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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Farmer's Veterinarian - A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Farm Stock - -Author: Charles William Burkett - -Release Date: August 16, 2017 [EBook #55366] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FARMER'S VETERINARIAN *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="tnbox"> -<p class="center">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber’s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> -</div> - -<div class="scr"> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="Fig1"> -<img src="images/coversm.jpg" alt="" width="387" height="600" /> -</div> - -</div><!--scr--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="adpage"> - -<p class="adhead">FARM LIFE SERIES</p> - -<p class="adleft">THE FARMER’S VETERINARIAN</p> - -<p class="adright">By <span class="smcap">Charles William Burkett</span></p> - -<p class="adleft">HANDY FARM DEVICES AND HOW -TO MAKE THEM</p> - -<p class="adright">By <span class="smcap">Rolfe Cobleigh</span></p> - -<p class="adleft">MAKING HORTICULTURE PAY</p> - -<p class="adright">By <span class="smcap">M. G. Kains</span></p> - -<p class="adleft">FARM CROPS</p> - -<p class="adright">By <span class="smcap">Charles William Burkett</span></p> - -<p class="adleft">PROFITABLE STOCK RAISING</p> - -<p class="adright">By <span class="smcap">Clarence A. Shamel</span></p> - -<p class="adleft">PROFITABLE POULTRY PRODUCTION</p> - -<p class="adright">By <span class="smcap">M. G. Kains</span></p> - -<p class="adbot"><i>Other Volumes in Preparation</i></p> - -</div><!--adpage--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="frontispiece" width="600" height="377" /> -<p class="caption main">HEALTH</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="titpag"> - -<h1>The Farmer’s<br /> -Veterinarian<br /></h1> - -<p><span class="fsize110"><b>A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of -Farm Stock:</b></span> <span class="fsize80">Containing Brief and Popular Advice on -the Nature, Cause and Treatment of Disease, the Common -Ailments and the Care and Management of Stock when Sick</span></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><i>By</i><br /> -<span class="fsize125"><b>CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT</b></span><br /> -<span class="fsize90"><i>Editor of American Agriculturist</i></span></p> - -<p class="illustrated">ILLUSTRATED</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesp">NEW YORK</span><br /> -ORANGE JUDD COMPANY<br /> -<span class="gesp">1914</span></p> - -</div><!--titpag--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center fsize80"> -<i>Copyright, 1909</i><br /> -<span class="smcap">Orange Judd Company<br /> -New York</span></p> - -<p class="center blankbefore2"><span class="smcap">Printed in U. S. A.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Pagev">[v]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE</h2> - -<div class="dropcap"> -<img src="images/dropcapa.jpg" alt="A" width="75" height="74" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcapa">large</span> class of people, by force of -circumstances, are compelled to treat -their own animals when sick or disabled. -Qualified veterinarians are -not always available; and all the -ills and accidents incident to farm -animals do not require professional attendance. -Furthermore, the skilled stockman should be -familiar with common diseases and the treatment -of them. He should remember, too, that the maintenance -of health and vigor in our farm stock is -the direct result of well-directed management. Too -frequently this is neither understood nor admitted, -and an unreasonable lack of attention, when -animals are ill or indisposed, works out dire mischief -in the presence of physical disorder and infectious -diseases. A fair acquaintance with the -common ailments is helpful to the owner and to -his stock. This leads to health, to prevention of -disease, and to skill in attendance when disease is -at hand.</p> - -<p>The volume herewith presented abounds in helpful -suggestions and valuable information for the -most successful treatment of ills and accidents and -disease troubles. It is an everyday handbook -of disease and its treatment, and contains the best -ideas gathered from the various authorities and -the experience of a score of practical veterinarians -in all phases of veterinary practice.</p> - -<p class="right padr2">C. W. BURKETT.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">New York</span>, June, 1909.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagevi">[vi]<br /><a id="Pagevii">[vii]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="toc">Table of Contents</h2> - -<table class="toc" summary="table of contents"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="2" class="right fsize80 padr1">Page</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Facing Disease on the Farm</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page1">1</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">How the Animal Body is Formed</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page9">9</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Some Physiology You Ought to Know</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page21">21</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">The Teeth as an Indication of Age</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page34">34</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Examining Animals for Soundness and Health</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page39">39</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Wounds and Their Treatment</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page54">54</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Making a Post-Mortem Examination</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page62">62</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Common Medicines and Their Actions</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page69">69</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Meaning of Disease</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page82">82</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter IX.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page92">92</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapno"><span class="smcap">Chapter X.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapname">Diseases of Farm Animals</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page101">101</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageviii">[viii]<br /><a id="Pageix">[ix]</a></span></p> - -<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -<table class="loi" summary="list of illustrations"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="right fsize80 padr1">Page</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig1">1</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Health</td> -<td class="pageno">Frontispiece</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig2">2</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Common Sheep Scab</td> -<td class="pageno">3</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig3">3</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Hog House and Feeding Floor</td> -<td class="pageno">5</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig4">4</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Poulticing the Throat</td> -<td class="pageno">8</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig5">5</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">How a Cell Divides</td> -<td class="pageno">10</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig6">6</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Bones of Skeleton of a Horse</td> -<td class="pageno">16</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig7">7</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">One of the Parasites of the Hog</td> -<td class="pageno">18</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig8">8</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Circulation and Digestion</td> -<td class="pageno">22</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig9">9</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Diseased Kidney</td> -<td class="pageno">25</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig10">10</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Stomach of Ruminant</td> -<td class="pageno">27</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig11">11</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Circulation of Blood in Body</td> -<td class="pageno">30</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig12">12</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Lumpy Jaw (jaw bone)</td> -<td class="pageno">36</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig13">13</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Bad Attitude Due to Conformation</td> -<td class="pageno">41</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig14">14</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Ewe Neck</td> -<td class="pageno">46</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig15">15</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Anatomy of the Foot</td> -<td class="pageno">49</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig16">16</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Fractures</td> -<td class="pageno">54</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig17">17</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Bandaging a Leg</td> -<td class="pageno">57</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig18">18</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Rickets in Pigs</td> -<td class="pageno">63</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig19">19</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Round Worms in Hog Intestines</td> -<td class="pageno">66</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig20">20</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Tetanus Bacilli</td> -<td class="pageno">71</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig21">21</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Ready for the Drench</td> -<td class="pageno">81</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig22">22</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Bacteria As Seen Under the Microscope</td> -<td class="pageno">85</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig23">23</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Result of Bone Spavin</td> -<td class="pageno">90</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig24">24</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Feeling the Pulse</td> -<td class="pageno">94</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig25">25</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">How Heat Affects Growth</td> -<td class="pageno">96</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig26">26</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Diseases of the Horse</td> -<td class="pageno">102</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig27">27</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Lumpy Jaw (external view)<span class="pagenum" id="Pagex"></span></td> -<td class="pageno">105</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig28">28</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Where to Tap in Bloating</td> -<td class="pageno">118</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig29">29</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Bog Spavin</td> -<td class="pageno">122</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig30">30</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Horse Bots in Stomach</td> -<td class="pageno">124</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig31">31</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Colic Pains</td> -<td class="pageno">138</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig32">32</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Retention of the Urine</td> -<td class="pageno">141</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig33">33</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Curb</td> -<td class="pageno">145</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig34">34</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Fistulous Withers</td> -<td class="pageno">156</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig35">35</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Foot Rot in Sheep</td> -<td class="pageno">160</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig36">36</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Founder</td> -<td class="pageno">163</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig37">37</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Bad Case of Glanders</td> -<td class="pageno">170</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig38">38</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Ventral Hernia</td> -<td class="pageno">180</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig39">39</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">An Attack of Cholera</td> -<td class="pageno">182</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig40">40</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">The Result of Hog Cholera</td> -<td class="pageno">186</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig41">41</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Kidney Worms in the Hog</td> -<td class="pageno">205</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig42">42</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Liver Fluke</td> -<td class="pageno">207</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig43">43</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Lockjaw</td> -<td class="pageno">209</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig44">44</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Lymphangitis</td> -<td class="pageno">215</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig45">45</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Natural Presentation of the Foal</td> -<td class="pageno">225</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig46">46</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Abnormal Presentation of the Foal</td> -<td class="pageno">227</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig47">47</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Quittor</td> -<td class="pageno">235</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig48">48</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">A Cattle Bath Tub</td> -<td class="pageno">241</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig49">49</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Side Bones</td> -<td class="pageno">244</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig50">50</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Splint</td> -<td class="pageno">248</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig51">51</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Twisted Stomach Worms</td> -<td class="pageno">252</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig52">52</a>.</td> -<td class="figname">Tuberculosis Germs</td> -<td class="pageno">264</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="6"> </td> -<td class="figname">Health and Disease</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Plate1">Plate 1</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figname">Making Post Mortem Examinations</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Plate2">Plate 2</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figname">A Victim of Tuberculosis</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Plate3">Plate 3</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figname">Exterior Points of the Horse; Castration</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Plate4">Plate 4</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figname">Texas Fever</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Plate5">Plate 5</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figname">A Typical Case of Foot and Mouth Disease</td> -<td class="pageno"><a href="#Plate6">Plate 6</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page1">[1]</span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION<br /> -<span class="chapname">Facing Disease on the Farm</span></h2> - -<p>To call a veterinarian or not—that is the question. -Whether your horse or cow is sick enough -for professional attendance, or just under the -weather a little, is a problem you will always be -called upon to face. And you must meet it. It -has always faced the man who raises stock, and it -is a problem that always will. Like human beings, -farm stock have their ailments and troubles; and, -in most cases, a little care and nursing are all that -will be required. With these troubles all of us are -acquainted; especially those who have spent much -time with the flocks and the herds on the farm. -Through experience we know that often with every -reasonable care, some animals, frequently the -healthiest-looking ones, in the field, or stable, give -trouble at the most unsuspected times. So the -fault is not always with the owner.</p> - -<p>There is no reason, however, why an effort should -not be made, just as soon as any trouble is noticed, -to assist the sick animal to recover, and help -nature in every way possible to restore the invalid -to its usual normal condition. The average observing -farmer, as a rule, knows just about what the -trouble is; he usually knows if treatment is beyond -him, and if not, what simple medical aid will be -effective in bringing about a recovery with greater -dispatch than nature unaided will effect.</p> - -<p>Now, of course, this means that the farmer -should be acquainted with his animals; in health -and disease their actions should be familiar to him.<span class="pagenum" id="Page2">[2]</span> -If he be a master of his business he naturally -knows a great deal about his farm stock. No man -who grows corn or wheat ever raises either crop -extremely successfully unless he has an intimate -knowledge of the soil, the seed, the details of fertilization -and culture. He has learned how good -soils look, how bad soils look; he knows if soils -are healthy, whether they are capable of producing -big crops or little crops.</p> - -<p>So with his stock. He must know, and he does -know, something as to their state of health or ill -health. With steady observation his knowledge -will increase; and with experience he ought to be -able to diagnose the common ailments, and not -only prescribe for their treatment, but actually treat -many of them himself. Unfortunately, many farmers -pass health along too lightly and the common -disorders too seriously. This is wrong. The man -who deals with farm animals should be well -acquainted with them, just as the engineer is acquainted -with his engine. If an engine goes wrong -the engineer endeavors to ascertain the trouble. If -it is beyond his experience and knowledge he turns -the problem over to an expert. It should be so -with the stock raiser. So familiar should the owner -be with his animals in case of trouble he ought -to know of some helpful remedy or to know that -the trouble is more serious than ordinary, in which -case the veterinarian should be called.</p> - -<p>All of this means that the art of observing the -simple functions should be acquired at the earliest -possible moment—where to find the pulse of horse -or cow, how many heart beats in a minute, how -many respirations a minute, the color of the healthy -nostril, the use of the thermometer and where to -place it to get the information, the character of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page3">[3]</span> -eye, the nature of the coat, the passage of dung and -water, how the animal swallows, the attitude when -standing, the habit of lying down and getting up—all -of these should be as familiar to the true stockman -as the simplest details of tillage or of planting -or of harvesting.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig2"> -<img src="images/illo003.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="372" /> -<p class="caption main">COMMON SHEEP SCAB</p> -<p class="caption sublong">Here is an advanced case and shows how serious the -trouble may become. A very small itch mite is the cause. The -mites live and multiply under the scurf and scab of the skin.</p> -</div> - -<p>Moreover, the stockman should be a judge of -external characters, whether natural or temporary. -He should have a knowledge of animal conformation. -If to know a good plow is desirable, then to -know a good pastern or foot is desirable. If the -art of selecting wheat is a worthy acquisition, then -the art of comparing hocks of different horses is a -worthy accomplishment also. If experience tells -the grower that his corn or potatoes or cotton is -strong, vigorous and healthy or just the reverse,<span class="pagenum" id="Page4">[4]</span> -observation and experience ought also to tell him -when his stock are in good health or when they -lack thrift or are sick and need treatment.</p> - -<h3>LEARN TO RECOGNIZE ANIMAL DISEASES</h3> - -<p>Few farmers there are, indeed, who are not -acquainted with crop diseases. Smut is readily -recognized when present in the wheat or corn or -oat field; so colic, too, should be recognized when -your horse is affected by it. The peach and the -apple have their common ailments; so have the -cow and pig. In either case the facts ought to be -familiar. So familiar that as soon as diagnosed -and recognized prompt measures for treatment -should be followed that the cure may be effected -before any particular headway is at all made. -Handled in this way, many cases that are now -passed on to the veterinarian would never develop -into serious disturbances at all.</p> - -<h3>PREVENTION BETTER THAN CURE</h3> - -<p>The old saying, “Prevention is better than cure,” -is both wisdom and a splendid platform on which -to build any branch of live stock work. Every disease -is the result of some disturbance, somewhere. -It may be improper food; the stockman must know. -Moldy fodder causes nervous troubles in the horse. -Cottonseed meal, if fed continuously to pigs, leads -to their death. Hence, food has much to do with -health and disease. Ventilation of the stable plays -its part. Bad air leads to weakness, favors tuberculosis, -and, if not remedied, brings about loss and -death. Fresh air in abundance is better than medicine; -and the careful stockman will see that it be -not denied.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page5">[5]</span></p> - -<p>Good sanitation, including cleanly quarters, -wholesome water and dry stables, has its reward in -more healthy animals. When not provided, the -animals are frequently ill, or are in bad health more -or less. As these factors—proper food, good ventilation, -and effective sanitation—are introduced in -stable accommodations, diseases will be lessened -and stock profits will increase.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig3"> -<img src="images/illo005.png" alt="" width="500" height="310" /> -<p class="caption main">HOG HOUSE AND FEEDING FLOOR</p> -<p class="caption sublong">This convenient hog house is inexpensive, and the feeding -floor at the side insures cleanliness and thorough sanitary -conditions. A sanitary hog house should be one of the -chief improvements of the farm.</p> -</div> - -<h3>DISINFECT FREQUENTLY; IT NEVER -HURTS AND IT MAY DO A WORLD -OF GOOD</h3> - -<p>As disease is better understood it becomes more -closely identified with germs and bacteria. Hence, -to lessen disease we must destroy, so far as possible, -the disease-producing germs. For this -purpose nothing is better than sunlight and disinfectants. -Sunlight is itself death to all germs; -therefore, all stables, and the living quarters for farm -animals, should be light and airy, and free from -damp corners and lodgment places for dust, vermin, -and bacteria. Even when animals are in good<span class="pagenum" id="Page6">[6]</span> -health, disinfection is a splendid means for warding -off disease. For sometimes with the greatest -care germs are admitted in some manner or form. -By constantly disinfecting, the likelihood of any -encroachment by germs is greatly lessened.</p> - -<p>Fortunately we have disinfectants that are easily -applied and easily obtained at small cost. One of -these disinfecting materials is lime, just ordinary -slaked lime, the lime that every farmer knows. -While it does not possess the disinfecting power -of many other agents, it is, nevertheless, very desirable -for sprinkling about stables and for whitewashing -floors, walls, and partitions. When so -used the cracks and holes are filled and the germs -destroyed. Ordinary farm stables should be whitewashed -once or twice each year, and the crumbled -lime sprinkled on the litter or open ground. It is -not desirable to use lime with bedding and manure, -for the reason that it liberates the nitrogen contained -therein. Hence the bedding and manure -should be removed to the fields as frequently as -possible, where it can be more helpful to the land. -Thus scattered, the sunlight and purifying effects -of the soil will soon destroy the disease bacteria, -if any are present in the manure.</p> - -<p>Another splendid disinfectant is corrosive sublimate, -mercuric chloride, as it is often called. Use -one ounce in eight gallons of water. This makes -one-tenth of one per cent solution. In preparing -this disinfectant, allow the material to stand for -several hours, so as to permit the chemical to become -entirely dissolved. This solution should be -carefully guarded and protected, since it is a poison -and, if drunk by animals, is liable to cause death. -If infected quarters are to be disinfected, see that<span class="pagenum" id="Page7">[7]</span> -the loose dirt and litter is first removed before -applying the sublimate.</p> - -<p>Carbolic acid is another satisfactory disinfectant. -Usually a five per cent solution is recommended. -It can be easily applied to mangers, stalls, and feed -boxes. Enough should be applied so that the wood -or iron is made wet and the cracks and holes more -or less filled. Chloride of lime is a cheap and an -easily prepared disinfectant. Use ten ounces of -chloride of lime to two gallons of water. This -makes a four per cent solution, and should be applied -in the same way as the corrosive sublimate.</p> - -<p>Formalin has come into prominence very recently -as a desirable disinfectant. A five per cent solution -fills the bill. Floors and cracks should be -made thoroughly wet with it. By using one or -more of these agents the living quarters of farm -animals can be kept wholesome, sweet, and free -from germ diseases. In fact, the use of disinfectants -is one of the best aids of the farmer in warding -off disease and in lessening its effects when once -present.</p> - -<h3>PUT SICK ANIMALS OFF BY THEMSELVES</h3> - -<p>Many diseases are introduced into a herd or flock -by thoughtlessness on the part of the owner. I -have known distemper to be introduced into stables -and among horses, Texas fever and tuberculosis -into herds of cattle, and hog cholera among hogs, -because diseased animals, when purchased, were -not separated off by themselves, for a short time at -least. If this were done, farmers would lessen the -chance of an introduction of disease into their -healthy herds. Consequently quarantine quarters -should be provided; especially is this true if new<span class="pagenum" id="Page8">[8]</span> -animals are frequently purchased and brought -to the farm where many animals are raised -and handled. These quarantine quarters need not -be expensive, and they ought to be removed far -enough from the farm stock so that there may be -no easy means of infection. When newly purchased -animals are placed in the quarantine quarters -they should be kept there long enough to -determine if anything strange or unusual is taking -place.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig4"> -<img src="images/illo008.png" alt="" width="500" height="342" /> -<p class="caption main">POULTICING THE THROAT</p> -<p class="caption subshort">The picture shows how to apply a poultice to the throat.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span></p> - -<h2><a id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a><br /> -<span class="chapname">How the Animal Body is Formed</span></h2> - -<p>The cell is the unit of growth. It is so with all -forms of life—plant or animal, insect or bacterium. -In the beginning the start is with a single cell, an -egg, if you please. After fertilization has taken -place, this single cell enlarges or grows. Many -changes now occur, all rather rapidly, until the cell -walls become too small, when it breaks apart and -forms two cells just like the first used to be. This -is known as cell division. As growth increases, the -number of cells increases also—until in the end -there are millions.</p> - -<h3 class="inline">Nature of the Cell.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The cell is very small. In -most cases it cannot be seen with the naked eye. -The microscope is necessary for a study of the -parts, the nature and the character of the cell.</p> - -<p>In the first place the cell is a kind of inclosed -sac, in which are found the elements of growth -and life. Surrounding the cell is a thin wall known -as the cell membrane. In plants this cell wall is -composed of cellulose, a woody substance, which -is thin and tender in green and growing plants, but -hard and woody when the plant is mature.</p> - -<p>Within the limits of the cell is the protoplasm, -the chief constituent of the cell; locked up in this -protoplasm is life, the vital processes that have to -do with growth, development, individual existence.</p> - -<p>Embedded within the protoplasm is another part -known as the nucleus and recognized under the -microscope by its density. Around the nucleus is<span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10]</span> -centered the development of new cells or reproduction—for -the changes that convert the mother-cell -into offspring-cells are first noted in this place.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig5"> -<img src="images/illo010.png" alt="" width="500" height="383" /> -<p class="caption main">HOW A CELL DIVIDES</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The simple steps in cell division are pictured here. Starting -with a single cell, growth and enlargement take place, -ending finally in cell division or the production of two -individual cells.</p> -</div> - -<p>So much for plant cells. Is this principle different -in animals? For a long time it was thought -that plants and animals were different. But upon -investigation it was discovered that animals were -comprised of cells just as plants. And not only -was this discovered to be true, but also that animal -cells corresponded in all respects to plant cells. -Hence in animals are to be found cells possessing -the cell walls formed of a rather thick membrane, -the granular protoplasm or yoke, and the nucleus -established in the yoke.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page11">[11]</span></p> - -<p>The ovum, known as the female egg, is composed -of the parts just described. If it is not fertilized -when ripe it passes away and dies. If fertilized in -a natural way, it enlarges in size and subsequently -divides into two cells; and these, passing through -similar changes, finally give rise to the various -groups of cells from which the body is developed.</p> - -<h3 class="inline">The Animal Body a Group Collection.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The body -is, therefore, a mass of cells; not all alike, of course, -but grouped together for the purpose of doing certain -special kinds of work. In this way we have -various groups, with each group a community performing -its own function. The brain forms one -community; and these cells are concerned with -mind acts. The muscle cells are busy in exerting -force and action. Another group looks after the -secretions and digestive functions, while another -group is concerned solely with the function of -generation and reproduction. And so it is throughout -the body.</p> - -<p>Both individual cells and group cells are concerned -with disease. One cell may be diseased or -destroyed, but the surrounding ones may go on just -the same. It is when the group is disturbed that -the greatest trouble results.</p> - -<h3 class="inline">A Word About the Cells.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The cell always possesses -its three parts—membrane, protoplasm, and -nucleus. But there is no rule as to the size or -shape. Cells may be round or oblong, any shape. -Substances pass in and out of the cell walls; and -they are in motion, many of them, especially those -that line the intestines and the air passages, and -the white corpuscles of the blood. More than this, -some cells, Dr. Jekyl-like, change their appearance -and shape, send out finger-like bodies to catch<span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span> -enemies or food, and even travel all around in the -body, often leaving it altogether.</p> - -<h3>BODY TISSUES</h3> - -<p>The animal body contains five forms of tissues: -Epithelial, in which the cells are very compact, -forming either thin or thick plates; the connective -tissue, by which many organs are supported or -embedded; muscle tissue, either smooth or striated, -and in which the cells are in fibers that contract -and shorten; nerve-tissue, that has to do with nerve -and ganglion cells by which mental impulses are -sent; and blood and lymph tissue or fluid tissues.</p> - -<p>The first group is intimately connected with the -secretory organs, or those organs which secrete -certain substances essential for the proper work of -the body. Thus we have salivary glands, mucous -glands, sweat glands, and the liver and pancreas. -Connective tissue includes fibrous tissue, fatty tissue, -cartilage and bone. The fibrous connective -tissue is illustrated when the skin is easily picked -up in folds. Fatty tissue occurs where large -amounts of fat are deposited in the cells. Cartilage -is found where a large amount of firm support is -required. With muscle we are all familiar; it is -the real lean meat of the body.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Blood and Lymph.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The blood is a fluid in -which many cells are to be found. The fluid is -known as serum or blood-plasma and the cells as -corpuscles, and are both red and white. The red -cells give the characteristic color. When observed -under a microscope, they appear as small, round -disks. They are of great importance to the body -work. Because of the coloring matter in them the -oxygen of the air is attracted when it comes in<span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span> -contact with the blood in the lungs. Oxygen is in -reality absorbed, and on the blood leaving the lungs -it is distributed to all parts of the body. The oxygen -supply of the body is, therefore, in the keeping -of the red corpuscles.</p> - -<p>White corpuscles have a different work; they -guard the body by picking up poison, bacteria, and -other undesirable elements and cast these out -through the natural openings of the body. Compared -with the red cells, they exist in far less numbers -and may wander about through all parts of -the body.</p> - -<p>Lymph is a fluid in which a few cells, lymph -corpuscles, are suspended. These cells are very -much like the colorless corpuscles of the blood, -only no red blood cells are present. But the lymph -attends to its own business; it bathes the tissues -and endeavors to keep them in a healthy condition.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Skin and Hair.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Without a covering the delicate -muscles would be unprotected. The skin serves in -this capacity. It does still more; out of it is -exuded poisonous substances, perspiration, and, at -the same time, the skin is a sort of respiratory -organ, through which much of the carbonic acid -formed in the body escapes.</p> - -<p>The skin possesses two general layers, the cutis -and sub-cutis; in the first is contained also -epidermis. Developed in the skin are the outer -coverings like hair, wool, feathers, horns, claws, -and hoofs.</p> - -<h3>THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY</h3> - -<p>The framework of the body undergoes a gradual -development from birth to maturity. It represents -the bony structure of the body; and on it all other<span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span> -parts depend for support and protection. The -brief summary of its parts and work that follows -here has been adapted from Wilcox and Smith.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Skeleton.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—This consists of a backbone, -skull, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and two pairs -of appendages. The backbone may be conveniently -divided into regions, each comprising a certain -number of vertebræ. The cervical vertebræ -include those from the skull from the first rib. In -all mammals except the sloth and sea cow the number -of cervical vertebræ is seven, being long or -short, according as the neck of the animal is relatively -long or short. The first and second cervical -vertebræ, known as the atlas and axis, are especially -modified so as to allow free turning movements of -the head.</p> - -<p>The next region includes the dorsal or thoracic -vertebræ, which are characterized by having ribs -movably articulated with them. The number is 13 -in the cat, dog, ox, sheep, and goat; 14 in the -hog; 18 or 19 in the horse and ass, and six or seven -in domestic poultry. In mammals they are so -joined together as to permit motion in several directions, -but in poultry the dorsal vertebræ are more -rigidly articulated, those next to the sacrum often -being grown together with the sacrum. The -spines are high and much flattened in all ungulates, -long and slender in dogs and cats. They slope backward, -forming strong points of attachment for the -back muscles. Several ribs, varying in number in -different animals, meet and become articulated with -the breast bone or sternum. The sternum consists -of seven to nine articulated segments in our domestic -mammals, while in fowls the sternum is one -thin high bone furnished with a keel of varying -depth. The lumbar vertebræ lie between the dorsal<span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span> -vertebræ and the sacrum. The number is five in the -horse, six in the hog, ox and goat, and seven in the -sheep. The sacrum is made up of a certain number -of vertebræ, which are rigidly united and -serve as an articulation for the pelvic arch. The -number of sacral vertebræ is five in the ox and -horse, four in sheep and hogs, and 12 to 17 in birds. -The caudal or tail vertebræ naturally vary in number -according to the length of the tail (7 to 10 in -sheep, 21 in the ox, 23 in hogs, 17 in the horse, 22 -in the cat, 16 to 23 in the dog).</p> - -<p>In ungulates the anterior ribs are scarcely curved, -the chest being very narrow in front. The number -of pairs of ribs is the same as the number of dorsal -vertebræ with which they articulate.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Skull.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—This part of the skeleton is really -composed of a number of modified vertebræ, just -how many is not determined. The difference in the -shape of the skulls of different animals is determined -by the relative size of the various bones of -the skull. In hogs, for example, the head has been -much shortened as a result of breeding, thus giving -the skull of the improved breeds a very different -appearance from that of the razorback.</p> - -<p>The shoulder girdle consists of a shoulder blade, -collar bone and coracoid on either side. The fore -leg (or wing, in case of birds) articulates with the -socket formed by the junction of these three bones. -In all the ungulates the shoulder blade is high and -narrow, the coracoid is never much developed, and -the collar bone is absent. In fowls all three bones -of the shoulder girdle are well developed, the collar -bone being represented by the “wish bone.”</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Pelvic Girdle.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—This consists of three bones -on either side, viz., ilium, ischium, and pubis. The -first two are directly articulated to the spinal<span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16]<br /><a id="Page17">[17]</a></span> -column, while the pubic bones of either side unite -below to complete the arch. The three bones of -each side of the pelvis are present in all our -domestic animals, including the fowls.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig6"> -<img src="images/illo016.png" alt="" width="600" height="427" /> -<p class="caption main">BONES OF THE SKELETON OF A HORSE</p> - -<p class="caption sublong">1 Face Bones, -2 Neck Bones or Cervical Vertebræ, -3 Scapula or Shoulder Blade, -4 Humerus or Arm Bone, -5 Radius or Bone of Forearm, -6 Carpus or Knee, -7 Shank Bone or Cannon, -8 Upper Pastern, -9 Lower Pastern, -10 Coffin Bone, -11 Ulna or Elbow, -12 Cartilages of the Rib, -13 Costæ or Ribs, -14 Dorsal Vertebræ or Bones of Back, -15 Lumbar Vertebræ or Bones of Loin, -16 Candal Vertebræ or Bones of Tail, -17 Haunch, -18 Femur or Thigh Bone, -19 Stifle Joint, -20 Tibia, -21 Tarsus or Hock, -22 Metatarsal Bones, -23 Upper Pastern Bone, -24 Lower Pastern Bone, -25 Coffin Bone.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<h4 class="inline">Legbones of Farm Animals.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—There is one -formula for the bones of the fore and hind legs of -farm animals. The first segment is a single bone, -the humerus of the fore leg, femur of the hind leg. -In the next segment there are two bones, radius -and ulna in the fore leg, tibia and fibula in the hind -leg. In the dog, cat, and Belgian hare the radius -and ulna are both well developed and distinct. In -ungulates the humerus is short and stout, while -the ulna is complete in the pig, rudimentary and -behind the radius in ruminants and firmly united -with the radius in the horse. Similarly with the -hind leg the fibula is a complete bone in the pig, -while in the horse there is merely a rudiment of it, -attached to the tibia.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Feet.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The mammalian skeleton has undergone -the greatest modification in the bones of the feet. -In the horse there are only six of the original ten -wrist or carpal bones, and, since there is but one -of the original five toes, the horse has also but one -metacarpal or cannon bone. Splint-like rudiments -of two other metacarpal bones are to be found at -the upper end of the cannon bone, or at the “knee” -joint. Below the cannon bone, and forming the -shaft of the foot, we have the small cannon bone, -coronary bone, and coffin bone—the last being -within the hoof with the navicular bone behind it. -The stifle joint of the horse corresponds to the knee -of man. The “knee” of the horse’s fore leg corresponds -to the hock of the hind leg, both being at -the upper end of the cannon bone. The fetlock -joint is between the large and small cannon bones,<span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span> -the pastern joint between the small cannon or large -pastern bones, and the coffin joint between the -coronary and coffin bones. The horse walks upon -what corresponds to the nail of the middle finger -and middle toe of man.</p> - -<p>In pigs four digits touch the ground, the first -being absent and the third and fourth larger and in -front of the second and fifth. In ruminants the -third and fourth digits reach the ground, while the -second and fifth do not. In dogs the first digit -appears on the side of the leg, not in contact with -the ground.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig7"> -<img src="images/illo018.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="301" /> -<p class="caption main">ONE OF THE PARASITES OF THE HOG</p> -<p class="caption subshort">The thorn-headed worm attached to the anterior part -of the small intestine often causes death. Not more than -five or six are usually found in a single animal.</p> -</div> - -<p>In fowls the wing, which corresponds to the fore -leg of mammals, shows a well-developed humerus, -radius and ulna, while only one carpal and one -metacarpal bone remain, along which the wing -feathers are attached. In the leg the femur and -tibia are strong bones, but the fibula is a mere -splint. The tarsal bones are absent, while the -shank consists of a metatarsal bone (really three -bones fused together), to which the four toes are -articulated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span></p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Muscular System of Farm Animals.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The -muscular system is too elaborate, the number of -muscles too great, and their modifications for different -purposes too complex for consideration in -detail in the present volume. All muscles are -either striped or unstriped (as examined under the -microscope), according as they are under the immediate -control of the will or not. The heart -muscle forms an exception, for it is striped though -involuntary. The essential characteristic of muscle -fibers is contractility, which they possess in high -degree. The typical striped muscles are concerned -in locomotion, being attached at either end to a -bone and extending across some movable joint. -The most important unstriped muscles are found in -the walls of the intestines and blood vessels.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Nervous System.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—In so far as our present -purposes are concerned, the nervous system may -be disposed of in a few words. The central nervous -system consists of a brain and spinal cord. -The microscopic elements of this tissue are peculiarly -modified cells, consisting of a central body, -from which fibers run in two or more directions. -The cell bodies constitute the gray matter, and the -fibers the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. -The gray substance is inside the spinal cord and on -the surface of the brain, constituting the cortex. -The most important parts of the brain are the -cerebrum, optic lobes, cerebellum, and medulla. -There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves originating -in the brain and controlling the special senses, -movements of the face, respiration, and pulse rate. -From each segment of the spinal cord a pair of -spinal nerves arises, each of which possess both -sensory and motor roots. The sympathetic nervous -system consists of a trunk on either side, running<span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span> -from the base of the skull to the pelvis, furnished -with ganglionic enlargements and connected with -the spinal nerves by small fibers.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Respiratory Organs.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—These include the -nose, larynx, trachea or windpipe, and lungs. The -trachea forks into bronchi and bronchioles of -smaller and smaller size, ending in the alveoli -or blind sacs of the lungs. In fowls there are -numerous extensions of the respiratory system -known as air sacs, and located in the body -cavity and also in the hollow bones. The air sacs -communicate with the lungs, but not with one another.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Urinary Organs.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—These consist of kidneys -connecting by means of ureters with a bladder from -which the urethra conducts the urine to the outside. -In the male the urethra passes through the -penis and in the female it ends just above the -opening of the vagina. The kidneys are usually -inclosed in a capsule of fat. The right kidney of -the horse is heart-shaped, the left bean-shaped. -Each kidney of the ox shows 15 to 20 lobes, and is -oval in form. The kidneys of sheep, goats, and -swine are bean-shaped and without lobes.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Reproductive Apparatus.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—This consists of -ovaries, oviducts, uterus or womb, and vagina in -the female; the testes, spermatic cords, seminal -vesicle and penis, together with various connecting -glands, especially prostate gland and Cowper’s -gland, in the male. In fowls there is no urinary -bladder, but the ureters open into the cloaca or -posterior part of the rectum. The vagina and -uterus are also wanting in fowls, the oviducts opening -directly into the rectum. The male copulating -organ is absent except in ducks, geese, swan, and -the ostrich.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER II<br /> -<span class="chapname">Some Physiology You Ought to Know</span></h2> - -<p>A close relation exists between the soil, plant, -and the animal. One really cannot exist without -the other to fulfill its destiny. A soil without plant -or animal growth is barren, devoid of life. The -soil comes first; the elements contained in it and -the air are the basis of plant and animal life. The -body of the animal is made up of the identical -elements found in the plant, yet the growth of the -plant is necessary to furnish food for animal life. -The plant takes from the soil and from the air the -simple chemical elements, and with these builds up -the plant tissue which, in its turn, is the food of -the animal.</p> - -<p>The animal cannot feed directly from the soil and -air; it requires the plant first to take the elements -and to build them into tissue. From this tissue -animals get their food for maintenance and growth. -Then the animal dies; with its decay and decomposition -comes change of animal tissue, back to -soil and air again; back to single simple elements, -that new plants may be grown, that new plant tissue -may be made for another generation of animal -life.</p> - -<p>Thus the plant grows out of the soil and air, -and the decay of the animal plant life furnishes -food for the plant that the plant may furnish food -for the animal. Thus we see the cycle of life; from -the soil and air come the soil constituents.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig8"> -<img src="images/illo022.png" alt="" width="600" height="451" /> -<p class="caption main">CIRCULATION AND DIGESTION</p> -<p class="caption sublong">1 Mouth, -2 Pharynx, -3 Trachea, -4 Jugular Vein, -5 Carotid Artery, -6 Œsophagus, -7 Posterior Aorta, -8 Lungs, -9 External Thoracic Artery, -10 Left Auricle, -11 Right Auricle, -12 Diaphragm, -13 Spleen, -14 Stomach, -15 Duodenum, -16 Liver, upper extremity, -17 Large Colon, -18 Left Kidney and its Ureter, -19 Floating Colon, -20 Rectum, -21 Anus, -22 Bladder, -23 Urethra, -24 Small Intestine, -25 Cæcum, -26 Venous Supply to the Foot, -27 Posterior Tibial Artery, -28 Internal Metatarsal Vein, -29 Internal Metatcarpal Vein, -30 Posterior Radial Artery, -31 Metacarpal Artery, -32 Vertebral Artery, -33 Superior Cervical Artery, -34 Anterior Dorsal Artery.</p> -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<h4 class="inline">Meaning of Plant Building.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Before the single -simple elements were taken into the plant, they<span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]<br /><a id="Page23">[23]</a></span> -were of little value. The animal could not use -them for food, they could not be burned to furnish -heat, and they stored up no energy to carry on any -of the world’s work. What a change the plant -makes of them! So used, they become the source -of the animal food, and, as food, they contain five -principal groups with which the animal is nourished. -These five groups are the air, water, the -protein compounds, the nitrogen free compounds, -such as starch, crude fiber, sugar and gums, and -the fat or ether extract, as it is called.</p> - -<h3>DIGESTION OF THE FOOD</h3> - -<p>Before these different constituents of the plant -can be used as food for animals, they must be prepared -for absorption into the system of the animal. -This preparation takes place in the mouth, œsophagus -tube, the stomach, and the intestines, aided -by the various secretions incident to digestion and -absorption. Any withholding of any essential constituent -has its result in inefficiency or illness of -the animal.</p> - -<p>Withhold ash materials, for instance, from the -food, or supply an insufficient quantity, and the -fact will be evidenced by poor teeth, deficient bone -construction and poor health in general. Let the -feeding ration be short in protein, and the result -will be shown in the flesh and blood. Let the carbohydrates -and fat be withheld or supplied insufficiently, -and energy will be denied and a thrifty -condition will not be possible.</p> - -<p>The supply of these different constituents in the -proper proportion gives rise to the balanced ration; -and is concerned in a treatise of this kind only in so -far as it has to do with disease or health. For,<span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span> -remember this fact: live stock are closely associated -with right feeding. If foods be improperly -prepared, or improperly supplied, or the rations -poorly balanced, with too much of one constituent -and too little of another, the effect will be manifest -in an impoverished condition of the system. That -means either disease, or disease invited.</p> - -<p>Not only must these facts be considered, but -other matters given recognition also. The greater -part of the trouble of the stockman in the way of -animal diseases is due to some disturbance of the -digestive system, or to the water supply, or to ventilation, -or to the use to which the animal is put from -day to day. Attention to the details of digestion -has its reward in thrifty, healthy stock; a lack of -this attention brings trouble and either a temporary -ailment or a permanent disease.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Process of Mastication.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Food is taken in the -mouth, where it is masticated by means of the teeth, -lips, cheeks, and the tongue. While the process of -mastication is taking place there is being poured -into the mouth large quantities of saliva, which -softens the food and starts the process of digestion. -The active principle of saliva is a soluble ferment, -called ptyalin, that converts the starch of -food into sugar. The amount of saliva that is -poured into the food is very great, being often as -much as one-tenth of the weight of the animal. This -ferment is active after the teeth have been formed, -which explains why it is not advisable to feed -much starchy food to children before their teeth -have begun development.</p> - -<p>The food, after being ground and mixed with the -saliva fluid, goes to the stomach. With the horse -and hog the stomach is a single sac not capable -of holding very large quantities of food; with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span> -cow and sheep, on the other hand, we find a large -storehouse for holding food—a storehouse that is -divided into four compartments, the rumen or -paunch, reticulum, omasum, and the abomasum. -The first three communicate with the gullet by -a common opening. The cud is contained in the -first and second stomachs, and, after it has been -masticated a second time, it passes to the third and -fourth, and to the bowels, where the process of -digestion is continued.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig9"> -<img src="images/illo025.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="261" /> -<p class="caption main">DISEASED KIDNEY</p> -<p class="caption subshort">The kidney of the hog is pictured here. As a rule it is -usually impossible to diagnose kidney troubles in hogs and -similar lower animals.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Gastric Juice.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—From this it will be noticed that -chewing the cud is an act in the process of digestion; -it refers only to rechewing the food so as to -get it finer and better ground for digestion. While -in the stomach the saliva continues the digestion -of the starchy matter and is assisted by the gastric -fluid that pours in from the lining of the stomach, -which converts the protein or albuminoids into -peptones. The fatty matter is not acted upon at -this point. There are three constituents of gastric -juice, which affect the changes in the food. These -are pepsin, rennet, and acid. With rennet you are -acquainted. It is used in the kitchen, in the making -of cheese, and is obtained from the stomach of<span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span> -calves or other young animals. Pepsin, also obtained -directly from the stomach, is now a conspicuous -preparation in medicine. The food, after -leaving the stomach, goes into the bowels and is -acted upon by secretions of the liver and pancreas -or sweetbreads. It should be noted in passing that -no secretion enters the first three divisions of the -ruminant’s stomach. It is only in the fourth or -true stomach that the gastric juice is found.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Stomach Churn.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—While food is in the -stomach it is subjected to a constant turning movement -that causes it to travel from the entrance to -the exit or intestines. When it passes into the small -intestines it is subjected to the action of bile -and pancreatic juices, which have principally -to do with the breaking up of the fat compounds. -Both resemble, to a certain extent, saliva in their -ability to change starch into sugar.</p> - -<p>The secretion of the bile comes from the liver -and the pancreatic juice from the pancreas or -sweetbreads, and both are poured into the intestines -near the same point, so that they act together. The -ferments they contain act in the following ways: -They change starch into sugar, fat into fatty compounds, -they curdle milk, and convert protein compounds -into soluble peptones.</p> - -<p>The process of digestion is finally ended in the -intestines, where absorption into the system takes -place. There is no opening at all from the bowels -into the body, but the digestive nutriment is picked -up by the blood when handed into the body from -the intestines by means of countless little cells -called villi, that line the walls of the intestines. -These villi cells have little hair-like projections extending -into the intestines, which constantly move; -these protrusions, as they move about, catch on to<span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span> -the digested nutriment, draw it into the cells themselves, -where it is handed on to the blood, when it -is later on distributed to all parts of the body. You -can realize that an immense number of these absorption -cells are present when the length of the -intestine is considered. In the ox the intestine is -nearly 200 feet long. After the nutriment is drawn -from the food the undigested portions are voided -periodically as feces or dung.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450p" id="Fig10"> -<img src="images/illo027.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="355" /> -<p class="caption main">STOMACH OF RUMINANT</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The four main divisions of the ruminant’s stomach are -pictured here. The first three divisions are the store-houses -for food until it is fully prepared for the fourth stomach or -abomasum.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Absorption of the Nutriment.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Digestion, therefore, -is a dissolving process; food is admitted to -the system by means of cells. You remember that<span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28]</span> -all plant food first passes into a soluble state before -it can enter the roots and be conveyed to the -parts of the plants that require additional food for -growth. In the case of plants the entrance is by -means of the root hairs. In the case of the animal, -entrance in the body is by means of the villi cells -that line the intestines. From this we see that -digestion is both an intricate and delicate process. -Any loss of appetite, any disturbance of the digestion -work, and any irregularity of the bowels bear -decided results, one way or the other, to the rest -of the system; and any disturbance of the body at -other points, although having no direct relation to -the digestion system, sooner or later affects the -digestion and in so doing causes additional trouble.</p> - -<p>Directly affecting digestion may be improper -food, either liquid or solid; and over-exercise or -not enough of it may prove troublesome, for exercise -is clearly related to digestion. When the -digestion process is disturbed, air or gas may accumulate -in the stomach or bowels and give rise to -colic or hoven. A watery action of the intestines, -due to inflammation or irritation, may lead to -dysentery and enteritis; or some obstruction like a -hair-ball or a clover fuzzy ball, or the knotting of -the intestines, may occur, temporarily or permanently -impairing digestion so seriously often as to -cause death itself.</p> - -<h3>CIRCULATION</h3> - -<p>As water in the plant is the carrier of plant food -throughout the plant, so is blood the carrier and -distributor of food in the animal. When food is -absorbed, it either passes into the lymphatic system -or into the capillaries of the blood system.<span class="pagenum" id="Page29">[29]</span> -If in the former, it is carried to the thoracic duct, -which extends along the spinal column and enters -one of the main blood vessels. If collected by the -capillary system, it is carried to the portable vein, -thence to the liver and finally to the heart, where -it meets with the blue blood collected from all parts -of the body.</p> - -<p>At this point, the blood contains both the nutriment -and the waste matter of the body. Before it -can be sent through the body again the waste material -must be thrown out of the system by means -of the lungs. This is accomplished by the heart -forcing to the lungs the impure blood with its impurities -collected from all parts of the body and -also the nutriment collected from the digestive -tract.</p> - -<p>The chief organs, therefore, of the circulatory -system are the blood and lymphatic vessels containing -respectively blood and lymph. The only difference -between these two materials is in the fact -that lymph is blood without the red-blood corpuscles. -The body, after all, really depends upon this lymph -for nourishment, since it wanders to all parts of -the body, surrounds all the cells in all of the tissues -and in this way carries to the cells the very kinds of -food that they need.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Lymph Passes Through Cell Walls.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The blood -vessels have no openings into the body at all. In -this respect the blood system is like the digestive -system; it is separate and distinct in itself. The -blood, however, does creep through the walls of the -blood vessels. In so doing the blood corpuscles -are left behind and lymph is the result.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig11"> -<img src="images/illo030.png" alt="" width="600" height="327" /> -<p class="caption main">HOW THE BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH THE BODY</p> -</div> - -<p>The center of the blood system is the heart. It -is the engine of the body. Going out from it is the -great aorta, which subdivides into arteries and<span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]<br /><a id="Page31">[31]</a></span> -farther away further subdivides until there is a -great network of little arteries; these in turn become -very tiny and take the name of capillaries. -Thus the red blood, by means of arteries and capillaries, -is carried to all parts of the body. This -plan of distribution would not be complete unless -some way were provided for the return of the blood -to the heart and lungs for purification. And just -such an arrangement has been provided. Another -kind of network collects this scattered blood at the -extremities into separate vessels, which gradually -increase in size and finally empty their possessions -into the heart. These are the veins of the body, -and have to do with the impure blood of the body.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">How the Heart Does Its Work.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The power back -of blood distribution is the heart. It is an automatic -pump, as it were, that sends blood to the -lungs and through the arteries to all parts of the -body. The heart is divided into four divisions: -the left and right ventricles and the right and left -auricles. The right auricle receives the blood from -the upper half of the body through a large vein -and the lower half of the body through another -large vein, and the blood from both lungs empties -into the left auricle through two left and two right -pulmonary veins. The large arteries of the heart -which carry the blood from the heart to the different -organs arise from the ventricle.</p> - -<p>The blood always flows in the same direction. It -goes into the auricle from the veins, and from this -into the ventricle. It then passes into the arteries, -then to the veins and then to the capillaries.</p> - -<p>The action of the heart is very much like a force -pump; the dark blood flows into the right auricle, -which contracts; when this is done, the blood is<span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span> -forced into the right ventricle; this in turn contracts -and forces the blood into the lungs, where -oxygen is taken on and carbonic acid gas and other -impurities are thrown off. From the lungs the -blood, now red and pure, passes into the left auricle -and thence into the left ventricle, from which it is -forced into the aorta to be distributed to all parts -of the body.