diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 12:52:46 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 12:52:46 -0800 |
| commit | 13cfa6a5d5a63b3c53be7a9121c94f685dedc812 (patch) | |
| tree | a64163c111e9bedc9910b6226a5d532852a62c06 /old/55207-0.txt | |
| parent | 7f52e6b86e862ca83d3bee5ae3c924e7d0ee6270 (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to 'old/55207-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55207-0.txt | 2741 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2741 deletions
diff --git a/old/55207-0.txt b/old/55207-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1301750..0000000 --- a/old/55207-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2741 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, -No. 1 (1892), by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 1 (1892) - -Author: Various - -Editor: Vernon Lyman Kellogg - -Release Date: July 26, 2017 [EBook #55207] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, V. I, NO. 1 (1892) *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations - in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. - - - - - Vol. I. JULY, 1892 No. 1. - - THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY - - - COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION - E. H. S. BAILEY F. W. BLACKMAR - W. H. CARRUTH C. G. DUNLAP - E. MILLER S. W. WILLISTON - V. L. KELLOGG, _Managing Editor_ - - - CONTENTS - - KANSAS PTERODACTYLS, PART I. _S. W. Williston_ - KANSAS MOSASAURS, PART I. _S. W. Williston and E. C. Case_ - NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SYRPHIDAE, _W. A. Snow_ - NOTES ON MELITERA DENTATA GROTE, _V. L. Kellogg_ - DIPTERA BRASILIANA, PART II. _S. W. Williston_ - - - PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY - - LAWRENCE, KANSAS - - _Price of this number, 50 cents_ - - Entered at the Post-office in Lawrence as Second-class matter - - JOURNAL PUBLISHING HOUSE, - LAWRENCE, KANSAS. - 1892. - - - - -KANSAS PTERODACTYLS. - - -BY S. W. WILLISTON. - -PART I, WITH PLATE I. - -The first American species of the singular group of extinct Mesozoic -reptiles variously know as Ornithosaurs, Pterosaurs or Pterodactyls was -described by Marsh from a fragmentary specimen obtained in 1870, by the -Yale College Expedition in Wallace County, Kansas. About a dozen other -specimens were obtained by a similar expedition the following year in -charge of Professor Marsh, or by Professor Cope, and were described by -these authors shortly afterward. By far the largest number of known -specimens, however, other than those in the Kansas University Museum, -were obtained during the years 1874, ’75, ’76 and ’77 by parties of -which Professor Mudge, Dr. H. A. Brous, E. W. Guild, George Cooper and -myself were the members, and it was from these specimens that most -of the published characters were derived. Many of these specimens -are necessarily fragmentary ones, still the material now in the Yale -College Museum is ample to elucidate everything of interest concerning -these animals. - -During the past few years, the Museum of Kansas University has been -enriched by a series of excellent specimens of these animals, obtained -from the same regions, specimens that permit the solution of most of -the doubtful characters and throw not a little light on the affinities -of the Kansas forms. - -The species hitherto named are as follows: - - -PTERANODON. - - _Pteranodon_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, - June 1876; and xii, p. 479, Dec. 1876; xxiii, p. 253, - April, 1882; xxvii, p. 423, May, 1881; Williston, - Amer. Naturalist, xxv, p. 1174, Dec. 1891 - -=Pteranodon occidentalis.= - - _Pterodactylus Oweni_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. - 472, June 1871, Sep. p. 16 (nom. preoc). - - _Pterodactylus occidentalis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. - iii, p. 242, April 1872, Sep. p. 1; Cope, Cretac. - Vert. p. 68, pl. vii, ff. 5, 6. - - _Ornithocheirus harpyia_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. - 1872, p. 471 (Cope). - -This species was originally based upon the distal end of two -wing-metacarpals, and teeth. In the following year, a fuller -description was given of additional remains referred to the same -species and renamed _P. occidentalis_. - -=Pteranodon ingens.= - - _Pterodactylus ingens_ Marsh, Amer. Journ Sci. iii, p. - 246, April 1872, Sep. p. 6. - - _Pteranodon ingens_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. - 508, June 1876. - -This species is based upon various bones of the wing-finger of several -individuals, and three teeth. - -=Pteranodon umbrosus.= - - _Ornithocheirus umbrosus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. - 1872, p. 471. - - _Pterodactylus umbrosus_ Cope, Cret. Vert. p. 65, pl. - vii, ff. 1-4. - -Marsh (Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876) says this name is a -synonym of _P. ingens_, published two days earlier. As this synonymy is -not certain, and as Cope’s species has been figured, I am not ready to -accept his views. - -=Pteranodon velox.= - - _Pterodactylus velox_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. - 247, April 1872, Sep. p. 8. - -Based upon the distal end of the right metacarpal of the wing-finger, -and the proximal extremity of the adjoining first phalanx, two -uncharacteristic parts of the skeleton, Marsh to the contrary -notwithstanding. It is doubtful whether the direct comparison of the -types will suffice to determine the species with certainty. “Both of -the bones are somewhat distorted by pressure.” - -=Pteranodon longiceps.= - - _Pteranodon longiceps_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, - p. 508, June 1875; xxvii, p. 424, pl. xv, May 1884. - -Based upon a somewhat defective skull, without other bones. -There is no evidence whatever that the species is distinct from the -preceding. - -=Pteranodon comptus.= - - _Pteranodon comptus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. - 509, June 1876. - -Based upon wing-bones of three individuals. The description is meagre. - -=Pteranodon nanus.= - - _Pteranodon nanus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. - 343, April 1881. - -Based upon various remains of one individual; the humerus, alone, is -recognizably described. - - -NYCTODACTYLUS. - -_Nyctosaurus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876. (nomen -preoc.[1]). - -_Nyctodactylus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 343, April 1881: ibid. -xxvii, p. 423, May 1884. - -[1] This preoccupation rests, so far as I am aware, upon Marsh’s -statement. I can find no evidence of the name having been previously -used. - -=Nyctodactylus gracilis.= - - _Pteranodon gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. - 508, June 1876. - - _Nyctosaurus gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, - p. 480, Dec. 1876. - - _Nyctodactylus gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci. xxi, - p. 343, April 1881. - - -PTERANODON. - - -=Skull.= - -Fragmentary portions of the skull of Pteranodon are not at all rare -in the Kansas chalk; but it is exceedingly seldom that a complete, -or even approximately complete specimen is found. Their great length -and slenderness, together with the extensive pneumaticity of the -bones, render their preservation, as a whole, a thing of great rarity. -Probably the most nearly perfect one yet known is now in the Museum -of Kansas University. It was discovered the past summer by Mr. E. C. -Case, a member of the University Geological Expedition. The specimen -was carefully cleaned on its upper surface, as it lay in the chalk, and -then imbedded in plaster before removal. The surface now exposed was -the under one, which surface is, almost invariably, better preserved -and less distorted than the upper one in these animals. A figure of -this specimen is given in Plate I. The only portion restored is that -indicated by the line in the lower jaw; it is possible that this part -of the symphysis may not be exactly as it is drawn. Other, incomplete, -specimens in the Museum confirm the outlines, except in the occipital -crest, which is not present. As stated by me in the American Naturalist -(_l. c._), the type specimen of _Pteranodon_, also collected by myself, -was incomplete, and the figures of it, as given by Marsh, are faulty. - -The elements of the skull are all so firmly united that they can -not be distinguished. There are no indications whatever of a horny -sheath enclosing the jaw, and it is improbable that the covering of -these parts was essentially different from that in the slender jawed -_Pterodactylidae_. In texture, the maxillaries are fine-grained, and -wholly without the vascular foramina found in the corresponding bones -of birds. The bones are composed of two thin and firm plates, separated -by cavities which are bounded by irregular walls of bony tissue. In the -compression from which all the Pterodactyl bones have suffered more or -less, the greater resistance of these walls has caused irregularities -upon both the outer and the inner surfaces. At the borders of the -bones, where the thickness has been greater, the roughening is not -observed. - -Seen from above, the skull is narrow, as stated by Marsh; but, contrary -to his statement, there is not a sharp ridge extending along the -upper border. This border is obtuse and rounded, and in the frontal -region, flattened. The sagittal crest is large, but not nearly so -large as it is figured by Marsh, the restored outline of whose figure -is undoubtedly wrong. The texture of the bone forming the crest is -materially different from that of the remaining bones of the skull. -The bone is more roughened, and less firm. There is a well-developed -ring of sclerotic ossifications. In the specimen figured, the separate -plates measure from six to eight millimeters in diameter. They were -not imbricated, as in the Pythonomorpha, but have a similar dense -texture. There is a superior temporal arch, bridging over a small -opening leading downward to the inferior temporal fossa. The following -measurements will give the principal dimensions of this specimen. - - Length from tip of premaxillary to occipital condyle 680 millim. - Extreme length of skull 780 - Extent of crest beyond orbit 145 - Greatest diameter of orbit 65 - Antero-posterior diameter of nasal opening 135 - Length of quadrate 120 - Width of lower jaw at articulation 22 - - -=Pubis.= - -In a previous paper on the anatomy of _Pteranodon_,[2] I stated that -I had never seen the so-called “prepubic bones.” Since that time, -however, an excellent specimen of them has been discovered among -our material. The specimen of which they are a part consists of the -larger portion of the skeleton, and is perhaps conspecific with the -one to which the described pelvis belongs. The figure given herewith -will convey a good idea of their shape. The bones of the two sides -are firmly co-ossified, and have been pressed nearly flat; the figure -represents them as they are spread out in one plane. The bone is -very thin throughout, with a slight thickening at the ischial (_a_) -attachment only. Lying contiguous with the anterior projection, is a -slender ventral rib (_b_). It is possible that the curvature of this -bone may be inward, rather than outward. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.] - -[2] Amer. Naturalist, Dec. 1891, p. 1124. In this article the -description of the foot-phalanges should read: “All are slender, except -the second one in the third toe, and the second and third in the fourth -toe, where they are scarcely longer than wide.” - -This peculiar structure of the pubis (I believe it represents the -pubis, and not the prepubis), seems to be quite similar to that -which obtains in the genus _Rhamphorhynchus_, and, perhaps also, in -_Pterodactylus suevicus_ (_Cycnorhamphus_ Seeley), and very different -from that found in other species of _Pterodactylus_. - -The principal measurements of the above described specimen are as -follows: - - Antero-posterior expansion 40 millim. - Length of symphysis 14 - Expanse of the united bones, as flattened 90 - Width of ischial process 11 - - -NYCTODACTYLUS. - -The type species of this genus was described as follows by its author -(loc. cit. supra): - - “One of the smallest American species yet found is - represented in the Yale Museum by several bones of the - wing, a number of vertebrae and the nearly complete - pelvis. The wing-bones preserved are elongated and very - slender. The pelvis is unusually small, and there are five - vertebrae in the sacrum. The last of the series indicates - that the tail was short. The following are the principal - measurements of this specimen: - - Length of ulna 187 millim. - Length of metacarpal of wing-finger 300 - Antero-posterior diameter of outer condyle at distal end 15 - Transverse diameter of shaft, above condyles 13 - Length of first phalanx of wing-finger 347 - Extent of five vertebrae of sacrum 57 - -This species, which may be called _Pteranodon gracilis_, was about -two-thirds the size of _P. velox_ Marsh. It probably measured about ten -feet between the tips of the expanded wings.” - -In the December number of the same volume of the American Journal of -Science, he described the genus as follows: - - “A second genus of American Pterodactyls is represented - in the Yale Museum by several well preserved specimens. - This genus is nearly related to _Pteranodon_, but may be - readily distinguished from it by the scapular arch, in - which the coracoid is not co-ossified with the scapula. The - latter bone, moreover, has no articulation at its distal - end, which is comparatively thin and expanded. The type of - this species is _Pteranodon gracilis_ Marsh, which may now - be called _Nyctosaurus gracilis_. It was a Pterodactyl of - medium size, measuring about eight to ten feet between the - tips of the expanded wings.” - -The specific description of this species rests solely upon the -measurements; the other characters given are not only vague, but are -also common to all the known species. The generic description, as it is -seen, is based upon the structure of the coraco-scapula. It will also -be observed that the characters are not drawn from the type specimen, -as that did not include this part of the skeleton, according to the -author’s statement. Of these two characters, the non-ossification -of the coracoid and scapula is a somewhat doubtful one, as the same -character may or may not occur in allied species, as, for example, in -the species of _Rhamphorhyncus_ (_R. Muensteri_ Goldf.) described by -the author himself. So incomplete and unsatisfactory are the characters -thus given that Zittel, in his Handbuch, dismisses the genus with the -brief remark, “noch unbeschrieben.” - -Nevertheless, from the peculiar form of the scapula, and from my -recollection of the specimens upon which the genus was based, I -believe I have determined with certainty an excellent specimen in the -Snow Museum of Kansas University as a member of it, and here give a -sufficiently complete description to place the genus on a more secure -foundation. - -This specimen was collected by Professor E. E. Slosson, of Wyoming -University, while a member of my party in western Kansas the past -season. It was partly exposed upon a gently sloping surface of firm -yellow chalk on the Smoky Hill river, in the vicinity of Monument -Rocks. Originally, the nearly complete skeleton must have been -preserved, but a number of the bones had been either wholly or -partially washed away, in some cases leaving their imprint in the -chalk. The bones uncovered, and now lying upon the chalk slab nearly -in their natural relations, are a humerus, both radii and ulnae, a -pteroid, the two carpals of one wrist, both wing metacarpals, a first -and a last wing phalanx, both coraco-scapulae, the posterior part of -the lower jaws, ilium, femur, sternum, numerous ribs and vertebrae. The -two coraco-scapulae lie with their scapular ends nearly touching, and -their coracoid ends separated by a space equivalent to the width of the -sternal articulation. The two elements appear to have been imperfectly -united and were probably not co-ossified. The inferior border of the -coracoid, near the humeral articulation, has a greater expansion than -is found in _Pteranodon_; its shaft is more rounded and less rugose, -lacking especially the strong muscular markings upon the external -surface. The articular surface does not appear to differ materially -from that in _Pteranodon_. The scapula is of nearly the same length -as the coracoid, but is much less stout. It is a thin, spatulate -bone, slightly expanded at the distal extremity, where the margin is -rounded, and without the characteristic oblique articular facet. It -has no supra-glenoid expansion or process on the posterior proximal -border, but has its margin nearly straight or gently concave from the -articulation to its extremity. The space included between the bones -of the two sides as they lie is a nearly regular, oval one, measuring -ninety-five millimeters in its greater, forty-five in its lesser -diameter. - -The sternum lies at a little distance from the coraco-scapulae. It is -an extremely thin bone, with a stout anterior, styliform projection, -at the base of which, on either side, looking upward and outward, -is the articular, trochlea-like surface for the sternal end of the -coracoid. The width between these articular surfaces measures fifteen -millimeters; the length of the process in front of the articulations -is twenty-five millimeters. Immediately posterior to the articular -surfaces, the bone expands nearly at right angles to the longitudinal -axis to a width of about sixty millimeters. The thin lateral margins -are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis, and show three shallow -emarginations between the four costal articular projections. The -hind angles are nearly rectangular. The bone, as preserved, is only -shallowly concave, and shows no true keel, though a more pronounced -median convexity towards the front doubtless subserved the function of -a carina in part. - -The left humerus lies in position, and is especially characterized by -its enormous deltoid crest (radial crest of Marsh), though otherwise -slender. This crest is further removed from the head of the bone -than is the case in species of _Pteranodon_. It is directed somewhat -downward, and has its distal, gently convex, border about twenty-five -millimeters in extent, while the width of the process midway between -the extremity and the base measures but sixteen millimeters. The -bicipital crest is also prominent. The bone is relatively shorter than -in _Pteranodon_. - -The humerus, as will be seen from the above description, and from -the measurements given below, is remarkably like the same bone in -_Pteranodon nanus_, as described by Marsh (_l. c. supra_), and but -a little larger. In _P. nanus_, however, the coracoid and scapula -are said to be firmly co-ossified, and the scapula has of course a -different structure. - -The skull has been, unfortunately, almost wholly washed away, a -fragment of the cranial wall and the posterior part of the lower jaws -alone remaining. It is impossible, hence, to say much concerning this -part of the anatomy. The lower jaws show a different structure from -that in _Pteranodon_. As they lie in their natural position, the width -at the condyles is about twenty-four millimeters. The angular is less -produced posterior to the articulation than in _Pteranodon_, indicating -a less elongated and less powerful mandibular portion, an indication -further borne out by the slenderness of the rami. The impression in -the chalk shows the symphysis to begin ninety millimeters from the -articulation. The width at this place could not have exceeded sixteen -millimeters; and the entire length of the lower jaws could hardly -have been more than one hundred and twenty-five millimeters. In the -parts preserved, measuring seventy-five millimeters, there are no -indications of teeth; yet it is not impossible that there may have been -teeth in the anterior portion of the dentary, as in some species of -_Pterodactylus_. I hardly think it probable, however. - -There are seven cervical vertebrae preserved, apparently the full -complement, as in _Pteranodon_ and other members of the order. They -differ in no especial respect from the corresponding vertebrae of -_Pteranodon_, and, apparently, of _Pterodactylus_. The imperfectly -anchylosed, possibly free, atlas shows three pieces, the odontoid -process and the two slender lateral pieces. The lateral pieces are -entirely free, with a thickened base and a slender, curved upper -portion. The odontoid is gently concave in front, and seems to be -imperfectly ossified with the axis; it occupies the lower part of the -articulation, corresponding to the hypapophysis of the Pythonomorpha. -The axis is the shortest of the remaining vertebrae, and has a well -developed spine. The centrum is strongly convex behind, as are the -remaining centra of the series. The following five vertebrae decrease -gradually in length. The anterior ones have only a thin ridge or plate -for the neural spine; the seventh, however, has a neurapophysis of -some length. They are all, as is usually the case, somewhat distorted -from pressure. The under side is flattened, apparently gently concave -longitudinally, and with a lateral ridge terminating in an obtuse -hypapophysis at each inferior hind angle. - -In his discussion of the Pterosauria, Zittel says concerning the -vertebrae: “zwischen oberen Bogen und Centrum ist keine Sutur zu -bemerken.” Handbuch, iii, p. 776. In this he is in error, so far as -the American forms are concerned. It is usually the case in the Kansas -specimens of both genera that the neural arch of the post-cervical -vertebrae is wholly or in part detached from the centrum, showing a -sutural, and not anchylosed union in life. The centra of twelve -vertebrae are preserved, in the present specimen, from the region back -of the neck; in only five of them are the neural arches in any way -attached. Three of these are evidently anterior thoracic, judging from -their structure and the position in which they lie. The shortest of -them, to which was attached a very large rib, and which was lying in -front of the scapulae, may represent the first thoracic vertebra (_a_). -Its centrum is fully as wide as long, is flat on the under surface, -and has a large, stout, horizontal parapophysis near the anterior end. -Just above this process for the attachment of the head of the rib, -and separated by a deep notch, is a much more elongated, horizontal -diapophysis for the tuberculum. The cup of the centrum is shallowly -concave; the transverse, shallowly U-shaped ball is only a little -convex. - -Two other vertebrae (_b_), found close by the one just described, and -possibly one or the other contiguous with it, differ remarkably in -having no, or a rudimentary, parapophysial process, and in having the -diapophyses much shorter. It is not impossible that a slight expansion -at the lateral margins of the ball may represent small parapophyses. -In _Pteranodon_ there are at least four vertebrae with dia- and -parapophyses. In the other vertebrae from this region the diapophyses -are yet shorter and the neural spine stouter and broader. The other -centra preserved are all shaped somewhat like the half of a cylinder, -and are a little longer than broad. They have no distinct cup or ball. -In two of them there is a very long, recurved parapophysial process, -as though formed by an anchylosed rib, on each side; they are probably -lumbar vertebrae. - -Most of the ribs are very slender; a few are moderately thickened; one -only is very stout; its measurements are given below. - - Length of lateral pieces of the atlas 7 millim. - Diameter of lateral pieces at the base 3½ - Width of odontoid 4½ - Height of odontoid 3 - Length of axis 8 - Height of axis 15 - Length of third cervical vertebra 21 - Length of fourth cervical vertebra 20 - Length of fifth cervical vertebra 19 - Length of sixth cervical vertebra 18 - Length of seventh cervical vertebra 17 - Height of seventh cervical (about) 15 - Length of centrum, anterior thoracic vertebra (_a_) 6 - Width of ball (_a_) 8 - Expanse of parapophyses (_a_) 14 - Expanse of diapophyses (_a_) 26 - Width of neural canal (_a_) 3 - Length of centrum, anterior thoracic vertebra (_b_) 8 - Width of ball (_b_) 10 - Expanse of diapophyses (_b_) 17 - Height of neural spine (_b_) 20 - Width of neural spine (_b_) 5 - Length of rib (_c_) 45 - Width of shaft (_c_) 5 - Distance from center of capitulum to center - of tubercle (_c_) 10 - Length of coracoid 50 - Antero-posterior diameter, sternal extremity 9 - Length of scapula 45 - Width of scapula at distal end 15 - Length of humerus 80 - Width through deltoid crest 24 - Least diameter of shaft of humerus 13 - Length of ulna 133 - Width of ulna at distal extremity 22 - Length of radius 130 - Width of radius distally 15 - Length of wing-finger metacarpal 220 - Width of same metacarpal at proximal end 20 - Diameter through condyles 15 - Transverse diameter of shaft above condyles 10 - Length of first phalanx, wing-finger 263 - Width of same phalanx at proximal end 24 - Width of same phalanx at distal end 15 - Width of sternum 67 - Length of rib borders 25 - Length of femur 75 - Diameter of head of femur 5 - Diameter of femur through condyles 12 - Length of pteroid bone 88 - -The principal dimensions of this species can be got at with -considerable certainty. Although two of the wing-phalanges and the -bones of the foot are wanting, yet the relative proportions of those -present agree so closely with those of the corresponding bones in -_Pteranodon_, that there can be but little possibility of error in -assuming the same proportions for the missing ones. The position of the -ilium and femur, as also the ribs, show that they hold their natural -relations to the pectoral arch. The tail, alone, can not be got at. - - Extreme expanse of wing-bones 2400 mm. 7 ft. 10 in. - Expanse of wings in life, approximated 2000 6 6 - Length of head, estimated 150 6 - Length of neck 128 5½ - Length of trunk 165 6½ - Length of leg and foot, outstretched 275 11 - -But one species has been described from the American Cretaceous smaller -than the present one, _Pteranodon nanus_ Marsh, in which the expanse of -wings is given as not more than three or four feet. In