost dropt). He thinks your letter cannot be -lost, but supposes it has been left at Z----, or only been sent of -late to him on his tour; so that you will have receiv'd now, or will -probably in a short time, the answer you expected; meanwhile you may, my -dear sir, make yourself very easy about the fate of your letter, which -certainly cannot be lost. Surprising it is that all applications made -on your behalf have hitherto been without effect; nevertheless, I am of -opinion you must not give up the hope of success; a favourable moment -will probably come, and Woodward will no doubt sease it to remind Garrick -of your services. I cannot help having some apprehensions with regard -to your intention, which you communicate to me in your last letter, of -putting in order the anecdotes relative to Mrs. Yates, in a kind of -memoirs; not, my dear sir, that I have the least doubt of your prudence -and discretion; but you must know how easily an unforeseen accident may -happen which can occasion the los of such a paper, which falling in -other hands would certainly be published to the world, and what would -be the consequence for those who have had any share in its contents? at -least you will, no doubt, keep their names to yourself, and interwow the -whole in such a manner, that it must remain untelligible to all those -who are no knowing ones. I leave this to your caution, and we all depend -upon your known prudence. Both Holland and Foote, who is return'd about -a fortnight ago, where his business does call him in the winter time, -desire that you'll be assured of their everlasting friendship and esteem. - -All your acquaintances here present their best compliments to you. There -is since a couple of days a general rumor here of an approaching war. -This will to all appearances occasion some more activity in trade, as -well as in polliticks. Adieu, my dear friend; I wish you health and -pleasure, and beg you will believe me very sincerly and faithfully, yours. - -_Nov. yᵉ_ 12_th_, 1776. - - -No. 8. - -Yours, my dear friend, of yᵉ 26th Nov. and 5th Dec., arrived at one -and the same day, as we had three English mails due, owing to the east -wind that has constantly blown this long while; and as I have desired, -once for all, that any letter which comes from you should remain at my -mother's house till I come to fetch it in person; they were not delivered -to me till the day before yesterday, so that you must not be surprised at -having received no immediate answer to them. - -So agreeable your letters have hitherto been to me, so very deeply -has the last one affected me. The intelligence you give me, and which -accounts at the same time for the presentation of the memoirs in question -to Garrick, has afflicted me beyond expression. You cannot, you must not -doubt, my dearest friend, of the part I take in the most minutest thing -that may interest your wellfare. How should I not feel for your concerns? -but at the same time how great are you in my Eeyes, how great must you be -in the Eeyes of those who are acquainted with your principles, with the -motives that do lead you in this occasion? Be assured that if anything -could add to the esteem which you have commanded from me, from Holland -and Foote, it would be the disclosure you have now made. I do conceive -how it could have hurt your pride with narrow-minded souls; but with -us it cannot. Men of honour and feeling, like you, are much above the -caprices of fortune, and I am assured that its inconsistencies cannot -in any degree affect their way of thinking. We have too many proofs of -your strickt honour, disinterestedness, and even self-denial, to harbour -the least doubt of any change of sentiment on your side. Not indeed, be -easy on that account. Far from disapproving your plan, I would be the -first to advise it; so does Holland, so would Foote. Happy we would be -if we had interest enough with Garrick to contribute to its success. You -know, my dear friend, how deeply we are obliged to you, and how much we -have wished to convince you of our gratitude; but, at the same time how -unsuccessfull all our endeavours and applications have been. I approve -much of your letting Woodward know of your intended plan; he must, and -certainly will back it by his interest, and I hope that this will do at -least. We have almost lost sight of him, and so likewise of Beard; I -don't even know with certitude if he is returned, tho' I suppose he must -be so at this time. Holland, who is very sickly, and has been so the -whole winter, has not received any letters from him since his departure. -Foote is return to the capital, as I told you, and will not visit our -quarters before next summer. - -Do believe me, my dear friend, that I don't mind any loss of time or -expence in our intercourse. I wish to hear from you; your letters are -always wellcome to me, and give me a particular satisfaction. This will -reach you by the new direction you have given me, and at the same time -you'll receive two lines by the former way in order to acquaint you of -it. Let me know by your first which of the two I shall keep for the -future. All your friends here return their best compliments to you, and -wish you well. So does he who is very sincerely and affectionately yours. - -_The_ 25_th Dec._, 1776. - - -No. 9. - - MY DEAR SIR, - -It is a long time since I had any of your letters, and it will be near -the same that I did not do myself the pleasure of writing to you. What is -become of you since, and what has been the success of your application -with Garrick? Those, my dear sir, are natural questions from the part of -him that interests himself so warmly for you as I do. It would afford -me the greatest pleasure if you could see the accomplishment of your -desires. Mine did not succeed according to the hopes I had form'd. I -have been obliged to relinquish the idea of beeing employed at London, -having lately been nominated to the post of Resident at Dantzig, where -I expect to be setled towards the end of this year; but first I'll -be obliged to go to C----, and intend setting out next week thither. -So, my dear friend, that if you do me the pleasure of giving me some -news of your welfare, you wil be so good to direct them, during the -remainder of this year, at our old direction, where I have given orders -that your letters should be kept til my return. You'll however observe -not to mention anything of the old topic in them, for fear of their -miscarrying, and when I shal have reach'd my new destination, I'll give -you another direction for the future, for I should be glad to cultivate -our correspondence, and the friendship which has subsisted between us. -Be assured, my dear friend, that where ever my fate may dispose of me, -I shall desire the continuance of it, for him that is for ever with a -sincere esteem, your devoted friend and servant. - -_The_ 16_th of Aug._, 1777. - - -THE END. - - - - -INDEX TO VOL. III. - -HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. - - -A. - - Aalborg, castle of, 145; - Caroline Matilda, designated the countess of, imprisoned there, _ib._ - - Aboe, lieutenant, groundless charges brought against, 107; - biographical notices of, _ib._; - how disposed of, 110, 112; - his death, 112. - - Alexandra, Princess of Wales, the great grand-daughter of Prince - Frederick of Denmark, 290. - - Altona, Mr. Wraxall's visit to, 176; - crowded with the partisans of Queen Matilda, _ib._ - - Ancher, Kofod, one of the commissioners who passed sentence on - Struensee and Count Brandt, 61, 67; - mercifully disposed, 104. - - Arnholdt, bailiff of Bramstedt, 31. - - Arnim, Herr von, minister of the King of Prussia, intercedes on - behalf of Justiz-rath Struensee, 120. - - APPENDIX, containing extracts from the correspondence of Mr. Wraxall - with his father, relative to the restoration of Caroline Matilda, - 291 _et seq._ - - -B. - - Bang, counsellor, defends Count Brandt, 14. - - Berger, professor, employed in incommoding his Majesty, 2; - groundless charges brought against, 109; - how disposed of, 111, 112. - - Beringskjold, his political career, 271, 272; - his conspiracy, and arrest, 273; - his trial and imprisonment, 277, 278; - his death, 278. - - Beringskjold, Frau von, her death, 277. - - Berkentin, Frau von, chief gouvernante to the prince royal, and the - early patroness of Struensee, 78. - - Bernstorff, Peter Andreas, foreign affairs entrusted to, 279; - privy councillor, 285, 288. - - Bodenhausen, von, the Hanoverian privy councillor, receives Queen - Matilda at Stade, 157. - - Braëm, G. A., one of the commissioners who sentenced Struensee, 61; - and Count Brandt, 67. - - Bramstedt, bailiwick of, solicited by Count Brandt, 31; - described, 32, _note_. - - Brandt, count Enevold, indictment of, 1; - retrospect of his career and conduct, 3 _et seq._; - his position at court, 3; - the different charges against, 4, 8, 11; - his assault on the king, 5; - his presuming manners, 7; - broke the fidelity due to his sovereign by being an accomplice - with Struensee and the queen, 8; - his neglect of duty, 9, 10; - his joining Struensee in robbing the royal treasury, 11; - injustice of the charges against, 14; - defended by Counsellor Bang, _ib._; - the different charges rebutted, 16 _et seq._; - his character not affected by Struensee's forgery, 26; - his Quixotism, 27; - his letter to the judges, and petition to the king, 28; - pleads his youth and eccentricity, 30; - makes a modest request, 31; - his punishment predetermined, 32; - sentence on, promulgated, _ib._; - the intimate friend of Struensee, 43; - a close attendant on the king, _ib._; - delivery of the sentence upon him, 62; - the charges against him recapitulated, 63 _et seq._; - his behaviour to the king, 63; - assists Struensee in producing a misunderstanding, 64; - obtains large sums from the royal treasury, _ib._; - his assault and battery on the king, 65, 66; - high treason thus committed, 67; - his sentence, degradation from the dignity of count, and all - other honours, his body to be quartered and exposed on the - wheel, &c., 67; - royal confirmation of the sentence, 67, 68; - injustice of the sentence, and groundlessness of the charges, 68, 69; - Reverdil's animadversions on the sentence, 69; - his sentence announced to him by his defender Bang, 74; - intercession of Owe Guldberg on his behalf, and the unfeeling - treatment of the Queen Juliana Maria, 75; - intercession of his mother and sister, 75; - Struensee's letter to, 80; - receives from Dean Hee the confirmation of his sentence and the - day of execution, 83; - confesses his real sentiments as to his religious belief and moral - feelings, 13, 84; - his penitence, 84; - preparations for his execution, 85; - his escutcheon broken, 88; - his execution, 89; - the body divided into four quarters, _ib._; - his head exposed on a pole, 94. - - Brieghil, the valet, his evidence, 5. - - Brunswick, hereditary princess of, 157, _note_; - her gracious reception of Mr. Wraxall at Celle, 174; - difficulties created by her presence, 183, 229; - niece to Queen Juliana Maria of Denmark, 183. - - Brunswick Bevern, prince of, appointed commandant of Copenhagen, 267. - - Bülow, baron von, receives Queen Matilda at Stade, 157; - an exile at Altona, 177; - his ring presented to the queen by Mr. Wraxall as proof of his - mission, 188; - his conferences with Wraxall, 190, 223, 224; - gives instructions to him respecting his proposed visit to the - queen, 190, 191; - his letter to George III., 227; - his letter on the queen's sudden death, 329; - his despair, 240. - - Bülow, baroness von, an elegant woman, 176. - - Bülow, marshal von, appeases the crown prince, 286. - - -C. - - Cabinet orders issued by Struensee, 51; - for disbanding the foot-guards, 55, 56. - - Caroline Matilda, no longer regarded as Queen of Denmark after the - dissolution of her marriage, 141; - all her ties with Denmark broken off, 142; - her grief at the deaths of