</p> - -<p>We now see the close connection existing between -the digestive system and the circulatory -system. The digested food in the intestines is -gathered in by villi cells. The question can now -be asked, What do these cells do with this nutriment -or digested food? They pour it into the -absorbent vessels or lymphs, as they are called; -these in turn empty the assimilated stores of food -into larger and still larger vessels, which continues -until the whole of the nutritive fluid is collected -into one great duct or tube, which pours its contents -into the large veins at the base of the neck, -from whence it is carried into the circulatory system, -the very basis of which is the blood.</p> - -<h3>RESPIRATION</h3> - -<p>The dark and impure blood, after returning to -the heart, is sent to the lungs. It is, when collected -from the body, just before being sent to the lungs -dark, dull and loaded with worn-out matter. It -must now be sent to the lungs, where it may be -spread over the delicate thin walls of millions of -vesicles, to be exposed to the air, which is inhaled -by the acts of breathing. The blood gives off the -broken-down material and carbonic acid gas very -readily. It is both unpleasant and disagreeable, -and the blood cells find it very unattractive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span></p> - -<p>The cells of the blood, however, have a great attraction -for oxygen, consequently the cells absorb -oxygen with greediness, so that when the blood -returns to the heart it is fresh and bright and -ready to take its journey back over the body again. -This is done just about every three minutes. This -endless round continues until stopped forever by -death.</p> - -<p>The relation existing between the animal and -plant functions is brought to light in another way. -When the plant was building tissue it released -oxygen and exhaled it into the air. At the same -time, by means of leaves, it gathered in the carbonic -acid to use in plant building. Of course this -was got from the air. The animal in performing -its functions and in building its tissue inhales oxygen -from and exhales carbonic acid gas into the air. -Thus it is that animals take up what is unnecessary -to the plant and the plant uses what is waste and -poison to the animal.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER III<br /> -<span class="chapname">The Teeth As An Indication of Age</span></h2> - -<p>When a colt is born the first and second temporary -molars, three on each jaw, are to be seen. -These are large when compared with the size of -those that later replace them. In from five to ten -days after birth the two central incisors or nippers -make their appearance. In three or four weeks the -third temporary molars appear, followed within a -couple of months by an additional incisor on each -side of the first two, both above and below. The -corner incisors appear between the ninth and -twelfth months after birth. This makes the full -set of teeth—twenty-four in number.</p> - -<p>There is now no change in number, although there -is considerable change taking place all the time; the -incisor teeth, in rubbing against each other, are -more or less worn, giving rise to the expression -“losing the mark.”</p> - -<p>The two molars present at birth remain until -the animal is about three years old, at which time -they fall out of their sockets by the protrusion of -the second set, or permanent molars.</p> - -<p>This change from temporary to permanent teeth -takes place usually without difficulty and without -trouble. The permanent teeth push their way up -from below crowding those in view. While this -pushing and crowding is going on the temporary -teeth are losing ground, for the reason their roots -are being absorbed, and a time comes when the cap -only is left attached to the gums. This cap drops<span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span> -out and the new or permanent tooth soon is established -in its place.</p> - -<h3>LOSING OF TEMPORARY TEETH</h3> - -<p>According to the observation of Mayo, the temporary -incisors are replaced by permanent teeth -as follows: “The two central incisors are shed at -about two and a half years, and the permanent ones -are up ‘in wear’ at three years. The lateral incisors -are shed at three and a half and the permanent -ones are up and in wear at four years. The -corner incisors are shed at four and a half and the -permanent ones are up and in wear at five.</p> - -<p>“The molars are erupted and replaced as follows: -The fourth molar on each jaw (which is -always a permanent molar) is erupted at ten to -twelve months; the fifth permanent molar at two -to two and a half years, and the sixth usually at four -and a half to five. The first and second molars, -which are temporary, are shed and replaced by permanent -ones at two to three years of age. The -third temporary molar is replaced by a permanent -one at three and a half years. In males, the canine -or bridle teeth are erupted at about four and a half -years of age. At about five years of age a horse is -said to have a full mouth of permanent teeth.”</p> - -<h3>THE MARK IN THE TOOTH</h3> - -<p>Horsemen make use of the “mark in the tooth” -for determining the age between five and eleven. -In examining teeth you observe that two bands of -enamel are to be seen; one exterior, that surrounds -the tooth, the other interior, which is termed the -casing enamel. It is this latter, or “date cavity,” -that is used to tell the age.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span></p> - -<p>The mark in the tooth is occasioned by the food -blackening the hollow pit. This is formed on the -surface by the bending in of the enamel, which -passes over the surface of the teeth, and, by the -gradual wearing down of the enamel from friction, -and the consequent disappearance of it, the age can -be determined for a period of several years.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig12"> -<img src="images/illo036.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="273" /> -<p class="caption main">LUMPY JAW</p> -<p class="caption subshort">The disease is caused by the ray fungus. The result is local -tumors in the bones and other tissues.</p> -</div> - -<p>When a horse has attained his sixth year the -mark on the central or middle incisors or nippers -of the lower jaw will be completely worn off, leaving, -however, a little difference of color in the center -of the teeth. The cement which fills the hole -produced by the dipping in of the enamel will be -somewhat browner than that of the other portions -of the tooth, and will exhibit evident proofs of the -edge being surrounded by enamel.</p> - -<p>At seven years the marks in the four middle incisors -are worn out and are speedily disappearing -in the corner ones. These disappear entirely at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span> -age of eight; thus all marks are obliterated at this -age on the lower jaw; the surface of the teeth are -level and the form of the teeth changes to a more -oval form.</p> - -<p>The marks on the upper jaw are still present, -since there has been less friction and wear on them. -At nine the marks disappear from the central upper -incisors, at ten from the adjoining two, and at -eleven from the corner teeth.</p> - -<p>To tell the age of the horse beyond this period -is difficult and uncertain, except by those very -much experienced in performing the undertaking. -The shape of the teeth, the color and the condition -all enter into the determination but there is no -fast and fixed rules after the marks have disappeared.</p> - -<h3>TEETH OF CATTLE</h3> - -<p>Cattle have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw. -They have eight incisors on the lower jaw. According -to Mayo, the temporary incisors are as -follows: “The central incisors or nippers are up -at birth, the internal lateral at one week old, the -external lateral at two weeks, and the corner incisors -at three weeks old. They are replaced by -permanent incisors approximately as follows, -though they vary much more than in the colt: The -central incisors are replaced at 12 to 18 months; -the internal laterals at about two and a half years; -the external laterals at three to three and a half -years; and the corner incisors at about three and -a half years. In the horned cattle, a ring makes -its appearance at three years of age, and a new ring -is added annually thereafter.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span></p> - -<h3>TEETH OF SHEEP</h3> - -<p>Sheep, like cattle, have no incisor teeth on the -upper jaw. Like cattle, they have eight incisors -on the lower jaw when the mouth has reached full -age. The change of the teeth occurs as follows: -At birth the lamb has two incisors, followed by two -more very soon. At the end of two weeks two -more are out, making six incisors in all. At three -weeks of age two more have appeared, completing -the appearance of the temporary or milk teeth.</p> - -<p>The permanent begin to replace the temporary -teeth between one and one and a half years. The -two central milk teeth are first replaced by two -longer and stronger teeth. The lamb is now known -as a yearling.</p> - -<p>At two years the two teeth adjoining the central -incisors are replaced by permanent ones; at three -the two adjoining these are replaced, making now -six permanent incisors.</p> - -<p>Between four and four and a half the last two -permanent incisors appear and the sheep then has -a full mouth.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER IV<br /> -<span class="chapname">Examining Animals for Soundness and Health</span></h2> - -<p>In purchasing farm stock, it is a good plan to deal -with reputable people only. Leave the horse trader -alone. He knows too many tricks, and if you are a -stranger to him you can be pretty certain that he -will try one on you—just for fun.</p> - -<p>Fortunately farmers sell to strangers more frequently -than they buy of them, and when they -seek new stock they deal largely with breeders, -who, like themselves, are farmers and not given -to the tricks of low and disreputable methods; -nevertheless, every purchaser of stock should be -familiar with animal form and able to recognize -defects and faults when he sees them. This is as -much his business as to breed, raise or feed the -stock on his farm.</p> - -<h3>LOOKING THE ANIMAL OVER</h3> - -<p>Know what form you want; draft and speed -represent different types, so do dairy and beef. -With all classes of farm stock there are a few -points that are desirable in all stock. One of these -is width between the eyes. No animal of any -breed or class possessed of a narrow forehead is -at all perfect. A wide forehead is one of the absolute -beauties.</p> - -<p>These are desirable characters of all farm -animals; they represent culture and refinement -and good breeding. The purchaser or breeder, -therefore, should not only know conformation, but -he should know quality.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span></p> - -<h3>SPECIAL TYPE IN HORSES</h3> - -<p>Our breeds of horses may be divided into three -general classes. Those used for speed, those for -draft and those with a mixture of the two—a general -purpose sort of horse. The speed or trotting -horse has its distinct type; it has been evolving -and developing through a long series of years.</p> - -<p>Briefly, its conformation may be described as -follows: A wide forehead, fairly long head, a long -neck that is thin and agile, a narrow chest as you -look at it from the front, but very deep as you look -from the side, long sloping shoulders, rather long -back, a long horizontal croup, small barrel, fairly -long forearm, long cannon bones and feet that are -well shaped and perfect in every respect. Looking -at the animal from the side it should be as high over -the hips or higher than over the withers.</p> - -<p>The draft horse, on the other hand, has a different -conformation. There is not that elongation -of his parts, although there is a symmetry of parts -and of proportion. There should be the width -between the eyes; the clean, neat face; a graceful -neck, which should be shorter and more heavily -muscled than that of the speed horse. The chest -should be wide, both from the front and side, the -back short but heavily muscled, the croup strong -and not so horizontal as with the speed type, the -quarters heavily muscled and the cannon bone -short.</p> - -<p>The feet should be as perfect as those of the -speed horse. In both types the knee should be -thick, deep, and broad and the hocks wide. The -narrow hock is not so well able to stand heavy -strain, consequently curb diseases readily follow<span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span> -where the conformation shows narrow hocks. Another -difference between the two types is found in -the muscles. The speed type throughout has long, -thin, narrow muscles—muscles that stretch a long -way and contract quickly.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450p" id="Fig13"> -<img src="images/illo041.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="318" /> -<p class="caption main">BAD ATTITUDES DUE TO CONFORMATION</p> -<p class="caption sublong">In the first, the toes are turned out. The middle picture -shows in-kneed attitude and the third shows in-turned toes. -Whether standing or traveling, the appearance is unpleasant -and mitigates against the value of the animals.</p> -</div> - -<p>With the draft horse it is different: the muscles -are shorter, but they are heavy; they are less quick -in their action, but they are more powerful. In -both types good proportions are always desirable. -The width between the eyes should be as much or -more than one-third the length of the head. The -distance from the point over the shoulders to the -ground should be about equal to the distance from -the point over the hips to the ground; and in turn -this distance, whatever it is, should be about equal<span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span> -to the length of the horse from the point of the -shoulder to the point of the buttock.</p> - -<p>Looking at the horse in front if a line be dropped -from the point of the shoulder it should halve the -fore leg, the knee, the cannon, and the hoof. And -the width of the third hoof, if placed between the -two front feet, should give the attitude that is -desirable.</p> - -<p>Looking at the horse from the rear, the same -attitude is to be observed. Of course, many horses -do not possess these qualities and proportions; and -because they do not is the very reason that their -beauty, efficiency, and value are less.</p> - -<h3>EXAMINING ANIMALS IN THE STABLE</h3> - -<p>In going into the stable look the animals over -quietly. Observe how they stand, breathe, eat, and -act generally. Are they nervous? Does one swing -his head from side to side? Does he kick, paw, -put back his ears, or does he have any of the other -common stable vices that are unpleasant and undesirable? -As you look about and pass back and -forth, you will get the evidence of these stable -vices, if such are to be found.</p> - -<p>Look particularly for cribbing, wind sucking, -kicking and crowding. Pawing is just as bad. If -you want animals with good stable manners pass -by those possessing these ugly faults. The next -step is to examine the animals individually; those -that “look good” to you. No doubt you will find -some that do not interest you for one reason or -another. These need no further attention, unless -you have overlooked some fact, in which case your -attention will likely be called to it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span></p> - -<p>In making the individual examination, go up to -the animal in the stall, place your hand on the hip, -and gently press it. If no stringhalt afflicts the -horse, he will move over, allowing you to pass into -the stall. The same applies to the cow. If well -trained, she will make room for you by moving -over at the same time, if you do this on the proper -side, and she will put back her hind foot, as if she -were about to be milked.</p> - -<p>This casual observation would not be possible -if force were used or the animal excited by loud -commands or by a whip or strap. The halter -teaches its lesson also. A heavy rope or leather -suggests that the animal has a pulling back vice, -a habit you want to avoid. Light halters for horses -and cattle are to be preferred to chains, heavy -leather, or ropes.</p> - -<h3>REAL TEST IS OUT OF DOORS</h3> - -<p>Now that you have seen all of the animals for -sale, ask the owner to lead them out of doors for -a more careful examination. In this you will -inspect the animal very carefully in order to be -certain of the conformation, defects, and blemishes, -and to acquaint yourself specifically as to health -and disposition.</p> - -<p>Cast your eyes over the animal, front, side, and -rear. Pass around the animal, keeping some distance -away. By so doing you can judge of type -and conformation, of proportions and attitudes; for -each of these is important. A beefy-looking cow, with -a thick neck, square body and small udder will not -suit you for milk. Neither will a cow with a long, -thin neck, open, angular body, thin thighs, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span> -heavy, deep paunch meet your needs if you are -seeking breeding stock for beef production.</p> - -<p>If you are examining a horse, keep in mind the -purpose for which you are selecting. Remember -the long, thin neck, very oblique shoulder, long -cannon, long back, and long thin muscles are not -adequate for draft. On the other hand, if you want -a horse for road purposes, avoid the heavy muscles, -the short neck, the heavy croup, and the heavy -thighs. These mean draft—an animal for heavy -work.</p> - -<h3>SPECIAL TYPE IN CATTLE</h3> - -<p>The milk cow should have a very soft, mellow -skin, and fine, silky hair. The head should be narrow -and long, with great width between the eyes. This -last-mentioned characteristic is an indication of -great nervous force, an important quality for the -heavy milker. The neck of the good dairy cow is -long and thin, the shoulders thin and lithe and -narrow at the top. The back is open, thin, and -tapering toward the tail. The hips are wide apart -and covered with little meat.</p> - -<p>The good cow is also thin in the regions of the -thigh and flank, but very deep through the stomach -girth, made so by long open ribs. The udder is -large, attached well forward on the abdomen, and -high behind. It should be full, but not fleshy. -The lacteal or milk veins ought also to be large and -extend considerably toward the front legs.</p> - -<p>The beef cow is altogether different: she is -square in shape, full and broad over the back and -loins, and possesses depth and quality, especially -in these regions. The hips are even with flesh, the -legs full and thick, the under line parallel with<span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span> -the straight back. The neck is full and short, the -eyes bright, the face short, the bones of fine texture, -the skin soft and pliable, and the flesh mellow, -elastic, and rich in quality.</p> - -<p>In other words, a beef cow is square and blocky, -while the dairy cow is wedge-shaped and angular. -The one stores nutriment in her body; the other -gives it off. The one is a miser, and stores all that -she gets into her system; the other is a philanthropist -and gives away all that comes into her possession.</p> - -<p>It will be seen, therefore, that the two types are -radically different. This difference is due to breeding, -not to feeding, nor to management. If you -are seeking good milk cows, you must look for -form and conformation. If you are looking for -beef cows, you must also look for form and conformation, -but of a different kind. With this -knowledge to back you up and to guide you, you -are now ready to make an examination of animals -that will meet your purpose.</p> - -<h3>GOING OVER THE ANIMAL IN DETAIL</h3> - -<p>After making these general observations you are -now ready to examine the animal. Begin with the -head. How is the eye? Dull, weak, without -animation? If so, be on your guard. The good -eye shows brightness, intelligence, and it must be -free from specks. By placing the hand over the -eye for a few moments you will be able to detect -its sensitiveness to light. Do you find any discharge -of any kind from the eye? If so, some inflammation -is present. Try to ascertain the cause.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">The Nostril As An Index.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—A large, open nostril -is desirable. Look for that character first. Now<span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span> -observe the color of the lining. To be just right, it -should be healthy-looking, of a bright rose-pink -color, and it should be moist. A healthy nostril is -one free from sores, ulcers, pimples, and any unpleasant -odor. Be careful here; an unscrupulous -dealer can very easily remove discharges and odors -by sponging and washing, and you may be deceived.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig14"> -<img src="images/illo046.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="400" /> -<p class="caption main">EWE NECK</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The neck is one of the beauty points of the horse. In -purchasing animals look carefully to conformation and quality. -Let these also be guiding principles in breeding.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Looking In the Mouth.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Always look in the -mouth; you have the tongue, teeth, jaws, and -glands to see. Naturally, you, like every other -person, consider the teeth first; you want to be -certain of the age. This feature is discussed elsewhere -in this book, and all in addition that needs -to be said is in reference to the shape of the teeth,<span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span> -whether or not they are diseased or worn away -by age or by constant cribbing of the manger. Of -course these facts you will think of as you examine -the mouth.</p> - -<p>Give the tongue a second of your time. If it is -scarred and shows rough treatment a harsh bit is -likely the cause, due to its need in driving and -handling.</p> - -<p>Then give a thought to the glands while here. -Enlarged glands may indicate some scrofulous or -glanderous condition of the system.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Neck and Throat.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—A beautiful neck and throat -is an absolute beauty in the horse or cow. The -skin should be thin, mellow, and soft, and the hair -not over thick nor coarse. Look for poll-evil at -the top of the neck and head. See if swellings, -lumps or hard places are to be found at the sides -of the neck, or underneath joining the throat. I -have found such very frequent with dairy cattle; -and cases are not unusual with horses.</p> - -<p>Frequently scars are to be found on the sides or -bottom of the neck. These may be due to -scratches caused by nails, barb-wire or some similar -accident, and again they may have been caused -by sores, tumors, or other bad quality of the blood.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Body and Back.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Passing the side, look over the -withers for galls or fistulæ, the shoulders for -tumors, collar puffs, and swellings. Observe at -the same time if there is any wasting of the muscles -on the outside along the shoulder.</p> - -<p>Now the back. Is it right as to shape? Do you -find any evidence of sores or tumors? Look for -these along the sides and belly. Now stoop a bit -and look under; do you find anything different -from what is natural? In males look for tumor or -disease of the penis; do the same with the scrotum,<span class="pagenum" id="Page48">[48]</span> -and, in case of geldings scrutinize carefully to see -if they be ridgelings.</p> - -<p>While making this examination, if the animal is -nervous and fretful, you can help matters along if -an assistant holds up a fore leg. Take the same -precaution when examining the hind quarters and -legs. By doing so, you will avoid being kicked and -can run over the parts more quickly and satisfactorily.</p> - -<p>Before leaving the body observe if the hips are -equally developed, and the animal evenly balanced -in this region. Both horses and cattle are liable to -hip injury, one of the hips being frequently knocked -down. Make sure that both are sound and natural.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Fore Legs and Front Feet.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Now step to the -front again for a careful examination of the front -legs and feet. Starting with the elbow, examine -for capped elbow; now the knee. It should be -wide, long, and deep, and at the same time free -from any bony enlargements. The knees must -stand strong, too. Is the leg straight? Do you -observe any tendency of the knee to lean forward -out of line, showing or indicating a “knee sprung” -condition? Just below the knee, do you find any -cuts or bunches or scars due to interference of the -other foot in travel? Look here also for splints; -follow along with the fingers to see if splints are -present—on the inside of the leg.</p> - -<p>Be particular about the cannon. The front should -be smooth—you want no bunches or scars. Just -above the fetlock feel for wind puffs; and note if -about the fetlock and pastern joints there are any -indications of either ringbones, bunches, or puffs. -Now look for side bones; if present, you will find -them just at the top of the hoof. They may be on -either side. Sidebones are objectionable, and are<span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span> -the lateral cartilages changed into a bony structure.</p> - -<div class="figleft w200p" id="Fig15"> -<img src="images/illo049.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="424" /> -<p class="caption main">ANATOMY OF THE FOOT</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The delicate nature of -the foot is readily recognized -when the various -parts are considered in their -relation to each other.</p> -</div> - -<p>Give the foot considerable attention. The old -law of the ancients, “no feet, no horse,” is certainly -true in our day. You can overlook many -other imperfections and -troubles in the horse, but -if the feet are bad you do -not have much of a horse. -A good foot is well -shaped, with a healthy-looking -hoof and no indication -of disease either -now or ever before.</p> - -<p>See that the shape is -agreeable. A concave wall -is not to be desired, and -the heels are not to be contracted. -The wall should -be perfect—no sand cracks, -quarter crack, or softening -of the wall at the toe of -the foot.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Examine for Corns.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—These -are both troublesome -and cause much -lameness. A healthy frog, -uninjured by the knife or -the blacksmith or other -cause is very much to be -preferred.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Hind Legs and Feet.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—In examining these -regions give the hocks of the horse special attention. -No defect is more serious than bone spavin. -You can, as a rule, detect this by standing in front -of the horse just a little to the side. If there is<span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span> -any question about the matter, step around to the -other side and view the opposite leg. This comparison -will let you out of the difficulty, as it is -very unusual that this defect should be upon both -legs at the same point and developed to the same -degree.</p> - -<p>A spavin is undesirable for the reason that it -often produces serious lameness, which frequently -is permanent. As it is a bone enlargement, it is -something that cannot be remedied. If you are -seeking good horses, better reject such as have -any spavin defect.</p> - -<p>In this same region between the hock and the fetlock -curbs troubles are located. They appear at -the lower part of the hock, directly behind. You -can readily detect any enlargement if you will step -back five or six feet. The curb, while it may not -produce lameness, is altogether undesirable. It -looks bad; it shows a weakness in the hock region -and often is caused by overwork, consequently the -animal with curb disease is one that has not measured -up to the work demanded of him.</p> - -<p>Just above and to the rear of the hock the -thorough-pin disease appears, and just in front of -and slightly toward the inner side of the hock bog -spavin is sometimes to be found. Lameness may -come from either of these diseases. Small tumors, -puffs and other defects frequently show themselves -on the hind legs and the best way is to reject -animals having them. While some of these may -be caused by accident, the most of them are the -result of bad conformation, due to heredity, unimproved -blood and bad ancestors.</p> - -<h3>EXAMINING FOR LAMENESS</h3> - -<p>Lameness comes from many causes; maybe from<span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span> -soreness, from disease or from wounds. And -lameness is hard to detect. Frequently it seems -to be in the shoulder, when in fact it is a puncture -in the foot. Again it may seem to be in the fetlock, -but the trouble is in the shoulder or fore leg. -You must examine for lameness both in the stable -and out of the stable. If you find the horse standing -squarely upon three feet and resting the fourth -foot, you should be suspicious. If you move the -horse about and he assumes the same attitude again -and still again, you can be certain that he is assuming -that position because he wants to rest -some part of that member.</p> - -<p>In testing out the horse for lameness, let no excitement -prevail. Under such excitement the horse -forgets his lameness or soreness for the time being, -and you do not note the trouble. A quiet, slow -walk or trot on as hard a road as possible is a -desirable sort of examination to give.</p> - -<h3>TESTING THE WIND</h3> - -<p>The free breathing of a horse may be interfered -with, and for two reasons. Roaring or whistling, -as it is called, is a serious disease of the throat, and, -at the same time, an incurable disease. The second -disease is known as heaves or bellows, and is also -a most serious disease, because it is also incurable. -By the use of drugs relief may be given temporarily, -but no permanent cure follows. Unscrupulous -dealers will resort to dosing for the time being, or -until a sale is made.</p> - -<p>You should guard against this trouble, however, -for it is one of the most serious that a horse can -have. Upon this subject, Butler has the following -to say: “To test the wind and look for two serious -conditions and others which may be present,<span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span> -the animal should be made to run at the top of his -speed for some considerable distance—a couple -hundred yards or more. Practically this run or -gallop should be up hill, which will make the test -all the better. After giving the horse this gallop, -stop him suddenly, step closely up to him and listen -to any unusual noise, indicating obstruction -of the air passages, and also observe the movements -of the flanks for any evidence of the big double -jerky expulsion of the air from the lungs characteristic -of heavers.”</p> - -<h3>TESTING OF THE PACES</h3> - -<p>No examination is complete that does not make -a test of the paces. You want to know how fast -the horse can walk, how he trots or paces or how -he takes some other gait. Some horses make these -movements very gracefully; others very unmannerly. -A well-acting horse is one that moves -smoothly, regularly, who picks up his feet actively -and who places them firmly in their position regardless -of the ground or gait. Some horses have -a rolling movement of the legs. Avoid these. -Others step on the toe or heel. These, too, should -be avoided. They suggest some defect or bad conformation.</p> - -<p>The testing of the paces brings all parts of the -body into play and assists in catching other blemishes -or defects that you may have overlooked in -your previous examination. It gives you another -opportunity to examine the wind, to observe the -respiration, the heart beatings, the condition of the -nostril after work; it shows you also how the -animal takes his pace and how he stands. All of -this will be of value as indicating the soundness -and health of the individual under observation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span></p> - -<h3>CONSIDERING FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE</h3> - -<p>Now, as a last factor of your examination, consider -the uses to which the animal is put. If you -are looking for breeding animals be sure to know -that the udder is not injured. Of what use is a cow -with a bad udder? How often do we find a quarter -of the udder destroyed or a teat cut or so badly -mangled as to be of little use! Some udders are -dead, heavy, fleshy; some are diseased, lumpy; and -even though the animal is otherwise good you must -reject her.</p> - -<p>If the udder is good, superior in many respects, -and shows great milk production, you can often -afford to overlook other defects, especially if the -result of accident.</p> - -<p>In the case of horses, a disease or blemish due to -accident may be overlooked, if the work to which -the animal will be subjected does not interfere, -let us say, for breeding purposes. The horse has -good conformation, good quality, is healthy and -very superior, but unfortunately a leg was broken. -Shall she be rejected as a breeder? No heavy -work will be required of her—she is wanted for -colt raising. Take her; of course you will pay -less for her. This accident interferes in no way -with her value for breeding purposes. Many cases -of accidental injuries are similar to this example -among cattle and horses.</p> - -<p>A good rule is to reject those having defects or -blemishes that interfere with functional activity or -the work to which you wish to put them. Then, as -breeders, reject all with constitutional defects, as -bad feet, narrow hocks, coarse disease-appearing -bones, and bad conformation and scrubby character.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER V<br /> -<span class="chapname">Wounds and Their Treatment</span></h2> - -<div class="figright w200p" id="Fig16"> -<img src="images/illo054.png" alt="" width="200" height="407" /> -<p class="caption main">FRACTURES</p> -<p class="caption sublong">When a bone is broken into -two or more parts it is said -to be fractured. These may -be straight across, up and -down, or oblique. Ordinary -fractures are easily treated -by splints, but sometimes -fractures are so serious as -to destroy the value of the -animal.</p> -</div> - -<p>The stockman has all sorts of wounds with which -to deal. He may guard his animals with the care -and caution of a mother -and still find constant -bother and worry to -face in the daily management -of his stock. -Today it may be a -wound caused by a nail -puncture in the foot; tomorrow -a cut occasioned -by a fence; and then almost -immediately another, -the result of a kick -or a hook; with patience -nearly exhausted, now -follow bruises of many -sorts and unexplainable -lacerations.</p> - -<p>These troubles occur -on the best managed -farms. There is but one -thing to do: meet each -case as it occurs and lend -such assistance as you -can that nature may repair -the wrecked tissue -at the earliest possible -moment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span></p> - -<h3>THE KINDS OF WOUNDS</h3> - -<p>Wounds fall into four classes: the clean-cut kind -made by something sharp; the torn or lacerated, -where ragged edges are left; the bruised, the result -of continued pressure or kicks or a knock; and -the punctured, like the entrance of a nail or splinter -or gunshot.</p> - -<p>The latter class is the most difficult in treating, -for the reason of the greater penetration that may -likely occur. In the case of gunshot, the wound -may be on the surface, or it may extend entirely -through the region attacked, or even penetrate -some vital organ like the heart or the lungs or -bowels, and either immediately or within a few -days be the cause of death. Fortunately such -wounds are rare. The stockman may never have -to deal with them at all. There are punctured -wounds that are common, however; some, indeed, -frequently lead to death. A nail wound is the -most serious, perhaps. It is likely that more cases -of tetanus or lockjaw are due to nail punctures than -to all others combined.</p> - -<p>After this class comes the lacerated kind. These -heal slowly; the tissue being torn and bruised is -repaired only through the sloughing off of the injured -and now superfluous parts. As a result, even -with the most attentive surgical help, the injured -part develops its exposed sore, ending finally completely -healed, but permanently marked. Bruises -may be equally bad, long delayed in healing and -very painful. Do you remember the stone bruises -of boyhood days? How long it required to develop! -And the pain! I shall feel mine for ages -to come.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span></p> - -<p>The clean-cut wounds, if not too serious, are the -least difficult in treating.</p> - -<h3>FIRST STEP IN TREATING</h3> - -<p>The flow of blood is usually associated with -ordinary wounds; other than with some bruised and -punctured wounds this is always true. Frequently a -nail puncture gives off no blood or it is not noticed. -However, the blood is present, for, from the very -nature of the trouble, blood rushes to the seat, this -being nature’s way of repair. Your first step, -therefore, is to check the excessive blood flow.</p> - -<div class="figleft w250p" id="Fig17"> -<img src="images/illo057.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="439" /> -<p class="caption main">BANDAGING A LEG</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The method of applying -the bandage is shown here. -The bandage may be wrapped -directly over the hair or -over cotton saturated with -an antiseptic and placed over -the wound.</p> -</div> - -<p>If left to itself the blood might do it. Blood has -the trick of coagulating or clotting; and this in -time will check the flow. But you can assist in -forming the clot very simply by applying some -finely ground material that the blood may be held -on the spot. Absorbent cotton is the best material -to use. In case this is not available, use something -of like nature—something that is clean, not stored -up with germs. Tea is good, as is flour also. Cold -water acts favorably, and for the slight, ordinary -surface wounds water is usually sufficient. A few -drops of some antiseptic in the water, if available, -is always advisable, for the freshest water -carries its full quota of germs, some of which -may cause trouble. A tiny bit of alum powder -will be found both effective and not painful.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Cleansing the Wound.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—After the flow of blood -has been stopped, cleansing the wound is next in -order. All dirt should be carefully removed, the -injured flesh cleansed, the torn tissues brought together -and stitched, if need be, and antiseptics applied. -The water used in bathing the wounded -flesh should contain an antiseptic, that the germs<span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span> -present may be destroyed and no live ones admitted -by water in cleansing the wound. Any good commercial -antiseptic will do; or the old common ones, -like corrosive sublimate, one part in a thousand -parts of water, or carbolic acid, a teaspoonful in a -quart of water. Some powdered antiseptic like -iodoform is very desirable -for dusting into the -wound.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Making the Bandage.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Unless -the wound is -of little consequence it -should be covered -and bandaged that no -foreign elements be admitted -and that some -pressure may be given -to keep the broken parts -together. To secure this -effect absorbent cotton, -slightly moistened with -the antiseptic, should be -laid on the wound, and -firmly fastened by strips -of clean cotton cloth.</p> - -<p>By winding this bandage -around and about -the wound, dressed in -this careful way, the -wound will be protected, germs will be kept out and -nature, thus reinforced, will be enabled to make a -rapid recovery. Unless the bandage is disturbed in -some way there is no need of changing it under -twenty-four or thirty-six hours. If, for any reason, -the bandage is displaced, dress as before, and bandage -again.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span></p> - -<h4 class="inline">Special Treatment.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—When a cut wound is deep -or large, stitching is sometimes required, that the -broken parts may be brought together for more -rapid healing. Nothing is better for this than a -coarse needle and heavy thread. Before stitching, -however, the wound should be bathed as previously -described. The needle and thread should be soaked -in the antiseptic, that no germs may be introduced -by means of them.</p> - -<p>Now you are ready to make the stitches. Place -the needle about an eighth to a quarter of an inch -from the edge of the wound across to the opposite -side. Bring the two ends together and tie, leaving -the lips of the wound as close together as possible. -If more than a single stitch is necessary, proceed -in the same way, placing the second stitch about -three-quarters of an inch from the first one; continue -as with the first stitch if more are necessary.</p> - -<p>In case a needle and thread are not available, pins -may be used in the emergency. Insert the pin -through the two edges and bring the lips together, -making them fast by a thread or cord carried from -one end to the other several times, alternating to -the right and left as presented by the figure eight. -Sometimes the wound enlarges and becomes feverish. -If such becomes very severe, remove the fastenings -and bathe the wound very gently, using a -mild antiseptic wash of tepid water in which carbolic -acid has been placed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Plate1"> -<img src="images/plate1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="595" /> -<p class="caption main">HEALTH AND DISEASE</p> -<p class="caption subshort">In the upper picture the pigs are treating themselves. -Below are shown hogs which died during shipment to -market.</p> -</div> - -<p>Avoid any breaking of the healing tissue and do -not have the washing solution too strong, else it -may injure the delicate tissue growth. A teaspoonful -of carbolic acid to a quart of water is strong -enough. With lacerated wounds the treatment is -very similar. If the wound goes bad and becomes -spongy add a tablespoonful of acetate of lead and<span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span> -a tablespoonful of sulphate of zinc to the antiseptic -solution and apply twice daily.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w425p" id="Plate2"> -<img src="images/plate2.jpg" alt="" width="425" height="586" /> -<p class="caption main">MAKING POST MORTEM EXAMINATIONS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The upper right hand picture shows the intestines of a -healthy sheep. On the left nodule disease is discovered. The -bottom picture illustrates how a carcass may be opened for -the examination.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Nail Punctures.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—These very frequently cause -trouble. You have no way of observing the wound -and your only way of judging is from the way the -animal walks or acts, and if the hoof is unduly -hot. Locating lameness in the stifle joint is a common -but inexcusable error, as the action resulting -from lameness in the two parts is entirely different. -The so-called gravel which is said to enter the sole -of the foot and then to work out at the heel is -usually the working out of the pus or the matter -resulting from a nail puncture or a bruise.</p> - -<p>If an animal becomes suddenly and severely lame -and there be no evidence of any injury to any other -part of the leg, such as swelling, heat and pain -upon pressure, it is always well to look for puncture -in the foot. If the animal stands with the -lame foot extended and when walking places the -lame foot well forward and brings the well foot up -to it, the evidence of puncture is still stronger.</p> - -<p>To examine the foot properly the shoe should be -removed. It is not sufficient to merely scrape the -bottom of the foot clean, for if the nail has pulled -out and the horn sprung back in position, all trace -of its entrance may have been obliterated. To examine -the foot properly, tap the hoof with a hammer -or knife and the exact spot may be definitely -located. If the injury is of a few days’ standing, -additional heat in the hoof and, perhaps, slight -swelling of the coronet may also be present.</p> - -<p>In treating such wounds, pare away only such -parts of the hoof as necessity requires and introduce -a bit of cotton cloth rolled as a string by -means of a probe of some kind. Both probe and -cotton must be treated with the antiseptic solution.<span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span> -This solution should be a little stronger than for -flesh wounds. Make the solution by using a teaspoonful -of carbolic acid to only a pint of water. -After the cotton has been inserted a few times and -withdrawn, each time a fresh cord being used -and fully saturated, leave the last one in for a few -hours and then repeat the treatment. This should -be done three or four times each day.</p> - -<p>The main point in the treatment of nail puncture -of the foot is to provide free exit to all matter -that may collect and keep the parts as clean as possible. -If this be done, the matter will not be compelled -to work out at the heels, and no separation -or loss of hoof will occur. Often a very severe -wound is made and the treatment acts slowly.</p> - -<p>In case proud flesh accumulates, it should be -burned away by a hot iron. After this operation -has been performed, the cavity should be filled with -balsam of fir and cotton placed over it, a piece of -heavy leather fitted to the foot and held fast by the -replaced shoe. This will usually end the difficulty. -A veterinarian should be called in case the wound -is severe or goes bad as the treatment progresses.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Treating Bruises.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—In treating bruises a different -procedure is necessary. The broken tissue is concealed—beneath -the skin and usually under the surface -muscles. Bathing with water and acetate of -lead—a quart of water and two tablespoonfuls of -the acetate—will tend to lessen the inflammation. In -time you may have to open the swelling for the pus -to get out. After doing so, inject some wash for -cleansing, using one quart of water and a tablespoonful -of chloride of zinc.</p> - -<p>If the swelling remains, apply twice each month -a salve made by using one teaspoonful of biniodide<span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span> -of mercury and three tablespoonfuls of lard. Wash -occasionally, using the chloride of zinc solution.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Leg Wounds.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Cleanse the wound with a wash -composed of one tablespoonful of acetate of lead, -one tablespoonful of sulphate of zinc, four tablespoonfuls -of tincture of arnica and one quart of -water. Use this wash frequently, every hour or so, -during the first day. After that three or four applications -will be sufficient. The sore should be -kept lower than the skin during the healing process. -If it tends to crowd up, apply a tiny bit—as -much as you can place on a one-cent piece—of -bichloride of mercury. This will assist in getting -an even heal and the skin will grow over, leaving -no blemish or swelling.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Maggots in Wounds.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—If the wound has been -treated as suggested above there is no possibility of -any trouble from maggots. These come from a -lack of cleanliness and neglect. Of course, an -animal often gets a wound and the owner is not -aware of the mishap. Wounds, more or less infrequently -treated, those made as the result of castration, -occasionally get infected with maggots.</p> - -<p>When, for any cause, maggots are present, they -must be got rid of at once. A good plan is to use -chloroform, either by spraying or by throwing it in -the wound in small drops from a sponge.</p> - -<p>The danger from maggots can usually be -avoided if a mixture composed of one tablespoonful -of turpentine, three tablespoonfuls of tar and two -tablespoonfuls of lard or fish oil be smeared all -around the border of the wound.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER VI<br /> -<span class="chapname">Making a Post Mortem Examination</span></h2> - -<p>Even on the best-managed stock farms some -animals do get sick and die. Good care and good -nursing may be given, but the sick animal frequently -does not recover—death often follows very -quickly, before you have an opportunity to observe -the development of the disease or to secure the -services of a veterinarian. Then, again, after a -lingering sickness an animal dies, the disease being -known or unknown as the case may be.</p> - -<p>In any event, a post-mortem examination is -usually desirable, if for no other reason than that it -serves to familiarize you with the organs of the -body. With a little experience you can become -quite proficient in examining a dead animal, and -you can soon learn the difference between healthy -and unhealthy organs, between diseased and -normal tissues and the relation of the internal parts -to the whole body. A post-mortem examination -thus enables you to know the cause of the disease—where -it is located or whether death is the result -of accident or of some fatal disturbance of the -system.</p> - -<p>This examination should be made as soon after -death as possible; the longer the delay the greater -the changes due to decomposition of the body and -its decay back to the original elements from which it -has come. Soon after death the stiffening process -takes place. This is known as rigor mortis. It -may occur within an hour after death and again it -may not be complete until twenty-five or thirty<span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span> -hours have passed. Soon after the death stiffening -has occurred the tissues soften and decomposition -rapidly follows.</p> - -<h3>FIRST THINGS TO DO</h3> - -<p>In making a post-mortem examination, in case -the animal has not been moved, the position of the -body is to be observed. Look all about you. Is -there any evidence of a struggle? Does either the -body or the ground appear as if spasms have taken -place? It may be a case of poisoning. If such be -true, the outward appearance may be further substantiated -by the internal condition. If inflammation -and irritation of the stomach and bowels are -observed, this evidence helps to confirm the first -observation.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig18"> -<img src="images/illo063.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="381" /> -<p class="caption main">RICKETS IN PIGS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">Rickets in pigs is due, as in man and other animals, to an -improper development of the bone, the result of insufficient -mineral matter in the food. The bones are weak and bend -or break. It frequently appears after the pigs are weaned. -An abundant supply of wood ashes, charcoal, lime and salt is -always good for hogs.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span></p> - -<p>The appearance of the struggle, however, is not -enough to establish a case of poisoning; for struggling -is a death characteristic of many diseases. Of -course, in making this preliminary examination you -will note if death could have been the result of some -other reason. Has some obstruction had anything -to do with the trouble? Maybe the animal has -been caught in some way and not being able to -move about has starved to death, or maybe some -over-exertion has had something to do with the -trouble.</p> - -<p>Many animals choke, and, not being able to -relieve themselves, die. Thousands of farm -animals, especially in the West and Southwest, die -annually from cold, and not a few from heat. All -these things enter into the case and must be considered -in reaching a reasonable conclusion.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Observe the Discharges.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The next thing to do -is to observe the discharges from nose, mouth and -other natural openings of the body. External scars -and wounds often bear a close relation to the disease -and these should be considered in examining -the carcass. How do the eyes look? Is there a -discharge from the ears? Is the swelling of the -abdomen and the bloating more pronounced or different -than should be the case in ordinary death? -Practice will indicate the lesson that each of these -teach.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Accidents and Injury.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Farm animals are often -killed by stray shots from the guns of hunters and -trespassers. A casual observation will indicate if -death has been due to this. Again, animals may -die from distemper or be eaten up with lice or -troubled with itch or mange—you will note these -facts as you go along with your work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span></p> - -<p>In the South, where Texas fever is so prevalent, -you should look for ticks, as these bring death to -thousands of animals each year. Look for the wee -tiny ones—they cause the trouble. When cattle -are fairly covered with the large ticks death does -not ordinarily follow, since the animal has practically -become immune to the poison caused by the -tick. These large ticks, however, are filled with -blood and nutriment, both obtained from the animal, -and hence they may rob the animal of blood and -nutriment that it ought to have itself.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">After Removing the Skin.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The skin is now to be -removed, so that the color of the tissues and the -nature of the blood may be noted. If the blood be -thin or black, with a disagreeable odor, you can -expect some germ trouble like blood poisoning or -an infectious and contagious disease. If the white -tissues are yellow you may be reasonably certain -that the liver has not done its work as it would -have done had it been in a thoroughly healthy -condition.</p> - -<p>In removing the skin and making other observations -be cautious that you do not prick your fingers -with the knife, since you may convey in this way -disease to yourself. If by accident a cut or prick -is made, cauterize the wound at once, so as to -destroy any germs transmitted in this way to you.</p> - -<h3>EXAMINING THE INTERNAL ORGANS</h3> - -<p>The next step is to examine the internal organs. -To do this, place the animal on its side, remove the -upper front leg and the ribs over the chest region. -The ribs should be removed as near as possible to -the backbone so as to give an unobstructed opening -over the important organs. This large opening<span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span> -now allows you free access for examination, and -an unimpaired view all about the vital organs, if -these are entirely exposed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w550p" id="Fig19"> -<img src="images/illo066.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="289" /> -<p class="caption main">ROUND WORMS IN HOG INTESTINE</p> -<p class="caption sublong">An infestation with intestinal worms, as shown here, leads -to unthriftiness and a loss of flesh. These worms may be -expelled by giving turpentine in doses of one teaspoonful in -milk for three days in succession.</p> -</div> - -<p>While making this opening, observe the watery -fluid as it escapes. If a large quantity is present, -dropsy or a rupture of the bladder is indicated. If -the trouble is due to the latter, an odor in the urine -will be quickly noted. When the fluid is red in -color, it indicates the presence of blood or some -inflammation of the abdomen or the bowels. A -large amount of watery fluid in the chest cavity is -an indication of some lung trouble; this is further -indicated by the tiny attachments running between -the lungs and the chest wall.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Stomach and Intestines.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—If the stomach and intestines -be abnormally red, congestion is indicated, -and if they be quite dark, even purple in color, you -may be sure that some kind of inflammation has<span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span> -been the trouble. You will note also if the stomach -is hard and compacted; and, if so, indigestion may -have been the trouble. The intestines will also -show if they be hard and compacted or in any -otherwise bad condition. Pass the hands along to -see if the intestines are knotted in any place or if -nails are present in the stomach. It is not likely -that the nails have been the direct cause of death, -but this fact helps to indicate the condition of the -digestion trap.</p> - -<p>Often hair balls or parasites will be found; either -may clog up the channel and may be the immediate -cause of death. I have on more than one occasion -found that the fuzz of crimson clover, accumulating -in the intestines of horses, rolls up into a hard, -compacted ball, and not being able to pass out, becomes -an obstruction in the passageway and -ultimately causes death.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Kidneys and Bladder.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The urine tells its tale -also; a very disagreeable odor indicates some disturbance; -and a brownish or dark-red color may -indicate a local disease or a constitutional breakdown. -Texas fever in cattle produces a very dark -or reddish urine, Azoturia in horses, a similar color. -Gallstones or gravel are often found in the bladder, -and these frequently cause serious disturbance, if -not death.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Lungs.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Look the lungs over carefully. See if -the natural color is present and if the soft, spongy -constituency responds to the same kind of touch -as does the thoroughly healthy lung. In health -the lungs are a very light pink color. If inflammation -has been present this will be indicated by the -dark color and the hard density.</p> - -<p>When the lung is cut apart with the knife further -observation should be made. A marble appearance<span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span> -indicates inflammation and hard lumps or -tubercles indicate tuberculosis. These tubercles, -when cut open, show pus and a cheeselike material, -yellow in color—a true indication of the disease.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Other Observations.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—You should feel the heart -to know if it is natural or not, or to see if any of -the valves are broken, or if some inflammation has -been back of the trouble. The sides of the open -cavity should be observed before leaving. Is it -spotted, speckled? Are pink spots seen about the -ribs? This is an indication of hog cholera, and in -itself may lead to a correct interpretation of the -disease.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER VII<br /> -<span class="chapname">Common Medicines and Their Actions</span></h2> - -<p>The common medicines used in treating farm -animals are named in the following list, together -with origin, action, use, and dose.</p> - -<h3>ACONITE</h3> - -<p>Tincture of aconite is derived from the root of a -plant. When used, the heart beats more slowly -and the blood pressure is decreased, making the -medicine desirable in cases of inflammation.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, from 10 to 30 -drops, and sheep and hogs 5 to 10 drops.</p> - -<h3>ALOES</h3> - -<p>This is usually bought in a powder form. It is -brown in color and bitter in taste. Considerable -time transpires before action in the bowels takes -place. Allow at least 24 hours. It is a physic and -blood purifier.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses, 4 to 5 tablespoonfuls; cattle, -4 to 8 tablespoonfuls; sheep, 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls; -and pigs, 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls.</p> - -<h3>ALUM</h3> - -<p>This mineral salt is used in washes for sore -mouth and throat, and cleansing wounds. It may -be dusted into wounds in powder form, and is both -drying and healing.</p> - -<p>Dose: Use a tablespoonful to a pint of water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span></p> - -<h3>ANISEED</h3> - -<p>This preparation is made from dried berries and -ground. It stimulates digestion, sweetens the -stomach, and serves as a tonic and appetite maker.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, a tablespoonful, -and for sheep and pigs, a teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>ARNICA</h3> - -<p>For wounds, sprains, and bruises, tincture of -arnica is both cooling and restful. It is made from -the dried flowers of a plant, and is for external use. -Apply three or four times daily.</p> - -<h3>ARSENIC</h3> - -<p>This medicine comes from the mineral kingdom -and is very powerful. In using better get it in -some standard medicinal form such as Fowler’s -Solution. It is used as a tonic when the stomach -is bad and the system run down.</p> - -<p>Dose: Fowler’s Solution; for horses and cattle, -2 tablespoonfuls; sheep, 1 teaspoonful; pigs, one-half -teaspoonful. In giving to stock mix with 4 -tablespoonfuls of whiskey, and either use as a -drench or add to mash or gruel.</p> - -<h3>BELLADONNA</h3> - -<p>This is a tincture made from a plant. When -used it soothes, softens, and relaxes the parts to -which applied. It checks inflammation and relieves -pain, but must be carefully used.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful; -sheep, 10 drops; pigs, 5 drops.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span></p> - -<h3>BUTTER OF ANTIMONY</h3> - -<p>This preparation, taken from a mineral, is not -used internally. It is a powerful caustic. Its principal -use is for curing thrush in horses’ feet.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig20"> -<img src="images/illo071.png" alt="" width="400" height="399" /> -<p class="caption main">TETANUS BACILLI</p> -<p class="caption subshort">How the germs look under the microscope. The poison produced -by them is one of the most violent known in disease.</p> -</div> - -<h3>BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM</h3> - -<p>This comes as a white crystal or powder, and is -used to quiet the nerves when some trouble like -lockjaw has set in.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful; -sheep and hogs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>BINIODIDE OF MERCURY</h3> - -<p>This bright red powder is used chiefly for blistering -purposes. It is excellent when a spavin or<span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span> -splint or ringbone is just beginning. In preparing, -use one part of the mercury to nine parts of vaseline -or lard. Remember, it is a poison, and must -be carefully handled, as is true of some other preparations -of mercury.</p> - -<h3>CAMPHOR</h3> - -<p>The camphor of commerce is in the form of a gum -obtained from a tree by boiling and evaporation. -It is used in mixtures for coughs, sore throat, and -heaves. It is good also for colic and diarrhœa and -assists in lessening pain. It should be given in -water.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses, 2 to 4 teaspoonfuls; cattle, -4 to 5 teaspoonfuls; pigs and sheep, 2 teaspoonfuls.</p> - -<h3>CANTHARIDES OR SPANISH FLY</h3> - -<p>This is in the form of powder, and is an irritant. -For use it should be thoroughly mixed with lard or -vaseline. One teaspoonful of the cantharides to 4 -tablespoonfuls of lard or vaseline. When so prepared -it is excellent as a blister. It can be applied -for sweat thickenings or lumps on any part of the -body that is not on the bone. It should not be -used on curbs or tumors and is not used internally.</p> - -<h3>CARBOLIC ACID</h3> - -<p>This is got from coal tar and petroleum. When -full strength and pure it is in the form of crystals, -but is generally bought as a liquid. It is a disinfectant -and an antiseptic, and while used internally for -some purposes, is largely used internally in washes -and solutions. Its principal use is in bathing<span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span> -wounds and sores. Care should be taken not to -have a wash contain too much of the acid, as it -will burn the wound and stop the healing action. -It is a corroding poison taken internally. It should -be just strong enough to kill bacteria; say, 1 part -to 1,000 parts of water. A very good healing salve -is made when 5 drops of pure carbolic acid is used -to 4 tablespoonfuls of vaseline.</p> - -<h3>CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE</h3> - -<p>This is used externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. -Dissolve 1 part to 100 parts of water. -It is a preparation of mercury, is poisonous, but -excellent for bathing wounds and open sores.</p> - -<h3>CASTOR OIL</h3> - -<p>This oil is pressed from castor beans. It is a -mild physic similar to raw linseed oil. It is not -used much for live stock.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 pint; for sheep, -one-quarter pint, and for pigs, 4 tablespoonfuls.</p> - -<h3>CALOMEL</h3> - -<p>This is a heavy white powder and a mineral. Its -principal action is as a physic, and it has a cleansing -effect on the liver. Hence it is used for all kinds -of liver troubles. When dusted in old sores, it is -splendid for healing and drying up.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses, one-half to 1 teaspoonful; -cattle, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls; sheep and pigs, one-eighth -teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>CROTON OIL</h3> - -<p>This oil is made from seeds, and is one of the -most powerful physics known. It should never be<span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span> -used until milder physics do not respond. Use it -as a last resort.