this estimate -the author is certainly in error. The size of the humerus, as given, -is rather more than three-fourths that of the present species, and the -expanse, hence, must be nearly five feet in life, or six feet as the -bones lie outstretched. - -As regards the specific determination of the present specimen, there -must necessarily be some doubt until the species already named have -been recognizably described. But three of the existing species can be -taken into account, _N. gracilis_, _P. comptus_ and _P. nanus_. That it -can not be the last, has already been shown. In size, it agrees well -with _P. comptus_, but the other characters throw no light upon the -identity. - -The measurements given of the type specimen of _N. gracilis_ show the -size to be materially greater,—a character, however, of subordinate -value—greater slenderness, and a relatively shorter first wing-phalanx. - -The relative lengths of wing-metacarpals, wing-phalanx and ulna in _N. -gracilis_ and the present specimen may be expressed as follows: - - Length of wing-metacarpal 100 100 - Length of first wing-phalanx 115.6 119.5 - Length of ulna 62.3 60.4 - -It will be seen that not a single character has yet been given to -distinguish the genus from _Pterodactylus_, and it is not at all -impossible that it may prove to be the same; its location among the -_Pteranodontidae_ rests solely on the assumed absence of teeth, and -that is a character yet wholly unknown. - -The material now in the museum permits a fuller discussion of the -relations and characters of this group of reptiles than has been -hitherto attempted. Originally, they were described as constituting a -new order, a view still held by its author and no one else. Lydekker, -in his Paleontology and Catalogue gives them a subordinal value; Zittel -only a family value, though expressing doubt as to their subordinal -rank. - -It seems very probable that the genus _Nyctodactylus_ has no teeth -in the jaws; it agrees in _every other respect_ with the genus -_Pterodactylus_, so far as known. If the genus has teeth it must be -united with _Pterodactylus_. Now, in not a few species of this genus, -the teeth are confined to the anterior end of the jaws, and their -entire absence, unaccompanied by other structural differences, will -hardly constitute an order, or even family. - -But, leaving aside _Nyctodactylus_, it is very much of a question -whether the differences between _Pterodactylus_ and _Pteranodon_ are -sufficient to locate them in different families, let alone different -suborders. - -The two genera have the following in common: Tail short. Skull with -more or less elongated, pointed jaws, and very small upper and lower -temporal fossae. Narial opening large, confluent with the pre-orbital -foramen. Cervical vertebrae elongated, with rudimentary spinous -processes. Fore and hind extremities, quite alike. - -_Pteranodon_ differs from _Pterodactylus_, so far as that genus is -known, in the united coracoscapulae and pubes, both of which characters -are found in _Rhamphorhynchus_. - -The sole family characters remaining then, for _Pteranodon_, are, -absence of teeth, a supra-occipital crest, and the articulation of -the upper end of the scapula. Now it seems evident that to place -the pteranodonts in a group equivalent to all the other pterosaurs -is unwarranted, and any classification that will not show the more -pronounced relationships with _Pterodactylus_ is faulty. I would, -therefore, propose the following: - -Order Pterosauria. - - Family Pterodactylidae, subfamilies Pteranodontinae, - Pterodactylinae. - Family Rhamphorhynchidae. - Family Ornithocheiridae. - -As regards the geographical distribution of the Pteranodonts, they -have hitherto been recognized only from Kansas, but I am firmly of the -opinion that they occur in Europe, and, if so, it is very probable that -the name _Pteranodon_ must be eventually given up. In fact, a toothless -form of Pterodactyl was described by Seeley as long ago as 1871, -under the name of _Ornithostoma_. I cannot refer to his description -at present, and can, therefore, give no opinion as to their identity. -It seems certain that the peculiar form of the scapulae and their -vertebral articulation[3] occur among some of the European forms, which -would strengthen the belief that _Pteranodon_ is also an European genus. - -[3] The specimens in which I have seen the vertebral articulation show -no co-ossification of the vertebrae: the facet for articulation being -placed above the spines, and apparently formed by ossified ligaments. - -In view of the above, the practice of the American text-books in -Geology in introducing generic names of characteristic fossils as names -of the geological horizons whence they come, is very reprehensible, in -my opinion. Even the late edition of Leconte’s Elements contains a long -list of such names, the greater portion of which have been relegated to -the limbo of synonymy by paleontologists. It is greatly to be desired -that the name “Pteranodon Beds” shall not become established, so long -as there is the least doubt of the validity of the name itself. - - - - -KANSAS MOSASAURS. - - -BY S. W. WILLISTON AND E. C. CASE. - -PART I, CLIDASTES, WITH PLATES II-VI. - -The group of extinct Cretaceous reptiles known as the Mosasaurs or -Pythonomorpha was defined by Cope, “to whom Science is so largely -indebted for its present knowledge of this interesting order of -reptiles” (Marsh), in 1869.[4] Although some of the characters assigned -by him to the order have since been shown to be inapplicable, and -the group to have less value, yet his name, Pythonomorpha, has been -generally retained. Lydekker and Zittel have assigned to the group a -subordinal value, as has also Marsh, though under a different name. -Owen rejected it entirely, and Baur, more recently,[5] has united it -with the Varanidae to form a super-family, as follows: - - Suborder Platynota. - Super-family Varanoidea. - Families Mosasauridae, Varanidae. - Super-family Helodermatoidea. - Family Helodermatidae. - -The group, whatever may be its rank or position, includes, so far, the -following genera: _Mosasaurus_ Conyb., _Liodon_ Owen, _Platecarpus_ -Cope, _Clidastes_ Cope, _Baptosaurus_ Marsh, _Sironectes_ Cope, -_Plioplatecarpus_ Dollo and _Hainosaurus_ Dollo. _Pterycollasaurus_ -Dollo, founded upon _Mosasaurus maximilianus_ Goldf., is omitted -as doubtful. All of these genera, save _Plioplatecarpus_ and -_Hainosaurus_, have been recorded from North America, _Clidastes_, -_Baptosaurus_ and _Sironectes_ being peculiar to this country. Of these -latter three genera, however, _Clidastes_ alone is well known; but this -genus is suspected by Lydekker of being the same as the imperfectly -known European _Geosaurus_ Cuvier. Thus it seems that the genera, or -at least the most of them, have a wide distribution; _Platecarpus_, in -fact, is said to occur in New Zealand. - -[4] Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 253. - -[5] Science, xvi, p. 262, Nov. 7, 1890. - -In America, members of the group have been discovered in the Cretaceous -deposits of New Jersey, Alabama, North Carolina, the upper Missouri -region, Nebraska, Kansas and New Mexico. Probably nineteen-twentieths -of all the known specimens, however, have been obtained in western -Kansas. The material now in the University Museum, all from Kansas, -comprises several hundred specimens of these animals, including, -probably, the best ones known. It is upon this material that the -following preliminary studies are chiefly based. - -The genus _Clidastes_, as first described by Cope, was based upon -two dorsal vertebrae of _C. iguanavus_, the type species, from New -Jersey. Shortly afterward, however, he gave a full and careful generic -description, as derived from an unusually good specimen of an allied -species, _C. propython_, from Alabama. Only a little later, Marsh -described a genus, which he called _Edestosaurus_, from Kansas, but -without giving any real, distinctive differences from _Clidastes_, -following the very reprehensible practice of naming supposed new forms -in the hopes that future distinctive characters might be found. The -genus _Edestosaurus_ has been rejected by nearly all save the authors -of the American text-books in Geology. It seems hardly necessary to -point out the identity. The only distinctive character the author -gave for his genus was the insertion of the pterygoid teeth, and even -this character he modified later—“Palatine (sic) teeth more or less -pleurodont.”[6] - -[6] Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, June 1872. - -This character, even were it real, is of very slight value; indeed it -cannot be used to distinguish the species even. - -_Clidastes_ is, without doubt, one of the most highly specialized -genera in the group, and, what is very interesting, is one of the -latest. It occurs in Kansas in the uppermost part of the Niobrara beds, -in the horizon so markedly characterized by the toothed birds. Both -_Platecarpus_ and _Liodon_ occur, though in diminished numbers, almost -to the very lowest portion, but _Clidastes_ has never been found except -towards the top. From measurements made the past season, the thickness -of the beds in which these saurians occur cannot be less than six -hundred feet. - -The following species have been found in Kansas: none of them are known -to occur elsewhere. - - -MOSASAURIDAE. - - _Mosasauridae_ Conybeare, in Cuvier, Ossem. Foss., 2nd ed., - p. 338, 1824. - - _Clidastidae_ Cope, Extinct Batr. Rept. and Aves of N. - Amer., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiv, p. 50, 1870. - - _Edestosauridae_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 59, July - 1878. - - -CLIDASTES. - - ? _Geosaurus_ Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. 2nd ed., 328, 1824, - (_fide_ Lydekker.) - - _Clidastes_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 233; - Ext. Batr. etc., p. 21, 1870. - - _Edestosaurus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 417, June, - 1871. - -=C. cineriarum.= - - _Clidastes cineriarum_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, - p. 583; Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 137, 266, pl. xxi, ff. - 14-17; Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, iii, p. 583. - -=C. dispar.= - - _Edestosaurus dispar_ Marsh, op. cit. i, p. 447, June 1871; - iii, pl. xi., June, 1872. - -=C. velox.= - - _Edestosaurus velox_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i. - p. 450, June, 1871. - - _Edestosaurus pumilus_ Marsh, ibid. p. 452. - - ? _Clidastes affinis_ Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870, - p. 4; Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., Hayden, vol. i, p. - 283, 1873. - - ? _Edestosaurus dispar_ Marsh, op. cit. xix, pl. i, f. 1, - Jan., 1880. - -=C. Wymani.= - - _Clidastes Wymani_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 451, - June, 1871; iii, p. 202, April, 1872. - - _Edestosaurus Wymani_ Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 464, June, - 1872. - -=C. tortor.= - - _Edestosaurus tortor_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Dec., - 1871; Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 464, June, 1872. - - _Clidastes tortor_ Cope, Cret. Vert. Rep. U. S. Geol. - Surv., Hayden, vol. ii, pp. 48, 131, 265, pls. iv, f. - i; xiv, f. i; xvi, ff. 2, 3; xvii, f. 1; xix, ff. 1-10; - xxxvi, f. 3; xxxvii, f. 2; Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. - Hayden, vol. iii, p. 583. - -=C. stenops.= - - _Edestosaurus stenops_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. p. 330, - 1871: Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 464, June, 1872. - - _Clidastes stenops_ Cope, Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 133, 266, - pls. xiv, ff. 4, 5; xvii, f. 7, 8; xviii, ff. 1-5; - xxxvi, f. 4; xxxvii, f. 3; xxxviii, f. 3. - -=C. rex.= - -_Edestosaurus rex_ Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 462, pl. xxii, f. 1, June, -1872. - -=C. planifrons.= - - _Clidastes planifrons_ Cope, Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. - 2, p. 31, 1874; Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 135, 265, pls. - xxii, xxiii. - -=C. Westii.