Struensee and Count Brandt, 142; - her generosity of mind, 142, 143; - the charges against her submitted to English lawyers, who declared - them unsubstantiated by evidence, 144; - the English court insisted that no sentence should be passed on - her, and fitted out a strong fleet, _ib._; - Walpole's version of the affair, _ib._; - his gossip respecting her, 145, 146; - title of "Countess of Aalborg" conferred on her, 145; - temper of the English with regard to, 146; - Sir R. M. Keith's active interference on her behalf, 147; - concessions of the Danish ministry, 147; - order of release presented to her by Keith, 149; - arrival of a squadron to take her away, 149, 150; - writes an affecting letter to her brother, _ib._; - resolved that she should take up her residence at Celle in - Hanover, and be allowed £8,000 a-year, 150; - interesting anecdote of, _ib._; - her affection for her children, 151, 152; - leaves a letter for the king, 153; - his grief at her departure, _ib._, _note_; - her suite, 153, 154; - her farewell to Denmark, 154; - the documents connected with the dissolution of her marriage - deposited in the secret archives, 156; - her arrival at Stade, and her joyous reception, 157; - her presents, _ib._; - her new suite, _ib._; - arrives at Celle, and takes up her abode in the royal chateau, 158; - her amiability and charitable disposition, _ib._; - her reading and studious pursuits, 159; - the happiness of her home, 160; - her great interest in her children, 162; - her conversations with Colonel Keith, 162 _et seq._; - Grub-street attacks on, exposed by Reverdil, 165, 166; - her course of life at Celle, 167 _et seq._; - her literary taste, 167, 168; - her court theatricals, 168; - her letter to her sister detailing her course of life at Celle, 169; - her great pleasure at receiving the portrait of her son, 170, 171; - Mr. Wraxall's introduction to, 173; - her gracious reception of him, and confiding affability, 173, 174; - again visited by Mr. Wraxall, who communicates a project, with - certain conditions, for restoring her to the throne of Denmark, - 182, 186-9 (_see_ WRAXALL); - instructions respecting the project, 191; - her important conversations with Wraxall, and plans laid down for - further proceedings, 195 _et seq._, 221, 232; - her sudden death, 238, 302 (_see_ APPENDIX); - details of her illness, death, and funeral, 242-9; - suspected of having been poisoned, 248; - general mourning for in England, 250; - monuments erected to her memory, 251; - letter to her brother, written during her illness, and published - after her death, 252; - evidences of her innocence and purity of mind, 254, 255; - Mr. Wraxall's portraiture of her virtues and character, 255-8; - correspondence of Mr. Wraxall with his father relative to her - restoration, 291 _et seq._ (_see_ APPENDIX). - - Carstens, A. G., one of the commissioners who sentenced Struensee, 61; - and Count Brandt, 67. - - Celle, Queen Matilda's residence at, 158; - her course of life at, 160 _et seq._; - Mr. Wraxall's frequent visits and interviews with the queen, 174, - 180, 186, 190, 195 _et seq._, 221, 230-3. - - Christian VII., Count Brandt's assault on, 5, 19; - his profuse presents to Struensee and Count Brandt, 45; - his power as sovereign, 50, _note_; - confirms the atrocious sentences passed upon Struensee and Count - Brandt, 67, 68; - his court festivities and revolting apathy, 76, 77; - grants a free pardon to Colonel Falckenskjold, and releases him - from the fortress of Munkholm, 136; - receives a letter from his wife previous to her departure for - Hanover, 153; - his expressions of affection for her, 153; - at the instigation of the crown prince he dismisses his ministers, - and appoints a new cabinet, 285, 286; - drawn into personal collision with the hereditary prince, but the - _coup d'état_ is accomplished, 287. - - Colin, Major, appointed commandant of the fortress Munkholm, 135. - - Colleges, impediments of the, 37; - dismissal of the, 11. - - Commission of Inquiry, the members of, who tried and sentenced - Struensee, 61; - allot rewards to the persons employed in convicting the - prisoners, 95, _note_; - their proceedings against the minor prisoners of state, and charges - brought against them, 104 _et seq._ - - Copenhagen, bitterness at, against Struensee and his cabinet - orders, 58; - its suburban grounds, 85. - - Council, duties of the, 35; - abolition of the, 36. - - Council of Thirty-two, established by Struensee, 41. - - Counter-revolution projected by the Danish exiles, 177. - - Court festivities, 76; - exhibit a revolting exhibition of apathy and want of sympathy, 76. - - Crown prince of Denmark, begins to assume power, 283; - his examination, 283; - his determined spirit, 284; - of age to enter the council of state, 284; - spirited interference with the court forms of proceeding, 284; - effects the overthrow of the ministry by a _coup d'état_, 285, 286; - proclamation of, as regent, 288, 289; - Count Bernstorff, the enlightened statesman, his adviser, 289. - - Cypher writing, adopted by Mr. Wraxall, 307; - key to the fictitious names, 312 (APPENDIX). - - -D. - - Danish chancery, 38. - - Danish language, Struensee's ignorance of the, 38; - frequently perverted in translation, _ib._ - - DENMARK, the constitution of, gives the king absolute power, 40, NOTE; - feeling of the nation at Struensee's conduct, 42; - state trials, and execution of the ministers Counts Struensee and - Brandt, 89, 93; - Caroline Matilda's farewell to, 154, 155; - counter-revolution in, proposed, 177; - the new ministry growing unpopular, _ib._; - plan for effecting the counter-revolution in, 225; - terminated only by the death of the queen, 241, (_see_ CAROLINE - MATILDA, and WRAXALL); - retrospective view of, 259 _et seq._; - political reaction in, 259; - all the reforms of Struensee's government abolished, and the - abuses of "the good old times" restored, 260 _et seq._; - triumvirate in the government, 262; - disunion among the conspirators, 263; - fate of the ministers, 264 _et seq._; - the indigenate law of, 281; - the crown prince enters the council of state, 284; - effects the overthrow of ministry by a _coup d'état_, 285, 286; - the counter-revolution completely effected, 287. - - -E. - - Egede, Professor J., anecdote told by, 260. - - Eickstedt, Hans Henry von, his political career, 270; - his sudden dismissal, 271; - retires to the island of Fühnen, where he dies, _ib._ - - Elliot, Mr., British envoy at Copenhagen, 288, _note_. - - England sends a squadron for the release of Caroline Matilda, 149. - - Exiles of Denmark, their project for effecting a - counter-revolution, 177. - - -F. - - Falckenskjold, his notes on the trial of Struensee, 47, 48, 50, - 54, 55, 64, 101; - decided that he should be the victim of judicial vengeance for his - admiration of Struensee, 104; - his detection of the quarter-master's roguery, 106; - groundless charges against, 116-119; - sentenced to be imprisoned for life in the fortress of Munkholm, 124; - account of his voyage to Munkholm, 125; - his description of the fortress, 126, 127; - his treatment, 128 _et seq._; - his solace and recreation, 130 _et seq._; - his disposition to misanthropy, 130; - increased severity in his treatment, 133; - wretchedness of his domicile, 134; - insulted by the commandant, _ib._; - receives a royal pardon, and an order for his release, 136; - conditions of his release, 137; - allowed to take ship for Holland, 139; - fixes his domicile at Montpellier, _ib._; - receives permission to retire to the Pays de Vaud, _ib._; - the court of Petersburg proposes to him the post of chief of the - staff in the army, but the court of Copenhagen refuses its - assent, 139, 140; - in 1788 he visits Copenhagen, 140; - the Danish government recalls him, and confers on him the rank and - pay of a major-general, 140; - ends his days in comfort, and dies at the advanced age of - eighty-two, _ib._; - his evidence of Queen Matilda's innocence and purity of mind, 254. - - Foot-guards, disbandment of the, 55. - - Forgery, charge of against Count Brandt rebutted, 26. - - Frederick II. of Denmark, gradually acquires absolute sway, 280, - _note_. - - Frederick, prince of Denmark, the marriage festival of, 133; - his contests with the crown prince, and overthrow of his party, - 284, 285; - driven into obscurity, 290; - marries a princess of Mecklenburg, _ib._; - his youngest daughter the grandmother of Alexandra, present princess - of Wales, _ib._ - - Fusilier guards disbanded, 54. - - -G. - - Gähler, Frau von, charges brought against her, 105; - how disposed of, 110. - - Gähler, general von, groundless charges brought against, 113 _et seq._; - his principal crime that of interfering with everything without - possessing requisite knowledge, 115; - how disposed of, 123; - his death, 124. - - Gallows Hill, where the skulls and bones of Counts Struensee and Brandt - were exposed, 94. - - George III., Mr. Wraxall's communications with, 204 _et seq._; - his instructions respecting his sister, the queen of Denmark, and - the Danish nobles, 205; - his assent to the project for restoring the queen under certain - conditions, 207, 208; - letter of the Danish nobility to, 229. - - German language encouraged by Struensee, 38. - - Göhrde, chateau of, 157; - arrival of the queen at, and also of her sister, the hereditary - princess of Brunswick, 157 _et note_. - - Griffenfeldt, count von, imprisoned in the fortress of Munkholm, 133; - notices of, _ib._; - his death, _ib._ - - Guards, disbandment of the, by Struensee, 54. - - Guldberg, O., one of the commissioners who sentenced Struensee, 61; - and Count Brandt, 67; - his intrigues against Struensee, 101; - draws up Falckenskjold's pardon and release, 136, 137; - becomes cabinet secretary, 279; - his ministry, _ib._; - honours conferred upon him, 280; - receives the name of Höegh-Guldberg, _ib._; - opposed by the crown prince, 284; - his overthrow, 285, 289; - his death, 289. - - -H. - - Hanbury, Mr., English consul at Hamburgh, 176; - invites Mr. Wraxall to dinner, _ib._ - - Hansen, admiral, unfounded charges brought against, 106; - how disposed of, 110, 112; - his death, 112. - - Hauch, general, first deputy of the College of War, 136. - - Hee, Rev. Dr., the chaplain of Count Brandt, 83; - attends Brandt to the scaffold, 88; - rewards allotted to, 95 _et note_. - - Hesse, Prince Charles of, invited to Copenhagen, 266. - - Hesselberg, colonel von, charges brought against, 105; - biographical notices of, 106; - how disposed of, 111; - his death, 112. - - Holck, count, his alleged freedom with the king, 5. - - Holstein, count, presented with a diamond solitaire by the queen, 157. - - Holstein, countess, her personal appearance, 176. - - Horse-guards, corps of, disbanded, 54. - - Huth, lieutenant-general von, councilor of state, 285. - - -I. - - Indigenate law of Denmark, 281. - - -J. - - Juell-Wind, J. K., one of the commissioners who sentenced - Struensee, 61; - and Count Brandt, 67. - - Juliana Maria, the dowager queen, her vengeance satiated in witnessing - the execution of Counts Struensee and Brandt, 94, 95; - her presents to the chaplains who attended the unhappy victims, - 95, _note_; - Suhm's account of her avenging spirit, 96; - her unnatural feelings, 151; - her heartless conduct after the death of Queen Matilda, 250; - her absolute sway, 280, 281; - her fury at the overthrow of the Guldberg ministry, and at the - insulting treatment of her son by the crown prince, 287, 288; - her power at an end, 289; - driven into obscurity, 290. - - -K. - - Keith, colonel Sir R. M., his visits to the Queen of Denmark, 142; - his active interference on the queen's behalf, 147; - Lord Suffolk's letter to, _ib._; - his anecdote of the queen, 150; - accompanies her to the chateau Göhrde, and then takes leave of - her, 157; - his letter to Lord Suffolk, 161; - his interview with the queen, _ib._ - - Köller-Banner, one of the triumvirate in the government of - Denmark, 262; - his projects for remodelling the army, 265; - his plans examined, and rejected, 266; - his dissatisfaction, and dismissal, 267; - appointed governor of the fortress of Rendburg, _ib._; - royal concessions made to him, 268; - receives his discharge from the military service and retires to - Altona, where he dies, 270. - - Kronsborg, anecdote of the fettered slave of, 155. - - -L. - - Lehzen, pastor, 245; - his account of the queen's death, 247. - - Leyser, Dr. von, 245. - - _Lex Regia_, a law by which all government decrees, letters and - documents, shall be signed by the king, 52. - - Lichtenstein, baron von, Mr. Wraxall's interviews with respecting - the Queen of Denmark, 203, 204; - communicates the king's views and intentions, 204 _et seq._; - Mr. Wraxall's satisfactory interview with. - - Louisa Augusta, princess, separated from her mother, 152. - - -M. - - McBride, captain, arrives at Copenhagen, 150; - introduced to Caroline Matilda, 151. - - Magistracy, abolition of the, 41. - - Mantel, the queen's valet, 221. - - Mathias, British minister at Hamburg, 184, 186. - - Mattheson, Mr. Wraxall's letters to be addressed to, 199. - - Matthiesen, Jerome, Mr. Wraxall and several Danish nobility sup - with, 178. - - Moranti, the negro boy, his evidence, 5. - - Mösting, von, minister of finances, 287. - - Munkholm, fortress of, 124; - Colonel Falckenskjold sentenced to imprisonment for life there, - _ib._; - history of his abode there, 125 _et seq._; - voyage to, 125, 126; - description of the fort, 126; - a monastery of Benedictines founded here by Canute the Great, - _ib. note_; - demoralised state of the soldiery, 128; - Lieutenant-General von der Osten the commandant, _ib._; - officers of, 129; - the garrison chaplain, 132; - a fresh commandant of the fortress, Major Colin, 135; - imprisonment of Beringskjold, the political foe of - Falckenskjold, 278. - - Münter, Dr., peruses the sentence against Struensee with trembling, 73; - his communications with Struensee, 73 _et seq._; - his opinions on Struensee's conduct, 79; - his kindness to Struensee, 83; - attends him to the scaffold, 90-3; - rewards allotted to, 95 _et note_. - - -N. - - Norwegian coast, the, 131. - - -O. - - Ortwed, Etats-rath, the king's bailiff, 88. - - Osnabrück, strange adventure at, 199. - - Osten, lieutenant-general von der, commandant of Munkholm, 128; - his brutal character, 129; - brings a pardon to Colonel Falckenskjold, 138. - - Osten, count von der, one of the triumvirate in the government of - Denmark, 262; - banished to Jütland, 278; - his subsequent appointment, 279; - his death, _ib._ - - -P. - - Prince Royal, Struensee's letter to his governess, 78. - - -Q. - - Queen Dowager (_see_ JULIANA MARIA.) - - -R. - - Rantzau, count von, his blackness of soul, 76; - Struensee's letter to, 81, 82; - no hostile feelings entertained against, 81; - one of the triumvirate in the government of Denmark, 263; - suddenly removed from his office, _ib._; - ordered to quit the country, 264; - settles at Avignon, _ib._; - his death, _ib._ - - Reforms, by Struensee, 39 _et seq._ - - Reverdil's animadversions on Count Brandt's trial and sentence, 69; - exposes the Grub Street libellers, 165. - - Roques, M., pastor of the French Protestant Church at Celle, 254; - his testimony to the queen's innocence and purity of mind, _ib._ - - Rosencrone, count, opposed by the crown prince, 284, 285. - - Rosenkranz, von, privy councillor, 285. - - Rothes, Christian Adolphus, an anonymous libeller, 165. - - Royal prerogative, 53. - - -S. - - St. Germain, count de, sentiment of, 135. - - "Sandkrug," the suburban inn of Celle, 189. - - Scarlet fever, prevalence of, in the neighbourhood of Celle, 243; - the queen's illness and death caused by, 244 _et seq._ - - Schack, supreme marshal von, dismissed, and expelled from the - court by the crown prince, 286. - - Scheel, the valet, his evidence, 5. - - Schimmelmann, baron von, and his lady, 176; - their son introduced to Mr. Wraxall, 180; - his revolutionary project, 181. - - Schmidt, J. C. E., one of the commissioners who sentenced - Struensee, 61, and Count Brandt, 67. - - Seckendorf, baron, chamberlain to the queen Matilda, 173; - Mr. Wraxall's interview with, 186; - acts as the confidential agent between the queen and Mr. Wraxall, - 188, 198; - his warm reception of Mr. Wraxall, 221; - his note, 231; - Wraxall's interview with, 233; - delivers important letters to him, _ib._; - his letter respecting the queen's sudden death, 238. - - Seeland dragoons, reform in the regiment of, 54 _note_; - ordered to the court and city, 59. - - Serfdom, restoration of, in Denmark, 261; - its subsequent abolition, _ib._ - - Sevel, professor F. C., one of the commissioners who sentenced - Struensee and Count Brandt, 61, 67; - acted as inquisitor, 116; - his insulting treatment of Colonel Falckenskjold, 116, 125. - - Small-pox, ravages of the, 77. - - Sporon, tutor of the crown prince, 282, 283. - - Stade, the queen's arrival at, 157. - - Stampe, H., one of the commissioners who sentenced Struensee, - 61, and Count Brandt, 67. - - Stampe, baron de, an odd adventure with, 200. - - Stampe, privy councillor, 285. - - Stemann, von, minister of finance, 283; - his overthrow, 285. - - Struensee, count Fred., his robbery of the royal treasury, 11; - assisted by Count Brandt in all his crimes, 12; - sentence on, 33; - the charges against him recapitulated, 34 _et seq._; - his general conduct and designs, 34; - abolishes the council, 36; - his impediments of the colleges, 37; - his ignorance of the Danish language, 38; - his important reforms 39; - his despotism, 40; - his dismissal of the ministry, 41; - his establishment of the Council of Thirty-two, _ib._; - his avarice and selfishness, 46; - his salaries, _ib. note_; - excludes all from the throne, excepting his intimate friends - and relations, 43; - his selfishness, 44; - the large presents received from his Majesty, 45; - his embezzlements, 47, 48; - his ambition not less than his avidity, 49; - his "moderation," _ib._; - his assumed authority, 50; - his cabinet orders, 51; - his disregard of the _Lex Regia_, 52; - contravenes the royal prerogative, 53; - his disbandment of the guards, 54, 55; - his cabinet extracts, 56; - his despotic administration, 60; - committed the crime of high treason in an eminent degree, 61; - his sentence, degradation from the dignity of count and all other - honours, his body to be quartered, &c., _ib._; - royal assent given to the sentence, 62; - his sentence announced to him by Commissioner Uldall, 71; - his fortitude, 72; - his deep concern for Count Brandt, _ib._; - his doubts and ruminations, 73; - his letter to his parents, 74; - his conversations with Münter, 77, 78, 79; - his letter to Frau von Berkentin, chief gouvernante to the - prince royal, 78; - his letter to Chamberlain Christian Brandt, 80; - his letter to Count Rantzau, 81; - his farewell to his brother Justiz-rath Struensee, 83; - his procession to the place of execution, 86, 87; - his hopes of salvation, 90; - his behaviour, 91; - his execution and horrible death, 93; - his head exposed on a pole, 94; - his skull eventually stolen by four English sailors, 94 _note_; - his character, 96 _et seq._; - in prosperity not a hero, in misfortune cowardly and worthless, 96; - of the romantic episodes of his life, 96; - his acquirements, 97; - his enlightened despotism, 98; - remarks on his administration, 99; - his mistaken policy, 100; - after his fall behaved like a coward and a traitor, 100; - Baron Seckendorf's account of his administration and the plots - against his life, 199 _note_. - - Struensee, Justiz-rath, his intercommunication with his brother, 83; - charges brought against him, 120; - his high character, 121; - his honorable conduct while in Prussia, 122; - honored with the distinguished favor of Prince Henry of - Prussia, _ib._; - released from prison, 124; - becomes minister of state in Prussia and ennobled in 1789, 124. - - Sturtz, councillor, groundless charges brought against, 107; - biographical notices of, _ib._; - how disposed of, 110, 112; - dies of grief, 112. - - Suffolk, lord, his letter to Sir R. M. Keith respecting queen - Matilda, 147; - Keith's letter to, 161; Wraxall's fruitless visit to, 202, 203. - - Suhm, the historian, 95; - his anecdote of the dowager queen's avenging spirit, 96. - - -T. - - Texier, M. le, treasurer to Christian VII., 176; - proposes to Mr. Wraxall a project for restoring the Queen of - Denmark, 179, 180; - letters to be addressed to, 199. - - Thirty-two, council of the, 41. - - Torp, the valet, his evidence, 5. - - Traventhal league, 113. - - "Trésor," the, reserved by Struensee as a special cabinet treasury, - 46, 47. - - Trondhjem, garrison of, 127, 128; - (_see_ MUNKHOLM). - - -U. - - Uldall, commissioner, announces to Struensee the sentence passed - upon him, 71. - - -V. - - Vardohuus, a small fort built by Christian IV., 129. - - -W. - - Walpole, Horace, his version of the sailing of the British fleet, 144; - his gossip respecting Queen Caroline Matilda, 145. - - Warnstedt, count, his alleged freedoms with the king, 5. - - Willebrandt, Etats-rath, groundless charges brought against, 108; - how he was disposed of, 111, 112. - - Wiwet, Fiscal General, his charges against Count Brandt, 1. - - Wraxall, Mr. N. W., anecdote related by, 155; - his visit to Celle, 172; - biographical notices of _ib._; - his introduction to Queen Matilda and the Princess of Brunswick, and - his gracious reception, 173; - his varied conversations with the queen, 174, 175; - proceeds to Hamburg, 176; - dines with the English consul, _ib._; - the distinguished company he meets with, _ib._; - his sentiments in favour of the queen, 178; - receives a proposal for undertaking her restoration to the throne of - Denmark, accepts the offer, and proceeds to Celle as an agent of - the conspiracy, 180 _et seq._; - his communications with the queen, 186-9; - his second visit to the queen, with full instructions, 190-4; - his important conversations with the queen, and his plans laid down - for future proceedings, 195 _et seq._; - meets with a strange adventure, 199; - his return to England, 201; - his arrival in London, and introduction to Baron von Lichtenstein, - 203; - his communications with the king respecting the Queen of Denmark, - and the plans of her exiled nobility for her restoration, 204 _et - seq._; - receives the king's answer to his propositions, 205; - the articles in favour of the revolution assented to by the - king, 207, 208; - leaves England for Celle, 208; - account of his journey and its dangers, 209 _et seq._; - his arrival at Celle, 220; - his interesting interview with the queen, 221, 222; - his departure from Celle, and arrival at Hamburg, 223; - delivers his despatches, _ib._; - again visits the queen with letters from baron Bülow, 229; - his interesting interview with the queen, 230-3; - his interview with Baron von Seckendorf, 233; - his departure from Celle, and arrival in London, 234; - delivers his letters to M. Hinüber, 236; - the difficulties he has to encounter, 236, 237; - receives intelligence of the death of the Queen of Denmark, 238; - the termination of his enterprise, 241; - through the interest of Lord North he receives 1,000 guineas for - his services, and the promise of a seat at the Board of Green - Cloth, 241, _note_; - the promise never fulfilled on account of his adverse vote in - Parliament, _ib._; - extracts from his correspondence with his father, relative to - the restoration of Caroline Matilda, 291 _et seq._, (APPENDIX); - his remuneration for his outlay and services withheld, 306, 321; - sample of his cypher writing, 307-312, (APPENDIX.) - - -Z. - - Zell, (see CELLE), the castle of, 175. - - Zimmermann, Dr., 245. - - -LEWIS & SON, PRINTERS, SWAN BUILDINGS, MOORGATE STREET. LONDON. - - - - - 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W., - LONDON, _May_, 1864. - -MESSRS. Wᴹ H. ALLEN & CO.'S - -PUBLICATIONS. - - -IN THE PRESS. - -MEMOIRS OF CAROLINE MATILDA, - -Queen of Denmark, Sister of George III. - -In Three vols. 8vo. - -From Family and State Papers in the possession of Sir Lascelles Wraxall, -Bart. - - [_In June._ - - -THE MYSTERIES OF THE VATICAN. - -From the German. In Two Vols. post 8vo. - - -HENRY VIII.: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. - -BY CHARLES HASTINGS COLLETTE. - -_This Work contains a Reply to the several popular errors connected with -the domestic and public character of Henry VIII., and acts attributed to -him._ - -Post 8vo, 9s. - -LONDON REVIEW, _March_ 19, 1864.--"Mr. Collette has furnished Protestants -with a manual of instruction on one of the most important periods of -English history." - -MORNING ADVERTISER, _March_ 22, 1864.--"We heartily commend this volume -to the general perusal of Protestant Englishmen, as an antidote of the -false aspersions heaped upon the character of Henry VIII., the chosen -instrument, whatever may have been his failings, to break the chains -which bound England in their numbing fetters, and to clear the way for -the glorious liberty of thought and free perusal of God's word, to which -these islands owe so much of their prosperity and glory." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - -"THEIR MAJESTIES' SERVANTS:" - -Annals of the English Stage. - -ACTORS--AUTHORS AND AUDIENCES, - -From THOMAS BETTERTON to EDMUND KEAN. - -BY DR. DORAN, F.S.A., - -Author of "Table Traits," "Lives of the Queens of England of the House of -Hanover," &c., &c. - -2 vols. 8vo, 32s. - - -"BILL OF THE PLAY." - -VOL. I. - -Prologue--The Decline and Fall of the Players--The "Boy Actresses," -and the "Young Ladies"--The Gentlemen of the King's Company--Thomas -Betterton--"Exeunt," and "Enter"--Elizabeth Barry--"Their first -appearance on this stage"--The Dramatic Poets--Noble, gentle, and -humble Authors--Professional Authors--The Dramatic Authoresses--The -Audiences of the Seventeenth Century--A Seven Years' Rivalry The United -and the Disunited Companies--Union, Strength, Prosperity--Competition, -and what came of it--The Progress of James Quin, and Decline of -Barton Booth--Barton Booth--Mrs. Oldfield--From the Death of Anne -Oldfield to that of Wilks--Robert Wilks--Enter, Garrick--Garrick, -Quin, Mrs. Porter--Rivalry; and Enter, Spranger Barry--The Old Dublin -Theatre--Garrick and Quin: Garrick and Barry--The Audiences of -1700-1750--Exit, James Quin--England and Scotland. - -VOL. II. - -Margaret Woffington--Colley Cibber--England and Ireland--Byan, -Rich, O'Brien--Susanna Maria Cibber--Re-appearance of Spranger -Barry--Retirement of Mrs. Prichard--The last Years of Garrick and -Barry--David Garrick--Spranger and Anne Barry--Kitty Clive, Woodward, -Shuter--Samuel Foote--Supplemental Catalogue of New Plays from the -retirement of Garrick to the end of the Eighteenth Century--Of Authors, -and particularly of condemned Authors--The Audiences of the last half -of the Eighteenth Century--Charles Macklin--A Bevy of Ladies; but -chiefly, Mrs. Bellamy, Miss Farren, Mrs. Abington, and "Perdita"--A -Group of Gentlemen--John Henderson--Sarah Siddons--John Kemble--George -Frederick Cooke--Master Betty--Stage Costume and Stage Tricks--Prologues, -Epilogues; Dedications, and Benefits--Old Stagers Departing--New Ideas; -New Theatres; New Authors; and the New Actors--Edmund Kean. - - * * * * * - -ATHENÆUM, _Nov._ 21, 1863.--"Dr. Doran has contrived a couple of volumes -which, while they satisfy the information-seeking few, will be received -as a treasury of amusing anecdote by the lovers of gossip. The stage of -any country, whether it flourishes or not, is sure to produce a crop of -good stories, and no one can tell good stories better than Dr. Doran." - -DAILY NEWS, _Dec._ 29, 1863.--"An elaborate history of the drama in all -its aspects.... When once taken up it must be read through. Every page -of the work is barbed with wit, and will make its way point foremost.... -These volumes provide entertainment for the most diverse tastes." - -SATURDAY REVIEW, _Dec._ 26, 1863.--"As a collection of anecdotes and -brief biographies, Dr. Doran's book leaves little or nothing to desire." - -MORNING POST, _Jan._ 16, 1864.--"Dr. Doran's book contains a copious -review of all subjects connected with dramatic literature, with the -lives of players, and with the business of the stage, during the whole -period of the rise and growth of theatrical representations in England. -The style of the volumes is clever and amusing in a high degree; and the -diversified stories of information which they condense entitle them to a -perusal by every lover of the drama, and especially by every aspirant to -the honours of the sock and buskin." - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - -GERMAN LIFE AND MANNERS, - -AS SEEN IN SAXONY AT THE PRESENT DAY: - -With an Account of Village Life--Town Life--Fashionable Life--Married -Life--School and University Life, &c., of Germany at the Present Time. - -Illustrated with Songs and Pictures of the Student Customs at the -University of Jena. - -BY HENRY MAYHEW, - -Author of "London Labour and London Poor," "Great World of London," &c. - -Two Volumes, 8vo, 32s. - - -ATHENÆUM, _December_ 5_th_, 1863.--"This is a work, which in its -outspoken and perhaps sometimes boisterous frankness, will shock many -admirers of Goethe and Schiller, and of the land they lived in; but -which, nevertheless, in despite of the honest, downright blows which -Mr. Mayhew distributes so freely with his English cudgel on the members -of almost every German class and profession, and on almost every German -custom and institution, is full of original thought and observation, and -may be studied with profit by both German and English--especially by the -German." - -BELL'S MESSENGER, _January_ 23_rd_, 1864.--"Mr. Mayhew's very amusing -volumes well deserve careful perusal. The Luther exploration is deeply -interesting." - -MORNING POST, _December_ 31_st_, 1863.--"Mr. Mayhew has made up two very -interesting volumes." - -ILLUSTRATED TIMES, _January_ 16_th_, 1864.--"Mr. Mayhew has produced the -most entertaining and (to a careful reader) instructive book we have -seen for a long time--a book that will be greedily gone through and long -remembered by everybody that takes it up." - -ILLUSTRATED NEWS, _January_ 2_nd_, 1864.--"To say that Mr. Henry Mayhew -has written two exceedingly entertaining volumes will appear, to those -who know anything of his writings, equivalent only to saying that he has -written two volumes. He has now left English for German life; so far, -at least, as Saxony offers a specimen of it, and his descriptions are -characterised by the same graphic, uncompromising, and, one is bound to -say, moreover, studded, as usual, by gems of wit, humour and anecdote, -and illustrated by comparisons or contrasts, drawn from that vast stock -of experiences with which his acquaintance with an extensive range of -society has supplied him." - -GLASGOW MORNING JOURNAL, _April_ 18, 1864.--"Mr. Mayhew's work is -excessively interesting, and in many passages excessively amusing, there -can be no manner of of doubt, while we have every reason to believe -that the picture it presents of German life and manners is in the main -strictly and literally true." - -LONDON REVIEW, _Jan._ 16_th_, 1864.--"We do not know where to look for a -better view of the student life of a German university than Mr. Mayhew -gives us _àpropos_ of that of Jena." - - - - -THE - -FORESTS AND GARDENS OF SOUTH INDIA. - -BY HUGH CLEGHORN, M.D., F.L.S., - -Conservator of Forests, Madras Presidency. - -In post 8vo, with Map and numerous Illustrations, price 12s. - - -DAILY NEWS.--"Full of valuable information, and thoroughly reliable in -all its statements." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -SECOND EDITION. - -Dedicated, by Permission, to the Bishop of Oxford. - -SOCIAL LIFE OF MUNICH. - -BY EDWARD WILBERFORCE, ESQ. - -Post 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d. - - -CONTENTS: - - Munich from the Outside. - Manners and Customs. - Royalty. - "The Two Kings of ----" - Public Buildings. - Picture Galleries. - Künstler Feste. - Cornelius in Munich. - Kaulbach. - Munich Artistic. - Practical Munich. - Bavarian Railways. - The Royal Library. - The Theatre in Munich. - Concerts in Munich. - Beerhouses. - Village Life in Bavaria. - Laws of Trade. - Laws of Marriage. - Laws of Police. - - * * * * * - -SPECTATOR, _Nov._ 21, 1863.--"The 'Social Life' is altogether an -admirable photographic picture, sharp and clear, and true in every line -of light and shade." - -READER, _Nov._ 14, 1863.--"It will command the attention of every -thinking German. Mr. Wilberforce's interesting volume embraces nearly the -whole range of Munich life, political, social, and artistic. 'Social Life -in Munich' is entirely free from the scandalous anecdotes by which town -travels are so often disfigured. Written throughout in a pleasing lively -strain, it is evidently the work of a keen observer, who benefits the -Germans whilst he amuses his own countrymen." - -GUARDIAN, _Dec._ 2, 1863.--"Mr. Wilberforce has written a clever and -characteristic account of this famous city of art." - -SATURDAY REVIEW, _Dec._ 26, 1863.--"A very able volume. Mr. Wilberforce -is a very pleasant and agreeable writer, whose opinion is worth hearing -on the subject of modern art, which enters largely into the matter of his -discourse." - -EDINBURGH COURANT, _Nov._ 14, 1863.--"We welcome this agreeable and -instructive book." - - -SIR EVERARD'S DAUGHTER. - -A NEW NOVEL. - -BY JOHN CORDY JEAFFRESON, - -Author of "Live it Down," &c. - -Second Edition, post 8vo, 10s. 6d. - -ATHENÆUM, _July_ 11, 1863.--"It is, perhaps, the most remarkable work of -fiction that Mr. Jeaffreson has written." - -BELL'S MESSENGER, _July_ 18, 1863.--"Compared with many of Mr. -Jeaffreson's larger literary productions, this tale is but a sketch; yet -as such it shows the hand of a master, and proves that had he been at the -pains to have elaborated his subject upon a broader canvas, it would have -been not only one of the most successful specimens he has ever prepared, -but one of the most remarkable, for a long time past, given to the public -by any other modern novelist." - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -THE IONIAN ISLANDS - -In the Year 1863. - -BY PROFESSOR D. T. ANSTED, M.A., F.R.S. - -8vo, cloth, with Maps and Cuts, 16s. - -SATURDAY REVIEW, _Dec._ 5, 1863.--"What Mr. Ansted saw in the Ionian -Islands he saw well, and under good auspices, and has noted down -carefully." - -NONCONFORMIST, _Dec._ 18, 1863.--"Professor Ansted's volume furnishes -interesting information on all points on which information might fairly -be looked for in such a work. His narrative is throughout light and -agreeable reading." - -ATHENÆUM, _Dec._ 21, 1863.--"Through these Islands Professor Ansted has -accomplished a pleasant run, the incidents of which are as pleasantly -narrated. What Professor Ansted effected in his volume on the Channel -Islands for that insular group in our own seas, he has accomplished as -successfully for these Isles of Greece in the work which we now make over -to its assured public." - -THE PRESS, _Jan._ 22, 1864.--"Highly interesting on account of the great -variety of information it contains, and not less highly commendable -for the impartiality with which the various data for judging of the -expediency of the transfer of the Islands to the kingdom of Greece are -placed before the reader." - - -TRAVELS IN MEXICO, - -SOUTH AMERICA, &c., &c. - -BY G. T. VIGNE, ESQ., - -Author of "A Personal Visit to Ghuzni and Affghanistan," and "Travels in -Kashmir, Ladak," &c. - -With Illustrations, 2 vols. post 8vo, 21s. - -OBSERVER, _Nov._ 15, 1863.--"The author seems to have travelled over -a great part of South America, and to have visited all the principal -towns and places worth seeing, and his observations, which are made with -cleverness and intelligence, are characterized by remarkable freshness of -feeling, an unaffected style, and a conscientious truthfulness." - -SPECTATOR, _Nov._ 28, 1863.--"While in Nicaragua the Filibusters were -attracting the attention of Europe, and his (Mr. Vigne's) sketch of -the fortunes of General Walker up to his execution forms an episode of -considerable interest. The special charm in Mr. Vigne's work is the -keenness of his observations as a naturalist in the country in which, -above all others, nature seems to have revelled in strange and fantastic -creations. Without attempting set descriptions of external scenery or -natural phenomena, he manages, by the fidelity and freshness of style, to -convey to the mind of the reader the pervading atmosphere of the scene -and circumstances with rare felicity." - -READER, _Jan._ 16, 1864.--"We can recommend this work as a pleasantly -written narrative of travel in a most interesting and little known -region." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -VICTOR HUGO; - -A LIFE RELATED BY ONE WHO HAS WITNESSED IT. - -INCLUDING - -An Original Drama, in Three Acts, - -ENTITLED - -"INEZ DE CASTRO." - -FROM THE FRENCH. - -Two Vols. post 8vo, £1 1s. - -Contents: - - La Vendée. - Marriage. - Campaign of the Rhine. - Fra Diavolo. - Journey into Italy. - Arrest of Lahorie. - Meeting with Napoleon. - Coucha the Monk. - Story of General Louis Hugo. - El Empecinado. - An Idyll at Bayonne. - Masserano Palace. - College of the Noble. - France Invaded. - Bourbons. - The Hundred Days. - The Foolish Things Master Hugo did before he was fully fledged. - First Introduction to the Academy. - A Word for Chateaubriand. - Death of the Mother. - Lamennais becomes Victor Hugo's Confessor. - A Wedding. - A Visit to Blois. - Coronation of Charles X. - Visit to Lamartine. - M. Victor Hugo's Recital. - Letter from Lamennais. - Cromwell. - Amy Robsart. - The Scaffold. - The Consequences of "The Last Day of a Convict." - Ernani. - Notre Dame de Paris. - Marion de Lorme. - Lucrezia Borgia. - Marie Tudor. - La Esmeralda. - Fête at Versailles. - - * * * * * - -ATHENÆUM, _June_ 27, 1863.--"The story of such a life as M. Victor Hugo, -told by a witness, can hardly fail to be a tale which will make Europe -sit still to listen." - -PRESS, _July_ 25, 1863.--"These volumes contain a wonderful wealth of -anecdote, and we predict that they will be read with great avidity." - -LONDON REVIEW, _July_ 25, 1863.--"We have said enough, we hope, to show -our readers that the present volumes will repay perusal. From beginning -to end we have found them full of lively and interesting gossip, with -numerous passages which have also an historical value." - -STANDARD, _Sept._ 29, 1863.--"This is altogether a very charming little -book; its contents are so various that no reader can fail to be pleased, -and the style--light, graceful, and piquant--is the perfection of chatty -biography." - -NONCONFORMIST, _Sept._ 2, 1863.--"A work which is sure to attract much -attention." - -EDINBURGH COURANT, _Sept._ 19, 1863.--"The anecdotes--the pictures--the -sketches of continental men and women--all of which follow each other -naturally in the story of the career of a famous Frenchman, make this -life as instructive as it is amusing to British readers." - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -_In One handsome 8vo volume_, _with_ 72 _Illustrations on Wood by_ -VIZETELLY, LOUDAN, NICHOLLS, _and_ HART, _also with a Map_, _price_ _£_1 -6_s_. - -THE CHANNEL ISLANDS: - -CONTAINING - -Part I.--PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. - -The Channe and Channel Islands--Alderney, Ortach, and the -Casquets--Island and Coast of Guernsey--Islands and Rocks near -Guernsey--Jersey and adjacent Rocks--Chaussey Archipelago and the -Minquiers--Climate, Meteorology, and Sanitary Condition. - - -Part II.--NATURAL HISTORY. - -Vegetable productions natural to the Islands--Animals in the Islands -and adjacent Seas--Geology and Mineralogy, Ancient Formations--Modern -Destruction and Renovation--Fauna and Flora, considered in reference to -their Physical Geography and Geology. - - -Part III.--CIVIL HISTORY. - -Pagan and Legendary Period--German Period--Norman Conquest to beginning -of Civil Wars--Civil Wars--Accession of William the Third to present -Time--Antiquities and Archæology--Language and Literature. - - -Part IV.--ECONOMICS and TRADE. - -Agriculture--Horticulture--Trade, Commerce, and -Manufactures--Constitution and Laws--Manners and Customs--Principal -Public Institutions--Hints to Tourists--Money, Weights, and -Measures--Statistics. - -BY DAVID THOMAS ANSTED, M.A., F.R.S., &c., - -AND - -ROBERT GORDON LATHAM, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. - -_The Illustrations drawn on Wood expressly for this Work, by_ PAUL J. -NAFTEL, _Member of the London Society of Painters in Water Colours_. - - * * * * * - -SATURDAY REVIEW, _April_ 4, 1863.--"This is a really valuable work. A -book which will long remain the standard authority on its subject. No one -who has been to the Channel Islands, or who purposes going there, will be -insensible of its value." - -ATHENÆUM, _Nov._ 16, 1862.--"It is the produce of many hands, and every -hand a good one. Nearly everything which a man can desire to know about -Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, about their history, geography, and -natural history, Professor Ansted and Dr. Latham have contrived to tell." - -SPECTATOR, _Jan._ 24, 1863.--"We are quite sure that to all classes of -readers this work will prove exceedingly interesting, while scientific -men will acknowledge that it leaves no room for any future history of the -Islands." - -LONDON REVIEW, _Jan._ 17, 1863.--"We can safely say that no one can visit -the Channel Islands without finding much to interest and inform in the -work before us." - -OBSERVER, _Nov._ 30, 1862.--"As gems of art, these illustrations have -rarely been equalled, and certainly have never been surpassed. They are -alone sufficient to confer a lasting popularity and permanent value. -The volume however, possesses an intrinsic worth irrespective of all -its graces of adornment, which will not fail to command it the hearty -approbation of every reader." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -SECOND EDITION. - -AN INQUIRY INTO THE THEORIES OF HISTORY, CHANCE, LAW, WILL; - -With SPECIAL REFERENCE to the PRINCIPLES of POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY. - -BY WILLIAM ADAM. - -8vo, cloth, 15s. - -WESTMINSTER REVIEW.--"The 'Inquiry into the Theories of History,' -although anonymous, is a first-rate book. Its object is to reconcile -Theism with the scientific conception of law, and from that -reconciliation to deduce a true theory of history. The book contains a -most able and effectual vindication of Theism, and of a rational, as -opposed to irrational, Positivism." - -CORNHILL MAGAZINE.--"Written with remarkable ability, and, considering -its polemical spirit, with excellent temper. The style is always -animated, and at times felicitous. The volume gives ample proof -of metaphysical acuteness. One good service it will certainly -effect--namely, that of fastening the attention of its readers on the -great fundamental problems of historical science." - -SPECTATOR.--"The whole book bears the evident mark of maturity of -thought. The third chapter is full of thoughtful and able argument, in -which the positions, not only of Comte, but often of Mill, are powerfully -and successfully assailed." - -ATHENÆUM.--"The book now under notice is no doubt heavy and massive, -but no competent critic will be prepared to pronounce it dull. It is -exceedingly calm and candid, clear-sighted, and ingenious in an eminent -degree. It is well thought and weightily written. We have not come across -a book of the present day for a considerable while so far removed from -the common run of writing and of thinking as this one is. This author -manifests that originality which always goes to the centre of a question, -whether well or ill conceived, and takes sundry important and fresh views -of the entire problem before turning aside from the contemplation of it. -Be the writer who he may, he has the credit, at least, of producing a -highly original work." - - -THE POLISH CAPTIVITY: - -An ACCOUNT of the PRESENT POSITION and PROSPECTS of the POLES in the -KINGDOM of POLAND, - -AND IN THE POLISH PROVINCES OF AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, AND RUSSIA. - -BY SUTHERLAND EDWARDS. - -Two Volumes, 8vo, with Chromo-Lithographic Illustrations, 26s. - -TIMES, _April_ 2, 1863.--"A highly opportune production." - -SPECTATOR, _March_ 28, 1863.--"The 'Polish Captivity' is full of light -but suggestive sketches, _pièces justificatives_ of historic value, -national songs and stories, descriptions of Polish towns, Polish -notabilities, and Polish women, and is, besides, a book an English lady -might read with twice the ease of Mr. Trollope's latest novel." - -ATHENÆUM, _March_ 21, 1863.--"Mr. Edwards' book will be read with deep -interest. It is well written, and the narratives are well constructed." - -LONDON REVIEW, _March_ 28, 1863.--"The book in which Mr. Sutherland -Edwards has depicted the 'Polish Captivity' would have been valuable at -any time, but the opportuneness of its arrival so enhances its merits, -that it is certain to command a greater than ordinary success." - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -SECOND EDITION. - -THE RUSSIANS AT HOME: - -UNPOLITICAL SKETCHES. - -Showing what Newspapers they read; what Theatres they frequent; and how -they eat, drink, and enjoy themselves; with other matter relating chiefly -to Literature, Music, and to Places of Historical and Religious Interest -in and about Moscow. - -BY SUTHERLAND EDWARDS, ESQ. - -Second Edition, in post 8vo, with Illustrations, price 10s. 6d. - -EDINBURGH EVENING COURANT.--"It is a book that we can seriously -recommend, not only to those who are desirous of abundant and reliable -information respecting the social economy of the Russian people, but to -those who seek an entertaining volume, that may be perused in any part -with both profit and amusement." - -GLOBE.--"This book is full of useful information and sensible comment on -a people and country which are very little known in England, even among -the cultivated and travelling classes." - -ILLUSTRATED TIMES.--"The book may be recommended as embodying a large -amount of varied information concerning Russia in the pleasantest -possible form. Every page has the advantage of being readable, and is -always fresh in what it has to say and in the manner of saying it." - -SPECTATOR.--"This is not only one of the most amusing books that we have -read for a long time, but also the best and most reliable account of -Russian life and manners which has hitherto been given to the public." - - -SECOND EDITION. - -THE HISTORY OF THE OPERA, - -From Monteverde to Donizetti. - -BY SUTHERLAND EDWARDS, ESQ. - -2 vols. post 8vo, 21s. - -THE TIMES.--"The new history of the lyrical drama with which Mr. -Sutherland Edwards favours the public, has three qualities to recommend -it. In the first place, it contains, for its size, a very complete -account of the progress of an art, which now, beyond all others, occupies -the attention of the civilized world; in the second place, it is one of -those treasures of amusing anecdote that may be taken up and laid down at -a moment's notice; in the third place, it abounds with the observations -of a shrewd and independent thinker, who has seen much, read much, and -travelled much, and who approaches his subject less as a professed -musician than as one of those cultivated men who take a position between -the artist and the multitude, and who, after all, constitute the -body upon whom the general appreciation of every art depends.... The -anecdotes, which we have given in illustration of an extremely short -and inglorious period of operatic history, occupy but very few pages in -Mr. Edwards' book; and, when we inform our readers that his two volumes -are replete with matter of the same kind, they will easily judge of the -amount of entertainment to be derived from his labours. So abundant is -his material, that he might, if he had pleased, have filled a dozen -quartos; and, as he himself confesses, he found the task of omission -heavier than that of collection. Let us add, that he has omitted well, -and that he has seasoned a pleasant and instructive history with the very -concentrated essence of agreeable gossip." - -HERALD.--"Mr. Edwards has here produced a work which ought to command -a great sale, if its merits and the great number of opera-goers may be -considered. Completely master of his subject, and possessing a ready -and pleasing pen, Mr. Edwards in these volumes gives us an exceedingly -interesting history of operatic performances." - -SUN.--"We commend these light and pleasant volumes to all lovers -of musical and dramatic art, assuring them they will find ample -entertainment in their animated pages." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -SECOND EDITION. - -LADY MORGAN'S MEMOIRS: - -Autobiography, Diaries, and Correspondence. - -INCLUDING - -LETTERS FROM - - KING JEROME, - MADAME PATTERSON BONAPARTE, - THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, - DUCHESS OF DEVONSHIRE, - DUKE OF LEINSTER, - MARQUIS WELLESLEY, - MARQUIS OF ANGLESEY, - MARQUIS OF ABERCORN, - MARCHIONESS OF ABERCORN, - THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, - THE EARL OF CARLISLE, - LORD MELBOURNE, - LADY CAROLINE LAMB, - LORD CLONCURRY, - LADY STANLEY, - LORD DARNLEY, - THE COUNTESS OF CORK AND ORRERY, - LADY LEITRIM, - LORD DUNCANNON, - LORD MACAULAY, - LORD ERSKINE, - JOSEPH HUME, - DANIEL O'CONNELL, - SHEIL, - E. JENNER, - LA FAYETTE, - BYRON, - COUNTESS GUICCIOLI, - MOORE, - DOUGLAS JERROLD, - SIR E. BULWER LYTTON, - THOMAS CAMPBELL, - MRS. HEMANS, - REV. SIDNEY SMITH. - - * * * * * - -OBSERVER.--"Full of pleasant memoirs and piquant reading." - -DAILY TELEGRAPH.--"The book that tells the story of Lady Morgan's life -will always be of value for its pictures of a state of society which, -with much of its good, and more of its evil, has passed away for ever." - -DAILY NEWS.--"Surveying, as they do, considerably more than half the last -hundred years, and touching upon some of the most instructive events of -that period, these volumes, it need hardly be said, are most interesting. -Princes, dukes, and nobles, authors, artists, and _literati_ of every -profession, crowd the pages of the work." - -MANCHESTER EXAMINER.--"One of the most pleasant books of its class with -which we are acquainted." - -In Two Volumes, 8vo, price 26s. - -With a Portrait of LADY MORGAN, by Sir Thomas Lawrence, and a Portrait of -SIR CHARLES MORGAN. - - -THE NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. - -BY DR. R. G. LATHAM. - -Two Vols. 8vo, 32s. - -OBSERVER.--"The mass of facts gathered from all quarters and crowded -together in the pages of these volumes is something wonderful." - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -THIRD EDITION. - -HISTORY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE - -IN INDIA. - -BY EDWARD THORNTON, ESQ. - -Containing a copious Glossary of Indian Terms, and a complete -Chronological Index of Events, to aid the aspirant for Public -Examinations. - -One Vol. 8vo, with Map, price 16s. - -THE TIMES.--"Mr. Thornton is master of a style of great perspicuity and -vigour, always interesting, and frequently rising into eloquence. His -power of painting character and of bringing before the eye of the reader -the events which he relates, is remarkable; and if the knowledge of India -can be made popular, we should say his is the pen to effect it." - -GLOBE.--"Mr. Thornton's history is comprehensive in its plan, clear and -forcible in its style, and impartial in its tone." - -EDINBURGH EVENING COURANT.--"The writer evinces diligence and research -into original authorities; his style is easy, and the intrinsic interest -of the important events of Indian history is thus increased by a popular -and amusing narrative." - -PATRIOT.--"The style of the work is free, rapid, and spirited, and bears -marks of a thorough familiarity with the subject. Every Englishman ought -to be acquainted with the history of the British Empire in India, and we -therefore cordially recommend this work to our readers." - -The LIBRARY EDITION in Six Vols. may be had, £2 8s. - - -A GAZETTEER OF INDIA, - -Compiled chiefly from the Records at the India Office, - -WITH NOTES, MARGINAL REFERENCES, AND MAP. - -BY EDWARD THORNTON, ESQ. - -*⁎* The chief objects in view in compiling this Gazetteer are:-- - - 1st. To fix the relative position of the various cities, towns, and - villages, with as much precision as possible, and to exhibit with the - greatest practicable brevity all that is known respecting them; and, - - 2ndly. To note the various countries, provinces, or territorial - divisions, and to describe the physical characteristics of each, - together with their statistical, social, and political circumstances. - -To these are added minute descriptions of the principal rivers and -chains of mountains; thus presenting to the reader, within a brief -compass, a mass of information which cannot otherwise be obtained, except -from a multiplicity of volumes and manuscript records. The work, in -short, may be regarded as an epitome of all that has been written and -published respecting the territories under the government or political -superintendence of the British power in India. - -In Four Vols. 8vo, with Map, price £2 16s. - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -FOURTH EDITION. - -AUTOBIOGRAPHY - -OF - -MISS CORNELIA KNIGHT, - -Lady-Companion to the Princess Charlotte of Wales, - -WITH EXTRACTS FROM HER JOURNALS AND ANECDOTE BOOKS. - -In Two Vols. 8vo, with Portrait of the PRINCESS CHARLOTTE of WALES, price -26s. - -TIMES.--"Why we should turn to these volumes as among the most -interesting of the recent season will be sufficiently evident as we -indicate their contents." - -MORNING STAR, _July_ 22, 1861.--"Emphatically a readable book is -this autobiography. Indeed, having once opened it, the reader cannot -easily lay it aside until he has got through the whole. Not the least -interesting part is the collection of miscellaneous anecdotes of persons -and events which are clustered together as a sort of appendix at the -close. It is a book fit to be read, but fit also for something better -than a casual reading; worthy of a higher repute than an evanescent -popularity, merely founded upon the great names it introduces, and the -amusing scraps of gossip it contains." - -ATHENÆUM, _June_ 8, 1861.--"Of the popularity of these volumes, on -account of their historical as well as gossiping merits, there can be no -doubt whatever." - - -THE REPUBLIC OF FOOLS: - -BEING - -THE HISTORY OF THE STATE AND PEOPLE OF ABDERA, IN THRACE. - -TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN OF C. M. VON WIELAND, - -BY THE REV. H. CHRISTMAS. - -In Two Volumes, post 8vo, cloth, price 18s. - -OBSERVER.--"As a prose satire, the History of the Abderites yields only -in breadth of humour and pungency of wit to Dean Swift's immortal Travels -of Captain Lemuel Gulliver; and of works of that class, we know of none -in any language that can compare with either of the two." - -LONDON REVIEW.--"Here is enjoyment for many a Christmas to come, for -many thousands of English boys, and many thousands of English men and -women. Unfortunately for the world, Pisistratus Caxton departed this -life without having made any contribution towards the great history of -human folly, save, indeed, by the records of his own. Mr. Christmas has -given us something even better in his translation of Wieland's Abderites; -and in the simplest, most racy, and vernacular English, has enriched -our literature with another character of the family dear to mankind, of -the Quixotes, Gullivers and other human foils of human self-love and -vanity. If the addition to our shelves of a book to delight the young -and instruct the old, overflowing with wit, fun, drollery inexpressible, -wisdom, depth and knowledge, is an achievement deserving of national -thanks, we undertake to convey our share to Mr. Christmas, fearing only -lest we should not have thanked him sufficiently." - -MORNING HERALD.--"There is, indeed, about it, nothing of the stiffness -of a translation; and the work reads with all the ease and freedom of an -original composition." - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -THE HISTORY OF CHESS, - -From the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India till the Period -of its Establishment in Western and Central Europe. - -BY DUNCAN FORBES, LL.D. - -8vo, 15s. - -HERALD.--"This volume will be a welcome addition to the library of every -lover of the noble game of chess. Our author makes a stout fight for the -Hindoos as the inventors of the game, and adduces many cogent proofs -in support of his opinion. He shows how the game is played in other -countries, how it has been modified both in the names of the pieces and -the names of the game by the peculiarities of the country or the national -temperament of the inhabitants; and then traces the steps by which it -has arrived at its present place of honour in civilized and intellectual -Europe. The book is, therefore, full of curious lore, that lean on other -and higher subjects than chess-playing, for it involves dissertations -on ethnology, comparative etymology, the dispersion and settlement of -nations, and the manners and customs of different countries, to a degree -that would not be at all anticipated by a person who contented himself -by reading the title-page. All this information is given, not in any -dry, repulsive, or even technical style, but freshly, clearly, and in an -animated manner--the style that would naturally be adopted by a gentleman -and man of the world." - - -THE ARMIES OF THE GREAT POWERS. - -BY LASCELLES WRAXALL. - -Post 8vo, 10s. 6d. - -*⁎* "The object of this work is to furnish a correct and detailed account -of the amount and nature of the forces belonging to the Great Powers. -At a glance may be perceived the strength of the respective armies, and -characteristics of their troops, their drill, discipline, and uniform. -Although Mr. Wraxall treats more especially of the Armies of France, -Austria, England, Russia, and Prussia, he has not omitted those of -Sardinia, Turkey, and Anglo-India. The value of such a manual can hardly -be over-estimated at the present moment." - -SATURDAY REVIEW.--"To all whose interest in the noble art of national -self-defence is as real as it should be, a compilation like Mr. Wraxall's -has considerable value." - - -SIN: ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. - -AN ATTEMPT TO INVESTIGATE THE ORIGIN, NATURE, EXTENT, AND RESULTS OF -MORAL EVIL. - -A Series of Lent Lectures. - -BY THE REV. HENRY CHRISTMAS, M.A., F.R.S. - -Post 8vo, cloth, price 5s. - -CIVIL SERVICE GAZETTE.--"These lectures are learned, eloquent, and -earnest, and though they approach the 'limits of religious thought,' -they do not transgress those limits; and they present the reader with a -comprehensive review, based upon revelation, of the nature, extent, and -consequences of moral evil or sin, both in this world and the world to -come." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -HUNGARY AND TRANSYLVANIA - -In 1862. - -BY PROFESSOR D. T. ANSTED, M.A., F.R.S., &c. - -ATHENÆUM, _June_ 16, 1862.--"Professor Ansted's descriptions are written -with a neatness attesting the accuracy of a scientific observer's eyes. -His volume is one of both value and entertainment: a book calculated to -turn the thoughts of tourists down the Danube." - -DAILY NEWS, _Sept._ 8, 1862.--"We have read many books on Hungary, but -not one which, in so brief a compass and on so many different aspects of -the land and its inhabitants, conveys an equal amount of information in -so satisfactory a style." - - -MEMORABLE EVENTS OF MODERN HISTORY. - -BY J. G. EDGAR. - -In One closely-printed post 8vo volume, with Illustrations, price 6s. 6d. - -*⁎* A volume narrating the History of the Principal Events of Modern -Europe, and calculated to serve at once as an educational book, as a -reading book, and a book of reference. - -PRESS, _Feb._ 2, 1862.--"Mr. Edgar is always pure, elegant, and vigorous. -He seems to have received from nature, what men vainly strive to acquire -from art, the power of writing narrative easily, clearly, and forcibly. -Goldsmith possessed this faculty, and Southey undoubtedly possessed it; -and we know of few contemporary writers in the English language who -possess it to an equal degree with Mr. Edgar. The book is a capital one, -and fully up to the higher level of educational literature, of which the -rising generation has the benefit. We confidently recommend it to the -public, and wish it, for their sakes, all the success which it deserves." - -OBSERVER, _Feb._ 23, 1862.--"A most acceptable and useful present for the -youth of both sexes." - - -THE SCIENCE OF HOME LIFE: - -CONTAINING - - Heat in its Relation to Things in General. - - On the Physical Relations of the Atmosphere as affected by Heat, - Moisture, and Pressure. - - The Atmosphere in Relation to Vegetable and Animal Life. - - On Coal and Coal-Gas. - - On Flame, and the Chemistry of a Candle. - - The Physical and Chemical Properties of Water. - - On Soap, with some Account of Bleaching and Disinfecting Agents. - - Glass, China, and Earthenware. - - The Noble Metals. - - The Base Metals. - - On Fermentation and Fermented Liquors. - - The Breakfast Table. - - The Dinner Table. - - Ourselves in Relation to the External World. - -In 8vo, with numerous Illustrations, 6s. - - - - -13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -A COURSE - -OF - -ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS, - -FOR THE USE OF CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION INTO EITHER OF THE MILITARY -COLLEGES; OF APPLICANTS FOR APPOINTMENTS IN THE HOME OR INDIAN CIVIL -SERVICE; AND OF MATHEMATICAL STUDENTS GENERALLY. - -BY PROFESSOR J. R. YOUNG. - -In One closely-printed Volume, 8vo, pp. 648, price 12s. - -ATHENÆUM, _March_ 9, 1861.--"In the work before us he has digested a -complete Elementary Course by aid of his long experience as a teacher -and a writer; and he has produced a very useful book.... Mr. Young has -not allowed his own taste to rule the distribution, but has adjusted his -parts with the skill of a veteran." - -THE LONDON REVIEW, _April_ 6, 1861.--"Mr. Young is well known as the -author of undoubtedly the best treatise on the 'Theory of Equations' -which is to be found in our language--a treatise distinguished by -originality of thought, great learning, and admirable perspicuity. Nor -are these qualities wanting in the work which we are reviewing.... -Considering the difficulty of the task which Mr. Young has undertaken -to discharge, and the extent of useful knowledge he has succeeded in -imparting accurately and lucidly in so small a compass, we can without -hesitation commend this work to the public as by far the best elementary -course of mathematics in our language." - - -ANOTHER BLOW FOR LIFE. - -BY GEORGE GODWIN, ESQ., F.R.S., - -Author of "London Shadows, Town Swamps, and Social Bridges," Editor of -"The Builder," &c., &c. - -ASSISTED BY JOHN BROWN. - -WITH FORTY-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS. - -In fcap. 4to, cloth. - -OBSERVER, _Jan._ 3, 1864.--"This book should be studied by all who have -a grain of kindly feeling towards their poorer neighbours, and every one -should strive to find some means of alleviating the misery it points out. -The illustrations with which the book is liberally supplied will go far -to make the subject better understood." - -BELL'S MESSENGER, _Jan._ 16, 1864.--"'Another Blow for Life' is a great -and good book, and does honour to its author's head and heart." - -THE READER, _Jan._ 9, 1864.--"The author deserves honour for the -persevering and indomitable energy with which he has faithfully -chronicled all those material dilapidations and filth which are the -inevitable concomitants of moral decadence, and we hope his book will -fall into the thankful hands of every thinking man and escape the too -frequent fate of books chronicling disagreeable truths which come -unpleasantly, 'between the wind and our nobility.'" - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -THIRD EDITION. - -ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR: - -Being an Accurate and Detailed Account, accompanied by more than 400 -Pictorial Representations, characteristic of the various Diseases to -which the Equine Race are subjected; together with the latest Mode of -Treatment, and all the Requisite Prescriptions written in Plain English. - -BY EDWARD MAYHEW, M.R.C.V.S., - -Author of "The Illustrated Horse Management." - -In 8vo, price 18s. 6d., cloth. - -_Mr. Mayhew's_ ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR, _and his companion volume_, THE -ILLUSTRATED HORSE MANAGEMENT, _should be in the possession of all who -keep horses_. - -CONTENTS: - - THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.--Phrenitis; Abscess within the brain; - Staggers; Sleepy Staggers and Mad Staggers; Megrims; Hydrophobia; - Tetanus; Stringhalt; Partial Paralysis; Gutta Serena. - - THE EYES.--Simple Ophthalmia; Specific Ophthalmia; Cataract; Fungoid - Tumours within the substance of the Eye; Lacerated Eyelid; Impediment - in the Lachrymal Duct. - - THE MOUTH.--Excoriated Angles of the Mouth; Parrot Mouth; Lampas; - Injuries to the Jaw; Aphtha; Lacerated Tongue; Teeth; Scald Mouth. - - THE NOSTRILS.--Cold; Nasal Polypus; Nasal Gleet; Highblowing and - Wheezing. - - THE THROAT.--Sore Throat; Cough; Laryngitis; Roaring; Choking; - Rupture and Stricture of the Œsophagus; Bronchocele. - - THE CHEST AND ITS CONTENTS.--Congestion in the Field; Congestion - in the Stable; Bronchitis, or Inflammation of the Air Passages; - Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs; Pleurisy; Hydrothorax; - Disease of the Heart. - - THE STOMACH, LIVER, &C.--Spasm of the Diaphragm; Acute Gastritis; - Chronic Gastritis; Bots; Chronic Hepatitis; Crib-biting. - - THE ABDOMEN.--Enteritis; Acute Dysentery; Chronic Dysentery; Acites, - or Dropsy of the Abdomen; Influenza; Abdominal Injuries; Worms; - Spasmodic Colic, Fret, Gripes; Windy Colic. - - THE URINARY ORGANS.--Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys; - Cystitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder; Spasm of the Urethra; - Calculi; Hæmaturia, or Bloody Urine; Diabetes Insipidus, or Profuse - Staling; Albuminous Urine. - - THE SKIN.--Mange; Prurigo; Ringworm; Surfeit; Hide-bound; Lice; - Larva in the Skin; Warts; Tumours; Swollen Legs; Sitfast; Grease; - Mallenders and Sallenders; Cracked Heels. - - SPECIFIC DISEASES.--Broken Wind; Mellanosis; Water Farcy; Purpura - Hæmorrhagica; Strangles; Glanders. - - LIMBS.--Osseous Deposits; Spavin; Splint; Ringbone; Strain of the - Flexor Tendon; Clap of the Back Sinews; Sprain of the Back Sinews; - Breaking Down; Curb; Occult Spavin; Rheumatism; Windgalls; Bog - Spavin; Thoroughpin; Capped Knee; Capped Hock; Capped Elbow; Luxation - of the Patella; Blood Spavin. - - THE FEET.--Lameness; Pumice Foot; Sandcrack; False Quarter; Seedy - Toe; Tread and Over-reach; Corns; Quittor; Canker; Thrush; Ossified - Cartilages; Acute Laminitis, or Fever in the Feet; Sub-Acute - Laminitis; Navicular Disease. - - INJURIES.--Poll Evil; Fistulous Withers; Fistulous Parotid Duct; - Phlebitis, or Inflammation of the Vein; Broken Knees; Open Synovial - Cavities; Open Synovial Joints; Wounds. - - OPERATIONS.--Tracheotomy; Periosteotomy; Neurotomy; Division of the - tendons; Quittor. - - -CRITICAL NOTICES. - -FIELD, _July_ 28, 1863.--"The book contains nearly 600 pages of valuable -matter, which reflects great credit on its author, and, owing to its -practical details, the result of deep scientific research, deserves -a place in the library of medical, veterinary, and non-professional -readers." - -ATHENÆUM, _August_ 4, 1860.--"Mr. Mayhew has written several works on -the diseases, with details of the anatomy, of animals. His accuracy is -great. The chapters are well arranged. Each speaks of the diseases of one -part of the equine frame. The illustrations to these are excellent. The -operations are accurately described; not the slightest useful hint is -forgotten; while to render this portion more intelligible, diagrams of -the parts to be operated on, with views of the instruments, are generally -given; and the prescriptions, as stated in the title-page, are made out -in English. The causes, symptoms, and treatment of diseases are briefly -recorded in a summary, forming an appendix. We conclude by commending Mr. -Mayhew's book, especially to every possessor of the most useful of the -'servants of man.'" - -ILLUSTRATED NEWS.--"The great mass of the illustrations are wonderfully -faithful, and they are so varied and interesting that we would undertake -to get rid of the most confirmed bore that ever pressed heavily on -mankind for a good two hours by only handing him the book, and directing -his attention to them. It is a well-known fact that grooms only remember -the names of four or five diseases, and are sadly indiscriminate in -their knowledge of symptoms. This book furnishes at once the bane and -the antidote, as the drawings show the horse not only suffering from -every kind of disease, but in the different stages of it, while the -alphabetical summary at the end gives the cause, symptoms, and treatment -of each." - -GLOBE.--"Every gentleman who possesses or cares for horses, would do well -to keep this book in his house." - -ERA.--"We advisedly say that 'The Illustrated Horse Doctor' is the very -best book of the kind which we know; and what gives it an especial charm -is, that the author so thoroughly sympathises with the noble animal which -he describes. Without pretending to go into any analysis of this valuable -work, we at once pronounce it as scientific, yet intelligible; informing, -yet highly amusing; acceptable to the profound horse-doctor, yet the work -of all others for the bookshelves in every gentleman's sanctum." - -ARMY AND NAVY GAZETTE.--"Mr. Mayhew's volume will, we imagine, meet with -a hearty welcome. It is just such a good practical work on the Veterinary -Art as most of us horse-using (and not unfrequently, we fear, abusing) -Englishmen have long felt the need of.--We must not conclude our remarks -without commenting on the numerous wood-cuts with which the volume is -embellished. It is truly, as it professes to be, an '_Illustrated Horse -Doctor_.'" - -ILLUSTRATED TIMES.--"Many years ago the writer of these lines was -incidentally 'read up' in horse literature, and a good deal in the way -of sporting people. His reading and observation in that way have been -very pleasantly recalled by this _model_ book. We need not waste words -about this admirable volume--manual, we were going to say, but it is -more of an armful than a handful. It is quite beyond praise of ours in -its completeness and general excellence, concerned as it is our lot to -be with the study instead of the steed. But we showed it to a friend of -ours (living at Horsely-down), who spends his mornings at Tattersall's -and his afternoons at the Alhambra, and his evenings at Astley's, and -his criticism was conveyed in these emphatic words. 'Sir,' said he (his -name is Ryder), 'it is the Buchan's Domestic Medicine of the stable; the -mantle of Bucephalus has fallen upon Mr. Mayhew.' Every way the work is -interesting, and it is beautifully got up; the paper and print being the -best we have seen for some time." - - -TEA CULTIVATION, - -COTTON AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA. - -BY W. NASSAU LEES, LL.D. - -In 8vo, price 8s. 6d. - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co. - - -The Illustrated - -HORSE MANAGEMENT, - -CONTAINING - -DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS UPON ANATOMY, MEDICINE, SHOEING, TEETH, FOOD, VICES, -STABLES; - -LIKEWISE - -A PLAIN ACCOUNT OF THE SITUATION, NATURE, AND VALUE OF THE VARIOUS POINTS; - -TOGETHER WITH - -COMMENTS ON GROOMS, DEALERS, BREEDERS, BREAKERS, AND TRAINERS; - -ALSO ON CARRIAGES AND HARNESS. - -Embellished with more than 400 Engravings from Original Designs made -expressly for this Work. - -BY EDWARD MAYHEW, M.R.C.V.S., - -Author of "The Illustrated Horse Doctor," and other works. - -In One Volume 8vo, pp. 612. - -CONTENTS: - - THE BODY of the horse anatomically considered. - - PHYSIC.--The mode of administering it, and minor operations. - - SHOEING.--Its origin, its uses, and its varieties. - - THE TEETH.--Their natural growth, and the abuses to which they are - liable. - - FOOD.--The fittest time for feeding, and the kind of food which the - horse naturally consumes. - - THE EVILS which are occasioned by modern stables. - - THE FAULTS inseparable from most present erections which are used as - stables. - - THE SO-CALLED "INCAPACITATING VICES," which are the results of injury - or of disease. - - STABLES as they should be. - - GROOMS.--Their prejudices, their injuries, and their duties. - - HORSE DEALERS.--Who they are; their mode of dealing; their profits; - their morality, and their secrets. - - POINTS.--Their relative importance, and where to look for their - development. - - BREEDING.--Its inconsistencies and its disappointments. - - BREAKING AND TRAINING.--Their errors and their results. - - CARRIAGES.--Their cost; their make; their excellences and their - management. - - SADDLERY, HARNESS, AND STABLE SUNDRIES.--Of what these consist; their - application and their preservation. - -_Mr. Mayhew's_ ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR, _and his companion volume_, THE -ILLUSTRATED HORSE MANAGEMENT, _should be in the possession of all who -keep horses_. - -CRITICAL NOTICES. - -ATHENÆUM, _Feb._ 20, 1864.--"Mr. Mayhew thoroughly comprehends the -matter, and all masters of studs--we may say, every owner of a single -pony or ass--will derive much profit and an equal amount of pleasure by -perusing this volume; for the book is not only distinguished by common -sense, but by its power of amusing. We never met with a volume which more -honestly and efficiently carried out the promise made on its title-page. -A large amount of English life, ways, manners, morals, dodges and doings -is described by Mr. Mayhew, as well as more serious matter connected with -the question which he so ably handles." - -STANDARD, _Jan._ 27, 1864.--"It is, perhaps, the most perfect work yet -published upon the management of horses. Everywhere Mr. Mayhew writes -ably and readably, and with neither fear nor favour; his observations -always commend themselves to one's understanding, and he hits fairly -many blots in our present system of management. The engravings are -exceedingly well executed, and they illustrate the text actually as well -as nominally." - -OBSERVER, _Jan._ 10, 1864.--"Mr. Mayhew is already favourably known to -a large number of persons interested in the management of horses by a -former work, with the title of the 'Illustrated Horse Doctor,' and the -volume under notice will certainly add considerably to his reputation for -extensive knowledge and thorough acquaintance with the subject with which -he professes to deal. Mr. Mayhew also has some very useful remarks on the -situation, nature and value of the various points to be looked for by -the purchaser of a horse, and this useful information is supplemented by -some very excellent and truthful remarks upon grooms, dealers, breeders, -breakers and trainers, the whole forming a most valuable work for -guidance and reference, and displaying in every page an earnest desire -to improve the condition and treatment of one of the noblest and most -serviceable animals provided for the use of man." - -SPECTATOR, _Feb._ 6, 1864.--"No horseman who can afford to buy it will -regret the purchase of Mr. Mayhew's 'Illustrated Horse Management.'" - -BELL'S MESSENGER.--"There can be no question that Mr. Mayhew is the -most competent man of the day for the task which he has undertaken, and -we must add most satisfactorily accomplished. 'The Illustrated Horse -Management' may be fitly termed an encyclopædia of all that relates -to the horse, and the several uses to which it can be applied. We, -therefore, earnestly recommend this handsome volume to our readers, with -the conviction that every one who cares for his horse can profitably and -pleasurably consult its well-stored pages." - -SUN, _Jan._ 19, 1864.--"We have read Mr. Mayhew's book with all the -attention which it so eminently merits, and we have no hesitation in -asserting that it is the most comprehensive and instructive work on the -subject of horse management which we have ever had the luck to meet with. -The 'Illustrated Horse Management' is a work which should find a place -in the library of every country gentleman, for the most experienced may -derive benefit from its perusal." - -NONCONFORMIST, _March_ 9, 1864.--"Grooms hate their masters to be too -knowing, but whoever shall quietly study this book, and make it his guide -for a few weeks in the observation and control of his own stable, will -not afterwards feel himself to be dependent on his servants. Mr. Mayhew -writes clearly, forcibly, and delightfully, and we earnestly recommend -his book to every one who is the owner of even a pony for his children's -use, while those who have extensive stables should read and read again -every paragraph of its closely packed contents." - -GLOBE, _Feb._ 22, 1864.--"Mr. Mayhew writes on a subject of which he -is master; and his new book is a work of care, experience and general -enlightenment, as concerns the management of horses." - -ECONOMIST, _March_ 5, 1864.--"The 'Illustrated Horse Management,' by -Edward Mayhew, is really a very useful book to all who are concerned -with horses, either for pleasure or profit. To English farmers, who may -be induced to breed horses, the various points of management which are -insisted on by Mr. Mayhew in ample detail have a money value." - - - - -Wm. H. Allen & Co., 13 Waterloo Place, S. W. - - -THE HORSES OF THE SAHARA, - -And the Manners of the Desert. - -BY E. DAUMAS, - -General of the Division Commanding at Bordeaux, Senator, &c., &c. - -WITH COMMENTARIES BY THE EMIR ABD-EL-KADER (Authorized Edition). - -In 8vo, cloth, price 10s. 6d., by post 11s. 2d. - -CONTENTS: - - =Part I.= - - SOURCES OF INFORMATION. - - Remarks by the Emir Abd-el-Kader.--Treatise on the Horse. - - ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ARAB HORSE.--Four great epochs; Creation of the - horse; Change of coat; Moral qualities of the thorough-bred. - - THE BARB.--Oneness of the race; Letter from M. Lesseps on the - Alexandria races; Weight carried by African horses. - - Traditional love of the horse; Arab proverbs. - - Superiority of the horses of the Sahara. - - BREEDS.--Incontestable purity of the Saharene Barb; Endurance of the - Arab; Two varieties of the horse. - - THE SIRE AND THE DAM.--Mare and foal; Influence of the sire; Purity - of race. - - REARING AND BREAKING IN.--Early training; Elementary Exercises; Names. - - DIET.--Camel's and ewe's milk; Dates; Green food; Repose and fat - injurious to a horse. - - GROOMING, HYGIENE, PROPORTIONS.--Selection of food and water; How to - foretell the size and character of a horse; Ingenious measurements. - - COATS.--Variety of colours; White spots; Tufts; Favourite coats; - Objectionable coats. - - ON CHOOSING AND PURCHASING HORSES. - - SHOEING.--Farriers; their privileges and tools; Cold shoeing. - - THE HARNESS.--The Arab saddle; Advantages of the Arab system. - - MAXIMS OF THE ARAB CAVALIER.--Endurance; Making the horse a study. - - Horse-racing among the Arabs. - - ABD-EL-KADER ON THE ARAB HORSE.--Examples of endurance; Reasons for - early training; High price of mares; Identity of the Arab and the - Barb; General instructions; Draught horses. - - THE WAR HORSE.--His form and qualities. - - =Part II.--The Manners of the Desert.= - - The Arab horse derives his character from his Arab master. - - THE SAHARA, BY ABD-EL-KADER. - - THE RAZZIA.--Three kinds of razzia: the Tehha, the Khrotefa, the - Terbigue; Episodes; Popular chaunt; The combat; Circumstantial - details. - - THE KHRIANIA, OR THEFT.--Horse, camel, and sheep stealing; - Superstitions. - - WAR BETWEEN DESERT TRIBES.--Motives; Proclamation of war; Summoning - allies; Departure; Amorous intrigues; Thefts; Scouts; Preliminaries - of peace; Saharene diplomacy; Conclusion of peace; Hostilities; The - eve of battle; Challenges; War cries; The Battle; Defeat; Victory; - Anecdotes. - - Lamentations of an Arab warrior. - - USAGES OF WAR.--Distribution of the plunder; The chief; Loan of a - horse; Female spectators of the battle. - - The horse of noble race. - - OSTRICH HUNTING.--On horseback; Details of the excursion; From an - ambush; Habits of the ostrich. - - GAZELLE HUNTING.--THE GREYHOUND. - - HAWKING. - - THE CHACE, BY ABD-EL-KADER.--The gazelle; The hyæna; The panther; The - lion; modes of hunting. - - THE CAMEL.--Management, Diet, &c. - - THE SHEEP.--Immense flocks; Their usefulness in the Sahara. - - LIFE IN THE DESERT.--The villager; The master of the tent; Sobriety; - Runners; Inventory of a wealthy Arab's fortune; His occupations; - Armourers; Legislation; Women's employment; Hospitality; Mendicants; - Sorcerers; Magic; Religion. - - THE ARAB ARISTOCRACY.--The thorny shrub and the date-tree; The - Sherifs; The marabouts and the _djouad_; A great tent; The - _vendetta_; Examples; Blood money; _Lex talionis_; Birth, education, - and marriage; Polygamy; An Arab interior; Amusements; Death; Funeral - rites. - - * * * * * - -OBSERVER, _May_ 3, 1863.--"There is not a page in this book from which -we may not gather useful hints or valuable information respecting the -nature, habits and management of horses." - -EDINBURGH COURANT.--"We have rarely read a work giving a more picturesque -and, at the same time, practical account of the manners and customs of a -people, than this book on the Arabs and their horses." - - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - | Transcriber Notes: | - | | - | P. 109. 'prfoessional men.', changed 'prfoessional' to | - | 'professional'. | - | Changed all instances of 'negociation' to 'negotiation'. | - | P. 313. Changed 'verry' to 'very', in 'I congratulate you very'. | - | P. 318. Changed 'shokking' and 'childern' to 'shocking' and | - | 'children', in 'a shocking bloodshed between children'. | - | P. 320. Changed 'scilence' to 'silence', in 'so long a silence'. | - | P. 324. Added 'a' to 'wishes you a great deal of good'. | - | P. 325. Changed 'monts' to 'months', in 'two or three months'. | - | P. 329. Index: Arnim, Her, changed 'Her' to 'Herr'. | - | P. 334. Index: Schack, added 'from' to 'and expelled from the | - | court'. | - | Index: Struensee, his important reforms--added page number '39'. | - | Add 18: 'Breakinig and training', changed 'Breakinig' to | - | 'Breaking'. | - | Corrected various punctuation. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Times of Her Majesty -Caroline Matilda, Vol. 3 (of 3), by Sir C. F. Lachelles Wraxall - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HER MAJESTY CAROLINE MATILDA *** - -***** This file should be named 55369-0.txt or 55369-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/3/6/55369/ - -Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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