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses, 15 to 20 drops; cattle, 30 to -40 drops; sheep, 5 to 10 drops; and pigs, 2 to 3 drops. -In giving, it is best to use in connection with raw -linseed oil; of the linseed oil use 1 pint for horses -and cattle and one-quarter pint for sheep and pigs.</p> - -<h3>CAUSTIC POTASH</h3> - -<p>This chemical is most easily used when purchased -in pencil-like sticks. It is never given internally, -but is used to burn warts and growths by -wetting the stick and rubbing it over them. It is -also used for burning poisonous wounds to kill the -poison. It is commonly employed for dishorning -calves. When a week or ten days old, and the -button of the horn is just appearing, rub the potash -over the horn. This usually insures destruction of -the horn substance. Wet the stick of potash. See -that drippings do not run down the animal’s head. -In order to protect the fingers, when using, wrap -paper around the stick.</p> - -<h3>CREOLIN</h3> - -<p>This is the product of coal tar and comes in the -form of a thick, dark fluid, and, like tar, is harmless. -It is frequently used as the basis of salves for -wounds, scratches, and like troubles. It is a very -effective remedy for killing lice, ticks, or fleas, and -is used as a remedy when sheep are afflicted with -mange and scab.</p> - -<p>Dose: Use from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls to a pint -of water and shake well before using. Make up a -small quantity at a time, as creolin thus made loses<span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span> -its value after exposure. For disinfecting purposes, -1 part of creolin to 100 parts of water is satisfactory.</p> - -<h3>GENTIAN</h3> - -<p>This is the root of a plant, dried and ground. It -is used principally as a tonic, and is very bitter; -commonly found in condition powders and is given -to animals that are weak and run down. If used -alone, give twice a day in the food and place on the -tongue with a spoon.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; -for sheep, a teaspoonful; pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>GINGER</h3> - -<p>This is a dried root ground fine, secured from a -plant, and acts as a stimulant, relieving gases that -accumulate in the stomach. It is an excellent ingredient -to use in colic and indigestion preparations. -If given alone, doses may be repeated every -two or three hours.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; -sheep, 1 small teaspoonful; pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA</h3> - -<p>This salt is frequently used in combination with -gentian, equal parts of both, and in other recipes -for condition powder. It cleans the blood and -builds up the system after weakening diseases. A -common preparation is made by using one-half of -powdered gentian and one-half of hyposulphite of -soda. Mix all together and give two or three times -a day to the animal needing it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span></p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; -sheep, 1 teaspoonful; pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>IODINE</h3> - -<p>This dark brown tincture is not often used internally, -but is used as a sweat blister and for blistering -thickened glands. In using, take a feather, -painting the iodine on the lump until it blisters; -when the blister appears, grease the part; after two -or three days have passed, wash the lump with -warm water and soap and blister again.</p> - -<h3>IODIDE OF POTASSIUM</h3> - -<p>This white powder is obtained from the mineral -kingdom. When given internally it acts as an absorbent. -It is commonly used in cases of dropsy -of the belly. In administering, use equal parts of -ground gentian root and give twice a day.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle a teaspoonful; for -sheep and pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>LINSEED OIL</h3> - -<p>This oil is obtained from flaxseed, and is excellent -when a mild physic is desired. The easiest -and most effective way of giving to animals is in -the form of a drench. About 1 pint should be used -for horses and cattle. Raw linseed oil is usually -preferred to the boiled.</p> - -<h3>LAUDANUM</h3> - -<p>This is made from opium and is used both internally -and externally. It is commonly used<span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span> -where there is pain, hence it is excellent for relieving -pain and spasms and assists also in checking -inflammation.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 4 to 6 teaspoonfuls; -sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 teaspoonfuls.</p> - -<h3>NUX VOMICA</h3> - -<p>This powder comes from ground seeds, and is -used as a nerve stimulant. It is very efficacious for -strengthening weak, debilitated animals. A common -way is to mix equal parts of gentian and powdered -nux vomica thoroughly together. This may -be given as a drench, or in the feed or placed at -the back of the tongue with a spoon.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful three -times a day; for sheep and pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>NITRATE OF SILVER</h3> - -<p>This comes in the form of white penciled sticks. -It is excellent for burning off warts, proud flesh in -cuts and growths on any part of the body. Just -wet the stick and rub it on the parts. Of course, -be careful that your fingers are protected from the -chemical. It is a poison taken internally.</p> - -<h3>NITRATE OF POTASH</h3> - -<p>This is frequently called saltpeter, and comes as -a white crystal or powder. It is used for kidney, -lung and blood troubles. It has a very acute action -on the kidneys, causing them to secrete an extra -amount of urine.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful; -sheep and pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span></p> - -<h3>SULPHATE OF COPPER</h3> - -<p>This is commonly known as blue vitriol or bluestone. -It is excellent when given internally for -checking discharges, especially those of a chronic -catarrhal nature. It may also be used as a wash -for wounds, when a weak solution is made, and may -be dusted on the wound every day or two in case -proud flesh forms.</p> - -<h3>SULPHATE OF IRON</h3> - -<p>Green vitriol, or copperas, as it is commonly -known, is a splendid mineral tonic, and is commonly -used in combination with gentian, equal -parts of the two. Use when the system is badly -run down. It is also excellent as a worm powder.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful three -times a day; sheep and pigs, one-half teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>SUGAR OF LEAD</h3> - -<p>This is frequently called acetate of lead. It is -seldom used internally, but quite generally externally -for healing washes, particularly for the eye.</p> - -<h3>SWEET SPIRITS OF NITER</h3> - -<p>This sweet-tasting and smelling preparation is -obtained from alcohol, and is in the form of a clear -liquid. It acts upon the kidneys and skin and is -commonly given in the drinking water of animals. -It is used in combination with other medicines for -colic and indigestion. It thus acts upon the bowels -and stomach and relieves pain and dissipates the -gases. In giving to animals mix in a pint of lukewarm -water and give as a drench.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79]</span></p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls; -for sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls.</p> - -<h3>SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE</h3> - -<p>This is the ordinary turpentine known by all. It -is excellent in cases of acute indigestion and colic, -and is destructive to bots and the long round -worms in horses. When used externally it is as a -liniment. When used internally a small quantity -is given with raw linseed oil.</p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 4 tablespoonfuls; -for sheep and pigs, 1 tablespoonful.</p> - -<h3>SALTS</h3> - -<p>The two common salts used for live stock are -Epsom and Glauber. Epsom salts are most frequently -used, the chief action being as a physic. -Aloes take the places of salts for horses, as it is -believed these are much better than the mineral -salts. In giving salts to cattle, the drench is most -satisfactory.</p> - -<p>Dose: Use 1 quart of warm water in which -place 1 tablespoonful of ginger and 1 tablespoonful -of common soda. To this add 1 pint to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> pints of -salts and dissolve by shaking or stirring. For -sheep and pigs, one-quarter of this amount is sufficient.</p> - -<h3>SULPHUR</h3> - -<p>This yellow powder is well known and is a great -medicine when given internally. It acts on the -blood and purifies it. It is excellent also for killing -parasites or germs in the skin, hence it is good -for all diseases. When used internally it is best -to combine with gentian root. Give once a day for -a short period.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page80">[80]</span></p> - -<p>Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; -sheep and pigs, 1 teaspoonful.</p> - -<h3>SOME COMMON PRESCRIPTIONS</h3> - -<h4 class="inline">Colic Mixture.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Laudanum, 16 tablespoonfuls; -aromatic spirits of ammonia, 12 tablespoonfuls; -sulphuric ether, 2 tablespoonfuls; tincture of aconite, -10 drops; ginger, 16 tablespoonfuls. Dissolve -in a pint of water. From 10 to 20 tablespoonfuls -of this can be given in one-half pint of water. If -relief is not secured, repeat in a half hour, follow -with a third dose, then with another, giving the -doses one-half to one hour apart.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Fly Blister.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Powdered cantharides, 2 teaspoonfuls; -gum camphor powdered, 2 tablespoonfuls; -lard, 8 tablespoonfuls. After thoroughly mixing, -rub in 5 to 10 minutes, depending on the severity -of the blister desired.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Red Blister.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Gum camphor powdered, 2 tablespoonfuls; -biniodide of mercury, 2 teaspoonfuls; -lard, 8 tablespoonfuls. This should be rubbed in -from 5 to 10 minutes.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Cough Mixture.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Belladonna, 2 tablespoonfuls; -pulverized opium, 2 tablespoonfuls; gum camphor, -pulverized, 2 teaspoonfuls; chloride of ammonia, 2 -tablespoonfuls; sulphur, 4 tablespoonfuls. An easy -way to give this is to mix with molasses and flour -until a paste is secured.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Soothing Ointment.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Laudanum, 8 tablespoonfuls; -aconite, 4 tablespoonfuls. This is excellent -for sprains, and relieves the pain and soreness when -applied to a part where there is much inflammation.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Hoof Ointment.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Raw linseed oil, one-quarter -pound; crude petroleum oil, one-quarter pound; -neat’s-foot oil, one-quarter pound; pine tar, one-quarter -pound. Mix well and apply every night<span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span> -with a brush all over and under the hoof. A little -in the hair above will do no harm. Clean out the -hoof before applying.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Physic Drench for Horses.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Aloes, 8 teaspoonfuls; -common soda, 1 teaspoonful; ginger, 1 teaspoonful. -Dissolve these in a pint of lukewarm -water and give as a drench. The horse should be -allowed rest the day following its use.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w350p" id="Fig21"> -<img src="images/illo081.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="477" /> -<p class="caption main">READY FOR THE DRENCH</p> -<p class="caption subshort">A simple device for giving drenches to horses.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Physic Drench for Cattle.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Epsom salts, 1 pound; -ginger, 1 tablespoonful; common soda, 1 tablespoonful. -Dissolve in a quart of lukewarm water and -give as a drench. It is a splendid general physic -for cows, and can be given at any time when they -are thought not to be thriving as they should.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER VIII<br /> -<span class="chapname">The Meaning of Disease</span></h2> - -<p>Any departure from a normal condition is disease. -The body, composed of different organs and -parts, is in a healthy state when each of these -performs its natural functions. Thus the normal -mind is concerned with normal mental acts; any -disturbances of the brain or spinal cords is immediately -manifested in the action of the animal; -likewise frequently a disturbance elsewhere may -later have its effect on the mental system.</p> - -<p>Disease may result from some external cause -like from a wound, from food causing poison or -derangement of the digestive system, from water -introducing impurities, from parasites that disturb -normal functions, disorganize tissue or produce -toxines, or from other abnormal conditions—all of -which interfere with the normal functions of one -or more organs, regions, or parts.</p> - -<p>In most cases the disturbances are readily recognized. -Swellings, bruises and wounds are located -at a glance. When blood passes from nose, ears -or intestines, a key to the trouble is at hand. -Coughs have their story. And vomiting, diarrhœa, -convulsions, spasms, abnormal breathing or temperature -each indicates at what points an abnormal -condition is evident.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Disease, Both General and Local.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Some diseases -lead to disturbance throughout the entire body. -For instance, pus may accumulate at some point -from which it finds its way into the blood, in the -end reaching to other parts of the body that in time -also become affected.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span></p> - -<p>Those diseases, with which fever is associated, are -general in nature. The nerve centers are influenced, -the body heat is increased and a weakened condition -prevails. Back of this are the disease poisons—chemical -poisons or germ poisons.</p> - -<p>When the temperature of the body, as a result -of fever, rises too high certain life principles are -changed and death immediately follows. A temperature -of 106° or 107° is very high, and, therefore, -very dangerous. In treating disease the temperature -is watched, that the course of the fever -may be followed. Treating a fever, then, is helpful -and a natural part of the treatment of the disease -itself. The basis of the curative process rests upon -the principle of proper circulation and the excretion -of the impure substances.</p> - -<h3>CAUSES OF DISEASE</h3> - -<p>In the first place most diseases arise from mismanagement. -The very principles at the bottom -of good health receive no consideration and little -thought. On some farms it is seldom that a case -of disease is heard of; on others, stock are under -treatment at all times. Where order prevails, -where cleanliness is appreciated, where disease-producing -conditions are never allowed to accumulate -or even gain an introduction, health is the -rule and disease the exception. When the latter -appears, it is due to some outside influence that -gave it admission.</p> - -<p>The greatest mischief in handling farm stock -comes from improper food, filthy or impure drinking -water, bad ventilation of stables, overwork, or -lack of exercise and poor sanitary conditions.</p> - -<p>Disease, therefore, is largely due to causes within -control of the owner of the farm stock. True, one<span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span> -source of trouble is due to mechanical causes: -horses get nail punctures, legs and necks and head -are cut in fences, blows bring bruises. But whose -fault? Certainly not the animal. Old boards with -nails ought not to be left in all sorts of places, -fences should be protected, and stable fixtures, -gates and harnesses should be in such order that -only in rare cases will injury result.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Disease from Chemical Causes.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Poisonous materials -and poisonous plants cause death to thousands -of animals annually. Of great importance to -the stock interests is the rapid destruction of these -harmful products. Fortunately in the older sections -these are about eliminated now, and we are -also understanding more about the molds that lead -to bad results when moldy forage is given as feed -to farm animals. In time disease will be considerably -lessened when only clean, wholesome food -finds its way into the mangers and feed racks—then -disease will depart and more rapid gains will -come.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Heredity Plays a Part.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Despite caution and -care, health is often disturbed because of hereditary -influences. Thanks to science, we know now that -many of the old bugbears of the past, and once so -entrenched, have become dislodged, and their true -import set right before the owner. Tuberculosis, -for instance, once so dreaded in both man and -beast, is now known not to be handed down from -parent to progeny; it is a germ disease, pure and -simple, and gets its start just as many other ailments—through -breath, or drink, or feed. There -are hereditary troubles, however, that continue -down through many generations. The narrow hock -of the horse invites curb diseases; the narrow -chest is a good breeding ground for tuberculosis<span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span> -germs; straight pasterns are bad for the feet; poor -conformation is not consistent with efficiency or -easy functional activity.</p> - -<p>These examples clearly show that form and type -and physical characteristics have roles to play in -animal economy and in health to which the wise -stockman will give heed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig22"> -<img src="images/illo085.png" alt="" width="500" height="305" /> -<p class="caption main">BACTERIA AS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE</p> -<p class="caption subshort"><i>a</i>, Spirillum. <i>b</i>, Micrococcus. <i>c</i>, Micrococcus. <i>d</i>, Streptococcus. -<i>e</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>h</i>, Rod-shaped bacteria. <i>i</i> and <i>j</i>, Divisions.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Germs and Parasites.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—In addition to the above -causes of disease, another class is before us ready -to inflict its injury at all times. Indeed, it is -a class of the greatest importance. I refer now -to parasites, bacteria, and germs, which cause more -loss to live stock than all others combined. Think -of hog cholera, a germ disease; of tuberculosis, a -germ disease; of stomach worms, parasites; of staggers, -a mold disease; of abortion, a germ disease; -and hundreds of like nature, all due to parasites -and germs, disease agents that disturb and destroy<span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span> -the delicate organs or exposed regions, as the case -may be, regardless of age, value, or breed.</p> - -<p>Of course, remedies and treatment are being -worked out to meet these individual diseases as -they occur. Nevertheless, the best treatment is -prevention. It is far better to prevent than to -cure; and that is the line of action especially for -this class. Indeed, it is far easier to understand -the simple laws of prevention than the complicated -curative processes. Especially is this true since -germs are known and isolated, and their rapid destruction -with air, sunlight, and disinfectants -understood and available.</p> - -<h3>ORIGIN OF DISEASE</h3> - -<p>Enough has now been said to indicate that disease -originates as a reaction between the cause of -it and the body. Withhold food, and starvation—the -disease—follows. Withhold fresh air and oxygen, -and the tissue breaks down; disease results as -a reaction from the normal use of air and the demands -of the body for oxygen. Allow bacteria -admission to the body and settlement in the -tissues or organs most agreeable to each particular -one, and these will grow, multiply, and, unless -overcome by the natural resistance of the body, -will conquer and destroy, causing sooner or later -death and decay.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Immunity Sought by Inoculation.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Many diseases -that now yield to no curative treatment are -being met by inoculation. By this method the body -is reinforced by serum injections, that disease germs -and infections may be warded off, or in case of attack, -be so fortified against the disease germs as to -destroy them or render them inactive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span></p> - -<h4 class="inline">Some Animals More Resistant to Disease.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—An -infectious and contagious disease may affect a herd -or flock, destroying few or many. Some may never -be affected and yet be subjected to exposure and -contagion; such are immune and resist this particular -disease. Others may suffer a mild attack, -but throw it off with no disastrous consequence; -such are strong and their organs ably fortified -against any injurious inroad by the disease. On -the other hand the majority in a flock or herd is not -so able to throw off the disease for the reason of -being predisposed by nature to such attacks; their -very susceptibility invites attack, and if the infection -is intensely virulent the affected body will -most likely yield and death follow.</p> - -<h3>THE COURSE OF DISEASE</h3> - -<p>Each disease possesses its own peculiar characteristics, -which are more or less conspicuous in -each individual case. Then, too, some diseases develop -quickly and end quickly. Others run a course -of several weeks; and still others several months -or even years. The first class is acute, the second -chronic. In both kinds nature is at work endeavoring -always to effect a cure; and, unless other -complications arise, the result of improper food, bad -sanitary quarters, bad air, or conditions not conducive -to health, recovery will, in most cases, result. -The great drawback to rapid recovery comes from -the outside influences that counteract the curative -processes of the body itself. Good nursing, good -air, proper food, are back of rapid recovery.</p> - -<p>Most diseases have been carefully studied, and -their course of development has been mapped out. -Our veterinarians know, in a general way, how fever<span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span> -acts in live stock. If an animal is inoculated with -Texas fever germs, the veterinarian knows the -course of the disease beforehand. In a general way, -he knows when the fever will begin, how long it -will last, when it will be at its highest point, and -when it will disappear. He knows all of this, even -before he makes the inoculation. Yet no disease -invariably runs the same course in different individuals. -In fact, the virulence of bacteria have -much to do with the course; mild cases occur -usually when the germ is weak, and severe cases -when the germs are very virulent. This explains -why some attacks of measles or Texas fever or hog -cholera are more fatal than other attacks in other -places, or at other seasons of the year.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Typical Courses the Rule.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—It is in rare cases -only that a regular course is not followed by most -diseases. Take an infectious disease. The period -of incubation comes first; this follows up the infection. -During this period, no change in the -animal is observed. He seems well, acts well, and -does his work well. Nevertheless, all the time, -during this period of infection, the germs are developing, -multiplying, gaining headway, and so -entrenching themselves that illness and disorder -will soon follow. The period of infection varies -in different animals and in different diseases. It -may take two or three weeks for development, or -as few as two or three days.</p> - -<p>Following the period of infection comes the -period of eruption. At this stage the typical characteristics -are observed. At the next step the disease -reaches its height with the animal under its -complete dominion. But only temporarily. If -properly nursed and treated, with most diseases, -the animal will pass through the period and recover.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span></p> - -<p>The final stage is the period of improvement. -The battle that has been waged between the body -and the disease is now about ended. The disease -germs have been routed and the body has been -victorious. All that now remains is the clearing -away of the débris. In this case it is scattered -throughout the body system. The damage that has -been done is to be repaired and left, if possible, as -near to the original condition, as the nature of the -disease will allow. The period of improvement will -vary in different diseases and in different animals. -Recovery may occur in a few days, in some cases, -and in others weeks and months will be required. -A change of feed or pasture or work is usually -necessary if the most rapid recovery would be had. -In some cases, nothing other than absolute rest will -suffice.</p> - -<h3>THE TERMINATION OF DISEASES</h3> - -<p>After the disease has run its course, the body -usually returns to its former normal condition. -There seems to be a limit to what the disease can -do. A healthy body may be attacked, but, in the -end, disease retires, having used itself up. There -are diseases, however, that leave their marks in -many ways. And these become permanent marks. -With many of these all of us are acquainted. -Smallpox is one. The pits over the face record the -fierce battle that was fought. The same is true -of wasted tissues, with scars that conspicuously -mark the track along which blood poison has traveled. -The shrunken hoof of the foundered horse -tells the adverse termination of that disease.</p> - -<p>While recovery may be more or less complete, -the effect is to seriously injure the worth and value -of the individual. There is a long list of this kind.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig23"> -<img src="images/illo090.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="443" /> -<p class="caption main">RESULT OF BONE SPAVIN</p> -<p class="caption sublong">Pictured here is a natural hock free from disease and a -diseased hock, the result of bone spavin. The bone is seriously -affected and the easy action prevented.</p> -</div> - -<p>Other diseases act differently in another way. -They progress slowly, are not noticeable at first, -but in the end are incurable. Take glanders as a -typical case. It quietly and silently develops, often -taking months or years in reaching the stage of -eruption or before it becomes apparent. During -all this time, and even after the disease is recognizable,<span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span> -the animal goes on about his duties with -no apparent trouble. The disease, however, is -progressing all the time; in the end it conquers its -victim, the final stages are reached, and the animal -dies.</p> - -<p>The stock raiser is concerned with different diseases -in so far as they mean slow or rapid recovery, -and particularly if they be contagious or not. His -entire herd will be impaired if glanders is introduced -into it. One tuberculosis cow will convey -the disease to all susceptible individuals in the herd -to which she belongs, especially if stabled in a tight -barn during the winter seasons when little or no -ventilation is intentionally provided.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER IX<br /> -<span class="chapname">Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease</span></h2> - -<p>Some diseases are not difficult to diagnose. Those -resulting from wounds or knocks are easily located, -and their treatment readily outlined. Others, however, -are not so easy. Something is observed as -wrong, the animal acts strangely, does not take to -its food, is fretful, stands or walks unnatural—what -is the matter? The stockman must ascertain the -trouble, and the quicker the better.</p> - -<p>A review of the past few days is desirable. Where -has the animal been? What kind of food has it -had? With what strange fellows has it associated? -Has it been put to excessive work or exposed to -unusual weather or conditions? What infectious -diseases are prevalent in the community? These -and other questions will occur; in some instances -the answer will be at hand.</p> - -<h3>MAKE A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION</h3> - -<p>The stockman should at least know the fundamental -principles of health and of any departure -from them that indicate disease. Hence a superficial -examination of the animal, as a whole, is in -line of diagnosing the disease. Note the general -condition of the body. The thermometer will advise -you rightly. Is there pain? If possible -determine this point and locate the seat of it. Is -the circulation natural? An examination of the -pulse will tell you if the blood is racing rapidly or -gliding slowly, and whether regular or rough. Is<span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span> -the respiration as it should be? Count the number -a minute that you may know if the number -is more or less, or is as it should be. On listening -to the lungs, heart, and blood vessels, certain -sounds are heard which change with disease—normal -and heart murmurs. Whether or not an -organ contains air can be determined by percussion, -since solid organs, the lungs, for instance, in -pneumonia, give a different sound from those containing -air as they are normally. Air-containing -organs—lungs and intestines—may thus be distinguished -from the solid ones adjoining them. In -this way their varying size in health and disease -may be determined.</p> - -<p>Your examination should go further and include -the natural discharges—the dung, the urine, the -nose moisture and the “look of the eye.” In cases -of fever the urine is scanty and deeply colored. In -Texas fever, for instance, the urine is dark red. -In azoturia in horses, it varies from a light color -to a deep brown or black. The nature of the dung -should be observed, if watery or dry, soft or hard, -scanty or profuse.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Taking the Pulse.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Stand at the left side of the -horse and run the finger along the lower jaw until -you come to the point where the artery crosses the -jaw on its lower edge. This will be found about two -inches forward from its angle. Right here is the large -muscle and at the front edge the pulsations may be -caught. To get the pulse of the cow, stand at the -left side, reach over the neck and take it from the -right jaw.</p> - -<p>In the horse the normal pulse beats are from -35 to 40 per minute and may go to 100 in disease. -In the cow the pulsations run from 45 to 50 in -health. The pulse relates its story very accurately<span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span> -and, with practice, can be constantly used in diagnosing -the nature of the ailment. For instance, a -soft pulse, one that is easily compressed by the -finger, indicates bronchitis. A hard pulse, one not -easily depressed by the finger, indicates acute inflammation. -A hard pulse may be quick and bounding -and forceful. An irregular pulse, one that beats -fast for a time, then slowly, indicates a weakened -heart condition. A slow, full pulse, one that comes -up gradually to the finger touch, indicates some -brain trouble.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig24"> -<img src="images/illo094.png" alt="" width="400" height="301" /> -<p class="caption main">FEELING THE PULSE</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The heart beat, as it is called, may be felt by placing the -finger over any of the superficial arteries. The submaxillary -artery as it passes under the edge of the lower jaw close to -the bone is a convenient vessel for the purpose.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Taking the Temperature.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—While the heat of the -body may be surmised by touch and feeling this is -not a reliable guide as to the temperature. A self-registering -thermometer, inserted into the rectum, -is the only reliable means for getting this desirable -information. In a state of health the temperature -of the horse ranges from 100° to 102.5°.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span></p> - -<p>When the temperature rises, inflammation is indicated. -A fall in temperature below normal -denotes loss of strength, vitality, and death. If the -temperature rises three or four degrees above -normal, the case is serious, and a rise of five or six -is very dangerous. Animals seldom survive when -the rise reaches above 107° or 108°.</p> - -<p>A good clinical thermometer should be in the -possession of every stockman. It costs but little, -and its aid in recognizing and treating disease is -helpful, if not absolutely indispensable.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Taking the Respiration.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—In breathing two -movements are observed—taking in and sending -out the air. In health the respiration is usually -constant, ranging from 10 to 14 in the horses, and -from 15 to 20 in cattle. Breathing is faster in -young animals; and exercise increases the number -of respirations per minute.</p> - -<p>Any disease of the respiratory organs will cause -the breathing to be short and rapid and labored. -If the number of respirations seem more than -normal, some disturbance is indicated. If the pulse -is faster at the same time, illness is at once indicated, -and the trouble should be sought at once.</p> - -<h3>THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE</h3> - -<p>The first effort in treating disease is to remove -the cause. This is sometimes done very easily. -Mange and lice are quickly destroyed by washes -and disinfectants.</p> - -<p>Bright, fresh, wholesome food and pure water -easily replace bad food and water to the permanent -good of the stock. Cattle ticks quickly disappear -when the grease brush is applied. And so in every -direction you take to fight the disease: find the<span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span> -cause and then remove it, and half the battle is -fought.</p> - -<p>If disease-producing germs cannot be killed at -the moment, it is still possible to diminish their -number or to modify their virulence. Thus to open -an abscess is to remove the pus-producing bacteria, -and hence to hasten recovery. To wash a wound -or open sore with antiseptics is the simplest way -to remove, diminish, and destroy the evil of the -sore.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig25"> -<img src="images/illo096.png" alt="" width="400" height="253" /> -<p class="caption main">HOW HEAT AFFECTS -GROWTH</p> -<p class="caption sublong">At the end of 24 hours in -<i>a</i> but seven bacteria have -developed, the temperature -being 50 degrees. In <i>b</i> 700 -have developed in the same -time, but in a temperature -of 70 degrees.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline">Helping the Body Fight.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—When disease sets in -a battle begins. One -combatant is the disease -itself, the other the body. -Your work is to render -assistance to the body. -In many cases your help -will not be needed. In -others you can render -incalculable aid. Here is -where medical aid begins -and ends: to care for and -nurse and make the body -strong that it may be victorious, -quickly, if possible, -but without fail, in the end. Medicines are helpful -if they diminish the work of the diseased organ, -giving in this way time for the body cells to bring -about a cure. Therefore rest and quietness are -advisable, that no organ may be called upon for any -effort but normal function and repair. A disease of -the heart calls for absolute rest, of the intestines -for little or no irritating or bulky or hard food, of -the lungs for no exposure. At times it is advisable -to check the activity of an organ, in which case a<span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span> -drug may be given, like opium, to quiet the intestines, -or like aconite, to diminish the rate of the -blood flow.</p> - -<p>In the same way external assistance may be rendered; -as, for example, sweating—to throw off -poison in the tissue juices; and blanketing—to -maintain an even temperature and to protect from -chill and draught.</p> - -<h3>ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES</h3> - -<p>Medicines are conveyed into the body as -drenches, balls, enemas, and injections under the -skin or into the veins. There is nothing mysterious -about any of them.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Giving Medicines in a Ball.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The practice of giving -medicines in a ball is a very old one, and has -much to recommend it. Many nauseous agents -as aloes, opium, arsenic, asafetida, are thus conveyed -to the stomach without causing annoyance -and disgust to the patient. The balls are wrapped -in paper, dough, or gelatin capsules, and may -weigh an ounce or two. In giving a ball the following -plan is usually followed: Hold the ball -between the thumb and first two fingers. Now -seize the tongue at about its middle and gently -draw it out to the side of the mouth, in such a way -that the right hand may be inserted into the mouth -and the ball placed far back on the tongue, when -the hand is withdrawn, the tongue replaced and the -halter or strap wrapped around the jaws until the -ball is swallowed.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Giving Medicines in a Drench.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The drench is -usually employed for liquid medicines. It is best -to dilute the medicines with water, milk, or oil that -they may more readily reach the stomach and<span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98]</span> -at the same time exercise no injury to the structures -through which they pass.</p> - -<p>In giving a drench exercise as much patience as -possible. To horses it should be given slowly. If -there is any disposition to cough, lower the head, -and then proceed as before.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Poultices.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—These are made of a variety of things, -bread, bran, and linseed meal being the most common. -Any substance that will hold water and retain -heat will serve the purpose.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Mustard Plasters.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—These are made with mustard -and water, cold water being the most desirable. -Mix to a thin paste. If the part to which -the plaster is to be applied is covered with thick, -long hair, a very thin plaster will more quickly -soak into the skin. This kind of plaster is most -commonly applied to the throat, the windpipe, the -sides of the chest, the abdomen and over the region -of the liver. To get the best effect for the last -named, apply on the right side at a point four or -five inches behind the back ribs.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Blistering.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The first step in blistering is the -clipping of the hair over the diseased part, and the -removal of dirt and scurf attached to the skin. The -blister is to be worked into the skin, and usually -ten minutes of rubbing will be necessary to produce -the desired results.</p> - -<p>In the course of twenty-four hours blisters will -form, and some swelling in the region is likely to -be manifest. On the third day bathe the part with -warm water and soap. After drying, apply vaseline, -lard, or sweet oil. The blister should be repeated -if the results of the first blister do not bring -about a cure.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Firing.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The hot iron is a very useful agent in -treating many cases of chronic lameness and bone<span class="pagenum" id="Page99">[99]</span> -diseases. In performing such an operation have -the iron at a full red and white heat and touch the -part gently with just sufficient pressure to make a -distinct impression. But one leg should be fired at -a time.</p> - -<p>It is desirable to shave the hair closely to the -skin before applying the iron. The day following -the firing spread over the wound any common -wound oil like neat’s-foot oil or vaseline. Daily -applications are called for until the swelling subsides. -Unless a period of rest is given after the -operation, the best results will not be had. Many -bone diseases return, or are never cured, because -complete recovery never occurred in the first place. -Work and exertion only aggravate the cases, often -leaving them in a worse condition than before the -firing.</p> - -<h3>CARING FOR SICK ANIMALS</h3> - -<p>In the first place keep them clean. If necessary -wash them daily, especially the parts liable to get -filthy and dirty. In fever cases a gentle sponging, -every few hours during the day, is desirable. -Vinegar added to tepid water is very good.</p> - -<p>Animals in feverish or chilly condition can be -assisted by blankets and bandages. These are very -helpful in warding off congestion of the internal -organs and in maintaining an even temperature of -the body. Any warm rug or blanket that is clean -and light will serve.</p> - -<p>In bandaging the legs, endeavor to get an equal -pressure at all points. A long roll is, therefore, -best, and several layers should be wrapped around -the member. It is a good plan to remove the -bandage, replacing with another at least once a<span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span> -day, and two a day are better. When a bandage -is removed, the skin should be washed and rubbed -with the hand and fingers, and the covering replaced -as promptly as possible.</p> - -<h4 class="inline">Food and Drink.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—During sickness only easily -digestible food should be provided. Offer something -different from the ordinary, and let it be -prepared in an appetizing form. Nothing is better -than gruels and mashes. These are soft, nourishing, -appetizing, and easily digested. When active -nutrition is demanded, milk and eggs can be added -to the ordinary gruels or mashes.</p> - -<p>Water should be available at all times. Small -amounts at frequent intervals are better than large -amounts at intervals far apart. In a few instances -only is it best to withhold the water. In treating -dysentery, diarrhœa and diabetes water is usually -withheld, but in most diseases a free use is allowable -and desirable.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101]</span></p> - -<h2>CHAPTER X<br /> -<span class="chapname">Diseases of Farm Animals</span></h2> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref1">ABORTION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The expulsion of the fetus at a -period too young to live exterior of its mother is -known as abortion. This ailment may afflict cows, -mares, sows, and ewes, but is most common among -cows.</p> - -<p>Abortion may be divided into two classes, -namely, accidental and contagious. If we had -nothing but the accidental form of abortion to contend -with we would hear very little about this disease, -owing to the fact that it is perfectly natural -for animals to carry their young full time, regardless -of how much they may be punished or abused -while in this condition if their system be free from -the germs of contagious abortion. On the other -hand, contagious abortion is a very destructive disease, -causing heavy losses to the stockmen of the -United States as well as to other countries. Contagious -abortion is divided into two classes, namely, -acute and chronic. Cows afflicted with the acute -form of abortion may lose from one to three calves. -Cows, after passing from the acute to the chronic -form of abortion, may carry their calves full time, -but are as badly affected with the germs of contagious -abortion as they were in the acute form, -when they were losing their calves.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig26"> -<img src="images/illo102.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="497" /> -<p class="caption main">DISEASES OF THE HORSE</p> -<p class="caption sublong">1 Poll Evil, -2 Swelling by Bridle Pressure, -3 Inflamed Parotid Gland, -4 Inflamed Jugular Vein, -5 Caries of the Lower Jaw, -6 Fistula of Parotid Duct, -7 Bony Excrescence, -8 Fistula of Withers, -9 Saddle Gall, -10 Tumor Caused by Collar, -11 Splint, -12 Malanders, -13 A Tread on the Coronet, -14 Sand Crack, -15 Quittor, -16 Knee Bunch, -17 Clap on Back Sinews, -18 Ring Bone, -19 Foundered Foot, -20 Ventral Hernia, -21 Rat Tail, -22 Spavin, -23 Curb, -24 Quarter Crack, -25 Thick Leg, -26 Malanders, -27 Capped Hock, -28 Swelled Sinews, -29 Grease, -30 Sand Crack, -31 Tumor of Elbow.</p> -</div> - -<p>Perhaps the greatest damage brought about with -cattle afflicted with the chronic form of abortion is -the shortage of milk. Animals afflicted with accidental -abortion show very few marked symptoms -before they abort. Animals afflicted with contagious<span class="pagenum" id="Page102">[102]<br /><a id="Page103">[103]</a></span> -abortion have a number of marked symptoms, -namely, little red patches of infection on the lining -of the vulva, and there may also be present a -catarrhal discharge. The sheath of the herd bull -in the acute form of the disease has a catarrhal discharge, -while the symptoms of calves is a swelling -of the glands of the throat from ear to ear. These -last named symptoms do not appear in accidental -abortion.</p> - -<p>Owing to the fact that the germs of contagious -abortion are found in the mothers’ blood, in the -genital organs of the cow and the bull, and in the -stables wherein they are housed, it has been positively -decided that the only reliable and effectual -treatment for contagious abortion is the hypodermic -treatment, which destroys the germ in the mother’s -blood. The genital organs of the cow and bull -should be washed out with the antiseptic solution -made of 1 pint of corrosive sublimate to 1,000 parts -of water, and the germs contained in the stables -wherein afflicted animals are housed should be destroyed -by disinfectants. In this way the disease -is met at every turn, and it is impossible for the -disease of contagious abortion to exist when thus -handled.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref2">ABSCESS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A collection of pus in a new-formed -cavity in the body. It has a well-defined wall surrounding -it. An abscess is the result of entrance -of micro-organisms into the body. They may have -entered through wounds or into the hair follicles, -or abscesses may result from infectious diseases, -as strangles or distemper in the horse. At the seat -of the abscess formation swelling occurs, the part -feels warmer than the surrounding tissue, is painful -to touch, and hard. These conditions are due -to the inflammation of the part. Later it becomes<span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104]</span> -soft, less sensitive, and fluctuates, which shows that -it is coming to a head, or that the pus is collecting. -If the skin is white it will show a yellow color in the -center, which is usually raised above the surface, -and the hair falls out. This soon breaks and discharges -pus.</p> - -<p>It is advisable to hasten the ripening of the -abscess by hot applications in form of poultices, -or a large pack of cotton saturated with hot bichloride -of mercury 1 part to 1,000 parts of water, -or use some one of the coal tar dips 1 part to 50 -parts of water. The application of a light blister -will often hasten ripening. When the pus has collected -or the abscess has come to a head, it should -be opened at the lowest part in order to give free -drainage to the pus contained within.</p> - -<p>Great care should be used in opening abscesses—not -to cut blood vessels which might be in the -vicinity. In case the abscess breaks of its own -accord, it is often necessary to enlarge the opening, -in order to give free drainage for the pus. If the -abscess is large or deep-seated it should be washed -out each day with bichloride of mercury 1 part to -water 1,000 parts, or with a 2 per cent solution of -some one of the coal tar dips. After it is opened do -not apply bandages, as they prevent the free escape -of pus. Do not allow the opening to close until it -heals from the bottom; or, in other words, as long -as it secretes pus, for there is danger of its breaking -out again. If the opening is too high up, or not -large enough, it may result in a running sore or -fistula.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref3">ACTINOMYCOSIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Called lumpy jaw, because -of the frequency of the swelling located on the jaw. -It is due to the entrance of a specific organism, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page105">[105]</span> -fungus, into the tissues. This causes an inflammation, -with an increase in the amount of tissue, as -shown by the enlargement and in which an abscess -is formed. Adult cattle are the only animals commonly -affected with this disease, but occasionally -nearly all classes of domestic animals may be affected. -A number of cases have also been reported -in man, but the disease in cattle, being localized to -a small region of body, usually the head, there is -little danger of transmission from animal to man -in eating beef.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig27"> -<img src="images/illo105.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" /> -<p class="caption main">LUMPY JAW</p> -<p class="caption subshort">An exterior view showing location of lumpy jaw.</p> -</div> - -<p>The symptoms are recognized by the characteristic -tumor, usually observed on the jaw, either of -the bone or of the soft tissues in that vicinity. It -may, however, affect the tongue, or, in fact, nearly -any of the organs of the body. Its development is -more or less of a slow, constant growth, beginning -with a very small nodule, but, when allowed to run<span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span> -its course, may reach the size of a cocoanut, or -larger. On reaching some size, it usually ruptures -and from it discharges a thick, yellowish pus. It is -to be distinguished very largely by its commonly -affecting cattle, its location, its slow growth and its -firm, hard consistency, and finally a discharge of pus -from it.</p> - -<p>Treatment consists, if of small size in the soft -tissues, of complete excision by the knife. But, if -of larger size, or when the bone or large blood vessels -are involved, recourse should be had to the -internal administration of iodide of potash from one -to two teaspoonfuls in a drench of a quart of water, -or, in some instances, it may be given in the drinking -water once daily. This should be continued for -a week or ten days, when the treatment should be -discontinued for a like time, and, if necessary, repeated -several times.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref4">AFTERBIRTH, RETENTION OF.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This is a -condition resulting from the failure of the mother to -pass the membranes after the birth of her young. It -happens most frequently in cases of abortion, or -when birth occurs before time. There is usually more -or less of a mass of the membranes hanging from -the opening, which occasionally reaches to below the -hock, or even to the ground. When fresh it looks -somewhat like the intestines, but if exposed to the -air for some time it is grayish in color, especially -when it begins to decompose. The odor is very -offensive, and the discharge soils all the hind parts -of the animal. In these cases the health of the -animal suffers, and fever frequently results, with a -loss of appetite and flow of milk. The fever and -inflammation of the parts may go so far as to cause -the death of the animal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span></p> - -<p>The afterbirth should never be allowed to remain -over three days in the cow, nor over twenty-four -hours in the mare. In the mare, sow, or bitch -gently pulling on the membranes, at the same time -twisting them easily, will often bring them out -without injury to the animal. With the cow it is -different. Here the membranes are “buttoned” -on in tufts, and the pulling, and especially the -twisting, usually makes matters worse and injures -the uterus.</p> - -<p>After removing the membranes there always remains -in the uterus a quantity of fluid, which should -be washed out with water a little cooler than the -blood of the animal, adding about a teaspoonful of -carbolic acid or other good antiseptic to each gallon -of water and mixing well. The hands and arms of the -operator should be absolutely clean, and during the -operation should be kept covered with carbolized -oil or carbolized soap and water. In mares, especially, -care should be taken not to injure the -parts, as inflammation sets in very much quicker -than in the cow. Several gallons of the above -solution should be injected as soon as the condition -is noticed, and a warm bran mash fed to the animal -occasionally will help her general health.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref5">ANEMIA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A deficiency of red blood corpuscles. -The animal is scanty of flesh, hide bound and in a -general run-down and debilitated condition. The -disease is sometimes called hollow horn. Treatment -consists of better food and care. The feed -should be of a nature such as will enrich the blood -and build up the system. Food of a succulent nature, -like roots, green grass, or ensilage, will help out. -A tonic, made as follows, will be helpful: Two -teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron, 1 teaspoonful of -powdered nux vomica, and 4 tablespoonfuls of<span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span> -ground gentian root. Add this to the food each day -for a week or ten days.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref6">ANTHRAX, OR CHARBON.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An acute, infectious -disease of plant-eating animals, which, under -favorable conditions, attacks flesh-eating animals as -well. It is caused by a microbe which enters the circulating -blood and by multiplication therein causes -its rapid destruction, and the death of the animal. -The disease is as old as human history. It exists in all -countries and in all latitudes. It was formerly very -destructive to human life, as well as to animals. -There is no disease which attacks more different -kinds of animals than anthrax, nor one which is -more deadly. Also, there is no disease which is -harder to deal with from the sanitary point of view; -nor harder to stamp out. The reasons for this -will be shown later on.</p> - -<p>Soil is the prime factor in preserving and propagating -the microbe, when it is naturally wet, -impermeable, and rich in decomposing animal and -vegetable matter. The microbe of anthrax may -enter the body by several channels. It may be -taken in with the food or drink. It may be -breathed into the lungs. It may enter through -abraded surfaces on the skin. It may be inoculated -into the body by biting insects.</p> - -<p>There are several forms of the disease and these -are determined by the modes of entrance of the -virus. One form, which occurs especially in sheep -and cattle, at the commencement of an outbreak, -and which is characterized by the suddenness of its -onset and its high degree of fatality, is known as -the apoplectic, or fulminant form. Without showing -any previous symptoms, an animal will suddenly -be seized with loss of appetite, trembling, -uneasiness, irregularity of movements, difficult<span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109]</span> -breathing, blueness of the nostrils, bellowing, convulsions -and hemorrhages from the natural openings. -Death may occur in a few minutes or in four -or five hours.</p> - -<p>Another type is known as anthrax fever, or internal -anthrax. Here we have distinct symptoms, the most -important being high fever of from three to four -degrees, excitability and restlessness. Blood may -ooze in drops from the nose, eyes, or ears, and from -inside of the forearm or thigh, in sheep. There -will be trembling, prostration, numbness of the -loins, thirst, grinding of the teeth, colicky pains, -bloating, bloody discharges, palpitation of the -heart, difficult breathing, blueness of the visible -mucous membranes, jerking of the muscles of -the back and neck, and rolling of the eyes. The -animal will die in comatose state, or in convulsions, -and death will occur in sheep in about a day. -Cattle will live from two to five days, and horses -from one to six days.</p> - -<p>A third form is external anthrax, which manifests -itself in swelling of the tongue, throat, rectum, -and skin in cattle; and of the tongue, -throat, neck, shoulders, withers, flank, or thigh in -horses. These swellings have a firm, doughy feeling, -are not painful generally, and show a marked -tendency to gangrene. They never suppurate. If -cut (this should never be done), they discharge a -pale, straw-colored liquid. In this may be found -the microbe.</p> - -<p>The rapidity with which putrefaction occurs in -an anthrax carcass is very marked. Another characteristic -is, the blood loses its property of clotting, -is dark and tarry, and does not become light in -color by contact with air, like normal blood. In -fulminant cases, however, these characters are not<span class="pagenum" id="Page110">[110]</span> -so well marked. Other signs of the disease, if a -farmer should be so unfortunate as to open an -anthrax carcass and thereby spread the infection -on his farm, will be great enlargement of the -spleen, or milt, and also of the liver. Bloody -patches in the tongue, throat, lungs, stomach, and -intestines, caul, skin, and muscles, or in fact in -almost any part of the body, will be plainly visible.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref7">The Management of the Sick Animal</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> and disposal -of the carcass are the most important procedures -in an outbreak of anthrax, from a sanitary -standpoint. Medicinal treatment is of little value. -A vaccine has been discovered that is very effective -in preventing the disease. This has been used very -successfully in both this and European countries. -If a case of anthrax is suspected, call your veterinarian -at once. The disease will not pass through -the air from a sick animal to a healthy one, but the -discharges which invariably occur during the -progress of the disease all contain the microbe, and -everything soiled by them is infectious material -and capable of spreading the disease.</p> - -<p>When an animal is infected, remove at once to -the burial lot and tie it near the place it is to be -buried, to save handling and scattering the infection. -When it dies, dig the grave. Then saturate -the animal with kerosene or coal oil and set it afire. -By means of ropes tied around the fetlocks turn -the animal, saturate the other side and fire that, -and also the soles of the feet. When every hair -has been burned off, dissolve a one-pound carton -of chlorinated lime (freshly opened) in sufficient -water to make a fluid that will just pour from the -cup. Fill the nostrils with this, also the mouth -and eyes, which should be pried open with a stick -dipped in solution. Saturate some cotton or rags<span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span> -with the lime, and plug up the nostrils or mouth. -Treat the rectum likewise. Turn the animal into -its grave, sprinkle the ground on which it has stood -and laid with a strong solution of chlorinated lime, -and shovel the top layers of this soil into the grave. -Follow this with the grave soil, banking it up, as in -human graves. In cases where the animal is found -dead, the same method is to be pursued, except that -the animal is hauled to the grave on a sled (never -dragged over the ground). In these cases, also, the -place where it died must be disinfected by the same -means, after hauling out all loose material and -burning the same, as near as possible to the place -where the animal died. It would also be necessary -to disinfect the sled and all tools which came in -contact with the carcass.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref8">APOPLEXY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A ruptured blood vessel in the -brain; usually causes unconsciousness, at least for a -time. The control of certain muscles is lost and a -general dullness prevails over the animal. In case the -apoplectic attack runs a favorable course, the muscles -come more or less under control again and the -patient in time may recover. It is in rare cases -only, however, that animals recover to an extent -to be worth much after being affected with -apoplexy. Fortunately the disease in animals is -rare.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref8a">AZOTURIA, OR MONDAY MORNING -DISEASE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This is a very peculiar affection -of the horse, in which the animal shows a -special form of lameness upon exercise, after -having remained idle for a day or two. The -cause is not definitely known, and yet the -circumstances under which the disease develops -are rather constant, such, for instance, as an animal<span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span> -in vigorous condition, fed liberally upon nitrogenous -feed, remaining idle over Sunday, a holiday or -at other times. Upon being taken out the following -morning the animal usually shows an excess -of energy, but before going far begins to go lame -in one or both hind limbs until, if urged further, -becomes completely paralyzed behind, going down -and unable to rise. He also shows considerable -pain, as though he might be suffering from some -form of colic, with a profuse sweating. On reaching -this point the animal usually ceases to void the -urine, which, when drawn, appears a very dark -brown or coffee color. The pulse and breathing are -somewhat accelerated, and frequently there is considerable -nervous excitement. The muscles of the -loin and thigh are tense and rigid.</p> - -<p>The treatment should begin as soon as the lameness -shows itself. After a few hours of rest, the -distress will be over. The more exercise given the -animal after the lameness begins, the more severe -the trouble, and the more energetic means of treatment -required. In a case showing signs of nervous -excitement, it should receive 2 tablespoonfuls of -bromide of potassium every three or four hours until -becoming quiet. Sweating should be induced by -blanketing the animal well, preferably using -blankets wrung out of hot water and covered with a -dry one. Allow all the water the animal will drink -and give it 4 tablespoonfuls sweet spirits of niter -three times a day if bladder is not paralyzed. If -unable to void the urine, the bladder must be -emptied three times daily. A laxative or purgative -should be given early in the disease. If the animal -remains somewhat stiff, give a teaspoonful in the -feed twice a day of the following: Powdered nux -vomica, 4 teaspoonfuls; powdered sulphate of iron,<span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span> -6 teaspoonfuls; powdered gentian root, 6 teaspoonfuls.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref9">BARRENNESS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Failure to breed is usually due -to an acid secretion of the genital organs, to the -germs of contagious abortion, retention of the afterbirth, -or to an abnormal condition of the sexual -organs of either the male or female. The acid secretion -of the genital organs prevents conception by -destroying the semen of the male; the germs of contagious -abortion set up a catarrhal inflammation and -discharge, which also prevents conception; retention -of the afterbirth, whether it be removed by force -or permitted to slough away, usually leaves the -womb in a diseased and catarrhal condition, effecting -a discharge; impotency may be due to excessive -use of the male, or to advancing age in both -male and female.</p> - -<p>Any unnatural discharge irritates and scalds the -mouth of the womb so that when the discharge -ceases the mouth of the womb heals, and it is impossible -to make a cow or mare breed without -mechanical interference. This kind of treatment is -conducive to fertility by increasing the blood supply -to the part. Mechanical contrivances are now -on the market for the purpose of dilating the mouth -of the womb. These increase the probability of -pregnancy. If the womb be opened just before -service, many troublesome cases can be corrected. -This is done by inserting the oiled hand and arm -into the vagina, finding the opening into the womb, -and gradually dilating it by inserting one or more -fingers until the passage is open and free.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref10">BIG HEAD.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Just why bones become soft and -frequently are absorbed in normal animals is not -known, unless it is due to an absence of some -essential bone constituent in the food or water.<span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span> -The disease shows that the bone is absorbed and -its structure softened. As a consequence, the bone -enlarges, becomes spongy and light.</p> - -<p>The disease usually starts as a swelling in the -head, hence the name. Often the lower jaws are -enlarged, and, as the disease progresses, the legs -become affected. At the same time the animal -loses weight. The treatment consists of nourishing -foods, rich in the mineral constituents. Better consult -a veterinarian when the disease is first noticed.