= - -_C. Westii_ Williston, n. sp. infra. - - -CLIDASTES VELOX. - -A remarkably complete specimen, referred with considerable certainty -to this species, was obtained by ourselves in western Kansas, (Butte -Creek) in the summer of 1891. A brief preliminary description of the -specimen was given by the senior author in Science, December 8, 1891. -A more complete description is here given, which, it is believed, will -be of service. The specimen is an unusually perfect one, being very -nearly complete, and, as now mounted, shows the bones nearly all in the -position in which they were found. The vertebral column is continuous, -except in one place, where the tail had been bent up over the back; and -complete, save at the very tip of the tail. The skull is complete, or -very nearly complete, and has been restored nearly to the condition in -life. Figures have been made of this portion of the skeleton, and will -be given in a future communication. At present, it may be mentioned -that the lacrymals are small, roughly irregular bones, and pointed at -either extremity. There are no indications of transverse bones, as -there are none in any other skull in the collection. - - -Cervical vertebrae. - -ATLAS. The intercentrum is a small bone with three sides of -nearly equal extent. The two upper, articular surfaces are gently -concave, and meet in a rounded margin; the inferior surface is convex, -both antero-posteriorly and transversely, with a roughened prominence -in the middle. The lateral pieces have indistinctly separated facets -for articulation with the odontoid, the intercentrum and the occipital -condyle. The rather short, flattened lamina extends upward, backward -and inward, approaching, but not reaching its fellow of the opposite -side; it is somewhat dilated distally. Directed outwards and forwards, -there is a stout styliform process. - -AXIS. The neural spine of the axis is elongated -antero-posteriorly. It is thin on the anterior portion, but stouter -and longer at the posterior part. The large, stout odontoid process is -united suturally, as is also the well-developed atlantar hypapophysis, -which forms the anterior, inferior portion of the bone. The diapophyses -are the smallest of the costiferous series, with only a small articular -facet for the rib. The ball is strongly and evenly convex, with its -greater diameter transversely. The hypapophysis is the largest of the -series; it is suturally united with the stout, exogenous process of the -centrum, and projects downward and backward; its distal extremity is -roughened for ligamentous attachments. - -The third cervical vertebra shows a well-developed zygosphenal -articulation, and stout articular processes. The transverse process is -small, only a little larger than that of the axis, though, unlike that, -it is strengthened by a ridge continued from the anterior zygapophyses. -The hypapophysis is smaller than that of the axis, but, like that, -is directed downward and backward. The spine may be distinguished -from that of any other vertebra by its stout, trihedral shape; it is -directed rather more obliquely backward than in the following vertebrae. - -The fourth cervical vertebra differs from the third in having stouter -transverse processes; in the hypapophysis being directed more nearly -downward, and in its smaller size; and in the spine being flattened -antero-posteriorly toward the base. - -The fifth cervical vertebra differs from the fourth in the broader -spine, in the stouter transverse processes, and the smaller -hypapophysis. - -In the sixth cervical vertebra, the hypapophysis is reduced to a small -ossification, scarcely longer than broad, directed downward. The spine -has reached nearly the full width of those of the following vertebrae, -though somewhat stouter above. The transverse processes are yet stouter. - -In the seventh, or last, cervical vertebra the hypapophysis is -wanting, or very rudimentary. The under part of the centrum shows a -rounded ridge or carina, with a slight projection corresponding to the -hypapophysis. - -MEASUREMENTS OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. - - 1. Antero-posterior diameter of intercentrum of atlas 14 millim. - Transverse diameter of intercentrum 25 - Antero-posterior diameter of lateral piece 20 - Vertical extent of articular surface 17 - Extent of lateral piece 35 - Width of lamina above 16 - 2. Length of axis 43 - Transverse diameter of ball 18 - Vertical diameter of ball 17 - Expanse of transverse processes 28 - Elevation of spine above floor of neural canal 34 - Antero-posterior extent of spine 50 - 3. Length of third cervical vertebra 37 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 36 - Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 34 - 4. Length of fourth cervical vertebra 37 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 39 - Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 35 - 5. Length of fifth cervical vertebra 37 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 42 - Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 33 - Transverse diameter of ball 17 - Vertical diameter of ball 18 - 6. Length of sixth cervical vertebra 37 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 42 - Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 30 - Width of spinous process 26 - 7. Length of seventh cervical vertebra 37 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 46 - Transverse diameter of ball 19 - Vertical diameter of ball 20 - Width of spinous process 27 - - -Dorsal vertebrae. - -There are thirty-five vertebrae between the cervicals and the first -non-rib-bearing vertebra, to which the pelvis was, evidently, attached. -The distinction between the cervicals and thoracics cannot be made from -any characters they possess, as the seventh vertebra does not bear a -distinct hypapophysis. Neither can it be said with certainty from this -specimen which is the first thoracic vertebra, as the cervical ribs -had, unfortunately, been displaced in the collection and preparation -of the specimen. In another specimen, referred to _C. pumilus_, and -which, as will be seen later, cannot be specifically distinguished -from the present species, short cervical ribs were found attached to -six vertebrae posterior to the atlas. That the eighth vertebra is a -thoracic one is shown by the relation of the ribs in this specimen. -Posteriorly there is no distinction, also, between the true thoracic -vertebrae and those of the lumbar region. All the vertebrae anterior to -the pelvis bear ribs, and will all be considered as dorsal vertebrae, -the true thoracic vertebrae being restricted to those of which the ribs -are elongated, and, probably, connected with the sternum. - -In the anterior vertebrae of the series, the centra are subcarinate -below, the obtuse, rounded ridge becoming less and less apparent -until no indications of the keel can be seen, before the middle -of the series. The transverse processes are stoutest, with a more -elongated, sigmoid articular surface, with little or no constriction, -and projecting only slightly beyond the stout articulating processes, -in the anterior vertebrae. In the tenth or eleventh, the articular -surface has become markedly smaller, more vertical, and less sigmoid in -outline. Thence to the last, the articular surface for the ribs remains -nearly the same. The process itself, however, becomes gradually more -prominent and constricted, as the zygapophyses becomes smaller. The -spinous processes increase slightly in length and breadth, and are only -slightly oblique throughout. In length, the centra increase gradually. -The vertical diameter of the ball increases gradually, while the -transverse diameter remains more nearly the same. - -MEASUREMENTS OF THE DORSAL VERTEBRAE. - - 1. Length of centrum to rim of ball 38 millim. - Transverse diameter of ball 20 - Vertical diameter of ball 19 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 48 - Extent of articular surface of transverse process 30 - Width of spine 28 - 4. Length of centrum to rim of ball 41 - Transverse diameter of ball 20 - Vertical diameter of ball 20 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 48 - 11. Length of centrum to rim of ball 41 - Vertical diameter of ball 22 - Extent of articular surface of transverse process 16 - Width of spine 32 - 15. Length of centrum to rim of ball 41 - Transverse diameter of ball 21 - Vertical diameter of ball 24 - 20. Length of centrum to rim of ball 42 - Vertical diameter of ball 25 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 58 - 24. Length to rim of ball 41 - Transverse diameter of ball 22 - Vertical diameter of ball 23 - Height of spine 49 - 28. Length to rim of ball 40 - Vertical diameter of ball 24 - Transverse diameter of ball 23 - Height of spine 54 - 32. Length to rim of ball 38 - Vertical diameter of ball 25 - Transverse diameter of ball 24 - 35. Length to rim of ball 37 - - -Caudal vertebrae. - -Immediately following the thirty-fifth rib-bearing vertebra there is -an abrupt change, the tubercular process for the rib giving place to -an elongated transverse process. From the position of the pelvis, it -is evident that the ilia were attached to the first pair of these. -Precisely this relation of pelvis to the vertebrae is found in such -lizards as the Monitor and Iguana, and it is probable that such is the -relation in all the Pythonomorpha. It will thus be seen that there -are no distinctively lumbar vertebrae, if by such are meant free, -non-costiferous, pre-sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae of these animals -that have been so designated by writers are in reality basal caudal. -A distinctive term for them—those with transverse, non-costiferous -processes and without chevrons—is needed, and we propose, -provisionally, the term _pygial_. There are seven in the present -series, all characterized by elongated transverse processes, and not -differing much from each other. The vertebrae lie in the matrix with -the ventral aspect uppermost, concealing the spine and upper parts. -The under surface is somewhat flattened, and, as in the preceding -vertebrae, is gently concave antero-posteriorly. The transverse -processes are elongate, stout towards the base, apparently all of -nearly equal length, and directed gently backwards and downwards. In -the anterior vertebrae the processes spring from near the front part: -as the centra become shorter they arise from near the middle. In the -last one of the series there are minute indications of chevrons. - -MEASUREMENTS OF THE PYGIAL CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. - - 1. Length to rim of ball 36 millim. - Width of ball 25 - Expanse of transverse processes 130 - Width of transverse process near base 17 - 2. Length to rim of ball 33 - 3. Length to rim of ball 31 - 4. Length to rim of ball 29 - 5. Length to rim of ball 28 - 6. Length to rim of ball 27 - Expanse of transverse processes 130 - Width of ball 24 - 7. Length to rim of ball 27 - -The centra of those caudal vertebrae which have chevrons do not differ -much in shape. They become less constricted, and, back of the middle of -the series, are smoothly cylindrical in shape. The transverse processes -decrease gradually in length, disappearing entirely in the twenty-fifth -or twenty-sixth. The spinous processes are more or less incompletely -preserved in the anterior vertebrae. They increase only gradually in -length for the first twenty of the series, and are markedly oblique, -with the posterior border stout, and the anterior border alate. With -the twenty-sixth they begin to increase more rapidly in length, and -have become more nearly vertical in position, and are thinner at each -margin. In the thirty-fifth or thirty-sixth they attain their greatest -length, and are here directed slightly forwards. Thence to the end of -the tail, the length decreases gradually, and, in position, they are -directed more and more obliquely backward. The chevrons are strongly -oblique throughout the series and are firmly co-ossified with the -centrum. - -The tail, it is thus seen, has a broad, vertical, fin-like extremity, -which, doubtless, aided much in the propulsion of the animal through -the water. - -There are sixty-seven vertebrae with chevrons present in the specimen, -all continuous, except in one place. The last one is less than -one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and shows that there had been yet -another, possibly several more. Toward the base of the series the tail -has been bent forwards over the back, and it is possible that, where -the break occurs, there has been a vertebra lost. The measurements, -however, do not seem to indicate any loss. The entire series of -vertebrae was not less than sixty-eight, and probably not more than -seventy, making for the entire vertebral series one hundred and -seventeen to twenty. - -MEASUREMENTS OF THE CHEVRON-BEARING CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. - - 1. Length to rim of ball 26 millim. - 5. Length to rim of ball 24 - Vertical diameter of ball 21 - Transverse diameter of ball 24 - 10. Length to rim of ball 24 - 15. Length to rim of ball 24 - Height of spine above floor of neural canal 40 - Length of chevron 45 - 20. Length to rim of ball 23 - Vertical diameter of ball 21 - Transverse diameter of ball 22 - 25. Length to rim of ball 20 - Height of spine 44 - Width of spine at base 19 - Width of spine at distal end 10 - Length of chevron 85 - Altitude of tail 112 - 30. Length to rim of ball 18 - Vertical diameter of ball 17 - Height of spine 57 - Width of spine at base 19 - Width of spine at distal end 9 - Length of chevron 99 - Altitude of tail 20 - 35. Length to rim of ball 16 - Vertical diameter of ball 16 - Height of spine 61 - Length of chevron 97 - Altitude of tail 122 - 40. Length to rim of ball 15 - Vertical diameter of ball 15 - Height of spine 54 - Length of chevron 70 - Altitude of tail 110 - 45. Length to rim of ball 14 - Vertical diameter of ball 14 - Height of spine 40 - Length of spine 50 - Length of chevron 58 - Altitude of tail 93 - 50. Length to rim of ball 13 - Length of spine 43 - Length of chevron 55 - Altitude of tail 73 - 55. Length to rim of ball 12 - Length of spine 38 - Length of chevron 42 - Altitude