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diff --git a/old/55366-0.txt b/old/55366-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 53bd0d4..0000000 --- a/old/55366-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8832 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Farmer's Veterinarian, by Charles William Burkett - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Farmer's Veterinarian - A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Farm Stock - -Author: Charles William Burkett - -Release Date: August 16, 2017 [EBook #55366] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FARMER'S VETERINARIAN *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - Text printed in small capitals, bold face or italics are represented - here as ALL CAPITALS, between =equal signs= and between _underscores_, - respectively. - - More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text. - - - - -FARM LIFE SERIES - - - THE FARMER’S VETERINARIAN - By CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT - - HANDY FARM DEVICES AND HOW TO MAKE THEM - By ROLFE COBLEIGH - - MAKING HORTICULTURE PAY - By M. G. KAINS - - FARM CROPS - By CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT - - PROFITABLE STOCK RAISING - By CLARENCE A. SHAMEL - - PROFITABLE POULTRY PRODUCTION - By M. G. KAINS - - _Other Volumes in Preparation_ - - - - -[Illustration: HEALTH] - - - - - The Farmer’s - Veterinarian - - =A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Farm Stock:= Containing Brief - and Popular Advice on the Nature, Cause and Treatment of Disease, the - Common Ailments and the Care and Management of Stock when Sick - - _By_ - CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT - _Editor of American Agriculturist_ - - ILLUSTRATED - - NEW YORK - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - 1914 - - - _Copyright, 1909_ - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - NEW YORK - - PRINTED IN U. S. A. - - - - -PREFACE - - -A large class of people, by force of circumstances, are compelled to -treat their own animals when sick or disabled. Qualified veterinarians -are not always available; and all the ills and accidents incident to -farm animals do not require professional attendance. Furthermore, the -skilled stockman should be familiar with common diseases and the -treatment of them. He should remember, too, that the maintenance of -health and vigor in our farm stock is the direct result of well-directed -management. Too frequently this is neither understood nor admitted, and -an unreasonable lack of attention, when animals are ill or indisposed, -works out dire mischief in the presence of physical disorder and -infectious diseases. A fair acquaintance with the common ailments is -helpful to the owner and to his stock. This leads to health, to -prevention of disease, and to skill in attendance when disease is at -hand. - -The volume herewith presented abounds in helpful suggestions and -valuable information for the most successful treatment of ills and -accidents and disease troubles. It is an everyday handbook of disease -and its treatment, and contains the best ideas gathered from the various -authorities and the experience of a score of practical veterinarians in -all phases of veterinary practice. - - C. W. BURKETT. - - NEW YORK, June, 1909. - - - - -Table of Contents - - - Page - INTRODUCTION - Facing Disease on the Farm 1 - - CHAPTER I. - How the Animal Body is Formed 9 - - CHAPTER II. - Some Physiology You Ought to Know 21 - - CHAPTER III. - The Teeth as an Indication of Age 34 - - CHAPTER IV. - Examining Animals for Soundness and Health 39 - - CHAPTER V. - Wounds and Their Treatment 54 - - CHAPTER VI. - Making a Post-Mortem Examination 62 - - CHAPTER VII. - Common Medicines and Their Actions 69 - - CHAPTER VIII. - Meaning of Disease 82 - - CHAPTER IX. - Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease 92 - - CHAPTER X. - Diseases of Farm Animals 101 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Page - 1. Health Frontispiece - 2. Common Sheep Scab 3 - 3. Hog House and Feeding Floor 5 - 4. Poulticing the Throat 8 - 5. How a Cell Divides 10 - 6. Bones of Skeleton of a Horse 16 - 7. One of the Parasites of the Hog 18 - 8. Circulation and Digestion 22 - 9. Diseased Kidney 25 - 10. Stomach of Ruminant 27 - 11. Circulation of Blood in Body 30 - 12. Lumpy Jaw (jaw bone) 36 - 13. Bad Attitude Due to Conformation 41 - 14. Ewe Neck 46 - 15. Anatomy of the Foot 49 - 16. Fractures 54 - 17. Bandaging a Leg 57 - 18. Rickets in Pigs 63 - 19. Round Worms in Hog Intestines 66 - 20. Tetanus Bacilli 71 - 21. Ready for the Drench 81 - 22. Bacteria As Seen Under the Microscope 85 - 23. Result of Bone Spavin 90 - 24. Feeling the Pulse 94 - 25. How Heat Affects Growth 96 - 26. Diseases of the Horse 102 - 27. Lumpy Jaw (external view) 105 - 28. Where to Tap in Bloating 118 - 29. Bog Spavin 122 - 30. Horse Bots in Stomach 124 - 31. Colic Pains 138 - 32. Retention of the Urine 141 - 33. Curb 145 - 34. Fistulous Withers 156 - 35. Foot Rot in Sheep 160 - 36. Founder 163 - 37. Bad Case of Glanders 170 - 38. Ventral Hernia 180 - 39. An Attack of Cholera 182 - 40. The Result of Hog Cholera 186 - 41. Kidney Worms in the Hog 205 - 42. Liver Fluke 207 - 43. Lockjaw 209 - 44. Lymphangitis 215 - 45. Natural Presentation of the Foal 225 - 46. Abnormal Presentation of the Foal 227 - 47. Quittor 235 - 48. A Cattle Bath Tub 241 - 49. Side Bones 244 - 50. Splint 248 - 51. Twisted Stomach Worms 252 - 52. Tuberculosis Germs 264 - Health and Disease Plate 1 - Making Post Mortem Examinations Plate 2 - A Victim of Tuberculosis Plate 3 - Exterior Points of the Horse; Castration Plate 4 - Texas Fever Plate 5 - A Typical Case of Foot and Mouth Disease Plate 6 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - -Facing Disease on the Farm - - -To call a veterinarian or not--that is the question. Whether your horse -or cow is sick enough for professional attendance, or just under the -weather a little, is a problem you will always be called upon to face. -And you must meet it. It has always faced the man who raises stock, and -it is a problem that always will. Like human beings, farm stock have -their ailments and troubles; and, in most cases, a little care and -nursing are all that will be required. With these troubles all of us are -acquainted; especially those who have spent much time with the flocks -and the herds on the farm. Through experience we know that often with -every reasonable care, some animals, frequently the healthiest-looking -ones, in the field, or stable, give trouble at the most unsuspected -times. So the fault is not always with the owner. - -There is no reason, however, why an effort should not be made, just as -soon as any trouble is noticed, to assist the sick animal to recover, -and help nature in every way possible to restore the invalid to its -usual normal condition. The average observing farmer, as a rule, knows -just about what the trouble is; he usually knows if treatment is beyond -him, and if not, what simple medical aid will be effective in bringing -about a recovery with greater dispatch than nature unaided will effect. - -Now, of course, this means that the farmer should be acquainted with his -animals; in health and disease their actions should be familiar to him. -If he be a master of his business he naturally knows a great deal about -his farm stock. No man who grows corn or wheat ever raises either crop -extremely successfully unless he has an intimate knowledge of the soil, -the seed, the details of fertilization and culture. He has learned how -good soils look, how bad soils look; he knows if soils are healthy, -whether they are capable of producing big crops or little crops. - -So with his stock. He must know, and he does know, something as to their -state of health or ill health. With steady observation his knowledge -will increase; and with experience he ought to be able to diagnose the -common ailments, and not only prescribe for their treatment, but -actually treat many of them himself. Unfortunately, many farmers pass -health along too lightly and the common disorders too seriously. This is -wrong. The man who deals with farm animals should be well acquainted -with them, just as the engineer is acquainted with his engine. If an -engine goes wrong the engineer endeavors to ascertain the trouble. If it -is beyond his experience and knowledge he turns the problem over to an -expert. It should be so with the stock raiser. So familiar should the -owner be with his animals in case of trouble he ought to know of some -helpful remedy or to know that the trouble is more serious than -ordinary, in which case the veterinarian should be called. - -All of this means that the art of observing the simple functions should -be acquired at the earliest possible moment--where to find the pulse of -horse or cow, how many heart beats in a minute, how many respirations a -minute, the color of the healthy nostril, the use of the thermometer and -where to place it to get the information, the character of the eye, the -nature of the coat, the passage of dung and water, how the animal -swallows, the attitude when standing, the habit of lying down and -getting up--all of these should be as familiar to the true stockman as -the simplest details of tillage or of planting or of harvesting. - -[Illustration: COMMON SHEEP SCAB - -Here is an advanced case and shows how serious the trouble may become. A -very small itch mite is the cause. The mites live and multiply under the -scurf and scab of the skin.] - -Moreover, the stockman should be a judge of external characters, whether -natural or temporary. He should have a knowledge of animal conformation. -If to know a good plow is desirable, then to know a good pastern or foot -is desirable. If the art of selecting wheat is a worthy acquisition, -then the art of comparing hocks of different horses is a worthy -accomplishment also. If experience tells the grower that his corn or -potatoes or cotton is strong, vigorous and healthy or just the reverse, -observation and experience ought also to tell him when his stock are in -good health or when they lack thrift or are sick and need treatment. - - -LEARN TO RECOGNIZE ANIMAL DISEASES - -Few farmers there are, indeed, who are not acquainted with crop -diseases. Smut is readily recognized when present in the wheat or corn -or oat field; so colic, too, should be recognized when your horse is -affected by it. The peach and the apple have their common ailments; so -have the cow and pig. In either case the facts ought to be familiar. So -familiar that as soon as diagnosed and recognized prompt measures for -treatment should be followed that the cure may be effected before any -particular headway is at all made. Handled in this way, many cases that -are now passed on to the veterinarian would never develop into serious -disturbances at all. - - -PREVENTION BETTER THAN CURE - -The old saying, “Prevention is better than cure,” is both wisdom and a -splendid platform on which to build any branch of live stock work. Every -disease is the result of some disturbance, somewhere. It may be improper -food; the stockman must know. Moldy fodder causes nervous troubles in -the horse. Cottonseed meal, if fed continuously to pigs, leads to their -death. Hence, food has much to do with health and disease. Ventilation -of the stable plays its part. Bad air leads to weakness, favors -tuberculosis, and, if not remedied, brings about loss and death. Fresh -air in abundance is better than medicine; and the careful stockman will -see that it be not denied. - -Good sanitation, including cleanly quarters, wholesome water and dry -stables, has its reward in more healthy animals. When not provided, the -animals are frequently ill, or are in bad health more or less. As these -factors--proper food, good ventilation, and effective sanitation--are -introduced in stable accommodations, diseases will be lessened and stock -profits will increase. - -[Illustration: HOG HOUSE AND FEEDING FLOOR - -This convenient hog house is inexpensive, and the feeding floor at the -side insures cleanliness and thorough sanitary conditions. A sanitary -hog house should be one of the chief improvements of the farm.] - - -DISINFECT FREQUENTLY; IT NEVER HURTS AND IT MAY DO A WORLD OF GOOD - -As disease is better understood it becomes more closely identified with -germs and bacteria. Hence, to lessen disease we must destroy, so far as -possible, the disease-producing germs. For this purpose nothing is -better than sunlight and disinfectants. Sunlight is itself death to all -germs; therefore, all stables, and the living quarters for farm animals, -should be light and airy, and free from damp corners and lodgment places -for dust, vermin, and bacteria. Even when animals are in good health, -disinfection is a splendid means for warding off disease. For sometimes -with the greatest care germs are admitted in some manner or form. By -constantly disinfecting, the likelihood of any encroachment by germs is -greatly lessened. - -Fortunately we have disinfectants that are easily applied and easily -obtained at small cost. One of these disinfecting materials is lime, -just ordinary slaked lime, the lime that every farmer knows. While it -does not possess the disinfecting power of many other agents, it is, -nevertheless, very desirable for sprinkling about stables and for -whitewashing floors, walls, and partitions. When so used the cracks and -holes are filled and the germs destroyed. Ordinary farm stables should -be whitewashed once or twice each year, and the crumbled lime sprinkled -on the litter or open ground. It is not desirable to use lime with -bedding and manure, for the reason that it liberates the nitrogen -contained therein. Hence the bedding and manure should be removed to the -fields as frequently as possible, where it can be more helpful to the -land. Thus scattered, the sunlight and purifying effects of the soil -will soon destroy the disease bacteria, if any are present in the -manure. - -Another splendid disinfectant is corrosive sublimate, mercuric chloride, -as it is often called. Use one ounce in eight gallons of water. This -makes one-tenth of one per cent solution. In preparing this -disinfectant, allow the material to stand for several hours, so as to -permit the chemical to become entirely dissolved. This solution should -be carefully guarded and protected, since it is a poison and, if drunk -by animals, is liable to cause death. If infected quarters are to be -disinfected, see that the loose dirt and litter is first removed before -applying the sublimate. - -Carbolic acid is another satisfactory disinfectant. Usually a five per -cent solution is recommended. It can be easily applied to mangers, -stalls, and feed boxes. Enough should be applied so that the wood or -iron is made wet and the cracks and holes more or less filled. Chloride -of lime is a cheap and an easily prepared disinfectant. Use ten ounces -of chloride of lime to two gallons of water. This makes a four per cent -solution, and should be applied in the same way as the corrosive -sublimate. - -Formalin has come into prominence very recently as a desirable -disinfectant. A five per cent solution fills the bill. Floors and cracks -should be made thoroughly wet with it. By using one or more of these -agents the living quarters of farm animals can be kept wholesome, sweet, -and free from germ diseases. In fact, the use of disinfectants is one of -the best aids of the farmer in warding off disease and in lessening its -effects when once present. - - -PUT SICK ANIMALS OFF BY THEMSELVES - -Many diseases are introduced into a herd or flock by thoughtlessness on -the part of the owner. I have known distemper to be introduced into -stables and among horses, Texas fever and tuberculosis into herds of -cattle, and hog cholera among hogs, because diseased animals, when -purchased, were not separated off by themselves, for a short time at -least. If this were done, farmers would lessen the chance of an -introduction of disease into their healthy herds. Consequently -quarantine quarters should be provided; especially is this true if new -animals are frequently purchased and brought to the farm where many -animals are raised and handled. These quarantine quarters need not be -expensive, and they ought to be removed far enough from the farm stock -so that there may be no easy means of infection. When newly purchased -animals are placed in the quarantine quarters they should be kept there -long enough to determine if anything strange or unusual is taking place. - -[Illustration: POULTICING THE THROAT - -The picture shows how to apply a poultice to the throat.] - - - - -CHAPTER I - -How the Animal Body is Formed - - -The cell is the unit of growth. It is so with all forms of life--plant -or animal, insect or bacterium. In the beginning the start is with a -single cell, an egg, if you please. After fertilization has taken place, -this single cell enlarges or grows. Many changes now occur, all rather -rapidly, until the cell walls become too small, when it breaks apart and -forms two cells just like the first used to be. This is known as cell -division. As growth increases, the number of cells increases also--until -in the end there are millions. - - -=Nature of the Cell.=--The cell is very small. In most cases it cannot -be seen with the naked eye. The microscope is necessary for a study of -the parts, the nature and the character of the cell. - -In the first place the cell is a kind of inclosed sac, in which are -found the elements of growth and life. Surrounding the cell is a thin -wall known as the cell membrane. In plants this cell wall is composed of -cellulose, a woody substance, which is thin and tender in green and -growing plants, but hard and woody when the plant is mature. - -Within the limits of the cell is the protoplasm, the chief constituent -of the cell; locked up in this protoplasm is life, the vital processes -that have to do with growth, development, individual existence. - -Embedded within the protoplasm is another part known as the nucleus and -recognized under the microscope by its density. Around the nucleus is -centered the development of new cells or reproduction--for the changes -that convert the mother-cell into offspring-cells are first noted in -this place. - -[Illustration: HOW A CELL DIVIDES - -The simple steps in cell division are pictured here. Starting with a -single cell, growth and enlargement take place, ending finally in cell -division or the production of two individual cells.] - -So much for plant cells. Is this principle different in animals? For a -long time it was thought that plants and animals were different. But -upon investigation it was discovered that animals were comprised of -cells just as plants. And not only was this discovered to be true, but -also that animal cells corresponded in all respects to plant cells. -Hence in animals are to be found cells possessing the cell walls formed -of a rather thick membrane, the granular protoplasm or yoke, and the -nucleus established in the yoke. - -The ovum, known as the female egg, is composed of the parts just -described. If it is not fertilized when ripe it passes away and dies. If -fertilized in a natural way, it enlarges in size and subsequently -divides into two cells; and these, passing through similar changes, -finally give rise to the various groups of cells from which the body is -developed. - - -=The Animal Body a Group Collection.=--The body is, therefore, a mass of -cells; not all alike, of course, but grouped together for the purpose of -doing certain special kinds of work. In this way we have various groups, -with each group a community performing its own function. The brain forms -one community; and these cells are concerned with mind acts. The muscle -cells are busy in exerting force and action. Another group looks after -the secretions and digestive functions, while another group is concerned -solely with the function of generation and reproduction. And so it is -throughout the body. - -Both individual cells and group cells are concerned with disease. One -cell may be diseased or destroyed, but the surrounding ones may go on -just the same. It is when the group is disturbed that the greatest -trouble results. - - -=A Word About the Cells.=--The cell always possesses its three -parts--membrane, protoplasm, and nucleus. But there is no rule as to the -size or shape. Cells may be round or oblong, any shape. Substances pass -in and out of the cell walls; and they are in motion, many of them, -especially those that line the intestines and the air passages, and the -white corpuscles of the blood. More than this, some cells, Dr. -Jekyl-like, change their appearance and shape, send out finger-like -bodies to catch enemies or food, and even travel all around in the -body, often leaving it altogether. - - -BODY TISSUES - -The animal body contains five forms of tissues: Epithelial, in which the -cells are very compact, forming either thin or thick plates; the -connective tissue, by which many organs are supported or embedded; -muscle tissue, either smooth or striated, and in which the cells are in -fibers that contract and shorten; nerve-tissue, that has to do with -nerve and ganglion cells by which mental impulses are sent; and blood -and lymph tissue or fluid tissues. - -The first group is intimately connected with the secretory organs, or -those organs which secrete certain substances essential for the proper -work of the body. Thus we have salivary glands, mucous glands, sweat -glands, and the liver and pancreas. Connective tissue includes fibrous -tissue, fatty tissue, cartilage and bone. The fibrous connective tissue -is illustrated when the skin is easily picked up in folds. Fatty tissue -occurs where large amounts of fat are deposited in the cells. Cartilage -is found where a large amount of firm support is required. With muscle -we are all familiar; it is the real lean meat of the body. - - -=Blood and Lymph.=--The blood is a fluid in which many cells are to be -found. The fluid is known as serum or blood-plasma and the cells as -corpuscles, and are both red and white. The red cells give the -characteristic color. When observed under a microscope, they appear as -small, round disks. They are of great importance to the body work. -Because of the coloring matter in them the oxygen of the air is -attracted when it comes in contact with the blood in the lungs. Oxygen -is in reality absorbed, and on the blood leaving the lungs it is -distributed to all parts of the body. The oxygen supply of the body is, -therefore, in the keeping of the red corpuscles. - -White corpuscles have a different work; they guard the body by picking -up poison, bacteria, and other undesirable elements and cast these out -through the natural openings of the body. Compared with the red cells, -they exist in far less numbers and may wander about through all parts of -the body. - -Lymph is a fluid in which a few cells, lymph corpuscles, are suspended. -These cells are very much like the colorless corpuscles of the blood, -only no red blood cells are present. But the lymph attends to its own -business; it bathes the tissues and endeavors to keep them in a healthy -condition. - - -=Skin and Hair.=--Without a covering the delicate muscles would be -unprotected. The skin serves in this capacity. It does still more; out -of it is exuded poisonous substances, perspiration, and, at the same -time, the skin is a sort of respiratory organ, through which much of the -carbonic acid formed in the body escapes. - -The skin possesses two general layers, the cutis and sub-cutis; in the -first is contained also epidermis. Developed in the skin are the outer -coverings like hair, wool, feathers, horns, claws, and hoofs. - - -THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY - -The framework of the body undergoes a gradual development from birth to -maturity. It represents the bony structure of the body; and on it all -other parts depend for support and protection. The brief summary of its -parts and work that follows here has been adapted from Wilcox and Smith. - - -=The Skeleton.=--This consists of a backbone, skull, shoulder girdle, -pelvic girdle, and two pairs of appendages. The backbone may be -conveniently divided into regions, each comprising a certain number of -vertebræ. The cervical vertebræ include those from the skull from the -first rib. In all mammals except the sloth and sea cow the number of -cervical vertebræ is seven, being long or short, according as the neck -of the animal is relatively long or short. The first and second cervical -vertebræ, known as the atlas and axis, are especially modified so as to -allow free turning movements of the head. - -The next region includes the dorsal or thoracic vertebræ, which are -characterized by having ribs movably articulated with them. The number -is 13 in the cat, dog, ox, sheep, and goat; 14 in the hog; 18 or 19 in -the horse and ass, and six or seven in domestic poultry. In mammals they -are so joined together as to permit motion in several directions, but in -poultry the dorsal vertebræ are more rigidly articulated, those next to -the sacrum often being grown together with the sacrum. The spines are -high and much flattened in all ungulates, long and slender in dogs and -cats. They slope backward, forming strong points of attachment for the -back muscles. Several ribs, varying in number in different animals, meet -and become articulated with the breast bone or sternum. The sternum -consists of seven to nine articulated segments in our domestic mammals, -while in fowls the sternum is one thin high bone furnished with a keel -of varying depth. The lumbar vertebræ lie between the dorsal vertebræ -and the sacrum. The number is five in the horse, six in the hog, ox and -goat, and seven in the sheep. The sacrum is made up of a certain number -of vertebræ, which are rigidly united and serve as an articulation for -the pelvic arch. The number of sacral vertebræ is five in the ox and -horse, four in sheep and hogs, and 12 to 17 in birds. The caudal or tail -vertebræ naturally vary in number according to the length of the tail (7 -to 10 in sheep, 21 in the ox, 23 in hogs, 17 in the horse, 22 in the -cat, 16 to 23 in the dog). - -In ungulates the anterior ribs are scarcely curved, the chest being very -narrow in front. The number of pairs of ribs is the same as the number -of dorsal vertebræ with which they articulate. - - -=The Skull.=--This part of the skeleton is really composed of a number -of modified vertebræ, just how many is not determined. The difference in -the shape of the skulls of different animals is determined by the -relative size of the various bones of the skull. In hogs, for example, -the head has been much shortened as a result of breeding, thus giving -the skull of the improved breeds a very different appearance from that -of the razorback. - -The shoulder girdle consists of a shoulder blade, collar bone and -coracoid on either side. The fore leg (or wing, in case of birds) -articulates with the socket formed by the junction of these three bones. -In all the ungulates the shoulder blade is high and narrow, the coracoid -is never much developed, and the collar bone is absent. In fowls all -three bones of the shoulder girdle are well developed, the collar bone -being represented by the “wish bone.” - - -=The Pelvic Girdle.=--This consists of three bones on either side, viz., -ilium, ischium, and pubis. The first two are directly articulated to the -spinal column, while the pubic bones of either side unite below to -complete the arch. The three bones of each side of the pelvis are -present in all our domestic animals, including the fowls. - -[Illustration: BONES OF THE SKELETON OF A HORSE - -1 Face Bones, 2 Neck Bones or Cervical Vertebræ, 3 Scapula or Shoulder -Blade, 4 Humerus or Arm Bone, 5 Radius or Bone of Forearm, 6 Carpus or -Knee, 7 Shank Bone or Cannon, 8 Upper Pastern, 9 Lower Pastern, -10 Coffin Bone, 11 Ulna or Elbow, 12 Cartilages of the Rib, 13 Costæ or -Ribs, 14 Dorsal Vertebræ or Bones of Back, 15 Lumbar Vertebræ or Bones -of Loin, 16 Candal Vertebræ or Bones of Tail, 17 Haunch, 18 Femur or -Thigh Bone, 19 Stifle Joint, 20 Tibia, 21 Tarsus or Hock, 22 Metatarsal -Bones, 23 Upper Pastern Bone, 24 Lower Pastern Bone, 25 Coffin Bone.] - - -=Legbones of Farm Animals.=--There is one formula for the bones of the -fore and hind legs of farm animals. The first segment is a single bone, -the humerus of the fore leg, femur of the hind leg. In the next segment -there are two bones, radius and ulna in the fore leg, tibia and fibula -in the hind leg. In the dog, cat, and Belgian hare the radius and ulna -are both well developed and distinct. In ungulates the humerus is short -and stout, while the ulna is complete in the pig, rudimentary and behind -the radius in ruminants and firmly united with the radius in the horse. -Similarly with the hind leg the fibula is a complete bone in the pig, -while in the horse there is merely a rudiment of it, attached to the -tibia. - - -=Feet.=--The mammalian skeleton has undergone the greatest modification -in the bones of the feet. In the horse there are only six of the -original ten wrist or carpal bones, and, since there is but one of the -original five toes, the horse has also but one metacarpal or cannon -bone. Splint-like rudiments of two other metacarpal bones are to be -found at the upper end of the cannon bone, or at the “knee” joint. Below -the cannon bone, and forming the shaft of the foot, we have the small -cannon bone, coronary bone, and coffin bone--the last being within the -hoof with the navicular bone behind it. The stifle joint of the horse -corresponds to the knee of man. The “knee” of the horse’s fore leg -corresponds to the hock of the hind leg, both being at the upper end of -the cannon bone. The fetlock joint is between the large and small cannon -bones, the pastern joint between the small cannon or large pastern -bones, and the coffin joint between the coronary and coffin bones. The -horse walks upon what corresponds to the nail of the middle finger and -middle toe of man. - -In pigs four digits touch the ground, the first being absent and the -third and fourth larger and in front of the second and fifth. In -ruminants the third and fourth digits reach the ground, while the second -and fifth do not. In dogs the first digit appears on the side of the -leg, not in contact with the ground. - -[Illustration: ONE OF THE PARASITES OF THE HOG - -The thorn-headed worm attached to the anterior part of the small -intestine often causes death. Not more than five or six are usually -found in a single animal.] - -In fowls the wing, which corresponds to the fore leg of mammals, shows a -well-developed humerus, radius and ulna, while only one carpal and one -metacarpal bone remain, along which the wing feathers are attached. In -the leg the femur and tibia are strong bones, but the fibula is a mere -splint. The tarsal bones are absent, while the shank consists of a -metatarsal bone (really three bones fused together), to which the four -toes are articulated. - - -=The Muscular System of Farm Animals.=--The muscular system is too -elaborate, the number of muscles too great, and their modifications for -different purposes too complex for consideration in detail in the -present volume. All muscles are either striped or unstriped (as examined -under the microscope), according as they are under the immediate control -of the will or not. The heart muscle forms an exception, for it is -striped though involuntary. The essential characteristic of muscle -fibers is contractility, which they possess in high degree. The typical -striped muscles are concerned in locomotion, being attached at either -end to a bone and extending across some movable joint. The most -important unstriped muscles are found in the walls of the intestines and -blood vessels. - - -=The Nervous System.=--In so far as our present purposes are concerned, -the nervous system may be disposed of in a few words. The central -nervous system consists of a brain and spinal cord. The microscopic -elements of this tissue are peculiarly modified cells, consisting of a -central body, from which fibers run in two or more directions. The cell -bodies constitute the gray matter, and the fibers the white matter of -the brain and spinal cord. The gray substance is inside the spinal cord -and on the surface of the brain, constituting the cortex. The most -important parts of the brain are the cerebrum, optic lobes, cerebellum, -and medulla. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves originating in the -brain and controlling the special senses, movements of the face, -respiration, and pulse rate. From each segment of the spinal cord a pair -of spinal nerves arises, each of which possess both sensory and motor -roots. The sympathetic nervous system consists of a trunk on either -side, running from the base of the skull to the pelvis, furnished with -ganglionic enlargements and connected with the spinal nerves by small -fibers. - - -=The Respiratory Organs.=--These include the nose, larynx, trachea or -windpipe, and lungs. The trachea forks into bronchi and bronchioles of -smaller and smaller size, ending in the alveoli or blind sacs of the -lungs. In fowls there are numerous extensions of the respiratory system -known as air sacs, and located in the body cavity and also in the hollow -bones. The air sacs communicate with the lungs, but not with one -another. - - -=The Urinary Organs.=--These consist of kidneys connecting by means of -ureters with a bladder from which the urethra conducts the urine to the -outside. In the male the urethra passes through the penis and in the -female it ends just above the opening of the vagina. The kidneys are -usually inclosed in a capsule of fat. The right kidney of the horse is -heart-shaped, the left bean-shaped. Each kidney of the ox shows 15 to 20 -lobes, and is oval in form. The kidneys of sheep, goats, and swine are -bean-shaped and without lobes. - - -=The Reproductive Apparatus.=--This consists of ovaries, oviducts, -uterus or womb, and vagina in the female; the testes, spermatic cords, -seminal vesicle and penis, together with various connecting glands, -especially prostate gland and Cowper’s gland, in the male. In fowls -there is no urinary bladder, but the ureters open into the cloaca or -posterior part of the rectum. The vagina and uterus are also wanting in -fowls, the oviducts opening directly into the rectum. The male -copulating organ is absent except in ducks, geese, swan, and the -ostrich. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -Some Physiology You Ought to Know - - -A close relation exists between the soil, plant, and the animal. One -really cannot exist without the other to fulfill its destiny. A soil -without plant or animal growth is barren, devoid of life. The soil comes -first; the elements contained in it and the air are the basis of plant -and animal life. The body of the animal is made up of the identical -elements found in the plant, yet the growth of the plant is necessary to -furnish food for animal life. The plant takes from the soil and from the -air the simple chemical elements, and with these builds up the plant -tissue which, in its turn, is the food of the animal. - -The animal cannot feed directly from the soil and air; it requires the -plant first to take the elements and to build them into tissue. From -this tissue animals get their food for maintenance and growth. Then the -animal dies; with its decay and decomposition comes change of animal -tissue, back to soil and air again; back to single simple elements, that -new plants may be grown, that new plant tissue may be made for another -generation of animal life. - -Thus the plant grows out of the soil and air, and the decay of the -animal plant life furnishes food for the plant that the plant may -furnish food for the animal. Thus we see the cycle of life; from the -soil and air come the soil constituents. - -[Illustration: CIRCULATION AND DIGESTION - -1 Mouth, 2 Pharynx, 3 Trachea, 4 Jugular Vein, 5 Carotid Artery, -6 Œsophagus, 7 Posterior Aorta, 8 Lungs, 9 External Thoracic Artery, -10 Left Auricle, 11 Right Auricle, 12 Diaphragm, 13 Spleen, 14 Stomach, -15 Duodenum, 16 Liver, upper extremity, 17 Large Colon, 18 Left Kidney -and its Ureter, 19 Floating Colon, 20 Rectum, 21 Anus, 22 Bladder, -23 Urethra, 24 Small Intestine, 25 Cæcum, 26 Venous Supply to the Foot, -27 Posterior Tibial Artery, 28 Internal Metatarsal Vein, 29 Internal -Metatcarpal Vein, 30 Posterior Radial Artery, 31 Metacarpal Artery, -32 Vertebral Artery, 33 Superior Cervical Artery, 34 Anterior Dorsal -Artery.] - - -=Meaning of Plant Building.=--Before the single simple elements were -taken into the plant, they were of little value. The animal could not -use them for food, they could not be burned to furnish heat, and they -stored up no energy to carry on any of the world’s work. What a change -the plant makes of them! So used, they become the source of the animal -food, and, as food, they contain five principal groups with which the -animal is nourished. These five groups are the air, water, the protein -compounds, the nitrogen free compounds, such as starch, crude fiber, -sugar and gums, and the fat or ether extract, as it is called. - - -DIGESTION OF THE FOOD - -Before these different constituents of the plant can be used as food for -animals, they must be prepared for absorption into the system of the -animal. This preparation takes place in the mouth, œsophagus tube, the -stomach, and the intestines, aided by the various secretions incident to -digestion and absorption. Any withholding of any essential constituent -has its result in inefficiency or illness of the animal. - -Withhold ash materials, for instance, from the food, or supply an -insufficient quantity, and the fact will be evidenced by poor teeth, -deficient bone construction and poor health in general. Let the feeding -ration be short in protein, and the result will be shown in the flesh -and blood. Let the carbohydrates and fat be withheld or supplied -insufficiently, and energy will be denied and a thrifty condition will -not be possible. - -The supply of these different constituents in the proper proportion -gives rise to the balanced ration; and is concerned in a treatise of -this kind only in so far as it has to do with disease or health. For, -remember this fact: live stock are closely associated with right -feeding. If foods be improperly prepared, or improperly supplied, or the -rations poorly balanced, with too much of one constituent and too little -of another, the effect will be manifest in an impoverished condition of -the system. That means either disease, or disease invited. - -Not only must these facts be considered, but other matters given -recognition also. The greater part of the trouble of the stockman in the -way of animal diseases is due to some disturbance of the digestive -system, or to the water supply, or to ventilation, or to the use to -which the animal is put from day to day. Attention to the details of -digestion has its reward in thrifty, healthy stock; a lack of this -attention brings trouble and either a temporary ailment or a permanent -disease. - - -=Process of Mastication.=--Food is taken in the mouth, where it is -masticated by means of the teeth, lips, cheeks, and the tongue. While -the process of mastication is taking place there is being poured into -the mouth large quantities of saliva, which softens the food and starts -the process of digestion. The active principle of saliva is a soluble -ferment, called ptyalin, that converts the starch of food into sugar. -The amount of saliva that is poured into the food is very great, being -often as much as one-tenth of the weight of the animal. This ferment is -active after the teeth have been formed, which explains why it is not -advisable to feed much starchy food to children before their teeth have -begun development. - -The food, after being ground and mixed with the saliva fluid, goes to -the stomach. With the horse and hog the stomach is a single sac not -capable of holding very large quantities of food; with the cow and -sheep, on the other hand, we find a large storehouse for holding food--a -storehouse that is divided into four compartments, the rumen or paunch, -reticulum, omasum, and the abomasum. The first three communicate with -the gullet by a common opening. The cud is contained in the first and -second stomachs, and, after it has been masticated a second time, it -passes to the third and fourth, and to the bowels, where the process of -digestion is continued. - -[Illustration: DISEASED KIDNEY - -The kidney of the hog is pictured here. As a rule it is usually -impossible to diagnose kidney troubles in hogs and similar lower -animals.] - - -=Gastric Juice.=--From this it will be noticed that chewing the cud is -an act in the process of digestion; it refers only to rechewing the food -so as to get it finer and better ground for digestion. While in the -stomach the saliva continues the digestion of the starchy matter and is -assisted by the gastric fluid that pours in from the lining of the -stomach, which converts the protein or albuminoids into peptones. The -fatty matter is not acted upon at this point. There are three -constituents of gastric juice, which affect the changes in the food. -These are pepsin, rennet, and acid. With rennet you are acquainted. It -is used in the kitchen, in the making of cheese, and is obtained from -the stomach of calves or other young animals. Pepsin, also obtained -directly from the stomach, is now a conspicuous preparation in medicine. -The food, after leaving the stomach, goes into the bowels and is acted -upon by secretions of the liver and pancreas or sweetbreads. It should -be noted in passing that no secretion enters the first three divisions -of the ruminant’s stomach. It is only in the fourth or true stomach that -the gastric juice is found. - - -=The Stomach Churn.=--While food is in the stomach it is subjected to a -constant turning movement that causes it to travel from the entrance to -the exit or intestines. When it passes into the small intestines it is -subjected to the action of bile and pancreatic juices, which have -principally to do with the breaking up of the fat compounds. Both -resemble, to a certain extent, saliva in their ability to change starch -into sugar. - -The secretion of the bile comes from the liver and the pancreatic juice -from the pancreas or sweetbreads, and both are poured into the -intestines near the same point, so that they act together. The ferments -they contain act in the following ways: They change starch into sugar, -fat into fatty compounds, they curdle milk, and convert protein -compounds into soluble peptones. - -The process of digestion is finally ended in the intestines, where -absorption into the system takes place. There is no opening at all from -the bowels into the body, but the digestive nutriment is picked up by -the blood when handed into the body from the intestines by means of -countless little cells called villi, that line the walls of the -intestines. These villi cells have little hair-like projections -extending into the intestines, which constantly move; these protrusions, -as they move about, catch on to the digested nutriment, draw it into -the cells themselves, where it is handed on to the blood, when it is -later on distributed to all parts of the body. You can realize that an -immense number of these absorption cells are present when the length of -the intestine is considered. In the ox the intestine is nearly 200 feet -long. After the nutriment is drawn from the food the undigested portions -are voided periodically as feces or dung. - -[Illustration: STOMACH OF RUMINANT - -The four main divisions of the ruminant’s stomach are pictured here. The -first three divisions are the store-houses for food until it is fully -prepared for the fourth stomach or abomasum.] - - -=Absorption of the Nutriment.=--Digestion, therefore, is a dissolving -process; food is admitted to the system by means of cells. You remember -that all plant food first passes into a soluble state before it can -enter the roots and be conveyed to the parts of the plants that require -additional food for growth. In the case of plants the entrance is by -means of the root hairs. In the case of the animal, entrance in the body -is by means of the villi cells that line the intestines. From this we -see that digestion is both an intricate and delicate process. Any loss -of appetite, any disturbance of the digestion work, and any irregularity -of the bowels bear decided results, one way or the other, to the rest of -the system; and any disturbance of the body at other points, although -having no direct relation to the digestion system, sooner or later -affects the digestion and in so doing causes additional trouble. - -Directly affecting digestion may be improper food, either liquid or -solid; and over-exercise or not enough of it may prove troublesome, for -exercise is clearly related to digestion. When the digestion process is -disturbed, air or gas may accumulate in the stomach or bowels and give -rise to colic or hoven. A watery action of the intestines, due to -inflammation or irritation, may lead to dysentery and enteritis; or some -obstruction like a hair-ball or a clover fuzzy ball, or the knotting of -the intestines, may occur, temporarily or permanently impairing -digestion so seriously often as to cause death itself. - - -CIRCULATION - -As water in the plant is the carrier of plant food throughout the plant, -so is blood the carrier and distributor of food in the animal. When food -is absorbed, it either passes into the lymphatic system or into the -capillaries of the blood system. If in the former, it is carried to the -thoracic duct, which extends along the spinal column and enters one of -the main blood vessels. If collected by the capillary system, it is -carried to the portable vein, thence to the liver and finally to the -heart, where it meets with the blue blood collected from all parts of -the body. - -At this point, the blood contains both the nutriment and the waste -matter of the body. Before it can be sent through the body again the -waste material must be thrown out of the system by means of the lungs. -This is accomplished by the heart forcing to the lungs the impure blood -with its impurities collected from all parts of the body and also the -nutriment collected from the digestive tract. - -The chief organs, therefore, of the circulatory system are the blood and -lymphatic vessels containing respectively blood and lymph. The only -difference between these two materials is in the fact that lymph is -blood without the red-blood corpuscles. The body, after all, really -depends upon this lymph for nourishment, since it wanders to all parts -of the body, surrounds all the cells in all of the tissues and in this -way carries to the cells the very kinds of food that they need. - - -=Lymph Passes Through Cell Walls.=--The blood vessels have no openings -into the body at all. In this respect the blood system is like the -digestive system; it is separate and distinct in itself. The blood, -however, does creep through the walls of the blood vessels. In so doing -the blood corpuscles are left behind and lymph is the result. - -[Illustration: HOW THE BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH THE BODY] - -The center of the blood system is the heart. It is the engine of the -body. Going out from it is the great aorta, which subdivides into -arteries and farther away further subdivides until there is a great -network of little arteries; these in turn become very tiny and take the -name of capillaries. Thus the red blood, by means of arteries and -capillaries, is carried to all parts of the body. This plan of -distribution would not be complete unless some way were provided for the -return of the blood to the heart and lungs for purification. And just -such an arrangement has been provided. Another kind of network collects -this scattered blood at the extremities into separate vessels, which -gradually increase in size and finally empty their possessions into the -heart. These are the veins of the body, and have to do with the impure -blood of the body. - - -=How the Heart Does Its Work.=--The power back of blood distribution is -the heart. It is an automatic pump, as it were, that sends blood to the -lungs and through the arteries to all parts of the body. The heart is -divided into four divisions: the left and right ventricles and the right -and left auricles. The right auricle receives the blood from the upper -half of the body through a large vein and the lower half of the body -through another large vein, and the blood from both lungs empties into -the left auricle through two left and two right pulmonary veins. The -large arteries of the heart which carry the blood from the heart to the -different organs arise from the ventricle. - -The blood always flows in the same direction. It goes into the auricle -from the veins, and from this into the ventricle. It then passes into -the arteries, then to the veins and then to the capillaries. - -The action of the heart is very much like a force pump; the dark blood -flows into the right auricle, which contracts; when this is done, the -blood is forced into the right ventricle; this in turn contracts and -forces the blood into the lungs, where oxygen is taken on and carbonic -acid gas and other impurities are thrown off. From the lungs the blood, -now red and pure, passes into the left auricle and thence into the left -ventricle, from which it is forced into the aorta to be distributed to -all parts of the body. - -We now see the close connection existing between the digestive system -and the circulatory system. The digested food in the intestines is -gathered in by villi cells. The question can now be asked, What do these -cells do with this nutriment or digested food? They pour it into the -absorbent vessels or lymphs, as they are called; these in turn empty the -assimilated stores of food into larger and still larger vessels, which -continues until the whole of the nutritive fluid is collected into one -great duct or tube, which pours its contents into the large veins at the -base of the neck, from whence it is carried into the circulatory system, -the very basis of which is the blood. - - -RESPIRATION - -The dark and impure blood, after returning to the heart, is sent to the -lungs. It is, when collected from the body, just before being sent to -the lungs dark, dull and loaded with worn-out matter. It must now be -sent to the lungs, where it may be spread over the delicate thin walls -of millions of vesicles, to be exposed to the air, which is inhaled by -the acts of breathing. The blood gives off the broken-down material and -carbonic acid gas very readily. It is both unpleasant and disagreeable, -and the blood cells find it very unattractive. - -The cells of the blood, however, have a great attraction for oxygen, -consequently the cells absorb oxygen with greediness, so that when the -blood returns to the heart it is fresh and bright and ready to take its -journey back over the body again. This is done just about every three -minutes. This endless round continues until stopped forever by death. - -The relation existing between the animal and plant functions is brought -to light in another way. When the plant was building tissue it released -oxygen and exhaled it into the air. At the same time, by means of -leaves, it gathered in the carbonic acid to use in plant building. Of -course this was got from the air. The animal in performing its functions -and in building its tissue inhales oxygen from and exhales carbonic acid -gas into the air. Thus it is that animals take up what is unnecessary to -the plant and the plant uses what is waste and poison to the animal. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -The Teeth As An Indication of Age - - -When a colt is born the first and second temporary molars, three on each -jaw, are to be seen. These are large when compared with the size of -those that later replace them. In from five to ten days after birth the -two central incisors or nippers make their appearance. In three or four -weeks the third temporary molars appear, followed within a couple of -months by an additional incisor on each side of the first two, -both above and below. The corner incisors appear between the -ninth and twelfth months after birth. This makes the full set of -teeth--twenty-four in number. - -There is now no change in number, although there is considerable change -taking place all the time; the incisor teeth, in rubbing against each -other, are more or less worn, giving rise to the expression “losing the -mark.” - -The two molars present at birth remain until the animal is about three -years old, at which time they fall out of their sockets by the -protrusion of the second set, or permanent molars. - -This change from temporary to permanent teeth takes place usually -without difficulty and without trouble. The permanent teeth push their -way up from below crowding those in view. While this pushing and -crowding is going on the temporary teeth are losing ground, for the -reason their roots are being absorbed, and a time comes when the cap -only is left attached to the gums. This cap drops out and the new or -permanent tooth soon is established in its place. - - -LOSING OF TEMPORARY TEETH - -According to the observation of Mayo, the temporary incisors are -replaced by permanent teeth as follows: “The two central incisors are -shed at about two and a half years, and the permanent ones are up ‘in -wear’ at three years. The lateral incisors are shed at three and a half -and the permanent ones are up and in wear at four years. The corner -incisors are shed at four and a half and the permanent ones are up and -in wear at five. - -“The molars are erupted and replaced as follows: The fourth molar on -each jaw (which is always a permanent molar) is erupted at ten to twelve -months; the fifth permanent molar at two to two and a half years, and -the sixth usually at four and a half to five. The first and second -molars, which are temporary, are shed and replaced by permanent ones at -two to three years of age. The third temporary molar is replaced by a -permanent one at three and a half years. In males, the canine or bridle -teeth are erupted at about four and a half years of age. At about five -years of age a horse is said to have a full mouth of permanent teeth.” - - -THE MARK IN THE TOOTH - -Horsemen make use of the “mark in the tooth” for determining the age -between five and eleven. In examining teeth you observe that two bands -of enamel are to be seen; one exterior, that surrounds the tooth, the -other interior, which is termed the casing enamel. It is this latter, or -“date cavity,” that is used to tell the age. - -The mark in the tooth is occasioned by the food blackening the hollow -pit. This is formed on the surface by the bending in of the enamel, -which passes over the surface of the teeth, and, by the gradual wearing -down of the enamel from friction, and the consequent disappearance of -it, the age can be determined for a period of several years. - -[Illustration: LUMPY JAW - -The disease is caused by the ray fungus. The result is local tumors in -the bones and other tissues.] - -When a horse has attained his sixth year the mark on the central or -middle incisors or nippers of the lower jaw will be completely worn off, -leaving, however, a little difference of color in the center of the -teeth. The cement which fills the hole produced by the dipping in of the -enamel will be somewhat browner than that of the other portions of the -tooth, and will exhibit evident proofs of the edge being surrounded by -enamel. - -At seven years the marks in the four middle incisors are worn out and -are speedily disappearing in the corner ones. These disappear entirely -at the age of eight; thus all marks are obliterated at this age on the -lower jaw; the surface of the teeth are level and the form of the teeth -changes to a more oval form. - -The marks on the upper jaw are still present, since there has been less -friction and wear on them. At nine the marks disappear from the central -upper incisors, at ten from the adjoining two, and at eleven from the -corner teeth. - -To tell the age of the horse beyond this period is difficult and -uncertain, except by those very much experienced in performing the -undertaking. The shape of the teeth, the color and the condition all -enter into the determination but there is no fast and fixed rules after -the marks have disappeared. - - -TEETH OF CATTLE - -Cattle have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw. They have eight incisors -on the lower jaw. According to Mayo, the temporary incisors are as -follows: “The central incisors or nippers are up at birth, the internal -lateral at one week old, the external lateral at two weeks, and the -corner incisors at three weeks old. They are replaced by permanent -incisors approximately as follows, though they vary much more than in -the colt: The central incisors are replaced at 12 to 18 months; the -internal laterals at about two and a half years; the external laterals -at three to three and a half years; and the corner incisors at about -three and a half years. In the horned cattle, a ring makes its -appearance at three years of age, and a new ring is added annually -thereafter.” - - -TEETH OF SHEEP - -Sheep, like cattle, have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw. Like cattle, -they have eight incisors on the lower jaw when the mouth has reached -full age. The change of the teeth occurs as follows: At birth the lamb -has two incisors, followed by two more very soon. At the end of two -weeks two more are out, making six incisors in all. At three weeks of -age two more have appeared, completing the appearance of the temporary -or milk teeth. - -The permanent begin to replace the temporary teeth between one and one -and a half years. The two central milk teeth are first replaced by two -longer and stronger teeth. The lamb is now known as a yearling. - -At two years the two teeth adjoining the central incisors are replaced -by permanent ones; at three the two adjoining these are replaced, making -now six permanent incisors. - -Between four and four and a half the last two permanent incisors appear -and the sheep then has a full mouth. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -Examining Animals for Soundness and Health - - -In purchasing farm stock, it is a good plan to deal with reputable -people only. Leave the horse trader alone. He knows too many tricks, and -if you are a stranger to him you can be pretty certain that he will try -one on you--just for fun. - -Fortunately farmers sell to strangers more frequently than they buy of -them, and when they seek new stock they deal largely with breeders, who, -like themselves, are farmers and not given to the tricks of low and -disreputable methods; nevertheless, every purchaser of stock should be -familiar with animal form and able to recognize defects and faults when -he sees them. This is as much his business as to breed, raise or feed -the stock on his farm. - - -LOOKING THE ANIMAL OVER - -Know what form you want; draft and speed represent different types, so -do dairy and beef. With all classes of farm stock there are a few points -that are desirable in all stock. One of these is width between the eyes. -No animal of any breed or class possessed of a narrow forehead is at all -perfect. A wide forehead is one of the absolute beauties. - -These are desirable characters of all farm animals; they represent -culture and refinement and good breeding. The purchaser or breeder, -therefore, should not only know conformation, but he should know -quality. - - -SPECIAL TYPE IN HORSES - -Our breeds of horses may be divided into three general classes. Those -used for speed, those for draft and those with a mixture of the two--a -general purpose sort of horse. The speed or trotting horse has its -distinct type; it has been evolving and developing through a long series -of years. - -Briefly, its conformation may be described as follows: A wide forehead, -fairly long head, a long neck that is thin and agile, a narrow chest as -you look at it from the front, but very deep as you look from the side, -long sloping shoulders, rather long back, a long horizontal croup, small -barrel, fairly long forearm, long cannon bones and feet that are well -shaped and perfect in every respect. Looking at the animal from the side -it should be as high over the hips or higher than over the withers. - -The draft horse, on the other hand, has a different conformation. There -is not that elongation of his parts, although there is a symmetry of -parts and of proportion. There should be the width between the eyes; the -clean, neat face; a graceful neck, which should be shorter and more -heavily muscled than that of the speed horse. The chest should be wide, -both from the front and side, the back short but heavily muscled, the -croup strong and not so horizontal as with the speed type, the quarters -heavily muscled and the cannon bone short. - -The feet should be as perfect as those of the speed horse. In both types -the knee should be thick, deep, and broad and the hocks wide. The narrow -hock is not so well able to stand heavy strain, consequently curb -diseases readily follow where the conformation shows narrow hocks. -Another difference between the two types is found in the muscles. The -speed type throughout has long, thin, narrow muscles--muscles that -stretch a long way and contract quickly. - -[Illustration: BAD ATTITUDES DUE TO CONFORMATION - -In the first, the toes are turned out. The middle picture shows in-kneed -attitude and the third shows in-turned toes. Whether standing or -traveling, the appearance is unpleasant and mitigates against the value -of the animals.] - -With the draft horse it is different: the muscles are shorter, but they -are heavy; they are less quick in their action, but they are more -powerful. In both types good proportions are always desirable. The width -between the eyes should be as much or more than one-third the length of -the head. The distance from the point over the shoulders to the ground -should be about equal to the distance from the point over the hips to -the ground; and in turn this distance, whatever it is, should be about -equal to the length of the horse from the point of the shoulder to the -point of the buttock. - -Looking at the horse in front if a line be dropped from the point of the -shoulder it should halve the fore leg, the knee, the cannon, and the -hoof. And the width of the third hoof, if placed between the two front -feet, should give the attitude that is desirable. - -Looking at the horse from the rear, the same attitude is to be observed. -Of course, many horses do not possess these qualities and proportions; -and because they do not is the very reason that their beauty, -efficiency, and value are less. - - -EXAMINING ANIMALS IN THE STABLE - -In going into the stable look the animals over quietly. Observe how they -stand, breathe, eat, and act generally. Are they nervous? Does one swing -his head from side to side? Does he kick, paw, put back his ears, or -does he have any of the other common stable vices that are unpleasant -and undesirable? As you look about and pass back and forth, you will get -the evidence of these stable vices, if such are to be found. - -Look particularly for cribbing, wind sucking, kicking and crowding. -Pawing is just as bad. If you want animals with good stable manners pass -by those possessing these ugly faults. The next step is to examine the -animals individually; those that “look good” to you. No doubt you will -find some that do not interest you for one reason or another. These need -no further attention, unless you have overlooked some fact, in which -case your attention will likely be called to it. - -In making the individual examination, go up to the animal in the stall, -place your hand on the hip, and gently press it. If no stringhalt -afflicts the horse, he will move over, allowing you to pass into the -stall. The same applies to the cow. If well trained, she will make room -for you by moving over at the same time, if you do this on the proper -side, and she will put back her hind foot, as if she were about to be -milked. - -This casual observation would not be possible if force were used or the -animal excited by loud commands or by a whip or strap. The halter -teaches its lesson also. A heavy rope or leather suggests that the -animal has a pulling back vice, a habit you want to avoid. Light halters -for horses and cattle are to be preferred to chains, heavy leather, or -ropes. - - -REAL TEST IS OUT OF DOORS - -Now that you have seen all of the animals for sale, ask the owner to -lead them out of doors for a more careful examination. In this you will -inspect the animal very carefully in order to be certain of the -conformation, defects, and blemishes, and to acquaint yourself -specifically as to health and disposition. - -Cast your eyes over the animal, front, side, and rear. Pass around the -animal, keeping some distance away. By so doing you can judge of type -and conformation, of proportions and attitudes; for each of these is -important. A beefy-looking cow, with a thick neck, square body and small -udder will not suit you for milk. Neither will a cow with a long, thin -neck, open, angular body, thin thighs, and heavy, deep paunch meet your -needs if you are seeking breeding stock for beef production. - -If you are examining a horse, keep in mind the purpose for which you are -selecting. Remember the long, thin neck, very oblique shoulder, long -cannon, long back, and long thin muscles are not adequate for draft. On -the other hand, if you want a horse for road purposes, avoid the heavy -muscles, the short neck, the heavy croup, and the heavy thighs. These -mean draft--an animal for heavy work. - - -SPECIAL TYPE IN CATTLE - -The milk cow should have a very soft, mellow skin, and fine, silky hair. -The head should be narrow and long, with great width between the eyes. -This last-mentioned characteristic is an indication of great nervous -force, an important quality for the heavy milker. The neck of the good -dairy cow is long and thin, the shoulders thin and lithe and narrow at -the top. The back is open, thin, and tapering toward the tail. The hips -are wide apart and covered with little meat. - -The good cow is also thin in the regions of the thigh and flank, but -very deep through the stomach girth, made so by long open ribs. The -udder is large, attached well forward on the abdomen, and high behind. -It should be full, but not fleshy. The lacteal or milk veins ought also -to be large and extend considerably toward the front legs. - -The beef cow is altogether different: she is square in shape, full and -broad over the back and loins, and possesses depth and quality, -especially in these regions. The hips are even with flesh, the legs full -and thick, the under line parallel with the straight back. The neck is -full and short, the eyes bright, the face short, the bones of fine -texture, the skin soft and pliable, and the flesh mellow, elastic, and -rich in quality. - -In other words, a beef cow is square and blocky, while the dairy cow is -wedge-shaped and angular. The one stores nutriment in her body; the -other gives it off. The one is a miser, and stores all that she gets -into her system; the other is a philanthropist and gives away all that -comes into her possession. - -It will be seen, therefore, that the two types are radically different. -This difference is due to breeding, not to feeding, nor to management. -If you are seeking good milk cows, you must look for form and -conformation. If you are looking for beef cows, you must also look for -form and conformation, but of a different kind. With this knowledge to -back you up and to guide you, you are now ready to make an examination -of animals that will meet your purpose. - - -GOING OVER THE ANIMAL IN DETAIL - -After making these general observations you are now ready to examine the -animal. Begin with the head. How is the eye? Dull, weak, without -animation? If so, be on your guard. The good eye shows brightness, -intelligence, and it must be free from specks. By placing the hand over -the eye for a few moments you will be able to detect its sensitiveness -to light. Do you find any discharge of any kind from the eye? If so, -some inflammation is present. Try to ascertain the cause. - - -=The Nostril As An Index.=--A large, open nostril is desirable. Look for -that character first. Now observe the color of the lining. To be just -right, it should be healthy-looking, of a bright rose-pink color, and it -should be moist. A healthy nostril is one free from sores, ulcers, -pimples, and any unpleasant odor. Be careful here; an unscrupulous -dealer can very easily remove discharges and odors by sponging and -washing, and you may be deceived. - -[Illustration: EWE NECK - -The neck is one of the beauty points of the horse. In purchasing animals -look carefully to conformation and quality. Let these also be guiding -principles in breeding.] - - -=Looking In the Mouth.=--Always look in the mouth; you have the tongue, -teeth, jaws, and glands to see. Naturally, you, like every other person, -consider the teeth first; you want to be certain of the age. This -feature is discussed elsewhere in this book, and all in addition that -needs to be said is in reference to the shape of the teeth, whether or -not they are diseased or worn away by age or by constant cribbing of the -manger. Of course these facts you will think of as you examine the -mouth. - -Give the tongue a second of your time. If it is scarred and shows rough -treatment a harsh bit is likely the cause, due to its need in driving -and handling. - -Then give a thought to the glands while here. Enlarged glands may -indicate some scrofulous or glanderous condition of the system. - - -=Neck and Throat.=--A beautiful neck and throat is an absolute beauty in -the horse or cow. The skin should be thin, mellow, and soft, and the -hair not over thick nor coarse. Look for poll-evil at the top of the -neck and head. See if swellings, lumps or hard places are to be found at -the sides of the neck, or underneath joining the throat. I have found -such very frequent with dairy cattle; and cases are not unusual with -horses. - -Frequently scars are to be found on the sides or bottom of the neck. -These may be due to scratches caused by nails, barb-wire or some similar -accident, and again they may have been caused by sores, tumors, or other -bad quality of the blood. - - -=Body and Back.=--Passing the side, look over the withers for galls or -fistulæ, the shoulders for tumors, collar puffs, and swellings. Observe -at the same time if there is any wasting of the muscles on the outside -along the shoulder. - -Now the back. Is it right as to shape? Do you find any evidence of sores -or tumors? Look for these along the sides and belly. Now stoop a bit and -look under; do you find anything different from what is natural? In -males look for tumor or disease of the penis; do the same with the -scrotum, and, in case of geldings scrutinize carefully to see if they -be ridgelings. - -While making this examination, if the animal is nervous and fretful, you -can help matters along if an assistant holds up a fore leg. Take the -same precaution when examining the hind quarters and legs. By doing so, -you will avoid being kicked and can run over the parts more quickly and -satisfactorily. - -Before leaving the body observe if the hips are equally developed, and -the animal evenly balanced in this region. Both horses and cattle are -liable to hip injury, one of the hips being frequently knocked down. -Make sure that both are sound and natural. - - -=Fore Legs and Front Feet.=--Now step to the front again for a careful -examination of the front legs and feet. Starting with the elbow, examine -for capped elbow; now the knee. It should be wide, long, and deep, and -at the same time free from any bony enlargements. The knees must stand -strong, too. Is the leg straight? Do you observe any tendency of the -knee to lean forward out of line, showing or indicating a “knee sprung” -condition? Just below the knee, do you find any cuts or bunches or scars -due to interference of the other foot in travel? Look here also for -splints; follow along with the fingers to see if splints are present--on -the inside of the leg. - -Be particular about the cannon. The front should be smooth--you want no -bunches or scars. Just above the fetlock feel for wind puffs; and note -if about the fetlock and pastern joints there are any indications of -either ringbones, bunches, or puffs. Now look for side bones; if -present, you will find them just at the top of the hoof. They may be on -either side. Sidebones are objectionable, and are the lateral -cartilages changed into a bony structure. - -Give the foot considerable attention. The old law of the ancients, “no -feet, no horse,” is certainly true in our day. You can overlook many -other imperfections and troubles in the horse, but if the feet are bad -you do not have much of a horse. A good foot is well shaped, with a -healthy-looking hoof and no indication of disease either now or ever -before. - -See that the shape is agreeable. A concave wall is not to be desired, -and the heels are not to be contracted. The wall should be perfect--no -sand cracks, quarter crack, or softening of the wall at the toe of the -foot. - - -=Examine for Corns.=--These are both troublesome and cause much -lameness. A healthy frog, uninjured by the knife or the blacksmith or -other cause is very much to be preferred. - -[Illustration: ANATOMY OF THE FOOT - -The delicate nature of the foot is readily recognized when the various -parts are considered in their relation to each other.] - - -=Hind Legs and Feet.=--In examining these regions give the hocks of the -horse special attention. No defect is more serious than bone spavin. You -can, as a rule, detect this by standing in front of the horse just a -little to the side. If there is any question about the matter, step -around to the other side and view the opposite leg. This comparison will -let you out of the difficulty, as it is very unusual that this defect -should be upon both legs at the same point and developed to the same -degree. - -A spavin is undesirable for the reason that it often produces serious -lameness, which frequently is permanent. As it is a bone enlargement, it -is something that cannot be remedied. If you are seeking good horses, -better reject such as have any spavin defect. - -In this same region between the hock and the fetlock curbs troubles are -located. They appear at the lower part of the hock, directly behind. You -can readily detect any enlargement if you will step back five or six -feet. The curb, while it may not produce lameness, is altogether -undesirable. It looks bad; it shows a weakness in the hock region and -often is caused by overwork, consequently the animal with curb disease -is one that has not measured up to the work demanded of him. - -Just above and to the rear of the hock the thorough-pin disease appears, -and just in front of and slightly toward the inner side of the hock bog -spavin is sometimes to be found. Lameness may come from either of these -diseases. Small tumors, puffs and other defects frequently show -themselves on the hind legs and the best way is to reject animals having -them. While some of these may be caused by accident, the most of them -are the result of bad conformation, due to heredity, unimproved blood -and bad ancestors. - - -EXAMINING FOR LAMENESS - -Lameness comes from many causes; maybe from soreness, from disease or -from wounds. And lameness is hard to detect. Frequently it seems to be -in the shoulder, when in fact it is a puncture in the foot. Again it may -seem to be in the fetlock, but the trouble is in the shoulder or fore -leg. You must examine for lameness both in the stable and out of the -stable. If you find the horse standing squarely upon three feet and -resting the fourth foot, you should be suspicious. If you move the horse -about and he assumes the same attitude again and still again, you can be -certain that he is assuming that position because he wants to rest some -part of that member. - -In testing out the horse for lameness, let no excitement prevail. Under -such excitement the horse forgets his lameness or soreness for the time -being, and you do not note the trouble. A quiet, slow walk or trot on as -hard a road as possible is a desirable sort of examination to give. - - -TESTING THE WIND - -The free breathing of a horse may be interfered with, and for two -reasons. Roaring or whistling, as it is called, is a serious disease of -the throat, and, at the same time, an incurable disease. The second -disease is known as heaves or bellows, and is also a most serious -disease, because it is also incurable. By the use of drugs relief may be -given temporarily, but no permanent cure follows. Unscrupulous dealers -will resort to dosing for the time being, or until a sale is made. - -You should guard against this trouble, however, for it is one of the -most serious that a horse can have. Upon this subject, Butler has the -following to say: “To test the wind and look for two serious conditions -and others which may be present, the animal should be made to run at -the top of his speed for some considerable distance--a couple hundred -yards or more. Practically this run or gallop should be up hill, which -will make the test all the better. After giving the horse this gallop, -stop him suddenly, step closely up to him and listen to any unusual -noise, indicating obstruction of the air passages, and also observe the -movements of the flanks for any evidence of the big double jerky -expulsion of the air from the lungs characteristic of heavers.” - - -TESTING OF THE PACES - -No examination is complete that does not make a test of the paces. You -want to know how fast the horse can walk, how he trots or paces or how -he takes some other gait. Some horses make these movements very -gracefully; others very unmannerly. A well-acting horse is one that -moves smoothly, regularly, who picks up his feet actively and who places -them firmly in their position regardless of the ground or gait. Some -horses have a rolling movement of the legs. Avoid these. Others step on -the toe or heel. These, too, should be avoided. They suggest some defect -or bad conformation. - -The testing of the paces brings all parts of the body into play and -assists in catching other blemishes or defects that you may have -overlooked in your previous examination. It gives you another -opportunity to examine the wind, to observe the respiration, the heart -beatings, the condition of the nostril after work; it shows you also how -the animal takes his pace and how he stands. All of this will be of -value as indicating the soundness and health of the individual under -observation. - - -CONSIDERING FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE - -Now, as a last factor of your examination, consider the uses to which -the animal is put. If you are looking for breeding animals be sure to -know that the udder is not injured. Of what use is a cow with a bad -udder? How often do we find a quarter of the udder destroyed or a teat -cut or so badly mangled as to be of little use! Some udders are dead, -heavy, fleshy; some are diseased, lumpy; and even though the animal is -otherwise good you must reject her. - -If the udder is good, superior in many respects, and shows great milk -production, you can often afford to overlook other defects, especially -if the result of accident. - -In the case of horses, a disease or blemish due to accident may be -overlooked, if the work to which the animal will be subjected does not -interfere, let us say, for breeding purposes. The horse has good -conformation, good quality, is healthy and very superior, but -unfortunately a leg was broken. Shall she be rejected as a breeder? No -heavy work will be required of her--she is wanted for colt raising. Take -her; of course you will pay less for her. This accident interferes in no -way with her value for breeding purposes. Many cases of accidental -injuries are similar to this example among cattle and horses. - -A good rule is to reject those having defects or blemishes that -interfere with functional activity or the work to which you wish to put -them. Then, as breeders, reject all with constitutional defects, as bad -feet, narrow hocks, coarse disease-appearing bones, and bad conformation -and scrubby character. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -Wounds and Their Treatment - - -[Illustration: FRACTURES - -When a bone is broken into two or more parts it is said to be fractured. -These may be straight across, up and down, or oblique. Ordinary -fractures are easily treated by splints, but sometimes fractures are so -serious as to destroy the value of the animal.] - -The stockman has all sorts of wounds with which to deal. He may guard -his animals with the care and caution of a mother and still find -constant bother and worry to face in the daily management of his stock. -Today it may be a wound caused by a nail puncture in the foot; tomorrow -a cut occasioned by a fence; and then almost immediately another, the -result of a kick or a hook; with patience nearly exhausted, now follow -bruises of many sorts and unexplainable lacerations. - -These troubles occur on the best managed farms. There is but one thing -to do: meet each case as it occurs and lend such assistance as you can -that nature may repair the wrecked tissue at the earliest possible -moment. - - -THE KINDS OF WOUNDS - -Wounds fall into four classes: the clean-cut kind made by something -sharp; the torn or lacerated, where ragged edges are left; the bruised, -the result of continued pressure or kicks or a knock; and the punctured, -like the entrance of a nail or splinter or gunshot. - -The latter class is the most difficult in treating, for the reason of -the greater penetration that may likely occur. In the case of gunshot, -the wound may be on the surface, or it may extend entirely through the -region attacked, or even penetrate some vital organ like the heart or -the lungs or bowels, and either immediately or within a few days be the -cause of death. Fortunately such wounds are rare. The stockman may never -have to deal with them at all. There are punctured wounds that are -common, however; some, indeed, frequently lead to death. A nail wound is -the most serious, perhaps. It is likely that more cases of tetanus or -lockjaw are due to nail punctures than to all others combined. - -After this class comes the lacerated kind. These heal slowly; the tissue -being torn and bruised is repaired only through the sloughing off of the -injured and now superfluous parts. As a result, even with the most -attentive surgical help, the injured part develops its exposed sore, -ending finally completely healed, but permanently marked. Bruises may be -equally bad, long delayed in healing and very painful. Do you remember -the stone bruises of boyhood days? How long it required to develop! And -the pain! I shall feel mine for ages to come. - -The clean-cut wounds, if not too serious, are the least difficult in -treating. - - -FIRST STEP IN TREATING - -The flow of blood is usually associated with ordinary wounds; other than -with some bruised and punctured wounds this is always true. Frequently a -nail puncture gives off no blood or it is not noticed. However, the -blood is present, for, from the very nature of the trouble, blood rushes -to the seat, this being nature’s way of repair. Your first step, -therefore, is to check the excessive blood flow. - -[Illustration: BANDAGING A LEG - -The method of applying the bandage is shown here. The bandage may be -wrapped directly over the hair or over cotton saturated with an -antiseptic and placed over the wound.] - -If left to itself the blood might do it. Blood has the trick of -coagulating or clotting; and this in time will check the flow. But you -can assist in forming the clot very simply by applying some finely -ground material that the blood may be held on the spot. Absorbent cotton -is the best material to use. In case this is not available, use -something of like nature--something that is clean, not stored up with -germs. Tea is good, as is flour also. Cold water acts favorably, and for -the slight, ordinary surface wounds water is usually sufficient. A few -drops of some antiseptic in the water, if available, is always -advisable, for the freshest water carries its full quota of germs, some -of which may cause trouble. A tiny bit of alum powder will be found both -effective and not painful. - - -=Cleansing the Wound.=--After the flow of blood has been stopped, -cleansing the wound is next in order. All dirt should be carefully -removed, the injured flesh cleansed, the torn tissues brought together -and stitched, if need be, and antiseptics applied. The water used in -bathing the wounded flesh should contain an antiseptic, that the germs -present may be destroyed and no live ones admitted by water in cleansing -the wound. Any good commercial antiseptic will do; or the old common -ones, like corrosive sublimate, one part in a thousand parts of water, -or carbolic acid, a teaspoonful in a quart of water. Some powdered -antiseptic like iodoform is very desirable for dusting into the wound. - - -=Making the Bandage.=--Unless the wound is of little consequence it -should be covered and bandaged that no foreign elements be admitted and -that some pressure may be given to keep the broken parts together. To -secure this effect absorbent cotton, slightly moistened with the -antiseptic, should be laid on the wound, and firmly fastened by strips -of clean cotton cloth. - -By winding this bandage around and about the wound, dressed in this -careful way, the wound will be protected, germs will be kept out and -nature, thus reinforced, will be enabled to make a rapid recovery. -Unless the bandage is disturbed in some way there is no need of changing -it under twenty-four or thirty-six hours. If, for any reason, the -bandage is displaced, dress as before, and bandage again. - - -=Special Treatment.=--When a cut wound is deep or large, stitching is -sometimes required, that the broken parts may be brought together for -more rapid healing. Nothing is better for this than a coarse needle and -heavy thread. Before stitching, however, the wound should be bathed as -previously described. The needle and thread should be soaked in the -antiseptic, that no germs may be introduced by means of them. - -Now you are ready to make the stitches. Place the needle about an eighth -to a quarter of an inch from the edge of the wound across to the -opposite side. Bring the two ends together and tie, leaving the lips of -the wound as close together as possible. If more than a single stitch is -necessary, proceed in the same way, placing the second stitch about -three-quarters of an inch from the first one; continue as with the first -stitch if more are necessary. - -In case a needle and thread are not available, pins may be used in the -emergency. Insert the pin through the two edges and bring the lips -together, making them fast by a thread or cord carried from one end to -the other several times, alternating to the right and left as presented -by the figure eight. Sometimes the wound enlarges and becomes feverish. -If such becomes very severe, remove the fastenings and bathe the wound -very gently, using a mild antiseptic wash of tepid water in which -carbolic acid has been placed. - -[Illustration: HEALTH AND DISEASE - -In the upper picture the pigs are treating themselves. Below are shown -hogs which died during shipment to market.] - -Avoid any breaking of the healing tissue and do not have the washing -solution too strong, else it may injure the delicate tissue growth. A -teaspoonful of carbolic acid to a quart of water is strong enough. With -lacerated wounds the treatment is very similar. If the wound goes bad -and becomes spongy add a tablespoonful of acetate of lead and a -tablespoonful of sulphate of zinc to the antiseptic solution and apply -twice daily. - -[Illustration: MAKING POST MORTEM EXAMINATIONS - -The upper right hand picture shows the intestines of a healthy sheep. On -the left nodule disease is discovered. The bottom picture illustrates -how a carcass may be opened for the examination.] - - -=Nail Punctures.=--These very frequently cause trouble. You have no way -of observing the wound and your only way of judging is from the way the -animal walks or acts, and if the hoof is unduly hot. Locating lameness -in the stifle joint is a common but inexcusable error, as the action -resulting from lameness in the two parts is entirely different. The -so-called gravel which is said to enter the sole of the foot and then to -work out at the heel is usually the working out of the pus or the matter -resulting from a nail puncture or a bruise. - -If an animal becomes suddenly and severely lame and there be no evidence -of any injury to any other part of the leg, such as swelling, heat and -pain upon pressure, it is always well to look for puncture in the foot. -If the animal stands with the lame foot extended and when walking places -the lame foot well forward and brings the well foot up to it, the -evidence of puncture is still stronger. - -To examine the foot properly the shoe should be removed. It is not -sufficient to merely scrape the bottom of the foot clean, for if the -nail has pulled out and the horn sprung back in position, all trace of -its entrance may have been obliterated. To examine the foot properly, -tap the hoof with a hammer or knife and the exact spot may be definitely -located. If the injury is of a few days’ standing, additional heat in -the hoof and, perhaps, slight swelling of the coronet may also be -present. - -In treating such wounds, pare away only such parts of the hoof as -necessity requires and introduce a bit of cotton cloth rolled as a -string by means of a probe of some kind. Both probe and cotton must be -treated with the antiseptic solution. This solution should be a little -stronger than for flesh wounds. Make the solution by using a teaspoonful -of carbolic acid to only a pint of water. After the cotton has been -inserted a few times and withdrawn, each time a fresh cord being used -and fully saturated, leave the last one in for a few hours and then -repeat the treatment. This should be done three or four times each day. - -The main point in the treatment of nail puncture of the foot is to -provide free exit to all matter that may collect and keep the parts as -clean as possible. If this be done, the matter will not be compelled to -work out at the heels, and no separation or loss of hoof will occur. -Often a very severe wound is made and the treatment acts slowly. - -In case proud flesh accumulates, it should be burned away by a hot iron. -After this operation has been performed, the cavity should be filled -with balsam of fir and cotton placed over it, a piece of heavy leather -fitted to the foot and held fast by the replaced shoe. This will usually -end the difficulty. A veterinarian should be called in case the wound is -severe or goes bad as the treatment progresses. - - -=Treating Bruises.=--In treating bruises a different procedure is -necessary. The broken tissue is concealed--beneath the skin and usually -under the surface muscles. Bathing with water and acetate of lead--a -quart of water and two tablespoonfuls of the acetate--will tend to -lessen the inflammation. In time you may have to open the swelling for -the pus to get out. After doing so, inject some wash for cleansing, -using one quart of water and a tablespoonful of chloride of zinc. - -If the swelling remains, apply twice each month a salve made by using -one teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury and three tablespoonfuls of -lard. Wash occasionally, using the chloride of zinc solution. - - -=Leg Wounds.=--Cleanse the wound with a wash composed of one -tablespoonful of acetate of lead, one tablespoonful of sulphate of zinc, -four tablespoonfuls of tincture of arnica and one quart of water. Use -this wash frequently, every hour or so, during the first day. After that -three or four applications will be sufficient. The sore should be kept -lower than the skin during the healing process. If it tends to crowd up, -apply a tiny bit--as much as you can place on a one-cent piece--of -bichloride of mercury. This will assist in getting an even heal and the -skin will grow over, leaving no blemish or swelling. - - -=Maggots in Wounds.=--If the wound has been treated as suggested above -there is no possibility of any trouble from maggots. These come from a -lack of cleanliness and neglect. Of course, an animal often gets a wound -and the owner is not aware of the mishap. Wounds, more or less -infrequently treated, those made as the result of castration, -occasionally get infected with maggots. - -When, for any cause, maggots are present, they must be got rid of at -once. A good plan is to use chloroform, either by spraying or by -throwing it in the wound in small drops from a sponge. - -The danger from maggots can usually be avoided if a mixture composed of -one tablespoonful of turpentine, three tablespoonfuls of tar and two -tablespoonfuls of lard or fish oil be smeared all around the border of -the wound. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -Making a Post Mortem Examination - - -Even on the best-managed stock farms some animals do get sick and die. -Good care and good nursing may be given, but the sick animal frequently -does not recover--death often follows very quickly, before you have an -opportunity to observe the development of the disease or to secure the -services of a veterinarian. Then, again, after a lingering sickness an -animal dies, the disease being known or unknown as the case may be. - -In any event, a post-mortem examination is usually desirable, if for no -other reason than that it serves to familiarize you with the organs of -the body. With a little experience you can become quite proficient in -examining a dead animal, and you can soon learn the difference between -healthy and unhealthy organs, between diseased and normal tissues and -the relation of the internal parts to the whole body. A post-mortem -examination thus enables you to know the cause of the disease--where it -is located or whether death is the result of accident or of some fatal -disturbance of the system. - -This examination should be made as soon after death as possible; the -longer the delay the greater the changes due to decomposition of the -body and its decay back to the original elements from which it has come. -Soon after death the stiffening process takes place. This is known as -rigor mortis. It may occur within an hour after death and again it may -not be complete until twenty-five or thirty hours have passed. Soon -after the death stiffening has occurred the tissues soften and -decomposition rapidly follows. - - -FIRST THINGS TO DO - -In making a post-mortem examination, in case the animal has not been -moved, the position of the body is to be observed. Look all about you. -Is there any evidence of a struggle? Does either the body or the ground -appear as if spasms have taken place? It may be a case of poisoning. If -such be true, the outward appearance may be further substantiated by the -internal condition. If inflammation and irritation of the stomach and -bowels are observed, this evidence helps to confirm the first -observation. - -[Illustration: RICKETS IN PIGS - -Rickets in pigs is due, as in man and other animals, to an improper -development of the bone, the result of insufficient mineral matter in -the food. The bones are weak and bend or break. It frequently appears -after the pigs are weaned. An abundant supply of wood ashes, charcoal, -lime and salt is always good for hogs.] - -The appearance of the struggle, however, is not enough to establish a -case of poisoning; for struggling is a death characteristic of many -diseases. Of course, in making this preliminary examination you will -note if death could have been the result of some other reason. Has some -obstruction had anything to do with the trouble? Maybe the animal has -been caught in some way and not being able to move about has starved to -death, or maybe some over-exertion has had something to do with the -trouble. - -Many animals choke, and, not being able to relieve themselves, die. -Thousands of farm animals, especially in the West and Southwest, die -annually from cold, and not a few from heat. All these things enter into -the case and must be considered in reaching a reasonable conclusion. - - -=Observe the Discharges.=--The next thing to do is to observe the -discharges from nose, mouth and other natural openings of the body. -External scars and wounds often bear a close relation to the disease and -these should be considered in examining the carcass. How do the eyes -look? Is there a discharge from the ears? Is the swelling of the abdomen -and the bloating more pronounced or different than should be the case in -ordinary death? Practice will indicate the lesson that each of these -teach. - - -=Accidents and Injury.=--Farm animals are often killed by stray shots -from the guns of hunters and trespassers. A casual observation will -indicate if death has been due to this. Again, animals may die from -distemper or be eaten up with lice or troubled with itch or mange--you -will note these facts as you go along with your work. - -In the South, where Texas fever is so prevalent, you should look for -ticks, as these bring death to thousands of animals each year. Look for -the wee tiny ones--they cause the trouble. When cattle are fairly -covered with the large ticks death does not ordinarily follow, since the -animal has practically become immune to the poison caused by the tick. -These large ticks, however, are filled with blood and nutriment, both -obtained from the animal, and hence they may rob the animal of blood and -nutriment that it ought to have itself. - - -=After Removing the Skin.=--The skin is now to be removed, so that the -color of the tissues and the nature of the blood may be noted. If the -blood be thin or black, with a disagreeable odor, you can expect some -germ trouble like blood poisoning or an infectious and contagious -disease. If the white tissues are yellow you may be reasonably certain -that the liver has not done its work as it would have done had it been -in a thoroughly healthy condition. - -In removing the skin and making other observations be cautious that you -do not prick your fingers with the knife, since you may convey in this -way disease to yourself. If by accident a cut or prick is made, -cauterize the wound at once, so as to destroy any germs transmitted in -this way to you. - - -EXAMINING THE INTERNAL ORGANS - -The next step is to examine the internal organs. To do this, place the -animal on its side, remove the upper front leg and the ribs over the -chest region. The ribs should be removed as near as possible to the -backbone so as to give an unobstructed opening over the important -organs. This large opening now allows you free access for examination, -and an unimpaired view all about the vital organs, if these are entirely -exposed. - -[Illustration: ROUND WORMS IN HOG INTESTINE - -An infestation with intestinal worms, as shown here, leads to -unthriftiness and a loss of flesh. These worms may be expelled by giving -turpentine in doses of one teaspoonful in milk for three days in -succession.] - -While making this opening, observe the watery fluid as it escapes. If a -large quantity is present, dropsy or a rupture of the bladder is -indicated. If the trouble is due to the latter, an odor in the urine -will be quickly noted. When the fluid is red in color, it indicates the -presence of blood or some inflammation of the abdomen or the bowels. A -large amount of watery fluid in the chest cavity is an indication of -some lung trouble; this is further indicated by the tiny attachments -running between the lungs and the chest wall. - - -=Stomach and Intestines.=--If the stomach and intestines be abnormally -red, congestion is indicated, and if they be quite dark, even purple in -color, you may be sure that some kind of inflammation has been the -trouble. You will note also if the stomach is hard and compacted; and, -if so, indigestion may have been the trouble. The intestines will also -show if they be hard and compacted or in any otherwise bad condition. -Pass the hands along to see if the intestines are knotted in any place -or if nails are present in the stomach. It is not likely that the nails -have been the direct cause of death, but this fact helps to indicate the -condition of the digestion trap. - -Often hair balls or parasites will be found; either may clog up the -channel and may be the immediate cause of death. I have on more than one -occasion found that the fuzz of crimson clover, accumulating in the -intestines of horses, rolls up into a hard, compacted ball, and not -being able to pass out, becomes an obstruction in the passageway and -ultimately causes death. - - -=Kidneys and Bladder.=--The urine tells its tale also; a very -disagreeable odor indicates some disturbance; and a brownish or dark-red -color may indicate a local disease or a constitutional breakdown. Texas -fever in cattle produces a very dark or reddish urine, Azoturia in -horses, a similar color. Gallstones or gravel are often found in the -bladder, and these frequently cause serious disturbance, if not death. - - -=Lungs.=--Look the lungs over carefully. See if the natural color is -present and if the soft, spongy constituency responds to the same kind -of touch as does the thoroughly healthy lung. In health the lungs are a -very light pink color. If inflammation has been present this will be -indicated by the dark color and the hard density. - -When the lung is cut apart with the knife further observation should be -made. A marble appearance indicates inflammation and hard lumps or -tubercles indicate tuberculosis. These tubercles, when cut open, show -pus and a cheeselike material, yellow in color--a true indication of the -disease. - - -=Other Observations.=--You should feel the heart to know if it is -natural or not, or to see if any of the valves are broken, or if some -inflammation has been back of the trouble. The sides of the open cavity -should be observed before leaving. Is it spotted, speckled? Are pink -spots seen about the ribs? This is an indication of hog cholera, and in -itself may lead to a correct interpretation of the disease. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -Common Medicines and Their Actions - - -The common medicines used in treating farm animals are named in the -following list, together with origin, action, use, and dose. - - -ACONITE - -Tincture of aconite is derived from the root of a plant. When used, the -heart beats more slowly and the blood pressure is decreased, making the -medicine desirable in cases of inflammation. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, from 10 to 30 drops, and sheep and hogs 5 -to 10 drops. - - -ALOES - -This is usually bought in a powder form. It is brown in color and bitter -in taste. Considerable time transpires before action in the bowels takes -place. Allow at least 24 hours. It is a physic and blood purifier. - -Dose: For horses, 4 to 5 tablespoonfuls; cattle, 4 to 8 tablespoonfuls; -sheep, 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls; and pigs, 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls. - - -ALUM - -This mineral salt is used in washes for sore mouth and throat, and -cleansing wounds. It may be dusted into wounds in powder form, and is -both drying and healing. - -Dose: Use a tablespoonful to a pint of water. - - -ANISEED - -This preparation is made from dried berries and ground. It stimulates -digestion, sweetens the stomach, and serves as a tonic and appetite -maker. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, a tablespoonful, and for sheep and pigs, a -teaspoonful. - - -ARNICA - -For wounds, sprains, and bruises, tincture of arnica is both cooling and -restful. It is made from the dried flowers of a plant, and is for -external use. Apply three or four times daily. - - -ARSENIC - -This medicine comes from the mineral kingdom and is very powerful. In -using better get it in some standard medicinal form such as Fowler’s -Solution. It is used as a tonic when the stomach is bad and the system -run down. - -Dose: Fowler’s Solution; for horses and cattle, 2 tablespoonfuls; sheep, -1 teaspoonful; pigs, one-half teaspoonful. In giving to stock mix with 4 -tablespoonfuls of whiskey, and either use as a drench or add to mash or -gruel. - - -BELLADONNA - -This is a tincture made from a plant. When used it soothes, softens, and -relaxes the parts to which applied. It checks inflammation and relieves -pain, but must be carefully used. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful; sheep, 10 drops; pigs, 5 -drops. - - -BUTTER OF ANTIMONY - -This preparation, taken from a mineral, is not used internally. It is a -powerful caustic. Its principal use is for curing thrush in horses’ -feet. - -[Illustration: TETANUS BACILLI - -How the germs look under the microscope. The poison produced by them is -one of the most violent known in disease.] - - -BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM - -This comes as a white crystal or powder, and is used to quiet the nerves -when some trouble like lockjaw has set in. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful; sheep and hogs, one-half -teaspoonful. - - -BINIODIDE OF MERCURY - -This bright red powder is used chiefly for blistering purposes. It is -excellent when a spavin or splint or ringbone is just beginning. In -preparing, use one part of the mercury to nine parts of vaseline or -lard. Remember, it is a poison, and must be carefully handled, as is -true of some other preparations of mercury. - - -CAMPHOR - -The camphor of commerce is in the form of a gum obtained from a tree by -boiling and evaporation. It is used in mixtures for coughs, sore throat, -and heaves. It is good also for colic and diarrhœa and assists in -lessening pain. It should be given in water. - -Dose: For horses, 2 to 4 teaspoonfuls; cattle, 4 to 5 teaspoonfuls; pigs -and sheep, 2 teaspoonfuls. - - -CANTHARIDES OR SPANISH FLY - -This is in the form of powder, and is an irritant. For use it should be -thoroughly mixed with lard or vaseline. One teaspoonful of the -cantharides to 4 tablespoonfuls of lard or vaseline. When so prepared it -is excellent as a blister. It can be applied for sweat thickenings or -lumps on any part of the body that is not on the bone. It should not be -used on curbs or tumors and is not used internally. - - -CARBOLIC ACID - -This is got from coal tar and petroleum. When full strength and pure it -is in the form of crystals, but is generally bought as a liquid. It is a -disinfectant and an antiseptic, and while used internally for some -purposes, is largely used internally in washes and solutions. Its -principal use is in bathing wounds and sores. Care should be taken not -to have a wash contain too much of the acid, as it will burn the wound -and stop the healing action. It is a corroding poison taken internally. -It should be just strong enough to kill bacteria; say, 1 part to 1,000 -parts of water. A very good healing salve is made when 5 drops of pure -carbolic acid is used to 4 tablespoonfuls of vaseline. - - -CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE - -This is used externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Dissolve 1 -part to 100 parts of water. It is a preparation of mercury, is -poisonous, but excellent for bathing wounds and open sores. - - -CASTOR OIL - -This oil is pressed from castor beans. It is a mild physic similar to -raw linseed oil. It is not used much for live stock. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 pint; for sheep, one-quarter pint, and -for pigs, 4 tablespoonfuls. - - -CALOMEL - -This is a heavy white powder and a mineral. Its principal action is as a -physic, and it has a cleansing effect on the liver. Hence it is used for -all kinds of liver troubles. When dusted in old sores, it is splendid -for healing and drying up. - -Dose: For horses, one-half to 1 teaspoonful; cattle, 1 to 2 -teaspoonfuls; sheep and pigs, one-eighth teaspoonful. - - -CROTON OIL - -This oil is made from seeds, and is one of the most powerful physics -known. It should never be used until milder physics do not respond. Use -it as a last resort. - -Dose: For horses, 15 to 20 drops; cattle, 30 to 40 drops; sheep, 5 to 10 -drops; and pigs, 2 to 3 drops. In giving, it is best to use in -connection with raw linseed oil; of the linseed oil use 1 pint for -horses and cattle and one-quarter pint for sheep and pigs. - - -CAUSTIC POTASH - -This chemical is most easily used when purchased in pencil-like sticks. -It is never given internally, but is used to burn warts and growths by -wetting the stick and rubbing it over them. It is also used for burning -poisonous wounds to kill the poison. It is commonly employed for -dishorning calves. When a week or ten days old, and the button of the -horn is just appearing, rub the potash over the horn. This usually -insures destruction of the horn substance. Wet the stick of potash. See -that drippings do not run down the animal’s head. In order to protect -the fingers, when using, wrap paper around the stick. - - -CREOLIN - -This is the product of coal tar and comes in the form of a thick, dark -fluid, and, like tar, is harmless. It is frequently used as the basis of -salves for wounds, scratches, and like troubles. It is a very effective -remedy for killing lice, ticks, or fleas, and is used as a remedy when -sheep are afflicted with mange and scab. - -Dose: Use from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls to a pint of water and shake well -before using. Make up a small quantity at a time, as creolin thus made -loses its value after exposure. For disinfecting purposes, 1 part of -creolin to 100 parts of water is satisfactory. - - -GENTIAN - -This is the root of a plant, dried and ground. It is used principally as -a tonic, and is very bitter; commonly found in condition powders and is -given to animals that are weak and run down. If used alone, give twice a -day in the food and place on the tongue with a spoon. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; for sheep, a teaspoonful; -pigs, one-half teaspoonful. - - -GINGER - -This is a dried root ground fine, secured from a plant, and acts as a -stimulant, relieving gases that accumulate in the stomach. It is an -excellent ingredient to use in colic and indigestion preparations. If -given alone, doses may be repeated every two or three hours. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; sheep, 1 small -teaspoonful; pigs, one-half teaspoonful. - - -HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA - -This salt is frequently used in combination with gentian, equal parts of -both, and in other recipes for condition powder. It cleans the blood and -builds up the system after weakening diseases. A common preparation is -made by using one-half of powdered gentian and one-half of hyposulphite -of soda. Mix all together and give two or three times a day to the -animal needing it. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; sheep, 1 teaspoonful; -pigs, one-half teaspoonful. - - -IODINE - -This dark brown tincture is not often used internally, but is used as a -sweat blister and for blistering thickened glands. In using, take a -feather, painting the iodine on the lump until it blisters; when the -blister appears, grease the part; after two or three days have passed, -wash the lump with warm water and soap and blister again. - - -IODIDE OF POTASSIUM - -This white powder is obtained from the mineral kingdom. When given -internally it acts as an absorbent. It is commonly used in cases of -dropsy of the belly. In administering, use equal parts of ground gentian -root and give twice a day. - -Dose: For horses and cattle a teaspoonful; for sheep and pigs, one-half -teaspoonful. - - -LINSEED OIL - -This oil is obtained from flaxseed, and is excellent when a mild physic -is desired. The easiest and most effective way of giving to animals is -in the form of a drench. About 1 pint should be used for horses and -cattle. Raw linseed oil is usually preferred to the boiled. - - -LAUDANUM - -This is made from opium and is used both internally and externally. It -is commonly used where there is pain, hence it is excellent for -relieving pain and spasms and assists also in checking inflammation. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 4 to 6 teaspoonfuls; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 -teaspoonfuls. - - -NUX VOMICA - -This powder comes from ground seeds, and is used as a nerve stimulant. -It is very efficacious for strengthening weak, debilitated animals. A -common way is to mix equal parts of gentian and powdered nux vomica -thoroughly together. This may be given as a drench, or in the feed or -placed at the back of the tongue with a spoon. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful three times a day; for sheep -and pigs, one-half teaspoonful. - - -NITRATE OF SILVER - -This comes in the form of white penciled sticks. It is excellent for -burning off warts, proud flesh in cuts and growths on any part of the -body. Just wet the stick and rub it on the parts. Of course, be careful -that your fingers are protected from the chemical. It is a poison taken -internally. - - -NITRATE OF POTASH - -This is frequently called saltpeter, and comes as a white crystal or -powder. It is used for kidney, lung and blood troubles. It has a very -acute action on the kidneys, causing them to secrete an extra amount of -urine. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful; sheep and pigs, one-half -teaspoonful. - - -SULPHATE OF COPPER - -This is commonly known as blue vitriol or bluestone. It is excellent -when given internally for checking discharges, especially those of a -chronic catarrhal nature. It may also be used as a wash for wounds, when -a weak solution is made, and may be dusted on the wound every day or two -in case proud flesh forms. - - -SULPHATE OF IRON - -Green vitriol, or copperas, as it is commonly known, is a splendid -mineral tonic, and is commonly used in combination with gentian, equal -parts of the two. Use when the system is badly run down. It is also -excellent as a worm powder. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 teaspoonful three times a day; sheep and -pigs, one-half teaspoonful. - - -SUGAR OF LEAD - -This is frequently called acetate of lead. It is seldom used internally, -but quite generally externally for healing washes, particularly for the -eye. - - -SWEET SPIRITS OF NITER - -This sweet-tasting and smelling preparation is obtained from alcohol, -and is in the form of a clear liquid. It acts upon the kidneys and skin -and is commonly given in the drinking water of animals. It is used in -combination with other medicines for colic and indigestion. It thus acts -upon the bowels and stomach and relieves pain and dissipates the gases. -In giving to animals mix in a pint of lukewarm water and give as a -drench. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls; for sheep and pigs, -1 to 2 teaspoonfuls. - - -SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE - -This is the ordinary turpentine known by all. It is excellent in cases -of acute indigestion and colic, and is destructive to bots and the long -round worms in horses. When used externally it is as a liniment. When -used internally a small quantity is given with raw linseed oil. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 4 tablespoonfuls; for sheep and pigs, 1 -tablespoonful. - - -SALTS - -The two common salts used for live stock are Epsom and Glauber. Epsom -salts are most frequently used, the chief action being as a physic. -Aloes take the places of salts for horses, as it is believed these are -much better than the mineral salts. In giving salts to cattle, the -drench is most satisfactory. - -Dose: Use 1 quart of warm water in which place 1 tablespoonful of ginger -and 1 tablespoonful of common soda. To this add 1 pint to 1½ pints of -salts and dissolve by shaking or stirring. For sheep and pigs, -one-quarter of this amount is sufficient. - - -SULPHUR - -This yellow powder is well known and is a great medicine when given -internally. It acts on the blood and purifies it. It is excellent also -for killing parasites or germs in the skin, hence it is good for all -diseases. When used internally it is best to combine with gentian root. -Give once a day for a short period. - -Dose: For horses and cattle, 1 tablespoonful; sheep and pigs, 1 -teaspoonful. - - -SOME COMMON PRESCRIPTIONS - - -=Colic Mixture.=--Laudanum, 16 tablespoonfuls; aromatic spirits of -ammonia, 12 tablespoonfuls; sulphuric ether, 2 tablespoonfuls; tincture -of aconite, 10 drops; ginger, 16 tablespoonfuls. Dissolve in a pint of -water. From 10 to 20 tablespoonfuls of this can be given in one-half -pint of water. If relief is not secured, repeat in a half hour, follow -with a third dose, then with another, giving the doses one-half to one -hour apart. - - -=Fly Blister.=--Powdered cantharides, 2 teaspoonfuls; gum camphor -powdered, 2 tablespoonfuls; lard, 8 tablespoonfuls. After thoroughly -mixing, rub in 5 to 10 minutes, depending on the severity of the blister -desired. - - -=Red Blister.=--Gum camphor powdered, 2 tablespoonfuls; biniodide of -mercury, 2 teaspoonfuls; lard, 8 tablespoonfuls. This should be rubbed -in from 5 to 10 minutes. - - -=Cough Mixture.=--Belladonna, 2 tablespoonfuls; pulverized opium, 2 -tablespoonfuls; gum camphor, pulverized, 2 teaspoonfuls; chloride of -ammonia, 2 tablespoonfuls; sulphur, 4 tablespoonfuls. An easy way to -give this is to mix with molasses and flour until a paste is secured. - - -=Soothing Ointment.=--Laudanum, 8 tablespoonfuls; aconite, 4 -tablespoonfuls. This is excellent for sprains, and relieves the pain and -soreness when applied to a part where there is much inflammation. - - -=Hoof Ointment.=--Raw linseed oil, one-quarter pound; crude petroleum -oil, one-quarter pound; neat’s-foot oil, one-quarter pound; pine tar, -one-quarter pound. Mix well and apply every night with a brush all over -and under the hoof. A little in the hair above will do no harm. Clean -out the hoof before applying. - - -=Physic Drench for Horses.=--Aloes, 8 teaspoonfuls; common soda, 1 -teaspoonful; ginger, 1 teaspoonful. Dissolve these in a pint of lukewarm -water and give as a drench. The horse should be allowed rest the day -following its use. - -[Illustration: READY FOR THE DRENCH - -A simple device for giving drenches to horses.] - - -=Physic Drench for Cattle.=--Epsom salts, 1 pound; ginger, 1 -tablespoonful; common soda, 1 tablespoonful. Dissolve in a quart of -lukewarm water and give as a drench. It is a splendid general physic for -cows, and can be given at any time when they are thought not to be -thriving as they should. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -The Meaning of Disease - - -Any departure from a normal condition is disease. The body, composed of -different organs and parts, is in a healthy state when each of these -performs its natural functions. Thus the normal mind is concerned with -normal mental acts; any disturbances of the brain or spinal cords is -immediately manifested in the action of the animal; likewise frequently -a disturbance elsewhere may later have its effect on the mental system. - -Disease may result from some external cause like from a wound, from food -causing poison or derangement of the digestive system, from water -introducing impurities, from parasites that disturb normal functions, -disorganize tissue or produce toxines, or from other abnormal -conditions--all of which interfere with the normal functions of one or -more organs, regions, or parts. - -In most cases the disturbances are readily recognized. Swellings, -bruises and wounds are located at a glance. When blood passes from nose, -ears or intestines, a key to the trouble is at hand. Coughs have their -story. And vomiting, diarrhœa, convulsions, spasms, abnormal breathing -or temperature each indicates at what points an abnormal condition is -evident. - - -=Disease, Both General and Local.=--Some diseases lead to disturbance -throughout the entire body. For instance, pus may accumulate at some -point from which it finds its way into the blood, in the end reaching to -other parts of the body that in time also become affected. - -Those diseases, with which fever is associated, are general in nature. -The nerve centers are influenced, the body heat is increased and a -weakened condition prevails. Back of this are the disease -poisons--chemical poisons or germ poisons. - -When the temperature of the body, as a result of fever, rises too high -certain life principles are changed and death immediately follows. A -temperature of 106° or 107° is very high, and, therefore, very -dangerous. In treating disease the temperature is watched, that the -course of the fever may be followed. Treating a fever, then, is helpful -and a natural part of the treatment of the disease itself. The basis of -the curative process rests upon the principle of proper circulation and -the excretion of the impure substances. - - -CAUSES OF DISEASE - -In the first place most diseases arise from mismanagement. The very -principles at the bottom of good health receive no consideration and -little thought. On some farms it is seldom that a case of disease is -heard of; on others, stock are under treatment at all times. Where order -prevails, where cleanliness is appreciated, where disease-producing -conditions are never allowed to accumulate or even gain an introduction, -health is the rule and disease the exception. When the latter appears, -it is due to some outside influence that gave it admission. - -The greatest mischief in handling farm stock comes from improper food, -filthy or impure drinking water, bad ventilation of stables, overwork, -or lack of exercise and poor sanitary conditions. - -Disease, therefore, is largely due to causes within control of the owner -of the farm stock. True, one source of trouble is due to mechanical -causes: horses get nail punctures, legs and necks and head are cut in -fences, blows bring bruises. But whose fault? Certainly not the animal. -Old boards with nails ought not to be left in all sorts of places, -fences should be protected, and stable fixtures, gates and harnesses -should be in such order that only in rare cases will injury result. - - -=Disease from Chemical Causes.=--Poisonous materials and poisonous -plants cause death to thousands of animals annually. Of great importance -to the stock interests is the rapid destruction of these harmful -products. Fortunately in the older sections these are about eliminated -now, and we are also understanding more about the molds that lead to bad -results when moldy forage is given as feed to farm animals. In time -disease will be considerably lessened when only clean, wholesome food -finds its way into the mangers and feed racks--then disease will depart -and more rapid gains will come. - - -=Heredity Plays a Part.=--Despite caution and care, health is often -disturbed because of hereditary influences. Thanks to science, we know -now that many of the old bugbears of the past, and once so entrenched, -have become dislodged, and their true import set right before the owner. -Tuberculosis, for instance, once so dreaded in both man and beast, is -now known not to be handed down from parent to progeny; it is a germ -disease, pure and simple, and gets its start just as many other -ailments--through breath, or drink, or feed. There are hereditary -troubles, however, that continue down through many generations. The -narrow hock of the horse invites curb diseases; the narrow chest is a -good breeding ground for tuberculosis germs; straight pasterns are bad -for the feet; poor conformation is not consistent with efficiency or -easy functional activity. - -These examples clearly show that form and type and physical -characteristics have roles to play in animal economy and in health to -which the wise stockman will give heed. - -[Illustration: BACTERIA AS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE - -_a_, Spirillum. _b_, Micrococcus. _c_, Micrococcus. _d_, Streptococcus. -_e_, _f_, _g_, _h_, Rod-shaped bacteria. _i_ and _j_, Divisions.] - - -=Germs and Parasites.=--In addition to the above causes of disease, -another class is before us ready to inflict its injury at all times. -Indeed, it is a class of the greatest importance. I refer now to -parasites, bacteria, and germs, which cause more loss to live stock than -all others combined. Think of hog cholera, a germ disease; of -tuberculosis, a germ disease; of stomach worms, parasites; of staggers, -a mold disease; of abortion, a germ disease; and hundreds of like -nature, all due to parasites and germs, disease agents that disturb and -destroy the delicate organs or exposed regions, as the case may be, -regardless of age, value, or breed. - -Of course, remedies and treatment are being worked out to meet these -individual diseases as they occur. Nevertheless, the best treatment is -prevention. It is far better to prevent than to cure; and that is the -line of action especially for this class. Indeed, it is far easier to -understand the simple laws of prevention than the complicated curative -processes. Especially is this true since germs are known and isolated, -and their rapid destruction with air, sunlight, and disinfectants -understood and available. - - -ORIGIN OF DISEASE - -Enough has now been said to indicate that disease originates as a -reaction between the cause of it and the body. Withhold food, and -starvation--the disease--follows. Withhold fresh air and oxygen, and the -tissue breaks down; disease results as a reaction from the normal use of -air and the demands of the body for oxygen. Allow bacteria admission to -the body and settlement in the tissues or organs most agreeable to each -particular one, and these will grow, multiply, and, unless overcome by -the natural resistance of the body, will conquer and destroy, causing -sooner or later death and decay. - - -=Immunity Sought by Inoculation.=--Many diseases that now yield to no -curative treatment are being met by inoculation. By this method the body -is reinforced by serum injections, that disease germs and infections may -be warded off, or in case of attack, be so fortified against the disease -germs as to destroy them or render them inactive. - - -=Some Animals More Resistant to Disease.=--An infectious and contagious -disease may affect a herd or flock, destroying few or many. Some may -never be affected and yet be subjected to exposure and contagion; such -are immune and resist this particular disease. Others may suffer a mild -attack, but throw it off with no disastrous consequence; such are strong -and their organs ably fortified against any injurious inroad by the -disease. On the other hand the majority in a flock or herd is not so -able to throw off the disease for the reason of being predisposed by -nature to such attacks; their very susceptibility invites attack, and if -the infection is intensely virulent the affected body will most likely -yield and death follow. - - -THE COURSE OF DISEASE - -Each disease possesses its own peculiar characteristics, which are more -or less conspicuous in each individual case. Then, too, some diseases -develop quickly and end quickly. Others run a course of several weeks; -and still others several months or even years. The first class is acute, -the second chronic. In both kinds nature is at work endeavoring always -to effect a cure; and, unless other complications arise, the result of -improper food, bad sanitary quarters, bad air, or conditions not -conducive to health, recovery will, in most cases, result. The great -drawback to rapid recovery comes from the outside influences that -counteract the curative processes of the body itself. Good nursing, good -air, proper food, are back of rapid recovery. - -Most diseases have been carefully studied, and their course of -development has been mapped out. Our veterinarians know, in a general -way, how fever acts in live stock. If an animal is inoculated with -Texas fever germs, the veterinarian knows the course of the disease -beforehand. In a general way, he knows when the fever will begin, how -long it will last, when it will be at its highest point, and when it -will disappear. He knows all of this, even before he makes the -inoculation. Yet no disease invariably runs the same course in different -individuals. In fact, the virulence of bacteria have much to do with the -course; mild cases occur usually when the germ is weak, and severe cases -when the germs are very virulent. This explains why some attacks of -measles or Texas fever or hog cholera are more fatal than other attacks -in other places, or at other seasons of the year. - - -=Typical Courses the Rule.=--It is in rare cases only that a regular -course is not followed by most diseases. Take an infectious disease. The -period of incubation comes first; this follows up the infection. During -this period, no change in the animal is observed. He seems well, acts -well, and does his work well. Nevertheless, all the time, during this -period of infection, the germs are developing, multiplying, gaining -headway, and so entrenching themselves that illness and disorder will -soon follow. The period of infection varies in different animals and in -different diseases. It may take two or three weeks for development, or -as few as two or three days. - -Following the period of infection comes the period of eruption. At this -stage the typical characteristics are observed. At the next step the -disease reaches its height with the animal under its complete dominion. -But only temporarily. If properly nursed and treated, with most -diseases, the animal will pass through the period and recover. - -The final stage is the period of improvement. The battle that has been -waged between the body and the disease is now about ended. The disease -germs have been routed and the body has been victorious. All that now -remains is the clearing away of the débris. In this case it is scattered -throughout the body system. The damage that has been done is to be -repaired and left, if possible, as near to the original condition, as -the nature of the disease will allow. The period of improvement will -vary in different diseases and in different animals. Recovery may occur -in a few days, in some cases, and in others weeks and months will be -required. A change of feed or pasture or work is usually necessary if -the most rapid recovery would be had. In some cases, nothing other than -absolute rest will suffice. - - -THE TERMINATION OF DISEASES - -After the disease has run its course, the body usually returns to its -former normal condition. There seems to be a limit to what the disease -can do. A healthy body may be attacked, but, in the end, disease -retires, having used itself up. There are diseases, however, that leave -their marks in many ways. And these become permanent marks. With many of -these all of us are acquainted. Smallpox is one. The pits over the face -record the fierce battle that was fought. The same is true of wasted -tissues, with scars that conspicuously mark the track along which blood -poison has traveled. The shrunken hoof of the foundered horse tells the -adverse termination of that disease. - -While recovery may be more or less complete, the effect is to seriously -injure the worth and value of the individual. There is a long list of -this kind. - -[Illustration: RESULT OF BONE SPAVIN - -Pictured here is a natural hock free from disease and a diseased hock, -the result of bone spavin. The bone is seriously affected and the easy -action prevented.] - -Other diseases act differently in another way. They progress slowly, are -not noticeable at first, but in the end are incurable. Take glanders as -a typical case. It quietly and silently develops, often taking months or -years in reaching the stage of eruption or before it becomes apparent. -During all this time, and even after the disease is recognizable, the -animal goes on about his duties with no apparent trouble. The disease, -however, is progressing all the time; in the end it conquers its victim, -the final stages are reached, and the animal dies. - -The stock raiser is concerned with different diseases in so far as they -mean slow or rapid recovery, and particularly if they be contagious or -not. His entire herd will be impaired if glanders is introduced into it. -One tuberculosis cow will convey the disease to all susceptible -individuals in the herd to which she belongs, especially if stabled in a -tight barn during the winter seasons when little or no ventilation is -intentionally provided. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease - - -Some diseases are not difficult to diagnose. Those resulting from wounds -or knocks are easily located, and their treatment readily outlined. -Others, however, are not so easy. Something is observed as wrong, the -animal acts strangely, does not take to its food, is fretful, stands or -walks unnatural--what is the matter? The stockman must ascertain the -trouble, and the quicker the better. - -A review of the past few days is desirable. Where has the animal been? -What kind of food has it had? With what strange fellows has it -associated? Has it been put to excessive work or exposed to unusual -weather or conditions? What infectious diseases are prevalent in the -community? These and other questions will occur; in some instances the -answer will be at hand. - - -MAKE A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION - -The stockman should at least know the fundamental principles of health -and of any departure from them that indicate disease. Hence a -superficial examination of the animal, as a whole, is in line of -diagnosing the disease. Note the general condition of the body. The -thermometer will advise you rightly. Is there pain? If possible -determine this point and locate the seat of it. Is the circulation -natural? An examination of the pulse will tell you if the blood is -racing rapidly or gliding slowly, and whether regular or rough. Is the -respiration as it should be? Count the number a minute that you may know -if the number is more or less, or is as it should be. On listening to -the lungs, heart, and blood vessels, certain sounds are heard which -change with disease--normal and heart murmurs. Whether or not an organ -contains air can be determined by percussion, since solid organs, the -lungs, for instance, in pneumonia, give a different sound from those -containing air as they are normally. Air-containing organs--lungs and -intestines--may thus be distinguished from the solid ones adjoining -them. In this way their varying size in health and disease may be -determined. - -Your examination should go further and include the natural -discharges--the dung, the urine, the nose moisture and the “look of the -eye.” In cases of fever the urine is scanty and deeply colored. In Texas -fever, for instance, the urine is dark red. In azoturia in horses, it -varies from a light color to a deep brown or black. The nature of the -dung should be observed, if watery or dry, soft or hard, scanty or -profuse. - - -=Taking the Pulse.=--Stand at the left side of the horse and run the -finger along the lower jaw until you come to the point where the artery -crosses the jaw on its lower edge. This will be found about two inches -forward from its angle. Right here is the large muscle and at the front -edge the pulsations may be caught. To get the pulse of the cow, stand at -the left side, reach over the neck and take it from the right jaw. - -In the horse the normal pulse beats are from 35 to 40 per minute and may -go to 100 in disease. In the cow the pulsations run from 45 to 50 in -health. The pulse relates its story very accurately and, with practice, -can be constantly used in diagnosing the nature of the ailment. For -instance, a soft pulse, one that is easily compressed by the finger, -indicates bronchitis. A hard pulse, one not easily depressed by the -finger, indicates acute inflammation. A hard pulse may be quick and -bounding and forceful. An irregular pulse, one that beats fast for a -time, then slowly, indicates a weakened heart condition. A slow, full -pulse, one that comes up gradually to the finger touch, indicates some -brain trouble. - -[Illustration: FEELING THE PULSE - -The heart beat, as it is called, may be felt by placing the finger over -any of the superficial arteries. The submaxillary artery as it passes -under the edge of the lower jaw close to the bone is a convenient vessel -for the purpose.] - - -=Taking the Temperature.=--While the heat of the body may be surmised by -touch and feeling this is not a reliable guide as to the temperature. A -self-registering thermometer, inserted into the rectum, is the only -reliable means for getting this desirable information. In a state of -health the temperature of the horse ranges from 100° to 102.5°. - -When the temperature rises, inflammation is indicated. A fall in -temperature below normal denotes loss of strength, vitality, and death. -If the temperature rises three or four degrees above normal, the case is -serious, and a rise of five or six is very dangerous. Animals seldom -survive when the rise reaches above 107° or 108°. - -A good clinical thermometer should be in the possession of every -stockman. It costs but little, and its aid in recognizing and treating -disease is helpful, if not absolutely indispensable. - - -=Taking the Respiration.=--In breathing two movements are -observed--taking in and sending out the air. In health the respiration -is usually constant, ranging from 10 to 14 in the horses, and from 15 to -20 in cattle. Breathing is faster in young animals; and exercise -increases the number of respirations per minute. - -Any disease of the respiratory organs will cause the breathing to be -short and rapid and labored. If the number of respirations seem more -than normal, some disturbance is indicated. If the pulse is faster at -the same time, illness is at once indicated, and the trouble should be -sought at once. - - -THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE - -The first effort in treating disease is to remove the cause. This is -sometimes done very easily. Mange and lice are quickly destroyed by -washes and disinfectants. - -Bright, fresh, wholesome food and pure water easily replace bad food and -water to the permanent good of the stock. Cattle ticks quickly disappear -when the grease brush is applied. And so in every direction you take to -fight the disease: find the cause and then remove it, and half the -battle is fought. - -If disease-producing germs cannot be killed at the moment, it is still -possible to diminish their number or to modify their virulence. Thus to -open an abscess is to remove the pus-producing bacteria, and hence to -hasten recovery. To wash a wound or open sore with antiseptics is the -simplest way to remove, diminish, and destroy the evil of the sore. - -[Illustration: HOW HEAT AFFECTS GROWTH - -At the end of 24 hours in _a_ but seven bacteria have developed, the -temperature being 50 degrees. In _b_ 700 have developed in the same -time, but in a temperature of 70 degrees.] - - -=Helping the Body Fight.=--When disease sets in a battle begins. One -combatant is the disease itself, the other the body. Your work is to -render assistance to the body. In many cases your help will not be -needed. In others you can render incalculable aid. Here is where medical -aid begins and ends: to care for and nurse and make the body strong that -it may be victorious, quickly, if possible, but without fail, in the -end. Medicines are helpful if they diminish the work of the diseased -organ, giving in this way time for the body cells to bring about a cure. -Therefore rest and quietness are advisable, that no organ may be called -upon for any effort but normal function and repair. A disease of the -heart calls for absolute rest, of the intestines for little or no -irritating or bulky or hard food, of the lungs for no exposure. At times -it is advisable to check the activity of an organ, in which case a drug -may be given, like opium, to quiet the intestines, or like aconite, to -diminish the rate of the blood flow. - -In the same way external assistance may be rendered; as, for example, -sweating--to throw off poison in the tissue juices; and blanketing--to -maintain an even temperature and to protect from chill and draught. - - -ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES - -Medicines are conveyed into the body as drenches, balls, enemas, and -injections under the skin or into the veins. There is nothing mysterious -about any of them. - - -=Giving Medicines in a Ball.=--The practice of giving medicines in a -ball is a very old one, and has much to recommend it. Many nauseous -agents as aloes, opium, arsenic, asafetida, are thus conveyed to the -stomach without causing annoyance and disgust to the patient. The balls -are wrapped in paper, dough, or gelatin capsules, and may weigh an ounce -or two. In giving a ball the following plan is usually followed: Hold -the ball between the thumb and first two fingers. Now seize the tongue -at about its middle and gently draw it out to the side of the mouth, in -such a way that the right hand may be inserted into the mouth and the -ball placed far back on the tongue, when the hand is withdrawn, the -tongue replaced and the halter or strap wrapped around the jaws until -the ball is swallowed. - - -=Giving Medicines in a Drench.=--The drench is usually employed for -liquid medicines. It is best to dilute the medicines with water, milk, -or oil that they may more readily reach the stomach and at the same -time exercise no injury to the structures through which they pass. - -In giving a drench exercise as much patience as possible. To horses it -should be given slowly. If there is any disposition to cough, lower the -head, and then proceed as before. - - -=Poultices.=--These are made of a variety of things, bread, bran, and -linseed meal being the most common. Any substance that will hold water -and retain heat will serve the purpose. - - -=Mustard Plasters.=--These are made with mustard and water, cold water -being the most desirable. Mix to a thin paste. If the part to which the -plaster is to be applied is covered with thick, long hair, a very thin -plaster will more quickly soak into the skin. This kind of plaster is -most commonly applied to the throat, the windpipe, the sides of the -chest, the abdomen and over the region of the liver. To get the best -effect for the last named, apply on the right side at a point four or -five inches behind the back ribs. - - -=Blistering.=--The first step in blistering is the clipping of the hair -over the diseased part, and the removal of dirt and scurf attached to -the skin. The blister is to be worked into the skin, and usually ten -minutes of rubbing will be necessary to produce the desired results. - -In the course of twenty-four hours blisters will form, and some swelling -in the region is likely to be manifest. On the third day bathe the part -with warm water and soap. After drying, apply vaseline, lard, or sweet -oil. The blister should be repeated if the results of the first blister -do not bring about a cure. - - -=Firing.=--The hot iron is a very useful agent in treating many cases of -chronic lameness and bone diseases. In performing such an operation -have the iron at a full red and white heat and touch the part gently -with just sufficient pressure to make a distinct impression. But one leg -should be fired at a time. - -It is desirable to shave the hair closely to the skin before applying -the iron. The day following the firing spread over the wound any common -wound oil like neat’s-foot oil or vaseline. Daily applications are -called for until the swelling subsides. Unless a period of rest is given -after the operation, the best results will not be had. Many bone -diseases return, or are never cured, because complete recovery never -occurred in the first place. Work and exertion only aggravate the cases, -often leaving them in a worse condition than before the firing. - - -CARING FOR SICK ANIMALS - -In the first place keep them clean. If necessary wash them daily, -especially the parts liable to get filthy and dirty. In fever cases a -gentle sponging, every few hours during the day, is desirable. Vinegar -added to tepid water is very good. - -Animals in feverish or chilly condition can be assisted by blankets and -bandages. These are very helpful in warding off congestion of the -internal organs and in maintaining an even temperature of the body. Any -warm rug or blanket that is clean and light will serve. - -In bandaging the legs, endeavor to get an equal pressure at all points. -A long roll is, therefore, best, and several layers should be wrapped -around the member. It is a good plan to remove the bandage, replacing -with another at least once a day, and two a day are better. When a -bandage is removed, the skin should be washed and rubbed with the hand -and fingers, and the covering replaced as promptly as possible. - - -=Food and Drink.=--During sickness only easily digestible food should be -provided. Offer something different from the ordinary, and let it be -prepared in an appetizing form. Nothing is better than gruels and -mashes. These are soft, nourishing, appetizing, and easily digested. -When active nutrition is demanded, milk and eggs can be added to the -ordinary gruels or mashes. - -Water should be available at all times. Small amounts at frequent -intervals are better than large amounts at intervals far apart. In a few -instances only is it best to withhold the water. In treating dysentery, -diarrhœa and diabetes water is usually withheld, but in most diseases a -free use is allowable and desirable. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -Diseases of Farm Animals - - -=ABORTION.=--The expulsion of the fetus at a period too young to live -exterior of its mother is known as abortion. This ailment may afflict -cows, mares, sows, and ewes, but is most common among cows. - -Abortion may be divided into two classes, namely, accidental and -contagious. If we had nothing but the accidental form of abortion to -contend with we would hear very little about this disease, owing to the -fact that it is perfectly natural for animals to carry their young full -time, regardless of how much they may be punished or abused while in -this condition if their system be free from the germs of contagious -abortion. On the other hand, contagious abortion is a very destructive -disease, causing heavy losses to the stockmen of the United States as -well as to other countries. Contagious abortion is divided into two -classes, namely, acute and chronic. Cows afflicted with the acute form -of abortion may lose from one to three calves. Cows, after passing from -the acute to the chronic form of abortion, may carry their calves full -time, but are as badly affected with the germs of contagious abortion as -they were in the acute form, when they were losing their calves. - -[Illustration: DISEASES OF THE HORSE - -1 Poll Evil, 2 Swelling by Bridle Pressure, 3 Inflamed Parotid Gland, -4 Inflamed Jugular Vein, 5 Caries of the Lower Jaw, 6 Fistula of Parotid -Duct, 7 Bony Excrescence, 8 Fistula of Withers, 9 Saddle Gall, 10 Tumor -Caused by Collar, 11 Splint, 12 Malanders, 13 A Tread on the Coronet, -14 Sand Crack, 15 Quittor, 16 Knee Bunch, 17 Clap on Back Sinews, -18 Ring Bone, 19 Foundered Foot, 20 Ventral Hernia, 21 Rat Tail, -22 Spavin, 23 Curb, 24 Quarter Crack, 25 Thick Leg, 26 Malanders, -27 Capped Hock, 28 Swelled Sinews, 29 Grease, 30 Sand Crack, 31 Tumor of -Elbow.] - -Perhaps the greatest damage brought about with cattle afflicted with the -chronic form of abortion is the shortage of milk. Animals afflicted with -accidental abortion show very few marked symptoms before they abort. -Animals afflicted with contagious abortion have a number of marked -symptoms, namely, little red patches of infection on the lining of the -vulva, and there may also be present a catarrhal discharge. The sheath -of the herd bull in the acute form of the disease has a catarrhal -discharge, while the symptoms of calves is a swelling of the glands of -the throat from ear to ear. These last named symptoms do not appear in -accidental abortion. - -Owing to the fact that the germs of contagious abortion are found in the -mothers’ blood, in the genital organs of the cow and the bull, and in -the stables wherein they are housed, it has been positively decided that -the only reliable and effectual treatment for contagious abortion is the -hypodermic treatment, which destroys the germ in the mother’s blood. The -genital organs of the cow and bull should be washed out with the -antiseptic solution made of 1 pint of corrosive sublimate to 1,000 parts -of water, and the germs contained in the stables wherein afflicted -animals are housed should be destroyed by disinfectants. In this way the -disease is met at every turn, and it is impossible for the disease of -contagious abortion to exist when thus handled. - - -=ABSCESS.=--A collection of pus in a new-formed cavity in the body. It -has a well-defined wall surrounding it. An abscess is the result of -entrance of micro-organisms into the body. They may have entered through -wounds or into the hair follicles, or abscesses may result from -infectious diseases, as strangles or distemper in the horse. At the seat -of the abscess formation swelling occurs, the part feels warmer than the -surrounding tissue, is painful to touch, and hard. These conditions are -due to the inflammation of the part. Later it becomes soft, less -sensitive, and fluctuates, which shows that it is coming to a head, or -that the pus is collecting. If the skin is white it will show a yellow -color in the center, which is usually raised above the surface, and the -hair falls out. This soon breaks and discharges pus. - -It is advisable to hasten the ripening of the abscess by hot -applications in form of poultices, or a large pack of cotton saturated -with hot bichloride of mercury 1 part to 1,000 parts of water, or use -some one of the coal tar dips 1 part to 50 parts of water. The -application of a light blister will often hasten ripening. When the pus -has collected or the abscess has come to a head, it should be opened at -the lowest part in order to give free drainage to the pus contained -within. - -Great care should be used in opening abscesses--not to cut blood vessels -which might be in the vicinity. In case the abscess breaks of its own -accord, it is often necessary to enlarge the opening, in order to give -free drainage for the pus. If the abscess is large or deep-seated it -should be washed out each day with bichloride of mercury 1 part to water -1,000 parts, or with a 2 per cent solution of some one of the coal tar -dips. After it is opened do not apply bandages, as they prevent the free -escape of pus. Do not allow the opening to close until it heals from the -bottom; or, in other words, as long as it secretes pus, for there is -danger of its breaking out again. If the opening is too high up, or not -large enough, it may result in a running sore or fistula. - - -=ACTINOMYCOSIS.=--Called lumpy jaw, because of the frequency of the -swelling located on the jaw. It is due to the entrance of a specific -organism, a fungus, into the tissues. This causes an inflammation, with -an increase in the amount of tissue, as shown by the enlargement and in -which an abscess is formed. Adult cattle are the only animals commonly -affected with this disease, but occasionally nearly all classes of -domestic animals may be affected. A number of cases have also been -reported in man, but the disease in cattle, being localized to a small -region of body, usually the head, there is little danger of transmission -from animal to man in eating beef. - -[Illustration: LUMPY JAW - -An exterior view showing location of lumpy jaw.] - -The symptoms are recognized by the characteristic tumor, usually -observed on the jaw, either of the bone or of the soft tissues in that -vicinity. It may, however, affect the tongue, or, in fact, nearly any of -the organs of the body. Its development is more or less of a slow, -constant growth, beginning with a very small nodule, but, when allowed -to run its course, may reach the size of a cocoanut, or larger. On -reaching some size, it usually ruptures and from it discharges a thick, -yellowish pus. It is to be distinguished very largely by its commonly -affecting cattle, its location, its slow growth and its firm, hard -consistency, and finally a discharge of pus from it. - -Treatment consists, if of small size in the soft tissues, of complete -excision by the knife. But, if of larger size, or when the bone or large -blood vessels are involved, recourse should be had to the internal -administration of iodide of potash from one to two teaspoonfuls in a -drench of a quart of water, or, in some instances, it may be given in -the drinking water once daily. This should be continued for a week or -ten days, when the treatment should be discontinued for a like time, -and, if necessary, repeated several times. - - -=AFTERBIRTH, RETENTION OF.=--This is a condition resulting from the -failure of the mother to pass the membranes after the birth of her -young. It happens most frequently in cases of abortion, or when birth -occurs before time. There is usually more or less of a mass of the -membranes hanging from the opening, which occasionally reaches to below -the hock, or even to the ground. When fresh it looks somewhat like the -intestines, but if exposed to the air for some time it is grayish in -color, especially when it begins to decompose. The odor is very -offensive, and the discharge soils all the hind parts of the animal. In -these cases the health of the animal suffers, and fever frequently -results, with a loss of appetite and flow of milk. The fever and -inflammation of the parts may go so far as to cause the death of the -animal. - -The afterbirth should never be allowed to remain over three days in the -cow, nor over twenty-four hours in the mare. In the mare, sow, or bitch -gently pulling on the membranes, at the same time twisting them easily, -will often bring them out without injury to the animal. With the cow it -is different. Here the membranes are “buttoned” on in tufts, and the -pulling, and especially the twisting, usually makes matters worse and -injures the uterus. - -After removing the membranes there always remains in the uterus a -quantity of fluid, which should be washed out with water a little cooler -than the blood of the animal, adding about a teaspoonful of carbolic -acid or other good antiseptic to each gallon of water and mixing well. -The hands and arms of the operator should be absolutely clean, and -during the operation should be kept covered with carbolized oil or -carbolized soap and water. In mares, especially, care should be taken -not to injure the parts, as inflammation sets in very much quicker than -in the cow. Several gallons of the above solution should be injected as -soon as the condition is noticed, and a warm bran mash fed to the animal -occasionally will help her general health. - - -=ANEMIA.=--A deficiency of red blood corpuscles. The animal is scanty of -flesh, hide bound and in a general run-down and debilitated condition. -The disease is sometimes called hollow horn. Treatment consists of -better food and care. The feed should be of a nature such as will enrich -the blood and build up the system. Food of a succulent nature, like -roots, green grass, or ensilage, will help out. A tonic, made as -follows, will be helpful: Two teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron, 1 -teaspoonful of powdered nux vomica, and 4 tablespoonfuls of ground -gentian root. Add this to the food each day for a week or ten days. - - -=ANTHRAX, OR CHARBON.=--An acute, infectious disease of plant-eating -animals, which, under favorable conditions, attacks flesh-eating animals -as well. It is caused by a microbe which enters the circulating blood -and by multiplication therein causes its rapid destruction, and the -death of the animal. The disease is as old as human history. It exists -in all countries and in all latitudes. It was formerly very destructive -to human life, as well as to animals. There is no disease which attacks -more different kinds of animals than anthrax, nor one which is more -deadly. Also, there is no disease which is harder to deal with from the -sanitary point of view; nor harder to stamp out. The reasons for this -will be shown later on. - -Soil is the prime factor in preserving and propagating the microbe, when -it is naturally wet, impermeable, and rich in decomposing animal and -vegetable matter. The microbe of anthrax may enter the body by several -channels. It may be taken in with the food or drink. It may be breathed -into the lungs. It may enter through abraded surfaces on the skin. It -may be inoculated into the body by biting insects. - -There are several forms of the disease and these are determined by the -modes of entrance of the virus. One form, which occurs especially in -sheep and cattle, at the commencement of an outbreak, and which is -characterized by the suddenness of its onset and its high degree of -fatality, is known as the apoplectic, or fulminant form. Without showing -any previous symptoms, an animal will suddenly be seized with loss of -appetite, trembling, uneasiness, irregularity of movements, difficult -breathing, blueness of the nostrils, bellowing, convulsions and -hemorrhages from the natural openings. Death may occur in a few minutes -or in four or five hours. - -Another type is known as anthrax fever, or internal anthrax. Here we -have distinct symptoms, the most important being high fever of from -three to four degrees, excitability and restlessness. Blood may ooze in -drops from the nose, eyes, or ears, and from inside of the forearm or -thigh, in sheep. There will be trembling, prostration, numbness of the -loins, thirst, grinding of the teeth, colicky pains, bloating, bloody -discharges, palpitation of the heart, difficult breathing, blueness of -the visible mucous membranes, jerking of the muscles of the back and -neck, and rolling of the eyes. The animal will die in comatose state, or -in convulsions, and death will occur in sheep in about a day. Cattle -will live from two to five days, and horses from one to six days. - -A third form is external anthrax, which manifests itself in swelling of -the tongue, throat, rectum, and skin in cattle; and of the tongue, -throat, neck, shoulders, withers, flank, or thigh in horses. These -swellings have a firm, doughy feeling, are not painful generally, and -show a marked tendency to gangrene. They never suppurate. If cut (this -should never be done), they discharge a pale, straw-colored liquid. In -this may be found the microbe. - -The rapidity with which putrefaction occurs in an anthrax carcass is -very marked. Another characteristic is, the blood loses its property of -clotting, is dark and tarry, and does not become light in color by -contact with air, like normal blood. In fulminant cases, however, these -characters are not so well marked. Other signs of the disease, if a -farmer should be so unfortunate as to open an anthrax carcass and -thereby spread the infection on his farm, will be great enlargement of -the spleen, or milt, and also of the liver. Bloody patches in the -tongue, throat, lungs, stomach, and intestines, caul, skin, and muscles, -or in fact in almost any part of the body, will be plainly visible. - - -=The Management of the Sick Animal= and disposal of the carcass are the -most important procedures in an outbreak of anthrax, from a sanitary -standpoint. Medicinal treatment is of little value. A vaccine has been -discovered that is very effective in preventing the disease. This has -been used very successfully in both this and European countries. If a -case of anthrax is suspected, call your veterinarian at once. The -disease will not pass through the air from a sick animal to a healthy -one, but the discharges which invariably occur during the progress of -the disease all contain the microbe, and everything soiled by them is -infectious material and capable of spreading the disease. - -When an animal is infected, remove at once to the burial lot and tie it -near the place it is to be buried, to save handling and scattering the -infection. When it dies, dig the grave. Then saturate the animal with -kerosene or coal oil and set it afire. By means of ropes tied around the -fetlocks turn the animal, saturate the other side and fire that, and -also the soles of the feet. When every hair has been burned off, -dissolve a one-pound carton of chlorinated lime (freshly opened) in -sufficient water to make a fluid that will just pour from the cup. Fill -the nostrils with this, also the mouth and eyes, which should be pried -open with a stick dipped in solution. Saturate some cotton or rags with -the lime, and plug up the nostrils or mouth. Treat the rectum likewise. -Turn the animal into its grave, sprinkle the ground on which it has -stood and laid with a strong solution of chlorinated lime, and shovel -the top layers of this soil into the grave. Follow this with the grave -soil, banking it up, as in human graves. In cases where the animal is -found dead, the same method is to be pursued, except that the animal is -hauled to the grave on a sled (never dragged over the ground). In these -cases, also, the place where it died must be disinfected by the same -means, after hauling out all loose material and burning the same, as -near as possible to the place where the animal died. It would also be -necessary to disinfect the sled and all tools which came in contact with -the carcass. - - -=APOPLEXY.=--A ruptured blood vessel in the brain; usually causes -unconsciousness, at least for a time. The control of certain muscles is -lost and a general dullness prevails over the animal. In case the -apoplectic attack runs a favorable course, the muscles come more or less -under control again and the patient in time may recover. It is in rare -cases only, however, that animals recover to an extent to be worth much -after being affected with apoplexy. Fortunately the disease in animals -is rare. - - -=AZOTURIA, OR MONDAY MORNING DISEASE.=--This is a very peculiar -affection of the horse, in which the animal shows a special form of -lameness upon exercise, after having remained idle for a day or two. The -cause is not definitely known, and yet the circumstances under which the -disease develops are rather constant, such, for instance, as an animal -in vigorous condition, fed liberally upon nitrogenous feed, remaining -idle over Sunday, a holiday or at other times. Upon being taken out the -following morning the animal usually shows an excess of energy, but -before going far begins to go lame in one or both hind limbs until, if -urged further, becomes completely paralyzed behind, going down and -unable to rise. He also shows considerable pain, as though he might be -suffering from some form of colic, with a profuse sweating. On reaching -this point the animal usually ceases to void the urine, which, when -drawn, appears a very dark brown or coffee color. The pulse and -breathing are somewhat accelerated, and frequently there is considerable -nervous excitement. The muscles of the loin and thigh are tense and -rigid. - -The treatment should begin as soon as the lameness shows itself. After a -few hours of rest, the distress will be over. The more exercise given -the animal after the lameness begins, the more severe the trouble, and -the more energetic means of treatment required. In a case showing signs -of nervous excitement, it should receive 2 tablespoonfuls of bromide of -potassium every three or four hours until becoming quiet. Sweating -should be induced by blanketing the animal well, preferably using -blankets wrung out of hot water and covered with a dry one. Allow all -the water the animal will drink and give it 4 tablespoonfuls sweet -spirits of niter three times a day if bladder is not paralyzed. If -unable to void the urine, the bladder must be emptied three times daily. -A laxative or purgative should be given early in the disease. If the -animal remains somewhat stiff, give a teaspoonful in the feed twice a -day of the following: Powdered nux vomica, 4 teaspoonfuls; powdered -sulphate of iron, 6 teaspoonfuls; powdered gentian root, 6 -teaspoonfuls. - - -=BARRENNESS.=--Failure to breed is usually due to an acid secretion of -the genital organs, to the germs of contagious abortion, retention of -the afterbirth, or to an abnormal condition of the sexual organs of -either the male or female. The acid secretion of the genital organs -prevents conception by destroying the semen of the male; the germs of -contagious abortion set up a catarrhal inflammation and discharge, which -also prevents conception; retention of the afterbirth, whether it be -removed by force or permitted to slough away, usually leaves the womb in -a diseased and catarrhal condition, effecting a discharge; impotency may -be due to excessive use of the male, or to advancing age in both male -and female. - -Any unnatural discharge irritates and scalds the mouth of the womb so -that when the discharge ceases the mouth of the womb heals, and it is -impossible to make a cow or mare breed without mechanical interference. -This kind of treatment is conducive to fertility by increasing the blood -supply to the part. Mechanical contrivances are now on the market for -the purpose of dilating the mouth of the womb. These increase the -probability of pregnancy. If the womb be opened just before service, -many troublesome cases can be corrected. This is done by inserting the -oiled hand and arm into the vagina, finding the opening into the womb, -and gradually dilating it by inserting one or more fingers until the -passage is open and free. - - -=BIG HEAD.=--Just why bones become soft and frequently are absorbed in -normal animals is not known, unless it is due to an absence of some -essential bone constituent in the food or water. The disease shows that -the bone is absorbed and its structure softened. As a consequence, the -bone enlarges, becomes spongy and light. - -The disease usually starts as a swelling in the head, hence the name. -Often the lower jaws are enlarged, and, as the disease progresses, the -legs become affected. At the same time the animal loses weight. The -treatment consists of nourishing foods, rich in the mineral -constituents. Better consult a veterinarian when the disease is first -noticed. - - -=BIG JAW OF CATTLE.=--See Actinomycosis. - - -=BIG KNEE.=--Often cattle show large bunches over the knees. These may -be soft or hard. In cattle these big knees are caused by hard floors, in -lying down and getting up. Big knee in horses is a little different, -being more in the nature of spavin or ringbone, and in this case -occurring at the knee joints. In cattle the bunch may be localized in -the flesh and skin. With horses, it is an attack on the bony structure. -When first noticed a blister may be used. - - -=BIG LEG.=--See Lymphangitis. - - -=BITTER MILK.=--Frequently germs get into the udder, and, as a result, -bitter milk or blue milk or bad milk results. Sometimes the bad taste of -milk is due to the odor in the stable or to the food that the cows get -while pasturing. Turnips give a bad taste to the milk, as does garlic or -wild onions. If the bitter taste or the blue milk is due to disease -germs, then the remedy lies in the destruction of these germs. Just -after milking, and each quarter thoroughly emptied, inject a warm -solution of boric acid. - - -=BLACKHEAD.=--A germ disease affecting turkeys and chickens. It is -characterized by a dark purple appearance in the comb and wattles. Fowls -attacked by the disease show dullness and laziness; at the same time -indigestion disturbances and diarrhœa is observed. The best treatment is -to kill the fowls affected just as soon as they become affected. This -will prevent the disease from spreading. It is advisable to burn the -bodies of the dead so as to prevent the spreading of the germs. Thorough -disinfection is necessary. - - -=BLACKLEG.=--An infectious disease produced by the blackleg bacillus, a -parasite which lives and propagates in the soil of infected districts -and in the bodies of diseased animals. Certain kinds of soil are very -favorable to the existence of the parasite, and such, when once -infected, easily remain so permanently and thus constitute the source of -the disease. Years ago blackleg was regarded as a form of anthrax. This -has been proved erroneous, however, for blackleg and anthrax are two -distinct and independent diseases, each being caused by a specific germ. -One diseased animal does not transmit the disease directly to a healthy -one. When caused, it is the result of self-inoculation, that is, by the -germ entering a wound in the skin or mucous membrane of the body, -produced on the legs while the animals are roaming over the fields, or -at the mouth while grazing; these are the places by which the blackleg -germs get into the system. - -An animal dying of blackleg is fairly alive with germs, which remain in -virulent condition for a long time. It behooves the farmer, therefore, -to completely destroy this kind of dead; not by burying, for then the -germs remain in the soil. The best way is to burn the animal right on -the spot where it died. If the animal is moved to another place, the -infection is spread, thereby, and not only the death place, but the -grass over which the animal has been moved, should be thoroughly -disinfected that no germs may survive. The disease is characterized in -the appearance of large swellings on various parts of the body, usually -on one of the upper portions of the legs, and never below the hock or -knee joints. Swellings vary in size, and are always formed by the -presence of gas that has collected in the tissue just beneath the skin. -This gas is a product of the germ. You will notice a peculiar crackling -sound when you pass your hand over these swellings. When punctured with -a knife these swellings emit a bloody fluid possessing a disagreeable -and sickening odor. - -Associated with the disease are loss of appetite, high fever and -lameness. Death follows just a few days from the time of attack. So far -no medicinal treatment for cure has been discovered. Stock should not be -admitted to infected regions. The only safe practice in regions where -blackleg is prevalent is in the use of protective inoculation or -vaccination. Such vaccination renders the animals immune, and even if -attacked, there is almost no appearance of the disease at all. - - -=Using Blackleg Vaccine.=--The blackleg vaccine now so well known is -made from diseased flesh taken from a calf that has died from blackleg. -This flesh, after being dried and powdered, is then properly prepared -and injected into the animal. There are two kinds--a weak and a strong -vaccine and single and double vaccine. The single vaccine requires but -one inoculation. The latter is believed to be superior and gives better -protection. The vaccine is usually available from the state experiment -stations, or can be obtained through your veterinarian. About the only -skill required in doing the work is in having the instruments -thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. A hypodermic syringe is used and the -injection made on the underside of the tail, a few inches from the tip, -or just beneath the skin of the neck or shoulder. The point of the -syringe should not puncture the muscle at all; simply pick up the skin -and draw it away from the muscle and admit the fluid in the loose space -between the two. - -When vaccinated, the treatment is supposed to last about a year. If -calves are vaccinated the operation should be repeated at about the age -of yearling. Two periods of vaccination are suggested: when turned to -pasture in the spring or when turned to dry food in the fall. Full -directions as to the use of vaccines always accompany the preparations -and further detail is unnecessary here. - -Preventive medicines cannot be relied upon, although a common one is -used throughout the West, made as follows: 4 ounces of sulphur, 1 ounce -of saltpeter, 2 pounds of sulphate of iron, and 1 pound of air-slaked -lime. After being thoroughly pulverized and mixed, this is added to -one-third of a gallon of common salt and used in the place of salt. - - -=BLADDER, STONE IN.=--See Concretions or Calculi in Urinary Organs. - - -=BLIND STAGGERS.=--See Staggers. - - -=BLOATING IN CATTLE.=--This disease, sometimes called hoven, is -characterized by the distention of the paunch or rumen, and is due to -the accumulation of gas. It most frequently occurs when cattle or sheep -are pastured on clover or alfalfa, especially if it is moist just after -a rain, or when dew is on the ground, and when not accustomed to fresh -green food. I have known of many cases where cattle have bloated from -eating alfalfa hay during the winter season. - -There is no mistaking the disease. The animal shows pain, goes off to -itself, and breathes with difficulty. Colic is often associated with -bloating. The most characteristic symptom, however, is the excessive -swelling due to the gas. The bloating is noticed even over the back of -the animal, the gas continues to form, and, unless relief is secured, -the animal will choke and die as the result. Or some suppression of the -vital processes will occur, even rupturing, with the same fatal ending. - -[Illustration: WHERE TO TAP IN BLOATING - -Insert the trocar and canula, or if these are not available a knife may -be used. Make the puncture downward and forward and plunge the -instrument into the rumen.] - -Bloating may take one or two forms; a mild case in which recovery -gradually follows, and a very severe form, where the only salvation is -in tapping to release the gas. If it is an ordinary case of bloating, -not very severe, ordinary remedies will give relief. Turpentine in doses -of 8 or 10 tablespoonfuls is good. Some use 4 tablespoonfuls of -hyposulphide of soda dissolved in water, with excellent results. Some -veterinarians give doses consisting of 4 tablespoonfuls of aromatic -spirits of ammonia in water as a drench. Ginger is frequently given, as -much as 4 tablespoonfuls diluted in warm water as a drench. To keep the -animal moving about is excellent. - -In severe cases it is advisable to tap with the trocar and canula. -Indeed, tapping is the last resort if you would save the animal. These -are inserted on the left side of the skin and pushed into the rumen or -paunch, the incision being made about half way between the point of the -hip and the last rib. In introducing the trocar push in and down. - -After the insertion is made, the trocar is withdrawn and the canula is -left in to furnish an opening through which the gas can escape. In case -the canula gets clogged with partially digested feed, insert the trocar -so as to push away the material and withdraw it again. If the trocar and -canula are not available, then use a pocket knife. Of course, be careful -that the incision is not made too large. - -Just a few simple precautions are suggested here as a prevention of this -trouble. There is always danger from bloating when cattle or sheep are -turned into green pastures, especially when not accustomed to such feed -and especially when wet. It is advisable, therefore, to keep stock from -the pasture until later in the day when the dew has disappeared. Stock -should have their regular morning feed just as usual before being turned -on the pasture. They will have less greedy appetites, will not like to -gorge themselves, and hence the trouble will not be brought on. - - -=BLOOD POISONING.=--When blood poisoning results from the entrance of -bacteria into the circulation, it is termed septic infection. This means -that the disease may be communicated to a healthy animal by inoculation. -Thus, an operator in making a post portem examination may bring on blood -poisoning because of an accidental prick of the skin. An animal may step -on a nail or get a splinter in a muscle or under the skin, and become -self-inoculated, in time becoming affected with septic infection. -Consequently bacteria are the direct inducing factors. The chemical -poisons produced as a result of the work of these bacteria, as those of -putrefaction, may induce what is known as septicæmia. On the other hand -where pus is produced, as in the abscesses which follow upon neglected -wounds in joints, a form of blood poisoning is produced known as pyæmia. -In either case blood poisoning may result, become very serious and may -cause the death of the victim. - -At first chills may be noticed, then a rise of temperature, quick -respiration, rapid but weak pulse, and much prostration. All the time -the appetite is disappearing, until it becomes lost. The mucous -membranes of the eyes and nose take on a yellowish, red tint often -showing spots or blotches of blood and the tongue becomes coated and -clammy. - -Quick treatment is necessary in every case of blood poisoning. As soon -as noticed, the source should be treated with disinfectants, thereby -arresting the supply of morbid matter. A strict employment of -antiseptics, so as to destroy the bacteria, is the first essential. We -look upon the prick from a rusty nail, or wound from a wire fence, or a -dirty stable splinter, as matters of frequent occurrence, yet a great -deal of danger lurks among these. They should be avoided as much as -possible and in all cases immediately treated. As soon as the poison is -admitted to the blood or tissue, the disease germs multiply and soon are -present in great numbers. Had the wound been cleansed with an antiseptic -like carbolic acid in the beginning, it would have been a simple matter -and the poison would have been neutralized, and the ingress of the -invaders made unattractive, if not altogether impossible. - -In all cases of blood poisoning, look to a systematic and constant -application of suitable lotions to the injured parts, to careful -nursing, and to nourishing food. If the appetite has completely -departed, it is often advisable to force food like eggs and milk into -the stomach, so that the strength of the patient may never be dissipated -or weakened. With this treatment should go pure fresh air, cleanliness -and much sunshine. It usually is advisable to call a veterinarian as -early as possible. - -[Illustration: BOG SPAVIN - -The bulging outward of the soft tissues of the hock joint is due to the -secretion of joint oil or lubricating liquid in abnormal amounts.] - - -=BLOODY MILK.=--Sometimes, just after calving, bloody milk is observed. -The cause is generally due to a rupture of the small blood vessels in -the vicinity of the cells that secrete the milk. It may be due to a tiny -accident of some kind or it may be the result of disease, localized in -the udder. Bathing the udder with hot water will prove helpful and, -until the milk is normal, frequent milkings are desirable. If the -condition prevails for any length of time and the cow is not a very good -one, it is just as well to fatten her and send her to the butcher. - - -=BLOODY URINE.=--A condition of the urine peculiar to certain diseases -like Texas fever in cattle and azoturia in horses. In the latter disease -the urine is quite turbid and dark in color, sometimes almost black. - - -=BOG SPAVIN.=--A round, smooth tumor at the front and on the inside of -the hock. It is the result of sprains, bruises, or other injuries. When -these injuries occur, too much joint oil is secreted, causing a bulging -of the ligament. Lameness seldom accompanies a bog spavin. If lameness -be present other structures are certain to be affected, and some pain -and heat will be noticed, together with a stiffness of the joint. - -Treatment consists of applications of cold water to the affected parts -and a lotion made of 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead in a quart of -water. A blister made of 1 teaspoonful biniodide of mercury and 4 -tablespoonfuls of lard rubbed in a little with the fingers and repeated -in ten days or two weeks and continued for some months will correct the -trouble. Wash the part having received the blister twenty-four hours -after application. It is also advisable to tie the horse’s head while -the blister is on, so that he cannot bite the part. - - -=BONE SPAVIN.=--See Spavin. - - -=BOT FLIES OR BREEZE FLIES.=--The larvæ or grub of all common bot flies -are thick, fleshy grubs and pass their life in some portion of the body. -When they are fully developed they leave the body by some route and bore -into the ground, where they go through another stage of their -development known as the pupa stage. When this stage is completed they -crawl out of the ground as a fly ready to deposit eggs. - - -=Horse Bot Fly.=--Everyone is familiar with the common nit fly and the -yellow nit that is attached to the hair on almost all parts of the -horse, but especially on the chest and legs. The young larvæ or even the -egg may be transferred from these regions of the body into the mouth by -the horse biting these parts. The grub passes into the stomach where it -attaches itself to the mucous lining and continues its development. The -bot is not so dangerous as it is popularly supposed to be. They may, -when attached in large numbers to the right side of the stomach, -interfere with digestion and be responsible for some of the digestive -disorders and colics. They are uniformly present in the stomach of all -horses that are kept in the open where flies can get at them. A -carefully groomed animal may be free from them. The eggs may be -destroyed by rubbing the body with a rag wet with kerosene. One of the -most common remedies for bots, and at the same time the most useless, is -a mixture of molasses and milk. Bots are hard to dislodge from the -stomach until they have completed their development there and pass out -of their own accord. Half-ounce doses of turpentine three hours apart -until three doses are given, followed by an ounce of powdered aloes as -a physic, is a good remedy and easily administered. Mix the turpentine -with half a pint of milk or gruel and give on an empty stomach. Carbon -bisulphide is a good remedy. Take two drachms or one-fourth of an ounce -of this and shake with a pint of cold water and drench. Repeat this -every two hours until an ounce of bisulphide is given, then give a -physic of aloes. These remedies should be given on an empty stomach. - -[Illustration: HORSE BOTS IN STOMACH - -The bot fly lays its eggs on the hair of the horse. These, taken into -the stomach, hatch out and give rise to horse bots or young maggots that -attach themselves to the walls of the stomach. After becoming grown they -loosen themselves and pass out with the feces.] - - -=Bot-Fly of Cattle or Warbles.=--It is now believed that eggs are -deposited near the feet and that the grub is taken into the mouth and -becomes partially developed in the digestive tract. It then burrows -through the tissue until it reaches the region of the back. The only -treatment that will amount to much is to destroy the grub as it is -developing under the skin. If farmers and stockmen will systematically -do this they can soon lessen the damage done. The heel fly annoys -cattle, and the grub, when it escapes from the back, leaves a hole in -the best part of the hide, causing loss in this way. After the grubs are -in the back no treatment helps the animal very much; but the grub can be -killed, thus preventing their developing into flies that would annoy -other cattle. The grubs may be squeezed out and destroyed. Mercurial -ointment may be rubbed through the hole and kill the grub, or -chloroform, or creoline, may be injected into the grub with a hypodermic -syringe. It does not require very much time to look after the number of -cattle usually found on a farm. - - -=The Bot-Fly of Sheep= is a very troublesome pest at times, and always -causes trouble and annoyance to the flock when present, and occasionally -causes considerable financial loss. The fly attacks sheep during the -warm months, July and August generally being the worst. The presence of -fly in the flock is easily told by the behavior of the sheep. The fly -looks much like a house fly, only it is longer and it always attempts to -lay its eggs just inside of the opening of the nose. As soon as the fly -begins to get near the nostril the sheep will begin to run, will hold -their noses close to the ground, and frequently huddle together as -closely as possible for protection. When the fly does succeed in -depositing the larvæ it begins immediately to work its way up the cavity -of the nose and finally gets into the small cavities in the head, where -development goes on. It is during this period of development in the head -that most of the damage is done. As the grubs grow larger a discharge -from the nostril is noticed, which may soon become very thick and -sticky, gumming up the nostrils and making breathing difficult. The -sheep will often carry their heads low, but will frequently raise their -heads and point their noses straight up. - -The treatment may be either preventive or surgical. The first is within -the reach of everyone owning sheep. Where only a few sheep are owned -each individual should be caught and a mixture of tar and lard, or oil -of tar and lard, applied to the nostril with a brush. This can be done -in a short time and should be repeated every ten days or two weeks -during the warm months. Narrow salt troughs may be made and the edges -smeared with tar so that the sheep will get tar on their noses when they -take salt. Turpentine may be applied high up in the nostril by means of -a feather. Begin the preventive treatment early in the spring or -whenever you know by the action of the sheep that the fly is bothering -them, and you will have better success than to wait until the sheep are -affected and undertake to cure them. - - -=BOTS.=--See Bot Flies. - - -=BROKEN WIND.=--See Heaves. - - -=BRONCHITIS.=--A common disease of domestic animals attacking the -bronchial tubes. It may be chronic, but is usually acute, and may affect -one side or both. The most frequent causes of bronchial catarrh are -colds. A sudden cooling of a heated body by drenching, by the breathing -of cold damp air, may all bring on the disorder. Dust, smoke or gas, -when inhaled, often produces the same trouble. Acute bronchitis usually -sets in with a sudden rise of the temperature of the body, and the -animal seems to have a chill. This may be quite violent at times. The -cough is noticed very much as with people, being short, dry, and husky. -Later on, as the disease progresses, a frothy mucus follows the cough. -Associated with the disease is a loss of appetite, constipation, and -pains in the chest and rattling in the chest and throat. A favorite -position of the horse is standing and of other stock that of lying down. -Good care is essential in the treatment. That means, with good -treatment, dust, smoke, and bad air are to be severely avoided. Plenty -of good ventilation, but no draft; and warm, well-lighted quarters are -very desirable. The animal should be blanketed to be kept warm in the -early stages and a compress placed over the chest, with blankets over -the compress. Frequent changing of this compress is desirable, say a -change every hour or two. When the animal is suffering from a chill, -stimulants are excellent. A tablespoonful of whiskey in a pint of water -and given as a drench every half hour or hour will be helpful. - -After the chill period is passed, small doses of tincture of aconite, -say 10 to 15 drops, in a little water as a drench will assist in -discharging the mucus. When the animal has become at ease, a mustard -plaster applied to the lungs will help you somewhat. From now on the -treatment should be good nursing and good food. Boiled flaxseed and -gruel will be very helpful. A very helpful preparation may be made of -the following: Nitrate of potash or saltpeter, tartar emetic, ground -gentian root, equal parts. A half pound or pound in all should be mixed -thoroughly, and then a teaspoonful given three times each day. When all -danger is passed, continue the careful handling and allow two or three -weeks’ complete rest. - - -=BUNCHES.=--Bunches are most generally enlargements of the bone. They -are most serious in the region of a joint. They are caused, as a rule, -by some injury, bruise, or wound. When first noticed they should be -treated with a blister to insure a hasty absorption of the enlarged -parts. - - -=BURNS.=--Occasionally animals are burned or scalded so badly as to -subject them to considerable pain. This may be relieved by the use of a -strong solution of common baking soda. Following the use of this, apply -an ointment made of one part of carbolic acid to 50 parts of vaseline. -If vaseline is not available, then use in its place linseed oil. - - -=CAKED BAG.=--See Mammitis. - - -=CAKED UDDER.=--A diseased condition of the udder, with the secretion of -milk altered, the udder hot, dry, and caked, and the glands inflamed. -The trouble may be due to external injury, to germs entering the teats -or to the milk being kept for too long a time in the udder. As soon as -noticed the udder should be bathed in hot water and massaged for several -minutes. After being dried with a cloth rub on a salve made of 2 -tablespoonfuls of gum camphor dissolved in 12 tablespoonfuls of lard. At -the same time give 4 tablespoonfuls of saltpeter morning and night for -two or three days. See also Mammitis. - - -=CALF CHOLERA.=--When a new-born calf comes into the world weak, puny, -and listless, and dies in a few hours after scouring, bawling, and -blatting and has sunken eyes and bloated belly soon after death, the -disease by stockmen is called “calf cholera.” Many calves so affected -are really “living abortions.” They have just enough life at birth to -exist a few hours and show the symptoms described, and such calves are -usually the offspring of cows that, during pregnancy, have been -incompletely nourished upon timothy or swale hay, or coarse fodder, -without an adequate supply of other foods to balance the ration; or -similar calves may come from fat, flabby, corn-stuffed, beef-bred cows. - -The trouble may be prevented by proper feeding of the pregnant cow, but -there is no cure. A majority of such cases, however, are due to germ -infection. Cows affected with contagious abortion may produce affected -calves; the afterbirth and navel cord are invaded by the germs in such -cases and the calf is improperly nourished in the womb. In other -instances, calf cholera is due to filth germs entering the calf’s system -by way of the raw navel cord stump at birth, or the mouth when the calf -nurses from a manure-contaminated udder. - -Prevent infective cases by providing a clean, fresh-bedded, disinfected, -whitewashed, sunlighted, ventilated pen for the new-born calf, and -immediately wet its navel with a 1/500 solution of corrosive sublimate -and repeat the application twice daily until the cord dries up, drops -off and no raw spot remains. Also wash the hind parts of the cow and her -udder with a two per cent solution of coal tar disinfectant before the -calf is allowed to suck for the first time and repeat the washing twice -daily for at least a week. Isolate affected calves. Bury or burn the -dead. - - -=CALF SCOURS.=--See White Scours. - - -=CANCER.=--Malignant growths, the cause or causes of which are not -known; nor can it be said the disease is infectious. While a very -serious disease among human beings, it is, fortunately, however, more -rare among farm animals. The only treatment worth while is in surgical -removal of the growths. If this be done when the tumors are first -noticed and when they are small, their further appearance may not -result. It is a good plan, if the growths persist in presenting -themselves, to eliminate the affected animal from the herd. With cattle, -it is possible to prepare them for market long before any cancer growths -may reappear, and in this way the full market value may be secured with -no danger when consumed. - - -=CAPPED ELBOW.=--Frequently horses, in lying down, press the foot or the -shoe against the elbow. This, in time, causes inflammation and ends in a -tumor or shoe boil. The diseased condition is difficult to repair, as -there is little flesh or muscle at the joint of the elbow where the -trouble starts. Treatment consists of opening the boil and allowing the -fluid to escape. In case the swelling is hot and painful, an application -of lead acetate will prove comforting and helpful. In preparing the -lotion, use 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead to a quart of water. -There is no objection to injecting a little of this into the opening. An -injection of a little tincture of iodine once a day into the opening is -desirable also. In treating cases of this kind, it is a good practice to -wrap about the horse’s foot a pad of straw or hay for cushioning the -foot. This prevents the wound from being further bruised, otherwise the -cure may be greatly delayed, if not indefinitely postponed. - -[Illustration: A VICTIM OF TUBERCULOSIS - -This cow, reacting to the tubercular test, was killed. The bottom -picture shows the extent to which tuberculosis had affected her lungs. -At least ten per cent of the cattle in the United States have this -dreaded and destructive disease.] - - -=CAPPED HOCK.=--An inflammation resulting in a separation of the cap -from the point of the bone of the hock. Cases of this kind are the -results of kicks or bruises. In the early stage, use 2 tablespoonfuls -of lead acetate in a quart of water and bathe the injured part. When -there is no longer any temperature, apply a blister composed of 1 -teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury and 6 tablespoonfuls of lard. Apply -this every week or ten days for several months. - -[Illustration: EXTERIOR POINTS OF THE HORSE - -1 Lip, 2 Nostril, 3 Forehead, 4 Poll, 5 Cheek, 6 Ear, 7 Mane, 8 Neck, -9 Shoulder, 10 Point or Shoulder, 11 Breast, 12 Forearm, 13 Arm, -14 Knee, 15 Cannon, 16 Fetlock, 17 Pastern, 18 Foot, 19 Withers, -20 Back, 21 Side, 22 Underline, 23 Flank, 24 Croup, 25 Tail, 26 Haunch, -27 Thigh, 28 Stifle, 29 Hock, 30 Point of Hock, 31 Cannon, 32 Foot, -33 Coronet, 34 Fetlock, 35 Pastern] - -[Illustration: CASTRATION] - - -=CAPPED KNEE.=--An enlarged condition of the knee most commonly found in -cattle. It is caused by cattle getting up and down on hard floors. It is -usually seen in stables where stanchions are used. A baggy tumor forms -at the front and just below the knee. In some instances this tumor -becomes very large and the cow walks about or moves with great -difficulty. Where hard floors are covered with bedding, no trouble of -this kind results. Applications of hot water are excellent. Liniment is -also very good. Where the tumor has long existed and is stubborn an -opening should be made at the bottom so that the fluid may be -discharged. A little tincture of iodine injected into the opening once a -day is good and at the same time an application of iodine rubbed over -the outside will assist in reducing the trouble. Use one part of iodine -to eight parts of lard and continue this treatment for a month or two. - - -=CASTRATION.=--The removal of the testicles from male animals. -Castration is practiced upon all the domestic animals. Only those male -animals possessing desirable characteristics are retained entire. The -operations are generally performed when the male animals become -troublesome. In horses the time is usually at one to three years old; in -cattle one to three months old; sheep at one to four months and pigs two -to four months old. Dogs, as a rule, become worthless if castrated. -Cats grow to an enormous size when castrated. - - -=Suggestions About the Operation.=--In the castration of all the -domestic animals some general suggestions will be beneficial. (1) Secure -the animal so he cannot injure himself or the attendants. (2) Do the -castration during the early spring. (3) Give the animal exercise after -castration. (4) Boil the instruments before operating, using warm water -and any good hand soap. (5) Disinfect the skin over the scrotum before -operating with corrosive sublimate 1/1000. (6) Wash the hands of the -operator with soap and water, then disinfect with corrosive sublimate. -(7) Great care should be exercised that no corrosive sublimate be left -that stock may drink, as it is a deadly poison. - -When the instruments have been boiled (sharp castrating knife and -emasculator), cast (throw) the animal as carefully as possible. Secure -the hind legs so they will not hinder the operator. The operator having -his hands clean and the scrotum washed and both his hands disinfected, -and also the region to be operated upon, the animal is ready for the -operation. The lower testicle is grasped with the left hand and with the -right hand an incision is made over the testicle, down to the testicle. -The testicle is pulled upon until the cord is seen. Then the emasculator -is used to crush the cord. This emasculator should be placed on the cord -as high up as possible. Some like their horses castrated proud. This -consists in leaving part of the testicle. This last method is not safe, -as it allows the testicle to become infected and form what is commonly -known as water seeds. A tumor grows on the cord and may become the size -of a man’s head. - -After the testicle is removed, then enlarge the first incision (cut) -that was made through the skin so as to give plenty drainage. This -incision should be about eight inches long for horses. By having a large -incision the upper part can heal first, and there will be good drainage -until the scrotum entirely heals. If possible turn the castrated horse -out to pasture after the operation, and it will exercise sufficiently to -keep the parts from swelling. Do not keep the animal in a dirty stable -after it is castrated, as there is so much danger from infection in the -dirty horse stable. If the horse is broken it can be put to light work a -week after the castration. - -Bulls do not need to be thrown to be castrated. The incision is made -over each testicle, and the operation carried out in the same way as -with the horse. Bulls are not so susceptible to infection as the horse. - - -=CATARRH.=--Commonly known as a cold, catarrh is recognized as an -inflamed state of the upper portions of the air passages, with more or -less discharge from the mucous membranes. The eyes often sympathize with -this deranged condition, with a watery state as the result. The causes -of catarrh or colds in animals are very much the same as those causing -the same disturbance in human beings; as with people, so with animals, -the malady should be remedied as quickly as possible. Bad air is one of -the most frequently observed causes; consequently pure cold air with -proper blankets to keep the body warm is considered the best treatment -for simple catarrh when unaccompanied with other troubles. - -One of the common symptoms is dullness and loss of appetite. The hair -stands out and looks rough, a slight cough may be noticed and sometimes -a rattling is heard in the head. For cattle a mild dose of physic, -consisting of one-half pound Epsom salts and 4 tablespoonfuls of sweet -spirits of niter mixed in a pint of lukewarm water and given as a -drench, is about all that is necessary. If the cold hangs on, mix -together one-half pound of nitrate of potash or saltpeter and one-half -pound of gentian root and give a teaspoonful of this three times a day -until the animal is better. Of course good food should go along with -this treatment. The horse should be fed soft food like bran mashes and -be kept quiet in a well-ventilated stable. If the cold hangs on with -him, mix one-half pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash, one-half -pound of sulphur, and one-half pound of ground gentian root and give a -teaspoonful morning, noon and night. - - -=CATTLE SCAB.=--See Scab in Cattle. - - -=CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.=--A disease fatal in violent attacks and not -well understood as to cause. It is believed to be non-contagious, -although frequently extensive outbreaks occur, suggesting that it may be -contagious. The symptoms are not well defined, due, perhaps, to the fact -that other diseases are included under the general name. Horses of all -ages of both sexes are affected, and temperament and physical condition -have nothing to do with susceptibility to the disease. Likewise mules -are affected and the mortality among them is equally as great as among -horses. The most acceptable belief as to cause centers around a -bacterial organism that works in the membranes of the brain. However, -some writers attribute the disease to ergot, smuts and molds supposed to -be taken with the food. Moldy corn and moldy hay are believed to be -associated with the disease. The symptoms are staggering gait, partial -or total inability to swallow, various muscular contractions and -delirium. - -Treatment is seldom effected, especially in violent cases. Mild forms -frequently respond to cathartics, blisters on the neck, spine and -throat. These give some relief. Small doses of aconite are also believed -to be helpful. Some writers place choking, distemper, grass staggers, -and blind staggers along with this brain disorder. - - -=CHARBON.=--See Anthrax. - - -=CHEST FOUNDER.=--See Navicular Disease. - - -=CHICKEN CHOLERA.=--Chicken or fowl cholera is a germ disease, and -contagious. It attacks poultry of all kinds. Diarrhœa is a prominent -symptom of the disease. Bad food or improper food may aggravate the -trouble, but the germ introduced into the system either in food or -drink, is at the bottom of it. At first the droppings will take on a -whitish color. Diarrhœa will then result. The discharges will then -become thin and watery, to be at times frothy and greenish in -appearance. Fowls thus attacked soon lose their appetites and become -stupid and take on a sickly appearance. The head drops toward the body, -the eyelids fall, and the fowls stand around as if doped. Some recover, -but, unless checked, the flock will be materially injured. - -Of course dead fowls must be burned at once and lime and other -disinfectants used to keep the disease from spreading. The well birds -must be kept apart from the infected quarters. Care must be exercised -that infection be not carried either by visitors or attendants from the -sick to the healthy quarters. A common remedy consists of 1 part of -sulphate of iron to 50 parts of water for drinking purposes. Another -common remedy is to mix a tablespoonful of sulphate of iron, 2 -tablespoonfuls of dried blood, and 2 tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium -with a pint of water. This is given in the food in doses of 1 or 2 -tablespoonfuls of this mixture three or four times a day to each sick -bird. - - -=CHOKING.=--Horses frequently choke from too rapid eating of oats, and -cattle are very commonly troubled on attempting to swallow apples, -turnips, or small pieces of ear corn. In either of these cases much -distress is occasioned and serious danger. In treating the horse, the -best treatment is to give it a little oil, after which rub the hand up -and down the gullet to scatter the accumulated oats. Sometimes it is -necessary to make an incision in the gullet through which the material -is removed. Better have a veterinarian do this. When food lodges in the -gullet of cattle, suffocation soon follows if it is serious and in the -upper part of the gullet. When such objects have lodged near the stomach -end there is less immediate danger. Of course the first treatment is to -try to force the object down by using the hand, if at all possible. If -this cannot be done a probang should be used. The probang should be very -limber, so as to bend easily, and it should be used with great caution. -Cattle often are killed by the accidental puncture of the gullet as the -probang is pressed down toward the mouth of the stomach. Consequently no -unyielding article like a broom handle or even a buggy whip should be -used. If a regular probang is not available, a rope a little less than -one inch in diameter can be inserted and gently worked down the gullet. -Before using the rope, grease it well and make a knob at the end to be -inserted. This knob can be made of cotton strings or muslin cloth. - - -=COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS.=--See Navicular Disease. - - -=COLDS.=--See Catarrh. - - -=COLIC.=--Colic is an inflammation of the bowels characterized by a -spasmodic contraction of the intestinal walls. It is a very common -disease in horses, and occasionally cattle and lambs are affected with -it. Both the small and large intestines may be afflicted or only one of -them. There are many causes, but feed and water are the controlling -factors. An animal just stopped from hard work and given a large -quantity of cold water, especially after eating, may be quickly -troubled. And the animal hot from work, on drinking very cold water, -often gets colic. Then, too, a change of food, or a change from dry feed -to green food or eating some root crop when the animal is not used to -it, may bring on the disease. - -Then, again, some horses and cattle are more given to colic than others. -Some individuals are never troubled, and others are almost constantly -under its influence. If much inflammation sets in, a very serious case -is on your hands. Two kinds of colic are known--the spasmodic, a -contraction, commonly known as cramps of the bowels; and wind or -flatulent colic or bloating. Some authorities add a third, and call it -worm colic. - - -=Spasmodic Colic.=--This kind of colic is first noticed when the horse -begins to paw with his forefeet, cringes, bends his head around as if -looking at his side, lays on the ground and rolls as if in pain; then he -stands quietly for a while and repeats these performances again. During -the time between the spasms the animal is more at ease and frequently -eats a little. When the spasms come on again the shifting about and the -rolling are repeated. If the cramps are severe the animal breaks out -with sweat. The pulse is accelerated when the spasms are on, ranging -from 60 to 65 beats a minute. If inflammation has set in, the pulse -instead of rising and falling remains more constant and is high all the -time. - -[Illustration: COLIC PAINS - -A common attitude with colic. When seized with pains the horse paws, -scrapes the ground with his front feet, stamps and strikes the belly -with the hind ones, lays back his ears and looks around to his flank.] - -When the spasms are on, pressing the bowels seems to relieve the pain -and please the animal, but if inflammation is present the pressure seems -to increase the pain. The best treatment is to relieve the pain with an -opiate, and next to obtain a free action of the bowels by a purge. Many -prescriptions have been suggested, among which is the following: 4 -tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter, 4 tablespoonfuls of laudanum, -1 tablespoonful of ginger and 1 tablespoonful of common soda. These are -added to a pint of warm water and given as a drench. - - -=Flatulent Colic.=--This form of colic, though not so acute, is much -more constant than the preceding form. The body is swollen in the region -of the bowels, the gas extending quite generally through the region. -There is also a tendency to inflammation. The pulse will be noticed as -more rapid, and at the same time more feeble, the breathing will be more -pronounced, and the animal less steady on its feet. In treating the -patient it is advisable to unload the rectum with greased hand and arm, -and the admission of warm water with soap in it, is also likely to be -beneficial. A little turpentine mixed with the soap and water is good. -The intestine is to be cleaned out as far as the arm will reach, but a -violent purge is unwise, as that only intensifies the inflammation. -Naturally the first thing is to mildly open the bowels. For this give 15 -or 20 tablespoonfuls of linseed oil and 5 or 10 tablespoonfuls of spirit -of turpentine. If the case continues, it is advisable to call a -veterinarian, and it may be necessary to use the trocar and canula. If -the instrument is sterilized, no great risk attaches to the operation, -while immediate relief is secured as the gas passes out through the -tube, and the distention is visibly reduced. An excellent mixture for -this kind of colic consists of 6 tablespoonfuls of chloral hydrate, 6 -tablespoonfuls of laudanum, 3 tablespoonfuls of sulphuric ether, 2 -tablespoonfuls of turpentine, and 10 tablespoonfuls of ginger. Of this -give 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls in a half pint of warm water and repeat every -half hour for 3 or 4 doses and then place the doses an hour apart until -all danger has passed. - -When there is a good deal of gas with considerable swelling an excellent -drench is made of 2 tablespoonfuls of powdered aloes, 4 tablespoonfuls -of spirits of ammonia and 4 tablespoonfuls of sulphuric ether. This -should be mixed with a pint of water and given promptly. In case of -considerable pain use this: 4 to 6 tablespoonfuls of hydrate of chloral -and eight tablespoonfuls of sugar mixed in a pint of water and give as a -drench. - - -=CONCRETIONS OR CALCULI OF URINARY ORGANS.=--The collection of solid -mineral matter in the urine may become lodged in the kidney, the ureter -(duct leading from the kidney), the bladder or urethra (the duct leading -from the bladder). All animals are more or less subject to these -conditions, and yet are not so affected as they are sometimes thought to -be. Many a case of so-called kidney colic is in reality an affection of -the digestive system. The cause for these mineral accumulations perhaps -varies under different conditions, yet the most common circumstance -under which they occur is during the time when animals are fed -exclusively or largely upon dry feed such as exists in the winter time -where silage is not fed. Wheat bran has been attributed as one of the -most sourceful means of bringing on this trouble. When it is fed with -succulent feeds and an abundance of water allowed these disorders do not -occur. - -The symptoms do not differ a great deal from some forms of colic, due to -stomach or intestinal disturbances, especially in the frequent attempts -to empty the bladder. The animal usually shows more or less pain from -the restless condition, looks around at the flank, dribbles his urine -frequently, which is occasionally blood stained. There may be a complete -obstruction of the passages, in which case no urine is voided. - -[Illustration: RETENTION OF THE URINE - -By means of a catheter the greater portion of the urine can be drawn -off. The operation is shown in the picture.] - - -=Treatment varies= with the location of the trouble, in which little -can be accomplished when the gravel or stone is located in front of the -bladder. If within the bladder, not obstructing its outlet, it is not -likely to make its presence known. Agents should be given, however, to -overcome the pain and to relieve the frequently existing spasm at point -of obstruction, as far as possible, which may allow passage of stone. -Give 4 tablespoonfuls of laudanum or chloral to a dose and repeat in two -or three hours if any pain or trouble is still indicated. In inducing -the animal to drink liberal quantities of water the condition may be -somewhat relieved by making the urine more watery in character and -possibly dissolving a portion, allowing the remainder to pass along its -course. When the obstruction occurs within the urethra the removal -should be made by incising through the tissues on to or near the -obstruction, removing by forceps and suturing up the wound. A skilled -operator is required for this, hence the veterinarian should be called. - - -=CONSTIPATION.=--An infrequent movement of the bowels with the dung hard -and dry. The animal is said to be bound up or costive. Bad food, -improper feeding, lack of exercise, all contribute to the trouble. -Treatment is in the line of laxative and succulent food, such as wheat -bran, green grass, silage and linseed oil meal. If the case is one -requiring immediate action give any of the usual purgatives, but do not -continue their use as a regular thing. If green grass is not possible, -nor silage available, give one or two teaspoonfuls of the following -mixture in the food three times a day: Equal parts of ground gentian -root, powdered nux vomica, powdered ginger and sulphur. - - -=CORNS.=--Small swellings or tumors on the sensitive heel in the -triangular space between the bars and the wall of the heel. These are -found in the fore feet only, and almost always on the inside heel. They -are caused most frequently by bad shoeing or from wearing the shoe for -too long a time. These growths do not always cause lameness, although, -as a rule, they do. They are, however, always sensitive to pressure and -usually appear as tumors of a hard, corny character. Neglected corns are -liable to fester and must then be laid bare by the knife and be -poulticed. Neglect of this treatment results in the matter or pus -finding its way up through the coronet. Thus quittor may result. - -Give the foot a careful dressing by paring the heel, and bathe the corn -with a weak carbolic acid solution. After doing this, place a fold of -muslin over the corn and then over all a bran and linseed poultice. A -complete rest from work, hard roads and shoes should now be given the -animal until the corn has entirely disappeared. When the feet are again -shod, leather should be used as a protection. Many corn salves are -recommended, but unless the corn be removed and the pressure taken from -the wound, there can be no cure, even though the tumor is pared away. - - -=CORNSTALK DISEASE.=--When cattle are allowed to run in stalk fields it -frequently happens that a large per cent die from various causes. All -these troubles are classed under the one term--cornstalk disease. In -some western fields where there is a second growth of cane stalk late in -the fall an early frost will at times develop in the stalk a deadly -poison (hydrocyanic acid), which kills the animal in a very few minutes -after eating it. This poison has not been found in the cornstalk. - -In the last year or two some of our state experiment stations have been -investigating several molds which seem to affect not only cattle but -horses as well. These molds grow quite abundantly upon cornstalks, -alfalfa, and other forage crops. The death of a great number of animals -has been traced directly to the feeding of such affected fodder, hay, or -corn. These molds, however, must have a certain amount of moisture for -their growth, and it has been shown that when the feeds have been -properly harvested and sheltered no trouble has resulted. Only in -materials exposed to the weather, allowing the development of these -lower forms of plant life, has serious trouble been found. - -In the treatment of these troubles nothing reliable can be given, as the -disease usually comes on without any warning and the animal dies -suddenly. Much of the trouble can be avoided by allowing the animals -only a limited amount of the feed or in the stalk field a few hours only -each day. It is necessary that plenty of pure water should be given -frequently and enough of other roughage to keep the animals from gorging -themselves on the fodder. - - -=COW POX.=--An infectious disease passed from one cow to another. It -affects herds in all parts of the world and is similar to smallpox in -the human being, only it is not so fatal. When first affected the cow is -feverish, slacks somewhat in the milk flow, and presents little red -pimple-like spots around the teats. In a day or two these become -enlarged and become blisters, containing within a watery fluid, which, -if not broken, dry up themselves and form scabs, leaving the teat in -time perfectly natural. Ordinarily, special treatment is not given. -There is no objection, however, to providing a simple tonic composed of -one-quarter pound saltpeter, one-quarter pound sulphur, and one-quarter -pound ground gentian root. Give a teaspoonful of this night and morning -in a mash. The teats should be bathed, just before milking, with any -common disinfecting solution. If the sores are slow in healing, sweet -oil, to which is added a little carbolic acid, will soon correct the -trouble. - - -=CRACKED HOOFS.=--See Sand Cracks. - - -=CRIBBING.=--A habit of biting the manger or other objects, often -sucking in the air at the same time. This bad habit is frequently called -wind sucking. It is the result of a habit formed when young. There is -really no cure when the habit is once formed, but different measures may -be employed to lessen the fault. A broad strap firmly placed around the -neck brings the desired effect with some individuals. - - -=CRIB SUCKERS.=--This bad habit usually begins in colt days. It may -arise from a sore tooth. The colt, to relieve the feeling, bites the -manger, and in so doing acquires the habit. When hanging on to the -manger, air is sucked in and this frequently brings on colic. The best -treatment is to break up the habit. Examine the mouth first to see if -anything is wrong with the teeth. Muzzle while standing in the stable. -The old cribbers never give up the habit. - - -=CRAMP COLIC.=--See Colic. - -[Illustration: CURB - -While common to all varieties of the horse, curbs are most frequently -seen in the lighter breeds and especially in roadsters and trotting -horses.] - - -=CURB.