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref11">BIG JAW OF CATTLE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref3">Actinomycosis</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref12">BIG KNEE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Often cattle show large bunches -over the knees. These may be soft or hard. In cattle -these big knees are caused by hard floors, in lying -down and getting up. Big knee in horses is a little -different, being more in the nature of spavin or ringbone, -and in this case occurring at the knee joints. -In cattle the bunch may be localized in the flesh -and skin. With horses, it is an attack on the bony -structure. When first noticed a blister may be -used.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref13">BIG LEG.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref155">Lymphangitis</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref14">BITTER MILK.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Frequently germs get into the -udder, and, as a result, bitter milk or blue milk or -bad milk results. Sometimes the bad taste of milk -is due to the odor in the stable or to the food that -the cows get while pasturing. Turnips give a bad -taste to the milk, as does garlic or wild onions. -If the bitter taste or the blue milk is due to disease -germs, then the remedy lies in the destruction of -these germs. Just after milking, and each quarter -thoroughly emptied, inject a warm solution of boric -acid.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref15">BLACKHEAD.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A germ disease affecting turkeys -and chickens. It is characterized by a dark purple -appearance in the comb and wattles. Fowls attacked<span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span> -by the disease show dullness and laziness; at the -same time indigestion disturbances and diarrhœa is -observed. The best treatment is to kill the fowls -affected just as soon as they become affected. This -will prevent the disease from spreading. It is advisable -to burn the bodies of the dead so as to prevent -the spreading of the germs. Thorough -disinfection is necessary.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref16">BLACKLEG.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An infectious disease produced by -the blackleg bacillus, a parasite which lives and -propagates in the soil of infected districts and in the -bodies of diseased animals. Certain kinds of soil -are very favorable to the existence of the parasite, -and such, when once infected, easily remain so -permanently and thus constitute the source of the -disease. Years ago blackleg was regarded as a form -of anthrax. This has been proved erroneous, however, -for blackleg and anthrax are two distinct and -independent diseases, each being caused by a -specific germ. One diseased animal does not transmit -the disease directly to a healthy one. When -caused, it is the result of self-inoculation, that is, by -the germ entering a wound in the skin or mucous -membrane of the body, produced on the legs while -the animals are roaming over the fields, or at the -mouth while grazing; these are the places by which -the blackleg germs get into the system.</p> - -<p>An animal dying of blackleg is fairly alive with -germs, which remain in virulent condition for a long -time. It behooves the farmer, therefore, to completely -destroy this kind of dead; not by burying, -for then the germs remain in the soil. The best -way is to burn the animal right on the spot where -it died. If the animal is moved to another place, -the infection is spread, thereby, and not only the -death place, but the grass over which the animal<span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span> -has been moved, should be thoroughly disinfected -that no germs may survive. The disease is characterized -in the appearance of large swellings on -various parts of the body, usually on one of the -upper portions of the legs, and never below the -hock or knee joints. Swellings vary in size, and -are always formed by the presence of gas that has -collected in the tissue just beneath the skin. This -gas is a product of the germ. You will notice a -peculiar crackling sound when you pass your hand -over these swellings. When punctured with a knife -these swellings emit a bloody fluid possessing a disagreeable -and sickening odor.</p> - -<p>Associated with the disease are loss of appetite, -high fever and lameness. Death follows just a -few days from the time of attack. So far no medicinal -treatment for cure has been discovered. Stock -should not be admitted to infected regions. The -only safe practice in regions where blackleg is -prevalent is in the use of protective inoculation -or vaccination. Such vaccination renders the -animals immune, and even if attacked, there is -almost no appearance of the disease at all.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref17">Using Blackleg Vaccine.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The blackleg vaccine -now so well known is made from diseased flesh -taken from a calf that has died from blackleg. This -flesh, after being dried and powdered, is then properly -prepared and injected into the animal. There -are two kinds—a weak and a strong vaccine and -single and double vaccine. The single vaccine requires -but one inoculation. The latter is believed -to be superior and gives better protection. The -vaccine is usually available from the state experiment -stations, or can be obtained through your -veterinarian. About the only skill required in<span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span> -doing the work is in having the instruments thoroughly -cleaned and disinfected. A hypodermic -syringe is used and the injection made on the underside -of the tail, a few inches from the tip, or just -beneath the skin of the neck or shoulder. The -point of the syringe should not puncture the muscle -at all; simply pick up the skin and draw it away -from the muscle and admit the fluid in the loose -space between the two.</p> - -<p>When vaccinated, the treatment is supposed to -last about a year. If calves are vaccinated the -operation should be repeated at about the age of -yearling. Two periods of vaccination are suggested: -when turned to pasture in the spring or -when turned to dry food in the fall. Full directions -as to the use of vaccines always accompany -the preparations and further detail is unnecessary -here.</p> - -<p>Preventive medicines cannot be relied upon, -although a common one is used throughout the -West, made as follows: 4 ounces of sulphur, 1 -ounce of saltpeter, 2 pounds of sulphate of iron, -and 1 pound of air-slaked lime. After being thoroughly -pulverized and mixed, this is added to one-third -of a gallon of common salt and used in the -place of salt.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref18">BLADDER, STONE IN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref56a">Concretions or -Calculi in Urinary Organs</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref19">BLIND STAGGERS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref202">Staggers</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref20">BLOATING IN CATTLE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This disease, sometimes -called hoven, is characterized by the distention -of the paunch or rumen, and is due to the accumulation -of gas. It most frequently occurs when -cattle or sheep are pastured on clover or alfalfa, -especially if it is moist just after a rain, or when -dew is on the ground, and when not accustomed to<span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span> -fresh green food. I have known of many cases -where cattle have bloated from eating alfalfa hay -during the winter season.</p> - -<p>There is no mistaking the disease. The animal -shows pain, goes off to itself, and breathes with -difficulty. Colic is often associated with bloating. -The most characteristic symptom, however, is the -excessive swelling due to the gas. The bloating -is noticed even over the back of the animal, the gas -continues to form, and, unless relief is secured, the -animal will choke and die as the result. Or some -suppression of the vital processes will occur, even -rupturing, with the same fatal ending.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig28"> -<img src="images/illo118.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" /> -<p class="caption main">WHERE TO TAP IN BLOATING</p> -<p class="caption subshort">Insert the trocar and canula, or if these are not available -a knife may be used. Make the puncture downward and -forward and plunge the instrument into the rumen.</p> -</div> - -<p>Bloating may take one or two forms; a mild case -in which recovery gradually follows, and a very -severe form, where the only salvation is in tapping<span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span> -to release the gas. If it is an ordinary case of -bloating, not very severe, ordinary remedies will -give relief. Turpentine in doses of 8 or 10 tablespoonfuls -is good. Some use 4 tablespoonfuls of -hyposulphide of soda dissolved in water, with excellent -results. Some veterinarians give doses consisting -of 4 tablespoonfuls of aromatic spirits of -ammonia in water as a drench. Ginger is frequently -given, as much as 4 tablespoonfuls diluted -in warm water as a drench. To keep the animal -moving about is excellent.</p> - -<p>In severe cases it is advisable to tap with the -trocar and canula. Indeed, tapping is the last resort -if you would save the animal. These are inserted -on the left side of the skin and pushed into the -rumen or paunch, the incision being made about -half way between the point of the hip and the last -rib. In introducing the trocar push in and down.</p> - -<p>After the insertion is made, the trocar is withdrawn -and the canula is left in to furnish an opening -through which the gas can escape. In case the -canula gets clogged with partially digested feed, -insert the trocar so as to push away the material -and withdraw it again. If the trocar and canula -are not available, then use a pocket knife. Of -course, be careful that the incision is not made too -large.</p> - -<p>Just a few simple precautions are suggested here -as a prevention of this trouble. There is always -danger from bloating when cattle or sheep are -turned into green pastures, especially when not -accustomed to such feed and especially when wet. -It is advisable, therefore, to keep stock from the -pasture until later in the day when the dew has -disappeared. Stock should have their regular -morning feed just as usual before being turned on<span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span> -the pasture. They will have less greedy appetites, -will not like to gorge themselves, and hence the -trouble will not be brought on.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref21">BLOOD POISONING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—When blood poisoning -results from the entrance of bacteria into the circulation, -it is termed septic infection. This means -that the disease may be communicated to a healthy -animal by inoculation. Thus, an operator in making -a post portem examination may bring on blood -poisoning because of an accidental prick of the skin. -An animal may step on a nail or get a splinter in a -muscle or under the skin, and become self-inoculated, -in time becoming affected with septic -infection. Consequently bacteria are the direct -inducing factors. The chemical poisons produced -as a result of the work of these bacteria, as those of -putrefaction, may induce what is known as septicæmia. -On the other hand where pus is produced, -as in the abscesses which follow upon neglected -wounds in joints, a form of blood poisoning is produced -known as pyæmia. In either case blood -poisoning may result, become very serious and -may cause the death of the victim.</p> - -<p>At first chills may be noticed, then a rise of temperature, -quick respiration, rapid but weak pulse, -and much prostration. All the time the appetite -is disappearing, until it becomes lost. The mucous -membranes of the eyes and nose take on a yellowish, -red tint often showing spots or blotches of -blood and the tongue becomes coated and clammy.</p> - -<p>Quick treatment is necessary in every case of -blood poisoning. As soon as noticed, the source -should be treated with disinfectants, thereby arresting -the supply of morbid matter. A strict employment -of antiseptics, so as to destroy the bacteria, -is the first essential. We look upon the<span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span> -prick from a rusty nail, or wound from a wire fence, -or a dirty stable splinter, as matters of frequent -occurrence, yet a great deal of danger lurks among -these. They should be avoided as much as possible -and in all cases immediately treated. As soon -as the poison is admitted to the blood or tissue, the -disease germs multiply and soon are present in -great numbers. Had the wound been cleansed with -an antiseptic like carbolic acid in the beginning, it -would have been a simple matter and the poison -would have been neutralized, and the ingress of -the invaders made unattractive, if not altogether -impossible.</p> - -<p>In all cases of blood poisoning, look to a systematic -and constant application of suitable lotions to -the injured parts, to careful nursing, and to nourishing -food. If the appetite has completely departed, -it is often advisable to force food like eggs -and milk into the stomach, so that the strength of -the patient may never be dissipated or weakened. -With this treatment should go pure fresh air, cleanliness -and much sunshine. It usually is advisable -to call a veterinarian as early as possible.</p> - -<div class="figright w250p" id="Fig29"> -<img src="images/illo122.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="385" /> -<p class="caption main">BOG SPAVIN</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The bulging outward of the -soft tissues of the hock joint -is due to the secretion of joint -oil or lubricating liquid in abnormal -amounts.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref22">BLOODY MILK.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Sometimes, just after calving, -bloody milk is observed. The cause is generally -due to a rupture of the small blood vessels in the -vicinity of the cells that secrete the milk. It may -be due to a tiny accident of some kind or it may -be the result of disease, localized in the udder. -Bathing the udder with hot water will prove helpful -and, until the milk is normal, frequent milkings -are desirable. If the condition prevails for any -length of time and the cow is not a very good one, -it is just as well to fatten her and send her to the -butcher.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref23">BLOODY URINE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A condition of the urine<span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span> -peculiar to certain diseases like Texas fever in cattle -and azoturia in horses. In the latter disease the -urine is quite turbid and dark in color, sometimes -almost black.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref24">BOG SPAVIN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A round, smooth tumor at the -front and on the inside of the hock. It is the result -of sprains, bruises, or -other injuries. When -these injuries occur, too -much joint oil is -secreted, causing a bulging -of the ligament. -Lameness seldom accompanies -a bog spavin. -If lameness be present -other structures are certain -to be affected, and -some pain and heat will -be noticed, together -with a stiffness of the -joint.</p> - -<p>Treatment consists of -applications of cold -water to the affected -parts and a lotion made -of 2 tablespoonfuls of -acetate of lead in a -quart of water. A blister -made of 1 teaspoonful biniodide of mercury -and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard rubbed in a little with -the fingers and repeated in ten days or two weeks -and continued for some months will correct the -trouble. Wash the part having received the blister -twenty-four hours after application. It is also advisable -to tie the horse’s head while the blister is -on, so that he cannot bite the part.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref25">BONE SPAVIN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref198">Spavin</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref26">BOT FLIES OR BREEZE FLIES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The larvæ -or grub of all common bot flies are thick, fleshy -grubs and pass their life in some portion of the -body. When they are fully developed they leave -the body by some route and bore into the ground, -where they go through another stage of their development -known as the pupa stage. When this -stage is completed they crawl out of the ground as -a fly ready to deposit eggs.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref27">Horse Bot Fly.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Everyone is familiar with the -common nit fly and the yellow nit that is attached -to the hair on almost all parts of the horse, but -especially on the chest and legs. The young larvæ -or even the egg may be transferred from these -regions of the body into the mouth by the horse -biting these parts. The grub passes into the -stomach where it attaches itself to the mucous lining -and continues its development. The bot is not -so dangerous as it is popularly supposed to be. -They may, when attached in large numbers to the -right side of the stomach, interfere with digestion -and be responsible for some of the digestive disorders -and colics. They are uniformly present in -the stomach of all horses that are kept in the open -where flies can get at them. A carefully groomed -animal may be free from them. The eggs may -be destroyed by rubbing the body with a rag wet -with kerosene. One of the most common remedies -for bots, and at the same time the most useless, is -a mixture of molasses and milk. Bots are hard to -dislodge from the stomach until they have completed -their development there and pass out of their -own accord. Half-ounce doses of turpentine three -hours apart until three doses are given, followed by<span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124]</span> -an ounce of powdered aloes as a physic, is a good -remedy and easily administered. Mix the turpentine -with half a pint of milk or gruel and give on -an empty stomach. Carbon bisulphide is a good -remedy. Take two drachms or one-fourth of an -ounce of this and shake with a pint of cold water -and drench. Repeat this every two hours until an -ounce of bisulphide is given, then give a physic of -aloes. These remedies should be given on an -empty stomach.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig30"> -<img src="images/illo124.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="317" /> -<p class="caption main">HORSE BOTS IN STOMACH</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The bot fly lays its eggs on the hair of the horse. These, -taken into the stomach, hatch out and give rise to horse bots -or young maggots that attach themselves to the walls of the -stomach. After becoming grown they loosen themselves and -pass out with the feces.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref28">Bot-Fly of Cattle or Warbles.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—It is now believed -that eggs are deposited near the feet and -that the grub is taken into the mouth and becomes<span class="pagenum" id="Page125">[125]</span> -partially developed in the digestive tract. It then -burrows through the tissue until it reaches the -region of the back. The only treatment that will -amount to much is to destroy the grub as it is -developing under the skin. If farmers and stockmen -will systematically do this they can soon lessen -the damage done. The heel fly annoys cattle, -and the grub, when it escapes from the back, -leaves a hole in the best part of the hide, causing -loss in this way. After the grubs are in the back -no treatment helps the animal very much; but the -grub can be killed, thus preventing their developing -into flies that would annoy other cattle. The -grubs may be squeezed out and destroyed. Mercurial -ointment may be rubbed through the hole -and kill the grub, or chloroform, or creoline, may -be injected into the grub with a hypodermic -syringe. It does not require very much time to -look after the number of cattle usually found on -a farm.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref29">The Bot-Fly of Sheep</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> is a very troublesome pest -at times, and always causes trouble and annoyance -to the flock when present, and occasionally causes -considerable financial loss. The fly attacks sheep -during the warm months, July and August generally -being the worst. The presence of fly in the -flock is easily told by the behavior of the sheep. -The fly looks much like a house fly, only it is longer -and it always attempts to lay its eggs just inside of -the opening of the nose. As soon as the fly begins -to get near the nostril the sheep will begin to run, -will hold their noses close to the ground, and frequently -huddle together as closely as possible for -protection. When the fly does succeed in depositing -the larvæ it begins immediately to work its -way up the cavity of the nose and finally gets<span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span> -into the small cavities in the head, where development -goes on. It is during this period of development -in the head that most of the damage is done. -As the grubs grow larger a discharge from the -nostril is noticed, which may soon become very -thick and sticky, gumming up the nostrils and -making breathing difficult. The sheep will often -carry their heads low, but will frequently raise -their heads and point their noses straight up.</p> - -<p>The treatment may be either preventive or surgical. -The first is within the reach of everyone -owning sheep. Where only a few sheep are owned -each individual should be caught and a mixture of -tar and lard, or oil of tar and lard, applied to the -nostril with a brush. This can be done in a short -time and should be repeated every ten days or two -weeks during the warm months. Narrow salt -troughs may be made and the edges smeared with -tar so that the sheep will get tar on their noses -when they take salt. Turpentine may be applied -high up in the nostril by means of a feather. Begin -the preventive treatment early in the spring or -whenever you know by the action of the sheep that -the fly is bothering them, and you will have better -success than to wait until the sheep are affected -and undertake to cure them.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref30">BOTS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref26">Bot Flies</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref31">BROKEN WIND.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref108">Heaves</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref32">BRONCHITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A common disease of domestic -animals attacking the bronchial tubes. It may be -chronic, but is usually acute, and may affect one -side or both. The most frequent causes of bronchial -catarrh are colds. A sudden cooling of a -heated body by drenching, by the breathing of cold -damp air, may all bring on the disorder. Dust, -smoke or gas, when inhaled, often produces the<span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span> -same trouble. Acute bronchitis usually sets in -with a sudden rise of the temperature of the body, -and the animal seems to have a chill. This may be -quite violent at times. The cough is noticed very -much as with people, being short, dry, and husky. -Later on, as the disease progresses, a frothy mucus -follows the cough. Associated with the disease is -a loss of appetite, constipation, and pains in the -chest and rattling in the chest and throat. A -favorite position of the horse is standing and of -other stock that of lying down. Good care is essential -in the treatment. That means, with good -treatment, dust, smoke, and bad air are to be -severely avoided. Plenty of good ventilation, but -no draft; and warm, well-lighted quarters are very -desirable. The animal should be blanketed to be -kept warm in the early stages and a compress placed -over the chest, with blankets over the compress. -Frequent changing of this compress is desirable, -say a change every hour or two. When the animal -is suffering from a chill, stimulants are excellent. -A tablespoonful of whiskey in a pint of water and -given as a drench every half hour or hour will be -helpful.</p> - -<p>After the chill period is passed, small doses of -tincture of aconite, say 10 to 15 drops, in a little -water as a drench will assist in discharging the -mucus. When the animal has become at ease, a -mustard plaster applied to the lungs will help you -somewhat. From now on the treatment should -be good nursing and good food. Boiled flaxseed -and gruel will be very helpful. A very helpful -preparation may be made of the following: Nitrate -of potash or saltpeter, tartar emetic, ground gentian -root, equal parts. A half pound or pound in<span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span> -all should be mixed thoroughly, and then a teaspoonful -given three times each day. When all danger -is passed, continue the careful handling and -allow two or three weeks’ complete rest.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref33">BUNCHES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Bunches are most generally enlargements -of the bone. They are most serious in -the region of a joint. They are caused, as a rule, -by some injury, bruise, or wound. When first -noticed they should be treated with a blister to -insure a hasty absorption of the enlarged parts.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref34">BURNS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Occasionally animals are burned or -scalded so badly as to subject them to considerable -pain. This may be relieved by the use of a strong -solution of common baking soda. Following the -use of this, apply an ointment made of one part of -carbolic acid to 50 parts of vaseline. If vaseline -is not available, then use in its place linseed oil.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref35">CAKED BAG.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref159">Mammitis</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref36">CAKED UDDER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A diseased condition of the -udder, with the secretion of milk altered, the udder -hot, dry, and caked, and the glands inflamed. The -trouble may be due to external injury, to germs -entering the teats or to the milk being kept for too -long a time in the udder. As soon as noticed the -udder should be bathed in hot water and massaged -for several minutes. After being dried with a cloth -rub on a salve made of 2 tablespoonfuls of gum -camphor dissolved in 12 tablespoonfuls of lard. At -the same time give 4 tablespoonfuls of saltpeter -morning and night for two or three days. See -also <a href="#Ref159">Mammitis</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref37">CALF CHOLERA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—When a new-born calf comes -into the world weak, puny, and listless, and dies in -a few hours after scouring, bawling, and blatting -and has sunken eyes and bloated belly soon after -death, the disease by stockmen is called “calf<span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span> -cholera.” Many calves so affected are really “living -abortions.” They have just enough life at birth to -exist a few hours and show the symptoms described, -and such calves are usually the offspring -of cows that, during pregnancy, have been incompletely -nourished upon timothy or swale hay, or -coarse fodder, without an adequate supply of other -foods to balance the ration; or similar calves may -come from fat, flabby, corn-stuffed, beef-bred cows.</p> - -<p>The trouble may be prevented by proper feeding -of the pregnant cow, but there is no cure. A majority -of such cases, however, are due to germ -infection. Cows affected with contagious abortion -may produce affected calves; the afterbirth and -navel cord are invaded by the germs in such cases -and the calf is improperly nourished in the womb. -In other instances, calf cholera is due to filth germs -entering the calf’s system by way of the raw navel -cord stump at birth, or the mouth when the calf -nurses from a manure-contaminated udder.</p> - -<p>Prevent infective cases by providing a clean, -fresh-bedded, disinfected, whitewashed, sunlighted, -ventilated pen for the new-born calf, and immediately -wet its navel with a <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>500</sub> solution of corrosive -sublimate and repeat the application twice -daily until the cord dries up, drops off and no raw -spot remains. Also wash the hind parts of the cow -and her udder with a two per cent solution of coal -tar disinfectant before the calf is allowed to suck -for the first time and repeat the washing twice -daily for at least a week. Isolate affected calves. -Bury or burn the dead.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref38">CALF SCOURS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref235">White Scours</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref39">CANCER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Malignant growths, the cause or -causes of which are not known; nor can it be said -the disease is infectious. While a very serious<span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span> -disease among human beings, it is, fortunately, however, -more rare among farm animals. The only -treatment worth while is in surgical removal of -the growths. If this be done when the tumors are -first noticed and when they are small, their further -appearance may not result. It is a good plan, -if the growths persist in presenting themselves, to -eliminate the affected animal from the herd. With -cattle, it is possible to prepare them for market -long before any cancer growths may reappear, and -in this way the full market value may be secured -with no danger when consumed.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref40">CAPPED ELBOW.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Frequently horses, in lying -down, press the foot or the shoe against the elbow. -This, in time, causes inflammation and ends in a -tumor or shoe boil. The diseased condition is difficult -to repair, as there is little flesh or muscle at -the joint of the elbow where the trouble starts. -Treatment consists of opening the boil and allowing -the fluid to escape. In case the swelling is -hot and painful, an application of lead acetate will -prove comforting and helpful. In preparing the -lotion, use 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead to a -quart of water. There is no objection to injecting -a little of this into the opening. An injection of a -little tincture of iodine once a day into the opening -is desirable also. In treating cases of this kind, -it is a good practice to wrap about the horse’s foot -a pad of straw or hay for cushioning the foot. This -prevents the wound from being further bruised, -otherwise the cure may be greatly delayed, if not -indefinitely postponed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Plate3"> -<img src="images/plate3.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="600" /> -<p class="caption main">A VICTIM OF TUBERCULOSIS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">This cow, reacting to the tubercular test, was killed. The -bottom picture shows the extent to which tuberculosis had -affected her lungs. At least ten per cent of the cattle in the -United States have this dreaded and destructive disease.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref41">CAPPED HOCK.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammation resulting in -a separation of the cap from the point of the bone -of the hock. Cases of this kind are the results of<span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span> -kicks or bruises. In the early stage, use 2 tablespoonfuls -of lead acetate in a quart of water and -bathe the injured part. When there is no longer -any temperature, apply a blister composed of 1 -teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury and 6 tablespoonfuls -of lard. Apply this every week or ten -days for several months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Plate4"> -<img src="images/plate4a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="548" /> -<p class="caption main">EXTERIOR POINTS OF THE HORSE</p> -<p class="caption sublong">1 Lip, -2 Nostril, -3 Forehead, -4 Poll, -5 Cheek, -6 Ear, -7 Mane, -8 Neck, -9 Shoulder, -10 Point or Shoulder, -11 Breast, -12 Forearm, -13 Arm, -14 Knee, -15 Cannon, -16 Fetlock, -17 Pastern, -18 Foot, -19 Withers, -20 Back, -21 Side, -22 Underline, -23 Flank, -24 Croup, -25 Tail, -26 Haunch, -27 Thigh, -28 Stifle, -29 Hock, -30 Point of Hock, -31 Cannon, -32 Foot, -33 Coronet, -34 Fetlock, -35 Pastern.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter w500p"> -<img src="images/plate4b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="369" /> -<p class="caption main">CASTRATION</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref42">CAPPED KNEE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An enlarged condition of the -knee most commonly found in cattle. It is caused -by cattle getting up and down on hard floors. It -is usually seen in stables where stanchions are -used. A baggy tumor forms at the front and just -below the knee. In some instances this tumor becomes -very large and the cow walks about or -moves with great difficulty. Where hard floors are -covered with bedding, no trouble of this kind results. -Applications of hot water are excellent. -Liniment is also very good. Where the tumor has -long existed and is stubborn an opening should be -made at the bottom so that the fluid may be discharged. -A little tincture of iodine injected into -the opening once a day is good and at the same -time an application of iodine rubbed over the outside -will assist in reducing the trouble. Use one -part of iodine to eight parts of lard and continue this -treatment for a month or two.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref43">CASTRATION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The removal of the testicles -from male animals. Castration is practiced upon -all the domestic animals. Only those male animals -possessing desirable characteristics are retained entire. -The operations are generally performed when -the male animals become troublesome. In horses -the time is usually at one to three years old; in cattle -one to three months old; sheep at one to four -months and pigs two to four months old. Dogs,<span class="pagenum" id="Page132">[132]</span> -as a rule, become worthless if castrated. Cats grow -to an enormous size when castrated.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref44">Suggestions About the Operation.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—In the castration -of all the domestic animals some general suggestions -will be beneficial. (1) Secure the animal -so he cannot injure himself or the attendants. (2) -Do the castration during the early spring. (3) -Give the animal exercise after castration. (4) Boil -the instruments before operating, using warm -water and any good hand soap. (5) Disinfect the -skin over the scrotum before operating with corrosive -sublimate <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>1000</sub>. (6) Wash the hands of -the operator with soap and water, then disinfect -with corrosive sublimate. (7) Great care should -be exercised that no corrosive sublimate be left -that stock may drink, as it is a deadly poison.</p> - -<p>When the instruments have been boiled (sharp -castrating knife and emasculator), cast (throw) -the animal as carefully as possible. Secure the -hind legs so they will not hinder the operator. The -operator having his hands clean and the scrotum -washed and both his hands disinfected, and also -the region to be operated upon, the animal is ready -for the operation. The lower testicle is grasped -with the left hand and with the right hand an incision -is made over the testicle, down to the testicle. -The testicle is pulled upon until the cord is -seen. Then the emasculator is used to crush the -cord. This emasculator should be placed on the -cord as high up as possible. Some like their horses -castrated proud. This consists in leaving part of -the testicle. This last method is not safe, as it -allows the testicle to become infected and form -what is commonly known as water seeds. A -tumor grows on the cord and may become the size -of a man’s head.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page133">[133]</span></p> - -<p>After the testicle is removed, then enlarge the -first incision (cut) that was made through the skin -so as to give plenty drainage. This incision should -be about eight inches long for horses. By having -a large incision the upper part can heal first, and -there will be good drainage until the scrotum entirely -heals. If possible turn the castrated horse out -to pasture after the operation, and it will exercise -sufficiently to keep the parts from swelling. Do not -keep the animal in a dirty stable after it is castrated, -as there is so much danger from infection -in the dirty horse stable. If the horse is broken it -can be put to light work a week after the castration.</p> - -<p>Bulls do not need to be thrown to be castrated. -The incision is made over each testicle, and the -operation carried out in the same way as with the -horse. Bulls are not so susceptible to infection as -the horse.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref45">CATARRH.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Commonly known as a cold, catarrh -is recognized as an inflamed state of the upper portions -of the air passages, with more or less discharge -from the mucous membranes. The eyes -often sympathize with this deranged condition, with -a watery state as the result. The causes of catarrh -or colds in animals are very much the same as -those causing the same disturbance in human -beings; as with people, so with animals, the malady -should be remedied as quickly as possible. Bad air -is one of the most frequently observed causes; consequently -pure cold air with proper blankets to -keep the body warm is considered the best treatment -for simple catarrh when unaccompanied with -other troubles.</p> - -<p>One of the common symptoms is dullness and -loss of appetite. The hair stands out and looks<span class="pagenum" id="Page134">[134]</span> -rough, a slight cough may be noticed and sometimes -a rattling is heard in the head. For cattle -a mild dose of physic, consisting of one-half pound -Epsom salts and 4 tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits -of niter mixed in a pint of lukewarm water and -given as a drench, is about all that is necessary. -If the cold hangs on, mix together one-half pound -of nitrate of potash or saltpeter and one-half pound -of gentian root and give a teaspoonful of this three -times a day until the animal is better. Of course -good food should go along with this treatment. The -horse should be fed soft food like bran mashes and -be kept quiet in a well-ventilated stable. If the -cold hangs on with him, mix one-half pound of -saltpeter or nitrate of potash, one-half pound of -sulphur, and one-half pound of ground gentian root -and give a teaspoonful morning, noon and night.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref46">CATTLE SCAB.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref192">Scab in Cattle</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref47">CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease -fatal in violent attacks and not well understood as -to cause. It is believed to be non-contagious, although -frequently extensive outbreaks occur, suggesting -that it may be contagious. The symptoms -are not well defined, due, perhaps, to the fact that -other diseases are included under the general name. -Horses of all ages of both sexes are affected, and -temperament and physical condition have nothing -to do with susceptibility to the disease. Likewise -mules are affected and the mortality among them -is equally as great as among horses. The most -acceptable belief as to cause centers around a -bacterial organism that works in the membranes -of the brain. However, some writers attribute the -disease to ergot, smuts and molds supposed to be -taken with the food. Moldy corn and moldy hay -are believed to be associated with the disease. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page135">[135]</span> -symptoms are staggering gait, partial or total inability -to swallow, various muscular contractions -and delirium.</p> - -<p>Treatment is seldom effected, especially in -violent cases. Mild forms frequently respond to -cathartics, blisters on the neck, spine and throat. -These give some relief. Small doses of aconite are -also believed to be helpful. Some writers place -choking, distemper, grass staggers, and blind staggers -along with this brain disorder.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref48">CHARBON.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref6">Anthrax</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref49">CHEST FOUNDER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref165">Navicular Disease</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref50">CHICKEN CHOLERA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Chicken or fowl cholera -is a germ disease, and contagious. It attacks poultry -of all kinds. Diarrhœa is a prominent symptom of -the disease. Bad food or improper food may aggravate -the trouble, but the germ introduced into -the system either in food or drink, is at the bottom -of it. At first the droppings will take on a whitish -color. Diarrhœa will then result. The discharges -will then become thin and watery, to be at times -frothy and greenish in appearance. Fowls thus -attacked soon lose their appetites and become stupid -and take on a sickly appearance. The head drops -toward the body, the eyelids fall, and the fowls -stand around as if doped. Some recover, but, unless -checked, the flock will be materially injured.</p> - -<p>Of course dead fowls must be burned at once and -lime and other disinfectants used to keep the disease -from spreading. The well birds must be kept -apart from the infected quarters. Care must be -exercised that infection be not carried either by -visitors or attendants from the sick to the healthy -quarters. A common remedy consists of 1 part of -sulphate of iron to 50 parts of water for drinking -purposes. Another common remedy is to mix a<span class="pagenum" id="Page136">[136]</span> -tablespoonful of sulphate of iron, 2 tablespoonfuls -of dried blood, and 2 tablespoonfuls of tincture of -opium with a pint of water. This is given in the -food in doses of 1 or 2 tablespoonfuls of this mixture -three or four times a day to each sick bird.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref51">CHOKING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Horses frequently choke from too -rapid eating of oats, and cattle are very commonly -troubled on attempting to swallow apples, turnips, -or small pieces of ear corn. In either of these cases -much distress is occasioned and serious danger. -In treating the horse, the best treatment is to give -it a little oil, after which rub the hand up and down -the gullet to scatter the accumulated oats. Sometimes -it is necessary to make an incision in the -gullet through which the material is removed. -Better have a veterinarian do this. When food -lodges in the gullet of cattle, suffocation soon follows -if it is serious and in the upper part of the -gullet. When such objects have lodged near the -stomach end there is less immediate danger. Of -course the first treatment is to try to force the object -down by using the hand, if at all possible. If -this cannot be done a probang should be used. The -probang should be very limber, so as to bend easily, -and it should be used with great caution. Cattle -often are killed by the accidental puncture of the -gullet as the probang is pressed down toward the -mouth of the stomach. Consequently no unyielding -article like a broom handle or even a buggy -whip should be used. If a regular probang is not -available, a rope a little less than one inch in -diameter can be inserted and gently worked down -the gullet. Before using the rope, grease it well -and make a knob at the end to be inserted. This -knob can be made of cotton strings or muslin cloth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page137">[137]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref52">COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref165">Navicular -Disease</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref53">COLDS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref45">Catarrh</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref54">COLIC.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Colic is an inflammation of the bowels -characterized by a spasmodic contraction of the intestinal -walls. It is a very common disease in -horses, and occasionally cattle and lambs are affected -with it. Both the small and large intestines -may be afflicted or only one of them. There are -many causes, but feed and water are the controlling -factors. An animal just stopped from hard work -and given a large quantity of cold water, especially -after eating, may be quickly troubled. And the -animal hot from work, on drinking very cold water, -often gets colic. Then, too, a change of food, or a -change from dry feed to green food or eating some -root crop when the animal is not used to it, may -bring on the disease.</p> - -<p>Then, again, some horses and cattle are more -given to colic than others. Some individuals are -never troubled, and others are almost constantly -under its influence. If much inflammation sets in, -a very serious case is on your hands. Two kinds -of colic are known—the spasmodic, a contraction, -commonly known as cramps of the bowels; and -wind or flatulent colic or bloating. Some authorities -add a third, and call it worm colic.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref55">Spasmodic Colic.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—This kind of colic is first -noticed when the horse begins to paw with his forefeet, -cringes, bends his head around as if looking at -his side, lays on the ground and rolls as if in pain; -then he stands quietly for a while and repeats these -performances again. During the time between the -spasms the animal is more at ease and frequently -eats a little. When the spasms come on again the -shifting about and the rolling are repeated. If the<span class="pagenum" id="Page138">[138]</span> -cramps are severe the animal breaks out with -sweat. The pulse is accelerated when the spasms -are on, ranging from 60 to 65 beats a minute. If -inflammation has set in, the pulse instead of rising -and falling remains more constant and is high all -the time.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig31"> -<img src="images/illo138.png" alt="" width="500" height="307" /> -<p class="caption main">COLIC PAINS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">A common attitude with colic. When seized with pains -the horse paws, scrapes the ground with his front feet, stamps -and strikes the belly with the hind ones, lays back his ears -and looks around to his flank.</p> -</div> - -<p>When the spasms are on, pressing the bowels -seems to relieve the pain and please the animal, -but if inflammation is present the pressure seems -to increase the pain. The best treatment is to -relieve the pain with an opiate, and next to obtain -a free action of the bowels by a purge. Many -prescriptions have been suggested, among which -is the following: 4 tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits -of niter, 4 tablespoonfuls of laudanum, 1 tablespoonful -of ginger and 1 tablespoonful of common -soda. These are added to a pint of warm water -and given as a drench.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page139">[139]</span></p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref56">Flatulent Colic.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—This form of colic, though -not so acute, is much more constant than the preceding -form. The body is swollen in the region -of the bowels, the gas extending quite generally -through the region. There is also a tendency to -inflammation. The pulse will be noticed as more -rapid, and at the same time more feeble, the breathing -will be more pronounced, and the animal less -steady on its feet. In treating the patient it is -advisable to unload the rectum with greased hand -and arm, and the admission of warm water with -soap in it, is also likely to be beneficial. A little -turpentine mixed with the soap and water is good. -The intestine is to be cleaned out as far as the arm -will reach, but a violent purge is unwise, as that -only intensifies the inflammation. Naturally the -first thing is to mildly open the bowels. For this -give 15 or 20 tablespoonfuls of linseed oil and 5 -or 10 tablespoonfuls of spirit of turpentine. If the -case continues, it is advisable to call a veterinarian, -and it may be necessary to use the trocar and -canula. If the instrument is sterilized, no great -risk attaches to the operation, while immediate -relief is secured as the gas passes out through the -tube, and the distention is visibly reduced. An -excellent mixture for this kind of colic consists of -6 tablespoonfuls of chloral hydrate, 6 tablespoonfuls -of laudanum, 3 tablespoonfuls of sulphuric -ether, 2 tablespoonfuls of turpentine, and 10 tablespoonfuls -of ginger. Of this give 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls -in a half pint of warm water and repeat -every half hour for 3 or 4 doses and then place the -doses an hour apart until all danger has passed.</p> - -<p>When there is a good deal of gas with considerable -swelling an excellent drench is made of 2 -tablespoonfuls of powdered aloes, 4 tablespoonfuls<span class="pagenum" id="Page140">[140]</span> -of spirits of ammonia and 4 tablespoonfuls of sulphuric -ether. This should be mixed with a pint of -water and given promptly. In case of considerable -pain use this: 4 to 6 tablespoonfuls of hydrate of -chloral and eight tablespoonfuls of sugar mixed in -a pint of water and give as a drench.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref56a">CONCRETIONS OR CALCULI OF URINARY -ORGANS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The collection of solid mineral -matter in the urine may become lodged in -the kidney, the ureter (duct leading from -the kidney), the bladder or urethra (the duct -leading from the bladder). All animals are -more or less subject to these conditions, and yet -are not so affected as they are sometimes thought -to be. Many a case of so-called kidney colic is in -reality an affection of the digestive system. The -cause for these mineral accumulations perhaps varies -under different conditions, yet the most common -circumstance under which they occur is during the -time when animals are fed exclusively or largely -upon dry feed such as exists in the winter time -where silage is not fed. Wheat bran has been attributed -as one of the most sourceful means of -bringing on this trouble. When it is fed with succulent -feeds and an abundance of water allowed -these disorders do not occur.</p> - -<p>The symptoms do not differ a great deal from -some forms of colic, due to stomach or intestinal -disturbances, especially in the frequent attempts -to empty the bladder. The animal usually shows -more or less pain from the restless condition, looks -around at the flank, dribbles his urine frequently, -which is occasionally blood stained. There may be -a complete obstruction of the passages, in which -case no urine is voided.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig32"> -<img src="images/illo141.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="396" /> -<p class="caption main">RETENTION OF THE URINE</p> -<p class="caption subshort">By means of a catheter the greater portion of the urine can be -drawn off. The operation is shown in the picture.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref57">Treatment varies</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> with the location of the trouble,<span class="pagenum" id="Page141">[141]</span> -in which little can be accomplished when the gravel -or stone is located in front of the bladder. If -within the bladder, not obstructing its outlet, it is -not likely to make its presence known. Agents -should be given, however, to overcome the pain -and to relieve the frequently existing spasm at -point of obstruction, as far as possible, which may -allow passage of stone. Give 4 tablespoonfuls of -laudanum or chloral to a dose and repeat in two or -three hours if any pain or trouble is still indicated. -In inducing the animal to drink liberal quantities of -water the condition may be somewhat relieved by -making the urine more watery in character and -possibly dissolving a portion, allowing the -remainder to pass along its course. When the<span class="pagenum" id="Page142">[142]</span> -obstruction occurs within the urethra the removal -should be made by incising through the tissues on -to or near the obstruction, removing by forceps and -suturing up the wound. A skilled operator is required -for this, hence the veterinarian should be -called.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref58">CONSTIPATION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An infrequent movement of -the bowels with the dung hard and dry. The animal -is said to be bound up or costive. Bad food, improper -feeding, lack of exercise, all contribute to the -trouble. Treatment is in the line of laxative and -succulent food, such as wheat bran, green grass, -silage and linseed oil meal. If the case is one requiring -immediate action give any of the usual -purgatives, but do not continue their use as a -regular thing. If green grass is not possible, nor -silage available, give one or two teaspoonfuls of the -following mixture in the food three times a day: -Equal parts of ground gentian root, powdered nux -vomica, powdered ginger and sulphur.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref59">CORNS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Small swellings or tumors on the sensitive -heel in the triangular space between the bars -and the wall of the heel. These are found in the -fore feet only, and almost always on the inside heel. -They are caused most frequently by bad shoeing -or from wearing the shoe for too long a time. These -growths do not always cause lameness, although, -as a rule, they do. They are, however, always sensitive -to pressure and usually appear as tumors of -a hard, corny character. Neglected corns are -liable to fester and must then be laid bare by the -knife and be poulticed. Neglect of this treatment -results in the matter or pus finding its way up -through the coronet. Thus quittor may result.</p> - -<p>Give the foot a careful dressing by paring the -heel, and bathe the corn with a weak carbolic acid<span class="pagenum" id="Page143">[143]</span> -solution. After doing this, place a fold of muslin -over the corn and then over all a bran and linseed -poultice. A complete rest from work, hard roads -and shoes should now be given the animal until -the corn has entirely disappeared. When the feet -are again shod, leather should be used as a protection. -Many corn salves are recommended, but -unless the corn be removed and the pressure taken -from the wound, there can be no cure, even though -the tumor is pared away.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref60">CORNSTALK DISEASE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—When cattle are allowed -to run in stalk fields it frequently happens -that a large per cent die from various causes. All -these troubles are classed under the one term—cornstalk -disease. In some western fields where -there is a second growth of cane stalk late in the -fall an early frost will at times develop in the stalk -a deadly poison (hydrocyanic acid), which kills the -animal in a very few minutes after eating it. This -poison has not been found in the cornstalk.</p> - -<p>In the last year or two some of our state experiment -stations have been investigating several molds -which seem to affect not only cattle but horses as -well. These molds grow quite abundantly upon -cornstalks, alfalfa, and other forage crops. The -death of a great number of animals has been traced -directly to the feeding of such affected fodder, hay, -or corn. These molds, however, must have a certain -amount of moisture for their growth, and it -has been shown that when the feeds have been -properly harvested and sheltered no trouble has -resulted. Only in materials exposed to the weather, -allowing the development of these lower -forms of plant life, has serious trouble been found.</p> - -<p>In the treatment of these troubles nothing reliable -can be given, as the disease usually comes on<span class="pagenum" id="Page144">[144]</span> -without any warning and the animal dies suddenly. -Much of the trouble can be avoided by allowing -the animals only a limited amount of the feed or -in the stalk field a few hours only each day. It is -necessary that plenty of pure water should be given -frequently and enough of other roughage to keep -the animals from gorging themselves on the fodder.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref61">COW POX.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An infectious disease passed from -one cow to another. It affects herds in all parts -of the world and is similar to smallpox in the -human being, only it is not so fatal. When first -affected the cow is feverish, slacks somewhat in -the milk flow, and presents little red pimple-like -spots around the teats. In a day or two these become -enlarged and become blisters, containing -within a watery fluid, which, if not broken, dry up -themselves and form scabs, leaving the teat in time -perfectly natural. Ordinarily, special treatment is -not given. There is no objection, however, to providing -a simple tonic composed of one-quarter -pound saltpeter, one-quarter pound sulphur, and -one-quarter pound ground gentian root. Give a -teaspoonful of this night and morning in a mash. -The teats should be bathed, just before milking, -with any common disinfecting solution. If the -sores are slow in healing, sweet oil, to which is -added a little carbolic acid, will soon correct the -trouble.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref62">CRACKED HOOFS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref191">Sand Cracks</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref63">CRIBBING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A habit of biting the manger or -other objects, often sucking in the air at the same -time. This bad habit is frequently called wind -sucking. It is the result of a habit formed when -young. There is really no cure when the habit is -once formed, but different measures may be employed -to lessen the fault. A broad strap firmly<span class="pagenum" id="Page145">[145]</span> -placed around the neck brings the desired effect -with some individuals.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref64">CRIB SUCKERS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This bad habit usually begins -in colt days. It may arise from a sore tooth. -The colt, to relieve the feeling, bites the manger, -and in so doing acquires the habit. When hanging -on to the manger, air is sucked in and this frequently -brings on colic. The best treatment is to -break up the habit. Examine the mouth first to see -if anything is wrong with -the teeth. Muzzle while -standing in the stable. -The old cribbers never -give up the habit.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref65">CRAMP COLIC.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See -<a href="#Ref54">Colic</a>.</p> - -<div class="figleft w200p" id="Fig33"> -<img src="images/illo145.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="445" /> -<p class="caption main">CURB</p> -<p class="caption sublong">While common to all varieties -of the horse, curbs are -most frequently seen in the -lighter breeds and especially -in roadsters and trotting -horses.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref66">CURB.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A sprain or injury -to the ligament situated -on the back part of -the hock joint. Anything -that puts too much stress -on this part, such as -holding back heavy loads -going down hill, or backing -up too heavy loads, or -the hind legs slipping -too far under the horse’s -body, may cause curb -disease. It is also caused -by kicks or by the whiffletree -striking against the -back of the hock joint.</p> - -<p>There will be swelling -and heat in the part and -lameness. In some cases -there will be swelling,<span class="pagenum" id="Page146">[146]</span> -but no lameness. If the swelling is hot and tender -to the touch, mix half an ounce acetate of lead and -two ounces tincture of arnica with one quart of -water. Shake up and apply a little to the swollen -part three times a day and continue until the heat -and swelling disappear. If there should be any -swelling after the heat and lameness have disappeared, -mix 1 teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury -with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. Rub on a little with -the fingers, let it remain on for 24 hours, then wash -off with warm water and soap and repeat the blister -in three weeks if needed. In cases where there is -swelling, but no heat or lameness, the lotion would -be of no use, but the above blister should be used -as directed. In old or long standing cases of curb, -if the animal is not lame, it is best to let it alone, -as medicines would be of no service.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref67">DIABETES; PROFUSE STALING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—In man -there are two forms of this trouble seen rather -frequently, but among domestic animals only the -insipid form is common. It is often simply a sign of -some other disease, but not infrequently occurs -under similar circumstances; such as certain forms -of indigestion, the result of eating musty or damaged -feed. The most characteristic symptom, of -course, is the frequent urination of liberal quantities -of urine. Associated with this is usually an -unabating thirst. The animal loses flesh rapidly, -the flanks are tucked up, the coat is dull, languid -and staring, and great weakness is shown. If not -relieved, the animal may die from exhaustion. In -the second form of diabetes, the distinguishing feature -is the presence of sugar in the urine.</p> - -<p>If in a working animal it should be laid off -from work. Search should be made for the -cause of trouble. If any of the food appears<span class="pagenum" id="Page147">[147]</span> -suspicious it should be substituted with -wholesome food. To relieve the ardent thirst -and assist recovery, a teaspoonful of the crystals -of iodine should be given in a ball of linseed or -other pasty material. It may be desirable to repeat -this in three or four days. Also give in the drinking -water 4 tablespoonfuls of bicarbonate of soda -three times daily.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref68">DIARRHOEA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref76">Dysentery</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref69">DIFFICULT PARTURITION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref168">Obstetrics</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref70">DIPPING LIVE STOCK.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—There are only two -satisfactory methods of treating animals with a dip. -The first is hand treating, where the number of -animals are few and easy to handle. In hand treating -the animal the dip is applied with scrubbing -brushes, sponges, etc., and all parts of the body -liable to infection should then be thoroughly and -vigorously rubbed. If hand treating is properly -performed it is an excellent method. The second -method consists of immersing the diseased animals -in the dipping solution. There are two forms of -vats in use for this purpose. The cage vat is -designed for comparatively few cattle. As its name -implies, it consists of a cage in which the animal -is placed and then lowered into a vat containing -the dip. Where a large number of animals are to -be dipped, the swimming vat is very popular. The -animals are forced to pass through the vat, which -contains sufficient dip to completely immerse them -when they plunge into the solution.</p> - -<p>The coal-tar dips are made from some of the -products of the distillation of coal tar. When -mixed with water they form a milky emulsion, -having a strong odor of coal tar. The coal-tar<span class="pagenum" id="Page148">[148]</span> -preparations, in addition to being used as parasiticides, -have become very popular disinfectants in -hospitals. These preparations are used with good -success on all open wounds, where a disinfectant is -required. In poll evil and fistulous withers they -are extremely valuable, owing to the fact that in -addition to their power as a germicide they have -been perfectly safe to place in the hands of persons -not accustomed to handling drugs, because of their -non-poisonous nature. They have been found quite -efficient when used in three per cent solution.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref71">DISHORNING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Some cattle breeds are hornless. -Most, however, are not. Removing the horns -is done quickly and is more humane than to permit -them to remain, by which death frequently follows -to stock and even to people. The dishorning machine -is intended for animals whose horns are -not removed when young. The simplest method -of dishorning is to use a stick of caustic potash. -Apply it to the small horn button when a calf is a -few days old. Moistening this and rubbing the -potash over the skin will permanently destroy the -horn tissue and no horns will result.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref72">DISTEMPER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref205">Strangles</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref73">DROPSY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A condition in which the fluid portion -of the blood escapes from the blood vessels and -collects in the body cavities or under the skin. Any -sluggish condition of the blood occasioned by disease -or faulty nutrition may induce this collection -in various parts of the body. Dropsy is, therefore, -not a disease, but a symptom of some other disease. -This being the case, treatment depends upon -the original disease, upon the nature of which depends -in turn the possibility of permanent or temporary -cure.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page149">[149]</span></p> - -<p>A mild attack of dropsy is indicated when the -legs of a horse swell up, due to lack of exercise -and poor circulation as occasioned by standing in -the stable. The first thing, of course, is to start -better blood circulation. Hand rubbing is good; -bathing with hot water acts similarly. Any medicine -that stimulates the action of the kidneys will -prove helpful. Saltpeter is excellent for this. Use -once a day for three or four days in succession, and -give 4 tablespoonfuls at a dose. In connection with -this treatment supply the animal with succulent or -laxative food, that the bowels may be kept free and -open. Any of the tonic condition powders will -help.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref74">DYSTOKIA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref168">Obstetrics</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref75">ECZEMA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammatory, non-contagious disease -of the skin in which eruptions may occur in -the form of vesicles, pustules, crusts, scales, or -simple redness. Its principal victims are animals -fed rich food, the penalty being associated with -some gastric or intestinal disturbance. Treatment -is both external and internal. The former should -be in the nature of washes for cleanliness and healing. -Tar soap is recommended. A wash made -of 4 tablespoonfuls of carbonate of potassium dissolved -in a quart of water is also excellent. After -a good rub with this, wash off with warm water.</p> - -<p>If itching causes any distress, prepare a wash -consisting of 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead, 8 -tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium and a quart of -water. Where scales have formed and the skin is -thick and scurvy, rub in a little with the fingers -some biniodide of mercury and vaseline. Use 2 -teaspoonfuls of the mercury and 8 tablespoonfuls -of the vaseline. One application will do the work. -If the case is bad, several parts being affected, treat<span class="pagenum" id="Page150">[150]</span> -only one part at a time with the mercury salve. Be -certain to have the animal tied so that he cannot -get his mouth to the treated region.</p> - -<p>For internal treatment let the physic come first. -For horses, mix 4 tablespoonfuls of aloes, 4 tablespoonfuls -of ginger and 4 tablespoonfuls of soda -carbonate dissolved in a pint of boiling water. -Let cool to proper temperature and give as a drench. -For cattle, give a pound of Epsom salts and 4 tablespoonfuls -of ginger in water as a drench. Following -the physic should come a good blood tonic. To -prepare this, mix 16 tablespoonfuls each of nitrate -of potassium and sulphate of iron. Give in doses -of 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> tablespoonfuls daily in a bran mash until all -is used.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref76">DYSENTERY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammation of the lining -membrane of the large intestine near the rectum, -accompanied with straining, discharge of blood, and -fever. Poisonous and irritating food causes it, stagnant -and foul water favors its development, but any -exposure to cold or excessive heat or overwork -may bring it on. In cattle the acute form is attended -with shivering, arching of the back and -tenderness about the loins. The animal grunts, -yawns, grinds its teeth, and, at short intervals, discharges -from its bowels a thin, ill-smelling dung -mixed with blood and pus. The thirst is excessive, -the animal is dull and stupid, and loses flesh rapidly. -After the disease has gone on a few days, the hide -becomes rough and unhealthy, the teeth loose, the -dung bloody and fetid, the eyes sink in the head and -dropsical swellings appear about the lower jaws -and legs, and usually the creature dies exhausted. -For acute dysentery, when seen early, give horses -a drench consisting of 15 tablespoonfuls of castor -oil, 8 tablespoonfuls of laudanum, and 1 pint of<span class="pagenum" id="Page151">[151]</span> -linseed oil. The rectum and lower bowel should -be washed out with large injections of simple warm -water. For chronic forms 10 grains of calomel, a -teaspoonful of opium, and 4 tablespoons each of -gentian and chalk are advised. These are to be -mixed and given either as a ball or as a drench once -a day. Six tablespoonfuls of laudanum in a pint -of boiled starch every two hours until the straining -ceases, is also very good. When cattle are affected, -remove from grass or other succulent food, put on -a dry diet and give a pint of linseed oil every day -until recovery. If the action of the bowels does -not cease promptly, give 2 tablespoonfuls of powdered -alum and 2 tablespoonfuls of powdered ginger -in a quart of milk once or twice a day until the discharge -moderates. An excellent medicine is 10 -tablespoonfuls of castor oil and 4 tablespoonfuls -of laudanum mixed with linseed gruel and given -as a drench.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref77">ENTERITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref135">Inflammation of the Bowels</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref78">EPILEPSY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref86">Fits</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref79">EPIZOOTIC.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref137">Influenza</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref80">ERGOTISM.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A parasitic fungus that grows on -different species of grass and produces in one stage -of its development black or purple enlarged spurs -causes ergotism. The disastrous effect of ergot -seems to appear in the late fall and winter, when -hay or straw infected with ergot are continuously -fed. The animals will be troubled with irritation -of the bowels and a sloughing off of the extremities. -Frequently the animals lose parts of their -tails or ears or hoofs. In others, gangrenous sores -appear. In the early stages of the poisoning -the symptoms are not clearly marked. The -best treatment is secured by an entire change -of food, so as to remove the cause, and then<span class="pagenum" id="Page152">[152]</span> -to follow with good laxative food. Of course, -medicinal treatment will not be satisfactory if an -important part of the animal like the hoof were to -be destroyed. So much expense would be connected -with keeping the animal until a new hoof -had been formed that it is better at the beginning -to destroy the animal unless very valuable. Where -sores only manifest themselves such treatment as -given an ordinary wound will be efficacious, provided -food absolutely free of ergot is supplied.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref81">ERYSIPELAS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammation of the skin -and tissues beneath. Owing to a blood poison, it is -characterized by a swelling and hardness of the -affected parts which has a tendency to spread and -form abscesses. In horses and cattle, erysipelas -is nearly always the result of wounds and generally -of those in the legs of animals weakened by hard -work and poor food, or else in young animals whose -blood is vitiated by the poison of glanders or some -other animal contamination. The disturbance is -noticed on the third or fourth day after the injury -in the immediate neighborhood of the wound. The -skin is swollen, smooth, hot, tender, and painful. -The swelling gradually extends around it, sometimes -deep into the muscles. The surface is hard -and tense, but often when the finger is firmly pressed -upon it and withdrawn a depression is left. In severe -cases chills occur, the pulse is weak and quick, the -breathing hurried, the bowels constipated and the -urine scanty and highly colored. There is considerable -thirst, but no appetite. A brisk purge is -the first step in treating. Follow the purge with -tincture of chloride of iron, 4 teaspoonfuls in a pint -of water. Give this every three or four hours. At -the same time give internally 4 tablespoonfuls of -hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water three times a<span class="pagenum" id="Page153">[153]</span> -day. Externally bathe the wound with the following -mixture: Tincture of chloride of iron, 4 tablespoonfuls, -and alcohol one pint. Another good -ointment is sugar of lead 4 tablespoonfuls in a -pint of water. This should be applied with a wet -cloth to the diseased parts.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref82">FARCY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref103">Glanders</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref83">FEVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Any rise in temperature above the -normal. It is, as a rule, a symptom of the body’s -reaction to some form of infection. It is, therefore, -not a disease in itself, but an indication of -some disorder occasioned by infection or poison. -To treat fever is not so necessary as to remove the -cause that brought about the disturbance in the first -place. It follows from this that fever is not a -cause, but a result. Germs come first, and fever -is only a sign that tells of their presence. Another -thing brought to light in reference to fever is this: -Germs are less active, their vital energy is weakened -and their power lessened when the heat in the body -is increased. Consequently they are less active in -their destructive tendencies as the temperature rises. -Fever is, therefore, a provision of self-defense, and -the body’s plan of bringing its forces together to -battle against the germ foes that have invaded it.</p> - -<p>Just what degree of temperature is to be considered -is difficult to establish. Many things enter -into the problem, like exercise, age, food, and mode -of living. In general, however, any special rise -above the normal, whatever that may be, is the -signal of danger and infection. A rise of a degree -or two indicates a mild disturbance, hence a mild -fever; an elevation of two or three degrees indicates -a slight fever; of four or five, of considerable -fever; and if six or seven, of high fever. When -the elevation reaches 108 degrees, the limit of life<span class="pagenum" id="Page154">[154]</span> -has just about been reached. In some diseases there -is a regular alternative between morning and evening -temperatures. In others, the course is continuous, -with slight variations, while in others the -course is intermittent. In this last named it varies -at different portions of the day, but reaches a -normal at a certain time each day.</p> - -<p>The pulse-rate usually bears a certain relation -to the height of the disease. Consequently the -pulse should be taken in connection with the fever -height indicated by the thermometer. A fast pulse -and a high fever in general is more serious than a -high fever with a pulse only slightly above the -normal number of beats. There are exceptions to this -however, as, for instance, in cerebro-spinal meningitis. -In the early stages of fever, the development -cannot at the moment always be decided. In -many cases little treatment, if any, will be necessary. -The caution should be observed, nevertheless, -of ascertaining the cause of the disturbance, if -possible. In any case, simple cathartics can be -given, good air provided, nourishing feed supplied, -and time allowed for careful observation of the -system and of the actions and movements of the -animal.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref84">FISTULAE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A chronic discharge from some -tubelike channel, with no tendency to heal. Fistulæ -are most common in horses. They may be located on -the withers (fistulous withers), on the side of the -face (tooth fistulæ), on the breast bone (sternal -fistulæ), or on the lower jaw (salivary fistulæ). -Fistulous withers are caused from some external injury -(the animal rolling on a rock, ill-fitting collars, -the saddle pressing on the withers, or from being -struck by a club). Tooth fistulæ are caused by a -decayed tooth. The pus in trying to get out of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page155">[155]</span> -body takes the easiest course and eats through the -bones of the face and escapes, causing a chronic -discharge. A sternal or breast fistula is caused by -some sharp object being run into the breast and -striking the breast bone, injuring it and causing -decay and pus formation. A salivary fistula is -caused by an injury to the tube which carries the -saliva from the gland to the mouth.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref85">Symptoms of Fistulous Withers.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—At first a large -swelling appears on one or both sides of the withers. -In about a week this enlargement becomes soft, and -the fluid contained in it can be distinctly felt. If -left to itself the swelling gets larger and softer, and -in a month or so breaks and discharges the contents. -The fluid that comes from the swelling is -first thin and streaked with blood; later it contains -yellow-appearing masses. The last material is the -pus. The sack that formed at the time the fistula -was caused is a hard, firm membrane. This keeps -the wound from healing. For this reason the discharge -becomes chronic. The wound may heal and -there will be no pus discharged for a month, then -the old opening will be broken and the pus will flow -out again until the sack is emptied. This healing -of the wound and then breaking again may be kept -up for years, unless the disease is properly treated. -As a general rule, the affected animal runs down -in flesh.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Fig34"> -<img src="images/illo156.png" alt="" width="400" height="410" /> -<p class="caption main">FISTULOUS WITHERS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">Sometimes only the skin and tissue immediately under it -become affected. In such cases little trouble need be anticipated; -but if the cause is not removed, the deeper structures, -muscles and bones, may become diseased.</p> -</div> - -<p>Treatment for fistulous withers consists of opening -the swelling and inserting muslin strips that -have been dipped into terchloride of antimony. Insert -one and remove, inserting another and leave -in the opening for three or four hours. Repeat -this operation every four or five days for a month. -In addition rub on the outside of the swelling once -every two weeks a mixture made of 2 teaspoonfuls<span class="pagenum" id="Page156">[156]</span> -of cantharides and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. The -tooth fistula usually calls for the removal of the -tooth and thorough disinfection of the opening from -the face through to the mouth. With a sternal fistula -the diseased bone may need to be scraped and then -antiseptic washes used daily. The salivary fistula -is more difficult to treat. Better have the veterinarian -to examine, and an operation may be necessary.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page157">[157]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref86">FITS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Some horses are subject to fits, and with -them it is incurable. These should not be driven, -because, when the attack comes on, injury may -result to the animal itself and to the occupants in -the carriage. The cause of the difficulty may be -overfeeding, bad circulation or indigestion. When -an attack occurs the best treatment is to throw -cold water over the head. If this attack is repeated -you had better consult a veterinarian.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref87">FLATULENT COLIC.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref54">Colic</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref88">FLEAS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Fleas are always a nuisance and always -disagreeable. They live in dry, filthy quarters and -associate with dogs, hogs, and chickens. To keep -fleas away or to destroy them when at hand, clean -the quarters occupied by the animals, destroy the -bedding and add lime and disinfectants. Dogs may -be washed in a creolin solution of, say, 2 tablespoonfuls -of creolin to each pint of water. To disinfect -chicken, hog, and horse pens use in a hand -spray any of the so-called sheep dips or other -preparations manufactured for lice, itch, mange, or -insect troubles.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref89">FLIES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—These pests are a nuisance on every -farm. While they do not directly cause death they -greatly worry and irritate farm stock, especially in -summer, and in this way greatly affect the results -whether along dairy or beef lines. It would be -impossible to estimate the misery these pests inflict -on the stock of the country during a single year. -Aside from the pain that flies inflict on domestic -animals, they are carriers of disease, both to the -human family and the beast family. A great many -common infectious diseases are spread by flies, including -such serious diseases as typhoid fever and -tuberculosis. The only treatment is in way of prevention. -As the breeding places are in filth and<span class="pagenum" id="Page158">[158]</span> -manure, it follows that if these be destroyed or -removed, and not permitted to accumulate, the -floods of flies will disappear. The fly remedies -now on the market are excellent. When sprayed -about the stable premises and on the animals the -flies stay away until the application evaporates. -Darkened stables are not attractive to flies, and -by this means the nuisance and annoyance is minimized.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref90">FLUKES, LIVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref146">Liver Flukes</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref91">FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This malady -generally affects ruminants, but, although found -most often in cattle, sheep, and goats, it may be -transmitted to swine, and, in some instances, to -horses, dogs, cats, birds, or human beings. In most -cases where proper disinfection is made the animal -recovers in about 15 days. The most dangerous -thing about foot and mouth disease is the fact that -it spreads so rapidly. The virus which transmits -the disease may be carried by railroad cars, bedding, -feeds, dairy products, dogs, cats, birds, or persons. -A dog running through a pasture may be the means -of infecting a whole herd.</p> - -<p>The cause of the disease has not been satisfactorily -determined, but it is definitely known that the -virus which reproduces the disease comes from the -ulcers and natural secretions and excretions of -the body, such as milk, saliva, perspiration, feces, -urine, and exhalation. The contagion is not harmful -when dried. Infected animals lose the power of -transmitting the disease when the ulcers of the -mouth, feet, and udder have healed.</p> - -<p>In from three to five days after infection the -animal has a moderate fever. The appetite is lost -and the mouth is kept closed. There is a dribbling -of saliva, and in two or three days yellowish-white<span class="pagenum" id="Page159">[159]</span> -spots the size of a hemp seed appear on the gums, -the lower surface of the tongue, lining of the mouth -and on the lips. These eventually attain the size -of a silver dollar. They run together, burst and -form painful, foul-smelling ulcers. At this stage -the saliva is more profuse and ropy and the animal -makes characteristic smacking noises with the -mouth.</p> - -<p>Infected animals lose flesh rapidly, in some cases -as much as 100 pounds in eight or ten days. The -milk is thick, yellowish-white, has a bad taste, and -is with difficulty made into cheese or butter. The -reduction in milk yield during the sickness and for -some time after recovery is 50 to 75 per cent.</p> - -<p>Usually, a short time after an appearance of the -disease in the mouth parts, there is a redness, heat -and swelling of the skin at its junction with the -hoof and especially between the toes and upon -the soles of the foot. Similar ulcers to those on the -mouth appear on the feet and soon burst. The -animal becomes lame and moves stiffly and lies -down a great deal. These ulcers ordinarily heal -up in one or two weeks.</p> - -<p>In some cases the animal dies suddenly, in others -lingers a few hours with difficult breathing and discharge -of blood from the nose, and finally dies of -paralysis of the heart and lungs. In still other -cases emaciation and reduction of milk flow is the -only bad result. Sometimes ulcers form at the root -of the horn and cause the horn to drop off.</p> - -<p>Owing to the nature of the disease, its contagion -and danger, treatment should be in line of prevention -and in destruction of infected animals. While -the disease yields to treatment, our best suggestions -when the disease is suspected is in notification -to the state officers and in securing the services of<span class="pagenum" id="Page160">[160]</span> -a veterinarian who will be able to advise what is -best to do.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref92">FOOT PUNCTURE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Page54">Wounds and Their -Treatment</a>.</p> - -<div class="figright w200p" id="Fig35"> -<img src="images/illo160.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="199" /> -<p class="caption main">FOOT ROT</p> -<p class="caption sublong">A disease usually associated -with sheep. It is -sometimes so serious that -the entire hoof rots away.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref93">FOOT ROT IN SHEEP.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A chronic inflammation -of the foot, marked by ulceration, softening of -the hoof, lameness, and the discharge of a sticky -material which has a very fetid odor. It is a contagious -disease, and is produced by a germ that -lives in the soil and gains entrance to the feet -through wounds and surfaces chafed by barbed -grasses and stones, or by -gritty clay, which becomes -lodged between the toes and -hardens there.</p> - -<p>The first symptom is a -slight lameness. If the affected -foot be examined, -that part just above the -horny part of the cleft of -the foot, either in front or -behind, will be found inflamed, -feverish, and moist. -Erosions or ulcers soon -appear, generally on the -heel. These penetrate the foot and burrow -beneath the horny parts, causing fistulous tracts -from which exudes a foul-smelling pus possessing -an odor sufficiently characteristic to indicate the -disease in a flock, even without a close examination. -In time, the foot becomes greatly overgrown and -deformed, the hoofs increasing in length and curling -upward. In bad cases, the suffering is so great -the animal lies down most of the time, but when -only the front feet are diseased, it will crawl -around on its knees.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page161">[161]</span></p> - -<p>That the disease is contagious is shown by the -fact that it generally starts in one foot and spreads -to the others, and, at the same time, the feet of -other sheep in the same flock become diseased in -the same way, the outbreak covering a period of -several months. In cases that recover spontaneously -the foot is deformed and the joint is stiffened. -It is only in virulent outbreaks where all -the feet are diseased, or where some complication, -such as maggots, is present, that deaths occur.</p> - -<p>Having as its cause a microbe, it is proper to -take measures of prevention as well as cure. In -purchasing sheep, it is highly advisable to keep -them isolated for a week, as a test. All overgrown -hoofs should be trimmed. Sores or wounds, from -any cause, should be carefully disinfected daily. -Low, boggy lands should not be used as pasture -for sheep, and dirty, unsanitary pens should be -made sanitary, as these all predispose to an outbreak -of the disease.</p> - -<p>As treatment, first isolate all affected animals. -Mild cases are best treated by making the sheep -stand for several minutes daily in a trough containing -a disinfectant, or, better still, by arranging -the trough of suitable length with fenced-up sides -and a widened entrance, so the sheep can be easily -started into the inclosure and made to wade through -the disinfectant.</p> - -<p>In bad cases and where the hoof is underrun with -pus, the horn and all overgrowths must be cut -away so as to expose the diseased parts to the -action of the disinfectant. The foot should then be -dried, dusted with finely powdered burnt alum, -and bandaged to keep out the dirt. This antiseptic -treatment of the feet must be kept up daily as long -as the disease exists. Any of the following may<span class="pagenum" id="Page162">[162]</span> -be used: 1 pound chloride of lime to 12 quarts of -water; 1 pound of pure carbolic acid to 4 gallons -of water; a solution of creolin; a coal-tar disinfectant -of the same strength; or any good sheep -dip containing these substances in the proper -amounts.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref94">FOUNDER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammation of the sensitive -or soft structures between the hoof and bones of the -foot. The popular belief that founder is to any -extent in the legs and chest is probably an error. -The disease is in the feet, and those symptoms -which make it appear as a stiffness in the legs and -shoulder are but the natural results of soreness in -the feet. The same statement might be made regarding -those cases which are popularly described -as “stove up in the shoulder.” Instead of the -soreness being in the shoulder in these cases, it is -generally in the feet, or at least below the knee.</p> - -<p>It is somewhat difficult to explain how those -influences or causes which are known to produce -founder bring about that condition, but observation -shows clearly that an irritation of the digestive -tract, or in fact, any extensive irritation of any -mucous surface, may produce an inflammation of -the sensitive laminæ of the feet; that is, founder. -Therefore founder may be produced by a change -of feed or excessive feeding, a change of work or -excessive work which results in exhaustion, large -quantities of feed or water when warm or fatigued, -sudden changes of temperature such as cooling too -fast when sweating, and a long drive on hard roads, -especially without shoes. Excessive purging or -diarrhœa may also produce it. Founder also occasionally -results from irritation of foaling, but this -is not common.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page163">[163]</span></p> - -<p>There is no essential difference in the nature of -the disease determined by the particular agent or -condition which causes it. “Water founder,” and -that produced by over-feeding, concussion, or extreme -fatigue are, in so far as the character of the -disease is concerned, one and the same thing.</p> - -<div class="figleft w250p" id="Fig36"> -<img src="images/illo163.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="196" /> -<p class="caption main">FOUNDER</p> -<p class="caption sublong">In bad cases of founder -the foot shrinks from the -wasting of the sensitive substances. -A typical foundered -foot is pictured here.</p> -</div> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref95">Founder May Occur</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> in the fore or hind feet or -in both; but generally the fore feet are those affected. -A stiffness and disinclination to move are -perhaps the first symptoms noticed. The position -in which the animal stands is characteristic. The -fore feet will be placed -well forward, so that the -weight will be borne by -the heels, while the hind -feet are brought well up -under the body in order -to take as much weight -off the front feet as -possible. This position -gives a rather unsteady -appearance to -animal, and the hind -feet are frequently -shifted in order to maintain as steady a position -as possible. From this fact founder is -frequently mistaken by inexperienced persons for a -disease of the kidneys. The body temperature is -usually considered increased; that is, there is fever—as -it is generally expressed—due to inflammation -in the feet. As is usual in the first stages of -inflammation, the pulse beat is increased in frequency -and force. An increase of heat in the feet, -with a manifestation of pain when the hoofs are -tapped with a hammer, are, when taken with all -the foregoing facts, sufficient evidence of founder.<span class="pagenum" id="Page164">[164]</span> -When founder occurs in one foot, however, as it -sometimes does, the diagnosis may be more difficult -for the inexperienced. When it occurs only -in the hind feet the position which the animal takes -will not be different from that taken with founder -in only both fore feet but from different causes. -The hind feet are brought well forward under the -body, but for the purpose of throwing such little -weight as is borne on them on the heels.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref96">The Feet Should Be Kept Moist.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Remove the -shoes and apply moisture to the feet. The latter -may be done by standing the animal in water five -or six inches deep each day, several hours at a -time, or by the application of a poultice of wheat -bran or some such material, or by wrapping the -feet with cloths and keeping them thoroughly -saturated with water. The animal should always -be encouraged to lie down and take the weight off -his feet, which is beneficial. When this occurs, a -poultice of some sort must be used to apply moisture -to the feet. It may be applied by the use of -a sack large enough to envelop the foot and hold -sufficient of the poultice to retain the moisture for -some time. This application of moisture to the -feet should be continued until the severity of the -inflammation and the lameness have subsided.</p> - -<p>Unless the founder be due to excessive purgation, -a quart of raw linseed oil should be given as -a purgative. During the first 48 hours from 30 -to 40 drops of tincture of aconite may be given -every three or four hours. Four tablespoonfuls of -nitrate of potash (saltpeter) should also be given -three times a day in the feed or on the tongue. If -the lameness continues after the acute symptoms -have subsided, a rest of several weeks on a soft -pasture and the application of a blister around the<span class="pagenum" id="Page165">[165]</span> -top of the hoof are recommended. The following -mixture has been useful as a blister: Red iodide -of mercury, 1 part; lard, 4 parts; cerate of cantharides, -4 parts. Apply around the top of the -hoof, except at the heels, and rub for 10 to 15 -minutes. The animal should be tied so that it cannot -get its mouth to the blistered part for several -hours after the medicine has been applied.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref97">CHRONIC FOUNDER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—In a majority of cases -the above treatment will be followed by a good -recovery, but an animal once foundered is probably -more likely to suffer from a subsequent attack. If -the lameness does not entirely disappear in a week -or ten days, it is seldom that a complete recovery -takes place. In such cases the animal is likely to -remain unfit for road work and to continue to show -more or less soreness. These are the cases that -are later said to have “chest founder,” or “stove -up in the shoulder,” owing to the fact that the -muscles of the chest waste away from lack of free -use.</p> - -<p>In some cases still more serious results follow -an acute attack of founder. The inflammation may -be so severe that there is separation between the -hoof and structures, the formation of pus, and a -descent of the central organs of the foot, which -causes a bulging of the sole. In such cases, even -though recovery takes place to such an extent that -it is advisable to allow the animal to live, it is not -fit for work, and can only be used for breeding -purposes.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref98">FOWL CHOLERA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref50">Chicken Cholera</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref99">GAPES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A symptom caused by worms in the -windpipe; oftenest seen in young chicks and turkeys. -Birds droop, cough, and lower their wings.<span class="pagenum" id="Page166">[166]</span> -A feather moistened, but not dripping, with kerosene -or oil of turpentine is the commonest remedy. -Cleanliness of food, water and quarters is the great -preventive. Poultry men who keep their chicks -on ground not used for chick raising the previous -year, and who insist on strictest cleanliness, report -highly satisfactory results in avoiding gapes.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref100">GARGET.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A swelling, accompanied by inflammation -of the udder. It may be caused by kicks or -blows, by germs getting into the udder, or as a -result of holding the milk too long. Do not use -the milk when the udder is affected. For garget -rub with hot camphorated oil twice a day. Give as -medicine 8 tablespoonfuls of hyposulphite of soda -each day, either in the feed or in a drench. Keep -up the treatment for two weeks.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref101">GASTRITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A rather uncommon disease in -domestic animals and the result of a disturbance in -the stomach, with inflammation following, caused -by irritating substances, usually of a poisonous -nature. A common symptom is nausea and pain like -colic. Indeed, the ordinary outward signs of colic are -observed. At first the pulse is strong, which weakens, -and runs rapidly, from 80 to 100 beats a minute. -As the disease progresses the pulse becomes irregular -and the animal dull and listless. Treatment -consists of simple agents. If the disturbance is -due to some potassium compound, give oil; if to -ammonia, give vinegar; if from turpentine, give -oil and opium, the opium in teaspoonful doses every -couple hours. After recovery, let only easily -digested food be provided.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref102">GID IN SHEEP.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease of the brain due to -a worm in the brain substance. This worm, known -as the bladder worm, is a form of the tape-worm -of the dog at an early stage of its existence. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page167">[167]</span> -eggs of this worm, on being swallowed, are hatched -in the stomach, from which they enter into the -circulation, finally lodging in the brain and spinal -cord. Those that lodge elsewhere, as in the heart -and lungs, grow for a time and then disappear. -The most conspicuous symptom is the staggering, -stupefied condition of the affected animal.</p> - -<p>In walking, if a single side is affected, a circle is -described. The feet are raised as if the animal did -not see well. In many cases blindness results. -The growth of the worm is somewhat rapid. In -about three weeks after the appearance of the -disease a softened condition of the skull results, -which may be found by pressing the fingers over -it. From this it will be observed that there is practically -no treatment for animals affected. Occasionally -the skin is accidentally broken over the -point where the worm is encysted, out of which it -emerges and the sheep recovers.</p> - -<p>Treatment, therefore, is along the line of this -natural recovery. Find the soft spot by pressing -the fingers over the skull, then introduce the trocar -and canula. Withdraw the trocar, apply a syringe -to the canula, and withdraw the contents of -the cyst within. Of course, inflammation of the -brain may set in and the sheep die from this, or -another worm may be present and grow, thus causing -continued disease. Inasmuch as the bladder -worm of sheep is a stage of the tape-worm of the -dog, it follows that destroying all affected sheep, -so as to prevent the dogs from becoming reinfested -from it, is the only really safe and satisfactory -method of warding off the trouble.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref103">GLANDERS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A contagious disease peculiar to -the horse, ass, and mule, and may be communicated -to human beings, and also sometimes to carnivorous<span class="pagenum" id="Page168">[168]</span> -animals in menageries, by means of infected horse -flesh, and also by means of inoculation to field mice, -guinea pigs, dogs, cats, goats, rabbits, and sheep. -Pigs are not readily susceptible and cattle appear -to be immune. Like all diseases of a contagious or -infectious character, glanders is due to a specific -organism, known as the bacillus malleus.</p> - -<p>The external manifestations of glanders differ -and consequently the disease is spoken of as glanders -or farcy, depending upon the symptoms presented. -The disease is known as glanders when the -horse suffering from it has a discharge from the -nose, ulcers on the septum nasi (the partition dividing -the nasal cavities) and enlarged submaxillary -glands, and is known as farcy when the affected -animal has farcy “buds” or ulcers on the skin, and -corded lymphatic vessels running from one “bud” -to another. In farcy, the corded lymphatics, “buds” -and ulcers on the skin are very apt to be on the -inside of one hind leg or the other, but may appear -on the inside of a fore leg, or on the neck or body.</p> - -<p>Farcy was, in olden times, thought to be a different -disease from glanders, and was believed by many -to be curable, while glanders has always been generally -believed to be incurable, but it is now known -that farcy is simply one manifestation of glanders. -It has been found that a horse with glanders may -give another farcy, and vice versa. Guinea pigs -inoculated with the discharge from a glandered -horse’s nose will develop glanders, and pure cultures -of the glanders bacillus can be obtained from -them, and in a similar way if guinea pigs are inoculated -with the discharge from a sore on a horse -with farcy glanders may be produced in these little -experimental animals, and upon post mortem examination -pure cultures of the glanders bacillus can<span class="pagenum" id="Page169">[169]</span> -be obtained from the lesions of the disease produced -in them. Glanders and farcy may again be -divided into two forms, acute and chronic glanders, -and acute and chronic farcy.</p> - -<p>In the acute form the disease develops rapidly, -the lesions form more speedily and with greater -rapidity than in the chronic form and the animal -loses strength and condition and dies within the -course of a few weeks, sometimes in the course of -a week or two. It is not unusual to meet with an -animal showing symptoms of both glanders and -farcy, especially in the acute form.</p> - -<p>In the chronic form the symptoms are not so well -marked, and a horse may go for months keeping in -fairly good condition and able to do its work, the -disease developing very slowly, and at times showing -a tendency to recover; yet such an animal is a -source of danger to other horses, and also to the -man taking care of him or driving him. A horse -with chronic glanders, or farcy, may give the disease -to another in an acute form, especially if the -other one is more susceptible for some reason, such -as a less strong constitution or being run down by -hard work.</p> - -<p>Post mortem examination of horses with glanders, -or farcy, nearly always reveals the presence -of glanders nodules or tubercles in the lungs, and, -in many instances, there is no doubt but what a -horse may have the tubercles of glanders in his -lungs for some time before showing outward symptoms -of the disease, and in many cases the primary -lesions of the infection occur in the lungs. A horse -with lung glanders may be a source of danger to -other horses and cause disease in them and yet go -unsuspected for some time. A case is said to have -occurred in Boston a number of years ago where a<span class="pagenum" id="Page170">[170]</span> -hack horse lost eight successive mates with glanders; -he was finally killed and his lungs were found -to be full of glanders nodules, and yet he never -showed any external symptoms of glanders. Such -cases could be cited in large numbers if space permitted, -but one example will answer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w440p" id="Fig37"> -<img src="images/illo170.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="476" /> -<p class="caption main">BAD CASE OF GLANDERS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The farcy form is shown here. The animal has not long -to live. Except for experimental purposes, every horse having -glanders should be killed as soon as the disease is discovered.</p> -</div> - -<p>A horse with lung glanders may have a little dry, -spasmodic cough, may look somewhat unthrifty,<span class="pagenum" id="Page171">[171]</span> -and if the temperature were taken it might be -slightly above normal, say, 101 degrees to 101<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>, -the normal temperature being 100 degrees. Yet -such an animal might do its work, last for a long -time and not be suspected as a source of danger -until several cases had occurred in the stable, for -which it was difficult to account.</p> - -<p>While a well-marked case of glanders or of farcy -is not difficult of diagnosis, there are many obscure -cases which escape detection for some time. If a -horse has a well-marked discharge from one or both -nostrils, with characteristic chancres visible upon -the mucous membrane of the septum nasi, and hard -enlarged submaxillary glands in the intermaxillary -space, it is not a difficult matter to diagnose such -a case, and any horseman ought to recognize it. -The same is true of a well-marked case of farcy. -When the lymphatic vessels on the inside of a leg, -especially a hind leg, are swelled and corded, with -a chain of farcy buds along their course, some of -which have gathered and broken, leaving a discharging -open ulcer in the skin, it is quite evident -that the animal is suffering from farcy.</p> - -<p>A peculiarity of glanders seems to be a tendency -for the symptoms to appear on the left side; in -many cases of glanders the discharge and ulceration -is in the left nostril, and the left submaxillary -gland is enlarged; and in a large number of the cases -of farcy met with it is the left hind leg that shows -the lesions of the disease. In obscure cases of -glanders or farcy the diagnosis is not always so -easy, even for experts, and then other methods for -determining the trouble have to be resorted to. -These are the guinea pig test and the mallein test. -The guinea pig test consists of inoculating one or -two of these little animals with the discharge from<span class="pagenum" id="Page172">[172]</span> -a suspected horse’s nose, or from a farcy sore. If -they should develop glanders it would be proof -positive that the suspected horse had this disease; -if they do not develop glanders it is not always positive -proof that the suspected horse is free from -the disease. Sometimes more than one test is -necessary, or another method of diagnosis may have -to be resorted to. This is the mallein test.</p> - -<p>Mallein is a product made from cultures of the -glanders bacillus analogous to tuberculin as made -from cultures of the tubercle bacillus, and is used -for testing horses for glanders much as tuberculin -is used for testing cattle for tuberculosis. A horse -infected with glanders will react to a mallein test -in much the same way as a cow infected with tuberculosis -will react to the tuberculin test. It is not -customary in some states to kill a horse that reacts -to mallein unless it shows some clinical evidence of -disease. All horses that show clinical evidence of -glanders or farcy in some states are killed by the -state authority, and the law requires persons knowing -or suspecting cases of this kind to report in -writing to the chief of the cattle bureau of the -state board of agriculture or to the inspector of -animals in the city or town where the disease is -believed to exist, except in some cities where the -city board of health has full charge of glanders and -farcy. Anyone selling, removing, transporting, or -concealing a horse knowing or having reasonable -cause to believe it has glanders or farcy is in most -states liable to a heavy penalty.</p> - -<p>In stables where glanders exists, in some cases, -all the horses are tested and divided; the reactors -are separated from the non-reactors, and those that -react are tested once a month until they cease to -react, or show physical indications of glanders and<span class="pagenum" id="Page173">[173]</span> -are killed. Used in this way mallein seems to have -a curative effect on incipient cases, and has been -very successfully used in freeing infected stables -from the disease. When a horse is killed because -it has glanders or farcy the stall should be thoroughly -disinfected where it has been kept, as well -as the harness, blankets, currycomb and other -utensils, and anything that cannot be easily disinfected -ought to be destroyed. Public watering -troughs where the horse has been watered should be -emptied and cleaned out, and the blacksmith ought -to disinfect his shop where the horse was shod.</p> - -<p>There are various diseases that may be taken for -glanders or farcy, and there have also been numerous -instances where glanders has been taken for -something else; for instance, chronic nasal catarrh. -What many old-time veterinarians used to call -chronic nasal catarrh or nasal gleet, were, in many -instances, if not in nearly all, cases of chronic -glanders, and when one of these cases of nasal -gleet was rounded up in a locality, glanders disappeared -in that neighborhood.</p> - -<p>A horse with a chronic discharge from the nose -as the result of a decayed tooth may sometimes be -mistaken for a case of glanders, and also a horse -with distemper or strangles; but the latter generally -recovers soon, and in strangles the gland under the -jaw softens and breaks and discharges while in -glanders the gland remains firm and hard and generally -not sensitive to manipulation.</p> - -<p>There is a disease that has been troublesome in -Pennsylvania and parts of Ohio the last two years -called suppurative lymphangitis or epizootic lymphangitis, -which may be mistaken for farcy, but -animals suffering from it do not react to mallein, -and guinea pigs inoculated with the discharges do<span class="pagenum" id="Page174">[174]</span> -not develop glanders. There is not much glanders -in the Eastern states, except in the cities, and the -disease is not of a great deal of interest to farmers, -except to avoid purchasing animals with it at some -of the unreliable sales stables. Where a case occurs -on a farm, except on some market gardener’s -farm near a city, it is found, as a rule, that the horse -was purchased at some unscrupulous dealer’s stable -in the city, and, in some instances, other horses on -the farm are infected, and the farmer not only loses -his new acquisition, but has two or three other -horses killed besides that have become infected.</p> - -<p>Farmers buying new horses at city sales stables -ought to endeavor to deal with only reputable concerns, -and to avoid cheats. It is well to remember -that a person cannot get something for nothing, -and it is not likely that anyone can buy a horse for -$50 to $75 because it is afraid of elevated railroad -trains that would otherwise be worth $300 to $500, -or because a widow lady wants a good home for her -late husband’s old pet. Anyone buying horses -from a fake coal company, or a humbug ice company, -or an unknown express company that is just -going out of business, is liable to invite a serious -disease to his farm.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref104">GRAVEL OR DIRT IN FOOT.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A collection -of pus, or other fluid containing gravel or -dirt. It occurs most frequently in the foot, -and is associated with the horse and mule -almost exclusively. The cause may be from a -bruise, but more frequently it is due to a punctured -wound of the foot by nail, wire, or other -pointed object. Nearly always there will be dirt -carried into the wound with the offending object or -shortly after its removal. This dirt, infected with -germs, sets up an inflammation of the sensitive<span class="pagenum" id="Page175">[175]</span> -structures causing more or less lameness. In many -instances the nail hole becomes closed up and the -collected matter may have to seek an outlet above -the hoof. To determine the trouble a very careful -examination of the hoof should be made, looking -for any opening leading into the foot, often detected -by discoloration of the part, or at an over-sensitive -point in the foot.</p> - -<p>Treatment should consist in making or enlarging -the opening at a dependent part of the hoof, if -possible, so that all secretion formed in the wound -can find a ready escape to the outside. Without -free opening there is danger of tetanus (lockjaw) -developing. The wound should be thoroughly -cleansed, and washed with some mild disinfectant, -after which a small quantity of oil of turpentine -should be injected, and the wound packed with -calomel or iodoform and covered with a pledget -of cotton. If the wound is very deep or extensive -it may be beneficial, after thoroughly cleansing the -foot, to apply a hot bran or flaxseed poultice. Use -poultice for several days and change daily.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref105">GREASE HEEL.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A form of eczema that attacks -the skin of the heel and fetlock. Sometimes -the disease becomes so severe as to crack open, from -which blood oozes out. A crust forms and later -on becomes painful and disagreeable. To remove -the scurvy part that is noticed first, apply a poultice, -made of wheat bran or linseed meal. Change -the poultices two or three times during the day. -After removal each time wash with warm water, in -which has been put some carbolic acid or creolin, and -then apply the poultice again. After the poulticing -is ended apply a salve made of 4 tablespoonfuls of -oxide of zinc and 8 tablespoonfuls of vaseline. If -indigestion seems to be associated in any way, give<span class="pagenum" id="Page176">[176]</span> -the horse a dose of physic, aloes being best for the -purpose.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref106">GRUB IN THE HEAD.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This condition is the -presence of the larva (worm stage) of the sheep bot -fly, located in the frontal sinuses (cavities) of the -head. The trouble is confined to sheep and occasionally -goats. The so-called “grub” of the horse -is found in its stomach, while the “grub” of cattle -is found along its back just underneath the skin. -The adult fly, which lays the living “sheep grub,” -is of a yellowish-gray color, slightly larger than a -house fly. During the warmer part of the summer -days the fly goes about depositing its young in the -nose of the sheep. The young then work their way -upward into cavities of the head between the eyes, -but not into the brain cavity. Here they attach -themselves to the lining, remaining when unmolested -for some ten months, then lose their hold -and are sneezed out to the ground. Burrowing -into the ground they enter the pupa or dormant -stage, when, after a month or six weeks, they -emerge as adult flies to replenish their kind.</p> - -<p>When few grubs are in the head little trouble may -be observed, but if more numerous may cause free -discharge of dirty white or yellowish, thick fluid, loss -of appetite, frequent coughing and sneezing, tossing -of head and weakened gait, and the animal may become -too weak to rise, and finally dies. With a special -instrument (trephine) bore a hole into the cavity -containing grubs and remove them with forceps. -When they are present every year the sheep should -be protected by keeping the nose smeared with -tar during summer months. This can be done by -causing sheep to lick salt from holes in a trough -after placing tar about the holes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page177">[177]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref107">HAIR BALLS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—True hair balls are seldom -found in other animals than cattle, resulting either -from licking themselves or others; but different -kinds of indigestible balls or concretions are frequently -found in cattle and other animals, particularly -the horse, in the stomach or intestines. Dust -balls are occasionally formed when animals are fed -upon mill cleanings. In sections where crimson -clover is fed, and frequently in over-ripe condition -in large quantities, balls are formed of parts of the -indigestible heads. Again, calcareous or mineral -matter may accumulate about an indigestible substance -as a nucleus. These are not well-defined, -in many instances, and the balls are often present -without making it known. So long as they do not -irritate the bowel too much, or do not occlude the -opening from one portion of the bowel to another, -they are likely to escape notice. In case they do -obstruct the bowel they become serious obstacles, -the greater number of these cases terminating in -death. The symptoms then become those of colic -from obstruction. In many cases no relief can be -given, but attempts should be made to cause the -obstruction to pass by giving mild purgatives and -copious enemas.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref108">HEAVES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The term “heaves” is used to describe -that disease of the horse which otherwise is -known as “broken wind,” or technically as “emphysema -of the lungs.” This ailment, which is incurable -when thoroughly established and to which a tendency -is inherited by the offspring of an affected -sire or dam, is characterized by the following symptoms: -Double, bellows-like action of the abdominal -muscles in breathing; short, suppressed cough, -usually accompanied by passage of gas from the -rectum; gluttonous appetite; harsh, staring coat<span class="pagenum" id="Page178">[178]</span> -of hair; pot belly; weakness; lack of endurance, -sweating, panting, or staggering during work; -dilated nostrils; frequent passage of gas and soft, -foul-smelling feces when starting from stable.</p> - -<p>The disease begins with indigestion, affecting in -time the pneumo-gastric nerve of the stomach and -then the branch nerves running to the lungs. At -first the air tubules and vesicles of the lungs become -dilated (aneurism); later they may break -down into large air spaces and the surrounding -lung tissues become involved (interlobular emphysema). -Air then is easily inhaled, but is exhaled -with difficulty and the effort causes cough -and expulsion of gas (flatus).</p> - -<p>The distress may be relieved by treatment, but -perfect recovery is impossible when the lungs have -become badly affected. Treat by substituting wet -oat straw for hay in winter and grass for hay in -summer. Allow double the usual rest period after -a meal. Work when stomach is not distended with -food. Do not feed hay at noon. Use lime water -to wet all food. Once or twice a week give raw -linseed oil in a bran mash to open bowels. Give -half an ounce of Fowler’s solution of arsenic night -and morning. Do not breed from affected horses.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref109">HEAT EXHAUSTION AND SUNSTROKE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The -horse that is stricken with heat exhaustion or -which falls from heat, apoplexy or “sunstroke,” is -sick or out of sorts at the time of attack; otherwise -he would withstand heat and work. The middle -horse of a three-horse team suffers most and is apt -to succumb to the ill-effects of the combined radiation -of heat from his mates and direct rays of the -sun. Attacks are most apt to happen on the third or -fourth day of a spell of intensely hot weather characterized -by mugginess, electrical storms and moisture-saturated<span class="pagenum" id="Page179">[179]</span> -air. At such times the horse that -has indigestion, a heavy, unhealthy coat of hair, a -skin or kidney trouble or any affection of the brain -or heart is the one that must be most carefully -watched and worked.</p> - -<p>With the hope of preventing attacks feed light -rations, no corn, no mashes, no ground feed other -than bran; avoid green grass, unless the horses are -on it all of the time; do not feed hay at noon; allow -cool, pure drinking water often when horses are at -work; keep stables clean, darkened, screened, and -ventilated; shade the polls of the horses’ heads -during work time and in such a way that air passes -freely under the shading device.</p> - -<p>In sunstroke the horse falls and soon succumbs. -In heat exhaustion he lags, stops sweating, pants, -staggers, skin is dry, nostrils dilated, membranes -of eyes and nostrils red. High fever is present. -Treat by keeping cold, wet packs to the poll of -head or letting a stream of cold water run over it. -Shower body with cold water from a sprinkling -can. Stand horse in shady place under a tree -where air passes. Give stimulants freely in water -as a drench every hour at first, then less often as -symptoms abate. A suitable stimulant is whiskey -in half pint doses, or a mixture of one part of -aromatic spirits of ammonia and two parts each of -alcohol and sweet spirits of niter. Dose is two -ounces in half pint water. Do not bleed horse or -give aconite. Give half ounce doses of saltpeter in -water twice daily as horse recovers. Call the -veterinarian in sunstroke cases.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref110">HERNIA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A protrusion of any portion of the -bowels or their coverings through a break in the -walls of the abdomen. A rupture, for that is the -popular term, is most common in horses. Often<span class="pagenum" id="Page180">[180]</span> -at birth they are seen near the navel. These disappear -in a few months without any treatment -being required. In mature horses the usual causes -are blows, kicks or some violent effort that tears -the muscular structure.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig38"> -<img src="images/illo180.png" alt="" width="500" height="392" /> -<p class="caption main">VENTRAL HERNIA</p> -<p class="caption subshort">It may occur in any part of the abdomen and varies in size -with the extent of the rupture.</p> -</div> - -<p>The characteristic symptom is the bulging out of -the gut, tumorlike; and this often can be slipped -back where it belongs. If the rent be not closed, -even if the gut is returned, the least bit of strain -is liable to force it out again. Some kinds of -hernia cause immense pain and the animal shows it.</p> - -<p>In treating, work the gut back to its place. This -done, place a pad—a flat piece of wood or leather -will do—over the wound and fasten in such a way -as to keep it in place. This should be worn for a -month until recovery is complete. Such treatment<span class="pagenum" id="Page181">[181]</span> -will not serve in all cases of hernia. An operation -may be necessary, which should be made only by a -skillful veterinarian.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref111">HIDE-BOUND.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This is not a disease at all, but -an indication of poor health, more particularly of -poor nutrition; usually the result of indigestion, improper -food, worms or want of proper exercise. -The skin is hard, rough, papery, and cannot be -picked up from the body with ease. When the -attempt is made, it suggests that the body is too -large for the skin. Of course treatment is in the -nature of better food, that proper nourishment may -be secured. A good physic will be proper to start -with and then follow with a tonic, easily assimilable -food of a nature that will properly nourish the -body.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref112">HIGH BLOWING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A sound produced in the -act of breathing while the air is being expelled from -the lungs during forced respiration. It is a fluttering -sort of a sound. When horses are trotting or pacing -the sound is essentially a nasal one, and is not -to be regarded as a state of unsoundness. It is -rather a measure of excitability, and associated with -horses of much spirit and good breeding.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref113">HIP JOINT LAMENESS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease of the hip, -caused usually by some injury as from a fall or -kick. A slight swelling is observed just over the -hip, and lameness when the animal walks or trots. -In severe cases, the horse will hop and catch the -lame leg. The best treatment is absolute rest. -Frequent applications of hot water are good. After -each application bathe with a solution made of 4 -ounces of water, 2 ounces of tincture of opium, 2 -ounces of tincture of arnica and an ounce of belladonna. -If the lameness continues, use a blister<span class="pagenum" id="Page182">[182]</span> -made of 2 teaspoonfuls of cantharides and 4 tablespoonfuls -of lard. Allow the blister to remain for -an entire day, then wash off with soap and water -and apply lard or vaseline. Repeat in a couple of -weeks if necessary. If the lameness disappears, -give the horse rest for several weeks.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref114">HIPPED.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A fracture at the point of the hip. The -most common cause is striking the point of the hip -against a door post or pole. Sometimes a kick is -responsible. While recovery follows, as a rule, -from the very nature of the fracture, there is no -treatment that will remedy the broken point. After -the soreness has passed no inconvenience results; -only a blemish is observed.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref115">HOG CHOLERA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The term hog cholera has -become quite ambiguous, partly on account of new -discoveries concerning the cause of the disease and -partly on account of what have been supposed to -be two different but curiously related diseases -being generally included under this general term. -Until within a year or two we have supposed that -there were two infectious diseases of hogs recognized -under the general terms of hog cholera and -swine plague. It now seems probable that we will -be able to do away with the term swine plague -entirely.</p> - -<p>The disease considered here answers to the following -requirements: (a) Infectious by association -or other natural exposure; (b) the animal -before death and the carcass after death show certain -accepted symptoms which are clearly recognized -as pertaining to cholera; (c) the blood is -virulent and capable of reproducing the disease on -inoculation into susceptible hogs; (d) attack and -recovery confer immunity. It is to be understood -that we might easily have diseases among swine<span class="pagenum" id="Page183">[183]</span> -where characteristic “a” or even “b” might be -present and yet the disease be not true hog cholera.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig39"> -<img src="images/illo183.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="281" /> -<p class="caption main">AN ATTACK OF CHOLERA</p> -<p class="caption subshort">One of the familiar attitudes assumed when the hog is -affected with cholera. When this far along, not many cases -of recovery are observed.</p> -</div> - -<p>Until within recent years American authorities, -bacteriologists and veterinarians alike, have very -generally accepted a certain germ, the bacillus of -Salmon and Smith, as the specific cause of hog -cholera and another somewhat similar germ as the -cause of what was supposed to be a distinct but -curiously related disease—swine plague. But -within a few years workers in the Federal bureau -of animal industry have apparently demonstrated -that hog cholera is caused by a living germ so small -that it passes easily through germ filters which remove -all known forms of the bacillus of Salmon -and Smith.</p> - -<p>It may be interesting to note further that this -new germ is so small as to be invisible to the -highest available powers of the best microscope. -That it is a living organism and not a chemical<span class="pagenum" id="Page184">[184]</span> -poison may be very easily demonstrated. The -curious relations to this disease of the old bacilli -of hog cholera and of swine plague are not well -understood, but it seems quite possible that they -may play some part in the later development of -the disease after the disease processes have been -started by the invisible germ. While our old -theories and supposed information concerning the -cause of hog cholera have been very much disturbed -by newer work, it is important to remember -that hog cholera is now just as much as before to -be recognized as a distinctly infectious disease. It -is important to remember also that this infection -is absolutely necessary, or there can be no cholera -no matter how susceptible animals may be. -There can be no cholera without this primary and -specific cause any more than there can be plants -in our wheat fields without the previous presence -of mustard seed. Conditions of soil and climate -may favor a rank growth of mustard. Conditions -of feed and keep may favor the development and -spread of hog cholera. They may decrease resistance -and increase susceptibility, but cannot originally -cause the disease. It is a rather common experience -that hogs kept closely housed and fed, -especially with such foods as corn, offer less resistance -than do other hogs. In our vaccine work we -frequently find hogs of this type which die readily -under inoculation with blood of low grade virulence. -Hogs of hardier type may become slightly sick or -not sick at all with inoculation from the same infectious -material. Pampered show herds appear -especially susceptible to both natural infection and -artificial inoculation.