of tail 63 - 60. Length to rim of ball 9 - Length of spine 46 - Length of chevron 25 - Altitude of tail 50 - 66. Length to rim of ball 7 - Length of chevron 10 - Altitude of tail 20 - 67. Length 6 - - -Ribs. - -As has already been stated, the cervical ribs were displaced in the -present specimen, and measurements of them cannot be given. In a -smaller specimen, specifically indistinguishable from the present one, -the entire cervical series is preserved with the ribs attached. The -first, that articulating with the axis, is very short. The following -ones are stouter, but increase only moderately in length, that of the -sixth measuring only thirty-five millimeters, while that of the seventh -is but a little longer. In the specimen of _C. velox_ described, -there is a detached cervical rib sixty-five millimeters in length; it -probably belongs with the seventh. - -The thoracic ribs are simple, somewhat flattened rods, moderately -expanded at the proximal end. The greatest convexity is shown about the -middle of the series, where the versedsine of the curvature is forty -millimeters, the chord being one hundred and sixty. Posteriorly, the -short ribs are only gently curved. - -Lying by the side of the vertebral column, and between the ribs, -as they have been pressed down, are a number of flattened, soft, -punctulate bones, which are evidently the costal cartilages. -Posteriorly four rows of them are seen, lying closely side by side, -some of them eight or ten inches in length. The sternum, composed -of the same material, has been so crushed and crumpled that its -shape cannot be made out. The whole structure here, whether of ribs, -cartilages or sternum, reminds one very strongly of such lizards as the -Iguana or Monitor. There is no indication, however, in any specimen, of -an episternum. - -MEASUREMENTS OF RIBS. - - Length, first thoracic rib, (chord) 200 millim. - Length, eleventh thoracic rib, (chord) 145 - Length, thirteenth dorsal rib 68 - Length, eighteenth dorsal rib 64 - Length, thirty-fourth dorsal rib 52 - -The lengths of the different regions, as they lie in their natural -relations, are as follows: - - Skull 0.420 meters. - Neck 0.225 - Trunk 1.360 - Tail 1.460 - Total 3.465 11 ft. 7 in. - -The measurements of an excellent specimen of _C. tortor_ are as follows: - - Skull 0.630 meters. - Neck 0.360 - Trunk, (thirty-three vertebrae preserved) 2.370 - -A very complete specimen of a _Liodon_ in the Museum, in which the -_complete_ vertebral column is present, numbering one hundred and -seventeen vertebrae, gives the following measurements. The skull is -complete, save the most anterior portion. - - Skull (approximated within narrow limits) 0.700 meters. - Neck 0.430 - Trunk 1.760 - Tail 3.420 - Total 6.310 20 ft. 8 in. - -The vertebral series in this specimen is composed of seven cervicals, -twenty-three dorsals, seven pygials, and eighty chevron-caudals. - -The relative proportions of the different regions in the two genera, -as shown by the two specimens of _Clidastes_ and _Liodon_, may be -represented as follows. The first column is for _Clidastes_. - - Skull 12.1 11.1 - Neck 6.5 6.8 - Trunk 39.2 28.0 - Tail 42.3 54.1 - - -Limbs. - -The figures in plates II and III will give a sufficiently good idea -of the limbs in this specimen. They are figured as they were lying, -showing the outer sides of the coracoid, scapula and pelvic bones, and -the palmar or plantar surface of the remaining bones. - - -Coracoid. - -It will be observed in plates II and IV that there are two very -different types of coracoid, one with a deep emargination, the other -without the slightest indication of such. The same non-emarginate -form occurs in _C. tortor_, as specimens in our Museum show, in _C. -propython_ Cope (Ext. Batr. etc. pl. xii, f. 16,) and in _C. dispar_, -as figured by Marsh[7], and as stated by him in the same paper -(“There is certainly no emargination in the coracoid of _Clidastes_, -_Edestosaurus_ and _Baptosaurus_, as specimens in the Yale Museum -conclusively prove.”) It is true that Marsh in a later paper[8] figured -a specimen with emarginate coracoid under the name of _Edestosaurus -dispar_, but it is certain that his identification of his own species -was wrong, as will be seen by comparing his figures. From the senior -author’s memory of the specimen with the emarginate coracoid figured, -and from the figure itself he feels confident that the second specimen -is _C. velox_. - -[7] Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, pl. xi, f. 1, June, 1872. - -[8] Amer. Journ. Sci. xix, pl. i, fig. 1, Jan., 1880. - -That the emargination was overlooked by the author seems strange, as -in the same paper in which this figure is given occurs the description -of _Holosaurus, founded upon that very character_. If the emargination -is sufficiently important to base a genus in the one case, then it -should be in the other, and the character could not be applied to -_Edestosaurus_, based upon characters which it hardly seems possible -that the author himself could seriously consider, for _E. dispar_ was -the type of _Edestosaurus_. - -It will be observed, further, that the figured coracoids differ very -materially in size, those with the emargination pertaining to a small -species, while _C. dispar_ is one of the largest. In our Museum there -are three specimens with the emarginate coracoid, all of them small or -very small, the described specimen of _C. velox_ being the largest. - -The point of chief interest in this relation is the value that can be -given to this character. Is it individual, specific or generic? Marsh -has called it generic, but we think an examination of the two very -complete specimens of _C. tortor_ and _C. velox_ in our Museum will -convince any unprejudiced student that he is in error. - -A comparison of the figures herewith given of the paddles will show -their great resemblance, and these two forms of paddles have been -figured because the species are the most unlike of any that we know in -the genus. As all the small specimens seem to possess this character, -and as they cannot be called immature specimens, we believe the -character is a specific one. As Marsh says, typically both _Clidastes_ -and _Edestosaurus_ have a non-emarginate coracoid, so that neither name -could apply to the emarginate form, were it generically distinct. - -Our Museum also contains both forms of the coracoid pertaining to the -genus _Platecarpus_, of which _Holosaurus_ is a synonym. - -While studying the specimen above described, a striking similarity was -observed to several other specimens already determined with confidence -as _C. pumilus_ Marsh. A more careful comparison failed to bring out -any real differences beyond size, and even this was shown to be very -inconstant. - -The following comparison of the descriptions given by Marsh will be of -interest. - - _C. pumilus._ - - TEETH. Nearly round at base somewhat curved - and with smooth enamel. - - QUADRATE. The rugose knob near the distal - end of the quadrate is similar to that in _C. - Wymani_ (just below the posterior superior process - is a prominent rugose knob with a deep pit under - it), but has no articular pit under it. The hook - is comparatively short and has a free compressed - extremity. The articular margin is not deflected - toward the meatus. - - CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Articular face nearly - vertical, and having a broad transverse outline with - faint superior emargination. The hypapophysis stout - and transversely triangular. - - _C. velox._ - - Premaxillary and maxillary teeth smooth and - subcompressed. - - The great ala less curved than in _E. dispar_, concave - transversely on both surfaces. The alar process has - its articular process very narrow in its extension - over the great ala. No notch in posterior margin of - external angle. On the ridge below the angle and - nearly opposite the meatal pit is a strong rugosity - which is rudimentary or wanting in _C. dispar_. The - posterior margin of the hook is only a narrow tongue - projecting towards the meatal pit, instead of a broad - articular surface. - - Articular face transverse. - -The description, otherwise, shows no discrepancies of importance. The -chief difference given by the author is the size, and this character -we think our specimens show to be of little specific value. “It -is a question of some importance how far difference in size among -the Mosasauroids may be a test of difference in species. Among the -numerous remains of these animals which have been discovered I have -never yet observed any which presented any evidence relative to age. -* * * In this view of the case, some of the many described species of -Mosasauroids may have been founded on different sizes of the same.”[9] - -[9] Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, vol. i, p. 284. - -The length of the cervical vertebrae in the specimen above described -is thirty-seven or thirty-eight millimeters. The cervical vertebrae in -two specimens referred to _C. pumilus_ have lengths respectively of -twenty-two and thirty millimeters. In the type specimen of _C. velox_ -they must have had a length of at least forty-two millimeters. - -It thus appears that, between the smallest specimen, which, in life, -could have hardly exceeded eight feet in length, our specimens, -indistinguishable anatomically, represent forms of ten and twelve feet, -while the type itself was about fifteen feet in length. - -Of the material originally referred to _C. pumilus_, there are in the -collection five or more specimens, which, altogether, furnish nearly -every part of the skeleton. They present no tangible differences from -the skeleton of _C. velox_ described above. There can be, hence, little -or no doubt but that the name _C. pumilus_ is a synonym. - -It is hardly possible to say with certainty that _C. affinis_ Leidy -is or is not the same as _C. velox_, but, so far as the description -goes, we can find few differences. The type is of about the same size -as the type of _C. velox_, and the figures agree well with the bones -of the skeleton described. Although the description was not published -till 1873, the author makes no mention of the species of Marsh’s. Leidy -describes the back teeth as having the enamel strongly striated, with -the surface presenting evidences of subdivision into narrow planes. In -this respect, only, it disagrees with the specimen. - -_Plioplatecarpus_ Dollo is described by its author as having a sacrum -of two conjoined vertebrae,[10] by reason of which it is placed in -a separate family from the rest of the _Pythonomorpha_. It may be -presumptuous to express a doubt of the genuineness of the sacrum, and -yet, save from the fact that the author found two specimens quite -alike, one might doubt it strongly. It is not very rare that two, or -even three vertebrae are found united from injury in these animals, -and such would readily account for the consolidation as figured and -described by Dollo, except for the coincidence of the second specimen. -A stronger reason for doubt is the statement that the consolidated -vertebrae belong to the posterior “lumbar” region, and that the last -vertebrae had small tubercles indicative of chevrons. In the reptiles -which we have examined, the chevrons do not begin immediately behind -the pelvis, but are separated by a longer or shorter region in which -the vertebrae bear elongated diapophyses alone. If the conjoined -vertebrae figured by Dollo are in reality sacral, it would appear -that the animal is an exception to _Clidastes_ and such lizards as we -have examined. Furthermore, the pelvis must have been of a different -structure from that in the Kansas genera of the Pythonomorpha, for, in -these, it is evident that the ilium had an oblique position, and could -have been attached to but a single diapophysis. - -[10] Bull. Su. Mus. Roy. S. Hist. Nat. d. Belg. i, p. 8, 1882. - - -CLIDASTES WESTII, N. SP. - -A specimen of much interest in the University collection differs so -markedly from the other forms represented by specimens, as also from -the descriptions of the known species, that we are constrained to -regard it as new. It was collected by Mr. C. H. Sternberg from the -uppermost of the Niobrara beds, in the vicinity of the old town of -Sheridan. The character of the associated invertebrate fossils seems -to indicate a different geological horizon, either the Fox Hills -group, or transition beds to that group. The specimen consists of a -complete lower jaw, quadrate, portions of the skull, the larger part -of the vertebral column, and the incomplete hind and fore paddles. The -vertebrae preserved are in two series, the one, numbering thirty-three, -continuous with the skull; the other, sixty-three in number, all -chevron caudals. The terminal caudals preserved indicate that there -were several more in life, perhaps five or ten; the first of the series -was evidently among the first of those which bore chevrons. Altogether -the tail may have had seventy-five chevron caudals. The lengths of -the two series are respectively seventy-one and seventy-two inches. -Assuming that there was the same number of precaudal vertebrae as in -_C. velox_, the entire vertebral column would have measured in life -fifteen feet and four inches. The lower jaw shows the skull to have -been very nearly twenty-four inches in length, making, for the animal -when alive, a length of seventeen and one-half feet. This is one of -the largest species, and it is interesting to observe that the real -size here, as usually elsewhere among fossil vertebrates, is less than -supposed. It is doubtful whether there is a _Clidastes_ known that -exceeded twenty feet in length. - -While the skeleton was only about one half longer than the specimen -of _C. velox_ described in the foregoing pages, or of about the same -length as a very complete specimen of _C. tortor_ in the museum, the -proportions of the animal were very much stouter. The figures given in -plate VI of the twenty-fifth, or eighteenth dorsal, vertebra will show -the relations between length and breadth: it is upon these remarkably -stout proportions, and the shape of the articular faces, as indicated -by the figures and by the measurements appended, that the species is -chiefly based. The articular surfaces of the basal caudal vertebrae are -remarkably triangular in shape, with the angles rounded, and the sides -of nearly equal length. This triangular shape is persistent for the -first twenty of the series as they are preserved. The paddles, as shown -in plates IV and V, show much stouter proportions than in either _C. -velox_ or _C. tortor_. - -The species comes nearest to _C. stenops_ Cope, but it seems hardly the -same. It is, also, evidently allied to _C. dispar_ Marsh. From these -and other described species, the following, extracted from the original -descriptions, will serve to show the differences, in comparison with -the specimen of _C. Westii_. - -=C. dispar.