=--A sprain or injury to the ligament situated on the back part of -the hock joint. Anything that puts too much stress on this part, such as -holding back heavy loads going down hill, or backing up too heavy loads, -or the hind legs slipping too far under the horse’s body, may cause curb -disease. It is also caused by kicks or by the whiffletree striking -against the back of the hock joint. - -There will be swelling and heat in the part and lameness. In some cases -there will be swelling, but no lameness. If the swelling is hot and -tender to the touch, mix half an ounce acetate of lead and two ounces -tincture of arnica with one quart of water. Shake up and apply a little -to the swollen part three times a day and continue until the heat and -swelling disappear. If there should be any swelling after the heat and -lameness have disappeared, mix 1 teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury -with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. Rub on a little with the fingers, let it -remain on for 24 hours, then wash off with warm water and soap and -repeat the blister in three weeks if needed. In cases where there is -swelling, but no heat or lameness, the lotion would be of no use, but -the above blister should be used as directed. In old or long standing -cases of curb, if the animal is not lame, it is best to let it alone, as -medicines would be of no service. - - -=DIABETES; PROFUSE STALING.=--In man there are two forms of this trouble -seen rather frequently, but among domestic animals only the insipid form -is common. It is often simply a sign of some other disease, but not -infrequently occurs under similar circumstances; such as certain forms -of indigestion, the result of eating musty or damaged feed. The most -characteristic symptom, of course, is the frequent urination of liberal -quantities of urine. Associated with this is usually an unabating -thirst. The animal loses flesh rapidly, the flanks are tucked up, the -coat is dull, languid and staring, and great weakness is shown. If not -relieved, the animal may die from exhaustion. In the second form of -diabetes, the distinguishing feature is the presence of sugar in the -urine. - -If in a working animal it should be laid off from work. Search should be -made for the cause of trouble. If any of the food appears suspicious it -should be substituted with wholesome food. To relieve the ardent thirst -and assist recovery, a teaspoonful of the crystals of iodine should be -given in a ball of linseed or other pasty material. It may be desirable -to repeat this in three or four days. Also give in the drinking water 4 -tablespoonfuls of bicarbonate of soda three times daily. - - -=DIARRHOEA.=--See Dysentery. - - -=DIFFICULT PARTURITION.=--See Obstetrics. - - -=DIPPING LIVE STOCK.=--There are only two satisfactory methods of -treating animals with a dip. The first is hand treating, where the -number of animals are few and easy to handle. In hand treating the -animal the dip is applied with scrubbing brushes, sponges, etc., and all -parts of the body liable to infection should then be thoroughly and -vigorously rubbed. If hand treating is properly performed it is an -excellent method. The second method consists of immersing the diseased -animals in the dipping solution. There are two forms of vats in use for -this purpose. The cage vat is designed for comparatively few cattle. As -its name implies, it consists of a cage in which the animal is placed -and then lowered into a vat containing the dip. Where a large number of -animals are to be dipped, the swimming vat is very popular. The animals -are forced to pass through the vat, which contains sufficient dip to -completely immerse them when they plunge into the solution. - -The coal-tar dips are made from some of the products of the distillation -of coal tar. When mixed with water they form a milky emulsion, having a -strong odor of coal tar. The coal-tar preparations, in addition to -being used as parasiticides, have become very popular disinfectants in -hospitals. These preparations are used with good success on all open -wounds, where a disinfectant is required. In poll evil and fistulous -withers they are extremely valuable, owing to the fact that in addition -to their power as a germicide they have been perfectly safe to place in -the hands of persons not accustomed to handling drugs, because of their -non-poisonous nature. They have been found quite efficient when used in -three per cent solution. - - -=DISHORNING.=--Some cattle breeds are hornless. Most, however, are not. -Removing the horns is done quickly and is more humane than to permit -them to remain, by which death frequently follows to stock and even to -people. The dishorning machine is intended for animals whose horns are -not removed when young. The simplest method of dishorning is to use a -stick of caustic potash. Apply it to the small horn button when a calf -is a few days old. Moistening this and rubbing the potash over the skin -will permanently destroy the horn tissue and no horns will result. - - -=DISTEMPER.=--See Strangles. - - -=DROPSY.=--A condition in which the fluid portion of the blood escapes -from the blood vessels and collects in the body cavities or under the -skin. Any sluggish condition of the blood occasioned by disease or -faulty nutrition may induce this collection in various parts of the -body. Dropsy is, therefore, not a disease, but a symptom of some other -disease. This being the case, treatment depends upon the original -disease, upon the nature of which depends in turn the possibility of -permanent or temporary cure. - -A mild attack of dropsy is indicated when the legs of a horse swell up, -due to lack of exercise and poor circulation as occasioned by standing -in the stable. The first thing, of course, is to start better blood -circulation. Hand rubbing is good; bathing with hot water acts -similarly. Any medicine that stimulates the action of the kidneys will -prove helpful. Saltpeter is excellent for this. Use once a day for three -or four days in succession, and give 4 tablespoonfuls at a dose. In -connection with this treatment supply the animal with succulent or -laxative food, that the bowels may be kept free and open. Any of the -tonic condition powders will help. - - -=DYSTOKIA.=--See Obstetrics. - - -=ECZEMA.=--An inflammatory, non-contagious disease of the skin in which -eruptions may occur in the form of vesicles, pustules, crusts, scales, -or simple redness. Its principal victims are animals fed rich food, the -penalty being associated with some gastric or intestinal disturbance. -Treatment is both external and internal. The former should be in the -nature of washes for cleanliness and healing. Tar soap is recommended. A -wash made of 4 tablespoonfuls of carbonate of potassium dissolved in a -quart of water is also excellent. After a good rub with this, wash off -with warm water. - -If itching causes any distress, prepare a wash consisting of 2 -tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead, 8 tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium -and a quart of water. Where scales have formed and the skin is thick and -scurvy, rub in a little with the fingers some biniodide of mercury and -vaseline. Use 2 teaspoonfuls of the mercury and 8 tablespoonfuls of the -vaseline. One application will do the work. If the case is bad, several -parts being affected, treat only one part at a time with the mercury -salve. Be certain to have the animal tied so that he cannot get his -mouth to the treated region. - -For internal treatment let the physic come first. For horses, mix 4 -tablespoonfuls of aloes, 4 tablespoonfuls of ginger and 4 tablespoonfuls -of soda carbonate dissolved in a pint of boiling water. Let cool to -proper temperature and give as a drench. For cattle, give a pound of -Epsom salts and 4 tablespoonfuls of ginger in water as a drench. -Following the physic should come a good blood tonic. To prepare this, -mix 16 tablespoonfuls each of nitrate of potassium and sulphate of iron. -Give in doses of 1½ tablespoonfuls daily in a bran mash until all is -used. - - -=DYSENTERY.=--An inflammation of the lining membrane of the large -intestine near the rectum, accompanied with straining, discharge of -blood, and fever. Poisonous and irritating food causes it, stagnant and -foul water favors its development, but any exposure to cold or excessive -heat or overwork may bring it on. In cattle the acute form is attended -with shivering, arching of the back and tenderness about the loins. The -animal grunts, yawns, grinds its teeth, and, at short intervals, -discharges from its bowels a thin, ill-smelling dung mixed with blood -and pus. The thirst is excessive, the animal is dull and stupid, and -loses flesh rapidly. After the disease has gone on a few days, the hide -becomes rough and unhealthy, the teeth loose, the dung bloody and fetid, -the eyes sink in the head and dropsical swellings appear about the lower -jaws and legs, and usually the creature dies exhausted. For acute -dysentery, when seen early, give horses a drench consisting of 15 -tablespoonfuls of castor oil, 8 tablespoonfuls of laudanum, and 1 pint -of linseed oil. The rectum and lower bowel should be washed out with -large injections of simple warm water. For chronic forms 10 grains of -calomel, a teaspoonful of opium, and 4 tablespoons each of gentian and -chalk are advised. These are to be mixed and given either as a ball or -as a drench once a day. Six tablespoonfuls of laudanum in a pint of -boiled starch every two hours until the straining ceases, is also very -good. When cattle are affected, remove from grass or other succulent -food, put on a dry diet and give a pint of linseed oil every day until -recovery. If the action of the bowels does not cease promptly, give 2 -tablespoonfuls of powdered alum and 2 tablespoonfuls of powdered ginger -in a quart of milk once or twice a day until the discharge moderates. An -excellent medicine is 10 tablespoonfuls of castor oil and 4 -tablespoonfuls of laudanum mixed with linseed gruel and given as a -drench. - - -=ENTERITIS.=--See Inflammation of the Bowels. - - -=EPILEPSY.=--See Fits. - - -=EPIZOOTIC.=--See Influenza. - - -=ERGOTISM.=--A parasitic fungus that grows on different species of grass -and produces in one stage of its development black or purple enlarged -spurs causes ergotism. The disastrous effect of ergot seems to appear in -the late fall and winter, when hay or straw infected with ergot are -continuously fed. The animals will be troubled with irritation of the -bowels and a sloughing off of the extremities. Frequently the animals -lose parts of their tails or ears or hoofs. In others, gangrenous sores -appear. In the early stages of the poisoning the symptoms are not -clearly marked. The best treatment is secured by an entire change of -food, so as to remove the cause, and then to follow with good laxative -food. Of course, medicinal treatment will not be satisfactory if an -important part of the animal like the hoof were to be destroyed. So much -expense would be connected with keeping the animal until a new hoof had -been formed that it is better at the beginning to destroy the animal -unless very valuable. Where sores only manifest themselves such -treatment as given an ordinary wound will be efficacious, provided food -absolutely free of ergot is supplied. - - -=ERYSIPELAS.=--An inflammation of the skin and tissues beneath. Owing to -a blood poison, it is characterized by a swelling and hardness of the -affected parts which has a tendency to spread and form abscesses. In -horses and cattle, erysipelas is nearly always the result of wounds and -generally of those in the legs of animals weakened by hard work and poor -food, or else in young animals whose blood is vitiated by the poison of -glanders or some other animal contamination. The disturbance is noticed -on the third or fourth day after the injury in the immediate -neighborhood of the wound. The skin is swollen, smooth, hot, tender, and -painful. The swelling gradually extends around it, sometimes deep into -the muscles. The surface is hard and tense, but often when the finger is -firmly pressed upon it and withdrawn a depression is left. In severe -cases chills occur, the pulse is weak and quick, the breathing hurried, -the bowels constipated and the urine scanty and highly colored. There is -considerable thirst, but no appetite. A brisk purge is the first step in -treating. Follow the purge with tincture of chloride of iron, 4 -teaspoonfuls in a pint of water. Give this every three or four hours. At -the same time give internally 4 tablespoonfuls of hyposulphite of soda -in a pint of water three times a day. Externally bathe the wound with -the following mixture: Tincture of chloride of iron, 4 tablespoonfuls, -and alcohol one pint. Another good ointment is sugar of lead 4 -tablespoonfuls in a pint of water. This should be applied with a wet -cloth to the diseased parts. - - -=FARCY.=--See Glanders. - - -=FEVER.=--Any rise in temperature above the normal. It is, as a rule, a -symptom of the body’s reaction to some form of infection. It is, -therefore, not a disease in itself, but an indication of some disorder -occasioned by infection or poison. To treat fever is not so necessary as -to remove the cause that brought about the disturbance in the first -place. It follows from this that fever is not a cause, but a result. -Germs come first, and fever is only a sign that tells of their presence. -Another thing brought to light in reference to fever is this: Germs are -less active, their vital energy is weakened and their power lessened -when the heat in the body is increased. Consequently they are less -active in their destructive tendencies as the temperature rises. Fever -is, therefore, a provision of self-defense, and the body’s plan of -bringing its forces together to battle against the germ foes that have -invaded it. - -Just what degree of temperature is to be considered is difficult to -establish. Many things enter into the problem, like exercise, age, food, -and mode of living. In general, however, any special rise above the -normal, whatever that may be, is the signal of danger and infection. A -rise of a degree or two indicates a mild disturbance, hence a mild -fever; an elevation of two or three degrees indicates a slight fever; of -four or five, of considerable fever; and if six or seven, of high fever. -When the elevation reaches 108 degrees, the limit of life has just -about been reached. In some diseases there is a regular alternative -between morning and evening temperatures. In others, the course is -continuous, with slight variations, while in others the course is -intermittent. In this last named it varies at different portions of the -day, but reaches a normal at a certain time each day. - -The pulse-rate usually bears a certain relation to the height of the -disease. Consequently the pulse should be taken in connection with the -fever height indicated by the thermometer. A fast pulse and a high fever -in general is more serious than a high fever with a pulse only slightly -above the normal number of beats. There are exceptions to this however, -as, for instance, in cerebro-spinal meningitis. In the early stages of -fever, the development cannot at the moment always be decided. In many -cases little treatment, if any, will be necessary. The caution should be -observed, nevertheless, of ascertaining the cause of the disturbance, if -possible. In any case, simple cathartics can be given, good air -provided, nourishing feed supplied, and time allowed for careful -observation of the system and of the actions and movements of the -animal. - - -=FISTULAE.=--A chronic discharge from some tubelike channel, with no -tendency to heal. Fistulæ are most common in horses. They may be located -on the withers (fistulous withers), on the side of the face (tooth -fistulæ), on the breast bone (sternal fistulæ), or on the lower jaw -(salivary fistulæ). Fistulous withers are caused from some external -injury (the animal rolling on a rock, ill-fitting collars, the saddle -pressing on the withers, or from being struck by a club). Tooth fistulæ -are caused by a decayed tooth. The pus in trying to get out of the body -takes the easiest course and eats through the bones of the face and -escapes, causing a chronic discharge. A sternal or breast fistula is -caused by some sharp object being run into the breast and striking the -breast bone, injuring it and causing decay and pus formation. A salivary -fistula is caused by an injury to the tube which carries the saliva from -the gland to the mouth. - - -=Symptoms of Fistulous Withers.=--At first a large swelling appears on -one or both sides of the withers. In about a week this enlargement -becomes soft, and the fluid contained in it can be distinctly felt. If -left to itself the swelling gets larger and softer, and in a month or so -breaks and discharges the contents. The fluid that comes from the -swelling is first thin and streaked with blood; later it contains -yellow-appearing masses. The last material is the pus. The sack that -formed at the time the fistula was caused is a hard, firm membrane. This -keeps the wound from healing. For this reason the discharge becomes -chronic. The wound may heal and there will be no pus discharged for a -month, then the old opening will be broken and the pus will flow out -again until the sack is emptied. This healing of the wound and then -breaking again may be kept up for years, unless the disease is properly -treated. As a general rule, the affected animal runs down in flesh. - -[Illustration: FISTULOUS WITHERS - -Sometimes only the skin and tissue immediately under it become affected. -In such cases little trouble need be anticipated; but if the cause is -not removed, the deeper structures, muscles and bones, may become -diseased.] - -Treatment for fistulous withers consists of opening the swelling and -inserting muslin strips that have been dipped into terchloride of -antimony. Insert one and remove, inserting another and leave in the -opening for three or four hours. Repeat this operation every four or -five days for a month. In addition rub on the outside of the swelling -once every two weeks a mixture made of 2 teaspoonfuls of cantharides -and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. The tooth fistula usually calls for the -removal of the tooth and thorough disinfection of the opening from the -face through to the mouth. With a sternal fistula the diseased bone may -need to be scraped and then antiseptic washes used daily. The salivary -fistula is more difficult to treat. Better have the veterinarian to -examine, and an operation may be necessary. - - -=FITS.=--Some horses are subject to fits, and with them it is incurable. -These should not be driven, because, when the attack comes on, injury -may result to the animal itself and to the occupants in the carriage. -The cause of the difficulty may be overfeeding, bad circulation or -indigestion. When an attack occurs the best treatment is to throw cold -water over the head. If this attack is repeated you had better consult a -veterinarian. - - -=FLATULENT COLIC.=--See Colic. - - -=FLEAS.=--Fleas are always a nuisance and always disagreeable. They live -in dry, filthy quarters and associate with dogs, hogs, and chickens. To -keep fleas away or to destroy them when at hand, clean the quarters -occupied by the animals, destroy the bedding and add lime and -disinfectants. Dogs may be washed in a creolin solution of, say, 2 -tablespoonfuls of creolin to each pint of water. To disinfect chicken, -hog, and horse pens use in a hand spray any of the so-called sheep dips -or other preparations manufactured for lice, itch, mange, or insect -troubles. - - -=FLIES.=--These pests are a nuisance on every farm. While they do not -directly cause death they greatly worry and irritate farm stock, -especially in summer, and in this way greatly affect the results whether -along dairy or beef lines. It would be impossible to estimate the misery -these pests inflict on the stock of the country during a single year. -Aside from the pain that flies inflict on domestic animals, they are -carriers of disease, both to the human family and the beast family. A -great many common infectious diseases are spread by flies, including -such serious diseases as typhoid fever and tuberculosis. The only -treatment is in way of prevention. As the breeding places are in filth -and manure, it follows that if these be destroyed or removed, and not -permitted to accumulate, the floods of flies will disappear. The fly -remedies now on the market are excellent. When sprayed about the stable -premises and on the animals the flies stay away until the application -evaporates. Darkened stables are not attractive to flies, and by this -means the nuisance and annoyance is minimized. - - -=FLUKES, LIVER.=--See Liver Flukes. - - -=FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.=--This malady generally affects ruminants, but, -although found most often in cattle, sheep, and goats, it may be -transmitted to swine, and, in some instances, to horses, dogs, cats, -birds, or human beings. In most cases where proper disinfection is made -the animal recovers in about 15 days. The most dangerous thing about -foot and mouth disease is the fact that it spreads so rapidly. The virus -which transmits the disease may be carried by railroad cars, bedding, -feeds, dairy products, dogs, cats, birds, or persons. A dog running -through a pasture may be the means of infecting a whole herd. - -The cause of the disease has not been satisfactorily determined, but it -is definitely known that the virus which reproduces the disease comes -from the ulcers and natural secretions and excretions of the body, such -as milk, saliva, perspiration, feces, urine, and exhalation. The -contagion is not harmful when dried. Infected animals lose the power of -transmitting the disease when the ulcers of the mouth, feet, and udder -have healed. - -In from three to five days after infection the animal has a moderate -fever. The appetite is lost and the mouth is kept closed. There is a -dribbling of saliva, and in two or three days yellowish-white spots the -size of a hemp seed appear on the gums, the lower surface of the tongue, -lining of the mouth and on the lips. These eventually attain the size of -a silver dollar. They run together, burst and form painful, -foul-smelling ulcers. At this stage the saliva is more profuse and ropy -and the animal makes characteristic smacking noises with the mouth. - -Infected animals lose flesh rapidly, in some cases as much as 100 pounds -in eight or ten days. The milk is thick, yellowish-white, has a bad -taste, and is with difficulty made into cheese or butter. The reduction -in milk yield during the sickness and for some time after recovery is 50 -to 75 per cent. - -Usually, a short time after an appearance of the disease in the mouth -parts, there is a redness, heat and swelling of the skin at its junction -with the hoof and especially between the toes and upon the soles of the -foot. Similar ulcers to those on the mouth appear on the feet and soon -burst. The animal becomes lame and moves stiffly and lies down a great -deal. These ulcers ordinarily heal up in one or two weeks. - -In some cases the animal dies suddenly, in others lingers a few hours -with difficult breathing and discharge of blood from the nose, and -finally dies of paralysis of the heart and lungs. In still other cases -emaciation and reduction of milk flow is the only bad result. Sometimes -ulcers form at the root of the horn and cause the horn to drop off. - -Owing to the nature of the disease, its contagion and danger, treatment -should be in line of prevention and in destruction of infected animals. -While the disease yields to treatment, our best suggestions when the -disease is suspected is in notification to the state officers and in -securing the services of a veterinarian who will be able to advise what -is best to do. - -[Illustration: FOOT ROT - -A disease usually associated with sheep. It is sometimes so serious that -the entire hoof rots away.] - - -=FOOT PUNCTURE.=--See Wounds and Their Treatment. - - -=FOOT ROT IN SHEEP.=--A chronic inflammation of the foot, marked by -ulceration, softening of the hoof, lameness, and the discharge of a -sticky material which has a very fetid odor. It is a contagious disease, -and is produced by a germ that lives in the soil and gains entrance to -the feet through wounds and surfaces chafed by barbed grasses and -stones, or by gritty clay, which becomes lodged between the toes and -hardens there. - -The first symptom is a slight lameness. If the affected foot be -examined, that part just above the horny part of the cleft of the foot, -either in front or behind, will be found inflamed, feverish, and moist. -Erosions or ulcers soon appear, generally on the heel. These penetrate -the foot and burrow beneath the horny parts, causing fistulous tracts -from which exudes a foul-smelling pus possessing an odor sufficiently -characteristic to indicate the disease in a flock, even without a close -examination. In time, the foot becomes greatly overgrown and deformed, -the hoofs increasing in length and curling upward. In bad cases, the -suffering is so great the animal lies down most of the time, but when -only the front feet are diseased, it will crawl around on its knees. - -That the disease is contagious is shown by the fact that it generally -starts in one foot and spreads to the others, and, at the same time, the -feet of other sheep in the same flock become diseased in the same way, -the outbreak covering a period of several months. In cases that recover -spontaneously the foot is deformed and the joint is stiffened. It is -only in virulent outbreaks where all the feet are diseased, or where -some complication, such as maggots, is present, that deaths occur. - -Having as its cause a microbe, it is proper to take measures of -prevention as well as cure. In purchasing sheep, it is highly advisable -to keep them isolated for a week, as a test. All overgrown hoofs should -be trimmed. Sores or wounds, from any cause, should be carefully -disinfected daily. Low, boggy lands should not be used as pasture for -sheep, and dirty, unsanitary pens should be made sanitary, as these all -predispose to an outbreak of the disease. - -As treatment, first isolate all affected animals. Mild cases are best -treated by making the sheep stand for several minutes daily in a trough -containing a disinfectant, or, better still, by arranging the trough of -suitable length with fenced-up sides and a widened entrance, so the -sheep can be easily started into the inclosure and made to wade through -the disinfectant. - -In bad cases and where the hoof is underrun with pus, the horn and all -overgrowths must be cut away so as to expose the diseased parts to the -action of the disinfectant. The foot should then be dried, dusted with -finely powdered burnt alum, and bandaged to keep out the dirt. This -antiseptic treatment of the feet must be kept up daily as long as the -disease exists. Any of the following may be used: 1 pound chloride of -lime to 12 quarts of water; 1 pound of pure carbolic acid to 4 gallons -of water; a solution of creolin; a coal-tar disinfectant of the same -strength; or any good sheep dip containing these substances in the -proper amounts. - - -=FOUNDER.=--An inflammation of the sensitive or soft structures between -the hoof and bones of the foot. The popular belief that founder is to -any extent in the legs and chest is probably an error. The disease is in -the feet, and those symptoms which make it appear as a stiffness in the -legs and shoulder are but the natural results of soreness in the feet. -The same statement might be made regarding those cases which are -popularly described as “stove up in the shoulder.” Instead of the -soreness being in the shoulder in these cases, it is generally in the -feet, or at least below the knee. - -It is somewhat difficult to explain how those influences or causes which -are known to produce founder bring about that condition, but observation -shows clearly that an irritation of the digestive tract, or in fact, any -extensive irritation of any mucous surface, may produce an inflammation -of the sensitive laminæ of the feet; that is, founder. Therefore founder -may be produced by a change of feed or excessive feeding, a change of -work or excessive work which results in exhaustion, large quantities of -feed or water when warm or fatigued, sudden changes of temperature such -as cooling too fast when sweating, and a long drive on hard roads, -especially without shoes. Excessive purging or diarrhœa may also produce -it. Founder also occasionally results from irritation of foaling, but -this is not common. - -There is no essential difference in the nature of the disease determined -by the particular agent or condition which causes it. “Water founder,” -and that produced by over-feeding, concussion, or extreme fatigue are, -in so far as the character of the disease is concerned, one and the same -thing. - -[Illustration: FOUNDER - -In bad cases of founder the foot shrinks from the wasting of the -sensitive substances. A typical foundered foot is pictured here.] - - -=Founder May Occur= in the fore or hind feet or in both; but generally -the fore feet are those affected. A stiffness and disinclination to move -are perhaps the first symptoms noticed. The position in which the animal -stands is characteristic. The fore feet will be placed well forward, so -that the weight will be borne by the heels, while the hind feet are -brought well up under the body in order to take as much weight off the -front feet as possible. This position gives a rather unsteady appearance -to animal, and the hind feet are frequently shifted in order to maintain -as steady a position as possible. From this fact founder is frequently -mistaken by inexperienced persons for a disease of the kidneys. The body -temperature is usually considered increased; that is, there is fever--as -it is generally expressed--due to inflammation in the feet. As is usual -in the first stages of inflammation, the pulse beat is increased in -frequency and force. An increase of heat in the feet, with a -manifestation of pain when the hoofs are tapped with a hammer, are, when -taken with all the foregoing facts, sufficient evidence of founder. -When founder occurs in one foot, however, as it sometimes does, the -diagnosis may be more difficult for the inexperienced. When it occurs -only in the hind feet the position which the animal takes will not be -different from that taken with founder in only both fore feet but from -different causes. The hind feet are brought well forward under the body, -but for the purpose of throwing such little weight as is borne on them -on the heels. - - -=The Feet Should Be Kept Moist.=--Remove the shoes and apply moisture to -the feet. The latter may be done by standing the animal in water five or -six inches deep each day, several hours at a time, or by the application -of a poultice of wheat bran or some such material, or by wrapping the -feet with cloths and keeping them thoroughly saturated with water. The -animal should always be encouraged to lie down and take the weight off -his feet, which is beneficial. When this occurs, a poultice of some sort -must be used to apply moisture to the feet. It may be applied by the use -of a sack large enough to envelop the foot and hold sufficient of the -poultice to retain the moisture for some time. This application of -moisture to the feet should be continued until the severity of the -inflammation and the lameness have subsided. - -Unless the founder be due to excessive purgation, a quart of raw linseed -oil should be given as a purgative. During the first 48 hours from 30 to -40 drops of tincture of aconite may be given every three or four hours. -Four tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potash (saltpeter) should also be -given three times a day in the feed or on the tongue. If the lameness -continues after the acute symptoms have subsided, a rest of several -weeks on a soft pasture and the application of a blister around the top -of the hoof are recommended. The following mixture has been useful as a -blister: Red iodide of mercury, 1 part; lard, 4 parts; cerate of -cantharides, 4 parts. Apply around the top of the hoof, except at the -heels, and rub for 10 to 15 minutes. The animal should be tied so that -it cannot get its mouth to the blistered part for several hours after -the medicine has been applied. - - -=CHRONIC FOUNDER.=--In a majority of cases the above treatment will be -followed by a good recovery, but an animal once foundered is probably -more likely to suffer from a subsequent attack. If the lameness does not -entirely disappear in a week or ten days, it is seldom that a complete -recovery takes place. In such cases the animal is likely to remain unfit -for road work and to continue to show more or less soreness. These are -the cases that are later said to have “chest founder,” or “stove up in -the shoulder,” owing to the fact that the muscles of the chest waste -away from lack of free use. - -In some cases still more serious results follow an acute attack of -founder. The inflammation may be so severe that there is separation -between the hoof and structures, the formation of pus, and a descent of -the central organs of the foot, which causes a bulging of the sole. In -such cases, even though recovery takes place to such an extent that it -is advisable to allow the animal to live, it is not fit for work, and -can only be used for breeding purposes. - - -=FOWL CHOLERA.=--See Chicken Cholera. - - -=GAPES.=--A symptom caused by worms in the windpipe; oftenest seen in -young chicks and turkeys. Birds droop, cough, and lower their wings. A -feather moistened, but not dripping, with kerosene or oil of turpentine -is the commonest remedy. Cleanliness of food, water and quarters is the -great preventive. Poultry men who keep their chicks on ground not used -for chick raising the previous year, and who insist on strictest -cleanliness, report highly satisfactory results in avoiding gapes. - - -=GARGET.=--A swelling, accompanied by inflammation of the udder. It may -be caused by kicks or blows, by germs getting into the udder, or as a -result of holding the milk too long. Do not use the milk when the udder -is affected. For garget rub with hot camphorated oil twice a day. Give -as medicine 8 tablespoonfuls of hyposulphite of soda each day, either in -the feed or in a drench. Keep up the treatment for two weeks. - - -=GASTRITIS.=--A rather uncommon disease in domestic animals and the -result of a disturbance in the stomach, with inflammation following, -caused by irritating substances, usually of a poisonous nature. A common -symptom is nausea and pain like colic. Indeed, the ordinary outward -signs of colic are observed. At first the pulse is strong, which -weakens, and runs rapidly, from 80 to 100 beats a minute. As the disease -progresses the pulse becomes irregular and the animal dull and listless. -Treatment consists of simple agents. If the disturbance is due to some -potassium compound, give oil; if to ammonia, give vinegar; if from -turpentine, give oil and opium, the opium in teaspoonful doses every -couple hours. After recovery, let only easily digested food be provided. - - -=GID IN SHEEP.=--A disease of the brain due to a worm in the brain -substance. This worm, known as the bladder worm, is a form of the -tape-worm of the dog at an early stage of its existence. The eggs of -this worm, on being swallowed, are hatched in the stomach, from which -they enter into the circulation, finally lodging in the brain and spinal -cord. Those that lodge elsewhere, as in the heart and lungs, grow for a -time and then disappear. The most conspicuous symptom is the staggering, -stupefied condition of the affected animal. - -In walking, if a single side is affected, a circle is described. The -feet are raised as if the animal did not see well. In many cases -blindness results. The growth of the worm is somewhat rapid. In about -three weeks after the appearance of the disease a softened condition of -the skull results, which may be found by pressing the fingers over it. -From this it will be observed that there is practically no treatment for -animals affected. Occasionally the skin is accidentally broken over the -point where the worm is encysted, out of which it emerges and the sheep -recovers. - -Treatment, therefore, is along the line of this natural recovery. Find -the soft spot by pressing the fingers over the skull, then introduce the -trocar and canula. Withdraw the trocar, apply a syringe to the canula, -and withdraw the contents of the cyst within. Of course, inflammation of -the brain may set in and the sheep die from this, or another worm may be -present and grow, thus causing continued disease. Inasmuch as the -bladder worm of sheep is a stage of the tape-worm of the dog, it follows -that destroying all affected sheep, so as to prevent the dogs from -becoming reinfested from it, is the only really safe and satisfactory -method of warding off the trouble. - - -=GLANDERS.=--A contagious disease peculiar to the horse, ass, and mule, -and may be communicated to human beings, and also sometimes to -carnivorous animals in menageries, by means of infected horse flesh, -and also by means of inoculation to field mice, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, -goats, rabbits, and sheep. Pigs are not readily susceptible and cattle -appear to be immune. Like all diseases of a contagious or infectious -character, glanders is due to a specific organism, known as the bacillus -malleus. - -The external manifestations of glanders differ and consequently the -disease is spoken of as glanders or farcy, depending upon the symptoms -presented. The disease is known as glanders when the horse suffering -from it has a discharge from the nose, ulcers on the septum nasi (the -partition dividing the nasal cavities) and enlarged submaxillary glands, -and is known as farcy when the affected animal has farcy “buds” or -ulcers on the skin, and corded lymphatic vessels running from one “bud” -to another. In farcy, the corded lymphatics, “buds” and ulcers on the -skin are very apt to be on the inside of one hind leg or the other, but -may appear on the inside of a fore leg, or on the neck or body. - -Farcy was, in olden times, thought to be a different disease from -glanders, and was believed by many to be curable, while glanders has -always been generally believed to be incurable, but it is now known that -farcy is simply one manifestation of glanders. It has been found that a -horse with glanders may give another farcy, and vice versa. Guinea pigs -inoculated with the discharge from a glandered horse’s nose will develop -glanders, and pure cultures of the glanders bacillus can be obtained -from them, and in a similar way if guinea pigs are inoculated with the -discharge from a sore on a horse with farcy glanders may be produced in -these little experimental animals, and upon post mortem examination pure -cultures of the glanders bacillus can be obtained from the lesions of -the disease produced in them. Glanders and farcy may again be divided -into two forms, acute and chronic glanders, and acute and chronic farcy. - -In the acute form the disease develops rapidly, the lesions form more -speedily and with greater rapidity than in the chronic form and the -animal loses strength and condition and dies within the course of a few -weeks, sometimes in the course of a week or two. It is not unusual to -meet with an animal showing symptoms of both glanders and farcy, -especially in the acute form. - -In the chronic form the symptoms are not so well marked, and a horse may -go for months keeping in fairly good condition and able to do its work, -the disease developing very slowly, and at times showing a tendency to -recover; yet such an animal is a source of danger to other horses, and -also to the man taking care of him or driving him. A horse with chronic -glanders, or farcy, may give the disease to another in an acute form, -especially if the other one is more susceptible for some reason, such as -a less strong constitution or being run down by hard work. - -Post mortem examination of horses with glanders, or farcy, nearly always -reveals the presence of glanders nodules or tubercles in the lungs, and, -in many instances, there is no doubt but what a horse may have the -tubercles of glanders in his lungs for some time before showing outward -symptoms of the disease, and in many cases the primary lesions of the -infection occur in the lungs. A horse with lung glanders may be a source -of danger to other horses and cause disease in them and yet go -unsuspected for some time. A case is said to have occurred in Boston a -number of years ago where a hack horse lost eight successive mates with -glanders; he was finally killed and his lungs were found to be full of -glanders nodules, and yet he never showed any external symptoms of -glanders. Such cases could be cited in large numbers if space permitted, -but one example will answer. - -[Illustration: BAD CASE OF GLANDERS - -The farcy form is shown here. The animal has not long to live. Except -for experimental purposes, every horse having glanders should be killed -as soon as the disease is discovered.] - -A horse with lung glanders may have a little dry, spasmodic cough, may -look somewhat unthrifty, and if the temperature were taken it might be -slightly above normal, say, 101 degrees to 101½, the normal temperature -being 100 degrees. Yet such an animal might do its work, last for a long -time and not be suspected as a source of danger until several cases had -occurred in the stable, for which it was difficult to account. - -While a well-marked case of glanders or of farcy is not difficult of -diagnosis, there are many obscure cases which escape detection for some -time. If a horse has a well-marked discharge from one or both nostrils, -with characteristic chancres visible upon the mucous membrane of the -septum nasi, and hard enlarged submaxillary glands in the intermaxillary -space, it is not a difficult matter to diagnose such a case, and any -horseman ought to recognize it. The same is true of a well-marked case -of farcy. When the lymphatic vessels on the inside of a leg, especially -a hind leg, are swelled and corded, with a chain of farcy buds along -their course, some of which have gathered and broken, leaving a -discharging open ulcer in the skin, it is quite evident that the animal -is suffering from farcy. - -A peculiarity of glanders seems to be a tendency for the symptoms to -appear on the left side; in many cases of glanders the discharge and -ulceration is in the left nostril, and the left submaxillary gland is -enlarged; and in a large number of the cases of farcy met with it is the -left hind leg that shows the lesions of the disease. In obscure cases of -glanders or farcy the diagnosis is not always so easy, even for experts, -and then other methods for determining the trouble have to be resorted -to. These are the guinea pig test and the mallein test. The guinea pig -test consists of inoculating one or two of these little animals with the -discharge from a suspected horse’s nose, or from a farcy sore. If they -should develop glanders it would be proof positive that the suspected -horse had this disease; if they do not develop glanders it is not always -positive proof that the suspected horse is free from the disease. -Sometimes more than one test is necessary, or another method of -diagnosis may have to be resorted to. This is the mallein test. - -Mallein is a product made from cultures of the glanders bacillus -analogous to tuberculin as made from cultures of the tubercle bacillus, -and is used for testing horses for glanders much as tuberculin is used -for testing cattle for tuberculosis. A horse infected with glanders will -react to a mallein test in much the same way as a cow infected with -tuberculosis will react to the tuberculin test. It is not customary in -some states to kill a horse that reacts to mallein unless it shows some -clinical evidence of disease. All horses that show clinical evidence of -glanders or farcy in some states are killed by the state authority, and -the law requires persons knowing or suspecting cases of this kind to -report in writing to the chief of the cattle bureau of the state board -of agriculture or to the inspector of animals in the city or town where -the disease is believed to exist, except in some cities where the city -board of health has full charge of glanders and farcy. Anyone selling, -removing, transporting, or concealing a horse knowing or having -reasonable cause to believe it has glanders or farcy is in most states -liable to a heavy penalty. - -In stables where glanders exists, in some cases, all the horses are -tested and divided; the reactors are separated from the non-reactors, -and those that react are tested once a month until they cease to react, -or show physical indications of glanders and are killed. Used in this -way mallein seems to have a curative effect on incipient cases, and has -been very successfully used in freeing infected stables from the -disease. When a horse is killed because it has glanders or farcy the -stall should be thoroughly disinfected where it has been kept, as well -as the harness, blankets, currycomb and other utensils, and anything -that cannot be easily disinfected ought to be destroyed. Public watering -troughs where the horse has been watered should be emptied and cleaned -out, and the blacksmith ought to disinfect his shop where the horse was -shod. - -There are various diseases that may be taken for glanders or farcy, and -there have also been numerous instances where glanders has been taken -for something else; for instance, chronic nasal catarrh. What many -old-time veterinarians used to call chronic nasal catarrh or nasal -gleet, were, in many instances, if not in nearly all, cases of chronic -glanders, and when one of these cases of nasal gleet was rounded up in a -locality, glanders disappeared in that neighborhood. - -A horse with a chronic discharge from the nose as the result of a -decayed tooth may sometimes be mistaken for a case of glanders, and also -a horse with distemper or strangles; but the latter generally recovers -soon, and in strangles the gland under the jaw softens and breaks and -discharges while in glanders the gland remains firm and hard and -generally not sensitive to manipulation. - -There is a disease that has been troublesome in Pennsylvania and parts -of Ohio the last two years called suppurative lymphangitis or epizootic -lymphangitis, which may be mistaken for farcy, but animals suffering -from it do not react to mallein, and guinea pigs inoculated with the -discharges do not develop glanders. There is not much glanders in the -Eastern states, except in the cities, and the disease is not of a great -deal of interest to farmers, except to avoid purchasing animals with it -at some of the unreliable sales stables. Where a case occurs on a farm, -except on some market gardener’s farm near a city, it is found, as a -rule, that the horse was purchased at some unscrupulous dealer’s stable -in the city, and, in some instances, other horses on the farm are -infected, and the farmer not only loses his new acquisition, but has two -or three other horses killed besides that have become infected. - -Farmers buying new horses at city sales stables ought to endeavor to -deal with only reputable concerns, and to avoid cheats. It is well to -remember that a person cannot get something for nothing, and it is not -likely that anyone can buy a horse for $50 to $75 because it is afraid -of elevated railroad trains that would otherwise be worth $300 to $500, -or because a widow lady wants a good home for her late husband’s old -pet. Anyone buying horses from a fake coal company, or a humbug ice -company, or an unknown express company that is just going out of -business, is liable to invite a serious disease to his farm. - - -=GRAVEL OR DIRT IN FOOT.=--A collection of pus, or other fluid -containing gravel or dirt. It occurs most frequently in the foot, and is -associated with the horse and mule almost exclusively. The cause may be -from a bruise, but more frequently it is due to a punctured wound of the -foot by nail, wire, or other pointed object. Nearly always there will be -dirt carried into the wound with the offending object or shortly after -its removal. This dirt, infected with germs, sets up an inflammation of -the sensitive structures causing more or less lameness. In many -instances the nail hole becomes closed up and the collected matter may -have to seek an outlet above the hoof. To determine the trouble a very -careful examination of the hoof should be made, looking for any opening -leading into the foot, often detected by discoloration of the part, or -at an over-sensitive point in the foot. - -Treatment should consist in making or enlarging the opening at a -dependent part of the hoof, if possible, so that all secretion formed in -the wound can find a ready escape to the outside. Without free opening -there is danger of tetanus (lockjaw) developing. The wound should be -thoroughly cleansed, and washed with some mild disinfectant, after which -a small quantity of oil of turpentine should be injected, and the wound -packed with calomel or iodoform and covered with a pledget of cotton. If -the wound is very deep or extensive it may be beneficial, after -thoroughly cleansing the foot, to apply a hot bran or flaxseed poultice. -Use poultice for several days and change daily. - - -=GREASE HEEL.=--A form of eczema that attacks the skin of the heel and -fetlock. Sometimes the disease becomes so severe as to crack open, from -which blood oozes out. A crust forms and later on becomes painful and -disagreeable. To remove the scurvy part that is noticed first, apply a -poultice, made of wheat bran or linseed meal. Change the poultices two -or three times during the day. After removal each time wash with warm -water, in which has been put some carbolic acid or creolin, and then -apply the poultice again. After the poulticing is ended apply a salve -made of 4 tablespoonfuls of oxide of zinc and 8 tablespoonfuls of -vaseline. If indigestion seems to be associated in any way, give the -horse a dose of physic, aloes being best for the purpose. - - -=GRUB IN THE HEAD.=--This condition is the presence of the larva (worm -stage) of the sheep bot fly, located in the frontal sinuses (cavities) -of the head. The trouble is confined to sheep and occasionally goats. -The so-called “grub” of the horse is found in its stomach, while the -“grub” of cattle is found along its back just underneath the skin. The -adult fly, which lays the living “sheep grub,” is of a yellowish-gray -color, slightly larger than a house fly. During the warmer part of the -summer days the fly goes about depositing its young in the nose of the -sheep. The young then work their way upward into cavities of the head -between the eyes, but not into the brain cavity. Here they attach -themselves to the lining, remaining when unmolested for some ten months, -then lose their hold and are sneezed out to the ground. Burrowing into -the ground they enter the pupa or dormant stage, when, after a month or -six weeks, they emerge as adult flies to replenish their kind. - -When few grubs are in the head little trouble may be observed, but if -more numerous may cause free discharge of dirty white or yellowish, -thick fluid, loss of appetite, frequent coughing and sneezing, tossing -of head and weakened gait, and the animal may become too weak to rise, -and finally dies. With a special instrument (trephine) bore a hole into -the cavity containing grubs and remove them with forceps. When they are -present every year the sheep should be protected by keeping the nose -smeared with tar during summer months. This can be done by causing sheep -to lick salt from holes in a trough after placing tar about the holes. - - -=HAIR BALLS.=--True hair balls are seldom found in other animals than -cattle, resulting either from licking themselves or others; but -different kinds of indigestible balls or concretions are frequently -found in cattle and other animals, particularly the horse, in the -stomach or intestines. Dust balls are occasionally formed when animals -are fed upon mill cleanings. In sections where crimson clover is fed, -and frequently in over-ripe condition in large quantities, balls are -formed of parts of the indigestible heads. Again, calcareous or mineral -matter may accumulate about an indigestible substance as a nucleus. -These are not well-defined, in many instances, and the balls are often -present without making it known. So long as they do not irritate the -bowel too much, or do not occlude the opening from one portion of the -bowel to another, they are likely to escape notice. In case they do -obstruct the bowel they become serious obstacles, the greater number of -these cases terminating in death. The symptoms then become those of -colic from obstruction. In many cases no relief can be given, but -attempts should be made to cause the obstruction to pass by giving mild -purgatives and copious enemas. - - -=HEAVES.=--The term “heaves” is used to describe that disease of the -horse which otherwise is known as “broken wind,” or technically as -“emphysema of the lungs.” This ailment, which is incurable when -thoroughly established and to which a tendency is inherited by the -offspring of an affected sire or dam, is characterized by the following -symptoms: Double, bellows-like action of the abdominal muscles in -breathing; short, suppressed cough, usually accompanied by passage of -gas from the rectum; gluttonous appetite; harsh, staring coat of hair; -pot belly; weakness; lack of endurance, sweating, panting, or staggering -during work; dilated nostrils; frequent passage of gas and soft, -foul-smelling feces when starting from stable. - -The disease begins with indigestion, affecting in time the -pneumo-gastric nerve of the stomach and then the branch nerves running -to the lungs. At first the air tubules and vesicles of the lungs become -dilated (aneurism); later they may break down into large air spaces and -the surrounding lung tissues become involved (interlobular emphysema). -Air then is easily inhaled, but is exhaled with difficulty and the -effort causes cough and expulsion of gas (flatus). - -The distress may be relieved by treatment, but perfect recovery is -impossible when the lungs have become badly affected. Treat by -substituting wet oat straw for hay in winter and grass for hay in -summer. Allow double the usual rest period after a meal. Work when -stomach is not distended with food. Do not feed hay at noon. Use lime -water to wet all food. Once or twice a week give raw linseed oil in a -bran mash to open bowels. Give half an ounce of Fowler’s solution of -arsenic night and morning. Do not breed from affected horses. - - -=HEAT EXHAUSTION AND SUNSTROKE.=--The horse that is stricken with heat -exhaustion or which falls from heat, apoplexy or “sunstroke,” is sick or -out of sorts at the time of attack; otherwise he would withstand heat -and work. The middle horse of a three-horse team suffers most and is apt -to succumb to the ill-effects of the combined radiation of heat from his -mates and direct rays of the sun. Attacks are most apt to happen on the -third or fourth day of a spell of intensely hot weather characterized by -mugginess, electrical storms and moisture-saturated air. At such times -the horse that has indigestion, a heavy, unhealthy coat of hair, a skin -or kidney trouble or any affection of the brain or heart is the one that -must be most carefully watched and worked. - -With the hope of preventing attacks feed light rations, no corn, no -mashes, no ground feed other than bran; avoid green grass, unless the -horses are on it all of the time; do not feed hay at noon; allow cool, -pure drinking water often when horses are at work; keep stables clean, -darkened, screened, and ventilated; shade the polls of the horses’ heads -during work time and in such a way that air passes freely under the -shading device. - -In sunstroke the horse falls and soon succumbs. In heat exhaustion he -lags, stops sweating, pants, staggers, skin is dry, nostrils dilated, -membranes of eyes and nostrils red. High fever is present. Treat by -keeping cold, wet packs to the poll of head or letting a stream of cold -water run over it. Shower body with cold water from a sprinkling can. -Stand horse in shady place under a tree where air passes. Give -stimulants freely in water as a drench every hour at first, then less -often as symptoms abate. A suitable stimulant is whiskey in half pint -doses, or a mixture of one part of aromatic spirits of ammonia and two -parts each of alcohol and sweet spirits of niter. Dose is two ounces in -half pint water. Do not bleed horse or give aconite. Give half ounce -doses of saltpeter in water twice daily as horse recovers. Call the -veterinarian in sunstroke cases. - - -=HERNIA.=--A protrusion of any portion of the bowels or their coverings -through a break in the walls of the abdomen. A rupture, for that is the -popular term, is most common in horses. Often at birth they are seen -near the navel. These disappear in a few months without any treatment -being required. In mature horses the usual causes are blows, kicks or -some violent effort that tears the muscular structure. - -[Illustration: VENTRAL HERNIA - -It may occur in any part of the abdomen and varies in size with the -extent of the rupture.] - -The characteristic symptom is the bulging out of the gut, tumorlike; and -this often can be slipped back where it belongs. If the rent be not -closed, even if the gut is returned, the least bit of strain is liable -to force it out again. Some kinds of hernia cause immense pain and the -animal shows it. - -In treating, work the gut back to its place. This done, place a pad--a -flat piece of wood or leather will do--over the wound and fasten in such -a way as to keep it in place. This should be worn for a month until -recovery is complete. Such treatment will not serve in all cases of -hernia. An operation may be necessary, which should be made only by a -skillful veterinarian. - - -=HIDE-BOUND.=--This is not a disease at all, but an indication of poor -health, more particularly of poor nutrition; usually the result of -indigestion, improper food, worms or want of proper exercise. The skin -is hard, rough, papery, and cannot be picked up from the body with ease. -When the attempt is made, it suggests that the body is too large for the -skin. Of course treatment is in the nature of better food, that proper -nourishment may be secured. A good physic will be proper to start with -and then follow with a tonic, easily assimilable food of a nature that -will properly nourish the body. - - -=HIGH BLOWING.=--A sound produced in the act of breathing while the air -is being expelled from the lungs during forced respiration. It is a -fluttering sort of a sound. When horses are trotting or pacing the sound -is essentially a nasal one, and is not to be regarded as a state of -unsoundness. It is rather a measure of excitability, and associated with -horses of much spirit and good breeding. - - -=HIP JOINT LAMENESS.=--A disease of the hip, caused usually by some -injury as from a fall or kick. A slight swelling is observed just over -the hip, and lameness when the animal walks or trots. In severe cases, -the horse will hop and catch the lame leg. The best treatment is -absolute rest. Frequent applications of hot water are good. After each -application bathe with a solution made of 4 ounces of water, 2 ounces of -tincture of opium, 2 ounces of tincture of arnica and an ounce of -belladonna. If the lameness continues, use a blister made of 2 -teaspoonfuls of cantharides and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. Allow the -blister to remain for an entire day, then wash off with soap and water -and apply lard or vaseline. Repeat in a couple of weeks if necessary. If -the lameness disappears, give the horse rest for several weeks. - - -=HIPPED.=--A fracture at the point of the hip. The most common cause is -striking the point of the hip against a door post or pole. Sometimes a -kick is responsible. While recovery follows, as a rule, from the very -nature of the fracture, there is no treatment that will remedy the -broken point. After the soreness has passed no inconvenience results; -only a blemish is observed. - - -=HOG CHOLERA.=--The term hog cholera has become quite ambiguous, partly -on account of new discoveries concerning the cause of the disease and -partly on account of what have been supposed to be two different but -curiously related diseases being generally included under this general -term. Until within a year or two we have supposed that there were two -infectious diseases of hogs recognized under the general terms of hog -cholera and swine plague. It now seems probable that we will be able to -do away with the term swine plague entirely. - -The disease considered here answers to the following requirements: (a) -Infectious by association or other natural exposure; (b) the animal -before death and the carcass after death show certain accepted symptoms -which are clearly recognized as pertaining to cholera; (c) the blood is -virulent and capable of reproducing the disease on inoculation into -susceptible hogs; (d) attack and recovery confer immunity. It is to be -understood that we might easily have diseases among swine where -characteristic “a” or even “b” might be present and yet the disease be -not true hog cholera. - -[Illustration: AN ATTACK OF CHOLERA - -One of the familiar attitudes assumed when the hog is affected with -cholera. When this far along, not many cases of recovery are observed.] - -Until within recent years American authorities, bacteriologists and -veterinarians alike, have very generally accepted a certain germ, the -bacillus of Salmon and Smith, as the specific cause of hog cholera and -another somewhat similar germ as the cause of what was supposed to be a -distinct but curiously related disease--swine plague. But within a few -years workers in the Federal bureau of animal industry have apparently -demonstrated that hog cholera is caused by a living germ so small that -it passes easily through germ filters which remove all known forms of -the bacillus of Salmon and Smith. - -It may be interesting to note further that this new germ is so small as -to be invisible to the highest available powers of the best microscope. -That it is a living organism and not a chemical poison may be very -easily demonstrated. The curious relations to this disease of the old -bacilli of hog cholera and of swine plague are not well understood, but -it seems quite possible that they may play some part in the later -development of the disease after the disease processes have been started -by the invisible germ. While our old theories and supposed information -concerning the cause of hog cholera have been very much disturbed by -newer work, it is important to remember that hog cholera is now just as -much as before to be recognized as a distinctly infectious disease. It -is important to remember also that this infection is absolutely -necessary, or there can be no cholera no matter how susceptible animals -may be. There can be no cholera without this primary and specific cause -any more than there can be plants in our wheat fields without the -previous presence of mustard seed. Conditions of soil and climate may -favor a rank growth of mustard. Conditions of feed and keep may favor -the development and spread of hog cholera. They may decrease resistance -and increase susceptibility, but cannot originally cause the disease. It -is a rather common experience that hogs kept closely housed and fed, -especially with such foods as corn, offer less resistance than do other -hogs. In our vaccine work we frequently find hogs of this type which die -readily under inoculation with blood of low grade virulence. Hogs of -hardier type may become slightly sick or not sick at all with -inoculation from the same infectious material. Pampered show herds -appear especially susceptible to both natural infection and artificial -inoculation. - -The farmer, and for that matter the public in general, should bear in -mind that the cause of hog cholera is a living organism capable of -enormously rapid self-multiplication--actual, though very minute -particles of matter. This, fully understood, makes it apparent that -infection may be carried in any way that other fine particles of matter -may be carried. It thus becomes very apparent that the infection may be -carried by sick hogs or upon the legs and bodies of hogs not sick; it -may be carried in wagon boxes, in hog racks, in stock cars, or upon -shoes and clothing of people. It is very evident that the infection may -be carried down stream, especially in small creeks, and give rise to -other outbreaks. - -So far as the sick hog is concerned, we are quite sure that the blood -and the manure are thoroughly infectious and there can be no question -concerning the infectiousness of fresh carcasses of dead hogs. Perhaps -we should say first of all that we rarely get all of the accepted -symptoms of hog cholera plainly shown in one case. It is important to -bear in mind that cases vary in virulence from those of very chronic -type where hogs live for weeks and finally die or recover, to very acute -cases where they die overnight. - -The hog coming down with cholera is usually sluggish at first, lying -around in the shade and refusing feed. The hair may become rough. The -eyes early show symptoms of inflammation, with a sticky discharge. There -is usually a suppressed cough. The gait may become irregular and -uncertain, especially with the hind legs. After these preliminary -symptoms have been shown for a time, the skin becomes red, changing to -purple, especially noticeable in white-haired hogs. The hog is then -usually within a very few days of death. - -As already explained, not all cases are typical. Sometimes hogs die in -an outbreak of cholera from undoubted hog cholera, and yet the ante -mortem or post mortem symptoms show very little upon which to base a -diagnosis. But we may easily demonstrate that these were cases of -cholera by injecting their blood into susceptible hogs and by thus -producing typical cholera. - -[Illustration: THE RESULT OF HOG CHOLERA - -A post mortem of a hog dying from cholera will show ulcers like those -pictured here. Look for them in the large intestine.] - -At the autopsy of an ordinary case of cholera the first and perhaps the -most striking thing seen is the purpling of the skin. On opening the -carcass small blood spots may be found under the skin and in the fat cut -through. The glands along the intestines are intensely inflamed. The -mucous membrane of the stomach is frequently thickened and roughened and -in chronic cases there may be ulcers. On opening the intestines we see -areas here and there of intense inflammation in the acute cases or -numerous ulcers in cases of more chronic type. In very acute cases we -find areas intensely inflamed, even bloody in places. The slow chronic -cases develop characteristic hog cholera ulcers. These may appear at -almost any point on the lining membrane, but more particularly in the -blind pouch and around the point where the small intestine connects with -the large intestine. On stripping off a very thin transparent membrane -covering the kidneys, a typical case of hog cholera will usually show -minute red spots on the surface somewhat resembling the covering of a -turkey egg, which gives the common name of turkey egg kidney of hog -cholera. - - -=Preventing the Disease.=--Clearly there are certain things which the -owner of healthy hogs in a hog cholera district should do and a good -many things which he should not do. The same is equally true for the man -who has sick hogs in a neighborhood where there are uninfected herds. -The owner of healthy hogs and his family should keep away from public -stock yards, from all pens and yards on other farms whether sickness -among hogs prevails or not. It may easily occur that a neighbor’s hogs -may appear well but have recently received the infection and be already -capable of scattering the disease. We do not know at what period in the -development of this disease infected hogs become capable of -disseminating hog cholera. - -During a hog cholera season the owner of healthy hogs should institute -something in the way of private quarantine and pleasantly, perhaps, but -firmly, ask visitors, especially stock buyers and threshing machine -crews, to keep at a reasonable distance from the pens and yards. It is -safer for one man to have exclusive care of healthy hogs during the hog -cholera season, and this man should be very careful where he goes with -reference to possible infection. Special fencing or other provisions -should be made wherever practical to keep dogs out of the pens and -yards, for, under certain conditions, dogs become very active agents in -spreading the disease. - -The owner of a healthy herd should be very careful about buying in hogs -for feeding or breeding purposes, and, in the Western states especially, -all public stock yards and stock cars must be regarded as possible -sources of spread. Hogs coming into the herd for breeding purposes, if -by rail, should be shipped in other than stock cars, and should not be -unloaded so as to go through stock yards. All new hogs coming on to a -farm where the disease has not appeared, should be kept carefully apart -from the herd for from two to three weeks after arrival. The disease may -thus have time to develop, if the animals have been infected before -shipment or en route. It is decidedly worth while to be careful about -clean feeding, for it seems probable that this is a common method by -which infection enters the body. This being the case, troughs and -feeding floors should be frequently disinfected with steam, boiling -water, or a very dilute corrosive sublimate solution (1:1,000 dissolved -in water), with the troughs subsequently rinsed out with plain water. Or -the troughs and feeding floors may be disinfected with any of the coal -tar disinfectants if they are used in sufficient strength. These are not -poisonous in any probable quantity which hogs would get. - - -=A Disastrous Experience.=--The farmer should be especially careful -about buying hogs out of stock yards. Some years ago a certain Minnesota -farmer purchased a lot of feeders from Sioux City and took them home to -his farm. In about two weeks his hogs commenced dying. A little later -hogs previously on the farm began dying. In a little while he was losing -hogs at the rate of 25 a day, losing a total of about 200. This loss of -200 hogs was scarcely a drop in the bucket--too small for consideration -in comparison with the loss which this outbreak cost the state, for, -with some others coming into the state from Iowa and Nebraska, this -outbreak cost the state, as carefully estimated, about $1,250,000 during -that one year. As soon as the Minnesota farmer here referred to realized -that he had cholera and was liable to lose a large portion of his herd, -he shipped out a lot of fat hogs ready for market. These were yarded for -a time in the public stock yards of his town, and one of them died while -waiting for shipment. This hog was left for a day or so in the yard. -Later a carload of feeding hogs was shipped in from a point in South -Dakota, where they had never had hog cholera. These South Dakota hogs -were unloaded into the yards where the fat hog had died some time -before, and were sold out from there by auction. - -It was a very interesting study to follow the resulting outbreaks; but a -very serious matter for the owner and for that entire portion of the -state. Practically every farmer who bought hogs at this sale, and very -many of those who walked around the yards looking at the hogs, but -without buying, had hog cholera on their farms in a very uniform period -after the sale. Surely the moral of this tale is so self-evident as to -need no further suggestion. - - -=Cleaning Up.=--Troughs and feeding floors, at least, and, if -practicable, the hog house also, should be kept clean and frequently -disinfected during an outbreak. When the outbreak appears to be over, -the owner must decide as to just what he will do in the way of -disinfection and cleaning up, or whether he will stay out of the hog -business for a year and allow the infection to die out. This is, of -course, without regard for the possibility of putting in vaccinated and -immune hogs. Feeding troughs and feeding floors and the hog house in -general, may be disinfected if of reasonably good construction, by a -thorough cleaning and then by one of the methods suggested under -prevention. If the sick hogs have been kept in an old straw shed or in -an old hog house that is about ready to fall down anyway, by all means -the best method of disinfection is by burning. Without disinfection or -burning the owner cannot be safe in putting in susceptible hogs within -much less than a year after the last hog died or recovered. The slow old -chronic cases that go dragging around at the end of an outbreak should -usually be killed and safely buried, for it is rarely profitable to put -such hogs in shape for market. It might possibly be worth while to hold -such a one over and nurse them along, in case of valuable brood sows, -for hogs having recovered from cholera are usually immune for life. - -Brood sows which have had the disease and recovered usually give -something more than natural immunity to their offspring. But the degree -of immunity so conferred is so variable in degree and uncertain -otherwise that it cannot be depended upon as a routine method of -establishing immune herds. Yards may be practically disinfected by -plowing or by burning off a good layer of straw. - - -=Hog Cholera Vaccination.=--Generally stated, this vaccine consists of -two parts: (a) Blood serum from the body of a specially immunized hog; -and (b) virulent blood serum from the body of a hog about to die from -cholera. The general theory upon which this double vaccine is used is -that of giving the animal an infectious disease and at the same time a -treatment which enables the animal to resist the infection. When the hog -is through with it he is in exactly the same condition as though he had -gone through a natural exposure and recovered. - - -=General Method.=--We start this work with certain hogs that are immune -usually because they have passed through an outbreak. It has been shown -that when such immune hogs are treated with large injections of virulent -blood under the skin or into a vein, that they do not usually become -sick, but their own blood develops a peculiar property that gives -protection to other hogs that are naturally susceptible. - -When the blood or rather blood serum from this specially treated immune -hog is injected into the bodies of healthy susceptible hogs, the latter -becomes likewise immune, but the immunity so gained lasts only a short -time, possibly four to six weeks, and is then gradually lost. If we give -a small injection of virulent blood at the same time, or soon after the -immunizing serum is given, then the treated hog becomes immune for a -long period, perhaps for life. - - -=The Serum Hog.=--The specially immunized hog which produces this -immunizing serum is known as a hyperimmune, and to save words will be -hereafter mentioned as such. The simply immune hog may be prepared for -producing serum in either one of three ways. (1) By three rapidly -increasing doses of virulent blood serum injected under the skin at -intervals of seven to ten days; (2) by one enormously large injection of -virulent serum under the skin; (3) by injecting virulent blood in -smaller doses directly into the blood circulation. - -In this work an ordinary immune hog weighing 100 pounds is given a quart -of very virulent blood, a teaspoon of which similarly injected would -kill a hog that was not immune. In other words the immune, and -especially the hyperimmune hog, have developed certain properties in -their blood antagonistic to hog cholera virus. - - -=Vaccination.=--We have two possible methods of vaccinating or -immunizing susceptible hogs (a) Serum only. This is by the injection -under the skin of serum from the body of a hyperimmune hog and gives -immediate but temporary immunity lasting, as already stated, several -weeks. If this animal, during the period of immunity, is exposed to -natural infection, he becomes protected for a very long period, perhaps -for life. (b) Simultaneous. The second method of vaccination consists of -injecting immunizing blood serum into one thigh and a small amount of -disease-producing serum at the same time, or soon after, into the other -thigh, thus giving the animal the cholera and a cure for it at the same -time. If the immunizing serum is potent and the virulent serum is really -virulent, then the animal so treated becomes permanently immune. - -The serum-only method is usually preferred in actual outbreaks and for -hogs not yet sick, because this gives immediate protection, and the -hogs, being naturally exposed, usually develop a permanent immunity. The -simultaneous method of vaccination is preferred where we are very -confident of the serum’s potency against the virulent blood, and for -hogs that have not yet been infected. It may yet be found wise to use -this method even in outbreaks. - - -=Vaccination Does Not Spread Cholera.=--Every intelligent stockman who -reads this will probably ask if there is not danger of scattering -cholera by this simultaneous vaccination into districts where it has not -yet appeared. A considerable amount of direct evidence on this point is -better than any amount of theorizing and personal opinions. This -evidence all agrees that unless the vaccinated hogs become distinctly -sick as a result of the vaccination (which can occur, and does very -often), that there is practically no danger of disseminating the -disease. This is especially true since all hogs on the farm are supposed -to have been treated and are immune, and, therefore, incapable of -developing cholera and so spreading the disease. It does occur, even -with good serum, perhaps, that an occasional hog may become a little -sick, and very rarely even die, as a result of vaccination. But with -good serum given in standard dose and virulent blood also given in -proper dose, the risk of this is so small that it may be safely -disregarded and especially when all hogs on the farm or that may be -exposed with such sick hogs have been treated. - - -=HOLLOW HORN.=--A common term to denote a diseased condition of the -blood. The horn is not hollow and never is. The old quack method of -boring a hole in the horn with a gimlet and squirting turpentine into -the orifice is both cruel and ridiculous. While in fact the temperature -of the horn is low, it is because of the general poverty of the blood of -the animal. There is no merit in this kind of treatment. The most common -symptoms are general debility, scanty flesh, scurvy coat and coarse -hair. The appetite is also irregular and at times greedy. Treatment is -in line of better food and general improvement of the system. If lice -are found on the body, they must be destroyed by disinfectants and -washes. A tonic, consisting of 2 teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron, 1 -teaspoonful of powdered nux vomica and 4 tablespoonfuls of ground -gentian root given each day in the food or as a drench, will be very -helpful in toning up the system and in enriching the blood. The most -important factor of the treatment, however, is in nutritious, wholesome -food. - - -=HOOF CRACKS.=--See Sand Cracks. - - -=HORN FLY.=--A small insect about half as large as the common house -flies, and very much like them in appearance. Horn flies swarm about the -head and settle near the base of the horn, where they bite and cause -much irritation. They also attack cattle on the back and sides and -flank. The fly mixtures that are commonly advertised, and applied by -means of a hand-spray, are excellent for keeping the pests away. A good -home mixture to apply at the base of the horns is made of pine tar, -kerosene, and fish oil. Use this in equal parts, and apply with a brush. - - -=HOVEN.=--See Bloating in Cattle. - - -=HYDROCEPHALUS.=--See Water in the Brain. - - -=HYDROPHOBIA=, also called rabies and mad dog, is an infectious disease -caused by some invisible organism. The disease is transmitted from one -animal to another by the bite of an animal which is suffering with the -disease or by direct inoculation. It is more common in the dog than any -other animal, from the fact that dogs run at large and have a tendency -to bite other dogs with which they come in contact while they are -suffering with the disease. - -The dog shows two forms, furious and dumb. In the furious form the -animal at first seeks dark places, but is usually restless and will -move from one place to another. This condition lasts for a day or two, -after which time he becomes more restless and may go 30 miles in a day. -He will drink water, eat sticks, stones, and bite other dogs, horses, -and cattle, less often man. This condition will last from one to four -days, and then the dog becomes partly paralyzed, so that he can no -longer swallow, or his legs may be affected, so that he will lie in one -place, and usually dies after a few days longer. In the dumb form, the -animal seeks dark places, is rather restless, the throat and lower jaw -become paralyzed, he is unable to swallow or to close his mouth and, -therefore, cannot bite. Sometimes they will change from one form of -symptoms to the other. - -In the horse the symptoms vary somewhat from those in the dog. The horse -is restless, usually violent and will kick and bite, oftentimes showing -sexual excitement. He may break his teeth on the manger and oftentimes -bites his own flesh at the place where he has been bitten by the dog. -The symptoms usually develop in from eight to twenty-eight days after -the animal is bitten, but may not develop for six months. The disease -runs its course in from two to ten days, with a fatal termination. - -There is no treatment for the disease after the symptoms have developed. -In case man is bitten he should take the “Pasteur” treatment, which is a -preventive, and it should be taken in a very short time after being -bitten. After the symptoms begin to show it is too late to take -treatment. - - -=HYDROTHORAX.=--See Water in the Chest. - - -=IMPACTION OF RUMEN.=--A continued distention of the rumen caused by -large quantities of undigested material lodging in the rumen. -Inflammation often results, with distress and pain manifest. If relief -is not attained the walls of the rumen become paralyzed. Associated with -the disturbances the animal is dull, the left side swollen, the -breathing and pulse increase and the back aches. When lying down, the -left side is always up. In treating, cold water dashed over the back and -loins is recommended. A strong physic of Epsom salts and ginger will aid -in stimulating the secretions and may bring relief. If gas accumulates -so as to threaten the life of the animal, the trocar and canula should -be used. If these are not available, use the knife, as described for -hoven or bloat. In some cases the impaction becomes so pronounced as to -resist ordinary treatment, when extreme measures will be necessary if -the animal is to be saved. Better call your veterinarian and open the -rumen in order to remove the contents with the hand. The operation is as -follows: At the point midway between the point of the hip and the last -rib, and down about four inches from the backbone, an opening is made -large enough to admit the hand. After the opening is made the edges are -stitched to prevent any material from getting between the skin and the -rumen wall. Now remove the greater part of the accumulated material; -this done, the rumen, the muscles and the skin are each in turn -stitched, the wound dressed and the animal given stimulating medicines. -A splendid tonic consists of 4 tablespoonfuls each of ginger, tincture -of gentian and tincture of iron. Give this tonic daily and until the -animal has fully recovered. - - -=INDIGESTION.=--Failure to digest food with abdominal pains and -indisposition resulting. Bad food and improper management are back of -the trouble in most instances. Mild cases require no treatment. A -light, laxative diet is desirable for stubborn cases. If possible turn -the animals on fresh grass. Jamaica ginger is generally prescribed for -indigestion. Give 8 tablespoonfuls in a pint of warm water three times a -day as a drench. Follow this with condition powders, or some good -digestive tonic. After recovery see that the diet is varied and that -laxative and succulent foods are supplied. - - -=INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA.=--As the name indicates, this is an infectious -trouble frequently extending over considerable areas and occurs among -both horses and cattle. It is very similar in its action to ordinary -pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs. However, it does not seem to be -so acute in its action. The same treatment is applied to cases of this -kind as to ordinary pneumonia. When its presence becomes known, it is -wise to remove all healthy animals to some other quarters. This lessens -the danger of infection to healthy animals. After the disease has run -its course, remove all litter and manure from the stables, thoroughly -air out, admit as much sunlight as possible, and disinfect all walls and -floors. A coat of whitewash on the ceiling and walls is desirable. The -floors should be literally wet with disinfectant fluid, which should be -admitted to all cracks and open spaces. - - -=INFECTIOUS ANEMIA IN HORSES.=--See Swamp Fever. - - -=INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.=--Sometimes this disease is called -enteritis. It frequently follows severe cases of colic. It is the result -of inflammation caused by indigestible material lodging in the stomach -and intestines of animals. It may, however, result from other things -that irritate the bowels. When first noticed, a general depression -prevails, with signs of pain in the bowels; breathing is quickened and -frequently a chill shows itself. The horse acts very much as if he had a -case of colic. As the disease progresses the pain increases and the -pulse rises. In a few hours the pain becomes very severe and the animal -is in great agony all over; he breathes heavy, the legs and ears are -cold and clammy and the pulse very high. In severe cases the pulse -reaches to 100 and 105 beats a minute. The horse now is very ill indeed. -He shows great weakness. It is very unlikely that he will survive more -than a day or two. The disease usually runs from ten to fifteen hours, -and unless there is a change for the better, death results. - -When far advanced there is little likelihood of successful treatment. -Success lies only in early work, taking the disease in time. A -satisfactory drench is made of 4 tablespoonfuls of tincture of laudanum, -10 to 15 drops of tincture of aconite, 1 tablespoonful of common soda, -and 1 tablespoonful of ginger. These are mixed in a pint of warm water -and given as a drench. Repeat this every hour until the animal gets -relief. A mustard plaster gives relief when applied to the belly. A -physic is not considered advisable, as it increases the -inflammation--just what is not wanted at all. - -The most rational treatment consists in allaying the pain. Opium in -teaspoonful doses every hour until the pain is relieved is helpful. Some -veterinary practitioners use 10 grains of morphia and 4 tablespoonfuls -of chloral hydrate in syrup and water for each dose. This dose is -repeated every two or three hours until the symptoms abate. - -The diet should be carefully watched in diseases of this kind. Bran -mashes made with linseed tea or slippery elm bark are suitable. Boiled -food is better than uncooked food. Good water frequently and in small -quantities is desirable. Skimmed milk is excellent and may be fed for a -week or two at a time. This food often effects a cure without any other -aid. - - -=INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.=--This is a common disease in farm stock. -The disease occurs most frequently in late fall or winter or early -spring, and is due to exposure while the animal is still warm and hot; -bad ventilation influences it. Authorities now generally believe it to -be a germ disease and infectious. One of the first things noticed is the -shivering of the animal and then a fevered condition; the animal seems -to be hot, then cold; a peculiar breathing is noticed; the pulse -quickens, ranges from 60 to 70 beats a minute; the eyelids on the inside -take a scarlet hue. The animal does not eat, stands up much of the time -with the head down and the ears lopped over; a grating sound is noticed -when the ear is placed to the chest. Frequently distress is experienced -in the bowels; constipation follows and the temperature rises gradually -until it reaches 105 degrees, which is reached about the sixth or -seventh day. If recovery does not follow the appetite will disappear, -the mouth become cold, the breath heavy and disagreeable and the pulse -feeble, frequently not noticeable at all. - -After the case assumes a more favorable aspect, an effort should be made -to keep the animal comfortable and in as good condition as possible. It -is therefore advisable to keep it well blanketed, the legs bandaged and -rubbed. The patient should be kept also in a warm stall where good air -is available. Good food that is nourishing and easily digested should be -provided. Sweet milk is good, and raw eggs mixed in the gruel are -excellent also. A compress over the lungs does much good. The compress -should be made out of heavy cloth, frequently rinsed in cold water and -then placed over the lungs where they are covered with heavy, dry -cloths. On recovery, rub the sides of the chest so as to thoroughly dry -the surface. A mustard plaster, after the compress has been removed, is -quite generally used. A stimulating medicine may be given during the -early stages. Use a drench, consisting of 8 tablespoonfuls of whiskey to -4 tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter. If the animal is in very -great distress, give a drench every two or three hours consisting of 8 -to 10 drops of Fleming’s tincture of aconite, 2 tablespoonfuls of -laudanum mixed with a pint of cold water. - -After the animal is on the road to recovery, stop the use of these -medicines and give a tonic consisting of nitrate of potash or saltpeter -and ground gentian root, half and half. Give a teaspoonful three times a -day. While the animal is sick, a little boiled flaxseed mixed with a -soft food will keep the bowels regular. It is not wise to give -purgatives, hence it is wise to give an injection consisting of warm -soapy water, so as to empty the bowels. From two to four weeks of rest -and care should be allowed for complete recovery. - - -=INFLUENZA.=--A specific disease of the horse affecting the mucous -membrane of the air passages. When the mucous membrane of the eyelids is -affected, pink eye results. Sometimes the mucous membrane of the -intestines is affected, in which case colic or inflammation of the -bowels results. The common cause is exposure to cold. If no work be -required, plenty of fresh air be supplied, no drafts admitted and -careful nursing otherwise, the disease will run its course in from two -to three weeks and no medicines will be necessary. In cases where -considerable cough prevails, the custom of putting a piece of camphor -about the size of an egg in a pail of boiling water and holding the -horse’s head over it from a quarter to a half hour at a time is to be -commended. The bowels should be kept free and open. Any of the ordinary -purgatives will do. If weakness occurs, give 4 tablespoonfuls each of -tincture of ginger, ground gentian root and sweet spirits of niter in a -half pint of water three times a day. Two tablespoonfuls of nitrate of -potassium given once or twice each day in the drinking water is also -desirable. As the trouble abates, the medicines suggested before may be -dropped and in their place a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron and a -tablespoonful of ground gentian root may be given daily in a bran mash -or oatmeal gruel. - - -=INTESTINAL WORMS IN HORSES.=--Intestinal worms may be classed as large -and small. The large worms inhabit the small intestines, and the small -ones the large intestines, the larger class of worms being more readily -reached by worm destroyers than are the smaller ones, as the small -intestines begin at the stomach and as remedies leave the stomach, the -worm soon receives the dose prepared for it, while if one dose has to -pass through about 60 feet of intestines before reaching the smaller -worms in the larger intestines, much of the worm remedy is lost by -mingling with the food, and diluted by mixing with the digestive fluids. -Thus what is a remedy for the large species of worms will have little -effect upon the smaller ones. - -As a farmer’s dose for the larger species of worms, none, perhaps, is -better than the following: Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces; extract or oil -of male fern, one half ounce, mixed with 4 ounces of castor oil and 8 -ounces of pure raw linseed oil, with half a pint of new milk, and given -after the horse has fasted for about 14 hours. Repeat the dose in a -week; then follow with two worm powders, common smoking tobacco, eight -ounces; powdered worm seed, 6 ounces; powdered sulphate of iron, 4 -ounces; mix with one-half pound each of salt and granulated sugar. Every -morning before the horse is fed any other food, place a heaping -tablespoonful of the powder in four quarts of wet wheat bran and allow -the horse to eat it; continue for ten days and the horse will be -practically rid of worms of the larger species. Colts should receive -smaller doses in proportion to age. - -The small worms need the worm powder to be given in the wheat bran every -morning for fully two weeks. Then follow with an ounce dose of barbadoes -aloes and a tablespoonful of ginger given by mixing with about 12 ounces -of warm water and a gill of common molasses; wait a week and repeat the -powder treatment and follow with the aloes. In a case of the very small -or rectal worms (pin worms) always use rectal injections, a good enema -being made by steeping for two hours one pound of quassia chips in a -gallon of soft water; strain and add two ounces of common hard soap; use -the whole at once, using at about blood temperature after the soap has -dissolved. Repeat in three days and continue as long as worms are being -brought away by the enemas. - - -=INTESTINAL WORMS IN SHEEP.=--See Stomach and Intestinal Worms in Sheep. - - -=ITCH.=--See Scab in Cattle. - - -=JAUNDICE.=--Until of recent date the disease in the human so common at -certain seasons of the year was unknown among animals, or, at least, if -present had never been discovered by the veterinary profession. But be -that as it may, we are now finding it in plenty among horses of all -ages, from colts up to aged horses; very prevalent among sheep, and -quite frequent among cattle. The early writers on veterinary science -usually attributed the cause to gall stones. But that theory can hardly -be tenable in this country, where we find it essentially more prevalent -on low, marshy soils or on the hill lands that have been long unplowed, -where animals are pastured, or hays are cut. The general symptoms of it -are a general dullness, hanging of the head as though it ached, or -pressing the head, if the animal be a bovine or sheep, against the barn -or stall. The tongue will be found dry or covered with a thick, sticky -slime. The membranes of the eyeball of a yellowish cast. In horses the -tongue will usually have a black coating. The appetite in all animals is -capricious. They will eat well one day and scarcely touch food the next. -As a rule, they will manifest great thirst, yet will drink but little. -There are exceptions to this, however. The voidings are not uniform. -Sometime the urine is quite high colored; at other times not. But, as a -rule, it is scanty. The feces are sometimes quite hard and covered with -a shiny slime. At other times there will be extreme looseness of the -evacuations. These last symptoms are to be well considered in using a -treatment when the voidings are hard and slimy. In case it is a horse -that is ailing, a physic of aloes should be given, one ounce being the -dose for a thousand pounds of horse, and two teaspoonfuls of podophylin. -Give this dissolved in water and pour down as a drench, and follow with -a bitter tonic for from two to four weeks, or until the voidings are -normal and all scurf is removed from the tongue. As a tonic for this -none is better than a mixture of powdered gentian root, six ounces, -powdered golden seal 2 ounces, powdered sulphate of iron 4 ounces, well -mixed in 1 pound of common salt. Give in the feed a tablespoonful in -ground oats three times a day, until improvement takes place. Then drop -to twice a day and later once a day. In case of the bowels being very -loose always give a pint dose of a mixture of castor oil 4 ounces, pure -raw linseed oil 12 ounces. Then follow with the tonic powder named. The -symptoms in cattle are quite similar to those of the horse, except the -bovine’s eyes usually discharge some, yet not profusely, and there are -frequently puffy swellings beneath their lower jaws. In case their -bowels are abnormally loose, give the oil as for the horse. If -constipated give from one to two pounds of Epsom salts at one dose as -the physic, with the podophylin added as for the horse, and follow with -the same tonic powder. In the case of sheep, which are by nature -constipated animals, nothing equals a ten-grain dose of calomel, -followed the next day with a four or six-ounce dose of Epsom salts -(sulphate of magnesia), and as sheep are reluctant to eat any tonics in -their feed, we are compelled to pour their medicine down them. Mix -together 4 ounces each of the tincture of gentian, golden seal, ginger -and iron, and give a tablespoonful twice a day in a half pint of water. -But always give the calomel, as it will clean out the liver of a sheep -as no other known agent will. The symptoms are much the same as in -cattle. Begin treatment early or success will not follow. - - -=KIDNEY WORMS.=--The hog is mostly affected with these worms, although -they have been found in the dog also. Death does not, as a rule, follow -the infestation unless in an aggravated form. Obviously there is no -remedy. - -[Illustration: KIDNEY WORMS IN THE HOG - -While worms are occasionally found in the kidneys, they do not -frequently cause disease or death.] - - -=KNEE SPRUNG.=--A condition in which the knees bend forward as the -result of contraction of tendons located along the back of the leg. In -aggravated cases the tendons should be cut. If this is to be done only a -skilled surgeon should be allowed to perform the operation. - - -=LAMINITIS.=--See Founder. - - -=LICE.=--Farm animals, especially those housed in stables more or less -infested with insects and vermin, are commonly troubled with lice. -Animals in good health resist the insects, but those already in a -non-thrifty condition do not fare so well. Lice cause a good deal of -annoyance to farm stock, inasmuch as they bite the skin, suck out blood, -and thus cause considerable irritation. Lice can be seen with the naked -eye. Infestation, as a rule, takes place in filthy quarters, and the -best means of disinfecting such places is by the use of a spray of -kerosene. One of the best means of applying this to hogs consists in -rubbing posts, which are constantly smeared with kerosene. In this way -the hogs are induced to treat themselves. Infected hogs may also be -treated by pouring the kerosene directly over the infested parts, like -the neck, shoulder and back. Dipping tanks made of cement or wood are -frequently located in the run-yards, in which is placed some -disinfectant fluid. Hogs use these small tanks as wallows, and in this -way they disinfect themselves. - -For horses and cattle a good remedy is made as follows: Boil for an hour -8 tablespoonfuls of arsenic, 8 tablespoonfuls of soda ash and 16 -tablespoonfuls of soft soap in two gallons of water. After being -prepared by boiling, add enough water to make two gallons. When cool, -wet the animal all over with a little of it, using a brush or currycomb -to get it into the skin. Another good remedy is made of boiling -stavesacre seeds, 1 part to 20 parts of water, for an hour and let it -simmer for another hour; then add water to make it up to the original -bulk. This applied to the affected parts brings quick relief. It is -advisable to repeat the application in a week or ten days, so as to -catch any new lice from any eggs that were not caught by the first -application. A very common treatment is secured by mixing a pint of -linseed oil, 8 tablespoonfuls of oil of tar, and 8 tablespoonfuls of -sulphur. This is then rubbed on the affected parts once a day for two -days and allowed to remain for a few days, after which it is washed off -with soap and water. In serious cases, the application should be -repeated within a week or so. - - -=LIVER FLUKES.=--These are parasites usually found in the liver or its -ducts. At times they are present in great numbers, giving rise to a -serious disease called liver rot. When the fertilized eggs are -discharged in the excrement of diseased animals and fall in fresh water -they hatch out and are taken into the body by sheep and cattle, either -in the food or drink. In a short time thereafter they have entrenched -themselves in the liver of cattle or sheep. - -[Illustration: LIVER FLUKE] - -A few liver flukes in an animal causes little trouble, as the injury is -largely mechanical anyway. No peculiar symptoms are conspicuous when -only a few flukes are present. The greatest damage is done when hundreds -of flukes develop in a single individual. In these cases the flow of the -bike is checked. As result the health becomes impaired and the usual -penalties of malnutrition follow. Swelling of the jaws and diarrhœa are -often noticed in connection with the disease. - -When the host is badly infected with the flukes and in a badly run-down -condition the trouble is always serious, and medicinal treatment is of -little real value. Tonics and good food may be given to help along--but -death usually follows. Salt is helpful as the flukes are sensitive to -it. If an animal that has succumbed to the disease be examined, the -liver will be observed to be fairly rotten as a result of the inroads of -the parasites. - -Treatment is in line of prevention only. Clean, pure fresh water, free -of the eggs or the parasites, is necessary if the trouble is to be -eradicated. The old ponds, ordinarily filled with stagnant water, should -be drained. They harbor many bad parasites, and their harm is far beyond -their value. When water for sheep and cattle is taken from pure streams -or wells the trouble from liver flukes and other parasites is reduced to -a minimum. - - -=LOCKJAW.=--This disease, very frequently called tetanus, is an -infectious disease in which the body muscles are spasmodically -contracted or stiffened. The muscles that move the jaw are frequently -affected and the animal is unable to open the mouth. Because of this -condition the disease is commonly known as lockjaw. - -The spread of the disease does not occur through healthy animals coming -in contact with animals having tetanus, but by inoculation. The germ of -tetanus is present in the soil, manure and dust. It enters the body by -way of wounds, especially punctured and bruised wounds. The injury may -result from stepping on a nail, and the germs are planted in the deeper -structures of the foot. Such a wound usually has poor drainage, the horn -of the hoof closing the mouth or opening. Here the germs grow and -produce a poisonous toxin that is said to be the most powerful produced -by any bacteria. This toxin acts on the nerve centers of the brain and -spinal cord, causing extensive spasmodic contraction of the body -muscles. - -Tetanus sometimes occurs in the absence of any noticeable wound. It may -be in such cases that the seat of the infection is a slight abrasion of -the skin, or the lining membranes of the respiratory and digestive -tracts. The tetanus bacillus is a slender, spore-producing bacterium. -The spore is located at one end of the rod in the form of a round head, -that gives the organism a pin shape, hence the name of pin bacillus. It -is very resistant to outside conditions and the action of the chemical -disinfectants. It is because of its ability to resist the action of -disinfectants and the fact that it develops best when protected or -covered by the tissues and wound secretions, that this disease so often -follows ordinary wound treatment. - -[Illustration: LOCKJAW - -Note the rigid, tense position of the muscles.] - -From a few days to several weeks may lapse from the time of infection -with the germs until the development of the stiffness and spasms. -Sometimes the wound by which the organism has entered the tissues has -healed before the symptoms of tetanus are manifested. In case the -symptoms develop a few days after the inoculation the disease is severe -or acute in form, and less violent or subacute if the symptoms are -manifested after the second week. The above statement does not hold true -in all cases, but it may be considered true in a general way. - -Of the domestic animals the horse is the most commonly affected. The -symptoms shown by this animal are very characteristic. Any person that -has had the opportunity to see and examine a horse suffering from -tetanus should have no trouble in recognizing the disease in other -animals. - - -=The Characteristic Symptom= is the spasmodic contraction of the -muscles. This may vary in the different individuals, depending on the -susceptibility of the animal and the quantity of poisonous toxin present -in the system. There is at first a slight stiffness of the muscles of -the back, neck, head, and limbs, and the animal is more nervous than -common. A noise in the stable or a slap with the hand may increase the -stiffness and contractions temporarily. The contracted condition of the -muscles of the eye, are, perhaps, the most noticeable early in the -disease. These muscles pull the eyeball backwards, the fatty cushion is -pressed on and the third eyelid protrudes, covering at times from -one-third to two-thirds of the front part of the eye. In the severe form -of the disease the muscles feel hard, especially those of the back and -neck, and the animal moves with difficulty. In addition to the muscular -symptoms, the respiration and pulse beats are quickened and the body -temperature higher than normal. The evidence of suffering from the -contracted condition of the muscles is very marked, and, unless -supported in some way, the animal may fall to the floor. If the symptoms -develop a few days after infection, the animal usually dies. The acute -form is very fatal, but in the mild or subacute form the chance for -making a recovery is good. - - -=Tetanus Is a Preventable Disease.= It may be largely prevented by the -careful disinfection of wounds, and the use of anti-tetanic serum. In -most localities the proper treatment of the wound is a sufficient -preventive measure, but in localities and stables where the disease is -common the anti-tetanic serum should be used. Ordinary cleansing of a -wound, as practiced by most stockmen, is not sufficient to destroy the -bacillus of tetanus. The wound must be carefully cleaned, disinfected -and prepared for healing. This should be kept in mind when treating a -wound, and instead of using an agent that we know little about, we -should secure reliable information regarding the different commercial -disinfectants and methods of caring for wounds. That class known as tar -disinfectants is most commonly used. The better grade belonging to this -class should be used. - -If anti-tetanic serum is used, it should be injected as soon after the -injury has occurred as possible. The injection is made hypodermically, -usually beneath the skin on the side of the neck. Large doses of -anti-tetanic serum given after the symptoms have developed may assist -recovery. However, in the severe form of the disease this treatment is -uncertain. - -When the animal comes down with the disease, it should be made as -comfortable as possible. The quarters should be roomy, quiet, clean, and -well ventilated. It is advisable to support the horse with a sling -unless the animal is worried or made nervous by it. This prevents his -becoming tired and falling down. We should give the animal the best of -care in the way of regulating the diet, etc., but should avoid annoying -it by our attention. Medicinal treatment is of little benefit and should -be given a secondary place. In fact, dosing the animal with medicine, -especially if large doses are given, may do more harm than good in the -treatment of this disease. - - -=LOCO DISEASE.=--The word loco is a Spanish word, and means crazy. Loco -disease is a disease of the brain and nervous system, especially of -horses and cattle, but may also affect other animals. It results from -eating any one of a number of poisonous plants called loco which grow -upon the dry, sandy prairies of some parts of the Western United States. - -In winter and early spring, when there is little or no grass, some -animals acquire an appetite for this plant, and soon refuse all other -kinds of food. When addicted to the weed an animal loses flesh rapidly, -the eyesight becomes affected--often it has no knowledge of -distance--and frequently when made to step over a board or rail will -jump over it as though it were several feet high. Later, in the course -of the disease, the brain becomes more affected and the animal acts more -or less crazy, at times quite violent, at others depressed and dull. - -Should the animal live through the first attack it may linger for months -or even years, but it usually dies as a result of the attack. Frequently -some peculiar “foolish” habit follows the animals through life. Some -have a nervous fit when excited or warmed up, others will not lead and -some you cannot drive at all. There is no cure for the trouble. All that -can be done is to prevent the habit from being formed or by removing the -animal from temptation and furnishing wholesome, nutritious food. - - -=LUMPY JAW.=--See Actinomycosis. - - -=LUNGS, CONGESTION OF.=--A filling of the lungs with blood. This is very -common with horses in winter and is most frequently due to a chill. -Animals that have been put to heavy work, or are in a weakened -condition, are frequently susceptible if left standing in a draft while -still warm. Sluggishness is noticed, first followed by trembling at the -flank, heavy breathing; the pulse will be noted as quick, but weak; a -gurgling sound will be noted if the ear is placed against the chest. The -best treatment is such as gives quick relief. If at work, place the -horse at rest at once in the stable and cover with blanket. Have plenty -of fresh air admitted, but do not allow a draft to blow over the -patient. Assist circulation as much as possible by rubbing of the legs -and apply cold pad to the chest. A mustard plaster applied over the -chest is very good. A good drench consists of alcohol in 2 ounce doses, -well diluted in water; at the same time another drench consisting of 4 -tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter and 2 tablespoonfuls of -laudanum, mixed with a pint of water, is also very good. If the -conditions indicate that the lungs are full of blood, add 10 drops of -Fleming’s tincture of aconite to the drench. The drenches may be given -two or three hours apart until relief comes, at which time quiet is -advised, although a little gentle walking for exercise is advisable. - -From this time on treat the animal as a patient, giving easily digested -foods. A tonic consisting of ground gentian root and nitrate of potash, -half and half, is excellent. Give a teaspoonful of this in the feed -three times a day. - - -=LUNG FEVER.=--See Inflammation of the Lungs. - - -=LUNG WORMS IN LAMBS AND CALVES.=--It has been proven in years gone by -that the common spirits of turpentine, when mixed with salt in -proportions of a gill of turpentine to four quarts of common fine salt -and placed in a covered box so constructed that sheep and calves can get -their head in and eat the salt (yet the salt be protected from the -weather), will practically prevent an infection. Some have advised the -mixing of a half pint of sublimed sulphur with the salt and turpentine. -There can be no objection to the sulphur when added in the proportions -named. This remedy is not a cure but a preventive. In fact there is no -cure, as these worms are in the bronchial tubes and lungs, where no worm -destroyer can reach them directly. But when the lamb or calf daily -partakes of even a few drops of turpentine, the whole system becomes, to -an extent, infected with the turpentine, and as the young worms come -into existence, their home in the lungs becomes a very unhealthy home -for them and they fail to mature. In some cases mature worms have been -removed by injecting a mixture of turpentine, chloroform and olive oil -into the windpipe, using about a teaspoonful of this mixture. Its effect -is to stupefy the worms that it touches, and they may be coughed out by -the suffering lamb or calf. The fumes of burning sulphur has also been -advised by some veterinarians. But both remedies are as liable to kill -as cure, and are by no means always successful. The farmer’s business -should be to prevent, not cure, diseases of this class; therefore -prepare the salt box. - -[Illustration: LYMPHANGITIS - -This kind of inflammation is usually seen in the hind legs. It is most -frequent in heavy draft horses, or in coarse plethoric individuals. It -occurs most frequently after a short period of idleness.] - - -=LYMPHANGITIS.=--An inflammation of the lymphatics, usually of the hind -legs. Hence the name “big legs.” It is the result of too rich feeding, -and too little work in many cases on the one hand, or of overwork and -insufficient food on the other. Lymphangitis often follows other -diseases like distemper, influenza, or pneumonia, in which cases the -system is weakened and the lymphatics in abnormal condition. It shows -itself after a short period of idleness and rest. It usually begins with -a chill and a rise of temperature, which may be as much as 105 degrees, -depending on the intensity of the attack. One or both hind legs may show -swelling and be so stiff and sore after standing during the night as to -be moved only with difficulty when the horse is taken out of the stable -in the morning. The horse in moving seems able to bear little or no -weight on the affected leg. At the same time, the pulse is full and -throbby, respiration is fast, the bowels are constipated and the -appetite is lost. - -In some cases the legs swell to an enormous size. If the inflammation is -not relieved in a few days, the glands get badly diseased and blood -poison may result. The disease, however, if taken in time, is easily -treated. If it is caused by overfeeding, change this; give more -exercise. When the disease is first noticed, give the horse 4 -tablespoonfuls of aloes, 4 tablespoonfuls of carbonate of soda and 4 -tablespoonfuls of ginger. These should be dissolved in a half pint of -boiling water, then mixed with a half pint of cold water, and then given -as a drench. If the pulse is fast, it may be made easier and slower by -giving 20 to 30 drops of tincture of aconite, every couple of hours. A -couple of tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potash in the drinking water -three times a day will increase the urine. This is desirable to do in -this disease. The leg should be bathed for at least a half an hour and -then dried and a wash consisting of 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate of -lead, 8 tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium, and a quart of water should -be applied to the legs. This should be rubbed in well with the hand -every hour. In from 20 to 30 hours, a great change for the better will -be noticed the inflammation will have been reduced; the pain will have -disappeared and the bowels will be loose and active. - -From now on give general exercise at frequent periods, during the day. -In cases caused by overwork or too little food or those following -debilitating diseases, like influenza or distemper, the treatment should -be more stimulating; therefore, nutritive foods and tonics are best. -Good hay and oats and other feed of a laxative nature should be -furnished. - -A preparation, consisting of 4 tablespoonfuls, each, of tincture -chloride of iron, tincture of gentian, and ginger in a pint of water -three times a day will be found both stimulating and nourishing. If the -disease has progressed so far that the legs break and show that matter -is formed, wash them with warm water and follow with acetate of lead, -sulphate of iron and carbolic acid. Use 2 tablespoonfuls of each in a -quart of water and apply twice each day. If the swelling hangs on use -Fowler’s solution of arsenic, 4 tablespoonfuls to a dose in a bran mash -once a day. Continue this for four or five weeks. A salve made of 2 -teaspoonfuls of iodide and 8 tablespoonfuls of vaseline should also be -rubbed on the leg twice a week. - - -=MAD DOG.=--See Hydrophobia. - - -=MAGGOTS.=--The grubs of the ordinary flesh-flies so common about -stables and houses. The adult fly deposits the minute larvæ in fresh -meat, in wounds, and frequently in dirty wool. These become the maggots -so well known about the farm. The distress caused by these when present -in a wound is considerable, and they endanger life. - -The best treatment is in line of cleanliness. Keep old wounds clean by -means of antiseptic washes and tag the sheep that no filth and dirt may -accumulate. If for any reason maggots are found, open the infected part -and remove, if possible, both the maggots and sloughed tissue. Old sores -or wounds, if they will not lend themselves to complete removal of the -maggots, should be treated with a solution of carbolic acid and water. -On some, turpentine can be used. Chloroform may be sprayed on, or -injected into the wound with almost instant results. After the maggots -are destroyed follow up the treatment with a good disinfectant until the -wound has healed. - - -=MALLENDERS.=--An eruption of the skin above the feet in horses. The -disease at first is very much like eczema. In time the watery fluid -dries up and the sore parts become covered with hard crusts and scabs. -The sore spots should be washed with some good disinfectant and repeated -frequently enough to destroy the infection. A moderate purge is -advisable. See that only wholesome food is provided. - - -=MAMMITIS.=--Inflammation of the mammary gland or udder. The disease is -frequently called caked bag and garget. In the last named, the milk -secretion is altered and appears as a thick or a stringy fluid. Heavy -milkers are most commonly affected. The udder becomes swollen, hot and -somewhat tender just before calving. The swelling may extend forward -along the belly. It often gets so severe as to require treatment. It is -in this sense physiological. In a few days after calving, as a rule, the -swelling disappears and the normal condition is regained more quickly -if the calf is allowed to suck the cow. In the first stages bloody milk -is secreted and often pus is formed in one quarter or more of the udder. -The udder should be carefully milked, cleaned, and, if the milk ducts -are closed, it may be necessary to use a milk tube. This should be used -cautiously so as not to injure the tissue of the udder and should be -perfectly clean before inserting, otherwise serious inflammation may -result. In bathing, use hot water for 15 to 20 minutes at a time, after -which rub dry and apply an ointment made by dissolving 3 tablespoonfuls -of gum camphor and 4 tablespoonfuls of fluid extract of belladonna to a -pint of clean, fresh lard. This ointment should be applied three times a -day. - -A more serious form of the disease is known as contagious mammitis, and -is due to invasion of the gland by bacteria. In cases of this kind the -inflammation is more extensive and the disorder calls for more careful -treatment. Since the milk contains bad bacteria, it is necessary to -destroy them so as to prevent spreading of the disease. The milker -should have clean hands and should wash them in a disinfecting solution -before milking another cow. The milk tube may be necessary in -withdrawing the milk. After the milk has been removed from the udder, -inject a solution of peroxide of hydrogen or dioxygen or a solution of -carbolic acid, 1 part to 50 parts of boiled water. After the solution -has acted for a few minutes, it should be milked out. The external -treatment for contagious mammitis should be similar to that of ordinary -mammitis. - - -=MANGE.=--See Scab in Cattle. - - -=MILK FEVER.=--It is a remarkable fact that this disease occurs most -commonly in cows which calved easily. This is explained by the fact -that in such cases the os uteri remains relaxed for a greater length of -time than it does in cases of difficult parturition. Milk fever -generally occurs in cows which are heavy milkers, and great eaters. -Keeping the animals in permanent stables, and feeding large quantities -of rich food while they are giving no milk are predisposing causes. - -The disease makes its appearance usually in from 24 to 48 hours after -parturition. It seldom occurs after the third day, and some authors -state that it has never been recognized before the starting of the milk -secretion. The most salient symptoms to the average layman would, -perhaps, be the anxious expression of the animal, bellowing and mounting -into the manger. Later they become very weak, stagger and fall, and are -unable to rise. The members are usually extended in a rigid position. A -rattling or whistling noise is heard in case the larynx is paralyzed. -The feet, ears and horns feel cold to the touch. When a case is going to -recover we see improvement as early as the second or third day. Recovery -is usually complete at the end of from two to five days. - -Milk fever is one of the cases where the old maxim, an ounce of -prevention is worth a pound of cure, is doubly applicable. If proper -precautions were taken a large number of cases could be prevented. Give -the pregnant animals daily exercise, and decrease their allowance of -food. - - -=Treatment Very Simple.=--Make the cow comfortable. Now give her a small -dose of Epsom salts from one-half to one pound, depending on her size. -This should be given as a drench. Animals afflicted with this ailment -swallow with difficulty. Use care that the drench does not get into the -lungs. Perhaps the most satisfactory medical treatment is to use what -is known as the Schmidt treatment. This is nothing more than injecting -into the udder a solution made by dissolving in one quart of clean -boiled water 3 teaspoonfuls of iodide of potash, after stripping all -milk from the udder. A very satisfactory way is to get a rubber tube, -attach it to a common milking tube which is placed into the teats in -turn and pour the solution into the tube by means of a funnel. By -massaging the udder the solution can be worked into each quarter in a -short time without difficulty. - -In case iodide of potash is not available, inject air into the udder -after drawing out the milk. I have known of many cases where air has -been forced into the udder by means of a bicycle pump, and the animal -recovered in a very short time. If the disease does not respond to the -treatment with readiness, repeat in a few hours, say, anywhere from five -to ten hours after. Cold water or ice on the head is advisable. The use -of stimulants is also recommended. Whiskey can be given in doses of 10 -to 15 tablespoonfuls and jamaica ginger 6 to 8 tablespoonfuls. Milk the -cow frequently and massage the udder, bathing in hot water. - -After the cow is on the way to recovery, withhold milk-stimulating foods -for a few days and give some tonic like gentian and nux vomica, half and -half, 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls two or three times a day. - - -=MONDAY MORNING SICKNESS.=--See Azoturia. - - -=NASAL GLEET.=--When a cold or simple catarrh is neglected it may run -into a chronic condition giving rise to nasal gleet. A thin, bluish -discharge comes from the nose; and the membranes of the nostrils, -instead of being moist and pink in color, take on a leaden hue. The -coat at the same time shows unthriftiness. In such cases the face and -head may swell because the accumulated materials fail to pass out. When -these bunches are tapped with the fingers, a dull sound is heard. -Treatment consists of isolating the animals and giving them good care, -nutritious food and well-ventilated quarters. A bucket, filled with -boiling water, in which a half cup of turpentine is placed, and held -under the nose to steam the nostrils and face, is excellent. Any sort of -blanketing that will hold the steam about the head is very good to have -at hand at the time. For internal treatment give a teaspoonful of -sulphate of copper three times daily in a small bran mash; following -this drop the copper sulphate and give 2 tablespoonfuls of Fowler’s -solution of arnica twice a day in the mash. Should the bulges on the -face become large, it will be necessary to open them. Often a part of -the bone requires sawing out to get effective results. In these severe -cases it is best to have your veterinarian make the operation. - - -=NAVICULAR DISEASE.=--A disease of the navicular bone and the structures -surrounding it. It is called “coffin joint lameness.” This bone is -situated at the back and inferior part of the coffin joint, and acts as -a pulley over which the flexor tendon of the foot passes. Horses with -upright pasterns are most liable to it, as more weight is thrown on this -joint. Those shod with calkins on their shoes, which prevent the frog -from coming in contact with the ground, therefore causing a shock to -this joint, are also very liable to it. Some horses have hereditary -tendency to this disease. Nails penetrating too deep through the sole, -or anything that will cause inflammation of this joint, is likely to -produce navicular disease. The most prolific cause is bad shoeing. By -degrees the inflammation in a chronic form extends to other parts, -causing a shrinking of the soft parts, resulting in contraction of the -foot. - -The lameness may appear suddenly and perhaps immediately after the horse -has been shod, and is then usually thought to be the fault of nailing on -the shoe. It is likely in this case that the smith has pared the sole -and frog too thin, and that the part has suffered from a bruise by the -horse stepping on something hard. After a rest it may disappear, to -return after the next drive. Sometimes the disease is of very slow -progress in one or both fore feet. The first thing that is noticed is -that the animal points its toe, and if both are affected, first one, -then the other. The animal may not be lame, but it does not step out so -well as it used to, and by degrees the part gets more tender, until the -animal begins to go lame, and the lameness gradually gets worse. There -is a form of this lameness where the animal shows stiffness and lameness -when first taken out of the stable, but, after being driven for a short -distance, it passes off, and after it stands for awhile it will start -off lame again. If this disease lasts for some time the muscles of the -chest and shoulders seem stiff and may shrink. This has been called -“chest founder” by horsemen. This is brought about by the soreness of -the feet. The horse is afraid to step out, giving it the appearance of -being stiff; the muscles of the chest and shoulders will shrink from -want of proper action, caused by the feet being sore. If there is heat -and tenderness in the hollow of the heel or a redness of the sole, and -an absence of any other disease of the foot or leg, we may consider -with almost a certainty that it is a case of navicular or coffin joint -lameness. The result is contraction of the foot. - -Take off the shoes, so that the frog will rest on the ground, then -poultice the feet with bran, made up with cold water if it is a recent -case, but if it is of some months’ standing hot water is better than -cold; put the poultices into bags made a little larger than the foot; -put about two inches deep of the bran mash into the bag, then put the -foot in and fill in all around as high as the fetlock, and tie the bag -above the fetlock and around the ankle to keep it well on the foot. Wet -this several times a day and change it once daily. Continue this for two -weeks, and see that it is properly done; if not, it will be of no -service. Then blister the coronet with cantharides 2 teaspoonfuls and -lard 4 tablespoonfuls. Repeat in three weeks, and give the animal a long -rest. - - -=NITS.=--See Bot Flies. - - -=NODULAR DISEASE IN SHEEP.=--Nodules resembling those of tuberculosis -found in the intestines of sheep, are due to the presence of parasitic -worms. Profuse diarrhœa and a pronounced anemic condition prevail. A -post mortem examination of the intestines discloses the presence of -numerous nodules in the intestinal walls. If the worm is present, no -treatment is possible, for the reason that any medicine that would -affect the worm would also affect the tissues and lead to their -destruction. Prevention, therefore, is the only means of overcoming the -disease. Sheep must be kept off infested pastures, and infested pastures -must be plowed and given over to cultivated crops. Give lambs only clean -pastures to graze over. This means crop rotation in connection with -sheep husbandry. No feed that has been tramped over by infected sheep -should ever be supplied to lambs or sheep not infested with the disease. - - -=OBSTETRICS.=--Difficult parturition is common in some females. And -frequently others, less bothered as a rule with any difficulty at this -period, deliver their offspring only after great labor and much -difficulty. When such cases occur close vigilance not only frequently -hastens delivery, but often saves the life of either the mother or -offspring or both. - -[Illustration: NATURAL PRESENTATION OF THE FOAL - -In either of these cases delivery follows in the usual order without -delay or injury to the mother.] - -In many instances the trouble is seated in the womb; the neck of the -womb remains closed, and even though long-continued and vigorous efforts -are made, the offspring does not arrive. In cases of this kind -assistance can be rendered which quickly removes the difficulty. First -oil the hand and forearm and work the fingers into the passage, gently -pressing it open. If the womb does not yield to this treatment saturate -a sponge or cloth with extract of belladonna and rub it around the neck, -leaving it thus for a little while. On removing the sponge the passage -will open. - - -=Manner of Delivery.=--The natural position of the fetus at birth calls -for the fore feet forward with the head resting on the knees. The fore -feet, therefore, in a normal delivery, are first presented and then the -head. If the fetus is not unduly large, the mother will likely force the -delivery without assistance. In case the struggle is extended gentle -assistance will be in order. This can be rendered by a gentle pull on -the legs and head. If this does not bring the offspring, you can -consider that something is wrong. However, do not be hasty, just give -time. Mares usually deliver in a few minutes and cows often require an -hour or so after labor begins. If you conclude that something is wrong -oil the hand and arm. Shove the fetus back and ascertain, if possible, -the trouble. If this examination shows dropsy of the abdomen--water in -the belly--puncture the abdomen with a knife in order that the fetus may -be delivered. If the trouble is with the head--water in the -brain--puncture the head that the water may run out, and then remove the -arm and hand. When the struggle pains come on again, give a gentle pull -and delivery will follow. - -Frequently the position is changed. Sometimes but one fore foot appears -with the head, making it impossible to deliver the offspring. When a -case like this occurs, shove the fetus back and bring the unpresented -leg forward where it belongs, and then likely no further trouble will -result. If the legs are in proper place but the head turned backward, it -will be necessary to push the fetus back into the womb and bring the -head forward in position. In case the head resists your efforts, adjust -a noose over the head, and while you work with your hand inside, have an -assistant gently pull on the rope, in order to draw the head into the -proper position. After the head and fore feet are put in natural -position, delivery will follow without further difficulty. - -When all four feet appear together it is necessary to push the fore feet -back into the womb just as far as it is possible to force them. This -done, pull now on the hind feet and bring the fetus out, hind feet -first. It is always a mistake to attempt delivery with the head first -when delivery has proceeded as suggested in cases of this nature. - -[Illustration: ABNORMAL PRESENTATION OF THE FOAL - -Delivery is not possible in either of the cases here illustrated. Where -such occur assistance must be rendered. See article on obstetrics for -treatment.] - -Where delivery is attempted with the hind legs foremost, it is regarded -as safe, provided the feet come out as they should. If any difficulty is -encountered, shove the fetus back, straighten the legs, and then with -the renewal of the labor struggles assist the mother by a gentle pull on -the hind legs. - -Another common presentation is where you feel nothing but the tail, rump -and hips. Adjust the fetus for proper delivery by shoving the hind end -upwards and towards the front of the womb, then slip the hand down and -get hold of the foot of the hind leg and lift upwards and backwards -until the legs are brought out into the passage. Now repeat the work for -the other leg and the job is done. - -It is always a good plan, after difficult parturition, especially when -any abnormal discharge appears, to wash out the womb with warm water in -which a little carbolic acid or creolin is placed. Use this daily for a -few days. - - -=PALISADE WORM.=--The worms are found in the horse in two periods of -existence. The mature worms are usually found attached to the mucous -membrane of the intestinal wall of the large intestine, with the head -sunk deep for the purpose of sucking blood, which gives them the brown -or red color. The immature are found sometimes in the same organs, in a -small capsule covering, in small pellets of manure, in cavities or -cysts, varying in size from a pin-head to that of a hazel nut, in the -walls of the intestines, and also in the arteries and other structures -of the body. - -When present in the kidneys or in the arteries leading to the kidneys, -or in the surrounding tissues, a horse is especially sensitive to -pressure over the loins. They have been known to cause paralysis. When -found in the brain, an animal, when working, suddenly begins to stagger, -the eyes become fixed, and the horse shows many of the symptoms of -“blind staggers.” When the large arteries of the abdomen are affected, -and this is their favorable location in the circulatory system, the -animal is frequently subject to colic, which often results in death. -This is also the case when found in great numbers in the intestines. - -From a thorough investigation of a great many cases, both before and -after death, the conclusions are drawn that the parasite evolves a -poisonous substance (toxin), which, in many instances, stupefies the -brain or parts of the nervous system of the horse, and in that way -causes coma, paralysis and death of the animal. - -Prevention is the best treatment. Hay and fodder from swampy land are to -be looked upon as suspicious. Pastures which are subject to overflow -should be avoided. Medicinal treatment consists of a prolonged, careful -use of some of the essential oils or other vermifuges. The ordinary -spirits of turpentine has proved a fairly good common remedy. An -ordinary animal will stand 8 tablespoonfuls of turpentine given in a -pint to a quart of raw linseed oil, thoroughly mixed. If the animal is -badly affected, the above dose may be given night and morning for two or -three days, then omit for a week or two and repeat. The remedy should be -discontinued as soon as the animal shows signs of irritation of the -kidneys. - - -=PARALYSIS.=--A loss of power over some of the muscles due to a -disordered state of the brain or nerves. This may result from disease or -injury or some irritation. In horses and cattle the hindquarters are not -infrequently affected in this way, the result of indigestion from -constipation or from attacks of colic. The animal shows weakness in one -hind limb, moving it with difficulty when the opposite limb may then -become affected. If the attack is very severe, the animal falls on its -haunches and may not be able to rise. Temperature, pulse and -respiration, all are rather normal. Treatment should be directed to -remove the cause of the disease. When there is colic or constipation, -give purges. A half teaspoonful of extract of nux vomica, given in a -pint of milk twice a day, is very good. Pouring cold water from a -height and then immediately hot water sometimes greatly strengthens the -muscles and has its use in treating. Rubbing the parts with mustard -stimulates them, and in some cases good results. Paralysis resulting -from injury usually disappears as the part returns to its normal state. - - -=PARASITES.=--These are living plants or animals that live temporarily -or continually in the bodies of other plants or animals and draw their -nourishment from their host. It is doubtful if there is a single farm -animal that does not harbor parasites at nearly all times during its -life. There may be many of these in the same individual at the same -time. Parasites may be harmful or not, as the case may be. Parasites may -be divided into two classes--plant parasites and animal parasites. The -bacteria and molds are the most important among the former, whereas in -the latter certain minute protozoa, certain forms of insects and certain -worms are the most commonly met. Such diseases as staggers, -tuberculosis, and typhoid fever are the result of bacterial diseases, -while Texas fever is an example of the protozoa class; and then the -insects and worms are types with which we are all acquainted. When a -disease is caused by either, discussion will be found under the name of -that disease. - - -=PARTURIENT APOPLEXY.=--See Milk Fever. - - -=PARTURITION, DIFFICULT.=--See Obstetrics. - - -=PERITONITIS.=--An inflammation of the membrane which lines the -abdominal cavity and which also invests the abdominal organs. It may be -caused from some exposure to cold after some weakening disease. Some -injury to the abdomen or belly may cause it, or it may start from some -inflammation that has attacked the stomach, liver, intestines, or the -spleen. When attacked, a slight pain is felt and the animal lies down, -stretches himself, sweats freely, and moans. Then he rises, walks about -somewhat, and all the time breathes heavy and shows much weakness. The -pulse runs up between 75 and 100 beats a minute. In time the legs and -ears get cold. A good treatment is a pint of raw linseed oil, 4 -tablespoonfuls of laudanum, and 10 drops of aconite. Mix these and give -as a drench. A mustard plaster for the abdomen and something hot for the -back are desirable. In two hours, if the pain continues, give 4 -tablespoonfuls of laudanum and 10 drops aconite in a pint of lukewarm -water. Use as a drench. - - -=PINK EYE.=--A contagious epidemic disease of the horse affecting the -animal all over and particularly the membranes of the air passages. -There is general debility, considerable cough, and a general discharge -from the nostrils. The transparent covering of the eyeball becomes -inflamed. At times the disease is very fatal, many horses succumbing to -it. It is most common in the spring. - -One of the symptoms is the general weakness of the animal. He hangs his -head, and trembles; has little appetite and appears cold. The eyes show -a watery discharge and later a stare coat. The pulse at first is weak, -but quick, and later rising to 80 or 90 beats a minute. At this stage -the temperature is high, around 103 to 105 degrees. The breathing is -accelerated to about 50 times a minute. The bowels do not act, or act -very poorly, and the urine is very scanty. In treating, first isolate -the animal and disinfect the stables to prevent spreading. Any of the -common disinfectants will do. - -Good nursing is necessary. Keep the horse warm with blankets. Give him -soft, nourishing food. The eyes should be bathed three or four times a -day with hot water. A little boric acid, say, a teaspoonful to a half -pint of water, is good to use as a wash for the eyes and nostrils. To -keep the kidneys active and to reduce the fever, give a tablespoonful of -nitrate of potash dissolved in water two or three times a day. If the -horse is very weak, one-half glass of whiskey in a pint of gruel three -times a day is stimulating and helpful. It is better not to give any -physic of any kind. After recovery, the horse should be given little or -no work. A long rest of several weeks is necessary. - - -=PLACENTA.=--The covering of the fetus, commonly called the afterbirth. -As a rule, this comes away with the birth of the offspring. Occasionally -in the cow it remains attached to the walls of the uterus, and if not -removed will cause trouble, if not sickness and death. Soon after the -birth of the calf, if the afterbirth remains, decomposition sets in and -as a result the system is more or less poisoned. The first symptoms -observed are the offensive odor, the reddish discharge and the decrease -in the milk flow. - -If the afterbirth does not come away of itself, assistance is necessary. -Do this during the first or second day, or the third day at the latest. -To remove the afterbirth, tie up the cow and fasten her in a way that -she cannot jump around. Now introduce the hand and arm, after careful -washing and disinfecting and oiling, into the uterus and gradually and -gently break the buttons or attachments from the walls of the uterus -with the fingers. With patience these will come away and the whole -membrane be removed. An occasional injection is advisable. Use some good -disinfectant in the water, flush out thoroughly. - - -=PLEURISY.=--This disease occurs in the chest cavity and is found inside -the ribs and over the lungs. It is caused very much in the same way as -inflammation of the lungs, like exposure to cold, standing in a draft, -and cooling when warm. Some injury to the ribs may also cause the -trouble. - -In the early stages the animal is noticed to shiver, the pulse is quick -and strong, and there is great pain. The breath is heavy, and this is -noticed as far back as the flanks. While the animal may lie down, its -disposition is to stand up most of the time. There is an inclination to -cough, but this is suppressed, because of the pain occasioned by it; -therefore the cough really ends in a groan rather than in a normal -cough. The extremities of the body become cold. - -The best treatment endeavors to prevent the disease from developing. Do -just as you would in a case of inflammation of the lungs. Mustard -plasters for the chest on each side are good. Keep the body well -covered, including the legs and neck; have good ventilation in the -stable, but keep the patient out of any draft. - -As soon as the disease is noticed, mix the following in a pint of cold -water, and give as a drench: Ten drops of aconite, a half teaspoonful of -belladonna and two tablespoonfuls of laudanum. These should be given -every two hours until the pain subsides. If the animal seems to be weak, -and needs a stimulant, give 4 tablespoonfuls of spirits of niter and a -half glass of whiskey. This may be given in a pint of cold water mixed -with the gruel and given as a drench three or four times a day. - -At the same time use the following medicine to improve the kidney -action: One-fourth pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash and -one-fourth of a pound of gentian root. These are to be mixed well -together and a teaspoonful given three or four times daily. Soft foods -are desirable. A small amount of water should be given frequently. Small -quantities at a time are preferable to large quantities at infrequent -intervals. - - -=PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.=--This is a very contagious disease of cattle -introduced in this country from Europe. At one time it was a very -serious menace to the cattle industry. Thanks to the very aggressive -work of the United States Department of Agriculture, the disease has, so -far as is known, been eradicated from this country. No cases of the -disease have been reported during the past dozen years. - - -=PNEUMONIA.=--See Inflammation of the Lungs. - - -=POLL EVIL.=--A swelling or soreness at the top of the head. Usually it -is caused by an injury, like bumping the head in a doorway, or from a -bruise made by the halter or bridle. It is first noticed by a swelling -or soreness, which frequently causes trouble by forming an abscess; -sometimes this works down and even affects the bone. Treatment is very -simple if handled in time. Remove the cause and then bathe with warm -water and vinegar twice a day and apply a liniment of some kind. If the -abscess is formed, it should be opened with a knife at the lowest point -to remove the matter. From now on for a few days bathe the opening with -warm water in which has been added some carbolic acid or creolin. If the -case causes much trouble, you had better consult a veterinarian, as bad -cases frequently leave the neck stiff so that the animals are not able -to eat off the ground. - - -=QUARTER CRACK.=--See Sand Crack. - - -=QUITTOR.=--A name given to a fistulous opening upon the heels and -quarters of the coronary band, and is caused by treads, pricks in -shoeing, bruises, and suppurating corns. Any injury which will cause -suppuration within the foot will usually cause matter to form at the -coronet, and may result in quittor. The disease is indicated by a -swelling upon the coronet where the hair and hoof meet, great lameness, -and a discharge of thin or thick curdy pus. There may be one or a number -of small openings leading down into the sensitive part of the foot. The -parts surrounding the quittor swell and become hard and take on an -unhealthy action and are difficult to cure, and may be permanently -diseased. - -[Illustration: QUITTOR - -Fistulous wounds on any part of the coronet are usually the result of a -tread or bruise. If neglected serious trouble may result.] - -Clean the foot and put it into a bran poultice for several days, then -remove any horn that may be pressing on the sore part. If it is at the -heel remove the crust with a knife; if it is in front of the hoof rasp -it thin. Then probe the opening at the top to find the depth and -direction. Put a grain of bichloride of mercury into tissue paper and -roll it into a cone and press it down to the bottom of the opening. -Treat all the openings in the same way. Put the foot into a bag to -protect it from injury and let it alone for three days, then clean out -the openings and put in some more of the bichloride of mercury, and so -on for two weeks, or until the parts become healthy and the hard -swelling has decreased; then make up a bath of chloride of zinc one -ounce, cool water one gallon; put the foot into this twice a day for -twenty minutes at a time. As soon as the openings are healed blister the -coronet with the following: Mix 2 teaspoonfuls of cantharides with 4 -tablespoonfuls of lard; repeat in two weeks if necessary. When it is -time to put on the shoe and work the horse, a bar shoe will be best. If -the animal has much fever in the early stages of the disease give a dose -of aloes, and follow this by giving 2 tablespoonfuls of nitrate of -potassium twice a day in bran mash. Later in the disease give a -teaspoonful of sulphate of iron once a day in bran mash as a tonic. - - -=RABIES.=--See Hydrophobia. - - -=RHEUMATISM.=--A disease which affects the muscles or joints, wandering -from one part of the body to another. It affects nearly all animals, -including the horse, ox, dog, hog, and sheep. Rheumatism of the muscles -is usually due to catching cold, while rheumatism of the joints is often -due to some micro-organism. - -Stiffness, which usually comes on suddenly, is a characteristic symptom. -The animal may be able to move only with great difficulty. The joints -may crack when moved, the affected muscles are hard and painful to -touch, the soreness may shift from one part to another; and the animal -sometimes makes a quick recovery, only to be followed by another attack -in a short time or perhaps never again. These symptoms may be associated -with a rise in body temperature and increased pulse. The disease may -last for a long time or only for a few days. In chronic cases the -muscles decrease in size in the parts affected. In the dog it is very -painful when caused to move and he will howl, or even howl when he -thinks he is going to be moved. In sheep it seldom occurs except in -young lambs. Pigs are often affected in the legs or back, sometimes -becoming paralyzed in the hind legs. - - -=Rheumatism of the Joints= usually shows very rapid swelling, increased -heat, and is very painful. The animal is often so lame that it will not -put any weight on the foot of the affected limb. - -For horses and cows, treatment consists of local applications of alcohol -50 parts and oil of mustard 1 part, rubbing it in well; or spirits of -camphor. Give at the same time internally 1 teaspoonful of potassium -iodide twice daily and not to exceed 12 doses; or salicylate of soda 4 -tablespoonfuls daily. Keep the animal warm and in a well-ventilated -stable. Pigs or dogs, according to size, should be given from 4 to 16 -grains of salol, also using the above local applications. - - -=RINGBONE.=--A growth of bone on the pastern bone, just above the hoof. -It causes lameness when it interferes with the joint or the passage of -any of the tendons. Some horses are predisposed to bony diseases from -the least injury, while others are not, and in selecting mares for -breeding purposes the former should be rejected. This disease results -from strains, bruises, or injuries to the cartilage of the joints. When -the membrane of the bone or cartilage becomes inflamed there may be -great lameness for several months before any enlargement takes place, -and it is somewhat difficult to detect. The absence of other diseases of -the foot, with some heat in the pasterns, and soreness on pressure or -moving the joints indicates this disease. In other cases the enlargement -may make its appearance for some time before the horse becomes lame, and -in some cases it may never cause any lameness, but should always be -looked upon with suspicion, as in the majority of cases it sooner or -later causes lameness. Ringbone is more difficult to cure on the fore -feet than on the hind ones, as the pasterns are more upright on the -former than on the latter, and, besides, the horse’s fore legs have to -bear two-thirds the weight of the body. - -The horse should have rest, and the shoes should be removed and the foot -pared level. If there is heat in the part, keep it wet with the -following lotion by means of a bandage saturated with it: Acetate of -lead half an ounce and water one quart. Continue this for a few days, -then apply a blister composed of cantharides 2 teaspoonfuls, biniodide -of mercury 1 teaspoonful and lard 8 tablespoonfuls. Rub on a third of -this with the fingers. It is not necessary to cut off the hair if the -blister is well rubbed in. Let it remain on for 24 hours, then wash off -and rub on a little lard. Repeat every second week until three blisters -have been applied. Keep the horse’s head tied while the blister is on so -that he cannot get his mouth to the part. The horse should have a few -months’ rest after this treatment. If it does not cure the animal it is -best to have him fired by a qualified veterinarian. - - -=RINGWORM.=--This is common in the domestic animals, especially in -calves and young cattle, and is contagious. It depends upon the presence -of a vegetable parasite, which develops and grows rapidly when it finds -a suitable place for development. Ringworm may affect any part of the -body, but its favorite seat is around the eyes, the face, ears, and -neck of cattle, and sometimes the back and hindquarters. - -A gray crust appears on the skin, and the hair drops out. This keeps -spreading in the form of a ring until around the eyes, the side of the -face, ears, or neck may be covered with it. It appears in the same way -on the back, hips, and inside of the hind legs. It does not seem to -affect the health of the animal, as it is found in the well-kept as well -as those poorly kept. - -First remove the crusts by washing with warm water in which one ounce of -carbonate of potassium has been put to every quart of water. A brush -should be used in washing the parts. Then use the following: Iodine 2 -teaspoonfuls and vaseline 4 tablespoonfuls. Rub a little of this on with -a gloved hand. Repeat in three days. Or mix carbolic acid 1 ounce with 2 -ounces of alcohol and apply a little of this to the parts with a feather -once or twice; this last is very effective. - - -=ROARING.=--A disease, due to the wasting of the larynx; is -characterized by loud, unnatural sounds after any violent exertion. The -disease sometimes follows distemper and influenza or a local injury to -the throat. Once established the disease is incurable. In its early -stages repeated light blisters may help. A common blister can be made of -a half teaspoonful of cantharides, a half teaspoonful of biniodide of -mercury and 4 tablespoonfuls of vaseline or lard. - - -=ROUP.=--A disease of the mucous membrane in fowls. It is of the nature -of an inflammation, with a discharge from the eyes and nostrils usually -accompanying. Damp and unsanitary quarters favor the development and -spread of roup. It is clearly a germ disease, and, therefore, -contagious. It is spread by means of infected quarters and fowls. All -discharges must be destroyed by disinfection, and the diseased fowls -quarantined off by themselves. The dead should be burned. Keep the -quarters light and airy; admit an abundance of sunshine and fresh air. -Feed wholesome, nutritious food, that the poultry stock may ward off the -disease. The best treatment is that which prevents spreading to healthy -fowls. If an outbreak occurs, disinfect thoroughly, liberally, and -continuously. Antiseptics administered about the head will usually break -up the disease. Creolin is good--say, 1 part to 100 parts of water. -Kerosene is also recommended. - -In a sense, roup is the result of neglected colds. The birds sneeze, and -manifest their uneasiness as animals do with common colds. A teaspoonful -of pure carbolic acid to each gallon of drinking water is an excellent -preventive and can be provided at small cost. - - -=SAND CRACK.=--A crack found in any part of the wall of the foot. The -crack is due to over-exertion. When the hoof is dry and hard and -brittle, the crack usually begins at the top and extends downward. -Frequently the sensitive tissue creeps into the crack, causing pain, and -from which blood frequently issues. When a crack is first seen, the feet -should be poulticed with linseed meal for a few days. This will remove -the inflammation and soften the hoof. The next step will be to pare out -a piece of the hoof at the top, separating it completely from the -coronary band a half inch or so on each side of the crack down to the -quick. Fill this hole with tar. A bar shoe attached so as not to rest on -the wall where the crack is located is very helpful. - -[Illustration: A CATTLE BATH TUB - -The tank here shown is used for dipping the cattle for treatment of -mange. The dipping tank is now generally used throughout the West.] - - -=SCAB IN CATTLE.=--Scab or itch, sometimes called mange of cattle, is -caused by a minute mite that lives upon the surface of the skin, -burrowing into it. Other animals are not attacked by this parasite, -although a similar one does afflict sheep. So long as cattle are doing -well on grass, no disturbance is noticed. As soon, however, as they are -placed on dry food and cold weather sets in, the disease appears, and, -if the cattle do poorly, develops into a very aggravating form. Old -cattle are less troubled, the attacks being more frequently on calves -and yearlings and two-year-olds out of condition. In the early stages -the itching of the skin in the region of the neck or shoulders is first -noticed. This is indicated by the animals digging at the skin with -teeth and horns and the constant rubbing against posts or barbed wire or -anything that may give relief at the time. The disease gradually spreads -along the back, sides and outside of legs. In the early stages the coat -looks rough, the skin has a scurvy appearance. In time, the hair comes -off or is rubbed off, presenting bald patches of thick, glazed and -wrinkled skin. After the hair comes off the parasites leave these -regions, seeking other quarters and then the hair grows in again. There -is a dejected and debilitated condition in animals thus afflicted and -they fail rapidly in flesh. Their appetites are poor and most of their -time is expended in scratching themselves. - -Scab spreads rapidly through a bunch of cattle, especially if they are -not thrifty, and disseminates itself through a herd in four to six -weeks. The thrifty, vigorous animals resist the infection for some time, -but they gradually succumb. The disease is spread by direct contact and -by contact with infected quarters. While the mites will live a week or -ten days in protected places, they are almost immediately destroyed by -direct sunlight. As soon as the disease is discovered in a bunch of -cattle, the infected animal should be isolated and the infected quarters -and rubbing posts disinfected with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic -acid. Infected animals should be well fed and cared for, and be salted -with a mixture of 1 pound of flowers of sulphur mixed with 10 pounds of -common salt. External treatment is necessary to affect a cure. If a -large number of cattle are affected, a dipping wash through which the -animals must swim in the dip is the best means for destroying the mites. - -The most efficient remedies, considering cost, are the coal tar products -advertised as dip solutions. A homemade dip that is both cheap and -effective for treating a small number of animals may be made of 3 pounds -of flowers of sulphur, 2½ pounds of unslaked lime, 15 gallons of water. -In making this unslaked lime into a thick paste, sift in the sulphur and -stir well. Put this mixture in a kettle with, say, five gallons of water -and boil for at least half an hour--a longer time is better. When the -chocolate-looking mass settles, the clear liquid is drawn off and water -enough is added to make 15 gallons. The dip will be more effective if -used when warm, just a bit hotter than the normal heat of the body. -After the animals are dipped, they should remain in the solution about -two minutes. This will be time enough to thoroughly saturate the scabs -and destroy them. A couple of ablutions are required for complete -eradication. When no treatment is resorted to, the dip should be applied -with a scrubbing brush, cloth or sponges and all scabs and crusts should -be thoroughly saturated. Warm sunny days are preferable for this kind of -work. - - -=SEPTIC NAVEL INFECTION.=--A diseased condition at the attachment of the -navel cord soon after birth. It is a good plan just after birth to apply -some septic powder to the navel at the breaking point. If trouble -arises, apply a solution of carbolic acid, 1 part to 20 parts of water, -after using some hydrogen peroxide. A little iodoform and alum, mixed -half and half, make a good dusting powder to use also. - - -=SHEEP BOTS.=--See Bot Flies. - - -=SIDE BONES.=--On either side of the coffin bone there is a cartilage -which may in certain cases become hardened by deposits of mineral -matters, which may thus lead to lameness. Side bones are situated on -one or both sides of the leg and bulge above the upper portion of the -hoof. They may be the result of inflamed conditions, bruises or troubles -like corns or hoof cracks. Slipping on the stony pavement is a frequent -cause, as well as the great weight of the bodies in heavy horses. If the -wagon tongue falls on the foot at this point, the cartilage may be -injured and induce the disease. The swelling is first noticed just above -the hoof or near the heel. Lameness soon follows. - -[Illustration: SIDE BONES - -When the cartilages on either side of the foot of a horse just at the -top of the hoof and close to the heel turn to bone, side bones are the -result.] - -The treatment usually recommended for side bones consists in the free -use of cold foot baths or cold water bandages for a week or more. -Tincture of iodine applied to the swollen parts is very good. A blister -applied after the water applications have been made for a week or so, is -used by many veterinarians. The blister is made of 2 teaspoonfuls of -cantharides mixed with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. It is rubbed in well -with the fingers and allowed to remain for 24 hours, when it is washed -off and applied a second time the following week. These applications are -continued until the lameness disappears. If this does not bring -permanent relief, then firing of the injured parts and several months’ -rest will be necessary. - - -=SLOBBERING.=--Some kinds of food cause an unnatural flow of saliva. -Fresh crimson clover hay is one of these. Of course the continual flow -of saliva is undesirable and unpleasant. It is unnatural and should be -checked as soon as possible. This can be accomplished by changing the -feed and then washing the mouth out with alum water. If a change is not -observed soon, give a good physic. For horses use 8 teaspoonfuls of -bitter aloes, a teaspoonful of common soda and a teaspoonful of ginger. -Mix these in a pint of water and give as a drench. For cattle, dissolve -a pound of Epsom salts, a tablespoonful of common soda and a -tablespoonful of ginger in a quart of lukewarm water and give as a -drench. - - -=SPASMODIC COLIC.=--See Colic. - - -=SPAVIN.