</p> - -<p>The farmer, and for that matter the public in -general, should bear in mind that the cause of hog<span class="pagenum" id="Page185">[185]</span> -cholera is a living organism capable of enormously -rapid self-multiplication—actual, though very minute -particles of matter. This, fully understood, makes it -apparent that infection may be carried in any way -that other fine particles of matter may be carried. -It thus becomes very apparent that the infection -may be carried by sick hogs or upon the legs and -bodies of hogs not sick; it may be carried in wagon -boxes, in hog racks, in stock cars, or upon shoes -and clothing of people. It is very evident that the -infection may be carried down stream, especially -in small creeks, and give rise to other outbreaks.</p> - -<p>So far as the sick hog is concerned, we are quite -sure that the blood and the manure are thoroughly -infectious and there can be no question concerning -the infectiousness of fresh carcasses of dead hogs. -Perhaps we should say first of all that we rarely -get all of the accepted symptoms of hog cholera -plainly shown in one case. It is important to bear -in mind that cases vary in virulence from those of -very chronic type where hogs live for weeks and -finally die or recover, to very acute cases where -they die overnight.</p> - -<p>The hog coming down with cholera is usually -sluggish at first, lying around in the shade and refusing -feed. The hair may become rough. The -eyes early show symptoms of inflammation, with a -sticky discharge. There is usually a suppressed -cough. The gait may become irregular and uncertain, -especially with the hind legs. After these -preliminary symptoms have been shown for a time, -the skin becomes red, changing to purple, especially -noticeable in white-haired hogs. The hog is then -usually within a very few days of death.</p> - -<p>As already explained, not all cases are typical. -Sometimes hogs die in an outbreak of cholera from<span class="pagenum" id="Page186">[186]</span> -undoubted hog cholera, and yet the ante mortem -or post mortem symptoms show very little upon -which to base a diagnosis. But we may easily -demonstrate that these were cases of cholera by -injecting their -blood into susceptible -hogs -and by thus -producing typical -cholera.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w350p" id="Fig40"> -<img src="images/illo186.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="586" /> -<p class="caption main">THE RESULT OF HOG CHOLERA</p> -<p class="caption sublong">A post mortem of a hog dying from -cholera will show ulcers like those pictured -here. Look for them in the large -intestine.</p> -</div> - -<p>At the autopsy -of an ordinary -case of cholera -the first and -perhaps the -most striking -thing seen is the -purpling of the -skin. On opening -the carcass small -blood spots may -be found under -the skin and in -the fat cut -through. The -glands along the -intestines are -intensely inflamed. The -mucous membrane -of the -stomach is frequently thickened and roughened -and in chronic cases there may be ulcers. -On opening the intestines we see areas here and -there of intense inflammation in the acute cases or -numerous ulcers in cases of more chronic type. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page187">[187]</span> -very acute cases we find areas intensely inflamed, -even bloody in places. The slow chronic cases -develop characteristic hog cholera ulcers. These -may appear at almost any point on the lining membrane, -but more particularly in the blind pouch and -around the point where the small intestine connects -with the large intestine. On stripping off a very -thin transparent membrane covering the kidneys, -a typical case of hog cholera will usually show -minute red spots on the surface somewhat resembling -the covering of a turkey egg, which gives the -common name of turkey egg kidney of hog cholera.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref116">Preventing the Disease.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Clearly there are certain -things which the owner of healthy hogs in a -hog cholera district should do and a good many -things which he should not do. The same is equally -true for the man who has sick hogs in a neighborhood -where there are uninfected herds. The owner -of healthy hogs and his family should keep away -from public stock yards, from all pens and yards -on other farms whether sickness among hogs prevails -or not. It may easily occur that a neighbor’s -hogs may appear well but have recently received -the infection and be already capable of scattering -the disease. We do not know at what period in -the development of this disease infected hogs become -capable of disseminating hog cholera.</p> - -<p>During a hog cholera season the owner of healthy -hogs should institute something in the way of private -quarantine and pleasantly, perhaps, but firmly, -ask visitors, especially stock buyers and threshing -machine crews, to keep at a reasonable distance -from the pens and yards. It is safer for one man -to have exclusive care of healthy hogs during the -hog cholera season, and this man should be very -careful where he goes with reference to possible<span class="pagenum" id="Page188">[188]</span> -infection. Special fencing or other provisions -should be made wherever practical to keep dogs out -of the pens and yards, for, under certain conditions, -dogs become very active agents in spreading the -disease.</p> - -<p>The owner of a healthy herd should be very careful -about buying in hogs for feeding or breeding -purposes, and, in the Western states especially, all -public stock yards and stock cars must be regarded -as possible sources of spread. Hogs coming into -the herd for breeding purposes, if by rail, should be -shipped in other than stock cars, and should not be -unloaded so as to go through stock yards. All new -hogs coming on to a farm where the disease has not -appeared, should be kept carefully apart from the -herd for from two to three weeks after arrival. -The disease may thus have time to develop, if the -animals have been infected before shipment or en -route. It is decidedly worth while to be careful -about clean feeding, for it seems probable that this -is a common method by which infection enters the -body. This being the case, troughs and feeding -floors should be frequently disinfected with steam, -boiling water, or a very dilute corrosive sublimate -solution (1:1,000 dissolved in water), with the -troughs subsequently rinsed out with plain water. -Or the troughs and feeding floors may be disinfected -with any of the coal tar disinfectants if they -are used in sufficient strength. These are not -poisonous in any probable quantity which hogs -would get.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref117">A Disastrous Experience.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The farmer should be -especially careful about buying hogs out of stock -yards. Some years ago a certain Minnesota -farmer purchased a lot of feeders from Sioux City -and took them home to his farm. In about two<span class="pagenum" id="Page189">[189]</span> -weeks his hogs commenced dying. A little later -hogs previously on the farm began dying. In a -little while he was losing hogs at the rate of 25 a -day, losing a total of about 200. This loss of 200 -hogs was scarcely a drop in the bucket—too small -for consideration in comparison with the loss which -this outbreak cost the state, for, with some others -coming into the state from Iowa and Nebraska, -this outbreak cost the state, as carefully estimated, -about $1,250,000 during that one year. As soon -as the Minnesota farmer here referred to realized -that he had cholera and was liable to lose a large -portion of his herd, he shipped out a lot of fat hogs -ready for market. These were yarded for a time in -the public stock yards of his town, and one of them -died while waiting for shipment. This hog was -left for a day or so in the yard. Later a carload -of feeding hogs was shipped in from a point in -South Dakota, where they had never had hog -cholera. These South Dakota hogs were unloaded -into the yards where the fat hog had died some -time before, and were sold out from there by -auction.</p> - -<p>It was a very interesting study to follow the -resulting outbreaks; but a very serious matter for -the owner and for that entire portion of the state. -Practically every farmer who bought hogs at this -sale, and very many of those who walked around -the yards looking at the hogs, but without buying, -had hog cholera on their farms in a very uniform -period after the sale. Surely the moral of this tale -is so self-evident as to need no further suggestion.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref118">Cleaning Up.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Troughs and feeding floors, at -least, and, if practicable, the hog house also, should -be kept clean and frequently disinfected during an -outbreak. When the outbreak appears to be over,<span class="pagenum" id="Page190">[190]</span> -the owner must decide as to just what he will do in -the way of disinfection and cleaning up, or whether -he will stay out of the hog business for a year and -allow the infection to die out. This is, of course, -without regard for the possibility of putting in -vaccinated and immune hogs. Feeding troughs and -feeding floors and the hog house in general, may be -disinfected if of reasonably good construction, by a -thorough cleaning and then by one of the methods -suggested under prevention. If the sick hogs have -been kept in an old straw shed or in an old hog -house that is about ready to fall down anyway, by -all means the best method of disinfection is by -burning. Without disinfection or burning the -owner cannot be safe in putting in susceptible hogs -within much less than a year after the last hog died -or recovered. The slow old chronic cases that go -dragging around at the end of an outbreak should -usually be killed and safely buried, for it is rarely -profitable to put such hogs in shape for market. -It might possibly be worth while to hold such a -one over and nurse them along, in case of valuable -brood sows, for hogs having recovered from cholera -are usually immune for life.</p> - -<p>Brood sows which have had the disease and recovered -usually give something more than natural -immunity to their offspring. But the degree of -immunity so conferred is so variable in degree and -uncertain otherwise that it cannot be depended -upon as a routine method of establishing immune -herds. Yards may be practically disinfected by -plowing or by burning off a good layer of straw.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref119">Hog Cholera Vaccination.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Generally stated, this -vaccine consists of two parts: (a) Blood serum -from the body of a specially immunized hog; and -(b) virulent blood serum from the body of a hog<span class="pagenum" id="Page191">[191]</span> -about to die from cholera. The general theory -upon which this double vaccine is used is that of -giving the animal an infectious disease and at the -same time a treatment which enables the animal to -resist the infection. When the hog is through with -it he is in exactly the same condition as though he -had gone through a natural exposure and recovered.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref120">General Method.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—We start this work with certain -hogs that are immune usually because they -have passed through an outbreak. It has been -shown that when such immune hogs are treated -with large injections of virulent blood under the -skin or into a vein, that they do not usually become -sick, but their own blood develops a peculiar property -that gives protection to other hogs that are -naturally susceptible.</p> - -<p>When the blood or rather blood serum from this -specially treated immune hog is injected into the -bodies of healthy susceptible hogs, the latter becomes -likewise immune, but the immunity so gained -lasts only a short time, possibly four to six weeks, -and is then gradually lost. If we give a small injection -of virulent blood at the same time, or soon -after the immunizing serum is given, then the -treated hog becomes immune for a long period, perhaps -for life.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref121">The Serum Hog.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The specially immunized hog -which produces this immunizing serum is known as -a hyperimmune, and to save words will be hereafter -mentioned as such. The simply immune hog may -be prepared for producing serum in either one of -three ways. (1) By three rapidly increasing doses -of virulent blood serum injected under the skin at -intervals of seven to ten days; (2) by one enormously -large injection of virulent serum under the<span class="pagenum" id="Page192">[192]</span> -skin; (3) by injecting virulent blood in smaller -doses directly into the blood circulation.</p> - -<p>In this work an ordinary immune hog weighing -100 pounds is given a quart of very virulent blood, -a teaspoon of which similarly injected would kill -a hog that was not immune. In other words the -immune, and especially the hyperimmune hog, have -developed certain properties in their blood antagonistic -to hog cholera virus.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref122">Vaccination.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—We have two possible methods of -vaccinating or immunizing susceptible hogs (a) -Serum only. This is by the injection under the -skin of serum from the body of a hyperimmune hog -and gives immediate but temporary immunity lasting, -as already stated, several weeks. If this animal, -during the period of immunity, is exposed to -natural infection, he becomes protected for a very -long period, perhaps for life. (b) Simultaneous. -The second method of vaccination consists of injecting -immunizing blood serum into one thigh and -a small amount of disease-producing serum at the -same time, or soon after, into the other thigh, thus -giving the animal the cholera and a cure for it at -the same time. If the immunizing serum is potent -and the virulent serum is really virulent, then the -animal so treated becomes permanently immune.</p> - -<p>The serum-only method is usually preferred in -actual outbreaks and for hogs not yet sick, because -this gives immediate protection, and the hogs, being -naturally exposed, usually develop a permanent immunity. -The simultaneous method of vaccination -is preferred where we are very confident of the -serum’s potency against the virulent blood, and for -hogs that have not yet been infected. It may yet -be found wise to use this method even in outbreaks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page193">[193]</span></p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref123">Vaccination Does Not Spread Cholera.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Every intelligent -stockman who reads this will probably ask -if there is not danger of scattering cholera by this -simultaneous vaccination into districts where it -has not yet appeared. A considerable amount of -direct evidence on this point is better than any -amount of theorizing and personal opinions. This -evidence all agrees that unless the vaccinated hogs -become distinctly sick as a result of the vaccination -(which can occur, and does very often), that -there is practically no danger of disseminating the -disease. This is especially true since all hogs on -the farm are supposed to have been treated and are -immune, and, therefore, incapable of developing -cholera and so spreading the disease. It does occur, -even with good serum, perhaps, that an occasional -hog may become a little sick, and very rarely even -die, as a result of vaccination. But with good serum -given in standard dose and virulent blood also given -in proper dose, the risk of this is so small that it -may be safely disregarded and especially when all -hogs on the farm or that may be exposed with such -sick hogs have been treated.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref124">HOLLOW HORN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A common term to denote a -diseased condition of the blood. The horn is not -hollow and never is. The old quack method of -boring a hole in the horn with a gimlet and squirting -turpentine into the orifice is both cruel and -ridiculous. While in fact the temperature of the -horn is low, it is because of the general poverty -of the blood of the animal. There is no merit in -this kind of treatment. The most common symptoms -are general debility, scanty flesh, scurvy coat -and coarse hair. The appetite is also irregular and -at times greedy. Treatment is in line of better -food and general improvement of the system. If<span class="pagenum" id="Page194">[194]</span> -lice are found on the body, they must be destroyed -by disinfectants and washes. A tonic, consisting -of 2 teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron, 1 teaspoonful -of powdered nux vomica and 4 tablespoonfuls of -ground gentian root given each day in the food -or as a drench, will be very helpful in toning up the -system and in enriching the blood. The most -important factor of the treatment, however, is in -nutritious, wholesome food.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref125">HOOF CRACKS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref191">Sand Cracks</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref126">HORN FLY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A small insect about half as large -as the common house flies, and very much like them -in appearance. Horn flies swarm about the head -and settle near the base of the horn, where they -bite and cause much irritation. They also attack -cattle on the back and sides and flank. The fly -mixtures that are commonly advertised, and applied -by means of a hand-spray, are excellent for -keeping the pests away. A good home mixture to -apply at the base of the horns is made of pine tar, -kerosene, and fish oil. Use this in equal parts, and -apply with a brush.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref127">HOVEN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref20">Bloating in Cattle</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref128">HYDROCEPHALUS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref233">Water in the Brain</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref129">HYDROPHOBIA</h3> - -<p class="noindent">, also called rabies and mad -dog, is an infectious disease caused by some invisible -organism. The disease is transmitted from one -animal to another by the bite of an animal which is -suffering with the disease or by direct inoculation. -It is more common in the dog than any other -animal, from the fact that dogs run at large and -have a tendency to bite other dogs with which -they come in contact while they are suffering with -the disease.</p> - -<p>The dog shows two forms, furious and dumb. In -the furious form the animal at first seeks dark<span class="pagenum" id="Page195">[195]</span> -places, but is usually restless and will move from -one place to another. This condition lasts for a -day or two, after which time he becomes more restless -and may go 30 miles in a day. He will drink -water, eat sticks, stones, and bite other dogs, -horses, and cattle, less often man. This condition -will last from one to four days, and then the dog -becomes partly paralyzed, so that he can no longer -swallow, or his legs may be affected, so that he will -lie in one place, and usually dies after a few days -longer. In the dumb form, the animal seeks dark -places, is rather restless, the throat and lower jaw -become paralyzed, he is unable to swallow or to -close his mouth and, therefore, cannot bite. Sometimes -they will change from one form of symptoms -to the other.</p> - -<p>In the horse the symptoms vary somewhat from -those in the dog. The horse is restless, usually -violent and will kick and bite, oftentimes showing -sexual excitement. He may break his teeth on the -manger and oftentimes bites his own flesh at the -place where he has been bitten by the dog. The -symptoms usually develop in from eight to twenty-eight -days after the animal is bitten, but may not -develop for six months. The disease runs its course -in from two to ten days, with a fatal termination.</p> - -<p>There is no treatment for the disease after the -symptoms have developed. In case man is bitten -he should take the “Pasteur” treatment, which is -a preventive, and it should be taken in a very -short time after being bitten. After the symptoms -begin to show it is too late to take treatment.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref130">HYDROTHORAX.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref234">Water in the Chest</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref131">IMPACTION OF RUMEN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A continued -distention of the rumen caused by large quantities -of undigested material lodging in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page196">[196]</span> -rumen. Inflammation often results, with distress -and pain manifest. If relief is not attained -the walls of the rumen become paralyzed. -Associated with the disturbances the animal -is dull, the left side swollen, the breathing and pulse -increase and the back aches. When lying down, -the left side is always up. In treating, cold water -dashed over the back and loins is recommended. A -strong physic of Epsom salts and ginger will aid -in stimulating the secretions and may bring relief. -If gas accumulates so as to threaten the life of the -animal, the trocar and canula should be used. If -these are not available, use the knife, as described -for hoven or bloat. In some cases the impaction -becomes so pronounced as to resist ordinary treatment, -when extreme measures will be necessary if -the animal is to be saved. Better call your veterinarian -and open the rumen in order to remove the -contents with the hand. The operation is as follows: -At the point midway between the point of -the hip and the last rib, and down about four inches -from the backbone, an opening is made large -enough to admit the hand. After the opening is -made the edges are stitched to prevent any material -from getting between the skin and the rumen wall. -Now remove the greater part of the accumulated -material; this done, the rumen, the muscles and -the skin are each in turn stitched, the wound -dressed and the animal given stimulating medicines. -A splendid tonic consists of 4 tablespoonfuls each -of ginger, tincture of gentian and tincture of iron. -Give this tonic daily and until the animal has fully -recovered.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref132">INDIGESTION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Failure to digest food with -abdominal pains and indisposition resulting. Bad -food and improper management are back of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page197">[197]</span> -trouble in most instances. Mild cases require no -treatment. A light, laxative diet is desirable for stubborn -cases. If possible turn the animals on fresh -grass. Jamaica ginger is generally prescribed for -indigestion. Give 8 tablespoonfuls in a pint of -warm water three times a day as a drench. Follow -this with condition powders, or some good digestive -tonic. After recovery see that the diet is varied -and that laxative and succulent foods are supplied.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref133">INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—As the name indicates, -this is an infectious trouble frequently extending -over considerable areas and occurs among -both horses and cattle. It is very similar in its action -to ordinary pneumonia or inflammation of the -lungs. However, it does not seem to be so acute -in its action. The same treatment is applied to -cases of this kind as to ordinary pneumonia. When -its presence becomes known, it is wise to remove -all healthy animals to some other quarters. This -lessens the danger of infection to healthy animals. -After the disease has run its course, remove all -litter and manure from the stables, thoroughly air -out, admit as much sunlight as possible, and disinfect -all walls and floors. A coat of whitewash on -the ceiling and walls is desirable. The floors -should be literally wet with disinfectant fluid, which -should be admitted to all cracks and open spaces.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref134">INFECTIOUS ANEMIA IN HORSES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See -<a href="#Ref208">Swamp Fever</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref135">INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Sometimes -this disease is called enteritis. It frequently -follows severe cases of colic. It is the result -of inflammation caused by indigestible material -lodging in the stomach and intestines of animals. It -may, however, result from other things that irritate -the bowels. When first noticed, a general depression<span class="pagenum" id="Page198">[198]</span> -prevails, with signs of pain in the bowels; breathing -is quickened and frequently a chill shows itself. -The horse acts very much as if he had a case of -colic. As the disease progresses the pain increases -and the pulse rises. In a few hours the pain becomes -very severe and the animal is in great agony -all over; he breathes heavy, the legs and ears are -cold and clammy and the pulse very high. In -severe cases the pulse reaches to 100 and 105 beats -a minute. The horse now is very ill indeed. He -shows great weakness. It is very unlikely that he -will survive more than a day or two. The disease -usually runs from ten to fifteen hours, and unless -there is a change for the better, death results.</p> - -<p>When far advanced there is little likelihood of -successful treatment. Success lies only in early -work, taking the disease in time. A satisfactory -drench is made of 4 tablespoonfuls of tincture of -laudanum, 10 to 15 drops of tincture of aconite, 1 -tablespoonful of common soda, and 1 tablespoonful -of ginger. These are mixed in a pint of warm water -and given as a drench. Repeat this every hour -until the animal gets relief. A mustard plaster -gives relief when applied to the belly. A physic -is not considered advisable, as it increases the inflammation—just -what is not wanted at all.</p> - -<p>The most rational treatment consists in allaying -the pain. Opium in teaspoonful doses every hour -until the pain is relieved is helpful. Some veterinary -practitioners use 10 grains of morphia and 4 -tablespoonfuls of chloral hydrate in syrup and -water for each dose. This dose is repeated every -two or three hours until the symptoms abate.</p> - -<p>The diet should be carefully watched in diseases -of this kind. Bran mashes made with linseed tea -or slippery elm bark are suitable. Boiled food is<span class="pagenum" id="Page199">[199]</span> -better than uncooked food. Good water frequently -and in small quantities is desirable. Skimmed milk -is excellent and may be fed for a week or two at a -time. This food often effects a cure without any -other aid.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref136">INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This is -a common disease in farm stock. The disease occurs -most frequently in late fall or winter or early spring, -and is due to exposure while the animal is still warm -and hot; bad ventilation influences it. Authorities -now generally believe it to be a germ disease -and infectious. One of the first things noticed is -the shivering of the animal and then a fevered condition; -the animal seems to be hot, then cold; a -peculiar breathing is noticed; the pulse quickens, -ranges from 60 to 70 beats a minute; the eyelids -on the inside take a scarlet hue. The animal does -not eat, stands up much of the time with the head -down and the ears lopped over; a grating sound is -noticed when the ear is placed to the chest. Frequently -distress is experienced in the bowels; constipation -follows and the temperature rises gradually -until it reaches 105 degrees, which is reached -about the sixth or seventh day. If recovery does -not follow the appetite will disappear, the mouth -become cold, the breath heavy and disagreeable -and the pulse feeble, frequently not noticeable at -all.</p> - -<p>After the case assumes a more favorable aspect, -an effort should be made to keep the animal comfortable -and in as good condition as possible. It is -therefore advisable to keep it well blanketed, the -legs bandaged and rubbed. The patient should be -kept also in a warm stall where good air is available. -Good food that is nourishing and easily -digested should be provided. Sweet milk is good,<span class="pagenum" id="Page200">[200]</span> -and raw eggs mixed in the gruel are excellent also. -A compress over the lungs does much good. The -compress should be made out of heavy cloth, frequently -rinsed in cold water and then placed over -the lungs where they are covered with heavy, dry -cloths. On recovery, rub the sides of the chest -so as to thoroughly dry the surface. A mustard -plaster, after the compress has been removed, is -quite generally used. A stimulating medicine may -be given during the early stages. Use a drench, -consisting of 8 tablespoonfuls of whiskey to 4 tablespoonfuls -of sweet spirits of niter. If the animal -is in very great distress, give a drench every two -or three hours consisting of 8 to 10 drops of Fleming’s -tincture of aconite, 2 tablespoonfuls of laudanum -mixed with a pint of cold water.</p> - -<p>After the animal is on the road to recovery, stop -the use of these medicines and give a tonic consisting -of nitrate of potash or saltpeter and ground -gentian root, half and half. Give a teaspoonful -three times a day. While the animal is sick, a little -boiled flaxseed mixed with a soft food will keep the -bowels regular. It is not wise to give purgatives, -hence it is wise to give an injection consisting of -warm soapy water, so as to empty the bowels. From -two to four weeks of rest and care should be -allowed for complete recovery.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref137">INFLUENZA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A specific disease of the horse -affecting the mucous membrane of the air passages. -When the mucous membrane of the eyelids is affected, -pink eye results. Sometimes the mucous -membrane of the intestines is affected, in which -case colic or inflammation of the bowels results. -The common cause is exposure to cold. If no work -be required, plenty of fresh air be supplied, no drafts -admitted and careful nursing otherwise, the disease<span class="pagenum" id="Page201">[201]</span> -will run its course in from two to three weeks and -no medicines will be necessary. In cases where -considerable cough prevails, the custom of putting -a piece of camphor about the size of an egg in a -pail of boiling water and holding the horse’s head -over it from a quarter to a half hour at a time is to -be commended. The bowels should be kept free -and open. Any of the ordinary purgatives will do. -If weakness occurs, give 4 tablespoonfuls each of -tincture of ginger, ground gentian root and sweet -spirits of niter in a half pint of water three times a -day. Two tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potassium -given once or twice each day in the drinking water -is also desirable. As the trouble abates, the medicines -suggested before may be dropped and in -their place a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron and a -tablespoonful of ground gentian root may be given -daily in a bran mash or oatmeal gruel.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref138">INTESTINAL WORMS IN HORSES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Intestinal worms -may be classed as large and small. The large -worms inhabit the small intestines, and the small -ones the large intestines, the larger class of worms -being more readily reached by worm destroyers than -are the smaller ones, as the small intestines begin -at the stomach and as remedies leave the stomach, -the worm soon receives the dose prepared for it, -while if one dose has to pass through about 60 feet -of intestines before reaching the smaller worms in -the larger intestines, much of the worm remedy is -lost by mingling with the food, and diluted by -mixing with the digestive fluids. Thus what is a -remedy for the large species of worms will have -little effect upon the smaller ones.</p> - -<p>As a farmer’s dose for the larger species of -worms, none, perhaps, is better than the following: -Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces; extract or oil of male<span class="pagenum" id="Page202">[202]</span> -fern, one half ounce, mixed with 4 ounces of castor -oil and 8 ounces of pure raw linseed oil, with half a -pint of new milk, and given after the horse has -fasted for about 14 hours. Repeat the dose in a -week; then follow with two worm powders, common -smoking tobacco, eight ounces; powdered -worm seed, 6 ounces; powdered sulphate of iron, -4 ounces; mix with one-half pound each of salt and -granulated sugar. Every morning before the horse -is fed any other food, place a heaping tablespoonful -of the powder in four quarts of wet wheat bran -and allow the horse to eat it; continue for ten days -and the horse will be practically rid of worms of the -larger species. Colts should receive smaller doses -in proportion to age.</p> - -<p>The small worms need the worm powder to be -given in the wheat bran every morning for fully -two weeks. Then follow with an ounce dose of -barbadoes aloes and a tablespoonful of ginger -given by mixing with about 12 ounces of warm -water and a gill of common molasses; wait a week -and repeat the powder treatment and follow with -the aloes. In a case of the very small or rectal -worms (pin worms) always use rectal injections, a -good enema being made by steeping for two hours -one pound of quassia chips in a gallon of soft -water; strain and add two ounces of common hard -soap; use the whole at once, using at about blood -temperature after the soap has dissolved. Repeat -in three days and continue as long as worms are -being brought away by the enemas.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref139">INTESTINAL WORMS IN SHEEP.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See -<a href="#Ref202a">Stomach and Intestinal Worms in Sheep</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref140">ITCH.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref192">Scab in Cattle</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref141">JAUNDICE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Until of recent date the disease in -the human so common at certain seasons of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page203">[203]</span> -year was unknown among animals, or, at least, -if present had never been discovered by the veterinary -profession. But be that as it may, we are now -finding it in plenty among horses of all ages, from -colts up to aged horses; very prevalent among -sheep, and quite frequent among cattle. The early -writers on veterinary science usually attributed the -cause to gall stones. But that theory can hardly be -tenable in this country, where we find it essentially -more prevalent on low, marshy soils or on the hill -lands that have been long unplowed, where animals -are pastured, or hays are cut. The general symptoms -of it are a general dullness, hanging of the -head as though it ached, or pressing the head, if the -animal be a bovine or sheep, against the barn or -stall. The tongue will be found dry or covered -with a thick, sticky slime. The membranes of the -eyeball of a yellowish cast. In horses the tongue -will usually have a black coating. The appetite -in all animals is capricious. They will eat well one -day and scarcely touch food the next. As a rule, -they will manifest great thirst, yet will drink but -little. There are exceptions to this, however. The -voidings are not uniform. Sometime the urine is -quite high colored; at other times not. But, as a -rule, it is scanty. The feces are sometimes quite -hard and covered with a shiny slime. At other -times there will be extreme looseness of the evacuations. -These last symptoms are to be well considered -in using a treatment when the voidings are -hard and slimy. In case it is a horse that is ailing, -a physic of aloes should be given, one ounce being -the dose for a thousand pounds of horse, and two -teaspoonfuls of podophylin. Give this dissolved in -water and pour down as a drench, and follow with a -bitter tonic for from two to four weeks, or until the<span class="pagenum" id="Page204">[204]</span> -voidings are normal and all scurf is removed from -the tongue. As a tonic for this none is better than -a mixture of powdered gentian root, six ounces, -powdered golden seal 2 ounces, powdered sulphate -of iron 4 ounces, well mixed in 1 pound of common -salt. Give in the feed a tablespoonful in ground -oats three times a day, until improvement takes -place. Then drop to twice a day and later once a -day. In case of the bowels being very loose always -give a pint dose of a mixture of castor oil 4 ounces, -pure raw linseed oil 12 ounces. Then follow with -the tonic powder named. The symptoms in cattle -are quite similar to those of the horse, except the -bovine’s eyes usually discharge some, yet not profusely, -and there are frequently puffy swellings beneath -their lower jaws. In case their bowels are -abnormally loose, give the oil as for the horse. If -constipated give from one to two pounds of -Epsom salts at one dose as the physic, with the -podophylin added as for the horse, and follow with -the same tonic powder. In the case of sheep, which -are by nature constipated animals, nothing equals -a ten-grain dose of calomel, followed the next day -with a four or six-ounce dose of Epsom salts (sulphate -of magnesia), and as sheep are reluctant to -eat any tonics in their feed, we are compelled to -pour their medicine down them. Mix together 4 -ounces each of the tincture of gentian, golden seal, -ginger and iron, and give a tablespoonful twice a -day in a half pint of water. But always give the -calomel, as it will clean out the liver of a sheep as -no other known agent will. The symptoms are -much the same as in cattle. Begin treatment early -or success will not follow.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref142">KIDNEY WORMS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The hog is mostly affected -with these worms, although they have been found<span class="pagenum" id="Page205">[205]</span> -in the dog also. Death does not, as a rule, follow -the infestation unless in an aggravated form. -Obviously there is no remedy.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig41"> -<img src="images/illo205.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="300" /> -<p class="caption main">KIDNEY WORMS IN THE HOG</p> -<p class="caption subshort">While worms are occasionally found in the kidneys, they do -not frequently cause disease or death.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref143">KNEE SPRUNG.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A condition in which the -knees bend forward as the result of contraction of -tendons located along the back of the leg. In -aggravated cases the tendons should be cut. If -this is to be done only a skilled surgeon should be -allowed to perform the operation.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref144">LAMINITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref94">Founder</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref145">LICE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Farm animals, especially those housed in -stables more or less infested with insects and -vermin, are commonly troubled with lice. Animals -in good health resist the insects, but those already -in a non-thrifty condition do not fare so well. Lice -cause a good deal of annoyance to farm stock, inasmuch -as they bite the skin, suck out blood, and -thus cause considerable irritation. Lice can be seen<span class="pagenum" id="Page206">[206]</span> -with the naked eye. Infestation, as a rule, takes -place in filthy quarters, and the best means of disinfecting -such places is by the use of a spray of -kerosene. One of the best means of applying this -to hogs consists in rubbing posts, which are constantly -smeared with kerosene. In this way the -hogs are induced to treat themselves. Infected -hogs may also be treated by pouring the kerosene -directly over the infested parts, like the neck, -shoulder and back. Dipping tanks made of cement -or wood are frequently located in the run-yards, in -which is placed some disinfectant fluid. Hogs use -these small tanks as wallows, and in this way they -disinfect themselves.</p> - -<p>For horses and cattle a good remedy is made as -follows: Boil for an hour 8 tablespoonfuls of -arsenic, 8 tablespoonfuls of soda ash and 16 tablespoonfuls -of soft soap in two gallons of water. -After being prepared by boiling, add enough -water to make two gallons. When cool, wet the -animal all over with a little of it, using a brush -or currycomb to get it into the skin. Another -good remedy is made of boiling stavesacre -seeds, 1 part to 20 parts of water, for an hour -and let it simmer for another hour; then add -water to make it up to the original bulk. This -applied to the affected parts brings quick relief. It -is advisable to repeat the application in a week or -ten days, so as to catch any new lice from any eggs -that were not caught by the first application. A -very common treatment is secured by mixing a pint -of linseed oil, 8 tablespoonfuls of oil of tar, and 8 -tablespoonfuls of sulphur. This is then rubbed on -the affected parts once a day for two days and -allowed to remain for a few days, after which it is -washed off with soap and water. In serious cases,<span class="pagenum" id="Page207">[207]</span> -the application should be repeated within a week -or so.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref146">LIVER FLUKES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—These are parasites usually -found in the liver or its ducts. At times they are -present in great numbers, giving rise to a serious -disease called liver rot. When the fertilized eggs are -discharged in the excrement of diseased animals and -fall in fresh water they hatch out and are taken into -the body by sheep and cattle, either -in the food or drink. In a short time -thereafter they have entrenched -themselves in the liver of cattle or -sheep.</p> - -<div class="figleft w150p" id="Fig42"> -<img src="images/illo207.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="356" /> -<p class="caption main">LIVER FLUKE</p> -</div> - -<p>A few liver flukes in an animal -causes little trouble, as the injury is -largely mechanical anyway. No -peculiar symptoms are conspicuous -when only a few flukes are present. -The greatest damage is done when -hundreds of flukes develop in a single -individual. In these cases the -flow of the bike is checked. As result -the health becomes impaired and -the usual penalties of malnutrition follow. Swelling -of the jaws and diarrhœa are often noticed in -connection with the disease.</p> - -<p>When the host is badly infected with the flukes -and in a badly run-down condition the trouble is always -serious, and medicinal treatment is of little -real value. Tonics and good food may be given to -help along—but death usually follows. Salt is -helpful as the flukes are sensitive to it. If an -animal that has succumbed to the disease be examined, -the liver will be observed to be fairly rotten -as a result of the inroads of the parasites.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page208">[208]</span></p> - -<p>Treatment is in line of prevention only. Clean, -pure fresh water, free of the eggs or the parasites, -is necessary if the trouble is to be eradicated. The -old ponds, ordinarily filled with stagnant water, -should be drained. They harbor many bad parasites, -and their harm is far beyond their value. -When water for sheep and cattle is taken from pure -streams or wells the trouble from liver flukes and -other parasites is reduced to a minimum.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref147">LOCKJAW.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This disease, very frequently called -tetanus, is an infectious disease in which the body -muscles are spasmodically contracted or stiffened. -The muscles that move the jaw are frequently affected -and the animal is unable to open the mouth. -Because of this condition the disease is commonly -known as lockjaw.</p> - -<p>The spread of the disease does not occur through -healthy animals coming in contact with animals -having tetanus, but by inoculation. The germ of -tetanus is present in the soil, manure and dust. -It enters the body by way of wounds, especially -punctured and bruised wounds. The injury may -result from stepping on a nail, and the germs are -planted in the deeper structures of the foot. Such -a wound usually has poor drainage, the horn of the -hoof closing the mouth or opening. Here the germs -grow and produce a poisonous toxin that is said -to be the most powerful produced by any bacteria. -This toxin acts on the nerve centers of the brain -and spinal cord, causing extensive spasmodic contraction -of the body muscles.</p> - -<p>Tetanus sometimes occurs in the absence of any -noticeable wound. It may be in such cases that -the seat of the infection is a slight abrasion of the -skin, or the lining membranes of the respiratory -and digestive tracts. The tetanus bacillus is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page209">[209]</span> -slender, spore-producing bacterium. The spore is -located at one end of the rod in the form of a round -head, that gives the organism a pin shape, hence -the name of pin bacillus. It is very resistant to -outside conditions and the action of the chemical -disinfectants. It is because of its ability to resist -the action of disinfectants and the fact that it -develops best when protected or covered by the -tissues and wound secretions, that this disease so -often follows ordinary wound treatment.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig43"> -<img src="images/illo209.png" alt="" width="500" height="344" /> -<p class="caption main">LOCKJAW</p> -<p class="caption subshort">Note the rigid, tense position of the muscles.</p> -</div> - -<p>From a few days to several weeks may lapse -from the time of infection with the germs until the -development of the stiffness and spasms. Sometimes -the wound by which the organism has entered -the tissues has healed before the symptoms of -tetanus are manifested. In case the symptoms develop -a few days after the inoculation the disease<span class="pagenum" id="Page210">[210]</span> -is severe or acute in form, and less violent or subacute -if the symptoms are manifested after the -second week. The above statement does not hold -true in all cases, but it may be considered true in -a general way.</p> - -<p>Of the domestic animals the horse is the most -commonly affected. The symptoms shown by this -animal are very characteristic. Any person that -has had the opportunity to see and examine a horse -suffering from tetanus should have no trouble in -recognizing the disease in other animals.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref148">The Characteristic Symptom</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> is the spasmodic -contraction of the muscles. This may vary in the -different individuals, depending on the susceptibility -of the animal and the quantity of poisonous -toxin present in the system. There is at first a -slight stiffness of the muscles of the back, neck, -head, and limbs, and the animal is more nervous -than common. A noise in the stable or a slap with -the hand may increase the stiffness and contractions -temporarily. The contracted condition of the -muscles of the eye, are, perhaps, the most noticeable -early in the disease. These muscles pull the -eyeball backwards, the fatty cushion is pressed on -and the third eyelid protrudes, covering at times -from one-third to two-thirds of the front part of -the eye. In the severe form of the disease the -muscles feel hard, especially those of the back and -neck, and the animal moves with difficulty. In -addition to the muscular symptoms, the respiration -and pulse beats are quickened and the body temperature -higher than normal. The evidence of suffering -from the contracted condition of the muscles -is very marked, and, unless supported in some way, -the animal may fall to the floor. If the symptoms -develop a few days after infection, the animal<span class="pagenum" id="Page211">[211]</span> -usually dies. The acute form is very fatal, but in -the mild or subacute form the chance for making a -recovery is good.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref149">Tetanus Is a Preventable Disease.</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> It may be -largely prevented by the careful disinfection of -wounds, and the use of anti-tetanic serum. In most -localities the proper treatment of the wound is a -sufficient preventive measure, but in localities and -stables where the disease is common the anti-tetanic -serum should be used. Ordinary cleansing of a -wound, as practiced by most stockmen, is not sufficient -to destroy the bacillus of tetanus. The -wound must be carefully cleaned, disinfected and -prepared for healing. This should be kept in mind -when treating a wound, and instead of using an -agent that we know little about, we should secure -reliable information regarding the different commercial -disinfectants and methods of caring for wounds. -That class known as tar disinfectants is most commonly -used. The better grade belonging to this -class should be used.</p> - -<p>If anti-tetanic serum is used, it should be injected -as soon after the injury has occurred as possible. -The injection is made hypodermically, usually beneath -the skin on the side of the neck. Large doses -of anti-tetanic serum given after the symptoms have -developed may assist recovery. However, in the -severe form of the disease this treatment is uncertain.</p> - -<p>When the animal comes down with the disease, -it should be made as comfortable as possible. The -quarters should be roomy, quiet, clean, and well -ventilated. It is advisable to support the horse with -a sling unless the animal is worried or made nervous -by it. This prevents his becoming tired and -falling down. We should give the animal the best<span class="pagenum" id="Page212">[212]</span> -of care in the way of regulating the diet, etc., but -should avoid annoying it by our attention. Medicinal -treatment is of little benefit and should be -given a secondary place. In fact, dosing the animal -with medicine, especially if large doses are given, -may do more harm than good in the treatment of -this disease.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref150">LOCO DISEASE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The word loco is a Spanish -word, and means crazy. Loco disease is a disease -of the brain and nervous system, especially of horses -and cattle, but may also affect other animals. It -results from eating any one of a number of poisonous -plants called loco which grow upon the dry, -sandy prairies of some parts of the Western United -States.</p> - -<p>In winter and early spring, when there is little -or no grass, some animals acquire an appetite for -this plant, and soon refuse all other kinds of food. -When addicted to the weed an animal loses flesh -rapidly, the eyesight becomes affected—often it has -no knowledge of distance—and frequently when -made to step over a board or rail will jump over it -as though it were several feet high. Later, in the -course of the disease, the brain becomes more -affected and the animal acts more or less crazy, at -times quite violent, at others depressed and dull.</p> - -<p>Should the animal live through the first attack -it may linger for months or even years, but it -usually dies as a result of the attack. Frequently -some peculiar “foolish” habit follows the animals -through life. Some have a nervous fit when excited -or warmed up, others will not lead and some you -cannot drive at all. There is no cure for the -trouble. All that can be done is to prevent the -habit from being formed or by removing the animal<span class="pagenum" id="Page213">[213]</span> -from temptation and furnishing wholesome, nutritious -food.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref151">LUMPY JAW.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref3">Actinomycosis</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref152">LUNGS, CONGESTION OF.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A filling of the -lungs with blood. This is very common with -horses in winter and is most frequently due to a -chill. Animals that have been put to heavy work, -or are in a weakened condition, are frequently susceptible -if left standing in a draft while still warm. -Sluggishness is noticed, first followed by trembling -at the flank, heavy breathing; the pulse will be -noted as quick, but weak; a gurgling sound will -be noted if the ear is placed against the chest. The -best treatment is such as gives quick relief. If at -work, place the horse at rest at once in the stable -and cover with blanket. Have plenty of fresh air -admitted, but do not allow a draft to blow over the -patient. Assist circulation as much as possible by -rubbing of the legs and apply cold pad to the chest. -A mustard plaster applied over the chest is very -good. A good drench consists of alcohol in 2 -ounce doses, well diluted in water; at the same -time another drench consisting of 4 tablespoonfuls -of sweet spirits of niter and 2 tablespoonfuls of -laudanum, mixed with a pint of water, is also very -good. If the conditions indicate that the lungs -are full of blood, add 10 drops of Fleming’s tincture -of aconite to the drench. The drenches may be -given two or three hours apart until relief comes, -at which time quiet is advised, although a little -gentle walking for exercise is advisable.</p> - -<p>From this time on treat the animal as a patient, -giving easily digested foods. A tonic consisting of -ground gentian root and nitrate of potash, half and -half, is excellent. Give a teaspoonful of this in the -feed three times a day.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page214">[214]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref153">LUNG FEVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref136">Inflammation of the -Lungs</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref154">LUNG WORMS IN LAMBS AND CALVES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—It -has been proven in years gone by that the common -spirits of turpentine, when mixed with salt in -proportions of a gill of turpentine to four quarts of -common fine salt and placed in a covered box so -constructed that sheep and calves can get their -head in and eat the salt (yet the salt be protected -from the weather), will practically prevent an infection. -Some have advised the mixing of a half -pint of sublimed sulphur with the salt and turpentine. -There can be no objection to the sulphur -when added in the proportions named. This -remedy is not a cure but a preventive. In fact -there is no cure, as these worms are in the bronchial -tubes and lungs, where no worm destroyer can -reach them directly. But when the lamb or calf -daily partakes of even a few drops of turpentine, -the whole system becomes, to an extent, infected -with the turpentine, and as the young worms come -into existence, their home in the lungs becomes a -very unhealthy home for them and they fail to -mature. In some cases mature worms have been -removed by injecting a mixture of turpentine, -chloroform and olive oil into the windpipe, using -about a teaspoonful of this mixture. Its effect is to -stupefy the worms that it touches, and they may -be coughed out by the suffering lamb or calf. The -fumes of burning sulphur has also been advised -by some veterinarians. But both remedies are as -liable to kill as cure, and are by no means always -successful. The farmer’s business should be to -prevent, not cure, diseases of this class; therefore -prepare the salt box.</p> - -<div class="figright w250p" id="Fig44"> -<img src="images/illo215.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="438" /> -<p class="caption main">LYMPHANGITIS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">This kind of inflammation is usually seen in the hind -legs. It is most frequent in heavy draft horses, or in coarse -plethoric individuals. It occurs most frequently after a short -period of idleness.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref155">LYMPHANGITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammation of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page215">[215]</span> -lymphatics, usually of the hind legs. Hence -the name “big legs.” It is the result of -too rich feeding, and too little work in many<span class="pagenum" id="Page216">[216]</span> -cases on the one hand, or of overwork and -insufficient food on the other. Lymphangitis often -follows other diseases like distemper, influenza, or -pneumonia, in which cases the system is weakened -and the lymphatics in abnormal condition. It shows -itself after a short period of idleness and rest. It -usually begins with a chill and a rise of temperature, -which may be as much as 105 degrees, depending -on the intensity of the attack. One or -both hind legs may show swelling and be so stiff -and sore after standing during the night as to be -moved only with difficulty when the horse is taken -out of the stable in the morning. The horse in -moving seems able to bear little or no weight on -the affected leg. At the same time, the pulse is -full and throbby, respiration is fast, the bowels are -constipated and the appetite is lost.</p> - -<p>In some cases the legs swell to an enormous size. -If the inflammation is not relieved in a few days, -the glands get badly diseased and blood poison may -result. The disease, however, if taken in time, is -easily treated. If it is caused by overfeeding, change -this; give more exercise. When the disease is first -noticed, give the horse 4 tablespoonfuls of aloes, 4 -tablespoonfuls of carbonate of soda and 4 tablespoonfuls -of ginger. These should be dissolved in -a half pint of boiling water, then mixed with a half -pint of cold water, and then given as a drench. If -the pulse is fast, it may be made easier and slower -by giving 20 to 30 drops of tincture of aconite, -every couple of hours. A couple of tablespoonfuls -of nitrate of potash in the drinking water three -times a day will increase the urine. This is desirable -to do in this disease. The leg should be -bathed for at least a half an hour and then dried -and a wash consisting of 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate<span class="pagenum" id="Page217">[217]</span> -of lead, 8 tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium, and -a quart of water should be applied to the legs. This -should be rubbed in well with the hand every hour. -In from 20 to 30 hours, a great change for the better -will be noticed the inflammation will have been -reduced; the pain will have disappeared and the -bowels will be loose and active.</p> - -<p>From now on give general exercise at frequent -periods, during the day. In cases caused by overwork -or too little food or those following debilitating -diseases, like influenza or distemper, the treatment -should be more stimulating; therefore, nutritive -foods and tonics are best. Good hay and oats -and other feed of a laxative nature should be furnished.</p> - -<p>A preparation, consisting of 4 tablespoonfuls, -each, of tincture chloride of iron, tincture of gentian, -and ginger in a pint of water three times a day -will be found both stimulating and nourishing. If -the disease has progressed so far that the legs -break and show that matter is formed, wash them -with warm water and follow with acetate of lead, -sulphate of iron and carbolic acid. Use 2 tablespoonfuls -of each in a quart of water and apply -twice each day. If the swelling hangs on use -Fowler’s solution of arsenic, 4 tablespoonfuls to a -dose in a bran mash once a day. Continue this for -four or five weeks. A salve made of 2 teaspoonfuls -of iodide and 8 tablespoonfuls of vaseline should -also be rubbed on the leg twice a week.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref156">MAD DOG.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref129">Hydrophobia</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref157">MAGGOTS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The grubs of the ordinary flesh-flies -so common about stables and houses. The -adult fly deposits the minute larvæ in fresh meat, -in wounds, and frequently in dirty wool. These -become the maggots so well known about the farm.<span class="pagenum" id="Page218">[218]</span> -The distress caused by these when present in a -wound is considerable, and they endanger life.</p> - -<p>The best treatment is in line of cleanliness. Keep -old wounds clean by means of antiseptic washes -and tag the sheep that no filth and dirt may accumulate. -If for any reason maggots are found, -open the infected part and remove, if possible, both -the maggots and sloughed tissue. Old sores or -wounds, if they will not lend themselves to complete -removal of the maggots, should be treated -with a solution of carbolic acid and water. On -some, turpentine can be used. Chloroform may be -sprayed on, or injected into the wound with almost -instant results. After the maggots are destroyed -follow up the treatment with a good disinfectant -until the wound has healed.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref158">MALLENDERS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An eruption of the skin above -the feet in horses. The disease at first is very much -like eczema. In time the watery fluid dries up and -the sore parts become covered with hard crusts -and scabs. The sore spots should be washed with -some good disinfectant and repeated frequently -enough to destroy the infection. A moderate purge -is advisable. See that only wholesome food is provided.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref159">MAMMITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Inflammation of the mammary -gland or udder. The disease is frequently called -caked bag and garget. In the last named, the milk -secretion is altered and appears as a thick or a -stringy fluid. Heavy milkers are most commonly -affected. The udder becomes swollen, hot and -somewhat tender just before calving. The swelling -may extend forward along the belly. It often gets -so severe as to require treatment. It is in this -sense physiological. In a few days after calving, -as a rule, the swelling disappears and the normal<span class="pagenum" id="Page219">[219]</span> -condition is regained more quickly if the calf is -allowed to suck the cow. In the first stages bloody -milk is secreted and often pus is formed in one -quarter or more of the udder. The udder should -be carefully milked, cleaned, and, if the milk ducts -are closed, it may be necessary to use a milk tube. -This should be used cautiously so as not to injure -the tissue of the udder and should be perfectly -clean before inserting, otherwise serious inflammation -may result. In bathing, use hot water for -15 to 20 minutes at a time, after which rub dry and -apply an ointment made by dissolving 3 tablespoonfuls -of gum camphor and 4 tablespoonfuls of fluid -extract of belladonna to a pint of clean, fresh lard. -This ointment should be applied three times a day.</p> - -<p>A more serious form of the disease is known as -contagious mammitis, and is due to invasion of the -gland by bacteria. In cases of this kind the inflammation -is more extensive and the disorder calls -for more careful treatment. Since the milk contains -bad bacteria, it is necessary to destroy them -so as to prevent spreading of the disease. The -milker should have clean hands and should wash -them in a disinfecting solution before milking another -cow. The milk tube may be necessary in -withdrawing the milk. After the milk has been -removed from the udder, inject a solution of peroxide -of hydrogen or dioxygen or a solution of -carbolic acid, 1 part to 50 parts of boiled water. -After the solution has acted for a few minutes, it -should be milked out. The external treatment for -contagious mammitis should be similar to that of -ordinary mammitis.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref160">MANGE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref192">Scab in Cattle</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref161">MILK FEVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—It is a remarkable fact that this -disease occurs most commonly in cows which<span class="pagenum" id="Page220">[220]</span> -calved easily. This is explained by the fact that in -such cases the os uteri remains relaxed for a greater -length of time than it does in cases of difficult parturition. -Milk fever generally occurs in cows -which are heavy milkers, and great eaters. Keeping -the animals in permanent stables, and feeding -large quantities of rich food while they are giving -no milk are predisposing causes.</p> - -<p>The disease makes its appearance usually in from -24 to 48 hours after parturition. It seldom occurs -after the third day, and some authors state that it -has never been recognized before the starting of the -milk secretion. The most salient symptoms to the -average layman would, perhaps, be the anxious expression -of the animal, bellowing and mounting into -the manger. Later they become very weak, stagger -and fall, and are unable to rise. The members -are usually extended in a rigid position. A rattling -or whistling noise is heard in case the larynx is -paralyzed. The feet, ears and horns feel cold to the -touch. When a case is going to recover we see -improvement as early as the second or third day. -Recovery is usually complete at the end of from -two to five days.</p> - -<p>Milk fever is one of the cases where the old -maxim, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound -of cure, is doubly applicable. If proper precautions -were taken a large number of cases could be prevented. -Give the pregnant animals daily exercise, -and decrease their allowance of food.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref162">Treatment Very Simple.