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-Project Gutenberg's Lives of Famous London Beggars, by John Thomas Smith
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Lives of Famous London Beggars
-       With Forty Portraits of the Most Remarkable.
-
-Author: John Thomas Smith
-
-Release Date: August 7, 2017 [EBook #55285]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF FAMOUS LONDON BEGGARS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by deaurider, cpinfield and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber's Note.
-
-There are thirty plates, located at the end of the text, that depict
-individuals described in it. They have been moved to follow the text
-that describes them. They are annotated "London Published as the Act
-directs [date] by J. T. Smith No. 4 Chandos St Covent Garden."
-
-Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling have been retained.
-
-Italics are indicated by _underscores_. Small capitals have been
-replaced by full capitals and a superscript by ordinary font.
-
-
-[Illustration: ST MARTIN
-
-_The Patron Saint of the Beggars. From a rare print in the possession of
-Thos. Lloyd, Esq._]
-
-
- LIVES OF FAMOUS
- LONDON BEGGARS,
-
- WITH
- FORTY PORTRAITS OF THE MOST REMARKABLE.
-
- DRAWN FROM LIFE BY
- JOHN THOMAS SMITH.
-
-[Illustration: Publisher's Mark]
-
- LONDON:
- DIPROSE AND BATEMAN, SHEFFIELD STREET,
- LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-_Mr Granger, at the close of his Biographical History of England, says,
-"I shall conclude this volume with observing, that Lord Bacon has
-somewhere remarked, that biography has been confined within too narrow
-limits; as if the lives of great personages only deserved the notice of
-the inquisitive part of mankind. I have, perhaps, in the foregoing
-strictures extended the sphere of it too far. I began with Monarchs, and
-have ended with Ballad-Singers, Chimney-Sweepers, and Beggars. But they
-that fill the highest and the lowest classes of human life, seem, in
-many respects, to be more nearly allied than even themselves imagine. A
-skilful anatomist would find little or no difference, in dissecting the
-body of a king and that of the meanest of his subjects; and a judicious
-philosopher would discover a surprising conformity, in discussing the
-nature and qualities of their minds."_
-
-Beggary, of late, particularly for the last six years, had become so
-dreadful in London, that the more active interference of the legislature
-was deemed absolutely necessary; indeed, the deceptions of the idle and
-sturdy were so various, cunning, and extensive, that it was in most
-instances extremely difficult to discover the real object of charity
-from the impostor.
-
-Concluding, therefore, from the reduction of the metropolitan beggars,
-that several curious characters would disappear by being either
-compelled to industry, or to partake of the liberal parochial rates
-provided for them in their respective workhouses, it occurred to the
-author of the present publication, that likenesses of the most
-remarkable of them, with a few particulars of their habits, would not be
-unamusing to those to whom they have been a pest for several years.
-
-In order to convince his readers that he does not stand alone as a
-delineator of mendicants, he begs leave to observe, that several of the
-very first-rate artists have studied from them.
-
-Michael Angelo Buonarotti often drew from beggars; and report says, that
-in the early part of his life, when he had not the means of paying them
-in money, he would make an additional sketch, and, presenting it to the
-party, desire him to take it to some particular person, who would
-purchase it. Fuseli, in his life of Michael Angelo, says that "a beggar
-rose from his hand the patriarch of poverty." The same artist, in one of
-his lectures, delivered at the Royal Academy, also observes, that
-"Michael Angelo ennobled his beggars into Patriarchs and Prophets, in
-the ceiling of the Sistini Chapel."
-
-Annibal Caracci frequently drew subjects in low life. His "Cries of
-Bologna," etched by Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, pub. 1660, in folio, are
-evidently from real characters. It will also be recollected, that some
-of the finest productions of Murillo, Jan Miel, and Drogsloot, are
-beggars. Callot's twenty-four beggars are evidently from nature; and
-among Rembrandt's etchings are to be found twenty-three plates of this
-description.
-
-Sir Joshua Reynolds frequently painted from beggars, and from these
-people have originated some of his finest pictures, particularly his
-"Mercury as a Pickpocket," and "Cupid as a Link-boy." His Count Ugolino,
-was painted from a pavier, soon after he had left St George's Hospital
-from a severe fever. Mr West painted the portrait of a beggar, on the
-day when he became a hundred years old; and considered him as a
-pensioner for several years afterwards. The same person was used also as
-a model by Copley, Opie, &c. Who can forget the lovely countenance of
-Gainsborough's Shepherd's Boy, that has once seen Earlom's excellent
-engraving from it? He was a lad well known as a beggar to those who
-walked St James's Street thirty years ago. The model for the celebrated
-picture of the Woodman, by the same artist, is now living in the
-Borough, at the venerable age of 107.
-
-Mr Nollekens, in 1778, when modelling the bust of Dr Johnson, who then
-wore a wig, called in a beggar to sit for the hair. The same artist was
-not equally fortunate in the locks of another great character, for on
-his application to a beggar for the like purpose, the fellow declined to
-sit, with an observation that three half-crowns were not sufficient for
-the trouble.
-
-The late Mr Nathaniel Hone, in the year 1850, painted the portrait of
-James Turner, a common beggar, who valued his time at a shilling an
-hour. Captain Baillie has made an etching of this picture.
-
-That truly spirited painter, Mr Ward, made similar overtures to a lame
-sailor, who thought fit to reject them and prefer his begging occupation.
-
-One of the many fine things produced by Flaxman, is a figure of a blind
-sailor, Jack Stuart, mentioned in page 19 of this work. The artist has
-introduced him in a beautiful monument, erected in Campsal Church, to
-the memory of Misses Yarborough.
-
-Beggars have not only been useful to artists as models, but serviceable
-to them in other instances. Francis Perrier, who was born of poor
-parents, when a boy entered into the service of a blind beggar, for the
-express purpose of getting from France to Rome to pursue his studies in
-that city; and Old Scheemaker, the sculptor, Nollekens's master,
-absolutely begged his way from Flanders to Rome for the same purpose.
-
-Though the biographical part of this publication exhibits some curious
-customs of the London beggars which have fallen within the author's
-observations, and though it may in some instances be deemed original,
-yet he confesses that he has adopted the usual craft of the common
-vender, who invariably puts the best sample into the mouth of the sack.
-Such, he needs not state the truly interesting Introduction to be; it
-was written and presented to him by his honoured and valuable friend,
-FRANCIS DOUCE, Esq.
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION.
-
-
-The present work is very far from being offered as a general view of
-that peculiar branch of pauperism, which includes the many wandering
-classes of mankind that are supported by the casual and irregular bounty
-of others, or by means that have at least the appearance of industry or
-honourable ingenuity; for that would be a task requiring the united
-efforts of the historian, the legislator, and the antiquary. It may be
-deemed sufficient to submit to the reader's notice, such accounts and
-gleanings as immediately relate to the particular characters which are
-here once more embodied and presented to him by the aid of the graphic
-art. In the mean time, a slight sketch of the state and progress of
-mendicity in former ages may be neither unacceptable nor without its use.
-
-The Beggar's calling, if not one of the most respectable, may doubtless
-be regarded as one of the most ancient. In every part of the globe where
-man is congregated, the inequality of his condition, the too frequent
-indolence of his habits, or the shifts to which human misery is
-occasionally reduced, will compel him to depend for his support on the
-generosity of his fellow-creatures, and even sometimes lead him to
-prefer this disgraceful state of existence. The sacred volume has
-supplied us with evidence of the mendicant profession at an early
-period. King David, when imprecating curses on the head of his enemy,
-prays that "his children be continually vagabonds, and _beg_;"[1] and
-the story of Ulysses and the beggar Irus, as related in one of the
-oldest works extant, is known almost to every one.
-
-The state of mendicity among the Greeks and Romans is but obscurely
-recorded, nor have any specific laws or regulations that they might have
-framed relating to that subject been transmitted to us. The beggars in
-Horace, who lamented the death of the musician Tigellinus, were probably
-of the common kind, though some have supposed them to have been
-fortune-tellers or prophets. Their dress would be of the ragged sort,
-the _mendicula impluviata_ of Plautus. We learn from Seneca, that the
-beggars of his time practised every species of imposture, and even
-amputated their limbs for the purpose of exciting compassion.
-
-During the middle ages, we meet with a few legislative acts relating to
-the vagrant classes. In a capitulary of the Emperor Charlemagne, beggars
-were prohibited from wandering about the country; and another ancient
-law of the Franks is cited by Beatus Rhenanus in his German chronicle,
-by which every city is ordered to maintain its own poor, who are
-nevertheless to be compelled to manual labour, or otherwise not to be
-entitled to relief; a vagrant life is also strictly prohibited. For a
-considerable time the kingdom of France was much infested with a set of
-itinerant beggars, usually known by the appellation of _Truands_, and
-their occupation by that of _Truandise_; from which terms our own
-language has adopted an obvious word of much significance. These people
-likewise gave name to one of the streets of Paris, called _La
-Truanderie_; and, under pretence of begging alms, committed the most
-atrocious crimes and excesses practising every kind of fraud and
-imposture; so that the name gradually became the representative of every
-thing that was bad and infamous. In later times they were called
-_Argotiers_. They assumed the form of a regular government, elected a
-king, and established a fixed code of laws, and a language peculiar to
-themselves, constructed probably by some of the debauched and licentious
-youths who, abandoning their scholastic studies, associated with these
-vagabonds. The facetious author of a poetical life of the famous French
-robber Cartouche, has given a very humorous account of the origin of the
-word _Argot_, which, at the expense of graver etymologists, he derives
-from the ship Argos; contending that this _jargon_, a term that would
-perhaps have supplied the real and perverted meaning of the other, was
-either invented by the navigators of that celebrated vessel, for the
-purpose of deceiving his majesty of Colchos, or constructed by Agamemnon
-at Argos, and transported afterwards to Troy, where the Greek generals
-used it to harangue their soldiers. The same writer has likewise
-compiled a dictionary of the language in question, which is given at the
-end of Cartouche's history. Their king assumed the title of the _Great
-Chosroes_, in imitation of the Persian monarch of that name, and
-his officers had their several cant denominations contrived with
-considerable ingenuity. One of these sovereigns thought fit to prefer
-his own name, and was called _Roi de Thunes_. This fellow used to be
-drawn triumphantly through the streets in a little cart by two stout
-dogs, and at length finished his career on a gibbet at Bourdeaux. The
-new members of this honourable fraternity were graciously received by
-the monarch, and consigned to his officers for instruction. These taught
-them to counterfeit wounds, sores, and ulcers, by means of the juice of
-celandine and other herbs; to make preparations of grease, &c., for the
-purpose of hindering dogs from barking, and many other tricks and
-contrivances essential to the profession of a beggar. The necessary
-qualifications for an officer at court, was the possession of masks,
-rags, plaisters, bandages, crutches, and other matters calculated to
-excite charity and compassion; a candidate for the monarchy, which was
-elective, must have passed through one or more offices, and have sported
-a limb in all appearance shockingly diseased, but curable in a day's
-time. The royal habits were composed of a thousand bits of rag, of
-various colours. Every year the king held a council of his officers and
-subjects, who reported their proceedings, and paid him the legal and
-accustomed tribute money; offences were inquired into, and summary
-punishment inflicted. Many of the above officers were runaway scholars
-and debauched priests, who taught the novices the _Argot_ language, and
-performed other duties which exempted them from the usual tribute to the
-sovereign. These impostors were divided into numerous classes, assuming
-various appellations. Those who counterfeited maimed soldiers were
-called _Narquois_, corresponding with our Rufflers. The little urchins,
-who before the establishment of regular hospitals were permitted to beg
-in groups, and appeared as half-starved, were denominated _Orphelins_,
-or _Orphans_. Fellows assuming the character of broken merchants and
-tradesmen, called themselves _Marcandiers_ and _Rifodés_; these,
-pretending to have been ruined by war, by fire, and other calamities,
-made use of false certificates of their loss, and were frequently
-accompanied by their wives and children. The _Malingreux_ were the
-dropsical and otherwise diseased impostors, who frequented the churches,
-and demanded alms to enable them to make pilgrimages and perform masses
-to particular saints. The _Hubins_ shewed certificates of having been
-bitten by wolves or dogs, and placed themselves under St Hubert's
-protection. The _Coquillarts_ pretended to have made a pilgrimage to St
-James or St Michael, and sold their cockle-shells even to those fools
-who had done so. The _Sabouleux_ counterfeited demoniacs, by means of
-soap held in the mouth, with which they produced their foam, and
-exhibited false wounds on their heads and bodies, which they pretended
-to have inflicted on themselves during their fits. These last were the
-most faithful subjects of the _Great Chosroes_, and paid him a much
-higher tribute than any of the rest. Besides the above, there were the
-_Pietres_, the _Courtaux_, the _Polissons_, the _Capons_, the
-_Francmitoux_, and a variety of others, all assuming different
-characters, to defraud the unwary in every possible manner. These
-particulars have been collected together as exhibiting a general view of
-the manners and practices of the begging tribe in the kingdom of France,
-where the regulations concerning them appear to have been very frequent
-and severe. In the reign of Francis I. many edicts of the court issued
-against them, by some of which all the beggars in Paris were compelled
-to clear the city sewers and ditches, and to assist in repairing the
-fortifications; and for this purpose the police officers seized upon all
-that were able-bodied and competent to work. Many were banished to the
-provinces, and if they continued to beg, and refused to assist in the
-vintage, they were ordered to be hanged. Whipping was the more general
-punishment; and where licensed, they were not suffered to go about in
-troops, but confined to travel in Paris only, to prevent robberies and
-other mischief. Those who could not labour, on account of infirmity,
-were maintained in hospitals, or by contributions at the churches, where
-they were not permitted, as at present, to beg, under pain of whipping.
-In the admirable Pictures of Paris by Mercier, there is an interesting
-article on the sturdy beggars of that city, where their noisy orgies at
-their places of rendezvous, when they have stripped themselves of their
-false limbs and hideous plasters, are eloquently described. He mentions
-one cruel and wicked practice among these impostors, namely, that when
-they steal other people's children for want of their own, they distort
-and even dislocate the members of the unfortunate victims, to give them
-what they impiously term the arms and legs of God Almighty.
-
-With respect to the vagabonds of Spain, who will be found to resemble,
-with small difference, many of the classes above described, it will be
-sufficient to refer the reader to those excellent novels, Lazarillo de
-Tormes, and Guzman de Alfarache. The manners of the Italian mendicants
-and impostors are admirably depicted, with many entertaining stories, in
-the very curious work of Rafael Frianoro, entitled, "Il vagabondo, overo
-sferzo de bianti e vagabondi," _Viterbo_, 1620, 12mo, in which the
-catalogue of names of the parties, and of the impostures practised, far
-exceeded those of any other country.
-
-Della Valle, in his travels to the East Indies, informs us, that the
-beggars there make use of a trumpet to express their wants, frequently
-terrifying the people into charity by their loud clamours. Of the
-Chinese mendicants, some particulars will be found in explaining one of
-the plates of this work.
-
-It would amount to positive negligence, if, in the present sketch, those
-wanderers that are usually known among ourselves by the appellation of
-Gypsies, and on the continent by that of Bohemians, on account of their
-first appearance in that country, were passed over without some notice;
-but their history has been so learnedly and copiously detailed by M.
-Grellmann, that it may be thought sufficient on this occasion to advert
-to the English translation of that excellent work by Mr Raper, published
-1787, in quarto.
-
-Nor should the mention of the orders of mendicant friars be omitted,
-who, no doubt, had their prototypes in the knavish priests of Cybele. Of
-these persons there were four orders,--viz., the Augustinians, the
-Carmelites, the Dominicans, and the Minorites. They wandered from place
-to place, professing poverty, and exciting the charity of others. They
-had assumed and acquired an unlimited control over the consciences of
-the deluded victims of their artifice, and at length became particularly
-odious to the monks and the clergy in general, continuing nevertheless
-to maintain their power and influence, from the marked favour and
-protection of the Roman Pontiffs, who regarded them as some of their
-best friends and supporters. In our own country these people encountered
-a most bitter and inveterate enemy in the celebrated Wickliffe, who, in
-his sermons and other works, declaimed against them with much vehement
-eloquence as thieves, hypocrites, and children of Judas Iscariot;
-telling them that Christ never commissioned any one to appear in the
-character of a beggar; and that, although he preferred a state of
-poverty, he never demanded alms himself, nor allowed of others doing it,
-but in cases of extreme necessity.
-
-Another set of ecclesiastical mendicants were those pseudo-monks, who,
-among many other irregularities, scrupled not to take to themselves
-wives, whilst their brethren contented themselves with concubines. These
-were branded by the regular monks with the appellation of _Beghards_,
-and are specially termed _sturdy beggars_, in a very bitter invective
-against them by Felix Hammerlein, a civilian and canon of Zurich, in the
-fifteenth century, who emphatically calls them the legitimate sons of
-Belial. Many other writers declaimed against them with great acrimony,
-and some of the more rigid Papists seem to have classed them among the
-_Lollards_, an appellation that has very much arrested the attention of
-the learned in etymology, though without any certainty as to its origin.
-
-The records of our early history supply few, if any, materials that
-throw light upon the subject before us; and the laws of the Saxons, as
-well as those of our British ancestors, are entirely silent as to any
-regulation concerning vagrants or mendicants of any kind. A curious
-incident however in the life of Edward the Confessor, as related by his
-historian Alured of Rievaulx, is worthy of being mentioned. This
-sovereign is said to have been remarkable for his benevolence to the
-poor, many of whom he privately supported. Among these was one Ralph, a
-Norman, a miserable object, whose limbs were shockingly contracted by
-disease. This man, scarcely able to creep along on his knees, as was the
-usual practice with such persons, and urged by necessity, the mother of
-invention, was the first who is reported as making use of a hollow
-vessel of wood, in the form of a bason, in which he placed his hinder
-parts, guiding and supporting his crippled limbs by means of his hands,
-and thus sailed along, as it were, upon the ground. On the king's death
-he made a pilgrimage to his tomb, and addressing himself to the monarch
-as if alive, was healed, as says the legend, of his disease.
-
-The next two centuries of English history are equally barren of incident
-to our purpose. From that time, however, the statute laws of the kingdom
-furnish abundant regulations concerning the vagrant classes, and it has
-therefore been thought worth while to submit to the reader's notice the
-following extracts and abridgments.
-
-The statute of labourers, made in the 23d year of Edw. III., recites
-that there are many sturdy beggars, who prefer a life of indolence to
-active labour, and commit theft and other crimes; and therefore, with a
-view to discourage such practices, and compel these persons to work for
-their living, it enacts that none, on pain of imprisonment, shall, under
-colour of pity or of alms, give anything to those who are competent to
-labour, or presume by such means to "_favour them towards their
-desires_."
-
-By Stat. xii. Rich. II. c. 6, every beggar who is able to work shall be
-put in the stocks, and such as are unable to work shall abide in the
-cities and towns where they be dwelling at the time of proclaiming this
-statute; and if the inhabitants shall not be able to maintain them, then
-the said beggars shall withdraw themselves to other places within the
-hundred, rape, or wapentake, or to the places of their nativity, within
-forty days as above, and there continually abide during their lives; and
-all that go in pilgrimage as beggars, but are able to work, shall be
-punished with the stocks, unless they have letters testimonial from a
-justice of the peace. The sheriffs and gaolers are also charged with the
-custody of beggars, though it does not appear for what particular
-offence. Religious persons and hermits who beg must have licence from
-their ordinaries, and scholars of the universities from their
-chancellors, under the like penalties.
-
-The Stat. xix. Hen. VII., adverting to the rigour of the last-mentioned
-regulations, and to the great expense of confining vagabonds and beggars
-in prison, enacts, that an immediate discharge from the gaols shall take
-place, and all beggars be set in the stocks for a day and a night,
-without other food than bread and water, and then sent to the place of
-their nativity, or where they may have resided for the space of three
-years. It also enacts, that such beggars as are not able to work be
-passed to their own towns, where only they are to be allowed to beg.
-
-By Stat. xxii. Hen. VIII., persons unable to work are to be licensed by
-certificate from mayors, sheriffs, bailiffs, or justices, to beg within
-certain districts; and if they be found begging without such licence,
-they are to be set in the stocks for three days and three nights, and
-fed only on bread and water, or else whipped, at the discretion of the
-magistrate, who is afterwards to give the party a licence and dismiss
-him. Persons being "whole and mighty in body, and able to labour," and
-found begging, are to be whipped at the cart's tail till blood come, and
-then dismissed to their own district, receiving a licence, stating their
-punishment, and authorising them to beg by the way. Scholars at the
-universities begging without licence, to be punished as above. Persons
-wandering about with unlawful games, and fortune-tellers of all kinds,
-to be punished for the first offence by two days whipping; for the
-second, by like whipping, with subsequent pillory and loss of one ear;
-for the third, the like punishment, with loss of the other ear. The
-licence was in these words,--"Memorandum, that A. B. of Dale, for
-reasonable considerations, is licensed to beg within the hundred of P.
-K. in the county of L.;" and the licence after whipping is as
-follows,--"I. S., whipped for a vagrant strong beggar, at Dale, in the
-county of L., according to the law, the 22 July, in the 23 year of King
-Henry the Eighth, was assigned to pass forthwith and directly from
-thence to Sale, in the county of M., where he saith he was born, or
-where he last dwelled by the term of three years, and he is limited to
-be there within fourteen days next ensuing, at his peril," &c.
-
-By this act, persons delivered from gaol, or acquitted of felonies, who
-could not pay the usual fees, were to be licensed by the keeper to raise
-such fees by begging for the space of six weeks, on pain of whipping for
-default of such licence.
-
-By the 27th Hen. VIII., further provisions were made for the labour and
-employment of vagabonds and beggars. Churchwardens to gather alms for
-supporting the poor on Sundays and holidays. Begging children, between
-the ages of five and fourteen years, to be placed under masters of
-husbandry; and those between the ages of twelve and sixteen to be
-whipped for running away. Beggars offending again after the first
-punishment, to be marked by cutting off the upper gristle of the right
-ear; and if found still loitering in idleness, to be indicted as felons
-at the quarter sessions, and on conviction to suffer death. The
-mendicant friars are specially excepted in this act, which provides many
-additional supports for the poor besides the vast donations from the
-still existing monasteries, and the almshouses and hospitals.
-
-At the commencement of the reign of Edw. VI., a most severe and
-extraordinary statute was made for the punishment of vagabonds and
-relief of poor persons. It does not appear who were the contrivers of
-this instrument, the preamble and general spirit of which were more in
-accordance with the tyrannical and arbitrary measures of the preceding
-reign, than with the mild and merciful character of the infant
-sovereign, who is well known to have taken a very active part in the
-affairs of government. It repeals all the former statutes on this
-subject, and enacts, that if any beggar or other person, not being lame
-or impotent, and after loitering or idly wandering for the space of
-three days or more, shall not offer himself to labour, or being engaged
-in any person's service shall run away or leave his work, it shall be
-lawful for the master to carry him before a justice of peace, who, on
-proof of the offence, shall cause the party to be marked with a hot iron
-with the letter V on the breast, and adjudge him to be his master's
-slave for the space of two years, who shall feed him "on bread and
-water, or, at his discretion, on refuse of meat, and cause the said
-slave to work, by beating, chaining, or otherwise, in such work or
-labour (how vile soever it be) as he shall put him unto." If the slave
-should run away, or absent himself for a fortnight without leave, the
-master may pursue and punish him by chaining or beating, and have his
-action of damage against any one who shall harbour or detain him. On
-proof before the justice of the slave's escape, he is to be sentenced to
-be marked on the forehead or ball of the cheek with a hot iron with the
-letter S, and adjudged to be his master's slave for ever; and for the
-second offence of running away, he is to be regarded as a felon and
-suffer death. The children of beggars to be taken from them, and, with
-other vagrant children, to be apprenticed by the magistrate to whoever
-will take them; and if such children so apprenticed run away, they are
-to be retaken, and become slaves till the age of twenty in females, and
-twenty-four in males, and punishment by chains, &c., and power to the
-master to let, sell, or bequeath them, as goods and chattels, for the
-term aforesaid. If any slave should maim or wound the master in
-resisting correction, or conspire to wound or murder him, or burn his
-house or other property, he is to suffer death as a felon, unless the
-master will consent to retain him as a slave for ever; and if any
-parent, nurse, or bearer about of children, so become slaves, shall
-steal or entice them away from the master, such person shall be liable
-to become a slave to the said master for ever, and the party so stolen
-or enticed away restored. If any vagrant be brought to a place where he
-shall state himself to have been born, and it shall be manifest that he
-was not so born there, for such lie he shall be marked in the face with
-an S, and become a slave to the inhabitants or corporation of the city
-for ever. Any master of a slave may put a ring of iron about his neck,
-arm, or leg, for safe custody; and any person taking or helping to take
-off such ring, without consent of the master, shall forfeit the sum of
-ten pounds.
-
-This diabolical statute, after remaining for two years, was repealed, on
-the ground that, from its extreme severity, it had not been enforced,
-and instead of it the xxii. Hen. VIII. was revived. The taking
-apprentices the children of beggars was, however, continued; but instead
-of slavery for the offence of running away, the punishment of the stocks
-was substituted. In the last year of King Edward's reign, further
-provisions for supporting the poor were made, by gathering alms at
-church by the parish officers, who were "gently to ask and demand of
-every man and woman what they of their charity will be contented to give
-weekly toward the relief of the poor, and the same to be written in a
-register or book." The collectors are empowered to make such of the poor
-labour as they shall think fit; but none are permitted "to go, or sit
-openly, _a begging_."
-
-The last statute that it will be necessary to refer to, is that of the
-xxxix. Eliz. c. 4, for the punishment and suppression of rogues,
-vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, by which houses of correction are for the
-first time established; and all persons calling themselves scholars, and
-going about begging, fellows pretending losses by sea, persons using
-unlawful games, fortune-tellers, procurers, collectors for gaols and
-hospitals, fencers, bearwards, common players of interludes, minstrels
-(except such players as are licensed by any baron of the realm),
-jugglers, tinkers, pedlars, common labourers able in body but begging
-and refusing labour for reasonable wages, persons delivered from gaol
-and begging for fees, all persons whatever that beg in any manner as
-wanderers, and all gypsies or pretending to be so, shall be adjudged
-rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, and be liable to the punishment
-of whipping till the blood come, and passed to their respective
-parishes, and committed to the house of correction until further
-provision by work, or placing in almshouses. If any of the above persons
-shall appear to be dangerous to the inferior sort of people, or will not
-otherwise be reformed, they shall be committed to the house of
-correction or county gaol, and at the quarter-sessions, if necessary,
-banished from the kingdom to such places as shall be assigned by the
-privy council, or otherwise be sent to the galleys of the kingdom for
-life, with pain of death on returning from banishment. No vagabonds or
-beggars to be imported from Ireland, Scotland, or the Isle of Man, or,
-if already here, to be sent back to their respective countries. No
-diseased poor persons to be suffered to repair to the baths of Bath or
-Buxton for cure, unless they forbear to beg, and are licensed by two
-justices; and that the above cities be not charged with finding relief
-for such persons. This statute not to extend to children under seven
-years old, nor to _glassmen_ of good behaviour, travelling with licence,
-and forbearing to beg.
-
-It is impossible to look upon a more finished picture of the general
-manners of the begging classes, a little before the Reformation, than in
-the following extract from the once deservedly celebrated satire
-entitled the _Ship of Fools_. Although of foreign construction, it is
-not the less calculated for the meridian of England; and indeed the
-translator has in some degree adapted it to his own country. The author
-thus addresses the parties in question:--
-
-"All vacabondes and myghty beggers, the whyche gothe beggynge from dore
-to dore, and ayleth lytell or nought, with lame men and crepylles, come
-unto me, and I shall gyve you an almesse saluberryme and of grete
-vertue. The mendycans be in grete nombre, wherfore I wyll declare unto
-you some of theyr foolysshe condycyons. These fooles, the whiche be
-founde in theyr corporal bodyes, wyl nourysh and kepe dyvers chyldren.
-The monkes have this myschefe and the clerkes also, the whiche have
-theyr coffers ful of grete rychesses and treasoures. Nevertheles yet
-they applye themselfe in the offyce of the mendycans, in purchasyng and
-beggynge on every syde. They be a grete sorte replenysshed with
-unhappynes, saynge that they lede theyr lyves in grete poverte and
-calamyte; and therefore, they praye evry man to gyve them theyr good
-almesse, in release of theyr payne and myserye. And yet they have golde
-and sylver grete plentye, but they will spende nothinge before the comyn
-people. Somtyme the cursed taketh the almesse of the poore indygente. I
-fynde grete fautes in the abbottes, monkes, pryours, chanons, and
-coventes, for all that they have rentes, tenementes, and possessyons
-ynough, yet, as folkes devoyde of sense and understondynge, they be
-never satysfyed with goodes. They goo from vyllage to vyllage and from
-towne to towne, berynge grete bagges upon theyr neckes, assemblynge so
-moche goodes that it is grete mervayle, and whan they be in theyr
-relygyous cloysters, they make them byleve that they have had lytell
-gyven them or nothynge; for God knoweth they make heven chere in the
-countre. There is another sort of pardoners, the which bereth relyques
-aboute with them, in abusynge the pore folkes; for and yf they have but
-one poore peny in theyr purses they must have it. They garde togyder
-golde and sylver in every place, lyke as yf it grewe. They make the
-poore folkes byleve moche gay gere. They sel the feders of the Holy
-Ghoost. They bere the bones of some deed body aboute, the which,
-paraventure, is damned. They shewe the heer of some old hors, saynge
-that it is of the berde of the Innocentes. There is an innumerable syght
-of suche folkes and of vacabondes in this realme of Englonde, the which
-be hole of all theyr membres and myghte wynne theyr lyves honestly.
-Notwithstondynge they go beggynge from dore to dore, because they wyll
-not werke, and patcheth an olde mautell or an olde gowne with an hondred
-colours, and byndeth foule cloutes aboute theyr legges, as who say they
-be sore. And oftentymes they be more rycher than they that gyveth them
-almesse. They breke theyr chyldrens membres in theyr youthe, because
-that men sholde have the more pyte of them. They go wepynge and
-wryngynge of theyr handes, and counterfettynge the sorrowfull, praynge
-for Goddes sake to gyve them an almesse, and maketh so well the
-hypocrytes that there is no man the whiche seeth them but that he is
-abused, and must gyve them an almesse. There is some stronge and
-puysaunt rybaudes, the whiche wyll not laboure, but lyve, as these
-beggers, without doynge ony thynge, the whiche be dronke oftentymes.
-They be well at ease to have grete legges and bellyes eten to the bonis;
-for they wyll not put noo medycynes therto for to hele them, but soner
-envenymeth them, and dyvers other begylynges of which I holde my pease.
-O poore frantyke fooles, the whiche robbeth them that hathe no brede for
-to ete, and by adventure dare not aske none for shame, the auncyent men,
-poore wedowes, lazars, and blynde men. Alas! thynke thereon, for truely
-ye shall gyve accomptes before Hym that created us."
-
-In the year 1566, Thomas Harman, Esq., probably a justice of peace,
-published a very singular and amusing work, entitled, "A Caveat, or
-Warning for Common Cursetors (runners) vulgarely called Vagabones;" in
-which he has described the several sorts of thieving beggars and other
-rogues with considerable humour, and has collected together a great
-number of words belonging to what he humorously calls the "leud lousey
-language of these lewtering luskes and lazy lorrels, wherewith they bye
-and sell the common people as they pas through the countrey." He says
-they term this language _Pedlar's French_, or, _Canting_, which had not
-then been invented above thirty years. As the book has lately been
-reprinted, it will be proper, on this occasion, to use it more
-sparingly, and to mention only such of Harman's vagabonds as fall under
-the begging class. These are 1. The _Rufflers_; particularly mentioned
-in the Stat. xxvii. Henry VIII. against vagabonds, as fellows pretending
-to be wounded soldiers. These, says Harman, after a year or two's
-practice, unless they be prevented by twined hemp, become,--2. _Upright
-Men_; still pretending to have served in the wars, and offering, though
-never intending, to work for their living. They decline receiving meat
-or drink, and take nothing but money by way of charity, but contrive to
-steal pigs and poultry at night, chiefly plundering the farmers. Of
-late, says the author, they have been much whipped at fairs. They attack
-and rob other beggars that do not belong to their own fraternity,
-occasionally admitting or installing them into it by pouring a quart of
-liquor on their pates, with these words, "I do stall thee, W. T., to the
-rogue, and that from henceforth it shall be lawful for thee to cant for
-thy living in all places." All sorts of beggars are obedient to them,
-and they surpass all the rest in pilfering and stealing. 3. _Hookers_,
-or _Anglers_; these knaves beg by day, and pilfer at night, by means of
-a pole with a hook at the end, with which they lay hold of linen, or any
-thing hanging from windows or elsewhere. The author relates a curious
-feat of dexterity practised by one of them at a farm house, where, in
-the dead of the night, he contrived to hook off the bed-clothes from
-three men who were lying asleep, leaving them in their shirts, and when
-they awoke from cold, supposing, to use the author's words, "that Robin
-Goodfellow had bene with them that night." 4. _Rogues_; going about with
-a white handkerchief tied round the head, and pretending to be lame.
-These people committed various other frauds and impostures, in order to
-obtain charity. 5. _Pallyards_; with patched garments, collecting, by
-way of alms, provisions, or whatever they could get, which they sold for
-ready money; they are chiefly Welshmen, and make artificial sores by
-applying spearwort to raise blisters on their bodies, or else arsenic or
-ratsbane to create incurable wounds. 6. _Abraham Men_; pretending to be
-lunatics, who have been a long time confined in Bedlam or some other
-prison, where they have been unmercifully used with blows, &c. They beg
-money or provisions at farmers' houses, or bully them by fierce looks or
-menaces. 7. _Traters_; or fellows travelling about the country with
-black boxes at the girdle, containing forged briefs, or licences to beg
-for hospitals. Some have clouts bound round their legs, and walk as if
-lame, with staves in their hands. 8. _Freshwater Mariners_, or
-_Whipjacks_; whose ships, says the witty author, were drowned in
-Salisbury Plain. These counterfeit great losses at sea by shipwreck and
-piracy, and are chiefly Irishmen, begging with false licences, under the
-supposed seal of the Admiralty, so artfully constructed as to deceive
-even the best lawyers. 9. The _Counterfeit Crank_; who is described at
-large, with a figure, in another part of this work. 10. _Dommerars_;
-chiefly Welshmen, pretending to be dumb, and forcibly keeping down their
-tongues doubled, groaning for charity, and keeping up their hands most
-piteously, by which means they procure considerable gains. 11.
-_Demanders for glymmar_; who are chiefly women that go about with false
-licences to beg, as sufferers from fire,--glymmar, in pedlars' language,
-signifying that element. Many other classes are enumerated in this
-curious volume, as--priggars of prauncers, swadders, jarkman, patricos,
-bawdy baskets, autem morts, walking morts, doxies, dells, kynchin morts,
-and kynchin coes; but all these are rather pilferers than beggars.
-
-As every trade or profession had its patron saint, so the beggars made
-choice of St Martin, who appears to have had a great regard for them.
-This person was originally a soldier of rank in the armies of the
-Emperors Constantius and Julian, but preferring a religious life, he
-applied to Saint Hilary, of Poitou, who appointed him his sub-deacon;
-and soon afterwards becoming a saint himself, he of course acquired the
-power of working miracles, many of which, with much other legendary
-matter, have been related by his credulous but elegant historian,
-Sulpitius Severus, and transferred, with due additions and improvements,
-into that grand repertory of pious frauds, the Golden Legend, and some
-other works of similar authority. It is related of him, that when a
-soldier, as he passed by one of the gates of Amiens in winter time, he
-met a poor naked man, on whom none would bestow alms. Martin drew out
-his sword, and cutting his mantle asunder in the middle, gave one half
-to the poor man, having nothing else to bestow on him, contenting
-himself with the remainder to keep him from the cold. On the ensuing
-night he saw the Saviour of the world in heaven, clothed with that part
-which he had given to the poor man, and exclaiming to the angels that
-surrounded him, "Martin, yet new in the faith, hath covered me with this
-vesture." Ever afterwards he became particularly attached to beggars and
-poor people. The cripples and lepers seem, however, to have made
-exclusive choice of St Giles for their patron, to whom the hospitals and
-other places for their relief were usually dedicated. So the parish
-church of Cripplegate was dedicated to him; and the ward itself, named
-after a very ancient gate to which the crippled beggars particularly
-resorted. There would be some difficulty to account for their preference
-of this Saint, as he does not appear to have been either lame or
-leprous. He was a noble Christian, born at Athens, a man of singular
-charity, giving largely to the poor, and on one occasion doing more than
-St Martin, by giving the _whole_ of his coat to a diseased and naked
-beggar, who is said to have been immediately healed on putting it on.
-
-As an exemplification of the legend of Saint Martin might be acceptable
-to many readers, it has been thought fit to select, as an appropriate
-embellishment, one of the oldest figures of the Saint that remain, and
-to place it before the title of the work. This print has been copied
-with scrupulous fidelity from an ancient engraving in copper, in the
-truly valuable collection of Thomas Lloyd, Esq., by a German artist,
-whose name unfortunately has not been preserved, and who probably
-executed it between the years 1460 and 1470. In this instance the story
-has not been correctly adhered to, for the designer of the print has
-there introduced a _couple_ of beggars; an error that is sufficiently
-compensated by the variety it affords of the mendicant costume, one of
-these fellows making use of a creeper and dish, the other of a crutch. A
-later print of this subject, and of extreme curiosity on all accounts,
-may likewise be consulted. It is from a design by Jerom Bosche, an
-artist of grotesque celebrity, and represents Saint Martin in a boat
-full of beggars, with crowds of others on shore, in every possible form
-and attitude. It is accompanied with the following inscription, in the
-Flemish language: "The good Saint Martin is here represented among the
-crippled, nasty, wretched tribe, distributing to them his cloak, instead
-of money; the miserable crew contending for the spoil."
-
-In the year 1741, a spirited presentment to the Court of King's Bench
-was made by the Grand Jury of Middlesex, against the unusual swarms of
-sturdy and clamorous beggars, as well as the many frightful objects
-exposed in the streets; in which they state, that notwithstanding a very
-strong presentment to the same effect had been made by a former jury in
-1728, they had found the evil rather increased than remedied. This they
-ascribe to negligence in the proper officers, and trust that a proper
-remedy will be applied, and themselves not troubled with the poor, at
-the same time that they are every day more and more loaded with taxes to
-provide for them; and that his Majesty's subjects may have the passage
-of the streets, as in former happy times, free and undisturbed, and be
-able to transact the little business to which the decay of trade has
-reduced them, without molestation.
-
-In the last session of the present Parliament, the matter has been again
-taken up with a degree of skill and vigour that reflects great honour on
-its conductors; and we may indulge a hope to see the streets of the
-Metropolis freed from the many public and disgusting nuisances that have
-increased with its population, and the real objects of charity and
-compassion humanely and properly cherished and protected, as well as the
-vast and oppressive expense of supporting them reduced.
-
-Already we perceive the alarm has been taken by the members of the
-mendicant tribes; and it may not be too much to add, that the interest
-and curiosity of the present work are likely to augment, in proportion
-as the characters that have led to its composition shall decrease in
-numbers. That they should entirely disappear, may be more than can be
-reasonably expected.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The figure above represents an English Beggar about the middle of the
-fifteenth century, and has been copied from a Pontifical among the
-Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, on one of the margins of which the
-illuminator has rather strangely introduced it.
-
-[1] Psal. cix. 10. The passage in 1 Samuel ii. 8, "He lifteth up the
-_beggar_ from the dunghill," has not been used, because the original
-word does not seem to mean a common beggar. Strictly rendered, it
-signifies a _poor person_, or one in want.
-
-
-
-
- MENDICANT WANDERERS THROUGH THE
- STREETS OF LONDON.
-
-
-Sailors, according to the old adage, find a port in every storm. The
-appeal of "My worthy heart, stow a copper in Jack's locker,--for poor
-Jack has not had a quid to-day," is as piercingly felt by the lowly
-cottager as the British Admiral.
-
-Who can recollect Bigg's pathetic picture of the "Shipwrecked
-Sailor-boy," or Mrs Ludlam's charming poem of "The Lost Child," without
-shedding the tear of sympathy?
-
-The public are not, however, to conclude, that because a fellow sports a
-jacket and trousers, he must have been a seaman; for there are many
-fresh-water sailors, who never saw a ship but from London Bridge. Such
-an impostor was Jack Stuart, Flaxman's model, whose effigy is attached
-to the capital letter of this page. Jack's latter history is truly
-curious. After lingering for nearly three months, he died on the 15th of
-August 1815, aged 35. His funeral was attended by his wife and faithful
-dog, Tippo, as chief mourners, accompanied by three blind beggars in
-black cloaks; namely, John Fountain, George Dyball, and John Jewis. Two
-blind fiddlers, William Worthington and Joseph Symmonds, preceded the
-coffin, playing the 104th Psalm. The whimsical procession moved on,
-amidst crowds of spectators, from Jack's house, in Charlton Gardens,
-Somers Town, to the churchyard of St Pancras, Middlesex. The mourners
-afterwards returned to the place from whence the funeral had proceeded,
-where they remained the whole of the night, dancing, drinking, swearing,
-and fighting, and occasionally chaunting Tabernacle hymns; for it must
-be understood, that most of the beggars are staunch Methodists. The
-person from whom these particulars were obtained, and who was one of the
-party, thought himself extremely happy that he came off with a pair of
-black eyes _only_. The conduct of this man's associates in vice was
-however powerfully contrasted by the extraordinary attachment and
-fidelity of Jack's cur, Tippo, his long and stedfast guide, who, after
-remaining three days upon his master's grave, refusing every sort of
-food, died with intermitting sighs and howling sorrow. The dog of
-Woollett, the engraver, died nearly a similar death.
-
-The following plate exhibits Stuart's pupil, George Dyball, a fellow of
-considerable notoriety. He sometimes dresses as a sailor, in nankeen
-waistcoat and trousers; but George, like his master, never was a seaman.
-Stuart taught him to maund, by allowing him to kneel at a respectful
-distance, and repeat his supplications.
-
-Dyball was remarkable for his leader, Nelson, whose tricks displayed in
-an extraordinary degree the sagacity and docility of the canine race.
-This dog would, at a word from his master, lead him to any part of the
-town he wished to traverse, and at so quick a pace, that both animals
-have been observed to get on much faster than any other streetwalkers.
-His business was to make a response to his master's "_Pray pity the
-Blind_" by an impressive whine, accompanied with uplifted eyes and an
-importunate turn of the head; and when his eyes have not caught those of
-the spectators, he has been seen to rub the tin box against their knees,
-to enforce his solicitations. When money was thrown into the box, he
-immediately put it down, took out the contents with his mouth, and,
-joyfully wagging his tail, carried them to his master. After this, for a
-moment or two, he would venture to smell about the spot; but as soon as
-his master uttered "_Come, Sir_," off he would go, to the extent of his
-string, with his tail between his legs, apprehensive of the effects of
-his master's corrective switch. This animal was presented to Dyball by
-Joseph Symmonds, the blind fiddler, who received him of James Garland,
-another blind beggar, who had taught him his tricks. Unfortunately for
-Dyball, this treasure has lately been stolen from him, as is supposed by
-some itinerant player, and he is now obliged to depend on a dog of
-inferior qualifications, though George has declared him to "_Shew very
-pretty for tricks_."
-
-This custom of teaching dogs to beg with cans in their mouths is not
-new. A few years since, there was such an animal in a booth at
-Bartholomew Fair, who made his supplications in favour of an Italian
-rope-dancer. The practice is indeed very ancient, as appears in a truly
-curious illuminated copy of the Speculum Humanć Salvationis, written in
-the early part of the fifteenth century, in the possession of a friend
-of the author.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE I.
-
-George Dyball, a blind beggar of considerable notoriety, and his dog
-Nelson.]
-
-The next plate is of a beggar well known at fairs near the Metropolis.
-He is certainly blind, and perhaps one of the most cunning and witty of
-his tribe; for in order that his blindness may be manifest, he literally
-throws up his eyeballs, as if desirous of exemplifying the following
-lines in Hudibras:--
-
-  "As men of inward light are wont
-  To turn their optics in upon't."
-
-He is a foreigner, and probably a Frenchman; at all events he professed
-to be so on the commencement of the war; but having acquired a tolerable
-stock of English, and perhaps not choosing to return home, he now
-declares himself "_A poor Spaniard Man_."
-
-Sometimes he will, by an artful mode of singing any stuff that comes
-into his head, and by merely sounding the last word of a line, so
-contrive to impose upon the waggoners and other country people, as to
-make them believe that he fought in the field of Waterloo.
-
-"Poor fellow," exclaimed a spectator, "he has been in the battle of
-Waterloo." "_Yes, my belove friends_," returned the mendicant, "_De
-money de money go very low too_."
-
-However, this fellow is now and then detected, in consequence of a
-picture, which is painted on a tin plate and fastened to his breast,
-being the portrait of and worn many years ago by a marine, who had lost
-his sight at Gibraltar. His hair, which is sometimes bushy, is now and
-then closely put under his hat, or tied in a tail; and when he alters
-his voice, he becomes a different character--the form of a decrepit
-vender of matches. The seated beggar in this plate is frequently to be
-seen at the wall of Privy Chambers; he never asks charity, nor goes any
-great distance from Westminster, where he resides.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE II.
-
-A blind beggar well known at fairs near the metropolis; declares himself
-"_a poor Spaniard man_."]
-
-The following plate of a walking beggar, attended by a boy, was taken
-from a drawing made in West Smithfield. The object of it is well known
-about Finsbury Square and Bunhill Row; sometimes he stands at the gates
-of Wesley's meeting-house. His cant is, "Do, my worthy, tender-hearted
-Christians, remember the blind; pray pity the stone dark blind." The
-tricks of the boy that attended this man when the drawing was made,
-brought to mind the sportive Lazarillo De Tormes, when he was the guide
-of a beggar; from which entertaining history there are two very spirited
-etchings by Thomas Wyck,--the one, where he defrauds his master when
-partaking of the bunch of grapes; and the other, where he revenges a
-thrashing received from his master by causing him to strike his head
-against a pillar, and tumble into a ditch that he was attempting to leap.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE III.
-
-Blind beggar attended by a boy. From a drawing made in West Smithfield.
-Well known about Finsbury Square and Bunhill Row. His cant is, "Do, my
-worthy tender-hearted Christians, remember the blind; pray, pity the
-stone-dark blind."]
-
-The next subject is a tall blind man, with a long staff, with which he
-strikes the curbstones. He is seldom to be seen in any particular place,
-and was drawn when he stood against the wall of Mr Whitbread's brewhouse.
-
-He is frequently a vender of the penny religious tracts, dispersed by a
-society of Methodists, though perhaps with little use, for they are
-often purchased by people who are actually going to the gin-shop. It is
-here stated, on credible authority, that there are no less than 27,000
-of the Methodist and 21,500 of the Evangelical Magazines published every
-month; and it is also reported, that not less than 800 Methodistical
-meeting-houses have been erected in England within the last year.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE IV.
-
-Tall blind beggar, with a long staff, with which he strikes the
-curb-stones. Drawn while standing against the wall of Whitbread's
-Brewery.]
-
-The beggar portrayed in the next plate is a blind man, who remains for
-many hours successively with his legs in one position. He observes a
-profound silence when on his stand, but makes noise enough when he
-attends the Tabernacle Walk on the Sabbath; on the week days, however,
-he is frequently heard singing obscene songs. He is introduced, with his
-wife, in the background of George Dyball's plate.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE V.
-
-Blind beggar, who observes a profound silence when on his stand, but
-makes noise enough when he attends the Tabernacle Walk on the Sabbath.]
-
-The next plate affords a remarkable instance of sobriety in a blind man,
-who never tasted gin in his life. He was some years since to be found on
-the historically and beggarly-famed road of Bethnal Green, and obtained
-an honest livelihood by trafficking in halfpenny ballads.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VI.
-
-Blind man, who never tasted gin in his life. Frequented Bethnal Green
-Road, and obtained an honest livelihood by trafficking in halfpenny
-ballads.]
-
-The ensuing etching is of Charles Wood, a blind man, with an organ and a
-dancing dog, which he declares to be "_The real learned French dog,
-Bob_," and extols his tricks by the following never-failing address,
-"_Ladies and Gentlemen, this is the real learned French dog; please to
-encourage him; throw any thing down to him, and see how nimbly he'll
-pick it up, and give it to his poor blind master. Look about, Bob; be
-sharp; see what you're about, Bob._" Money being thrown, Bob picks it
-up, and puts it into his master's pocket. "_Thank ye, thank ye, my good
-masters; should any more Ladies and Gentlemen wish to encourage the poor
-dog, he's now quite in the humour; he'll pick it up almost before you
-can throw it down._" It is needless to add, that this man, whose station
-is against Privy Garden Wall, makes what is called "_a pretty penny_" by
-his learned French friend.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-This little animal is of so interesting a nature, that it has been
-thought worth while to give a side view of him, in order to exhibit the
-true cut of his tail.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VII.
-
-Charles Wood, a blind man, with an organ and a dancing dog. "The real
-learned French dog, Bob." Money being thrown, Bob picks it up, and puts
-it into his master's pocket.]
-
-The two succeeding plates are of a class that must ensure attention from
-the gaping multitude, and are commonly termed industrious beggars.
-
-The female figure is that of Priscilla, an inhabitant of St James,
-Clerkenwell, who is often to be seen in the summer seated against the
-wall of the Reservoir of the New River Water-works, Spa-fields, and
-employed in the making of patchwork quilts. She threads her own needle,
-cuts her own patches, and fits them entirely herself.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
-
-Priscilla, an inhabitant of St James, Clerkenwell, seated against the
-wall of the New River Water Works, Spa-fields, and employed in the
-making of patchwork quilts.]
-
-The other plate exhibits the portrait of Taylor, a blind shoemaker, who
-lost his sight eighteen years since by a blight. This harmless man, who
-lives at No. 6 Saffron Hill, maintains a family by his attention to his
-stands, which are sometimes at Whitehall, and the wall by Whitfield's
-Chapel, Tottenham Court Road. This meritorious pair may be justly
-regarded as true objects of compassion, as they never associate with the
-common street-beggars.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE IX.
-
-Taylor, a blind shoemaker, at the wall by Whitefield's Chapel, Tottenham
-Court Road.]
-
-The next plate, which will close the series of blind beggars, exhibits
-the portrait of William Kinlock. He was employed many years ago to turn
-a wheel for a four-post bedstead turner in Oxford Street, but afterwards
-lost his sight at Gibraltar, under the great Lord Heathfield. His stands
-are at Furnival's Inn and Portugal Street, near which latter place he
-resides.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE X.
-
-William Kinlock, a blind beggar, who lost his sight at Gibraltar.]
-
-Industrious beggars are sometimes confounded with sturdy impostors. Of
-the latter description is the man whose figure is given in the next
-plate. His employment is to cut a chain out of a piece of ash, which
-chain he calls "Turkish Moorings."
-
-After this fellow had agreed to accept two shillings for half an hour's
-sitting for the present work, he had not been seated in the kitchen ten
-minutes before he began to nestle, and growled a hope that he might not
-be detained long, adding that he could get twice the money in less time
-either at Charing Cross or Hyde Park Corner. In order to soften the
-brute, he had the offer of bread, cheese, and small beer. He said he
-never took any. At this moment the servant being employed in making a
-veal pie, he was asked whether he would accept of a steak, and take it
-to a public-house for his lunch. After slowly turning his head, without
-giving the least motion of his body, he sneeringly observed, that the
-veal had no fat.
-
-It was then determined to keep him the full time; and after a few close
-questions, he observed, that no one dared to keep him in prison; that he
-worked with tools, and was not a beggar. True it was, indeed, that his
-hat was on the ground; and if people would put money into it, surely it
-was not for him to turn it out. As to his chains, few persons would give
-him his price; they were five shillings a yard; nor did he care much to
-sell them, for if he did he should have nothing to show. After turning
-his money over several times, and for which he did not condescend to
-make the least acknowledgement, he exclaimed on leaving the house, "_Now
-that you have draughted me off, I suppose you'll make a fine deal of
-money of it_."
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XI.
-
-Chain maker, who said he was not a beggar; and if people would put money
-into his hat, surely it was not for him to turn it out.]
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The annexed representation is of a fellow whose figure was recently
-copied in Holborn, and although he was so scandalously intoxicated in
-the middle of the day that it was with the greatest difficulty he could
-stand, yet many people followed to give him money, because the
-inscription on his hat declared him to be "OUT OF EMPLOYMENT." Such are
-the effects of imposture, and the mischief of ill-directed benevolence.
-
-As a contrast to the two preceding characters, see the next plate, which
-affords the portraits of two truly industrious persons, Joseph Thake and
-his son. These people are natives of Watford, in Hertfordshire, who
-finding it impossible to procure work, and being determined not to beg,
-employed themselves in making puzzles. The boy learned the art when
-under a shepherd in Cambridgeshire. These specimens of ingenuity are
-made of pieces of willow, which contain small stones, serving for
-children's rattles, or as an amusement for grown persons who,
-unacquainted with the key, after taking them to pieces are puzzled to
-put them together again. When honest Thake and his son had filled a
-sack, they trudged to the great City, where they took their station in
-St Paul's Churchyard, vending their toys at the moderate price of
-sixpence a piece.
-
-Their rustic simplicity quickly procured them customers; among whom the
-author's friend, Mr Henry Pocknell, after purchasing a few specimens of
-their handy-work, procured for him the pleasure of imitating his example.
-
-The worthy parent transferred the money to his son, who requested that
-he might have the satisfaction of presenting his benefactor with a bird.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XII.
-
-Joseph Thake and his son, who made rattle puzzles, and sold them in St
-Paul's Churchyard at sixpence a piece.]
-
-The succeeding plate displays the effigy of Joseph Johnson, a black, who
-in consequence of his having been employed in the merchant service only,
-is not entitled to the provision of Greenwich. His wounds rendering him
-incapable of doing further duty on the ocean, and having no claim to
-relief in any parish, he is obliged to gain a living on shore; and in
-order to elude the vigilance of the parochial beadles, he first started
-on Tower Hill, where he amused the idlers by singing George Alexander
-Stevenson's "Storm." By degrees he ventured into the public streets, and
-at length became what is called a "Regular Chaunter." But novelty, the
-grand secret of all exhibitions, from the Magic Lantern to the Panorama,
-induced Black Joe to build a model of the ship Nelson, to which, when
-placed on his cap, he can, by a bow of thanks, or a supplicating
-inclination to a drawing-room window, give the appearance of sea-motion.
-Johnson is as frequently to be seen in the rural village as in great
-cities; and when he takes a journey, the kindhearted waggoner will often
-enable him in a few hours to visit the marketplaces of Staines, Romford,
-or St Albans, where he never fails to gain the farmer's penny, either by
-singing "The British Seaman's Praise," or Green's more popular song of
-"The Wooden Walls of Old England."
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
-
-Joseph Johnson, a black sailor, with a model of the ship _Nelson_ on his
-cap.]
-
-The following plate presents the portrait of another black man of great
-notoriety, Charles M'Gee, a native of Ribon, in Jamaica, born in 1744,
-and whose father died at the great age of 108. This singular man usually
-stands at the Obelisk, at the foot of Ludgate Hill. He has lost an eye,
-and his woolly hair, which is almost white, is tied up behind in a tail,
-with a large tuft at the end, horizontally resting upon the cape of his
-coat. Charles is supposed to be worth money. His stand is certainly
-above all others the most popular, many thousands of persons crossing it
-in the course of the day. He has of late on the working-days sported a
-smart coat, presented to him by a city pastry-cook. On a Sunday he is a
-constant attendant at Rowland Hill's meeting-house, and on that occasion
-his apparel is appropriately varied.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
-
-Charles M'Gee, a notorious black man, whose father died at the age of
-108. He usually stood at the Obelisk, at the foot of Ludgate Hill.]
-
-This man's portrait, when in his 73d year, was drawn on the 9th of
-October 1815, in the parlour of a public-house, the sign of the Twelve
-Bells, opposite to the famous well of St Brigit, which gave name to the
-ancient palace of our kings, Bridewell; but which has, ever since the
-grant of Edward VI., been a house of correction for vagabonds, &c. It is
-a truly curious circumstance, that this establishment gave name to other
-prisons of a similar kind; for instance, Clerkenwell Bridewell, and
-Tothill-fields' Bridewell. Over the entrance of the latter, the
-following inscription has been placed:--
-
- HERE ARE SEVERAL SORTS OF WORK
- FOR THE POOR OF THIS PARISH OF ST.
- MARGARET'S, WESTMINSTER;
- AS ALSO THE COUNTY, ACCORDING TO
- LAW, AND FOR SUCH AS WILL BEG, AND
- LIVE IDLE IN THIS CITY AND LIBERTY
- OF WESTMINSTER, ANNO 1655.
-
-Black people, as well as those destitute of sight, seldom fail to excite
-compassion. Few persons, however humble their situation, can withhold
-charity from the infant smiling upon features necessarily dead to its
-supplications, and deeply shrouded from the prying eyes of the vulgar by
-the bonnet, placarded with
-
- PRAY PITY THE BLIND AND FATHERLESS!
-
-A lady, on seeing this woodcut, composed the following lines:--
-
-  Lo! yonder Widow, reft of sight,
-    A Mother, who ne'er knew
-  The joys which Parents' eyes delight
-    When first their Babes they view.
-
-  Close to her breast, with cherub smile,
-    The cherish'd Infant lies;
-  And t'wards those darkened orbs the while
-    Lifts its unconscious eyes.
-
-  Then, Stranger, pause, and yield a gift
-    To Misery's Children due;
-  Lo! e'en yon grasping Miser's thrift
-    Now drops like hallowed dew.
-
-  M. P.
-
-Doctor Johnson, who generally gave to importunate beggars, never failed
-to relieve the silent blind.
-
-Black men are extremely cunning, and often witty; they have mostly short
-names, such as Jumbo, Toby, &c., but the last seems of late to be the
-most fashionable, for it has not only been used by the master of Mr
-Punch, the street-strolling puppet, as a name for that merry little
-fellow's dog, but by the proprietor of the Sapient Pig.
-
-The last negro beggar called Toby, was a character well known in this
-Metropolis. He was destitute of toes, had his head bound with a white
-handkerchief, and bent himself almost double to walk upon two
-hand-crutches, with which he nearly occupied the width of the pavement.
-Master Toby generally affected to be tired and exhausted whenever he
-approached a house where the best gin was to be procured; and was
-perhaps of all the inhabitants of Church Lane, St Giles's, the man who
-expended the most money in that national cordial.
-
-But this man was nothing when compared with a Lascar, who lately sold
-halfpenny ballads, and whose gains enabled him to spit his goose, or
-broil a duck; for it is well known, that upon an average he made not
-less than fifteen shillings per day.
-
-The author of this little work sincerely regrets the loss of a sketch
-that he made from a black man, whose countenance and figure were the
-most interesting of any of the tribe. He was nearly six feet in height,
-rather round in the shoulders, and usually wore a covering of green
-baize; indeed altogether he brought to recollection that exquisite
-statue of Cicero, in the Pomfret collection of marbles at Oxford, so
-beautifully engraved by Sherwin. This fellow, who had often been taken
-up, has not been seen for several months.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Go-cart, Billies in bowls, or Sledge-beggars, are denominations for
-those cripples whose misfortunes will not permit them to travel in any
-other way; and these are next presented to the reader's notice.
-
-Men of this class are to be found in every country. The little fellow
-above depicted in the cart is copied from Luca Carlevarij's 100 Views in
-Venice, a set of long quarto plates, most spiritedly etched, and
-published in 1703.
-
-Hogarth, whose active eye caught Nature in all her garbs, has introduced
-in his Wedding of the Industrious Apprentice, a cripple well known in
-those days under the appellation of Philip in the Tub, a fellow who
-constantly attended weddings, and retailed the ballad of "Jesse, or the
-Happy Pair."
-
-Dublin has ever been famous for a Billy in the Bowl. A very remarkable
-fellow of this class, well known in that city, and who thought proper to
-leave Ireland on the Union, was met in London by a Noble Lord, who
-observed, "So you are here too!" "Yes, my Lord," replied the beggar,
-"the Union has brought us all over."
-
-The back view of the person exhibited in the following plate, is that of
-Samuel Horsey, who, in December 1816, had been a London beggar for
-thirty-one years. Of this man there are various opinions, and it is much
-to be doubted if the truth can be obtained even from his own mouth. He
-states that Mr Abernethy cut off his legs in St Bartholomew's Hospital,
-but he does not declare from what cause; so that being deprived of the
-power of gaining a subsistence by labour, he was forced to become a
-beggar. By some persons he is styled the King of the Beggars, but
-certainly without the least foundation. He says that no one has been
-less acquainted with beggars than himself; and as for his having the
-command of a district, that he utterly denies. His walks, or rather
-movements, are not always confined; on some days he slides to Charing
-Cross, but is oftener to be seen at the door of Mr Coutts's
-banking-house, perhaps with an idea that persons just after they have
-received money are more likely to bestow charity.
-
-Of all other men, Horsey has the most dexterous mode of turning, or
-rather swinging himself, into a gin-shop. He dashes the door open by
-forcibly striking the front of his sledge and himself against it.
-
-He was once seen in a most perilous situation, when he lodged in a
-two-pair of stairs back room, in Wharton's Court, Holborn. He had placed
-himself on the window-sill, in order to clean the outside upper panes,
-and was attached as usual to his sledge, when unfortunately he broke a
-square. On this occasion he let loose the volley of oaths which at other
-times he can so forcibly discharge; nor did his rage subside after he
-had launched himself into the room again; indeed he was heard at
-intervals to vociferate in this way for several hours.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XV.
-
-Samuel Horsey, a London beggar for more than thirty-one years.
-Frequented the neighbourhood of Charing Cross and Coutts's Bank.]
-
-The very extraordinary torso etched in the next plate is that of John
-Mac Nally, of the county of Tyrone. This poor fellow lost the use of his
-legs by a log, that crushed both his thighs, when an apprentice at Cork.
-
-His head, shoulders, and chest, which are exactly those of Hercules,
-would prove valuable models for the artist.
-
-Mac, who is well known about Parliament Street, Whitehall, and the
-Surrey foot of Westminster Bridge, after scuttling along the streets for
-some time upon a sledge, discovered the power of novelty, and trained
-two dogs, Boxer and Rover, to draw him in a truck, by which contrivance
-he has increased his income beyond all belief.
-
-Though this man's dogs when coupled have occasional snarlings,
-particularly when one scratches himself with an overstrained exertion,
-the other feeling at the same time an inclination to dose, yet, when
-their master has been dead drunk, and become literally a log on his
-truck, they have very cordially united their efforts to convey him to
-his lodgings in St Ann's Lane, Westminster, and perhaps with more safety
-than if he had governed them, frequently taking a circuitous route
-during street repairs in order to obtain the clearest path.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
-
-John MacNally, of Tyrone County, with his two dogs Boxer and Rover, who
-drew him in a truck. Well known about Parliament Street and Whitehall.]
-
-The figure in the box is that of a Jew mendicant, who has unfortunately
-lost the use of his legs, and is placed every morning in the above
-vehicle, so that he may be drawn about the neighbourhood of Petticoat
-Lane, and exhibited as an object of charity. His venerable appearance
-renders it impossible for a Jew or a Christian to pass without giving
-him alms, though he never begs but of his own people; a custom highly
-creditable to the Jews, and even more attentively observed by that truly
-honourable Society of Friends, vulgarly called Quakers, who neither
-suffer their poor to beg, nor become burthensome to any but themselves.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
-
-A Jew Beggar, who has lost the use of his legs, and was drawn in a box
-about the neighbourhood of Petticoat Lane.]
-
-About forty-eight years ago, when the sites of Portland Place,
-Devonshire Street, &c., were fields, the famous Tommy Lowe, then a
-singer at Mary-le-bone Gardens, raised a subscription to enable an
-unfortunate man to run a small chariot, drawn by four muzzled mastiffs,
-from a pond near Portland Chapel--called Cockney Ladle, which supplied
-Mary-le-bone Basin with water--to the Farthing Pie-house, a building
-remaining at the end of Norton Street, and now the sign of the Green
-Man, in order to accommodate children with a ride for a halfpenny. And
-it is rather extraordinary, that the son of that very man, a few years
-since, and after the death of his wife, harnessed a spaniel to a small
-cart, but large enough to hold his infant, which the animal drew after
-the father from lamp to lamp through the very streets above mentioned.
-The dog became so accustomed to his task, that as soon as he heard his
-master cover a lamp, away he would scamper to the next, and there wait
-the arrival of the ladder.
-
-Street-crossing sweepers next make their appearance; the first on the
-list being William Tomlins, whose stand is very productive, as it
-includes both Albemarle and St James Streets. Of this man there is
-nothing further remarkable, beyond his attention to his pitch, for so
-the beggars and ballad-singers call their stands. He appears to be alive
-to the receipt of every penny, and will not suffer himself by any means
-to be diverted from his solicitations; as a strong proof of which, he
-refused to hold the horse of a gentleman who called to him for that
-purpose, and from this it may be inferred that he thought begging a
-better occupation.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
-
-William Tomlins, a crossing-sweeper, who stood at Albemarle and St
-James's Streets.]
-
-The next character portrayed is a constant sweeper of the crossing at
-the top of Ludgate Hill. This man finds it his interest to wear a cloth
-round his head, as he is on that account frequently noticed by elderly
-maiden city dames, who mistake him for one of their own sex.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIX.
-
-Sweeper of the crossing at the top of Ludgate Hill.]
-
-The crossing from Charles Street to Rathbone Place is swept by Daniel
-Cropp, as filthy a looking fellow as any of his tribe. In order to
-render himself noticed, he literally combs his hair with his opened
-fingers. He at present differs from the etching, by wearing a fireman's
-jacket.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XX.
-
-Daniel Cropp, sweeper of the crossing from Charles Street to Rathbone
-Place.]
-
-The next plate represents a lad who occasionally sweeps the crossing at
-the end of Princes Street, Hanover Square, and wears a large waistcoat,
-surmounted by a soldier's jacket.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXI.
-
-Lad who swept the crossing at the end of Princes Street, Hanover Square.]
-
-At the time he was drawn, he was so sickly that his person was not
-recognised as a vender of matches, in which character he had two years
-before been selected as a subject for this work, and whose portrait as
-such is given in the following plate. The boy occasionally sings the old
-match song, and at certain hours finds it his interest to exercise his
-broom at the above station.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXII.
-
-Vendor of matches.]
-
-The subjects of the next two plates are unfortunate mendicants. The
-first is a silver-haired man, of the name of Lilly, who lost his leg in
-some repairs at Westminster. Poets' Corner, in the Abbey, is the place
-where he is mostly to be seen.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.
-
-"Lilly," who lost his leg in some repairs at Westminster. Mostly to be
-seen at Poets' Corner in the Abbey.]
-
-The second plate is the portrait of William Frasier, deprived of both
-his hands in the field of battle. His allowance as a maimed soldier not
-being sufficient to maintain his large family, he is obliged to depend
-on the benevolence of such of the public who purchase boot-laces of him.
-When this poor fellow's portrait was taken, he lodged in Market Lane, in
-the house formerly occupied by Torre, the print-seller, who was the
-original fireworker at Mary-le-bone Gardens.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.
-
-William Frasier, deprived of both his hands in the field of battle.
-Maintains his family by the sale of boot-laces.]
-
-London has of late been gradually losing many of its old street customs,
-particularly that pleasing one of the milkmaid's garland, so richly
-decorated with articles of silver and bunches of cowslips. The garland
-was of a pyramidal form, and placed upon a horse carried by two
-chairmen, adorned with ribbons and tulips. The plate consisted of pint
-mugs, quart tankards, and large dishes, sometimes to the value of five
-hundred pounds, hired of silversmiths for the purpose. The milkwoman and
-her pretty maids, in their Nancy Dawson petticoats, would dance to the
-fiddler's jigs of "Paddy O'Rafferty," or "Off she goes," before the
-doors of their customers; but now, instead of this innocent scene of
-May-day gaiety, the streets are infested by such fellows as the one
-exhibited in the adjoining plate, who have been dismissed, perhaps for
-their indecent conduct, from the public places of entertainment. These
-men hire old dresses, and join the Chimney Sweeper's, Cinder-sifter's,
-or Bunter's Garland, or Jack in the Green, &c., and exhibit all sorts of
-grimace and ribaldry to extort money from their numerous admirers.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXV.
-
-May-Day Gaiety.--These men hire old dresses, and join the
-Cinder-sifter's or Bunter's Garland, or Jack in the Green, &c., and
-exhibit all sorts of grimace and ribaldry, to extort money from their
-numerous admirers.]
-
-Few persons, particularly those in elevated life, can witness, or even
-entertain a true idea of the various modes by which the lowest classes
-gain a livelihood. It is scarcely to be believed that some few years ago
-a woman, of the name of Smith, regularly went over London early in the
-morning, to strike out the teeth of dead dogs that had been stolen and
-killed for the sake of their skins. These teeth she sold to bookbinders,
-carvers, and gilders, as burnishing tools.
-
-There are women who, on Sunday mornings when there are no carts about,
-frequent Thames Street, and the adjoining lanes inhabited by Lisbon
-merchants, to pick up from the kennels the refuse of lemons, after they
-have been squeezed for their juice. These they sell to the Jew
-distillers, who extract a further portion of liquor, and thus afford
-them the means of selling, at a considerably reduced price, lemon drops
-to the lower order of confectioners.
-
-It is seldom that the common beggars eat the food given to them; and it
-is a well-known fact, that they sell their broken bread to the lowest
-order of the biscuit bakers, who grind it for the purpose of making
-"tops and bottoms," &c.
-
-This was also the practice in former days, as appears in an old ballad,
-from which the following is an extract:--
-
- THE BEGGAR'S WEDDING;
- OR, THE JOVIAL CREW.
- _Printed with allowance, October 19, 1676._
-
-  "Then Tom a Bedlam winds his horn at best,
-  Their trumpet 'twas to bring away their feast;
-  Pickt marybones they had, found in the street,
-  Carrots kickt out of kennels with their feet;
-  Crusts gathered up for bisket, twice so dry'd;
-  Alms-tubs, and olla podridas, beside
-  Many such dishes more; but it would cumber
-  Any to name them, more than I can number.
-  Then comes the banquet, which must never fail,
-  That the town gave, of whitebread and strong ale.
-  All were so tipsie, that they could not go,
-  And yet would dance, and cry'd for music hoe:
-  With tonges and gridirons they were play'd unto,
-  And blind men sung, as they are us'd to do.
-  Some whistled, and some hollow sticks did sound,
-  And so melodiously they play around:
-  Lame men, lame women, manfully cry advance,
-  And so, all limping, jovially did dance."
-
-Some women gain a living by going from house to house and begging
-phials. They pretend that they have an order for medicines at the
-dispensary, for their dear husband, or only child, but know not in what
-way to get it without a bottle, as they are obliged to take one of their
-own; at the same time, some will beg white linen rags to dress wounds
-with. These they soon turn into money at the old iron shops,--the
-"dealers in marine stores."
-
-Those who beg old shoes, such as Grannee Manoo, make as much as six or
-seven shillings a day. They sell them to the people who live in cellars
-in Monmouth Street, or stalls in Food and Raiment Alley, Rosemary Lane,
-&c. These persons give them new soles, and are called Translators. In
-Mountsorrel, Leicestershire, a cobbler of the name of Bates styles
-himself a translator.
-
-The plate of two Bone-pickers is the next to be described. The
-physiognomy of the fellow who is stitching patches together to tack to
-his coat, which consists of some hundreds of bits of old velvet,
-carpets, &c., would baffle the skill of either Lavater or Spurzheim; it
-has the mixture of the idiot, the goat, and the bull-dog. Such a visage
-might have been useful to Spagnolet, or his pupil Salvator. In order to
-discover a few of the habits of this character, he was followed for
-several hours through many streets, alleys, and courts, in the parish of
-St Martin's in the Fields. On his arrival at Moor's Yard, which is said
-to have been a place for the execution of public criminals in early
-times, he was accused of stealing door mats, and with some difficulty
-extricated his tatters from the tugs of a couple of dogs. In Hartshorn
-Lane, in the Strand, at one time the residence of Ben Jonson, he was
-seen to take up a brick, and throw it at two curs fighting for a bone,
-which he picked up and put into his bag. These bones are bought by the
-burners at Haggerstone, Shoreditch, and Battlebridge, at two shillings
-per bushel, in which half a bushel is given over, that being bone
-measure.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXVI.
-
-Two bone-pickers, one of them stitching patches together to tack to his
-coat.]
-
-Bill Row and John Taylor, two grubbers, are introduced in the next
-plate. These men, with Stephen Lloyd, form the sum total of their
-description in London. They procure a livelihood by whatever they find
-in grubbing out the dirt from between the stones with a crooked bit of
-iron, in search of nails that fall from horse-shoes, which are allowed
-to be the best iron that can be made use of for gun-barrels; and though
-the streets are constantly looked over at the dawn of day by a set of
-men in search of sticks, handkerchiefs, shawls, &c., that may have been
-dropped during the night, yet these grubbers now and then find rings
-that have been drawn off with the gloves, or small money that has been
-washed by the showers between the stones. These men are frequently
-employed to clear gully-holes and common sewers, the stench of which is
-so great that their breath becomes pestilential; and its noxious quality
-on one occasion had so powerful an effect on a man of the name of Dixie,
-as to deprive him of two of his senses, smelling and tasting, and yet
-Ned Flowers followed this calling for forty years.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXVII.
-
-Bill Row and John Taylor, two grubbers.]
-
-But there is still a more wretched class of beings than the grubbers,
-who never know the comfort of dry clothes,--they are, like the leech,
-perpetually in water. The occupation of these draggle-tail wretches
-commences on the banks of the Thames at low water. They go up to their
-knees in mud, to pick up the coals that fall from the barges when at the
-wharfs. Their flesh and dripping rags are like the coals they carry in
-small bags across their shoulders, and which they dispose of, at a
-reduced price, to the meanest order of chandler-shop retailers.
-
-The environs produce characters equally curious with those of London,
-particularly among that order of people called Simplers, whose business
-it is to gather and supply the city markets with physical herbs. Such an
-innocent instance of rustic simplicity is William Friday, whose portrait
-is exhibited in the following plate. This man starts from Croydon, with
-champignons, mushrooms, &c., and is alternately snail-picker,
-leech-bather, and viper-catcher.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII.
-
-William Finley,--is alternately snail-picker, leech-bather, and
-viper-catcher.]
-
-The man whose portrait is given in the succeeding plate, mimics the
-notes of the common English birds by means of a folded bit of tin,
-similar to that used by Mr Punch's orator, and which is held between the
-teeth; but in order to engage the attention of the credulous, he
-pretends, as his lips are nearly closed, to draw his tones from two
-tobacco-pipes, using one for the fiddle, the other for the bow, and
-never fails to collect an attentive audience, either in the street or
-tap-room.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIX.
-
-Street musician, who mimics the notes of the common English birds by
-means of a folded bit of tin, which is held between the teeth; but in
-order to engage the attention of the credulous, he pretends to draw his
-tones from two tobacco pipes.]
-
-Musicians of this description were at one time very numerous. Gravelot,
-when he kept a drawing-school in the Strand, made sketches of several.
-One particularly picturesque, was of a blind chaunter of the old ballads
-of "There was a wealthy Lawyer," or "O Brave Nell," and has been
-admirably etched by Miller. This man accompanied his voice by playing
-upon a catgut string drawn over a bladder, and tied at both ends of a
-mop-stick; but the boys continually perplexing him by pricking his
-bladder, and a pampered prodigal having with a sword let out all his
-wind, he fortunately hit upon a mode of equally charming the ear by
-substituting a tin tea-canister.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXX.
-
-A blind chaunter of the old ballads, who accompanied his voice by
-playing upon a catgut string drawn over a tea canister, and tied at both
-ends of a mop stick.]
-
-Thomas King, a most excellent painter of conversation-scenes, who lived
-at the time of Hogarth, and assisted him in his large pictures of Paul
-before Felix in Lincoln's Inn Hall, and the Good Samaritan in
-Bartholomew's Hospital, has left portraits of several of these singular
-beings,--such as Maddox, the balancer of a straw; but particularly that
-of Matthew Skeggs, who played a concerto upon a broomstick, in the
-character of Signor Bumbasto, at the little theatre in the Haymarket.
-These portraits have been engraved by Houston. That of Skeggs was
-published by himself, at the sign of the Hoop and Bunch of Grapes, in St
-Alban's Street, now a part of Waterloo Place. Since their time, Mr
-Meadows, the comedian, has been particularly famous for his imitations
-of birds; and some of the lowest description of street vagabonds have
-produced tones by playing upon their chins with their knuckles. Another
-hero of the knuckle, was the famous Buckhorse, the friend of Ned Shuter,
-and who formerly sold sticks in Covent Garden. This fellow grew so
-callous to the blow of the knuckle, as to place his head firmly against
-a wall, and suffer, for a shilling, any wretch to strike him with his
-doubled fist, with all his strength, in his face, which became at last
-more like a Good-Friday bun than any thing human. Of this man there are
-many portraits.
-
-Of Scottish, Welsh, and Irish mendicants there are now very few in
-London; perhaps their full number does not exceed fifty, unless by
-including that lower order of street-musicians who so frequently
-distract the harmonious ear with their droning bag-pipes, screaming
-clarionets, and crazy harps. These people, with match, tooth-pick, and
-cotton-ball venders, may be considered but as one remove from beggary.
-
-The lowest class of the Scotch are bakers' men; the women are
-laundresses. The Welshmen, of whom London never had many, are
-principally employed by the potters of Lambeth, at which place they have
-an old established house of worship. It is a cheerful sight to behold
-their women, who are remarkable for their cleanliness, and, like the
-Scotch, are generally pictures of vigorous health. These will go in
-trains of twenty or thirty persons, from Hammersmith to Covent Garden
-Market, joining in one national melody, and perfuming the air with their
-baskets of ripe strawberries.
-
-Of all people the poor Irish are the most anxious to gain employment,
-and are truly valuable examples of industry. They sleep less than other
-labourers; for at the dawn of day they assemble in flocks at their usual
-stands for hire,--namely, Whitechapel, Queen Street, Cheapside, and on
-the spot formerly occupied by St Giles's pound, at the ends of Oxford
-Street and Tottenham Court Road. The most laborious of them are
-chairmen, paviers, bricklayers' labourers, potato-gatherers, and
-basket-men; and, to the eternal disgrace of the commonalty of the
-English, these people, as well as the Scotch and Welsh, are guilty of
-very few excesses, particularly in that odious practice of drinking, a
-vice so much increased by the accommodation of seats in gin-shops, which
-are the first opened and last shut in London.
-
-The Irish carry immense loads. A hod of bricks, weighing one hundred and
-ten pounds, is carried one hundred and twenty times at least in the
-course of the day, and sometimes up a ladder of the height of five
-stories, and all for two shillings and ninepence per day. The pavier's
-rammer, of more than half a hundred weight, is raised not fewer than two
-thousand times in the course of the day. _What Englishman could do
-this?_ With respect to loads on the head, the Irish surpass all others.
-Leary makes nothing of carrying two hundred weight from the Fox under
-the Hill, near the Adelphi, to Covent Garden, many times on a market
-morning; and yet, extraordinary as this may appear, his feats have been
-more than equalled by a female. A man of the name of Eglesfield, who has
-sold flowers in Covent Garden for the last thirty-six years, knew an
-Irish girl who would often walk under the weight of two hundred pounds.
-He declares that she brought a load of one hundred and a half from
-Newgate Market to Covent Garden on her head, without once pitching,
-though it must be observed that this was not potato-weight, which has
-always one hundred and twenty-six pounds to the hundred.
-
-The following woodcut represents the humane manner in which cripples are
-conveyed from door to door in many parts of Ireland. The following
-description has been kindly furnished to the Author by a friend, who has
-frequently assisted in the conveyance, and takes no ordinary interest in
-the condition of the poor.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-In the country parts of Ireland, beggars are treated with great
-tenderness and pious hospitality. Many of them are recognised as
-descended from ancient and powerful septs, which decayed in the
-revolutions of property and influence. During many years after the
-invasion of King Henry, the houses of hospitality (so amply described in
-Sir John Davis's Tracts) which were established by the Chiefs for their
-poor relations and the traveller, were still kept open; and to this
-hour, some gentry and farmers provide the itinerant beggars with a bed
-as well as food. The alms are generally given in meal, flax, wool, milk,
-or potatoes, but seldom in money, except in cities or towns. After
-receiving a night's lodging or alms, long and devout prayers are
-distinctly uttered at the door of the benefactor. Like the players in
-Hamlet, they are the brief chronicles of the times, and their praises of
-the good frequently contribute to matrimonial connections. In some parts
-of the country the beggars have a particular day in the week for
-appearing abroad, when they are plentifully supplied for the remaining
-six; and those who, from loss of limbs, or other infirmity, are unable
-to walk, are seated upon barrows, and carried or wheeled from door to
-door, by the servants of each house or the casual passenger, an act of
-piety which is not unfrequently performed by members of respectable
-families. The beggars are seen in crowds near places of Catholic
-worship, or pilgrimage, and many of them are distinguished for great
-piety and temperance. The English traveller is sometimes surprised at
-seeing a venerable figure, clothed in a hair-cloth shirt or tunic,
-repeating his orisons on the side of a road, with naked shivering limbs,
-and a beard which for years has been unconscious of a razor. Yet in
-Ireland, as in other places, there are pretended objects, and beggars
-who misapply the benefactions of the charitable. They receive no
-interruption from the police, except in Dublin, where a large close cart
-frequently returns to the workhouse full of discontented mendicants, who
-have an extraordinary aversion to restraint upon their freedom, or
-compulsion to attend the established worship, which is generally
-different from their own.
-
-This class of the Irish are by no means unacquainted with the use of wit
-and waggery. The celebrated Dr O'Leary used to entertain his friends
-with some instances of their ingenuity. As he was riding to Maynooth
-College, a beggar accosted him for alms, declaring that he had not
-received a farthing for three days. The good Doctor gave him some
-silver, and being accosted on his return, in the evening, with a similar
-story, he upbraided the petitioner with his falsehood, telling him that
-he was Dr O'Leary. "Oh, long life to your reverence," said the beggar,
-"who would I tell my lies to, except my clargy?"
-
-The parts in and near London mostly inhabited by the Irish poor, are
-Calmel Buildings, Orchard Street; Petty France, Westminster; Paddy's
-Land, near Plaistow; forty houses on the Rumford Road; and in the parish
-of St Giles in the Fields. This latter place, which is their principal
-residence, is called their colony, and is styled by them "The Holy
-Land;" in the centre of it there is a mass of building called "Rats'
-Castle."
-
-In the time of Queen Elizabeth, St Giles's was the rendezvous of the
-beggars; for in "A Caveat, or Warning, for Common Cursitors, vulgarely
-called Vagabones, set forth by Thomas Harman, Esquire," 1567, it appears
-that Nicoles Genynges, the cranke, went over "the water into St George's
-fields," and not, according to the expectation of Mr Harman, who caused
-him to be dogged, toward Holborn, or St Giles's in the Fields.
-
-It appears from a very early plan of St Giles's in the Fields, in the
-possession of Mr Parton, vestry clerk of that parish, that the lowest
-class of its inhabitants live on a portion of sixteen acres formerly
-called "Pittaunce Croft" (the allowance), which extended from a large
-mansion called Tottenhall, the fragments of which were of late supposed
-to have been parts of a palace of King John; they have been recently
-taken down. This house of Tottenhall was formerly inhabited by a
-Prebendary of St Paul's; it stood on the north side of that part of the
-road called "Tottenham Court," leading from the north end of Tottenham
-Court Road to Battle Bridge. The sixteen acres commenced from the above
-house, and went on southerly to St Giles's Church, and from thence
-easterly along the north side of the High Street to Red Lion Fields (now
-Red Lion Square).
-
-The streets, lanes, alleys, and courts, forming the nest of houses
-inhabited by thieves, beggars, and the poor labouring Irish, are
-encompassed by a portion of the south side of Russell Street, formerly
-called Leonard Street, commencing from Tottenham Court Road, parts of
-the west sides of Charlotte and Plumtree Streets, and a part of the
-north and round the east of High Street to the first mentioned station
-of Russell Street. To the honour of Scotland, not one Scotch beggar is
-to be found in the dregs or lees of St Giles's. However wretched and
-depraved the inhabitants of this spot may now be, they certainly were
-worse fifty years ago, for it appears that there was then no honour
-among thieves; the sheets belonging to the lodging-houses, where a bed
-at that time was procured for twopence, having the names of the owners
-painted on them in large characters of red lead, in order to prevent
-their being bought if stolen,--as for instance,
-
- JOHN LEA,
- LAWRENCE LANE.
- STOP THIEF.
-
-At the same period, the shovels, pokers, tongs, gridirons, and purl pots
-of the public-houses, particularly those of the Maidenhead Inn, in Dyott
-Street (now changed to George Street), and which was then kept by a man
-of the name of Jordan, were all chained to the fire-place. At this house
-the beggars, after a good day's maunding, would bleed the dragon, a
-large silver tankard so called, and which was to be filled with punch
-only. There is now a house, the sign of the Rose and Crown, in Church
-Lane, which was formerly called the Beggars' Opera; and there was
-another house so denominated, the sign of the Weaver's Arms, in Church
-Lane, Whitechapel.
-
-The last cook-shop where the knives and forks were chained to the table,
-was on the south side of High Street. It was kept about forty years ago
-by a man of the name of Fussell.
-
-Perhaps the only waggery in public-house customs now remaining, is in
-the tap-room of the Apple Tree, opposite to Cold Bath Fields Prison.
-There are a pair of handcuffs fastened to the wires as bell-pulls, and
-the orders given by some of the company, when they wish their friends to
-ring, are, to "agitate the conductor."
-
-Most of the kitchens in High Street, from St Giles's Church to the
-entrance of Holborn, were sausage, sheep's head, roley poley pudding,
-pancake, and potatoe cellars. The last heroine of the frying-pan
-exhibited a short nose and shining red face, and was known by the
-appellation of "Little Fanny." She had fried and boiled for Mrs Markham,
-now living in the same house, thirty-three years. Her face had become so
-ardent by frequent wipings, that for many years it would not bear a
-touch.
-
-It was the opinion of Sir Nathaniel Conant, when that able and active
-magistrate attended the Committee of the House of Commons, that
-extensive as mendicity has been of late, it is by no means to be
-compared with what it was thirty years ago.
-
-It is very obvious that since the proceedings of the Committee for
-inquiring into the state of mendicity, the common beggars have decreased
-considerably in their numbers; and although they are still extremely
-numerous, it appears that where our wonderful Metropolis is molested
-with one beggar, there are twenty to be met with in almost every capital
-on the continent.
-
-England, justly claiming the palm for the encouragement of every art and
-science, has ever been foremost in almsgiving, not only to her own
-people, but to those of almost every part of the globe. Nor can any
-other country boast such parochial poorhouses. The vast improvements of
-the streets and public edifices, great as they are, by no means keep
-pace with them either as to comfort or expense, of which Marylebone and
-Pancras are examples; and to the honour of these parishes, as well as
-that of St James, their concerns are regulated, examined, and audited by
-independent characters of the highest integrity.
-
-Notwithstanding the great benefit of these asylums for the destitute,
-and the laws for the punishment of beggars, the sympathetic heart of the
-true Christian, a character unpolluted by the cant of crafty sectarists,
-is ever open to the tale of the distressed, from a respect for that
-excellent doctrine of St Paul, that
-
- CHARITY NEVER FAILETH.
-
-The following eulogium on this virtue, is extracted from Mr Hamilton's
-appeal in behalf of a religious community which had been deprived of its
-property during the French Revolution:--
-
-"Charity is an emanation from the choicest attribute of the Deity; it
-is, as it were, a portion of the Divinity engrafted upon the human
-stock; it cancels a multitude of transgressions in the possessor, and
-gives him a foretaste of celestial joys. It whetted the pious Martin's
-sword, when he divided his garment with the beggar; and swelled the
-royal Alfred's bosom, while a pilgrim was the partner of his meal. It
-influenced the sorrowing widow to cast her mite into the treasury; and
-held a Saviour on the Cross, when he could have summoned Heaven to his
-rescue. Its practice was dictated by the law, its neglect has been
-censured by the prophets; and when the Lord of the vineyard sent his
-only Son, he came not to destroy the law, but to fulfil it. Other
-virtues may have a limit here, but Charity extends beyond the grave.
-Faith may be lost in endless certainty, and Hope may perish in the
-fruition of its object, but Charity shall live for countless ages, for
-ever blessing and for ever blessed!"
-
-THE END.
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-_A Soap-eater, copied from a rare print of the time of Queen Elizabeth_
-
-_A Tom of Bedlam copied from an Old Drawing of the time of Edw. 6th. in
-the possession of Fran. Douce Esq._
-
-_Copied from a Drawing of the time of Henry VIIth in the possession of
-Francis Douce, Esq._]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXXI.
-
-Beggars leaving town for their workhouse.]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives of Famous London Beggars, by 
-John Thomas Smith
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