= - -The articular faces in the cervicals are a broad transverse oval, -faintly emarginated above for the neural canal. In the dorsals and -lumbars the cup continues transverse, and the emargination is deeper, -but in the anterior caudals the outline becomes a vertical oval. There -appears to have been thirteen mandibular teeth. - - Length of axis with odontoid process 32 lines 100 - Width between diapophyses 26.8 103 - Length from edge of cup to end of ball in - eleventh vertebra 25 100 - Width of ball 14 56 - Depth of ball 12 43 - -=C. Wymani.= - -In the cervical vertebrae, the outline of the articular faces is -transversely cordate. The centra of the anterior dorsals are elongate, -and much constricted behind the diapophyses. In the anterior caudals, -the articular faces are a broad vertical oval. - - Length of axis with odontoid process 19 lines 100 - Width between diapophyses 17 89.4 - Width of ball 8 42.1 - Depth of ball 7 36.7 - Length of sixth cervical, without ball 13 100 - Width of cup 9 69.1 - -=C. rex.= - -The cervical vertebrae have very broad, transversely oval faces, with -indications of emargination. The dorsals are elongated, with transverse -faces, and a distinct superior excavation for neural canal. The -articular ends of the anterior caudals are vertically oval. - - Length of posterior cervical vertebrae 44 mm 100 - Vertical diameter of ball 24 54.5 - Transverse diameter 29.5 67 - Length of a dorsal vertebra 52 - -=C. stenops.= - -The anterior caudals possess wide diapophyses. Their articular faces -are a vertical oval, a little contracted above, sometimes a straight -outline. They present a peculiarly elongate form. - - Length of axis (alone) 60 mm 100 - Vertical diameter of ball 27 45 - Transverse diameter of ball 27 45 - Length of the mandible 720 100 - Depth at coronoid process 150 20.9 - -MEASUREMENTS OF CLIDASTES WESTII. - - Length of dentary 400 millim. - Depth opposite the first tooth 20 - Depth opposite last tooth 62 - Entire extent of mandible 630 - Greatest depth at coronoid process 95 - 2. Length of axis with odontoid process 80 - Length of axis without odontoid process 70 - Vertical diameter of ball 24 - Transverse diameter of ball 33 - 4. Length of fourth cervical vertebra to rim of ball 49 - Expanse of diapophyses 82 - 5. Length of fifth cervical to rim of ball 49 - Transverse diameter of ball 35 - Vertical diameter of ball 28 - Expanse of diapophyses 90 - 8. Length of eighth vertebra to rim of ball 53 - Expanse of diapophyses 90 - 14. Length to rim of ball 54 - Transverse diameter of ball 40 - Vertical diameter of ball 33 - Expanse of diapophyses 100 - 18. Length to rim of ball 50 - Transverse diameter of ball 40 - Vertical diameter of ball 36 - Expanse of diapophyses 100 - 23. Length to rim of ball 50 - Transverse diameter of ball 41 - Expanse of diapophyses 100 - 25. Length to rim of ball 52 - Transverse diameter of ball 43 - Vertical diameter of ball 43 - Expanse of diapophyses 100 - 30. Length to rim of ball 54 - Transverse diameter of ball 46 - -This species is named in memory of Judge E. P. West, lately deceased, -to whom our Museum owes so much for his long, diligent and faithful -labors in the collection and preparation of the geological material. - - * * * * * - -ERRATUM: P. 17, line 15, for “_Edestosaurus_,” read -_Clidastes_, and in next line, strike out “Proc. Acad.” etc. - - - - -Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidae. - - -BY W. A. SNOW. - -WITH PLATE VII. - -Among the insects obtained by Prof. F. H. Snow in a recent trip to -Colorado, is an excellent representative collection of the Diptera. -The material for the following notes on Syrphidae is chiefly drawn -from this collection. That such a collection affords so many points of -interest in this, one of the best studied families of North American -Diptera, is an evidence of the rich field that is presented by this -important and little-studied order of insects. - - -CALLICERA. - -_Callicera_ Panzer, Fauna Germanica, 1806. - -_Callicera_ is a small genus hitherto supposed to be peculiar to -Europe. The species are found in the high mountains, where the males -are often taken while hovering in the air. The present collection -includes numerous specimens of a species taken near the summit of Mt. -Deception, in Manitou Park, Colorado, at an altitude of nine thousand -feet. - -The occurrence of members of this genus in the western part of the -United States is a fact of especial interest and further substantiates -the rule that American forms common to Europe are more apt to occur -in the western regions. _Arctophila flagrans_ Osten Sacken, is a case -precisely similar to the present one, belonging as it does to a small -European genus of mountain flies, and described from Colorado. - -As the genus is a new one to our fauna, I here give an amended -transcription of the generic characters from Schiner’s Fauna Austriaca, -to include the new species, which differs only in unimportant details. - -=Callicera.= - -Rather large, stout, green or black species with metallic lustre and -abundant, long pile. Head hemispherical, somewhat broader than the -thorax. Antennae porrect, longer than the head, somewhat remote at -their base, inserted upon a protuberance of the front; first joint -sometimes elongate; second joint shorter than, or as long as, the first -joint; third joint one to three times the length of the first two -joints taken together, with a short, terminal style. Face broad, under -the antennae concave in profile; an obtuse tubercle below the middle; -on the sides thickly covered with pile. Proboscis rather prominent, -with broad labella. Eyes hairy, holoptic in the male. Abdomen -elliptical, as long or longer than the thorax. Legs moderately strong. -Third longitudinal vein straight, first posterior cell distally short -petiolate; marginal cell open; cross-vein situated near the middle of -the discal cell, oblique. - -=Callicera montensis, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 4. - -MALE. Black, densely golden red pilose. Frontal triangle, face -and cheeks deep black, shining, covered thickly with black pile, save -a median facial stripe. Antennae black, basal third of third joint on -the under side red; first joint short; second joint not more than half -as long as the first; third joint three times as long as the first and -second joints taken together; gradually broadened for a third of its -length, and then attenuated; style white. Eyes thickly clothed with -golden pile. Thorax and abdomen covered everywhere with long golden -red pile. Legs black; tarsal joints below and at their articulations -reddish. Wings nearly hyaline, brownish on the anterior basal portion; -stigma yellow. - -Length 11 millimeters. Three specimens, Colorado. - -The genus may be distinguished from _Pelecocera_, in Williston’s -dichotomic table of the genera of North American Syrphidae, by the -pilose eyes. - -=Microdon megalogaster, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 1. - -MALE. Large, yellowish pilose species, in shape globose. -Antennae reddish black, the first joint about as long as the following -two together; second joint not one-third as long as the third. Face -dark metallic green, shining, thickly covered with golden yellow -pile. Front black, with similar pile, narrowed in the middle. Eyes -bare. Thorax and scutellum deep metallic green, with long, thick, -golden pile; scutellum gently emarginate, the small obtuse tubercles -approximate. Abdomen short and broad, black, moderately shining; first -two segments and the hypopygium somewhat green; pile at base yellow, -elsewhere short, black. Legs black, with black pile; front tibiae -and their metatarsi, on the inner side, with short golden pile; hind -metatarsi incrassate and longer than the three following joints taken -together. Wings uniformly subinfuscate; veins at the outer part of the -first posterior and discal cells sinuous and rounded. - -Length 12 millimeters. One specimen. - -=Chrysotoxum derivatum= Walker. - -Eight specimens from Colorado, which vary not a little from each -other and from Williston’s description. They seem to belong here, -however, better than elsewhere. In one specimen, the second joint of -the antennae is shorter than the first, and only one-fourth the length -of the third. In five examples the second abdominal cross-band is -not interrupted; in the others it is distinctly parted. In two, the -third band does not reach the yellow of the broad hind margin; in two -others it barely touches it; in five, the two bands broadly coalesce. -The yellow of the fifth segment, in four specimens, incloses a black, -inverted V; in two others an inverted Y. - -=Paragus bicolor= Fabr. - -Three specimens, Colorado. These may be located under Schiner’s variety -_taeniatus_. - -=Melanostoma stegnum= Say. - - _Syrphus stegnus_ Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 163. - _Melanostoma tigrina_ Osten Sacken, Western Diptera, p. 323. - _Melanostoma stegnum_ Williston, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Diptera, - iii, p. 10. - -Eleven specimens, Colorado, which answer well to the descriptions. The -metallic band of the fourth abdominal segment is sometimes interrupted, -and there is usually a triangular opaque black spot near the anterior -border of the fifth segment. “The female, hitherto unknown, has the -front broad above, pollinose, except on the upper part, and with black -pile; the thorax more shining metallic blue; the tibiae yellow, and -on the third and fourth abdominal segments there is a narrow shining -stripe, bisecting the black, as in the fourth segment of the male. -The male has some long black hairs on the outer side of the front and -middle tibiae, which are inconspicuous in the female. It is evident, -from the lighter color of the tibiae, that Say’s specimens were -females.” Williston, l. c. - -=Melanostoma mellinum= Linne. - -A single female specimen from Manitou Park. - -=Melanostoma, n. sp.=? - -MALE. Face and front dark metallic blue, shining, thinly -covered with light-colored pollen; tubercle and epistoma black, -shining, the former small. Antennae black, third joint yellowish red -below, oblong. Pile of frontal and vertical triangles dusky. Thorax -bronze-black, shining, sometimes bluish black, the pubescence white. -Halteres yellowish. Abdomen long and narrow, with almost parallel -sides; first segment metallic blue, shining; second segment opaque, -or subopaque, black, with a light metallescent scallop on the sides, -reaching to the distal third of the segment; third and fourth segments -similar, marked anteriorly by a wide, interrupted, or subinterrupted -blue fascia, deeply and widely emarginated, or concave behind; hind -border of the third, and sometimes of the second segment, narrowly -brown; fifth segment and the hypopygium metallic bluish green; sides -of the abdomen with silvery white pile, longest and thickest at the -base; the blue marking are whitish pruinose. Femora, except the tip, -a broad ring on the tibiae, and the four posterior tarsi, black; -elsewhere brownish or yellowish. Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish. - -Length 7-8 millimeters. - -=Eupeodes volucris=, Osten Sacken. - -Numerous specimens, Colorado. - -=Syrphus arcuatus= Fallen. - -Four specimens, Colorado. These specimens vary not a little from each -other, and somewhat from the descriptions. One female is very small, -not over seven millimeters in length, and with the spots on the third -and fourth abdominal segments hardly oblique. One male has the hind -femora black as far as the tip, while in three females the black does -not extend beyond the middle. - -=Syrphus disjectus= Williston. - -A single female specimen, from Colorado, agrees well with the -description drawn from males. The pile of the thorax is more whitish -than orange-yellow, and there are light colored lateral margins on the -anterior part of the thorax. - -=Syrphus ruficauda, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 3. - -MALE. Eyes bare. Face greenish yellow on the sides, yellow in -the middle; a rather broad black line marks the border of the mouth -and is lost in the black of the cheeks. Frontal triangle yellow, with -long black pile. Antennae dark brown, more or less reddish below. -Pile of occiput light yellow. Dorsum of thorax deep metallic green, -the scutellum olivaceous yellow; both with light yellow pile. First -segment of the abdomen shining black; second segment opaque black, -with the lateral margins and hind border shining, and with a broad, -yellow, interrupted band, not reaching the lateral margins; third -segment similar, but with the yellow band somewhat wider, interrupted -or subinterrupted and slightly bilaterally oblique; fourth and fifth -segments orange-red, the sides narrowly black; the fourth segment shows -indistinctly a broad interrupted band of a somewhat lighter color, -corresponding to the yellow bands of the preceding segments. Legs light -brown; basal third of the front and middle femora and basal half of the -hind femora black. Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish. - -FEMALE. Head wanting. Thorax purplish brown. The yellow band -on the second abdominal segment narrower, the second band straight, -narrower and interrupted. Legs light brown, except the proximal end of -the femora, which is black. - -Length 9 millimeters. Three males and one female, Colorado. - -=Syrphus pauxillus= Williston. - -Two specimens from Colorado undoubtedly come here. The species was -described from a single male specimen. A female specimen offers the -following differences or additions: Length nine millimeters, mesonotum -more greenish black or bronze, the pile obscure whitish; fifth -abdominal segment without yellow spots on the anterior angles; legs -yellow, with the basal half of the front and middle femora, the hind -femora except the tip, a broad band on the hind tibiae, and the hind -tarsi, black. - -=Syrphus ribesii= Linne. - -Five specimens, Colorado. - -=Syrphus americanus= Wiedemann. - -Numerous specimens, Colorado. - -=Syrphus umbellatarum= Schiner. - -Five female specimens, Colorado. The only western locality heretofore -given is Arizona (Williston). - -=Allograpta obliqua= Say. - -Five specimens, Colorado. - -=Mesogramma marginatum= Say. - -Numerous specimens from Colorado, showing very great variation. - -=Sphaerophoria cylindrica= Say. - -Twenty specimens, Colorado. I think the specimens belong here, -though a positive identification is hardly possible at present. - -=Rhingia nasica= Say. - -One specimen, Colorado. This is the first time that this species -has been recorded from beyond the Mississippi. - -=Copestylum marginatum= Say. - -Two specimens, Colorado, representing the extremes of variation in the -species. The male corresponds to _C. lentum_ Williston. Specimens of -this species were bred from _Opuntia missouriensis_, in company with -others of _Volucella fasciata_ Macq. - -=Sericomyia militaris= Walker. - -Sixteen specimens from Minnesota and Colorado vary in the markings of -the second abdominal segment, and in the color of the legs. Some have -no spots at all on the second segment; in others the two yellow dots -are conspicuous, approaching, in size and shape, the markings of the -third segment. The tibiae vary from light yellow to reddish brown. - -=Brachyopa cynops, n. sp.=, plate vii, f. 2. - -Head light yellowish brown, largely concealed beneath light glistening -pollen; the shining ground color shows just above the antennae and in -a stripe on the cheeks, extending from the eye to the mouth opening. -Antennae wanting. Dorsum of thorax brown, covered with grayish pollen; -anteriorly with two approximated, linear, blackish stripes; laterally -with a broad, interrupted stripe. Scutellum light brown, with yellowish -pollen. Abdomen but little longer than broad; yellowish gray pollinose; -second segment with a circular brown spot in the anterior corners; the -two following segments are marked with corresponding elliptical spots, -and, in the middle of the anterior border with a triangular spot; on -the fifth segment are two small round spots. Legs uniformly reddish -brown, with light colored pollen and short whitish pile. Wing hyaline, -distinctly clouded at anterior cross-vein, on the veins at the anterior -outer corner of the discal cell and on the ultimate section of the -fourth vein; posterior cross-vein about as long as the penultimate -section of the fourth vein, the included angle obtuse. - -Length 5 millimeters. One specimen, Colorado. - -=Eristalis latifrons= Loew. - -Numerous specimens, Colorado. The commonest Syrphid of the mountain -meadows. Some specimens have very indistinct brownish spots on the -second abdominal segment, and, when this is the case, the middle of the -wing generally shows a brown spot, and brown clouds along the anterior -veins between the spot and the base of the wing. - -=Eristalis brousi= Williston. - -One male specimen, Colorado. - -=Helophilus latifrons= Loew. - -Numerous specimens, Colorado. - -=Xylota flavitibia= Bigot. - -Eight specimens, Colorado. The glistening pile of the face and front -varies from white to a golden yellow. On the dorsum of the thorax -purplish stripes are distinctly visible. The fourth segment of the male -abdomen is often red, as in the female abdomen. - -=Syritta pipiens= Linne. - -Eight specimens, Colorado. - -=Criorrhina umbratilis= Williston. - -A single, male specimen, collected by Mr. W. J. Coleman, at Lawrence, -and agreeing exactly with the description. The only other known -specimen of this species is the type, at Washington, from Connecticut. - -=Spilomyia quadrifasciata= Say. - -Seven specimens, Lawrence, Kansas, (F. H. Snow and E. S. Tucker). The -species has not hitherto been recorded west of New York. - - - - -Notes on Melitera Dentata Grote. - - -BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. - -WITH PLATE VIII. - -At the meeting of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., held in -August, 1891, at Washington, Dr. Riley called attention to the habits -of _Melitera prodenialis_ Walker. The larvae burrow into and feed upon -the fleshy leaves of the prickly pear, _Opuntia_. Dr. Riley’s specimens -came from Florida. Prof. J. B. Smith has recently bred the moth from -the prickly pear in New Jersey. His notes were presented at the same -meeting of the Club, and the brief references to the interesting -notes of Doctors Riley and Smith, made in the Canadian Entomologist -(v. xxiii, num. 11, pp. 242 and 256), suggest the presentation of the -following notes on _Melitera dentata_ Grote, the western species of -this Phycitid genus. - -Chancellor F. H. Snow, of this University, while investigating a -grasshopper “outbreak” (_Dissosteira longipennis_) in eastern Colorado -in July, 1891, noted the withered and dying condition of many leaves -of the common prickly pear cactus (_Opuntia missouriensis_), and -on examining the leaves found in them certain large, naked, bluish -larvae. The larvae were imbedded in the fleshy leaves, eating away the -soft inner tissue. The hollowed-out spaces were nearly filled with -irregularly spherical, yellowish, translucent casts. The attacked -leaves were withered and brown without. Prof. Snow took a few leaves -and larvae on July 16, near Arriba, Colorado, and brought them to the -laboratory. - -The larvae were put into breeding-cage on July 18. On July 28 one -larva had spun up and pupated in a corner of the cage behind a small -porcelain dish. Another had made a cocoon in a broken, empty pupa-case -of _Eacles imperialis_, but died before pupating. On August —— the -adults appeared, and have been determined by Prof. J. B. Smith as _M. -dentata_, Grote. As I am aware of no description of the earlier stages -of this species, I record the following notes of description: - -EGG. About 1-1.2 millimeters in diameter, surface with broad, -meridian-like furrows from one pole for about one-third of the distance -to the other pole. Color, creamy white. - -LARVA. Food plant, _Opuntia missouriensis_, prickly pear -cactus, burrowing into the fleshy leaves and eating the soft, -succulent, inner tissues. Length, 40 millimeters. Five pairs of -prolegs. Color, one specimen, ultramarine blue; skin, semi-transparent -and shining anteriorly, dead blue on dorsum; second specimen, buffy -with a bluish suffusion, blue between segments, prolegs bluish, and -last abdominal segment blue, especially below; skin more opaque than -in first specimen. No pronounced markings of skin; spiracles shining -black and present on first thoracic and first to tenth abdominal -segments. Head flattened, slightly narrower than first thoracic -segment, umber. Prothoracic shield well marked, brownish black; anal -shield, smoky brownish. Clothing, limited to tubercled hairs sparsely -distributed as follows: a subdorsal line of small tubercles, two -tubercles to a segment, each tubercle bearing three short, fine hairs; -a supra-stigmatic line, one tubercle to each segment, each tubercle -bearing three to four fine hairs; a similar infra-stigmatic line; a -sub-ventral line of tubercles, bearing usually four fine hairs, the -tubercles of the three thoracic segments in this line situated at base -of legs outside, and similarly as to the prolegs on the third to sixth -abdominal segments. The tubercles in all the lines are faintly smoky. -The larva is rather heavy, and rotund in form, tapering toward both -head and posterior segment. It moves with a lumbering gait, but rather -rapidly. - -CHRYSALIS. Length, 20 millimeters; in cocoon of silk, loosely -covered with small dirt-masses. As made in the breeding cage the -cocoons were above ground, but concealed under or in available objects. - -ADULT. The adults obtained from the breeding cage, (there -are no others in our collection), are easily distinguished from -_prodenialis_ Wlk., by the much stronger dentations of the outer line -of the primaries. Prof. Smith kindly sent a specimen of _prodenialis_ -taken at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, for comparison. The row of marginal -black spots on the primaries which Hulst (Tran. Am. Ent. Soc., v. -xvii, p. 172) mentions as distinctive of dentata is as pronounced in -Prof. Smith’s specimen of _prodenialis_ as in our _dentata_. The much -lighter color of the primaries, head and thorax in dentata as mentioned -by Hulst is characteristic. An interesting feature in the venation of -the hind wings in our bred specimens of _dentata_ is the considerable -coalescence of the sub-costal and costal veins. Vein five is wanting, -as mentioned by Hulst. In addition, there is further departure from -a normal venation, in that vein seven after rising with six from its -stem, (Hulst says: “Six short stemmed with seven”), coalesces for a -short distance with eight and then runs free to the margin. Behind the -forking of seven and six the stem (remnant of sub-costal) unites with -the costal, and its basal portion is wholly merged with the forward -vein. This partial disappearance of the sub-costal seems to be shared -by _prodenialis_ and is probably characteristic of the genus. - -Prof. Smith, as recorded in the Canadian Naturalist, v. viii, p. 242, -(1891), bred several specimens of _Volucella fasciata_, a Syrphid fly, -from the same prickly pear leaves in which the _Melitera_ larvae were -living. It is interesting to note that pupariae and later, adults of -_Volucella fasciata_ and _Copestylum marginatum_, a closely allied -Syrphid, were noted in the Opuntia leaves from which _M. dentata_ was -bred. (See note by Dr. Williston, Entomological News, v. ii, p. 165, -1891). - - - - -Diptera Brasiliana. - - -BY S. W. WILLISTON. - -PART II.[11] - -[11] See Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. xv, p. 243, for Part I. - - -CONOPS. - - 1. First basal cell hyaline 2 - First basal cell clouded throughout 6 - - 2. Third joint of the antennae as long as the first two together; - small species _parvus_, n. sp. - - Third joint of the antennae but little if any longer than the - second joint 3 - - 3. First posterior cell hyaline 4 - First posterior cell more or less clouded 5 - - 4. Cheeks yellow _angustifrons_, n. sp. - Cheeks black _ornatus_, n. sp. - - 5. Face black in ground-color _argentifacies_, n. sp. - Face yellow, large species _grandis_, n. sp. - - 6. Red species; front red _rufus_, n. sp. - Black species; front black 7 - - 7. Face and cheeks black in ground-color _magnus_, n. sp. - Face and cheeks yellow _inornatus_, n. sp. - -1. =Conops magnus, n. sp.