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Make the cow comfortable. -Now give her a small dose of Epsom salts -from one-half to one pound, depending on her size. -This should be given as a drench. Animals afflicted -with this ailment swallow with difficulty. Use -care that the drench does not get into the lungs.<span class="pagenum" id="Page221">[221]</span> -Perhaps the most satisfactory medical treatment is -to use what is known as the Schmidt treatment. -This is nothing more than injecting into the udder -a solution made by dissolving in one quart of clean -boiled water 3 teaspoonfuls of iodide of potash, -after stripping all milk from the udder. A very -satisfactory way is to get a rubber tube, attach it -to a common milking tube which is placed into the -teats in turn and pour the solution into the tube -by means of a funnel. By massaging the udder -the solution can be worked into each quarter in a -short time without difficulty.</p> - -<p>In case iodide of potash is not available, inject -air into the udder after drawing out the milk. I -have known of many cases where air has been forced -into the udder by means of a bicycle pump, and the -animal recovered in a very short time. If the disease -does not respond to the treatment with readiness, -repeat in a few hours, say, anywhere from -five to ten hours after. Cold water or ice on the -head is advisable. The use of stimulants is also -recommended. Whiskey can be given in doses of -10 to 15 tablespoonfuls and jamaica ginger 6 to 8 -tablespoonfuls. Milk the cow frequently and massage -the udder, bathing in hot water.</p> - -<p>After the cow is on the way to recovery, withhold -milk-stimulating foods for a few days and give -some tonic like gentian and nux vomica, half and -half, 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls two or three times a day.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref163">MONDAY MORNING SICKNESS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref8a">Azoturia</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref164">NASAL GLEET.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—When a cold or simple -catarrh is neglected it may run into a chronic condition -giving rise to nasal gleet. A thin, bluish discharge -comes from the nose; and the membranes -of the nostrils, instead of being moist and pink in<span class="pagenum" id="Page222">[222]</span> -color, take on a leaden hue. The coat at the same -time shows unthriftiness. In such cases the face -and head may swell because the accumulated materials -fail to pass out. When these bunches are -tapped with the fingers, a dull sound is heard. -Treatment consists of isolating the animals and giving -them good care, nutritious food and well-ventilated -quarters. A bucket, filled with boiling -water, in which a half cup of turpentine is placed, -and held under the nose to steam the nostrils and -face, is excellent. Any sort of blanketing that will -hold the steam about the head is very good to -have at hand at the time. For internal treatment -give a teaspoonful of sulphate of copper three times -daily in a small bran mash; following this drop the -copper sulphate and give 2 tablespoonfuls of -Fowler’s solution of arnica twice a day in the mash. -Should the bulges on the face become large, it will -be necessary to open them. Often a part of the -bone requires sawing out to get effective results. -In these severe cases it is best to have your veterinarian -make the operation.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref165">NAVICULAR DISEASE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease of the -navicular bone and the structures surrounding it. -It is called “coffin joint lameness.” This bone is -situated at the back and inferior part of the coffin -joint, and acts as a pulley over which the flexor -tendon of the foot passes. Horses with upright -pasterns are most liable to it, as more weight is -thrown on this joint. Those shod with calkins on -their shoes, which prevent the frog from coming -in contact with the ground, therefore causing a -shock to this joint, are also very liable to it. Some -horses have hereditary tendency to this disease. -Nails penetrating too deep through the sole, or -anything that will cause inflammation of this joint,<span class="pagenum" id="Page223">[223]</span> -is likely to produce navicular disease. The most -prolific cause is bad shoeing. By degrees the inflammation -in a chronic form extends to other -parts, causing a shrinking of the soft parts, resulting -in contraction of the foot.</p> - -<p>The lameness may appear suddenly and perhaps -immediately after the horse has been shod, and is -then usually thought to be the fault of nailing on -the shoe. It is likely in this case that the smith -has pared the sole and frog too thin, and that the -part has suffered from a bruise by the horse stepping -on something hard. After a rest it may disappear, -to return after the next drive. Sometimes -the disease is of very slow progress in one or both -fore feet. The first thing that is noticed is that the -animal points its toe, and if both are affected, first -one, then the other. The animal may not be lame, -but it does not step out so well as it used to, and -by degrees the part gets more tender, until the -animal begins to go lame, and the lameness gradually -gets worse. There is a form of this lameness -where the animal shows stiffness and lameness -when first taken out of the stable, but, after being -driven for a short distance, it passes off, and after -it stands for awhile it will start off lame again. If -this disease lasts for some time the muscles of the -chest and shoulders seem stiff and may shrink. This -has been called “chest founder” by horsemen. -This is brought about by the soreness of the feet. -The horse is afraid to step out, giving it the appearance -of being stiff; the muscles of the chest -and shoulders will shrink from want of proper -action, caused by the feet being sore. If there is -heat and tenderness in the hollow of the heel or a -redness of the sole, and an absence of any other -disease of the foot or leg, we may consider with<span class="pagenum" id="Page224">[224]</span> -almost a certainty that it is a case of navicular or -coffin joint lameness. The result is contraction of -the foot.</p> - -<p>Take off the shoes, so that the frog will rest on -the ground, then poultice the feet with bran, made -up with cold water if it is a recent case, but if it is -of some months’ standing hot water is better than -cold; put the poultices into bags made a little -larger than the foot; put about two inches deep of -the bran mash into the bag, then put the foot in -and fill in all around as high as the fetlock, and tie -the bag above the fetlock and around the ankle to -keep it well on the foot. Wet this several times a -day and change it once daily. Continue this for -two weeks, and see that it is properly done; if not, -it will be of no service. Then blister the coronet -with cantharides 2 teaspoonfuls and lard 4 tablespoonfuls. -Repeat in three weeks, and give the -animal a long rest.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref166">NITS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref26">Bot Flies</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref167">NODULAR DISEASE IN SHEEP.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Nodules -resembling those of tuberculosis found in the intestines -of sheep, are due to the presence of parasitic -worms. Profuse diarrhœa and a pronounced -anemic condition prevail. A post mortem examination -of the intestines discloses the presence of -numerous nodules in the intestinal walls. If the -worm is present, no treatment is possible, for the -reason that any medicine that would affect the -worm would also affect the tissues and lead to -their destruction. Prevention, therefore, is the -only means of overcoming the disease. Sheep must -be kept off infested pastures, and infested pastures -must be plowed and given over to cultivated crops. -Give lambs only clean pastures to graze over. This -means crop rotation in connection with sheep husbandry.<span class="pagenum" id="Page225">[225]</span> -No feed that has been tramped over by -infected sheep should ever be supplied to lambs -or sheep not infested with the disease.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref168">OBSTETRICS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Difficult parturition is common -in some females. And frequently others, less -bothered as a rule with any difficulty at this period, -deliver their offspring only after great labor and -much difficulty. When such cases occur close -vigilance not only frequently hastens delivery, but -often saves the life of either the mother or offspring -or both.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig45"> -<img src="images/illo225.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="249" /> -<p class="caption main">NATURAL PRESENTATION OF THE FOAL</p> -<p class="caption subshort">In either of these cases delivery follows in the usual order -without delay or injury to the mother.</p> -</div> - -<p>In many instances the trouble is seated in the -womb; the neck of the womb remains closed, -and even though long-continued and vigorous efforts -are made, the offspring does not arrive. In -cases of this kind assistance can be rendered which -quickly removes the difficulty. First oil the hand -and forearm and work the fingers into the passage, -gently pressing it open. If the womb does not -yield to this treatment saturate a sponge or cloth -with extract of belladonna and rub it around the -neck, leaving it thus for a little while. On removing -the sponge the passage will open.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page226">[226]</span></p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref169">Manner of Delivery.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The natural position of the -fetus at birth calls for the fore feet forward with -the head resting on the knees. The fore feet, therefore, -in a normal delivery, are first presented and -then the head. If the fetus is not unduly large, -the mother will likely force the delivery without -assistance. In case the struggle is extended gentle -assistance will be in order. This can be rendered -by a gentle pull on the legs and head. If this does -not bring the offspring, you can consider that something -is wrong. However, do not be hasty, just -give time. Mares usually deliver in a few minutes -and cows often require an hour or so after labor -begins. If you conclude that something is wrong -oil the hand and arm. Shove the fetus back and -ascertain, if possible, the trouble. If this examination -shows dropsy of the abdomen—water in the -belly—puncture the abdomen with a knife in order -that the fetus may be delivered. If the trouble is -with the head—water in the brain—puncture the -head that the water may run out, and then remove -the arm and hand. When the struggle pains come -on again, give a gentle pull and delivery will follow.</p> - -<p>Frequently the position is changed. Sometimes -but one fore foot appears with the head, making it -impossible to deliver the offspring. When a case -like this occurs, shove the fetus back and bring -the unpresented leg forward where it belongs, and -then likely no further trouble will result. If the -legs are in proper place but the head turned backward, -it will be necessary to push the fetus back -into the womb and bring the head forward in position. -In case the head resists your efforts, adjust -a noose over the head, and while you work with -your hand inside, have an assistant gently pull on -the rope, in order to draw the head into the proper<span class="pagenum" id="Page227">[227]</span> -position. After the head and fore feet are put in -natural position, delivery will follow without further -difficulty.</p> - -<p>When all four feet appear together it is necessary -to push the fore feet back into the womb just -as far as it is possible to force them. This done, -pull now on the hind feet and bring the fetus out, -hind feet first. It is always a mistake to attempt -delivery with the head first when delivery has proceeded -as suggested in cases of this nature.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Fig46"> -<img src="images/illo227.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="247" /> -<p class="caption main">ABNORMAL PRESENTATION OF THE FOAL</p> -<p class="caption subshort">Delivery is not possible in either of the cases here illustrated. -Where such occur assistance must be rendered. See -article on <a href="#Ref168">obstetrics</a> for treatment.</p> -</div> - -<p>Where delivery is attempted with the hind legs -foremost, it is regarded as safe, provided the feet -come out as they should. If any difficulty is encountered, -shove the fetus back, straighten the -legs, and then with the renewal of the labor struggles -assist the mother by a gentle pull on the hind -legs.</p> - -<p>Another common presentation is where you feel -nothing but the tail, rump and hips. Adjust the -fetus for proper delivery by shoving the hind end -upwards and towards the front of the womb, then -slip the hand down and get hold of the foot of<span class="pagenum" id="Page228">[228]</span> -the hind leg and lift upwards and backwards until -the legs are brought out into the passage. Now -repeat the work for the other leg and the job is -done.</p> - -<p>It is always a good plan, after difficult parturition, -especially when any abnormal discharge appears, -to wash out the womb with warm water in -which a little carbolic acid or creolin is placed. -Use this daily for a few days.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref170">PALISADE WORM.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The worms are found in -the horse in two periods of existence. The mature -worms are usually found attached to the mucous -membrane of the intestinal wall of the large intestine, -with the head sunk deep for the purpose of -sucking blood, which gives them the brown or red -color. The immature are found sometimes in the -same organs, in a small capsule covering, in small -pellets of manure, in cavities or cysts, varying in -size from a pin-head to that of a hazel nut, in the -walls of the intestines, and also in the arteries and -other structures of the body.</p> - -<p>When present in the kidneys or in the arteries -leading to the kidneys, or in the surrounding tissues, -a horse is especially sensitive to pressure over -the loins. They have been known to cause paralysis. -When found in the brain, an animal, when -working, suddenly begins to stagger, the eyes become -fixed, and the horse shows many of the symptoms -of “blind staggers.” When the large arteries -of the abdomen are affected, and this is their favorable -location in the circulatory system, the animal -is frequently subject to colic, which often results -in death. This is also the case when found in -great numbers in the intestines.</p> - -<p>From a thorough investigation of a great many -cases, both before and after death, the conclusions<span class="pagenum" id="Page229">[229]</span> -are drawn that the parasite evolves a poisonous -substance (toxin), which, in many instances, -stupefies the brain or parts of the nervous system -of the horse, and in that way causes coma, paralysis -and death of the animal.</p> - -<p>Prevention is the best treatment. Hay and fodder -from swampy land are to be looked upon as -suspicious. Pastures which are subject to overflow -should be avoided. Medicinal treatment consists -of a prolonged, careful use of some of the -essential oils or other vermifuges. The ordinary -spirits of turpentine has proved a fairly good common -remedy. An ordinary animal will stand 8 -tablespoonfuls of turpentine given in a pint to a -quart of raw linseed oil, thoroughly mixed. If the -animal is badly affected, the above dose may be -given night and morning for two or three days, -then omit for a week or two and repeat. The -remedy should be discontinued as soon as the -animal shows signs of irritation of the kidneys.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref171">PARALYSIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A loss of power over some of the -muscles due to a disordered state of the brain or -nerves. This may result from disease or injury or -some irritation. In horses and cattle the hindquarters -are not infrequently affected in this way, -the result of indigestion from constipation or from -attacks of colic. The animal shows weakness in -one hind limb, moving it with difficulty when the -opposite limb may then become affected. If the -attack is very severe, the animal falls on its -haunches and may not be able to rise. Temperature, -pulse and respiration, all are rather normal. -Treatment should be directed to remove the cause -of the disease. When there is colic or constipation, -give purges. A half teaspoonful of extract of -nux vomica, given in a pint of milk twice a day, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page230">[230]</span> -very good. Pouring cold water from a height and -then immediately hot water sometimes greatly -strengthens the muscles and has its use in treating. -Rubbing the parts with mustard stimulates -them, and in some cases good results. Paralysis -resulting from injury usually disappears as the part -returns to its normal state.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref172">PARASITES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—These are living plants or -animals that live temporarily or continually in the -bodies of other plants or animals and draw their -nourishment from their host. It is doubtful if -there is a single farm animal that does not harbor -parasites at nearly all times during its life. There -may be many of these in the same individual at the -same time. Parasites may be harmful or not, as -the case may be. Parasites may be divided into -two classes—plant parasites and animal parasites. -The bacteria and molds are the most important -among the former, whereas in the latter certain -minute protozoa, certain forms of insects and certain -worms are the most commonly met. Such -diseases as staggers, tuberculosis, and typhoid -fever are the result of bacterial diseases, while -Texas fever is an example of the protozoa class; -and then the insects and worms are types with -which we are all acquainted. When a disease is -caused by either, discussion will be found under -the name of that disease.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref173">PARTURIENT APOPLEXY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref161">Milk Fever</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref174">PARTURITION, DIFFICULT.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref168">Obstetrics</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref175">PERITONITIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An inflammation of the membrane -which lines the abdominal cavity and which -also invests the abdominal organs. It may be -caused from some exposure to cold after some -weakening disease. Some injury to the abdomen<span class="pagenum" id="Page231">[231]</span> -or belly may cause it, or it may start from some -inflammation that has attacked the stomach, liver, -intestines, or the spleen. When attacked, a slight -pain is felt and the animal lies down, stretches -himself, sweats freely, and moans. Then he rises, -walks about somewhat, and all the time breathes -heavy and shows much weakness. The pulse runs -up between 75 and 100 beats a minute. In time the -legs and ears get cold. A good treatment is a pint of -raw linseed oil, 4 tablespoonfuls of laudanum, and -10 drops of aconite. Mix these and give as a -drench. A mustard plaster for the abdomen and -something hot for the back are desirable. In two -hours, if the pain continues, give 4 tablespoonfuls -of laudanum and 10 drops aconite in a pint of lukewarm -water. Use as a drench.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref176">PINK EYE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A contagious epidemic disease of -the horse affecting the animal all over and particularly -the membranes of the air passages. There -is general debility, considerable cough, and a general -discharge from the nostrils. The transparent covering -of the eyeball becomes inflamed. At times the -disease is very fatal, many horses succumbing to it. -It is most common in the spring.</p> - -<p>One of the symptoms is the general weakness of -the animal. He hangs his head, and trembles; has -little appetite and appears cold. The eyes show -a watery discharge and later a stare coat. The pulse -at first is weak, but quick, and later rising to 80 or -90 beats a minute. At this stage the temperature -is high, around 103 to 105 degrees. The breathing -is accelerated to about 50 times a minute. The -bowels do not act, or act very poorly, and the urine -is very scanty. In treating, first isolate the animal -and disinfect the stables to prevent spreading. Any -of the common disinfectants will do.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page232">[232]</span></p> - -<p>Good nursing is necessary. Keep the horse -warm with blankets. Give him soft, nourishing -food. The eyes should be bathed three or four -times a day with hot water. A little boric acid, -say, a teaspoonful to a half pint of water, is good -to use as a wash for the eyes and nostrils. To -keep the kidneys active and to reduce the fever, give -a tablespoonful of nitrate of potash dissolved in -water two or three times a day. If the -horse is very weak, one-half glass of whiskey in a -pint of gruel three times a day is stimulating and -helpful. It is better not to give any physic of any -kind. After recovery, the horse should be given -little or no work. A long rest of several weeks is -necessary.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref177">PLACENTA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The covering of the fetus, commonly -called the afterbirth. As a rule, this comes -away with the birth of the offspring. Occasionally -in the cow it remains attached to the walls of the -uterus, and if not removed will cause trouble, if -not sickness and death. Soon after the birth of the -calf, if the afterbirth remains, decomposition sets in -and as a result the system is more or less poisoned. -The first symptoms observed are the offensive odor, -the reddish discharge and the decrease in the milk -flow.</p> - -<p>If the afterbirth does not come away of itself, -assistance is necessary. Do this during the first -or second day, or the third day at the latest. To -remove the afterbirth, tie up the cow and fasten -her in a way that she cannot jump around. Now -introduce the hand and arm, after careful washing -and disinfecting and oiling, into the uterus and -gradually and gently break the buttons or attachments -from the walls of the uterus with the fingers. -With patience these will come away and the whole<span class="pagenum" id="Page233">[233]</span> -membrane be removed. An occasional injection is -advisable. Use some good disinfectant in the -water, flush out thoroughly.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref178">PLEURISY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This disease occurs in the chest -cavity and is found inside the ribs and over the -lungs. It is caused very much in the same way as -inflammation of the lungs, like exposure to cold, -standing in a draft, and cooling when warm. Some -injury to the ribs may also cause the trouble.</p> - -<p>In the early stages the animal is noticed to -shiver, the pulse is quick and strong, and there is -great pain. The breath is heavy, and this is noticed -as far back as the flanks. While the animal may -lie down, its disposition is to stand up most of the -time. There is an inclination to cough, but this is -suppressed, because of the pain occasioned by it; -therefore the cough really ends in a groan rather -than in a normal cough. The extremities of the -body become cold.</p> - -<p>The best treatment endeavors to prevent the -disease from developing. Do just as you would in -a case of inflammation of the lungs. Mustard -plasters for the chest on each side are good. Keep -the body well covered, including the legs and neck; -have good ventilation in the stable, but keep the -patient out of any draft.</p> - -<p>As soon as the disease is noticed, mix the following -in a pint of cold water, and give as a drench: -Ten drops of aconite, a half teaspoonful of belladonna -and two tablespoonfuls of laudanum. These -should be given every two hours until the pain subsides. -If the animal seems to be weak, and needs -a stimulant, give 4 tablespoonfuls of spirits of niter -and a half glass of whiskey. This may be given in -a pint of cold water mixed with the gruel and given -as a drench three or four times a day.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page234">[234]</span></p> - -<p>At the same time use the following medicine to -improve the kidney action: One-fourth pound of -saltpeter or nitrate of potash and one-fourth of a -pound of gentian root. These are to be mixed well -together and a teaspoonful given three or four -times daily. Soft foods are desirable. A small -amount of water should be given frequently. Small -quantities at a time are preferable to large quantities -at infrequent intervals.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref179">PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This is a very contagious -disease of cattle introduced in this country -from Europe. At one time it was a very serious -menace to the cattle industry. Thanks to the very -aggressive work of the United States Department -of Agriculture, the disease has, so far as is known, -been eradicated from this country. No cases of the -disease have been reported during the past dozen -years.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref180">PNEUMONIA.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref136">Inflammation of the Lungs</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref181">POLL EVIL.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A swelling or soreness at the top -of the head. Usually it is caused by an injury, like -bumping the head in a doorway, or from a bruise -made by the halter or bridle. It is first noticed by -a swelling or soreness, which frequently causes -trouble by forming an abscess; sometimes this -works down and even affects the bone. Treatment -is very simple if handled in time. Remove the -cause and then bathe with warm water and vinegar -twice a day and apply a liniment of some kind. If -the abscess is formed, it should be opened with a -knife at the lowest point to remove the matter. -From now on for a few days bathe the opening with -warm water in which has been added some carbolic -acid or creolin. If the case causes much trouble, you -had better consult a veterinarian, as bad cases frequently<span class="pagenum" id="Page235">[235]</span> -leave the neck stiff so that the animals are -not able to eat off the ground.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref182">QUARTER CRACK.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref191">Sand Crack</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref183">QUITTOR.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A name given to a fistulous opening -upon the heels and quarters of the coronary -band, and is caused by treads, pricks in shoeing, -bruises, and suppurating corns. Any injury which -will cause suppuration within the foot will usually -cause matter to form at -the coronet, and may result -in quittor. The disease -is indicated by a -swelling upon the coronet -where the hair and hoof -meet, great lameness, and -a discharge of thin or -thick curdy pus. There -may be one or a number -of small openings leading -down into the sensitive -part of the foot. The -parts surrounding the -quittor swell and become -hard and take on an unhealthy -action and are -difficult to cure, and may be permanently diseased.</p> - -<div class="figleft w200p" id="Fig47"> -<img src="images/illo235.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="213" /> -<p class="caption main">QUITTOR</p> -<p class="caption sublong">Fistulous wounds on any -part of the coronet are usually -the result of a tread or -bruise. If neglected serious -trouble may result.</p> -</div> - -<p>Clean the foot and put it into a bran poultice for -several days, then remove any horn that may be -pressing on the sore part. If it is at the heel remove -the crust with a knife; if it is in front of the -hoof rasp it thin. Then probe the opening at the -top to find the depth and direction. Put a grain -of bichloride of mercury into tissue paper and roll -it into a cone and press it down to the bottom of -the opening. Treat all the openings in the same -way. Put the foot into a bag to protect it from<span class="pagenum" id="Page236">[236]</span> -injury and let it alone for three days, then clean -out the openings and put in some more of the bichloride -of mercury, and so on for two weeks, or -until the parts become healthy and the hard swelling -has decreased; then make up a bath of chloride -of zinc one ounce, cool water one gallon; put the -foot into this twice a day for twenty minutes at a -time. As soon as the openings are healed blister -the coronet with the following: Mix 2 teaspoonfuls -of cantharides with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard; repeat -in two weeks if necessary. When it is time to put -on the shoe and work the horse, a bar shoe will be -best. If the animal has much fever in the early -stages of the disease give a dose of aloes, and follow -this by giving 2 tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potassium -twice a day in bran mash. Later in the disease -give a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron once a -day in bran mash as a tonic.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref184">RABIES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref129">Hydrophobia</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref185">RHEUMATISM.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease which affects the -muscles or joints, wandering from one part of the -body to another. It affects nearly all animals, including -the horse, ox, dog, hog, and sheep. Rheumatism -of the muscles is usually due to catching -cold, while rheumatism of the joints is often due -to some micro-organism.</p> - -<p>Stiffness, which usually comes on suddenly, is a -characteristic symptom. The animal may be able -to move only with great difficulty. The joints may -crack when moved, the affected muscles are hard -and painful to touch, the soreness may shift from -one part to another; and the animal sometimes -makes a quick recovery, only to be followed by -another attack in a short time or perhaps never -again. These symptoms may be associated with -a rise in body temperature and increased pulse.<span class="pagenum" id="Page237">[237]</span> -The disease may last for a long time or only for a -few days. In chronic cases the muscles decrease in -size in the parts affected. In the dog it is very -painful when caused to move and he will howl, -or even howl when he thinks he is going to be -moved. In sheep it seldom occurs except in young -lambs. Pigs are often affected in the legs or back, -sometimes becoming paralyzed in the hind legs.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref186">Rheumatism of the Joints</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> usually shows very -rapid swelling, increased heat, and is very painful. -The animal is often so lame that it will not put any -weight on the foot of the affected limb.</p> - -<p>For horses and cows, treatment consists of local -applications of alcohol 50 parts and oil of mustard -1 part, rubbing it in well; or spirits of camphor. -Give at the same time internally 1 teaspoonful of -potassium iodide twice daily and not to exceed 12 -doses; or salicylate of soda 4 tablespoonfuls daily. -Keep the animal warm and in a well-ventilated -stable. Pigs or dogs, according to size, should be -given from 4 to 16 grains of salol, also using the -above local applications.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref187">RINGBONE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A growth of bone on the pastern -bone, just above the hoof. It causes lameness when -it interferes with the joint or the passage of any of -the tendons. Some horses are predisposed to bony -diseases from the least injury, while others are not, -and in selecting mares for breeding purposes the -former should be rejected. This disease results -from strains, bruises, or injuries to the cartilage of -the joints. When the membrane of the bone or -cartilage becomes inflamed there may be great -lameness for several months before any enlargement -takes place, and it is somewhat difficult to -detect. The absence of other diseases of the foot, -with some heat in the pasterns, and soreness on<span class="pagenum" id="Page238">[238]</span> -pressure or moving the joints indicates this disease. -In other cases the enlargement may make -its appearance for some time before the horse becomes -lame, and in some cases it may never cause -any lameness, but should always be looked upon -with suspicion, as in the majority of cases it sooner -or later causes lameness. Ringbone is more difficult -to cure on the fore feet than on the hind -ones, as the pasterns are more upright on the former -than on the latter, and, besides, the horse’s fore -legs have to bear two-thirds the weight of the body.</p> - -<p>The horse should have rest, and the shoes should -be removed and the foot pared level. If there is -heat in the part, keep it wet with the following -lotion by means of a bandage saturated with it: -Acetate of lead half an ounce and water one quart. -Continue this for a few days, then apply a blister -composed of cantharides 2 teaspoonfuls, biniodide -of mercury 1 teaspoonful and lard 8 tablespoonfuls. -Rub on a third of this with the fingers. It is not -necessary to cut off the hair if the blister is well -rubbed in. Let it remain on for 24 hours, then -wash off and rub on a little lard. Repeat every -second week until three blisters have been applied. -Keep the horse’s head tied while the blister is on -so that he cannot get his mouth to the part. The -horse should have a few months’ rest after this -treatment. If it does not cure the animal it is best -to have him fired by a qualified veterinarian.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref188">RINGWORM.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This is common in the domestic -animals, especially in calves and young cattle, and -is contagious. It depends upon the presence of a -vegetable parasite, which develops and grows -rapidly when it finds a suitable place for development. -Ringworm may affect any part of the body, -but its favorite seat is around the eyes, the face,<span class="pagenum" id="Page239">[239]</span> -ears, and neck of cattle, and sometimes the back -and hindquarters.</p> - -<p>A gray crust appears on the skin, and the hair -drops out. This keeps spreading in the form of a -ring until around the eyes, the side of the face, ears, -or neck may be covered with it. It appears in the -same way on the back, hips, and inside of the hind -legs. It does not seem to affect the health of the -animal, as it is found in the well-kept as well as -those poorly kept.</p> - -<p>First remove the crusts by washing with warm -water in which one ounce of carbonate of potassium -has been put to every quart of water. A -brush should be used in washing the parts. Then -use the following: Iodine 2 teaspoonfuls and vaseline -4 tablespoonfuls. Rub a little of this on with -a gloved hand. Repeat in three days. Or mix -carbolic acid 1 ounce with 2 ounces of alcohol and -apply a little of this to the parts with a feather once -or twice; this last is very effective.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref189">ROARING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease, due to the wasting of the -larynx; is characterized by loud, unnatural sounds -after any violent exertion. The disease sometimes -follows distemper and influenza or a local injury to -the throat. Once established the disease is incurable. -In its early stages repeated light blisters may -help. A common blister can be made of a half teaspoonful -of cantharides, a half teaspoonful of -biniodide of mercury and 4 tablespoonfuls of vaseline -or lard.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref190">ROUP.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease of the mucous membrane in -fowls. It is of the nature of an inflammation, with -a discharge from the eyes and nostrils usually accompanying. -Damp and unsanitary quarters favor -the development and spread of roup. It is clearly -a germ disease, and, therefore, contagious. It is<span class="pagenum" id="Page240">[240]</span> -spread by means of infected quarters and fowls. -All discharges must be destroyed by disinfection, -and the diseased fowls quarantined off by themselves. -The dead should be burned. Keep the -quarters light and airy; admit an abundance of -sunshine and fresh air. Feed wholesome, nutritious -food, that the poultry stock may ward off the -disease. The best treatment is that which prevents -spreading to healthy fowls. If an outbreak -occurs, disinfect thoroughly, liberally, and continuously. -Antiseptics administered about the head -will usually break up the disease. Creolin is good—say, -1 part to 100 parts of water. Kerosene is also -recommended.</p> - -<p>In a sense, roup is the result of neglected colds. -The birds sneeze, and manifest their uneasiness as -animals do with common colds. A teaspoonful -of pure carbolic acid to each gallon of drinking -water is an excellent preventive and can be provided -at small cost.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref191">SAND CRACK.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A crack found in any part of -the wall of the foot. The crack is due to over-exertion. -When the hoof is dry and hard and brittle, -the crack usually begins at the top and extends -downward. Frequently the sensitive tissue creeps -into the crack, causing pain, and from which blood -frequently issues. When a crack is first seen, the -feet should be poulticed with linseed meal for a few -days. This will remove the inflammation and -soften the hoof. The next step will be to pare out -a piece of the hoof at the top, separating it completely -from the coronary band a half inch or so -on each side of the crack down to the quick. Fill -this hole with tar. A bar shoe attached so as not -to rest on the wall where the crack is located is -very helpful.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page241">[241]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w500p" id="Fig48"> -<img src="images/illo241.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="387" /> -<p class="caption main">A CATTLE BATH TUB</p> -<p class="caption subshort">The tank here shown is used for dipping the cattle for -treatment of mange. The dipping tank is now generally used -throughout the West.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref192">SCAB IN CATTLE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Scab or itch, sometimes -called mange of cattle, is caused by a minute mite -that lives upon the surface of the skin, burrowing -into it. Other animals are not attacked by this -parasite, although a similar one does afflict sheep. -So long as cattle are doing well on grass, no disturbance -is noticed. As soon, however, as they -are placed on dry food and cold weather sets in, -the disease appears, and, if the cattle do poorly, -develops into a very aggravating form. Old -cattle are less troubled, the attacks being more -frequently on calves and yearlings and two-year-olds -out of condition. In the early stages the itching -of the skin in the region of the neck or shoulders -is first noticed. This is indicated by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page242">[242]</span> -animals digging at the skin with teeth and horns -and the constant rubbing against posts or barbed -wire or anything that may give relief at the time. -The disease gradually spreads along the back, sides -and outside of legs. In the early stages the coat -looks rough, the skin has a scurvy appearance. In -time, the hair comes off or is rubbed off, presenting -bald patches of thick, glazed and wrinkled skin. After -the hair comes off the parasites leave these regions, -seeking other quarters and then the hair grows in -again. There is a dejected and debilitated condition -in animals thus afflicted and they fail rapidly in -flesh. Their appetites are poor and most of their -time is expended in scratching themselves.</p> - -<p>Scab spreads rapidly through a bunch of cattle, -especially if they are not thrifty, and disseminates itself -through a herd in four to six weeks. The thrifty, -vigorous animals resist the infection for some time, -but they gradually succumb. The disease is spread -by direct contact and by contact with infected quarters. -While the mites will live a week or ten days -in protected places, they are almost immediately -destroyed by direct sunlight. As soon as the disease -is discovered in a bunch of cattle, the infected -animal should be isolated and the infected quarters -and rubbing posts disinfected with a 5 per cent -solution of carbolic acid. Infected animals should -be well fed and cared for, and be salted with a mixture -of 1 pound of flowers of sulphur mixed with -10 pounds of common salt. External treatment is -necessary to affect a cure. If a large number of -cattle are affected, a dipping wash through which -the animals must swim in the dip is the best means -for destroying the mites.</p> - -<p>The most efficient remedies, considering cost, are -the coal tar products advertised as dip solutions.<span class="pagenum" id="Page243">[243]</span> -A homemade dip that is both cheap and effective -for treating a small number of animals may be -made of 3 pounds of flowers of sulphur, 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> pounds -of unslaked lime, 15 gallons of water. In making -this unslaked lime into a thick paste, sift in the -sulphur and stir well. Put this mixture in a kettle -with, say, five gallons of water and boil for at least -half an hour—a longer time is better. When the -chocolate-looking mass settles, the clear liquid is -drawn off and water enough is added to make 15 -gallons. The dip will be more effective if used -when warm, just a bit hotter than the normal heat -of the body. After the animals are dipped, they -should remain in the solution about two minutes. -This will be time enough to thoroughly saturate -the scabs and destroy them. A couple of ablutions -are required for complete eradication. -When no treatment is resorted to, the dip should -be applied with a scrubbing brush, cloth or sponges -and all scabs and crusts should be thoroughly -saturated. Warm sunny days are preferable for -this kind of work.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref193">SEPTIC NAVEL INFECTION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A diseased -condition at the attachment of the navel cord soon -after birth. It is a good plan just after birth to -apply some septic powder to the navel at the breaking -point. If trouble arises, apply a solution of -carbolic acid, 1 part to 20 parts of water, after -using some hydrogen peroxide. A little iodoform -and alum, mixed half and half, make a good dusting -powder to use also.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref194">SHEEP BOTS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref26">Bot Flies</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref195">SIDE BONES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—On either side of the coffin bone -there is a cartilage which may in certain cases become -hardened by deposits of mineral matters, -which may thus lead to lameness. Side bones are<span class="pagenum" id="Page244">[244]</span> -situated on one or both sides of the leg and bulge -above the upper portion of the hoof. They may -be the result of inflamed conditions, bruises or -troubles like corns or hoof cracks. Slipping on -the stony pavement is a frequent cause, as well as -the great weight of the bodies in heavy horses. If -the wagon tongue -falls on the foot at -this point, the cartilage -may be injured -and induce the -disease. The swelling -is first noticed -just above the hoof -or near the heel. -Lameness soon follows.</p> - -<div class="figright w250p" id="Fig49"> -<img src="images/illo244.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="309" /> -<p class="caption main">SIDE BONES</p> -<p class="caption sublong">When the cartilages on either -side of the foot of a horse just at -the top of the hoof and close to the -heel turn to bone, side bones are -the result.</p> -</div> - -<p>The treatment -usually recommended -for side bones -consists in the free -use of cold foot -baths or cold water -bandages for a week -or more. Tincture -of iodine applied to -the swollen parts is very good. A blister applied -after the water applications have been -made for a week or so, is used by many veterinarians. -The blister is made of 2 teaspoonfuls of -cantharides mixed with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. It -is rubbed in well with the fingers and allowed to -remain for 24 hours, when it is washed off and -applied a second time the following week. These -applications are continued until the lameness disappears. -If this does not bring permanent relief,<span class="pagenum" id="Page245">[245]</span> -then firing of the injured parts and several months’ -rest will be necessary.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref196">SLOBBERING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Some kinds of food cause an -unnatural flow of saliva. Fresh crimson clover hay -is one of these. Of course the continual flow of -saliva is undesirable and unpleasant. It is unnatural -and should be checked as soon as possible. -This can be accomplished by changing the feed and -then washing the mouth out with alum water. If -a change is not observed soon, give a good physic. -For horses use 8 teaspoonfuls of bitter aloes, a teaspoonful -of common soda and a teaspoonful of -ginger. Mix these in a pint of water and give as a -drench. For cattle, dissolve a pound of Epsom -salts, a tablespoonful of common soda and a tablespoonful -of ginger in a quart of lukewarm water -and give as a drench.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref197">SPASMODIC COLIC.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref54">Colic</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref198">SPAVIN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This disease, known in common -language as bone spavin, is an enlargement of the -hock joint similar to a ringbone about the coronary -joint. It may affect the hock joint in such a way -as to cement the small joints together, not causing -lameness, and apparently no blemish, but the -free movement of the limb is impaired. Any condition -which favors sprains, such as fast driving -over hard or uneven roads, unequal paring of the -hoof, thus causing the weight to be unequally distributed -in the joints, and severe labor in early life, -or blows, bruises, or any injuries to tendons, ligaments, -or joints may cause spavin. In addition -to these causes may be mentioned sprains caused -by jumping, galloping, or trotting animals faster -than they are accustomed to; also straining by -starting a heavy load, slipping on an icy surface or -sliding on a bad pavement.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page246">[246]</span></p> - -<p>If the patient is examined before any bony growth -has developed, inflammation will be detected on -the inside of the hock joint at the junction of the -cannon bone and the joint. While in the stable -the horse prefers to rest the diseased leg by setting -the heel on the toe of the opposite foot with the -hock joint flexed. In traveling the patient is very -lame when first taken out of the barn, but after -traveling for a short distance goes sound. The -diseased leg is not lifted clear from the ground, but -nicks the toe in the middle of the stride, which is -very noticeable on a pavement. A strained horse -becomes very lame after being allowed to stand for -even a very short time, then moved again.</p> - -<p>Preventive treatment consists in keeping horses’ -feet trimmed properly, not overworking colts while -young, careful driving on hard or uneven roads, -and avoiding all injuries that are liable to strain -tendons, ligaments or joints of the limbs. Even -after a spavin has developed it may be cured by -proper treatment of the feet, and applying a fly -blister. The fly blister is prepared by mixing -thoroughly 4 tablespoonfuls of pulverized cantharides, -4 tablespoonfuls of biniodide of mercury and -8 ounces of lard. The hair is clipped over the -spavin and the blister applied with considerable -rubbing. The horse’s head should be tied so as to -avoid his biting the part blistered. A second application -of the blister is to be used about a month -after the first. If blistering fails to cure the spavin, -point-firing may be resorted to. It is necessary to -“fire” rather deeply to secure good results, care -being taken not to fire into a joint. After firing, a -fly blister should be rubbed into the holes where -the hot iron has been used.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page247">[247]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref199">SPAYING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The removal of the ovaries to prevent -breeding. Cast the animal on her right side. -Give an anesthetic to prevent pain. When the -animal is unconscious, free the limbs sufficiently to -remove any pressure from the abdomen. Now -pinch up a fold of the skin in the left side, midway -between the prominent bone of the haunch or -pelvis, and the last rib, about 4 inches below the -backbone. Make an incision in the skin 5 or 6 -inches long; now do likewise with the abdominal -muscles until the lining membrane of the abdominal -cavity is exposed. This membrane is then punctured -and an incision made as long as that in the -skin and muscles. Now kneel down in close contact -with the cow’s back and insert the arm, passing the -hand within the brim or cavity of the pelvis. By -so doing both ovaries can be secured and detached. -This ended, the operation of uniting the abdominal -muscles follows by means of stitches and sutures.</p> - -<p>Great care is necessary in having the instruments -boiled and washed in antiseptics, and in having the -fingers, hands, and arms severely clean and well -saturated with a strong antiseptic solution. The -operation should be made out in the open where -neither dirt nor dust are to be found. Extreme -care about germs will remove much of the risk -associated with the operation.</p> - -<p>In spaying a sow, she is laid on an inclined board -with the hindquarters up. The operator stands at -the back of the sow. The hair is first clipped from -the skin where the incision is to be made, high up -in the flank and midway between the haunch and -the last rib. The incision needs to be just large -enough to admit the two fingers. Ovaries are -located, pulled through the opening in the flank, -and removed by tearing off with the fingers. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page248">[248]</span> -flank incision is then closed by the necessary number -of stitches.</p> - -<p>This operation is sometimes performed in mares. -But being rather uncommon the process is less -understood. In this case it is best to call your veterinarian -or someone in the community well skilled -in the operation. In all cases of spaying let severe -cleanliness be the rule and practice, from the very -beginning to the very end.</p> - -<div class="figleft w125p" id="Fig50"> -<img src="images/illo248.jpg" alt="" width="125" height="449" /> -<p class="caption main">SPLINT</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref200">SPLINTS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Splints occur more commonly in the -heavier breeds of horses than in those that are light -in the bone below the knee. It -is rare that splints occur anywhere -except on the inside of -the front cannon bone, although -they are sometimes seen on the -outside of both the front and -hind legs. Any enlargement of the -bone occurring on the inside of the -leg between the knee and fetlock -comes under the name of splint. -The usual cause is concussion, that -is, the impact of the foot on the -hard road. It may be the result of -other causes, such as a blow, a -twisting strain or faulty conformation. -Some animals are more liable -to splints than others. It is, after -all, to a certain extent, dependent -upon heredity. At first the splint is -hard to detect. If you notice a -young horse going lame while doing -road work, it is well to examine for -splints. While working there seems -to be no lameness at all, and when -standing there seems to be no pain,<span class="pagenum" id="Page249">[249]</span> -but when put to a trot the horse shows lameness -and may raise and lower his head.</p> - -<p>If taken in time, a splint can be cured. The first -thing to do with an animal suffering from a splint -is to give the animal rest and place in such quarters -where there is a soft floor, preferably the -ground, and when so quartered one very frequently -effects a complete cure. The application of cold -water bandages acts well. If treatment of this sort -fails, apply a blister of red iodide of mercury, 1 -tablespoonful to 2 tablespoonfuls of lard. This -blister should be applied with rubbing every day -from two to four days, or until the area is well -blistered. Then wait until the little scabs fall off, -and if the animal is still lame, repeat the application -of this blister. To apply the blister, clip off the -hair over the enlargement and wash with vinegar -to remove grease, then rub in blister with ends of -fingers. Keep the animals tied short for two to -four days in order to prevent rubbing or biting the -leg. Four days after the last application of blister, -wash carefully with warm water and soap and over -it apply every day or so a little lard, to prevent drying -and also to loosen the scabs.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref201">SPRAINS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Injuries to the ligaments of joints, -tendons, or muscles. They are caused by violence, -as twisting, or from over-exertion; also sprains are -often the result of overwork. If an animal is -worked until tired or exhausted he is unable to use -the proper muscle force, and more strain has to be -borne by the ligaments, resulting in sprains, which -often occur in young horses or even in old horses, -when put to work after long periods of rest. -Swelling, heat, soreness, and partial or complete -loss of the use of the part, which is shown by the -degree of lameness, characterize the disorder.<span class="pagenum" id="Page250">[250]</span> -Sprains are most common in the legs, at the fetlock -joint, in the tendons just back and above the -fetlocks, but may occur in any part.</p> - -<p>The first and most important thing in the treatment -of sprains is rest, as sprains are a long time in making -a complete recovery. In the early stages, that -is, before swelling has taken place, applications of -cold water should be used, applications of hot -water, or hot packs of water, 1,000 parts, and bichloride -of mercury 1 part, are very good. This -will relieve the pain and reduce the swelling. Applications -of liniments are also very good. Should -there be great heat and soreness in the part, it is -well to use cold applications. Never blister in the -early stages. A blister may be used after the swelling -has gone down, and the part has become cold, -from two to four weeks after the injury occurred. -This should be followed by rest for some time after -all lameness has disappeared.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref202">STAGGERS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Staggers in horses is an affection -of the brain showing itself usually in one of two -forms—sleepy or stomach staggers and blind or -mad staggers. In the first form the stomach is at -fault. Sudden change of feed, moldy or dirty food -heavy work or fast driving right after a heavy meal -or severe exposure is liable to cause indigestion in -the stomach and this is reflected to the brain, causing -the animal to act dull or sleepy, sometimes -showing symptoms of serious colic, with gas forming -from the fermentation of the food, frequently -resulting in death.</p> - -<p>Blind or mad staggers is an inflammation of the -brain and may affect any of the lower animals. -In the beginning of this form the symptoms closely -resemble those in the stomach form, but as the inflammation -progresses the animal becomes blind<span class="pagenum" id="Page251">[251]</span> -and violent and may roll, paw, kick, wander around -in a circle, usually going only one way, either to the -left or right, or it may walk or run in a straight line -as near as possible for hours at a time—paying no -attention to injuries received in its travels. In -either case the animal may be drenched once daily -with a quart of raw linseed oil or a pound of Glauber -salts, dissolved in water, which sometimes gives -relief.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref203">Staggers in Sheep</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> is mostly caused by the young -stage of a tapeworm which infests sheep dogs. The -dog eats the infected brain of the sheep and the -sheep eats the egg of the tapeworm after it has -passed through the dog. After the egg hatches in -the stomach of the sheep the young worm passes -through the bowels and other organs or tissues or -circulates through the blood and reaches the brain, -where it develops and causes an inflammation, resulting -in disease. It is most common in young -animals, rarely occurring in sheep after their second -year.</p> - -<p>Prevention is about the only practical way of -handling this trouble. The grounds should be -thoroughly drained, allowing the animals only pure, -fresh water to drink. It may be necessary to change -pastures for a year or two. The brains of all sheep -killed and the heads of all dying with the disease -should be burned.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref202a">STOMACH AND INTESTINAL WORMS IN -SHEEP.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—If a box of salt is kept covered in some -place frequented by the sheep, to which they are -allowed to help themselves, and if said salt is saturated -with spirits of turpentine in proportions of a -gill to every four quarts of salt, it will wonderfully -help to keep the worms from multiplying. It is -well, also, to have another box of larger size, where<span class="pagenum" id="Page252">[252]</span> -sheep can help themselves at will, filled with -tobacco stems. These stems should be cut up in -inch lengths and from time to time a quantity of -wheat bran should be put on top of the stems. -When this is done the sheep soon instinctively -learn to use tobacco, and no young intestinal worm -or stomach worm, except the tapeworm, can stand -the diet. This will not kill mature worms. It will -only prevent the worm family multiplying to the -extent of injuring the health of sheep.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450p" id="Fig51"> -<img src="images/illo252.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="355" /> -<p class="caption main">TWISTED STOMACH WORMS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">A common attitude observed when sheep are afflicted -with twisted stomach worms. The animal loses in flesh, and -unless relief is found in time, dies. The parasite is shown -in the illustration.</p> -</div> - -<p>But no sheep owner should feel wholly satisfied -by preventive treatment of stomach worms. Twice -a year the whole flock should be drenched with -some agent which will destroy the mature worms.<span class="pagenum" id="Page253">[253]</span> -There are two very inexpensive drenches which -will quite effectually do this. The one is gasoline, -the other coal tar creosote. The objection to gasoline -is that it needs to be so extremely carefully -used or sheep will be killed by it. The dose is 1 -tablespoonful (never more at one dose) to a mature -sheep; mix with not less than 4 tablespoonfuls of -raw linseed oil (never boiled oil); then add a half -pint of sweet milk. In giving, set the sheep up on -its haunches and shake the liquids well together -until the last minute it is administered, or the gasoline -will separate and, if it enters the stomach in -the unmixed form, it will seriously injure and may -kill the sheep.</p> - -<p>There is no direct vermifuge that will as effectually -kill all species of worms in a sheep’s stomach -and intestines as will gasoline; yet the coal tar -creosote or the more refined class of sheep dips, if -given after a full 12-hour fast, before the flock is -turned to pasture in the spring, and again about -November, will destroy a large number of the -mature worms. All lambs born in April or May -should be drenched about August or September -following, to be certain of ridding them of worms -that may later cause their death. The dose of any -of the sheep dips is a dessertspoonful mixed in a -full pint of water.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref204">STONE IN BLADDER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref56a">Concretions or -Calculi of Urinary Organs</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref205">STRANGLES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This trouble, commonly called -colt distemper, affects horses, and rarely mules and -donkeys. It is such an infectious disease that -nearly all horses contract the disease when colts -and usually remain immune to future exposures. -The cause is a very small organism or germ which -enters the system when a healthy colt comes in<span class="pagenum" id="Page254">[254]</span> -contact with a diseased one or when fed and -watered in infected vessels. The seat of trouble -is largely restricted to the respiratory organs, occasionally -causing difficulty in breathing, owing to -swelling in region of throat or to accumulations in -air passages.</p> - -<p>The symptoms start out with more or less sluggishness. -The animal eats little, and does not -care to take much exercise. A little watery -discharge frequently appears from the eyes, and -about the same time a watery discharge from -the nostrils, which soon becomes thicker and -more yellow in color. Usually the glands between -the lower jawbones become enlarged and undergo -suppuration with a rupture of them and free discharge -of pus. The temperature of the animal may -be slightly or very greatly increased from 103° to -105°. The pulsations may also be considerably -quickened. When complications do not occur this -disease usually runs its course in two weeks, leaving -the animal little the worse for having passed -through the affliction.</p> - -<p>The milder forms of this disease will need little -or no treatment other than careful feeding and nursing. -A laxative diet, with something green, if possible, -should be given. The colt should be placed -in clean, airy, and comfortable quarters, but not -in a draft. To hasten the suppuration of the -glands a poultice of hot bran or flaxseed may be -applied to that region, and as soon as softening can -be detected within, puncture the gland containing -abscess with a clean knife blade and allow the -escape of the collection of pus. During the course -of the disease the animal should not be worked and -care should be taken that it be not exposed to conditions -likely to produce a cold.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page255">[255]</span></p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref206">STRINGHALT IN HORSES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Stringhalt is -an involuntary contraction of the muscles that -bring the hind leg or legs forward. The cause of -stringhalt is a deranged condition of the nerves -supplying the muscles, causing the leg or legs to -be brought up with a jerk. In slight cases of -stringhalt it is necessary sometimes to turn the -animal round from right to left, and from left to -right, in order to make him show signs of stringhalt, -the symptoms of the disease being exhibited as -he turns one way only. This disease sometimes -comes on suddenly, but generally develops slowly. -It is an unsoundness, and depreciates the animal’s -value and makes him unfit for hard work or fast -driving. There is no sure cure for stringhalt; the -animal can sometimes be relieved by giving him -one ounce bromide of potassium at a dose twice a -day in bran mash, and continuing it for one week, -then skipping a week and giving again. It can -sometimes be relieved by cutting the tendon or -tendons of the affected muscles, but the operation -should be performed by a qualified veterinarian.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref207">SUNSTROKE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref109">Heat Exhaustion and Sunstroke</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref208">SWAMP FEVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This disease, by some called -infectious anemia of horses, is produced by an invisible -organism, which is transmissible to horses, -mules, and asses. About the first symptoms noticed -are a general weakness of the animal; it tires very -easily and is not able to do any work. The loss of -flesh is apparent in spite of the voracious appetite -which the animal has at times. The appetite -usually remains good until death, but the feed -seems to do the animal no good. The temperature -is very irregular. Some days it runs quite high, -at times to 107°; again it is below normal. An<span class="pagenum" id="Page256">[256]</span> -animal may have several attacks of the trouble, -but each succeeding attack seems to be more severe. -The blood becomes thin, and the circulation impaired, -and frequently there appears a swelling -under the chest or abdomen, or an enlargement of -one or more legs. It is quite easy to recognize the -trouble, especially in the advanced stages. The -slow progress at the beginning, remittent fever, -progressive emaciation and anemia, unimpaired or -ravenous appetite, staggering gait, and excessive -urination are usually all present to a greater or less -degree. Recovery takes place only when treatment -is begun early and when the disease is not too acute.</p> - -<p>In treating, absolute rest until fully recovered -is one of the primary requisites, and purgatives are -to be avoided. For the fever, the United States -Department of Agriculture recommends an antipyretic -of quinine 40 grains, acetanilide 2 drams, and -powdered nux vomica 30 grains, four times daily. -Cold water sponge baths and frequent copious -rectal injections of cold water also aid in reducing -the fever. After the fever subsides the following -is recommended: Arsenious acid, 2 grams; powdered -nux vomica, 28 grams; powdered cinchona -bark, 85 grams; powdered gentian root, 110 grams. -These should be well mixed and one-half teaspoonful -given at each feed of the affected animal.</p> - -<p>As in the case of all other infectious diseases, the -healthy should be separated from the sick horses, -and thorough disinfection of the infected stable, -stalls, litter, and stable utensils should be used by -mixing six ounces of any one of these chemicals -with one gallon of water. One of the approved coal-tar -sheep dips might also be used to advantage in a -five per cent solution, and should be applied liberally -to all parts of the stable, and sufficient lime may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page257">[257]</span> -added to the solution to make the disinfectant area -conspicuous.</p> - -<p>From the fact that the disease is more prevalent -during wet seasons, it is always best to guard -against allowing the animals to graze upon swampy -land or to drink from ponds of stagnant water. -The spread of the disease has been traced along -creeks from one farm to another, which would -suggest avoiding these places also. The draining -of the low, swampy lands is especially recommended.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref209">SWEENY.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Wasting of the muscles covering -the shoulder blade of the horse is commonly called -“sweeny,” and the cause may be any strain, -sprain, jerk, or bruise of the parts due to a bad -fitting collar, or to awkward steps of a colt plowing -for the first time, and especially when worked in -the furrow. The great nerves of the shoulder are -affected, and in consequence nutrition is impaired -and the muscles waste away. A similar condition -may affect the muscles of the hip, or of the space -between the stifle and hip.</p> - -<p>Lameness seldom is a prominent feature in -shoulder sweeny. Ordinarily the wasting comes -on some time after the causative injury; then the -skin alone appears to cover the bone (scapula) and -the animal may have little power for work. In this -connection it should be remembered that wasting -of the shoulder muscles also may be due to any -chronic lameness or soreness of the foot, or leg, -between foot and shoulder. Wasting (atrophy) -of muscles occurs when the muscles for any reason -are not fully exercised. It, therefore, is important -to make sure whether the cause is in the foot or -in the shoulder before commencing treatment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page258">[258]</span></p> - -<p>Treatment consists in stimulating flow of blood -to the poorly nourished parts, and if this can be -done the muscles gradually grow in again and regain -their normal development and power. An old-fashioned -plan is to make incisions in the skin and -then blow up the parts with air to separate the skin -from the bone. This should not be done. Setons -(rowels) of tape may be inserted under the skin, -but they leave scars. Better treatment consists in -rubbing the parts twice daily with a stimulating -liniment, or blistering at intervals of three weeks -with cerate of cantharides, after removing the hair. -A suitable liniment may be made by mixing -together four ounces of druggist’s soap liniment, -one ounce each of aqua ammonia and water to make -one pint.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref210">SWINE PLAGUE.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref115">Hog Cholera</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref211">TAPE WORMS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The flat worms of domestic -animals. They are most serious and common in -sheep. Treatment is only partially satisfactory. To -get any reasonable result food must be withheld for -several hours before the medicine is given. Use -the following: 1 teaspoonful of ethereal extract of -male fern in four ounces of castor oil. It is desirable -to keep the sheep inclosed, so that the ground -can be disinfected after the worms are expelled, -otherwise infection will occur right over again.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref212">TETANUS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref147">Lockjaw</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w400p" id="Plate5"> -<img src="images/plate5.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="581" /> -<p class="caption main">TEXAS FEVER</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The annual loss to the South, because of the cattle tick, -extends into many millions of dollars. Investigations show -that a complete extermination can be effected at a cost of $6 -per farm.</p> -</div> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref213">TEXAS OR TICK FEVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The earliest accounts -that we have of this disease date back to -1814. It was found that cattle driven from a certain -district in South Carolina to other parts of the -state would infect others with the disease, while -they themselves seemed to be in perfect health. -The disease is known by various names in the different -sections of the country. It is often called<span class="pagenum" id="Page259">[259]</span> -red water, Spanish fever, Australian tick fever, and -murain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600p" id="Plate6"> -<img src="images/plate6.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="421" /> -<p class="caption main">A TYPICAL CASE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE</p> -<p class="caption sublong">The disease shows itself about the mouth, the feet and the teats. When an -outbreak occurs all affected animals should be destroyed and all quarters thoroughly -disinfected.</p> -</div> - -<p>This is a specific fever, and is characterized by -the peculiarity among animal diseases that animals -which scatter the infection are apparently in good -health, while those which sicken and die from it do -not, as a rule, infect others.</p> - -<p>When the cattle are brought into the infected -districts they usually contract the disease during -the first of the summer, and if they are adult cattle, -particularly milch cows or fat cattle, nearly all die; -calves are more likely to survive. The disease is -one from which immunity is acquired, and, therefore, -calves which recover from the disease are not -again attacked, as a rule, even after they become -adult.</p> - -<p>When the disease is prevalent or scattered beyond -the infected district the roads, barns and pastures -are dangerous until freezing weather, when -the disease disappears and cattle can be kept in -the grounds or driven over the roads without catching -the disease. The midwinter months is the only -time that cattle can be safely driven from an infected -area to a non-infected area without spreading -the disease.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref214">The Cause.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Texas fever is caused by an organism -which lives within the red-blood corpuscles and -breaks them up. It is not a bacteria, but a protozoa, -and belongs to the lowest forms of the animal -kingdom. How it gets into the blood corpuscles is -not known. The fatality is due not so much to the -loss of blood corpuscles as to the difficulty which -the organs have in getting rid of the waste products -arising from this wholesale destruction.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref215">The Course of the Disease.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—After a period of -exposure, which may vary from 13 to 90 days, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page260">[260]</span> -disease first shows itself in dullness, loss of appetite -and a tendency to leave the herd and lie down -alone. A few days before these symptoms appear -the temperature rises from 103° to 107°. There is -little change in temperature until death or recovery.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref216">Pathological Changes Observable After Death.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The -presence of small ticks on the udder or -escutcheon is a very important sign in herds north -of the Texas fever line. The watery condition of -the blood. The spleen or milt very much enlarged, -and filled with a blackish pulp. Enlargement -of the liver, and its color changed to a -mahogany color. The distended gall-bladder, -caused by an excessive amount of bile in it.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref217">The Cattle Tick</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> (<i>Boophilus bovis</i>) is the carrier -of this disease. Its life history is quite simple. It -is unable to come to maturity and reproduce its -kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle, -whence it may obtain its food. The eggs laid on -the ground by the female tick after falling off the -cattle begin to develop at once. The time required -for hatching varies considerably, according to the -temperature. In the heat of summer about 13 days, -and in the fall, under the same conditions, from -four to six weeks. On pastures these little creatures -soon find their way on to cattle. They -attach themselves, by preference, to the tender skin -on the escutcheon, the inside of the thighs, and on -the base of the udder. When very numerous they -may be found on various parts of the body. They -remain clinging to the cattle until mature, and then -fall off and lay their eggs and hatch more new -ticks.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref218">How Prevention Is Possible.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—The spread of -Texas fever can be prevented by two ways—sanitary<span class="pagenum" id="Page261">[261]</span> -arrangements and by vaccination. Where the -cattle are infected with the tick, the ticks can be -killed by smearing the animals with a solution -capable of killing the ticks without harming the -cattle. In large herds a large vat of crude petroleum -is used to immerse the cattle in. In small -herds smear the cattle with a mixture of equal parts -of cottonseed oil and crude petroleum.</p> - -<p>How to rid the pastures of the tick without killing -the vegetation on them has for a long time been -the problem. Divide the pasture in two parts by a -double parallel line of fence with a 10-foot space -between, to prevent ticks from crawling across. -One of these pastures is then kept free of cattle for -two winters and one summer. After the second -winter it will be free of ticks and ready for tickless -cattle, when the other pasture is abandoned for the -same time.</p> - -<p>Vaccination is for the purpose of immunizing -cattle that are brought from a non-infected district -to an infected district. Calves about six to eight -months old should be used, as they are more immune -than adult cattle. The immunity is caused -by introducing the germ into the blood in a weakened -form. This may be done in two ways—by -placing virulent young ticks on the calves or by -artificial vaccination. When this is practiced, it -should be done in two or three inoculations, as it -gives better results. The intervals should be about -three weeks. The amount of virulent blood should -be small the first time and increased in the following -treatments.</p> - -<p>The inoculation always results in a more or less -serious attack of the fever upon the animal treated. -Some may die, but the proportion of deaths resulting -among animals taken directly into the infected<span class="pagenum" id="Page262">[262]</span> -district is large to the proportion of deaths resulting -from vaccination. Medical treatment for this -disease has proven unsatisfactory in the acute form, -although in some chronic cases some good results -may have been obtained by medical treatment.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref219">THICK LEG.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref155">Lymphangitis</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref220">THOROUGHPIN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An enlargement situated -on the sides and upper part of the hock joint of the -horse, arising from a derangement of the sheath of -the back tendon. The fluid with which it is filled -can be pressed from one side to the other, hence -the term thoroughpin. It seldom causes lameness. -For treatment mix a teaspoonful of biniodide of -mercury with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. Rub on a -little with the fingers, let it remain on for 24 hours, -then wash off and rub on a little lard or vaseline. -Repeat the blister every third week until the enlargement -disappears. The horse should have rest -while under treatment.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref221">THRUSH.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A diseased condition of the secreting -surface of the fatty frog in the foot. In severe -cases the horny part often detaches from the sensitive -tissue within. Bad shoeing is a common -cause of the trouble, or anything else that prevents -the frog from coming in contact with the ground. -Lameness is sometimes associated with the disease. -Treatment consists of careful cleaning, followed -with linseed meal poultices if lame. After the foot -is made dry, insert calomel into the little cavities. -The calomel can be kept in and the dirt kept out -by using paper or cloth plugs. Follow this treatment -until normal condition is attained.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref222">THUMPS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—This disease is limited in its action -to pigs. Its cause is not definitely known. It is recognized -by a peculiar contraction of the diaphragm -in young pigs. While the pig may eat fairly well<span class="pagenum" id="Page263">[263]</span> -the disturbance is associated with digestion. Such -patients like to lie around and take very little exercise. -The disease is more common where one kind -of food like corn is fed. The old common method -was to cut off the ear. The common practice now -is to give a purgative so as to relieve the stomach -and bowels of accumulated material. The food -should be changed and from 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls of -Epsom salts should be given. The jerking movement -of the muscles may be relieved or stopped -by using laudanum, say, four drops to 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls -of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a half -pint of water.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref223">TICK FEVER.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref213">Texas Fever</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref224">TRICHINOSIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—A disease caused by the trichina, -a minute worm that affects people, hogs and -rats. People become affected with the disease from -raw or partly cooked pork. These worms are -killed by thorough cooking or by the process of hot -pickling and curing meat products.</p> - -<p>Hogs become affected through eating offal and -rats about the slaughterhouses. Hogs that are -fed on green grass and other wholesome food, free -from these minute worms, are less likely to have -trichinæ embedded in their flesh and muscles. Hogs -do not seem to be bothered with the trichinæ, -but people suffer very severely, as both soreness in -the muscles and fever result.</p> - -<p>A few days after eating the trichinæ, the worms -multiply very rapidly in the digestive tract, from -which they migrate to other parts of the body and -work their way through the tissues. There is no -remedy in way of treatment when affected. Prevention -is the one cure. Inasmuch as five to ten -per cent of hogs are affected, it is advisable that all<span class="pagenum" id="Page264">[264]</span> -pork or ham be eaten only after most thorough -cooking.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref225">TUBERCULOSIS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Tuberculosis is a disease -resulting from the growth of tubercle bacteria in -the tissues of the animal. The bacteria, or germs, -of tuberculosis, usually gain entrance to the organs -of the body by being taken in with the food. Sometimes -they penetrate through the membranes in the -throat and get into the -glands of the head. Sometimes -they are taken into -the digestive tract, where -they pass through the -walls of the intestines -into the lymph channels -and are carried through -the large lymph vessel -into the blood circulation. -In some cases it would -seem that the bacteria get -into the lungs on particles -of dust that are inhaled.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w300p" id="Fig52"> -<img src="images/illo264.png" alt="" width="300" height="303" /> -<p class="caption main">TUBERCULOSIS GERMS</p> -<p class="caption sublong">These germs may be inhaled -in the lungs with the -air, admitted to the stomach -and intestines with food and -drink, or established in the -flesh by inoculation through -broken skin or mucous membrane.</p> -</div> - -<p>After getting into the -body, tubercle bacteria -multiply in the tissues to -which they have been carried and produce the -changes in them which we find on the examination -of an animal suffering with tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, -therefore, is simply the outcome of the -growth of the tubercle bacteria in the organs.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref226">Where Tubercles Are to Be Found.</h4> - -<p class="noindent">—Tuberculous -areas may be found in almost any part of the -infected animal, but the organs that are usually affected -are the lymphatic glands, either in the throat, -the bronchial glands or those about the intestines -and on the liver; the lungs; the liver; the kidneys;<span class="pagenum" id="Page265">[265]</span> -intestines; udder and generative organs. The -membrane covering the lungs (pleura), the heart -(pericardium), and intestines (peritoneum), are -frequently affected. It often happens that a large -mass, or masses, of tuberculous tissue grow over -one or more of these membranes. The most peculiar -thing about bovine tuberculosis is the fact that -frequently an animal will appear to be perfectly -well, but when slaughtered will be found to have -a large number of tuberculous areas or masses on -the membranes or in its organs. The reason for -this is that the diseased area is not at a vital point.</p> - -<p>The organ or membrane affected depends upon -the one to which the germ is carried. Usually -animals are infected in but one organ in the beginning, -and from this diseased area the germs -spread through the blood vessels or lymph channels -to other organs. When the diseased area is -restricted to one organ or part, it is called “localized” -tuberculosis, because it appears at the point -where the seed or germ was first planted. When -the germs spread through the circulation from -this first or primary diseased area to other organs -and set up new tuberculous growths, the condition -is called “generalized” tuberculosis. When -cattle are slaughtered for food, if they are found -to be afflicted with localized tuberculosis, the flesh -is considered to be fit for food, but if the disease -is generalized the carcass is condemned.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref227">The Symptoms of Tuberculosis</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> vary according to -the location of the disease. If it is in the glands of -the throat it is suggested by their enlargement. If -it is in a gland about the lungs, which, because of -its enlargement, presses on the œsophagus (gullet), -there might be bloating. If the disease is in the -lung tissue there would be, after it is sufficiently<span class="pagenum" id="Page266">[266]</span> -advanced, coughing and perhaps difficult breathing. -If the disease is in the liver, it cannot be readily -distinguished until it is far advanced. If the disease -is in the udder it manifests itself usually by -the organ becoming firm or hard, and when the -tissues are sufficiently broken down the milk from -that quarter will be changed in appearance; sometimes -it is thick, containing pus, sometimes thin -and watery. It is very difficult to diagnose tuberculosis -from the symptoms, as many other causes -may give rise to similar manifestations.</p> - -<p>As tuberculosis is caused by a specific germ, the -disease is spread by the germs escaping from the -diseased animals and getting into the bodies of -healthy ones. The tubercle bacteria escape from -the infected animal with some one or more of the -natural discharges of the body. For example, if -the cow has a bad tuberculous area in the lung, the -bacteria may be discharged into one of the air tubes -and coughed up into the mouth. Some of them -will escape with the saliva and infect mangers or -pastures. Some of them may be swallowed and -escape from the body with the feces. If the disease -is in the udder the germs will escape with the -milk. There are some observations which indicate -that sometimes the bacteria will escape with the -milk where the udder is not affected. After the -bacteria leave the diseased animal and are left in -the manger, or in the pasture, or on the surface of -water in the drinking trough, they can be readily -taken up by healthy cattle that eat or drink after -them. If they escape with the milk, calves and -pigs that are fed with it readily become infected. -After the germs get into the body of the healthy -animal they will multiply and produce the disease, -just as the seed of a noxious weed will, if blown<span class="pagenum" id="Page267">[267]</span> -into a new field, germinate and produce the weed -there. Tuberculosis spreads from animal to animal -on the same principle that weeds spread from one -field to another.</p> - -<p>In order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis it -is simply necessary to prevent healthy animals from -coming in contact with the diseased ones or eating -or drinking after them.</p> - -<p>As tuberculosis cannot be readily detected by a -physical examination until the disease is far advanced -in the organs affected, it is necessary, in -order to determine which animals have the disease, -to apply some test or to find the germs of the disease -in their excretions. The simplest test that has -thus far been discovered is the action of tuberculin. -When tuberculin is injected under the skin -of the animals affected with active tuberculosis the -animals respond by a rise of temperature, which -follows a somewhat definite curve. By means of -this test it is possible to pick out the infected individuals -so that they can be separated from the -healthy ones. The test should be repeated in from -six months to a year in order to detect any new -cases which might have developed from latent or -arrested ones. We cannot always get all of the -infected animals with the first test any more than -we can always remove every weed from the garden -by one hoeing.</p> - -<h4 class="inline" id="Ref228">The Bang Method for the Control</h4> - -<p class="noindent"> of tuberculosis -consists in separating the animals that are infected -from the well ones and keeping them for breeding -purposes. The calves are removed from their dams -as soon as born and fed with the milk of healthy -cows, or the pasteurized milk of the infected ones. -It has been found that but a small percentage of -calves that are raised under proper precautions from<span class="pagenum" id="Page268">[268]</span> -such animals have tuberculosis. By this means a -sound herd of cattle may be developed from tuberculous -animals. This method was introduced by -Prof. Bang of Copenhagen, and it has been found -to be very effective in Denmark and other countries -in Europe. It has been applied with much success -in a large number of individual herds in the United -States. Its success depends entirely upon the care -which is taken in keeping tubercle bacteria away -from the calves.</p> - -<p>In purchasing cattle for dairy or breeding purposes -it is important that they should be taken -from herds that are free from tuberculosis. The -sound herd is the unit to be dealt with. Animals -from such herds are far more reliable than non-reactors -from tuberculous herds.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref229">TUMORS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Abnormal growths of tissues. There -are many kinds of tumors. They are named from -the kind of tissue of which they are composed, -as fibrous and fatty. Just why tumors should develop -is not known. Treatment is in the direction -of direct removal; this means they are to be cut -out with a knife. Another method is to tie a strong -cord around the stem of the tumor, thus shutting -off the blood supply. As soon as this is effected, -there will be a sloughing away, with a sore remaining, -which is to be treated as in an ordinary wound. -Some tumors are burnt off with caustics. Arsenic -or corrosive sublimate are commonly used, either -singularly or combined. Better consult a veterinarian -about the removal of tumors on valuable -animals.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref230">TUMORS IN PIGS AFTER CASTRATION.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Bunches -form on the cords of pigs after castration -as a result of infection from dirty instruments or -hands during the operation; or from leaving the<span class="pagenum" id="Page269">[269]</span> -cord too long, thus increasing the liability of its -becoming infected. These tumors continue to -grow, and in the worst cases attain the size of a -man’s head. Cut down on a tumor the same as -in a simple case of castration. Separate the skin -from the tumor and then swallow up the cord with -the hands. Cut the cord off as high up as possible. -The wound may be healed by the use of any of the -common disinfectants. A teaspoonful of carbolic -acid in a quart of water may be used once daily -until the pigs are healed. Pigs should be kept in -a clean pen after the operation.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref231">WARBLES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—These are lumps in the skin of -cattle, caused by grubs or warbles. A simple treatment -is to cut the skin and squeeze out the grubs -where the lumps are noticed. If all the grubs are -killed in this way, there will be no mature flies to -cause trouble later on. See article on <a href="#Ref26">Bot Flies</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref232">WARTS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—The cause of these little tumors of the -skin is not definitely known. They occur on all -domestic animals, appearing most frequently on -horses and cattle. Pure acetic acid, dropped on -the wart until it is saturated and softened, destroys -in the early stages. Warts about which a -small cord may be tied are most easily treated in -that way. After they have sloughed off, apply a -little terchloride of antimony with a feather or cotton. -When the scab forms, remove it and apply -the chemical again. With a couple of applications -the spot will be lower than the surrounding skin. -Now use an ointment, made of 4 tablespoonfuls of -oxide of zinc and 8 tablespoonfuls of lard. Apply -this daily until the sore spot is healed. Sometimes -a form of warts suddenly appears on colts and -calves and scatter themselves about the lips, nose<span class="pagenum" id="Page270">[270]</span> -and face. They are common and appear and disappear -suddenly. No treatment is necessary.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref233">WATER IN THE BRAIN.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Dropsy in the -brain. A condition characterized by an accumulation -of fluid in the brain. The disease is either -congenital or arises during the first years of life. -When it occurs the best thing is to kill the young -individual at once.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref234">WATER IN THE CHEST.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Often after a case -of pleurisy a reaction comes and a very large quantity -of water settles in the chest cavity, anywhere -from two to four pailfuls. When the disease comes -on the animal has difficulty in breathing; takes in -the breath quickly. There is a constant biting at -the flanks; the pulse increases to a hundred beats -a minute. If you place your ear over the chest -you will likely hear no sound at all. Best treatment -is wholesome food, boiled flaxseed, and blisters -for both sides of the chest. Use strong mustard -plasters. A good medicine to use is one-fourth of -a pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash, one -fourth of a pound of ground gentian and one-fourth -of a pound of sulphate of iron. These should be -mixed and then 1 teaspoonful given every four -hours. You had better consult a veterinarian. Other -complications set in so readily that help may be -secured in other ways. Some veterinarians puncture -the chest so as to draw off the surplus water -that has accumulated.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref235">WHITE SCOURS OF CALVES.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Calves of -several days or weeks old suffer from indigestion, -which is indicated by thriftlessness, and then scouring. -The discharges are white, sour, curdled and frequent -at first and then become watery, greenish and -offensive, passing in stream often. Calves live some<span class="pagenum" id="Page271">[271]</span> -days and fast lose flesh, showing all the symptoms -of ill health.</p> - -<p>One of the commonest causes is feeding dirty, -souring or decomposing factory skim milk in large -quantities at long intervals; even sweet skim milk -so fed may produce the trouble. To prevent scours -give calves a perfectly clean, airy, sunny pen and -yard attached. Separate any calf that scours. -Avoid dirty, dark, damp, poorly ventilated pens in -which scouring calves have been. Give all food -from clean, scalded, sun-dried vessels. Feed small -quantities of food often; and in milk mix lime water -freely two or three times a week as a preventive; -and daily when scouring has been experienced. -Also see that the udders of cows nursing calves -do not become contaminated with manure or other -filth.</p> - -<p>Wash udders with a two per cent solution of coal -tar disinfectant before any calf is allowed to suck -for the first time, and then repeat to keep the udders -clean. Also disinfect the navel of each calf at birth -with a <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>500</sub> solution of corrosive sublimate and -repeat the application twice a day until the navel -is perfectly healed over. At the first sign of scours -give castor oil shaken up in milk. Two to 6 tablespoonfuls -is the dose according to the size and age of -the calf. Follow two or three times daily with a 1 to -2-teaspoonful dose of a mixture of one part of salol -and two parts of subnitrate of bismuth in milk or -water. For calves scouring on skim milk mix in -each pint of milk 1 teaspoonful of a mixture of half -an ounce of formaldehyde in 15<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ounces of distilled -water, to be kept in an amber-colored bottle.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref236">WIND COLIC.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref54">Colic</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref237">WIND PUFFS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—An accumulation of synovia in -the cavities between the tendons of the legs, especially<span class="pagenum" id="Page272">[272]</span> -between the back tendons and the bone just -above the fetlock joint. The bulging out is on -each side of the tendon. Horses subjected to -severe exertions, like hard work on the roads, are -most frequently affected. The puffs or galls seldom -cause lameness or interfere with the usual -work. Unless treated the puffs will become thicker -and harder and sometimes solidified. When this -happens lameness occurs. In the early stages, -pads and bandages, if applied so as to cause pressure, -will tend to remove the galls. If this treatment -is not sufficient, then use a teaspoonful of -biniodide of mercury, and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. -When mixed, these should be rubbed on with the -fingers. After 24 hours remove with water and -soap and repeat every other week until the puffs -disappear.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref238">WIND SUCKING.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref63">Cribbing</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref239">WORMS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—See <a href="#Ref138">Intestinal Worms in Horses</a> and -<a href="#Ref139">Sheep</a>; and <a href="#Ref202a">Stomach Worms</a>.</p> - -<h3 class="inline" id="Ref240">WORMS IN HOGS.</h3> - -<p class="noindent">—Hogs with worms in the -intestines run down in condition, become very thin -and lank, back is arched, eyes dull, refuse feed, -walk stiffly, and appear lifeless. The worms may -be very numerous, in bad cases completely filling -the intestines. The pigs die if not treated. To -secure the best results, affected hogs should receive -individual treatment. Twenty-four hours before -administering treatment very little feed should -be given them. Then give the following medicine -as a drench to each 100-pound hog; larger or smaller -hogs should receive a dose in proportion: 4 tablespoonfuls -of oil of turpentine, one-half teaspoonful -of liquor ferri dialysatus and 6 ounces of raw linseed -oil. If necessary, repeat the dose in four -days.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page273">[273]</span></p> - -<h2>Index</h2> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li> <span class="righttext">Page</span></li> -<li>Abortion, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> -<li>Abscesses, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page103">103</a></span></li> -<li>Aconite, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Actinomycosis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Afterbirth, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page106">106</a></span></li> -<li>Aloes, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Alum, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Animal Body a Collection of Cells, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> -<li>Animal Body, How Formed, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page9">9</a></span></li> -<li>Animals, Caring for Sick, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Animal Diseases, Learn to Recognize, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> -<li>Animals, Examining in the Stables, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page42">42</a></span></li> -<li>Animals, Out of Doors Test, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Anthrax, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108">108</a></span></li> -<li>Antimony, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Apoplexy, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Anemia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Aniseed, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Arnica, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Arsenic, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Azoturia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Back, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Bandage, How to Make It, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page57">57</a></span></li> -<li>Barrenness, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page113">113</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Big Head, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page113">113</a></span></li> -<li>Big Jaw of Cattle, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Big Knee, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Big Leg, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Bile, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Biniodide of Mercury, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Bitter Milk, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Blackhead, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Blackleg, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Blackleg Vaccine, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> -<li>Bladder, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Bladder, Stone in, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Blind Staggers, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Blistering, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Bloating in Cattle, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Blood, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a></span></li> -<li>Blood Poisoning, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> -<li>Bloody Milk, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Bloody Urine, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Body, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Body Tissues, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a></span></li> -<li>Bog Spavin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Bone Spavin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Bot Flies, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Bots, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page126">126</a></span></li> -<li>Breeze Flies, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Broken Wind, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page126">126</a></span></li> -<li>Bromide of Potassium, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Bronchitis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page126">126</a></span></li> -<li>Bruises, Treating, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page60">60</a></span></li> -<li>Bunches, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Burns, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Caked Bag, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Caked Udder, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Calculi of Urinary Organs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page140">140</a></span></li> -<li>Calf Cholera, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Calf Scours, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page129">129</a></span></li> -<li>Camphor, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Cancer, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page129">129</a></span></li> -<li>Cantharides, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Capped Elbow, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Capped Hock, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Capped Knee, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Carbolic Acid, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Castration, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Catarrh, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Cattle Scab, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Cattle, Special Type in, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Caustic Potash, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Cell Division, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page10">10</a></span></li> -<li>Cell, Nature of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page9">9</a></span></li> -<li>Cells, What They Are, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> -<li>Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Charbon, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Chest Founder, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Chicken Cholera, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Choking, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Chronic Founder, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page165">165</a></span></li> -<li>Circulation of Blood, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Coffin Joint Lameness, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Colds, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Colic, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Colic Mixture, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a></span></li> -<li>Concretions, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page140">140</a></span></li> -<li>Constipation, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> -<li>Corns, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> -<li>Corns, Examine for, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page49">49</a></span></li> -<li>Cornstalk Disease, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Corrosive Sublimate, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page73">73</a></span></li> -<li>Cough Mixture, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a></span></li> -<li>Cow Pox, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Cracked Hoofs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Cramp Colic, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Creolin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Cribbing, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Crib Suckers, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Croton Oil, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page73">73</a></span></li> -<li>Curb, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Diabetes, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Diarrhoea, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Difficult Parturition, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Digestion of Food, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> -<li>Dipping Live Stock, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Disease on the Farm, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page1">1</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, Physical Examination in, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Disease due to Heredity, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Disease from Chemical Causes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page274">[274]</span> -<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, Origin of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page86">86</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, The Causes of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page83">83</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, The Meaning of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page82">82</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, The Course of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, The Termination of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Disease, The Treatment of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page95">95</a></span></li> -<li>Diseases of Farm Animals, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> -<li>Dishorning, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Disinfect Frequently, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page5">5</a></span></li> -<li>Disinfectants, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page6">6</a></span></li> -<li>Distemper, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Dropsy, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Dysentery, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page150">150</a></span></li> -<li>Dystokia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page149">149</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Eczema, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page149">149</a></span></li> -<li>Enteritis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Epilepsy, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Epizootic, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Ergotism, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Erysipelas, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page152">152</a></span></li> -<li>Examining Animals, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page39">39</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Farcy, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page153">153</a></span></li> -<li>Feet, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a></span></li> -<li>Fever, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page153">153</a></span></li> -<li>Firing, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Fistulæ, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page154">154</a></span></li> -<li>Fits, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page157">157</a></span></li> -<li>Flatulent Colic, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page157">157</a></span></li> -<li>Fleas, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page157">157</a></span></li> -<li>Flies, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page157">157</a></span></li> -<li>Flukes, Liver, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Fly Blister, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a></span></li> -<li>Foot and Mouth Disease, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Foot Puncture, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Foot Rot in Sheep, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Fore Legs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page48">48</a></span></li> -<li>Founder, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Fowl Cholera, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page165">165</a></span></li> -<li>Framework of the Body, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page13">13</a></span></li> -<li>Front Feet, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page48">48</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Gapes, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page165">165</a></span></li> -<li>Garget, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page166">166</a></span></li> -<li>Gastric Juice, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Gastritis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page166">166</a></span></li> -<li>Gentian, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Germs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page85">85</a></span></li> -<li>Gid in Sheep, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page166">166</a></span></li> -<li>Ginger, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Glanders, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page167">167</a></span></li> -<li>Gravel or Dirt in Foot, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page174">174</a></span></li> -<li>Grease Heel, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page175">175</a></span></li> -<li>Grub in the Head, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page176">176</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Hair, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page13">13</a></span></li> -<li>Hair Balls, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page177">177</a></span></li> -<li>Heart, How it Works, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Heat Exhaustion, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page178">178</a></span></li> -<li>Heaves, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page177">177</a></span></li> -<li>Hernia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page179">179</a></span></li> -<li>Hide-Bound, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page181">181</a></span></li> -<li>High Blowing, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page181">181</a></span></li> -<li>Hind Feet, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page49">49</a></span></li> -<li>Hind Legs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page49">49</a></span></li> -<li>Hip Joint Lameness, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page181">181</a></span></li> -<li>Hipped, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page182">182</a></span></li> -<li>Hog Cholera, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page182">182</a></span></li> -<li>Hollow Horn, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page193">193</a></span></li> -<li>Hoof Cracks, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page194">194</a></span></li> -<li>Hoof Ointment, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a></span></li> -<li>Horn Fly, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page194">194</a></span></li> -<li>Horses, Special Type in, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page40">40</a></span></li> -<li>Hoven, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page194">194</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrocephalus, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page194">194</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrophobia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page194">194</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrothorax, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page195">195</a></span></li> -<li>Hyposulphite of Soda, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Impaction of Rumen, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page195">195</a></span></li> -<li>Indigestion, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page196">196</a></span></li> -<li>Infectious Anemia in Horses, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page197">197</a></span></li> -<li>Infectious Pneumonia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page197">197</a></span></li> -<li>Inflammation of the Bowels, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page197">197</a></span></li> -<li>Inflammation of the Lungs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page199">199</a></span></li> -<li>Influenza, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page200">200</a></span></li> -<li>Inoculation, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page86">86</a></span></li> -<li>Internal Organs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a></span></li> -<li>Intestinal Worms in Horses, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page201">201</a></span></li> -<li>Intestinal Worms in Sheep, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page251">251</a></span></li> -<li>Intestines, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Iodide of Potassium, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Iodine, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Itch, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page202">202</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Jaundice, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page202">202</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Kidneys, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Kidney Worms, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page204">204</a></span></li> -<li>Knee Sprung, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page205">205</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Lameness, Examine for, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Laminitis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page205">205</a></span></li> -<li>Laudanum, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Leg Bones, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a></span></li> -<li>Leg Wounds, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> -<li>Lice, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page205">205</a></span></li> -<li>Linseed Oil, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Liver Flukes, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page207">207</a></span></li> -<li>Lockjaw, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page208">208</a></span></li> -<li>Loco Disease, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page212">212</a></span></li> -<li>Lumpy Jaw, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page213">213</a></span></li> -<li>Lung Fever, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page214">214</a></span></li> -<li>Lungs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Lungs, Congestion of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page213">213</a></span></li> -<li>Lung Worms in Calves, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page214">214</a></span></li> -<li>Lung Worms in Lambs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page214">214</a></span></li> -<li>Lymph, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a></span></li> -<li>Lymphangitis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page214">214</a></span></li> -<li>Lymph Through Cells, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Mad Dog, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page217">217</a></span></li> -<li>Maggots, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page217">217</a></span></li> -<li>Maggots in Wounds, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> -<li>Mange, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page219">219</a></span></li> -<li>Mastication, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page24">24</a></span></li> -<li>Medicines, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Medicines, Administration of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Medicines, Giving in a Ball, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Medicines, Giving in a Drench, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Mallenders, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page218">218</a></span></li> -<li>Mammitis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page218">218</a></span></li> -<li>Milk Fever, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page219">219</a></span></li> -<li>Monday Morning Sickness, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page221">221</a></span></li> -<li>Mouth, Examining the, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a></span></li> -<li>Muscular System, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page19">19</a></span></li> -<li>Mustard Plasters, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Nasal Gleet, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page221">221</a></span></li> -<li>Navicular Disease, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page222">222</a></span></li> -<li>Neck,<span class="pagenum" id="Page275">[275]</span> <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Nervous System, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page19">19</a></span></li> -<li>Nitrate of Potash, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Nitrate of Soda, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Nits, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page224">224</a></span></li> -<li>Nodular Disease in Sheep, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page224">224</a></span></li> -<li>Nostril, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page45">45</a></span></li> -<li>Nutriment, How Absorbed, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page27">27</a></span></li> -<li>Nux Vomica, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Obstetrics, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page225">225</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Paces, Testing of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Palisade Worm, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page228">228</a></span></li> -<li>Paralysis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page229">229</a></span></li> -<li>Parasites, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page230">230</a></span></li> -<li>Parturient Apoplexy, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page230">230</a></span></li> -<li>Parturition, Difficult, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page230">230</a></span></li> -<li>Pelvic Girdle, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a></span></li> -<li>Peritonitis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page230">230</a></span></li> -<li>Physic Drench for Cattle, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> -<li>Physic Drench for Horses, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> -<li>Physiology You Ought to Know, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> -<li>Pink Eye, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page231">231</a></span></li> -<li>Placenta, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page232">232</a></span></li> -<li>Plant Building, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> -<li>Pleurisy, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page233">233</a></span></li> -<li>Pleuro-Pneumonia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page234">234</a></span></li> -<li>Pneumonia, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page234">234</a></span></li> -<li>Poll Evil, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page234">234</a></span></li> -<li>Post-Mortem Examination, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page62">62</a></span></li> -<li>Post-Mortem, First Things to Do, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Post-Mortem, Removing the Skin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a></span></li> -<li>Post-Mortem, The Discharges, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page64">64</a></span></li> -<li>Poultices, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Prescriptions, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a></span></li> -<li>Prevention Better than Cure, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> -<li>Profuse Staling, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Protoplasm, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page9">9</a></span></li> -<li>Pulse, Taking the, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Punctures, Nail, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page59">59</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Quarantine Quarters, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page8">8</a></span></li> -<li>Quarter Crack, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page235">235</a></span></li> -<li>Quittor, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page235">235</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Rabies, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page236">236</a></span></li> -<li>Reproductive Apparatus, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> -<li>Respiration, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page32">32</a></span></li> -<li>Respiration, Taking the, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page95">95</a></span></li> -<li>Respiratory Organs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> -<li>Rheumatism, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page236">236</a></span></li> -<li>Ringbone, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page237">237</a></span></li> -<li>Ringworm, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page238">238</a></span></li> -<li>Roaring, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page239">239</a></span></li> -<li>Roup, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page239">239</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Salts, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page79">79</a></span></li> -<li>Sand Crack, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page240">240</a></span></li> -<li>Scab in Cattle, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page241">241</a></span></li> -<li>Septic Navel Infection, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page243">243</a></span></li> -<li>Sheep Bots, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page243">243</a></span></li> -<li>Sick Animals, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page7">7</a></span></li> -<li>Side Bones, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page243">243</a></span></li> -<li>Skeleton, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page14">14</a></span></li> -<li>Skin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page13">13</a></span></li> -<li>Skull, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a></span></li> -<li>Slobbering, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page245">245</a></span></li> -<li>Soothing Ointment, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a></span></li> -<li>Soundness, Examining Animals for, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page39">39</a></span></li> -<li>Spasmodic Colic, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page245">245</a></span></li> -<li>Spavin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page245">245</a></span></li> -<li>Spaying, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page247">247</a></span></li> -<li>Spirits of Niter, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Splints, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page248">248</a></span></li> -<li>Sprains, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page249">249</a></span></li> -<li>Staggers, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page250">250</a></span></li> -<li>Stomach, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Stomach Churn, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Stomach of Horse, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page24">24</a></span></li> -<li>Stomach of Ruminants, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Stomach Worms in Sheep, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page251">251</a></span></li> -<li>Stone in Bladder, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> -<li>Strangles, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> -<li>Stringhalt in Horses, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page255">255</a></span></li> -<li>Sugar of Lead, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Copper, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Iron, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page79">79</a></span></li> -<li>Sunstroke, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page255">255</a></span></li> -<li>Swamp Fever, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page255">255</a></span></li> -<li>Sweeny, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page257">257</a></span></li> -<li>Swine Plague, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page258">258</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Tape Worms, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page258">258</a></span></li> -<li>Teeth, As an Indication of Age, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> -<li>Teeth, Loosening of Temporary, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page35">35</a></span></li> -<li>Teeth of Cattle, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>Teeth of Sheep, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> -<li>Temperature, Taking the, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page94">94</a></span></li> -<li>Tetanus, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page258">258</a></span></li> -<li>Texas Fever, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page258">258</a></span></li> -<li>Thick Leg, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> -<li>Thoroughpin, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> -<li>Throat, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Thrush, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> -<li>Thumps, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> -<li>Tick Fever, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page263">263</a></span></li> -<li>Tissues, Body, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a></span></li> -<li>Tooth, The Mark in, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page35">35</a></span></li> -<li>Trichinosis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page263">263</a></span></li> -<li>Tuberculosis, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page264">264</a></span></li> -<li>Tumors, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page268">268</a></span></li> -<li>Tumors in Pigs After Castration, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page268">268</a></span></li> -<li>Turpentine, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page79">79</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Urinary Organs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> - -<li class="firstlett">Warbles, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page269">269</a></span></li> -<li>Warts, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page269">269</a></span></li> -<li>Water in the Brain, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> -<li>Water in the Chest, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> -<li>White Scours of Calves, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> -<li>Wind Puffs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page271">271</a></span></li> -<li>Wind Sucking, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page272">272</a></span></li> -<li>Wind, Testing the, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page51">51</a></span></li> -<li>Worms, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page272">272</a></span></li> -<li>Worms in Hogs, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page272">272</a></span></li> -<li>Wound, Cleansing the, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Wounds, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Wounds, First Step in Treating, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Wounds, Kinds of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page55">55</a></span></li> -<li>Wounds, Special Treatment of, <span class="righttext"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> - -</ul><!--index--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="tnbot" id="TN"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p class="noindent">Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained.<br /> -The Plates have been added to the List of Illustrations.<br /> -Jekyl-like (page 11) and post portem (page 120) have not been corrected.<br /> -Page 110 ff.: not all entries are listed in alphabetical order, this has not been corrected.</p> - -<p class="noindent">Changes and corrections made:<br /> -Page 21: Æsophagus changed to Œsophagus<br /> -Page 183: ... characteristic “a” or even “b” ...: Letter “b” -was invisible in the source document<br /> -Page 186: On open- the carcass ... changed to On opening the carcass ...<br /> -Page 201: Intestinal Worms in Horses: capitalised as other section headings<br /> -Page 275: Nail Punctures changed to Punctures, Nail.</p> - -</div><!--TN--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Farmer's Veterinarian, by -Charles William Burkett - 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