=--This disease, known in common language as bone spavin, is an -enlargement of the hock joint similar to a ringbone about the coronary -joint. It may affect the hock joint in such a way as to cement the small -joints together, not causing lameness, and apparently no blemish, but -the free movement of the limb is impaired. Any condition which favors -sprains, such as fast driving over hard or uneven roads, unequal paring -of the hoof, thus causing the weight to be unequally distributed in the -joints, and severe labor in early life, or blows, bruises, or any -injuries to tendons, ligaments, or joints may cause spavin. In addition -to these causes may be mentioned sprains caused by jumping, galloping, -or trotting animals faster than they are accustomed to; also straining -by starting a heavy load, slipping on an icy surface or sliding on a bad -pavement. - -If the patient is examined before any bony growth has developed, -inflammation will be detected on the inside of the hock joint at the -junction of the cannon bone and the joint. While in the stable the horse -prefers to rest the diseased leg by setting the heel on the toe of the -opposite foot with the hock joint flexed. In traveling the patient is -very lame when first taken out of the barn, but after traveling for a -short distance goes sound. The diseased leg is not lifted clear from the -ground, but nicks the toe in the middle of the stride, which is very -noticeable on a pavement. A strained horse becomes very lame after being -allowed to stand for even a very short time, then moved again. - -Preventive treatment consists in keeping horses’ feet trimmed properly, -not overworking colts while young, careful driving on hard or uneven -roads, and avoiding all injuries that are liable to strain tendons, -ligaments or joints of the limbs. Even after a spavin has developed it -may be cured by proper treatment of the feet, and applying a fly -blister. The fly blister is prepared by mixing thoroughly 4 -tablespoonfuls of pulverized cantharides, 4 tablespoonfuls of biniodide -of mercury and 8 ounces of lard. The hair is clipped over the spavin and -the blister applied with considerable rubbing. The horse’s head should -be tied so as to avoid his biting the part blistered. A second -application of the blister is to be used about a month after the first. -If blistering fails to cure the spavin, point-firing may be resorted to. -It is necessary to “fire” rather deeply to secure good results, care -being taken not to fire into a joint. After firing, a fly blister should -be rubbed into the holes where the hot iron has been used. - - -=SPAYING.=--The removal of the ovaries to prevent breeding. Cast the -animal on her right side. Give an anesthetic to prevent pain. When the -animal is unconscious, free the limbs sufficiently to remove any -pressure from the abdomen. Now pinch up a fold of the skin in the left -side, midway between the prominent bone of the haunch or pelvis, and the -last rib, about 4 inches below the backbone. Make an incision in the -skin 5 or 6 inches long; now do likewise with the abdominal muscles -until the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity is exposed. This -membrane is then punctured and an incision made as long as that in the -skin and muscles. Now kneel down in close contact with the cow’s back -and insert the arm, passing the hand within the brim or cavity of the -pelvis. By so doing both ovaries can be secured and detached. This -ended, the operation of uniting the abdominal muscles follows by means -of stitches and sutures. - -Great care is necessary in having the instruments boiled and washed in -antiseptics, and in having the fingers, hands, and arms severely clean -and well saturated with a strong antiseptic solution. The operation -should be made out in the open where neither dirt nor dust are to be -found. Extreme care about germs will remove much of the risk associated -with the operation. - -In spaying a sow, she is laid on an inclined board with the hindquarters -up. The operator stands at the back of the sow. The hair is first -clipped from the skin where the incision is to be made, high up in the -flank and midway between the haunch and the last rib. The incision needs -to be just large enough to admit the two fingers. Ovaries are located, -pulled through the opening in the flank, and removed by tearing off with -the fingers. The flank incision is then closed by the necessary number -of stitches. - -This operation is sometimes performed in mares. But being rather -uncommon the process is less understood. In this case it is best to call -your veterinarian or someone in the community well skilled in the -operation. In all cases of spaying let severe cleanliness be the rule -and practice, from the very beginning to the very end. - -[Illustration: SPLINT] - - -=SPLINTS.=--Splints occur more commonly in the heavier breeds of horses -than in those that are light in the bone below the knee. It is rare that -splints occur anywhere except on the inside of the front cannon bone, -although they are sometimes seen on the outside of both the front and -hind legs. Any enlargement of the bone occurring on the inside of the -leg between the knee and fetlock comes under the name of splint. The -usual cause is concussion, that is, the impact of the foot on the hard -road. It may be the result of other causes, such as a blow, a twisting -strain or faulty conformation. Some animals are more liable to splints -than others. It is, after all, to a certain extent, dependent upon -heredity. At first the splint is hard to detect. If you notice a young -horse going lame while doing road work, it is well to examine for -splints. While working there seems to be no lameness at all, and when -standing there seems to be no pain, but when put to a trot the horse -shows lameness and may raise and lower his head. - -If taken in time, a splint can be cured. The first thing to do with an -animal suffering from a splint is to give the animal rest and place in -such quarters where there is a soft floor, preferably the ground, and -when so quartered one very frequently effects a complete cure. The -application of cold water bandages acts well. If treatment of this sort -fails, apply a blister of red iodide of mercury, 1 tablespoonful to 2 -tablespoonfuls of lard. This blister should be applied with rubbing -every day from two to four days, or until the area is well blistered. -Then wait until the little scabs fall off, and if the animal is still -lame, repeat the application of this blister. To apply the blister, clip -off the hair over the enlargement and wash with vinegar to remove -grease, then rub in blister with ends of fingers. Keep the animals tied -short for two to four days in order to prevent rubbing or biting the -leg. Four days after the last application of blister, wash carefully -with warm water and soap and over it apply every day or so a little -lard, to prevent drying and also to loosen the scabs. - - -=SPRAINS.=--Injuries to the ligaments of joints, tendons, or muscles. -They are caused by violence, as twisting, or from over-exertion; also -sprains are often the result of overwork. If an animal is worked until -tired or exhausted he is unable to use the proper muscle force, and more -strain has to be borne by the ligaments, resulting in sprains, which -often occur in young horses or even in old horses, when put to work -after long periods of rest. Swelling, heat, soreness, and partial or -complete loss of the use of the part, which is shown by the degree of -lameness, characterize the disorder. Sprains are most common in the -legs, at the fetlock joint, in the tendons just back and above the -fetlocks, but may occur in any part. - -The first and most important thing in the treatment of sprains is rest, -as sprains are a long time in making a complete recovery. In the early -stages, that is, before swelling has taken place, applications of cold -water should be used, applications of hot water, or hot packs of water, -1,000 parts, and bichloride of mercury 1 part, are very good. This will -relieve the pain and reduce the swelling. Applications of liniments are -also very good. Should there be great heat and soreness in the part, it -is well to use cold applications. Never blister in the early stages. A -blister may be used after the swelling has gone down, and the part has -become cold, from two to four weeks after the injury occurred. This -should be followed by rest for some time after all lameness has -disappeared. - - -=STAGGERS.=--Staggers in horses is an affection of the brain showing -itself usually in one of two forms--sleepy or stomach staggers and blind -or mad staggers. In the first form the stomach is at fault. Sudden -change of feed, moldy or dirty food heavy work or fast driving right -after a heavy meal or severe exposure is liable to cause indigestion in -the stomach and this is reflected to the brain, causing the animal to -act dull or sleepy, sometimes showing symptoms of serious colic, with -gas forming from the fermentation of the food, frequently resulting in -death. - -Blind or mad staggers is an inflammation of the brain and may affect any -of the lower animals. In the beginning of this form the symptoms closely -resemble those in the stomach form, but as the inflammation progresses -the animal becomes blind and violent and may roll, paw, kick, wander -around in a circle, usually going only one way, either to the left or -right, or it may walk or run in a straight line as near as possible for -hours at a time--paying no attention to injuries received in its -travels. In either case the animal may be drenched once daily with a -quart of raw linseed oil or a pound of Glauber salts, dissolved in -water, which sometimes gives relief. - - -=Staggers in Sheep= is mostly caused by the young stage of a tapeworm -which infests sheep dogs. The dog eats the infected brain of the sheep -and the sheep eats the egg of the tapeworm after it has passed through -the dog. After the egg hatches in the stomach of the sheep the young -worm passes through the bowels and other organs or tissues or circulates -through the blood and reaches the brain, where it develops and causes an -inflammation, resulting in disease. It is most common in young animals, -rarely occurring in sheep after their second year. - -Prevention is about the only practical way of handling this trouble. The -grounds should be thoroughly drained, allowing the animals only pure, -fresh water to drink. It may be necessary to change pastures for a year -or two. The brains of all sheep killed and the heads of all dying with -the disease should be burned. - - -=STOMACH AND INTESTINAL WORMS IN SHEEP.=--If a box of salt is kept -covered in some place frequented by the sheep, to which they are allowed -to help themselves, and if said salt is saturated with spirits of -turpentine in proportions of a gill to every four quarts of salt, it -will wonderfully help to keep the worms from multiplying. It is well, -also, to have another box of larger size, where sheep can help -themselves at will, filled with tobacco stems. These stems should be cut -up in inch lengths and from time to time a quantity of wheat bran should -be put on top of the stems. When this is done the sheep soon -instinctively learn to use tobacco, and no young intestinal worm or -stomach worm, except the tapeworm, can stand the diet. This will not -kill mature worms. It will only prevent the worm family multiplying to -the extent of injuring the health of sheep. - -[Illustration: TWISTED STOMACH WORMS - -A common attitude observed when sheep are afflicted with twisted stomach -worms. The animal loses in flesh, and unless relief is found in time, -dies. The parasite is shown in the illustration.] - -But no sheep owner should feel wholly satisfied by preventive treatment -of stomach worms. Twice a year the whole flock should be drenched with -some agent which will destroy the mature worms. There are two very -inexpensive drenches which will quite effectually do this. The one is -gasoline, the other coal tar creosote. The objection to gasoline is that -it needs to be so extremely carefully used or sheep will be killed by -it. The dose is 1 tablespoonful (never more at one dose) to a mature -sheep; mix with not less than 4 tablespoonfuls of raw linseed oil (never -boiled oil); then add a half pint of sweet milk. In giving, set the -sheep up on its haunches and shake the liquids well together until the -last minute it is administered, or the gasoline will separate and, if it -enters the stomach in the unmixed form, it will seriously injure and may -kill the sheep. - -There is no direct vermifuge that will as effectually kill all species -of worms in a sheep’s stomach and intestines as will gasoline; yet the -coal tar creosote or the more refined class of sheep dips, if given -after a full 12-hour fast, before the flock is turned to pasture in the -spring, and again about November, will destroy a large number of the -mature worms. All lambs born in April or May should be drenched about -August or September following, to be certain of ridding them of worms -that may later cause their death. The dose of any of the sheep dips is a -dessertspoonful mixed in a full pint of water. - - -=STONE IN BLADDER.=--See Concretions or Calculi of Urinary Organs. - - -=STRANGLES.=--This trouble, commonly called colt distemper, affects -horses, and rarely mules and donkeys. It is such an infectious disease -that nearly all horses contract the disease when colts and usually -remain immune to future exposures. The cause is a very small organism or -germ which enters the system when a healthy colt comes in contact with -a diseased one or when fed and watered in infected vessels. The seat of -trouble is largely restricted to the respiratory organs, occasionally -causing difficulty in breathing, owing to swelling in region of throat -or to accumulations in air passages. - -The symptoms start out with more or less sluggishness. The animal eats -little, and does not care to take much exercise. A little watery -discharge frequently appears from the eyes, and about the same time a -watery discharge from the nostrils, which soon becomes thicker and more -yellow in color. Usually the glands between the lower jawbones become -enlarged and undergo suppuration with a rupture of them and free -discharge of pus. The temperature of the animal may be slightly or very -greatly increased from 103° to 105°. The pulsations may also be -considerably quickened. When complications do not occur this disease -usually runs its course in two weeks, leaving the animal little the -worse for having passed through the affliction. - -The milder forms of this disease will need little or no treatment other -than careful feeding and nursing. A laxative diet, with something green, -if possible, should be given. The colt should be placed in clean, airy, -and comfortable quarters, but not in a draft. To hasten the suppuration -of the glands a poultice of hot bran or flaxseed may be applied to that -region, and as soon as softening can be detected within, puncture the -gland containing abscess with a clean knife blade and allow the escape -of the collection of pus. During the course of the disease the animal -should not be worked and care should be taken that it be not exposed to -conditions likely to produce a cold. - - -=STRINGHALT IN HORSES.=--Stringhalt is an involuntary contraction of the -muscles that bring the hind leg or legs forward. The cause of stringhalt -is a deranged condition of the nerves supplying the muscles, causing the -leg or legs to be brought up with a jerk. In slight cases of stringhalt -it is necessary sometimes to turn the animal round from right to left, -and from left to right, in order to make him show signs of stringhalt, -the symptoms of the disease being exhibited as he turns one way only. -This disease sometimes comes on suddenly, but generally develops slowly. -It is an unsoundness, and depreciates the animal’s value and makes him -unfit for hard work or fast driving. There is no sure cure for -stringhalt; the animal can sometimes be relieved by giving him one ounce -bromide of potassium at a dose twice a day in bran mash, and continuing -it for one week, then skipping a week and giving again. It can sometimes -be relieved by cutting the tendon or tendons of the affected muscles, -but the operation should be performed by a qualified veterinarian. - - -=SUNSTROKE.=--See Heat Exhaustion and Sunstroke. - - -=SWAMP FEVER.=--This disease, by some called infectious anemia of -horses, is produced by an invisible organism, which is transmissible to -horses, mules, and asses. About the first symptoms noticed are a general -weakness of the animal; it tires very easily and is not able to do any -work. The loss of flesh is apparent in spite of the voracious appetite -which the animal has at times. The appetite usually remains good until -death, but the feed seems to do the animal no good. The temperature is -very irregular. Some days it runs quite high, at times to 107°; again it -is below normal. An animal may have several attacks of the trouble, but -each succeeding attack seems to be more severe. The blood becomes thin, -and the circulation impaired, and frequently there appears a swelling -under the chest or abdomen, or an enlargement of one or more legs. It is -quite easy to recognize the trouble, especially in the advanced stages. -The slow progress at the beginning, remittent fever, progressive -emaciation and anemia, unimpaired or ravenous appetite, staggering gait, -and excessive urination are usually all present to a greater or less -degree. Recovery takes place only when treatment is begun early and when -the disease is not too acute. - -In treating, absolute rest until fully recovered is one of the primary -requisites, and purgatives are to be avoided. For the fever, the United -States Department of Agriculture recommends an antipyretic of quinine 40 -grains, acetanilide 2 drams, and powdered nux vomica 30 grains, four -times daily. Cold water sponge baths and frequent copious rectal -injections of cold water also aid in reducing the fever. After the fever -subsides the following is recommended: Arsenious acid, 2 grams; powdered -nux vomica, 28 grams; powdered cinchona bark, 85 grams; powdered gentian -root, 110 grams. These should be well mixed and one-half teaspoonful -given at each feed of the affected animal. - -As in the case of all other infectious diseases, the healthy should be -separated from the sick horses, and thorough disinfection of the -infected stable, stalls, litter, and stable utensils should be used by -mixing six ounces of any one of these chemicals with one gallon of -water. One of the approved coal-tar sheep dips might also be used to -advantage in a five per cent solution, and should be applied liberally -to all parts of the stable, and sufficient lime may be added to the -solution to make the disinfectant area conspicuous. - -From the fact that the disease is more prevalent during wet seasons, it -is always best to guard against allowing the animals to graze upon -swampy land or to drink from ponds of stagnant water. The spread of the -disease has been traced along creeks from one farm to another, which -would suggest avoiding these places also. The draining of the low, -swampy lands is especially recommended. - - -=SWEENY.=--Wasting of the muscles covering the shoulder blade of the -horse is commonly called “sweeny,” and the cause may be any strain, -sprain, jerk, or bruise of the parts due to a bad fitting collar, or to -awkward steps of a colt plowing for the first time, and especially when -worked in the furrow. The great nerves of the shoulder are affected, and -in consequence nutrition is impaired and the muscles waste away. A -similar condition may affect the muscles of the hip, or of the space -between the stifle and hip. - -Lameness seldom is a prominent feature in shoulder sweeny. Ordinarily -the wasting comes on some time after the causative injury; then the skin -alone appears to cover the bone (scapula) and the animal may have little -power for work. In this connection it should be remembered that wasting -of the shoulder muscles also may be due to any chronic lameness or -soreness of the foot, or leg, between foot and shoulder. Wasting -(atrophy) of muscles occurs when the muscles for any reason are not -fully exercised. It, therefore, is important to make sure whether the -cause is in the foot or in the shoulder before commencing treatment. - -Treatment consists in stimulating flow of blood to the poorly nourished -parts, and if this can be done the muscles gradually grow in again and -regain their normal development and power. An old-fashioned plan is to -make incisions in the skin and then blow up the parts with air to -separate the skin from the bone. This should not be done. Setons -(rowels) of tape may be inserted under the skin, but they leave scars. -Better treatment consists in rubbing the parts twice daily with a -stimulating liniment, or blistering at intervals of three weeks with -cerate of cantharides, after removing the hair. A suitable liniment may -be made by mixing together four ounces of druggist’s soap liniment, one -ounce each of aqua ammonia and water to make one pint. - - -=SWINE PLAGUE.=--See Hog Cholera. - - -=TAPE WORMS.=--The flat worms of domestic animals. They are most serious -and common in sheep. Treatment is only partially satisfactory. To get -any reasonable result food must be withheld for several hours before the -medicine is given. Use the following: 1 teaspoonful of ethereal extract -of male fern in four ounces of castor oil. It is desirable to keep the -sheep inclosed, so that the ground can be disinfected after the worms -are expelled, otherwise infection will occur right over again. - - -=TETANUS.=--See Lockjaw. - -[Illustration: TEXAS FEVER - -The annual loss to the South, because of the cattle tick, extends into -many millions of dollars. Investigations show that a complete -extermination can be effected at a cost of $6 per farm.] - - -=TEXAS OR TICK FEVER.=--The earliest accounts that we have of this -disease date back to 1814. It was found that cattle driven from a -certain district in South Carolina to other parts of the state would -infect others with the disease, while they themselves seemed to be in -perfect health. The disease is known by various names in the different -sections of the country. It is often called red water, Spanish fever, -Australian tick fever, and murain. - -[Illustration: A TYPICAL CASE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE - -The disease shows itself about the mouth, the feet and the teats. When -an outbreak occurs all affected animals should be destroyed and all -quarters thoroughly disinfected.] - -This is a specific fever, and is characterized by the peculiarity among -animal diseases that animals which scatter the infection are apparently -in good health, while those which sicken and die from it do not, as a -rule, infect others. - -When the cattle are brought into the infected districts they usually -contract the disease during the first of the summer, and if they are -adult cattle, particularly milch cows or fat cattle, nearly all die; -calves are more likely to survive. The disease is one from which -immunity is acquired, and, therefore, calves which recover from the -disease are not again attacked, as a rule, even after they become adult. - -When the disease is prevalent or scattered beyond the infected district -the roads, barns and pastures are dangerous until freezing weather, when -the disease disappears and cattle can be kept in the grounds or driven -over the roads without catching the disease. The midwinter months is the -only time that cattle can be safely driven from an infected area to a -non-infected area without spreading the disease. - - -=The Cause.=--Texas fever is caused by an organism which lives within -the red-blood corpuscles and breaks them up. It is not a bacteria, but a -protozoa, and belongs to the lowest forms of the animal kingdom. How it -gets into the blood corpuscles is not known. The fatality is due not so -much to the loss of blood corpuscles as to the difficulty which the -organs have in getting rid of the waste products arising from this -wholesale destruction. - - -=The Course of the Disease.=--After a period of exposure, which may vary -from 13 to 90 days, the disease first shows itself in dullness, loss of -appetite and a tendency to leave the herd and lie down alone. A few days -before these symptoms appear the temperature rises from 103° to 107°. -There is little change in temperature until death or recovery. - - -=Pathological Changes Observable After Death.=--The presence of small -ticks on the udder or escutcheon is a very important sign in herds north -of the Texas fever line. The watery condition of the blood. The spleen -or milt very much enlarged, and filled with a blackish pulp. Enlargement -of the liver, and its color changed to a mahogany color. The distended -gall-bladder, caused by an excessive amount of bile in it. - - -=The Cattle Tick= (_Boophilus bovis_) is the carrier of this disease. -Its life history is quite simple. It is unable to come to maturity and -reproduce its kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle, -whence it may obtain its food. The eggs laid on the ground by the female -tick after falling off the cattle begin to develop at once. The time -required for hatching varies considerably, according to the temperature. -In the heat of summer about 13 days, and in the fall, under the same -conditions, from four to six weeks. On pastures these little creatures -soon find their way on to cattle. They attach themselves, by preference, -to the tender skin on the escutcheon, the inside of the thighs, and on -the base of the udder. When very numerous they may be found on various -parts of the body. They remain clinging to the cattle until mature, and -then fall off and lay their eggs and hatch more new ticks. - - -=How Prevention Is Possible.=--The spread of Texas fever can be -prevented by two ways--sanitary arrangements and by vaccination. Where -the cattle are infected with the tick, the ticks can be killed by -smearing the animals with a solution capable of killing the ticks -without harming the cattle. In large herds a large vat of crude -petroleum is used to immerse the cattle in. In small herds smear the -cattle with a mixture of equal parts of cottonseed oil and crude -petroleum. - -How to rid the pastures of the tick without killing the vegetation on -them has for a long time been the problem. Divide the pasture in two -parts by a double parallel line of fence with a 10-foot space between, -to prevent ticks from crawling across. One of these pastures is then -kept free of cattle for two winters and one summer. After the second -winter it will be free of ticks and ready for tickless cattle, when the -other pasture is abandoned for the same time. - -Vaccination is for the purpose of immunizing cattle that are brought -from a non-infected district to an infected district. Calves about six -to eight months old should be used, as they are more immune than adult -cattle. The immunity is caused by introducing the germ into the blood in -a weakened form. This may be done in two ways--by placing virulent young -ticks on the calves or by artificial vaccination. When this is -practiced, it should be done in two or three inoculations, as it gives -better results. The intervals should be about three weeks. The amount of -virulent blood should be small the first time and increased in the -following treatments. - -The inoculation always results in a more or less serious attack of the -fever upon the animal treated. Some may die, but the proportion of -deaths resulting among animals taken directly into the infected -district is large to the proportion of deaths resulting from -vaccination. Medical treatment for this disease has proven -unsatisfactory in the acute form, although in some chronic cases some -good results may have been obtained by medical treatment. - - -=THICK LEG.=--See Lymphangitis. - - -=THOROUGHPIN.=--An enlargement situated on the sides and upper part of -the hock joint of the horse, arising from a derangement of the sheath of -the back tendon. The fluid with which it is filled can be pressed from -one side to the other, hence the term thoroughpin. It seldom causes -lameness. For treatment mix a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury with 4 -tablespoonfuls of lard. Rub on a little with the fingers, let it remain -on for 24 hours, then wash off and rub on a little lard or vaseline. -Repeat the blister every third week until the enlargement disappears. -The horse should have rest while under treatment. - - -=THRUSH.=--A diseased condition of the secreting surface of the fatty -frog in the foot. In severe cases the horny part often detaches from the -sensitive tissue within. Bad shoeing is a common cause of the trouble, -or anything else that prevents the frog from coming in contact with the -ground. Lameness is sometimes associated with the disease. Treatment -consists of careful cleaning, followed with linseed meal poultices if -lame. After the foot is made dry, insert calomel into the little -cavities. The calomel can be kept in and the dirt kept out by using -paper or cloth plugs. Follow this treatment until normal condition is -attained. - - -=THUMPS.=--This disease is limited in its action to pigs. Its cause is -not definitely known. It is recognized by a peculiar contraction of the -diaphragm in young pigs. While the pig may eat fairly well the -disturbance is associated with digestion. Such patients like to lie -around and take very little exercise. The disease is more common where -one kind of food like corn is fed. The old common method was to cut off -the ear. The common practice now is to give a purgative so as to relieve -the stomach and bowels of accumulated material. The food should be -changed and from 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls of Epsom salts should be given. -The jerking movement of the muscles may be relieved or stopped by using -laudanum, say, four drops to 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of aromatic spirits of -ammonia in a half pint of water. - - -=TICK FEVER.=--See Texas Fever. - - -=TRICHINOSIS.=--A disease caused by the trichina, a minute worm that -affects people, hogs and rats. People become affected with the disease -from raw or partly cooked pork. These worms are killed by thorough -cooking or by the process of hot pickling and curing meat products. - -Hogs become affected through eating offal and rats about the -slaughterhouses. Hogs that are fed on green grass and other wholesome -food, free from these minute worms, are less likely to have trichinæ -embedded in their flesh and muscles. Hogs do not seem to be bothered -with the trichinæ, but people suffer very severely, as both soreness in -the muscles and fever result. - -A few days after eating the trichinæ, the worms multiply very rapidly in -the digestive tract, from which they migrate to other parts of the body -and work their way through the tissues. There is no remedy in way of -treatment when affected. Prevention is the one cure. Inasmuch as five to -ten per cent of hogs are affected, it is advisable that all pork or ham -be eaten only after most thorough cooking. - - -=TUBERCULOSIS.=--Tuberculosis is a disease resulting from the growth of -tubercle bacteria in the tissues of the animal. The bacteria, or germs, -of tuberculosis, usually gain entrance to the organs of the body by -being taken in with the food. Sometimes they penetrate through the -membranes in the throat and get into the glands of the head. Sometimes -they are taken into the digestive tract, where they pass through the -walls of the intestines into the lymph channels and are carried through -the large lymph vessel into the blood circulation. In some cases it -would seem that the bacteria get into the lungs on particles of dust -that are inhaled. - -[Illustration: TUBERCULOSIS GERMS - -These germs may be inhaled in the lungs with the air, admitted to the -stomach and intestines with food and drink, or established in the flesh -by inoculation through broken skin or mucous membrane.] - -After getting into the body, tubercle bacteria multiply in the tissues -to which they have been carried and produce the changes in them which we -find on the examination of an animal suffering with tuberculosis. -Tuberculosis, therefore, is simply the outcome of the growth of the -tubercle bacteria in the organs. - - -=Where Tubercles Are to Be Found.=--Tuberculous areas may be found in -almost any part of the infected animal, but the organs that are usually -affected are the lymphatic glands, either in the throat, the bronchial -glands or those about the intestines and on the liver; the lungs; the -liver; the kidneys; intestines; udder and generative organs. The -membrane covering the lungs (pleura), the heart (pericardium), and -intestines (peritoneum), are frequently affected. It often happens that -a large mass, or masses, of tuberculous tissue grow over one or more of -these membranes. The most peculiar thing about bovine tuberculosis is -the fact that frequently an animal will appear to be perfectly well, but -when slaughtered will be found to have a large number of tuberculous -areas or masses on the membranes or in its organs. The reason for this -is that the diseased area is not at a vital point. - -The organ or membrane affected depends upon the one to which the germ is -carried. Usually animals are infected in but one organ in the beginning, -and from this diseased area the germs spread through the blood vessels -or lymph channels to other organs. When the diseased area is restricted -to one organ or part, it is called “localized” tuberculosis, because it -appears at the point where the seed or germ was first planted. When the -germs spread through the circulation from this first or primary diseased -area to other organs and set up new tuberculous growths, the condition -is called “generalized” tuberculosis. When cattle are slaughtered for -food, if they are found to be afflicted with localized tuberculosis, the -flesh is considered to be fit for food, but if the disease is -generalized the carcass is condemned. - - -=The Symptoms of Tuberculosis= vary according to the location of the -disease. If it is in the glands of the throat it is suggested by their -enlargement. If it is in a gland about the lungs, which, because of its -enlargement, presses on the œsophagus (gullet), there might be bloating. -If the disease is in the lung tissue there would be, after it is -sufficiently advanced, coughing and perhaps difficult breathing. If the -disease is in the liver, it cannot be readily distinguished until it is -far advanced. If the disease is in the udder it manifests itself usually -by the organ becoming firm or hard, and when the tissues are -sufficiently broken down the milk from that quarter will be changed in -appearance; sometimes it is thick, containing pus, sometimes thin and -watery. It is very difficult to diagnose tuberculosis from the symptoms, -as many other causes may give rise to similar manifestations. - -As tuberculosis is caused by a specific germ, the disease is spread by -the germs escaping from the diseased animals and getting into the bodies -of healthy ones. The tubercle bacteria escape from the infected animal -with some one or more of the natural discharges of the body. For -example, if the cow has a bad tuberculous area in the lung, the bacteria -may be discharged into one of the air tubes and coughed up into the -mouth. Some of them will escape with the saliva and infect mangers or -pastures. Some of them may be swallowed and escape from the body with -the feces. If the disease is in the udder the germs will escape with the -milk. There are some observations which indicate that sometimes the -bacteria will escape with the milk where the udder is not affected. -After the bacteria leave the diseased animal and are left in the manger, -or in the pasture, or on the surface of water in the drinking trough, -they can be readily taken up by healthy cattle that eat or drink after -them. If they escape with the milk, calves and pigs that are fed with it -readily become infected. After the germs get into the body of the -healthy animal they will multiply and produce the disease, just as the -seed of a noxious weed will, if blown into a new field, germinate and -produce the weed there. Tuberculosis spreads from animal to animal on -the same principle that weeds spread from one field to another. - -In order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis it is simply necessary to -prevent healthy animals from coming in contact with the diseased ones or -eating or drinking after them. - -As tuberculosis cannot be readily detected by a physical examination -until the disease is far advanced in the organs affected, it is -necessary, in order to determine which animals have the disease, to -apply some test or to find the germs of the disease in their excretions. -The simplest test that has thus far been discovered is the action of -tuberculin. When tuberculin is injected under the skin of the animals -affected with active tuberculosis the animals respond by a rise of -temperature, which follows a somewhat definite curve. By means of this -test it is possible to pick out the infected individuals so that they -can be separated from the healthy ones. The test should be repeated in -from six months to a year in order to detect any new cases which might -have developed from latent or arrested ones. We cannot always get all of -the infected animals with the first test any more than we can always -remove every weed from the garden by one hoeing. - - -=The Bang Method for the Control= of tuberculosis consists in separating -the animals that are infected from the well ones and keeping them for -breeding purposes. The calves are removed from their dams as soon as -born and fed with the milk of healthy cows, or the pasteurized milk of -the infected ones. It has been found that but a small percentage of -calves that are raised under proper precautions from such animals have -tuberculosis. By this means a sound herd of cattle may be developed from -tuberculous animals. This method was introduced by Prof. Bang of -Copenhagen, and it has been found to be very effective in Denmark and -other countries in Europe. It has been applied with much success in a -large number of individual herds in the United States. Its success -depends entirely upon the care which is taken in keeping tubercle -bacteria away from the calves. - -In purchasing cattle for dairy or breeding purposes it is important that -they should be taken from herds that are free from tuberculosis. The -sound herd is the unit to be dealt with. Animals from such herds are far -more reliable than non-reactors from tuberculous herds. - - -=TUMORS.=--Abnormal growths of tissues. There are many kinds of tumors. -They are named from the kind of tissue of which they are composed, as -fibrous and fatty. Just why tumors should develop is not known. -Treatment is in the direction of direct removal; this means they are to -be cut out with a knife. Another method is to tie a strong cord around -the stem of the tumor, thus shutting off the blood supply. As soon as -this is effected, there will be a sloughing away, with a sore remaining, -which is to be treated as in an ordinary wound. Some tumors are burnt -off with caustics. Arsenic or corrosive sublimate are commonly used, -either singularly or combined. Better consult a veterinarian about the -removal of tumors on valuable animals. - - -=TUMORS IN PIGS AFTER CASTRATION.=--Bunches form on the cords of pigs -after castration as a result of infection from dirty instruments or -hands during the operation; or from leaving the cord too long, thus -increasing the liability of its becoming infected. These tumors continue -to grow, and in the worst cases attain the size of a man’s head. Cut -down on a tumor the same as in a simple case of castration. Separate the -skin from the tumor and then swallow up the cord with the hands. Cut the -cord off as high up as possible. The wound may be healed by the use of -any of the common disinfectants. A teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a -quart of water may be used once daily until the pigs are healed. Pigs -should be kept in a clean pen after the operation. - - -=WARBLES.=--These are lumps in the skin of cattle, caused by grubs or -warbles. A simple treatment is to cut the skin and squeeze out the grubs -where the lumps are noticed. If all the grubs are killed in this way, -there will be no mature flies to cause trouble later on. See article on -Bot Flies. - - -=WARTS.=--The cause of these little tumors of the skin is not definitely -known. They occur on all domestic animals, appearing most frequently on -horses and cattle. Pure acetic acid, dropped on the wart until it is -saturated and softened, destroys in the early stages. Warts about which -a small cord may be tied are most easily treated in that way. After they -have sloughed off, apply a little terchloride of antimony with a feather -or cotton. When the scab forms, remove it and apply the chemical again. -With a couple of applications the spot will be lower than the -surrounding skin. Now use an ointment, made of 4 tablespoonfuls of oxide -of zinc and 8 tablespoonfuls of lard. Apply this daily until the sore -spot is healed. Sometimes a form of warts suddenly appears on colts and -calves and scatter themselves about the lips, nose and face. They are -common and appear and disappear suddenly. No treatment is necessary. - - -=WATER IN THE BRAIN.=--Dropsy in the brain. A condition characterized by -an accumulation of fluid in the brain. The disease is either congenital -or arises during the first years of life. When it occurs the best thing -is to kill the young individual at once. - - -=WATER IN THE CHEST.=--Often after a case of pleurisy a reaction comes -and a very large quantity of water settles in the chest cavity, anywhere -from two to four pailfuls. When the disease comes on the animal has -difficulty in breathing; takes in the breath quickly. There is a -constant biting at the flanks; the pulse increases to a hundred beats a -minute. If you place your ear over the chest you will likely hear no -sound at all. Best treatment is wholesome food, boiled flaxseed, and -blisters for both sides of the chest. Use strong mustard plasters. A -good medicine to use is one-fourth of a pound of saltpeter or nitrate of -potash, one fourth of a pound of ground gentian and one-fourth of a -pound of sulphate of iron. These should be mixed and then 1 teaspoonful -given every four hours. You had better consult a veterinarian. Other -complications set in so readily that help may be secured in other ways. -Some veterinarians puncture the chest so as to draw off the surplus -water that has accumulated. - - -=WHITE SCOURS OF CALVES.=--Calves of several days or weeks old suffer -from indigestion, which is indicated by thriftlessness, and then -scouring. The discharges are white, sour, curdled and frequent at first -and then become watery, greenish and offensive, passing in stream often. -Calves live some days and fast lose flesh, showing all the symptoms of -ill health. - -One of the commonest causes is feeding dirty, souring or decomposing -factory skim milk in large quantities at long intervals; even sweet skim -milk so fed may produce the trouble. To prevent scours give calves a -perfectly clean, airy, sunny pen and yard attached. Separate any calf -that scours. Avoid dirty, dark, damp, poorly ventilated pens in which -scouring calves have been. Give all food from clean, scalded, sun-dried -vessels. Feed small quantities of food often; and in milk mix lime water -freely two or three times a week as a preventive; and daily when -scouring has been experienced. Also see that the udders of cows nursing -calves do not become contaminated with manure or other filth. - -Wash udders with a two per cent solution of coal tar disinfectant before -any calf is allowed to suck for the first time, and then repeat to keep -the udders clean. Also disinfect the navel of each calf at birth with a -1/500 solution of corrosive sublimate and repeat the application twice a -day until the navel is perfectly healed over. At the first sign of -scours give castor oil shaken up in milk. Two to 6 tablespoonfuls is the -dose according to the size and age of the calf. Follow two or three -times daily with a 1 to 2-teaspoonful dose of a mixture of one part of -salol and two parts of subnitrate of bismuth in milk or water. For -calves scouring on skim milk mix in each pint of milk 1 teaspoonful of a -mixture of half an ounce of formaldehyde in 15½ ounces of distilled -water, to be kept in an amber-colored bottle. - - -=WIND COLIC.=--See Colic. - - -=WIND PUFFS.=--An accumulation of synovia in the cavities between the -tendons of the legs, especially between the back tendons and the bone -just above the fetlock joint. The bulging out is on each side of the -tendon. Horses subjected to severe exertions, like hard work on the -roads, are most frequently affected. The puffs or galls seldom cause -lameness or interfere with the usual work. Unless treated the puffs will -become thicker and harder and sometimes solidified. When this happens -lameness occurs. In the early stages, pads and bandages, if applied so -as to cause pressure, will tend to remove the galls. If this treatment -is not sufficient, then use a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury, and 4 -tablespoonfuls of lard. When mixed, these should be rubbed on with the -fingers. After 24 hours remove with water and soap and repeat every -other week until the puffs disappear. - - -=WIND SUCKING.=--See Cribbing. - - -=WORMS.=--See Intestinal Worms in Horses and Sheep; and Stomach Worms. - - -=WORMS IN HOGS.=--Hogs with worms in the intestines run down in -condition, become very thin and lank, back is arched, eyes dull, refuse -feed, walk stiffly, and appear lifeless. The worms may be very numerous, -in bad cases completely filling the intestines. The pigs die if not -treated. To secure the best results, affected hogs should receive -individual treatment. Twenty-four hours before administering treatment -very little feed should be given them. Then give the following medicine -as a drench to each 100-pound hog; larger or smaller hogs should receive -a dose in proportion: 4 tablespoonfuls of oil of turpentine, one-half -teaspoonful of liquor ferri dialysatus and 6 ounces of raw linseed oil. -If necessary, repeat the dose in four days. - - - - -Index - - - Page - Abortion, 101 - Abscesses, 103 - Aconite, 69 - Actinomycosis, 104 - Afterbirth, 106 - Aloes, 69 - Alum, 69 - Animal Body a Collection of Cells, 11 - Animal Body, How Formed, 9 - Animals, Caring for Sick, 99 - Animal Diseases, Learn to Recognize, 4 - Animals, Examining in the Stables, 42 - Animals, Out of Doors Test, 44 - Anthrax, 108 - Antimony, 71 - Apoplexy, 111 - Anemia, 107 - Aniseed, 70 - Arnica, 70 - Arsenic, 70 - Azoturia, 111 - - Back, 47 - Bandage, How to Make It, 57 - Barrenness, 113 - Belladonna, 70 - Big Head, 113 - Big Jaw of Cattle, 114 - Big Knee, 114 - Big Leg, 114 - Bile, 26 - Biniodide of Mercury, 71 - Bitter Milk, 114 - Blackhead, 114 - Blackleg, 115 - Blackleg Vaccine, 116 - Bladder, 67 - Bladder, Stone in, 117 - Blind Staggers, 117 - Blistering, 98 - Bloating in Cattle, 117 - Blood, 12 - Blood Poisoning, 120 - Bloody Milk, 121 - Bloody Urine, 121 - Body, 47 - Body Tissues, 12 - Bog Spavin, 122 - Bone Spavin, 123 - Bot Flies, 123 - Bots, 126 - Breeze Flies, 123 - Broken Wind, 126 - Bromide of Potassium, 71 - Bronchitis, 126 - Bruises, Treating, 60 - Bunches, 128 - Burns, 128 - - Caked Bag, 128 - Caked Udder, 128 - Calculi of Urinary Organs, 140 - Calf Cholera, 128 - Calf Scours, 129 - Camphor, 72 - Cancer, 129 - Cantharides, 72 - Capped Elbow, 130 - Capped Hock, 130 - Capped Knee, 131 - Carbolic Acid, 72 - Castration, 131 - Catarrh, 133 - Cattle Scab, 134 - Cattle, Special Type in, 44 - Caustic Potash, 74 - Cell Division, 10 - Cell, Nature of, 9 - Cells, What They Are, 11 - Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, 134 - Charbon, 135 - Chest Founder, 135 - Chicken Cholera, 135 - Choking, 136 - Chronic Founder, 165 - Circulation of Blood, 28 - Coffin Joint Lameness, 137 - Colds, 137 - Colic, 137 - Colic Mixture, 80 - Concretions, 140 - Constipation, 142 - Corns, 142 - Corns, Examine for, 49 - Cornstalk Disease, 143 - Corrosive Sublimate, 73 - Cough Mixture, 80 - Cow Pox, 144 - Cracked Hoofs, 144 - Cramp Colic, 145 - Creolin, 74 - Cribbing, 144 - Crib Suckers, 145 - Croton Oil, 73 - Curb, 145 - - Diabetes, 146 - Diarrhoea, 147 - Difficult Parturition, 147 - Digestion of Food, 23 - Dipping Live Stock, 147 - Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment, 92 - Disease on the Farm, 1 - Disease, Physical Examination in, 92 - Disease due to Heredity, 84 - Disease from Chemical Causes, 84 - Disease, Origin of, 86 - Disease, The Causes of, 83 - Disease, The Meaning of, 82 - Disease, The Course of, 87 - Disease, The Termination of, 89 - Disease, The Treatment of, 95 - Diseases of Farm Animals, 101 - Dishorning, 148 - Disinfect Frequently, 5 - Disinfectants, 6 - Distemper, 148 - Dropsy, 148 - Dysentery, 150 - Dystokia, 149 - - Eczema, 149 - Enteritis, 151 - Epilepsy, 151 - Epizootic, 151 - Ergotism, 151 - Erysipelas, 152 - Examining Animals, 39 - - Farcy, 153 - Feet, 17 - Fever, 153 - Firing, 98 - Fistulæ, 154 - Fits, 157 - Flatulent Colic, 157 - Fleas, 157 - Flies, 157 - Flukes, Liver, 158 - Fly Blister, 80 - Foot and Mouth Disease, 158 - Foot Puncture, 160 - Foot Rot in Sheep, 160 - Fore Legs, 48 - Founder, 162 - Fowl Cholera, 165 - Framework of the Body, 13 - Front Feet, 48 - - Gapes, 165 - Garget, 166 - Gastric Juice, 25 - Gastritis, 166 - Gentian, 75 - Germs, 85 - Gid in Sheep, 166 - Ginger, 75 - Glanders, 167 - Gravel or Dirt in Foot, 174 - Grease Heel, 175 - Grub in the Head, 176 - - Hair, 13 - Hair Balls, 177 - Heart, How it Works, 31 - Heat Exhaustion, 178 - Heaves, 177 - Hernia, 179 - Hide-Bound, 181 - High Blowing, 181 - Hind Feet, 49 - Hind Legs, 49 - Hip Joint Lameness, 181 - Hipped, 182 - Hog Cholera, 182 - Hollow Horn, 193 - Hoof Cracks, 194 - Hoof Ointment, 80 - Horn Fly, 194 - Horses, Special Type in, 40 - Hoven, 194 - Hydrocephalus, 194 - Hydrophobia, 194 - Hydrothorax, 195 - Hyposulphite of Soda, 75 - - Impaction of Rumen, 195 - Indigestion, 196 - Infectious Anemia in Horses, 197 - Infectious Pneumonia, 197 - Inflammation of the Bowels, 197 - Inflammation of the Lungs, 199 - Influenza, 200 - Inoculation, 86 - Internal Organs, 65 - Intestinal Worms in Horses, 201 - Intestinal Worms in Sheep, 251 - Intestines, 66 - Iodide of Potassium, 76 - Iodine, 76 - Itch, 202 - - Jaundice, 202 - - Kidneys, 67 - Kidney Worms, 204 - Knee Sprung, 205 - - Lameness, Examine for, 50 - Laminitis, 205 - Laudanum, 76 - Leg Bones, 17 - Leg Wounds, 61 - Lice, 205 - Linseed Oil, 76 - Liver Flukes, 207 - Lockjaw, 208 - Loco Disease, 212 - Lumpy Jaw, 213 - Lung Fever, 214 - Lungs, 67 - Lungs, Congestion of, 213 - Lung Worms in Calves, 214 - Lung Worms in Lambs, 214 - Lymph, 12 - Lymphangitis, 214 - Lymph Through Cells, 29 - - Mad Dog, 217 - Maggots, 217 - Maggots in Wounds, 61 - Mange, 219 - Mastication, 24 - Medicines, 69 - Medicines, Administration of, 97 - Medicines, Giving in a Ball, 97 - Medicines, Giving in a Drench, 97 - Mallenders, 218 - Mammitis, 218 - Milk Fever, 219 - Monday Morning Sickness, 221 - Mouth, Examining the, 46 - Muscular System, 19 - Mustard Plasters, 98 - - Nasal Gleet, 221 - Navicular Disease, 222 - Neck, 47 - Nervous System, 19 - Nitrate of Potash, 77 - Nitrate of Soda, 77 - Nits, 224 - Nodular Disease in Sheep, 224 - Nostril, 45 - Nutriment, How Absorbed, 27 - Nux Vomica, 77 - - Obstetrics, 225 - - Paces, Testing of, 52 - Palisade Worm, 228 - Paralysis, 229 - Parasites, 230 - Parturient Apoplexy, 230 - Parturition, Difficult, 230 - Pelvic Girdle, 15 - Peritonitis, 230 - Physic Drench for Cattle, 81 - Physic Drench for Horses, 81 - Physiology You Ought to Know, 21 - Pink Eye, 231 - Placenta, 232 - Plant Building, 21 - Pleurisy, 233 - Pleuro-Pneumonia, 234 - Pneumonia, 234 - Poll Evil, 234 - Post-Mortem Examination, 62 - Post-Mortem, First Things to Do, 63 - Post-Mortem, Removing the Skin, 65 - Post-Mortem, The Discharges, 64 - Poultices, 98 - Prescriptions, 80 - Prevention Better than Cure, 4 - Profuse Staling, 146 - Protoplasm, 9 - Pulse, Taking the, 93 - Punctures, Nail, 59 - - Quarantine Quarters, 8 - Quarter Crack, 235 - Quittor, 235 - - Rabies, 236 - Reproductive Apparatus, 20 - Respiration, 32 - Respiration, Taking the, 95 - Respiratory Organs, 20 - Rheumatism, 236 - Ringbone, 237 - Ringworm, 238 - Roaring, 239 - Roup, 239 - - Salts, 79 - Sand Crack, 240 - Scab in Cattle, 241 - Septic Navel Infection, 243 - Sheep Bots, 243 - Sick Animals, 7 - Side Bones, 243 - Skeleton, 14 - Skin, 13 - Skull, 15 - Slobbering, 245 - Soothing Ointment, 80 - Soundness, Examining Animals for, 39 - Spasmodic Colic, 245 - Spavin, 245 - Spaying, 247 - Spirits of Niter, 78 - Splints, 248 - Sprains, 249 - Staggers, 250 - Stomach, 66 - Stomach Churn, 26 - Stomach of Horse, 24 - Stomach of Ruminants, 25 - Stomach Worms in Sheep, 251 - Stone in Bladder, 253 - Strangles, 253 - Stringhalt in Horses, 255 - Sugar of Lead, 78 - Sulphate of Copper, 78 - Sulphate of Iron, 78 - Sulphur, 79 - Sunstroke, 255 - Swamp Fever, 255 - Sweeny, 257 - Swine Plague, 258 - - Tape Worms, 258 - Teeth, As an Indication of Age, 34 - Teeth, Loosening of Temporary, 35 - Teeth of Cattle, 37 - Teeth of Sheep, 38 - Temperature, Taking the, 94 - Tetanus, 258 - Texas Fever, 258 - Thick Leg, 262 - Thoroughpin, 262 - Throat, 47 - Thrush, 262 - Thumps, 262 - Tick Fever, 263 - Tissues, Body, 12 - Tooth, The Mark in, 35 - Trichinosis, 263 - Tuberculosis, 264 - Tumors, 268 - Tumors in Pigs After Castration, 268 - Turpentine, 79 - - Urinary Organs, 20 - - Warbles, 269 - Warts, 269 - Water in the Brain, 270 - Water in the Chest, 270 - White Scours of Calves, 270 - Wind Puffs, 271 - Wind Sucking, 272 - Wind, Testing the, 51 - Worms, 272 - Worms in Hogs, 272 - Wound, Cleansing the, 56 - Wounds, 54 - Wounds, First Step in Treating, 56 - Wounds, Kinds of, 55 - Wounds, Special Treatment of, 58 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - - Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained. - The Plates have been added to the List of Illustrations. - Jekyl-like (page 11) and post portem (page 120) have not been - corrected. - Page 110 ff.: not all entries are listed in alphabetical order, this - has not been corrected. - - Changes and corrections made: - - Page 21: Æsophagus changed to Œsophagus - Page 183: ... characteristic “a” or even “b” ...: Letter “b” was - invisible in the source document - Page 186: On open- the carcass ... changed to On opening the carcass - ... - Page 201: Intestinal Worms in Horses: capitalised as other section - headings - Page 275: Nail Punctures changed to Punctures, Nail. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Farmer's Veterinarian, by -Charles William Burkett - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FARMER'S VETERINARIAN *** - -***** This file should be named 55366-0.txt or 55366-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/3/6/55366/ - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Harry Lamé and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - 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