= - -FEMALE. Front black, shining, the vertical callosity somewhat -reddish. Face and cheeks yellowish brown, the orbits silvery pollinose. -Antennae brownish black; second and third joints subequal, first -joint about two-thirds the length of the second; third joint of the -style with a long bristly extremity. Thorax shining black; pleurae -lightly whitish pollinose. Abdomen deep black, opaque; lightly whitish -pollinose posteriorly; ventral process of the fifth segment large. -Wings deep brown in front, extending through the two basal cells, and -the basal part of the discal cell; outer part of the first posterior -cell subhyaline, as also behind the streak corresponding to the -spurious vein of the Syrphidae. Legs black; base of the femora, of the -tibiae, and of the tarsi, somewhat yellowish. - -Length 21-24 millimeters. Six specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - -2. =Conops grandis, n. sp.= - -FEMALE. Front black, the lower margin of the vertical -callosity reddish; just below the callosity opaque, elsewhere shining. -Antennae black; the second and third joints of nearly equal length; the -first joint about two-thirds the length of the second joint; style with -a long bristly extremity. Face and cheeks light yellow, the orbital -margins of the former silvery or light golden pollinose. Thorax black, -the mesonotum shining, the pleurae lightly whitish pollinose. Abdomen -deep black; posteriorly lightly pollinose. Wings brown in front; -first posterior cell and the space behind the streak corresponding to -the spurious vein of the Syrphidae in the first posterior cell, pure -hyaline; outer part of the first posterior cell subhyaline; a brown -streak in front of the fifth vein. Legs black; the tibiae and basal -joints of the tarsi in large part reddish or yellowish; pulvilli light -yellow; ventral process of the fifth segment extraordinarily large; -seventh segment as long as the three preceding together. - -MALE. Abdomen in ground-color black, either wholly so, or more -or less, or rarely entirely, red; the ground color, save at the base, -however, is almost wholly obscured by reddish brown pollen. - -Length 19-23 millimeters. Six specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - -3. =Conops rufus, n. sp.= - -MALE, FEMALE. Head red; face in the depression yellow, on the -sides with a silvery sheen. Antennae black; first joint red, more than -half of the length of the second joint; second joint sometimes reddish -at the base; third joint about as long as the second joint, stout; -third joint of the style suddenly attenuated into a moderately long -bristly extremity. Thorax red; mesonotum with a median black stripe, -and an oval, more or less distinct spot on either side; a golden -pollinose spot on the inner side of each humerus. Abdomen red, lightly -pollinose, the median segments more or less black; ventral process in -the female large; the sixth segment in the same sex about as long as -the two preceding together. Legs red, the tarsi a little darker, the -pulvilli and the ungues, save their black tip, yellow. Wings brown in -front, the brown extending to the fifth vein in the basal part of the -discal cell; the space behind the spurious vein in the first posterior -cell hyaline; the outer part of the same cell subhyaline. - -Length 16-17 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - -4. =Conops angustifrons, n. sp.= - -MALE. Front much longer than wide; black, shining at the -vertex and below; an opaque band below the vertical callosity. Antennae -black, the third joint somewhat reddish below towards the base; the -first joint about half of the length of the third joint; third joint -distinctly shorter than the second, rather broad at the base; style -small, attenuate. Face, cheeks and the lower part of the occiput -wholly light yellow. Thorax opaque black; a whitish pollinose spot -on the inner side of each humerus; vertical pleural pollinose spot -not distinctly limited above; a row of dorso-pleural, at least two -prescutellar, and four scutellar, well-developed bristles. Abdomen -subopaque black; second segment yellow at the base; sixth segment -opaque golden yellow pollinose. Wings brownish before the third -longitudinal vein, the first basal and the first posterior cells wholly -hyaline; a streak before the fifth vein. Legs deep brown; the base of -all the tibiae, the large pulvilli, and the claws (except their tips) -yellow. - -Length 12 millimeters. One specimen, Chapada, H. H. Smith. This species -is peculiar in its narrow front, bristles of the thorax, and hyaline -first posterior cell. - -5. =Conops nobilis, n. sp.= - -FEMALE. Head black; front, below the vertical callosity, -except a crescentic space above the base of the antennae, opaque; -face, on the sides and in the depression, with a conspicuous, light -yellowish silvery reflection; in an oblique light from above the -ground-color wholly concealed. Antennae black; the reddish first joint -about two-thirds the length of the third joint; the third joint about -two-thirds of the length of the slender second joint; third joint -of the style with a short bristly extremity. Thorax black, lightly -pollinose, opaque; on the front margin, and near the humeri, velvety; -in the middle in front distinctly whitish when seen from behind. -Abdomen black, subshining; second segment deep opaque black, save on -the anterior part, where it is whitish pollinose; ventral process of -the fifth segment small. Legs black; the tarsi and claws (save their -extreme tips) light yellow; pulvilli very large, yellow; the tarsi -dilated. Wings unequally brown in front, scarcely extending beyond the -third vein, save in the first posterior cell; the costal cell and the -outer part of the wing in front of the third vein of a lighter color. - -Length 12 millimeters. One specimen, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - -6. =Conops inornatus, n. sp.= - -MALE. Front black, shining, the vertical callosity reddish. -Face yellow, with golden pollen on the sides extending up on the -lower part of the front. Cheeks wholly yellow. Thorax black, shining, -lightly pollinose; margins of the thorax and of the scutellum with -moderately large bristles. Abdomen slender, black, shining; the narrow -hind margins of the third and fourth segments, the fifth on the sides -and behind, and the sixth nearly wholly, light golden pollinose. Legs -brown; base of tibiae yellow; basal joints of the tarsi yellowish. -Wings subhyaline, without distinct picture, though the color is more -intense in front; yellow in the costal cell. - -FEMALE. Wings distinctly brown before the third vein and -in the basal cells and proximal portion of the discal cell. Abdomen -diffusely whitish pollinose behind; the second segment largely reddish; -ventral process of the fifth segment small. - -Length 10 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - -7. =Conops ornatus, n. sp.= - -MALE. Vertical callosity reddish; below it an opaque black -band, connected in the middle with a V-shaped spot about the base of -the antennae; the front elsewhere, and the face for the greater part, -light yellow, the sides of the latter with a broad silvery sheen. -Cheeks black. Antennae red; the first joint a little shorter than the -third joint; second joint about twice the length of the first; style -short, thick. Thorax black, opaque; near the humeri and behind, as -also on the scutellum, thickly golden pollinose; pleurae diffusely -pollinose. Abdomen opaque black; the hind margin of the first three -segments, and the remainder of the abdomen, save spots on the sides of -the fourth and fifth segments, thickly light golden pollinose. Legs -reddish brown, the base of the tibiae and the basal joints of the tarsi -yellowish. The brown of the wings extends to the third vein and through -the middle of the first posterior cell; costal and subcostal cells -lighter colored. - -Length 11 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - -8. =Conops parvus, n. sp.= - -FEMALE. Closely allied to _C. sylvosus_ Williston, but differs -in the lighter colored antennae and their more elongated third joint, -which is as long as the first two joints together; in the wings being -wholly grayish hyaline, save a quadrate brown spot in front a little -beyond the middle; and in the lighter colored legs and abdomen. The -proboscis is as long as the antennae; the legs are brown or brownish -yellow. - -Length 8 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. - - -Explanation of Plates. - - PLATE I. Skull of _Pteranodon_ sp., one-fifth - natural size. - - PLATE II. Left front paddle of _Clidastes velox_ - Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _C_, coracoid; _S_, - scapula; _H_, humerus; _I_, first digit; _V_, fifth - digit. - - PLATE III. Left hind paddle of _Clidastes velox_ - Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _Il_, ilium; _P_, pubis; - _Is_, ischium; _F_, femur; _T_, tibia; _Fb_, fibula; - _I_, first metatarsal. - - PLATE IV. Right front paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ - Williston, one-third natural size. _S_, scapula; _C_, - coracoid; _H_, humerus; _R_, radius; _U_, ulna; _I_, - _IV_, first, fourth digits. - - PLATE V. Right hind paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ - Williston, one-half natural size. - - PLATE VI. Eighteenth dorsal vertebra of _Clidastes - Westii_ Williston, natural size. Fig. 1, centrum from - behind; fig. 2, from below. - - PLATE VII. Fig. 1, _Microdon megalogaster_ Snow; - fig. 2, _Brachyopa cynops_ Snow; fig. 3, _Syrphus - ruficauda_ Snow; fig. 4, _Callicera montensis_ Snow; - fig. 5, _Tropidomyia bimaculata_ Williston; fig. 6, - _Rhingiopsis rostrata_ Roeder; fig. 7, _Ancanthina - hieroglyphica_ Wiedemann. - - PLATE VIII. _Melitera dentata._ Adult, silken - cocoon and outer layer of dirt-masses held together by - silken threads; larva (shaded); larva in outline showing - position and number of tubercled hairs; hind wing of - adult showing venation. - -PLATE I. - -Skull of _Pteranodon_ sp., one-fifth natural size. - -[Illustration: KAN. UNIV. QUART. VOL. I. PLATE I. - -S. W. Williston.] - -PLATE II. - -Left front paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size. -_C_, coracoid; _S_, scapula; _H_, humerus; _I_, first digit; _V_, fifth -digit. - -[Illustration: PLATE II. - -S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] - -PLATE III. - -Left hind paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size. -_Il_, ilium; _P_, pubis; _Is_, ischium; _F_, femur; _T_, tibia; _Fb_, -fibula; _I_, first metatarsal. - -[Illustration: PLATE III. - -S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] - -PLATE IV. - -Right front paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-third natural -size. _S_, scapula; _C_, coracoid; _H_, humerus; _R_, radius; _U_, -ulna; _I_, _IV_, first, fourth digits. - -[Illustration: PLATE IV. - -S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] - -PLATE V. - -Right hind paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-half natural -size. - -[Illustration: PLATE V. - -S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] - -PLATE VI. - -Eighteenth dorsal vertebra of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, natural -size. Fig. 1, centrum from behind; fig. 2, from below. - -[Illustration: PLATE VI. - -FIG. 1. - -FIG. 2. - -S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] - -PLATE VII. - - Fig. 1, _Microdon megalogaster_ Snow. - Fig. 2, _Brachyopa cynops_ Snow. - Fig. 3, _Syrphus ruficauda_ Snow. - Fig. 4, _Callicera montensis_ Snow. - Fig. 5, _Tropidomyia bimaculata_ Williston. - Fig. 6, _Promerisana nasuta_ Macq. - Fig. 7, _Ancanthina hieroglyphica_ Wiedemann. - -[Illustration: PLATE VII. - -Mary Wellman and S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] - -PLATE VIII. - -_Melitera dentata_ Grote; adult, silken cocoon and outer layer of -dirt-masses held together by silken threads; larva (shaded); larva in -outline showing position and number of tubercled hairs; hind wing of -adult showing venation. - -[Illustration: PLATE VIII. - -Mary Wellman, ad nat. del.] - - - - -PROSPECTUS. - - -The KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY is established by the -University of Kansas, and will be maintained by it as a medium for -the publication of the results of original research by members of the -University. Papers will be published only upon recommendation by the -Committee of Publication. Contributed articles should be in the hands -of the Committee at least one month prior to the date of publication. -A limited number of author’s _separata_ will be furnished free to -contributors. - -The QUARTERLY will be issued regularly, as indicated by its -title. Each number will contain fifty or more pages of reading matter, -with necessary illustrations. The four numbers of each year will -constitute a volume. The price of subscription is two dollars a volume, -single numbers varying in price with cost of publication. Exchanges are -solicited. - -Communications should be addressed to - - V. L. KELLOGG, - University of Kansas, - Lawrence. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. -I, No. 1 (1892), by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, V. I, NO. 1 (1892) *** - -***** This file should be named 55207-0.txt or 55207-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/2/0/55207/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |