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diff --git a/old/55199.txt b/old/55199.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 304b17a..0000000 --- a/old/55199.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4123 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The True Travels, Adventures, and -Observations of Captain John Smith into Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, by John Smith - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain John Smith into Europe, Asia, Africa, and America - From Ann. Dom. 1593 to 1629 - -Author: John Smith - -Release Date: July 25, 2017 [EBook #55199] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TRUE TRAVELS OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH *** - - - - -Produced by Roger Burch with scans from the internet archive. - - - - - -{Transcriber's Note: Archaic typography which displays the letter "s" in a -form that resembles the letter "f" has been transposed to the modern "s." -British, archaic and inconsistent spellings have been left as in the -original, as have capitalization and italicisation. A few obvious -typographical errors have been changed. Margin notes are indicated where -they occur in the text with {MN} and inserted in full at the end of the -paragraph to which they refer.} - - - - - - * * * * * - - THE TRUE - TRAVELS, - ADVENTURES, - AND - OBSERVATIONS, - OF - Captain JOHN SMITH, - INTO - EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA, - - From Ann. Dom. 1593. to 1629. - - * * * * * - - - - - - * * * * * - - - To the Right Honourable - - _WILLIAM_ Earl of _PEMBROKE,_ - Lord Steward of His Majesty's most Honourable Houshold. - - _ROBERT_ Earl of _LINDSEY,_ - Great Chamberlain of _England,_ - - _HENRY_ Lord _HUNSDON,_ - Viscount _ROCHFORD,_ Earl of _DOVER,_ - - - _And all your Honourable Friends and Well-willers._ - - - -My Lords, - -Sir _Robert Cotton,_ that most Learned Treasurer of Antiquity, having by -perusal of my General History, and others, found that I had likewise -undergone divers other as hard hazards in the other Parts of the World, -requested me to fix the whole Course of my Passages in a Book by it self, -whose noble Desire I could not but in part satisfie; the rather, because -they have acted my fatal Tragedies upon the Stage, and racked my Relations -at their Pleasure. To prevent therefore all future Misprisions, I have -compiled this true Discourse. Envy hath taxed me to have writ too much, -and done too little; but that such should know, how little I esteem them, -I have writ this, more for the satisfaction of my Friends, and all generous -and well disposed Readers. To speak only of my self were intolerable -Ingratitude; because, having had so many Co-Partners with me; I cannot -make a Monument for my self, and leave them unburied in the Fields, whose -Lives begot me the Title of a Soldier; for as they were Companions with me -in my Dangers, so shall they be partakers with me in this Tomb. - -For my _Sea Grammar_ (caused to be Printed by my worthy Friend, Sir _Samuel -Saltenstall_) hath found such good Entertainment abroad, that I have been -importuned by many noble Persons, to let this also pass the Press. Many of -the most eminent Warriours, and others, what their Swords did, their Pens -writ: Though I be never so much their inferiour, yet I hold it no great -Errour, to follow good Examples; nor repine at them will do the like. - -And now, _My most Honourable good Lords,_ I know not to whom I may better -Present it, than to your Lordships, whose Friendships, as I conceive, are -as much to each others, as my Duty is to you all; and because you are -acquainted both with my Endeavours, and Writings, I doubt not, but your -Honours will as well accept of this, as of the rest, and Patronize it -under the shadow of your most noble Virtues, which I am ever bound in all -Duty to Reverence, and under which I hope to have shelter, against all -Storms that dare threaten, - - _Yours Honours to be Commanded,_ - - John Smith. - - - - - - * * * * * - - THE TRUE - TRAVELS, - ADVENTURES, - AND - OBSERVATIONS - OF - Captain _JOHN SMITH,_ - - * * * * * - - - CHAP. I. - - - - _His Birth; Apprenticeship; Going into_ France; _His beginning with Ten - Shillings and three Pence; His Service in the_ Netherlands; _His bad - Passage into_ Scotland; _His return to_ Willoughby, _and how he lived in - the Woods._ - - -He was born in _Willoughby_ in _Lincoln-shire,_ and a Scholar in the two -Free-Schools of _Alford_ and _Louth._ His Father antiently descended from -the ancient _Smiths_ of _Crudley_ in _Lancashire;_ his Mother from the -_Rickards_ at Great _Heck,_ in _York-shire._ His Parents dying when he was -about Thirteen Years of Age, left him a competent Means, which he not -being capable to manage, little regarded; his Mind being even then set -upon brave Adventures, sold his Satchel, Books, and all he had, intending -secretly to get to Sea, but that his Fathers Death stay'd him. But now the -Guardians of his Estate more regarding it than him, he had liberty enough, -though no Means, to get beyond the Sea. About the Age of Fifteen Years, he -was bound an Apprentice to Mr. _Thomas Sendalt_ of _Linne,_ the greatest -Merchant of all those Parts; but because he would not presently send him -to Sea, he never saw his Master in Eight Years after. At last he found -Means to attend Mr. _Peregrine Berty_ into _France_, second Son to the -Right Honourable _Peregrine_, that generous Lord _Willoughby,_ and famous -Soldier; where coming to his Brother _Robert,_ then at _Orleans,_ now Earl -of _Lindsey_, and Lord Great Chamberlain of _England;_ being then but -little Youths under Tutorage: His Service being needless, within a Month -or six Weeks they sent him back again to his Friends; who when he came -from _London_, they liberally gave him (but out of his own Estate) Ten -Shillings to be rid of him; such oft is the share of Fatherless Children: -But those two Honourable Brethren gave him sufficient to return for -_England._ But it was the least thought of his Determination, for now -being freely at liberty in _Paris_, growing acquainted with one Mr. _David -Hume,_ who making some use of his Purse, gave him Letters to his Friends -in _Scotland_ to prefer him to King _James._ Arriving at _Roan,_ he better -bethinks himself, seeing his Money near spent, down the River he went to -_Haver de grace,_ where he first began to learn the Life of a Soldier: -Peace being concluded in _France,_ he went with Captain _Joseph Duxbury_ -into the Low-Countries, under whose Colours, having served three or four -Years, he took his Journey for _Scotland,_ to deliver his Letters. At -_Ancusan_ he imbark'd himself for _Lethe,_ but as much danger, as -Shipwreck and Sickness could endure, he had at the Holy Isle in -_Northumberland_ near Berwick, ( being recovered ) into _Scotland_ he went -to deliver his Letters. After much kind usage among those honest _Scots_ at -_Ripweth_ and _Broxmoth,_ but neither Money nor Means to make him a -Courtier, he returned to _Willoughby_ in _Lincoln-shire;_ where within a -short time, being glutted with too much Company, wherein he took small -delight, he retired himself into a little Woody Pasture, a good way from -any Town, invironed with many hundred Acres of other Woods: Here, by a fair -Brook he built a Pavillion of Boughs, where only in his Cloths he lay. His -Study was _Machiavil's_ Art of War, and _Marcus Aurelius;_ his exercise a -good Horse, with his Lance and Ring; his Food was thought to be more of -Venison than any thing else; what he wanted his Man brought him. The -Country wondering at such an Hermite, his Friends perswaded one Seignior -_Theodora Polaloga,_ Rider to _Henry_ Earl of _Lincoln,_ an excellent Horse -Man, and a Noble _Italian_ Gentleman, to insinuate into his Woodish -Acquaintance, whose Languages and good Discourse, and Exercise of Riding -drew him to stay with him at _Tattersall._ Long these Pleasures could not -content him, but he returned again to the Low Countries. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. II. - - - - _The notable Villany of four_ French _Gallants, and his revenge;_ Smith - _thrown over-board; Captain_ La Roche _of Saint_ Malo _relieves him._ - - -Thus when _France_ and _Netherlands_ had taught him to Ride a Horse, and -use his Arms, with such Rudiments of War, as his tender Years in those -Martial Schools could attain unto; he was desirous to see more of the -World, and try his Fortune against the _Turks,_ both repenting and -lamenting to have seen so many _Christians_ slaughter one another. {MN} -Opportunity calling him; into the Company of four _French_ Gallants well -attended, faining to him the one to be a great Lord, the rest his -Gentlemen, and that they were all devoted that way; over-perswaded him to -go with them into _France,_ to the Dutchess of _Merceur,_ from whom they -should not only have Means, but also Letters of Favour to her Noble Duke, -then General for the Emperour _Rolduphus_ in _Hungary;_ which he did, with -such ill Weather as Winter affordeth, in the dark Night they arrived in -the broad shallow In-let of St. _Valleries sur Soame_ in _Picardie;_ His -_French_ Lord knowing he had good Apparel, and better furnished with Money -than themselves, so Plotted with the Master of the Ship, to set his and -their own Trunks ashore, leaving _Smith_ aboard till the Boat could return, -which was the next day after, towards Evening: The reason he alledged, -was, the Sea went so high he could come no sooner, and that his Lord was -gone to _Amiens,_ where they would stay his coming; which treacherous -Villany, when divers other Soldiers, and Passengers understood, they had -like to have slain the Master, and had they known how, would have run away -with the Ship. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A notable Villany of four_ French _Gallants._ - - -Coming on shoar, he had but one _Cavvalue,_ {MN-1} was forced to sell his -Cloak to pay for his Passage. One of the Soldiers, called _Curzianvere,_ -compassionating his Injury, assured him, this great Lord _Depreau_ was -only the Son of a Lawyer of _Mortaigne_ in base _Britany,_ and his -Attendants _Cursell, La Nelie,_ and _Monserrat,_ three young Citizens, as -arrant Cheats as himself; but if he would accompany him, he would bring -him to their Friends, but in the _interim_ supplied his wants: Thus -Travelling by _Deepe, Cadebeck, Humphla, Pount-demer_ in _Normandy,_ -they came to _Caen_ in base _Normandy;_ where both this Noble -_Curzianvere,_ and the great Prior of the great Abbey of St. _Steven_ -(where is the ruinous Tomb of _William_ the Conqueror) and many other of -his Friends kindly welcomed him, and brought him to _Montaigne,_ where he -found _Depreau_ and the rest, but to small purpose; for Mr. _Curzianvere_ -was a banished Man, and durst not be seen but to his Friends: yet the -bruit of their Cozenage occasioned the Lady _Collumber,_ the Baron -_Larshan,_ the Lord _Shasghe,_ and divers other honourable Persons, to -supply his wants, and with them to recreate him-self so long as he would; -But such pleasant pleasures suited little with his poor Estate, and his -restless Spirit, that could never find content, to receive such Noble -Favours, as he could neither deserve nor requite: But wandering from Port -to Port to find some Man of War, spent that he had, and in a Forest, near -dead with grief and cold, a rich Farmer found him by a fair Fountain, -under a Tree: This kind Peasant relieved him again to his content, to -follow his intent. {MN-2} Not long after, as he passed thorow a great Grove -of Trees, between _Pounterson_ and _Dina_ in _Britany,_ it was his chance -to meet _Cursell,_ more miserable than himself: His piercing Injuries had -so small patience, as without any word they both drew, and in a short time -_Cursell_ fell to the Ground, where, from an old ruinated Tower, the -Inhabitants seeing them, were satisfied, when they heard _Cursell_ confess -what had formerly passed; and that how, in the dividing that they had -stolen from him, they fell by the Ears amongst themselves, that were -Actors in it; but for his part, he excused himself to be innocent as well -of the one, as of the other. In regard of his hurt, _Smith_ was glad to be -so rid of him, directing his course to an honourable Lord, the Earl of -_Ployer,_ {MN-3} who during the War in _France,_ with his two Brethren, -Viscount _Poomory,_ and Baron _d'Mercy,_ who had been brought up in -_England;_ by him he was better refurnished than ever. When they had shewed -him Saint _Malo_ Mount, Saint _Michael, Lambal, Simbreack, Lanion,_ and -their own fair Castle of _Tuncadeck, Gingan,_ and divers other places in -_Britany_ (and their British _Cornwaile_) taking his leave, he took his -way to _Raynes,_ the _Britains_ chief City, and so to _Nants, Poyters, -Rochel,_ and _Bourdeaux._ The rumour of the strength of _Bayon_ in -_Biskay,_ caused him to see it; and from thence took his way from _Leskar_ -in _Bicarne,_ and _Paw,_ in the Kingdom of _Navarre_ to _Tolouza_ in -_Gascoigne, Bezers,_ and _Carcassone, Narbone, Montpelier, Nimes_ in -_Languedeck,_ and thorow the Country of _Avignion,_ by _Aries_ to -_Marseilles_ in _Provence,_ there imbarking himself for _Italy;_ the Ship -was inforced to _Tolonne,_ and putting again to Sea, ill Weather so grew -upon them, that they Anchored close aboard the Shoar, under the little Isle -of St. _Mary,_ against _Nice_ in _Savoy._ Here the inhuman Provincials, -with a Rabble of Pilgrims of divers Nations going to _Rome,_ hourly -cursing him, not only for a _Hugonot_ but his Nation they swore were all -Pirats, and so vilely railed on his dread Soveraign Queen _Elizabeth,_ and -that they never should have fair Weather so long as he was aboard them; -their Disputations grew to that Passion, that they threw him over board, -yet God brought him to that little Isle, where was no Inhabitants, but a -few Kine and Goats. The next Morning, he espied two Ships more riding by -them, put in by the Storm, that fetched him aboard, well refreshed him, -and so kindly used him, that he was well contented to try the rest of his -Fortune with them. {MN-5} After he had related unto them his former -Discourse, what for pity, and the love of the Honourable Earl of _Ployer,_ -this Noble _Britain_ his Neighbour, Captain _la Roche_ of Saint _Malo,_ -regarded and entertained him for his well respected Friend. With the next -fair Wind, they Sailed along by the Coast of _Corsica_ and _Sardinia,_ and -crossing the Gulf of _Tunis,_ passed by Cape _Bona_ to the Isle of -_Lempadosa,_ leaving the Coast of _Barbary_ till they came at _Cape -Rasata,_ and so along the _African_ Shoar, for _Alexandria_ in _AEgypt._ -There delivering their Fraught, they went to _Seandaroone,_ rather to view -what Ships were in the Road, than any thing else: keeping their Course by -_Cypres,_ and the Coast of _Asia,_ Sailing by _Rhodes_, the _Archipelagus, -Candia,_ and the Coast of _Grecia,_ and the Isle of _Zefalonia._ They lay -to and again a few days, betwixt the Isle of _Corsue,_ and the Cape of -_Orranto,_ in the Kingdom of _Naples,_ in the Entrance of the _Adriatick_ -Sea. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _A Cavvalue is in value a penny._ - - {MN-2} _Here he incountred one of the thieves._ - - {MN-3} _The Nobleness of the Earl of_ Plover. - - {MN-4} _An inhuman act of the Provincials in casting him overboard._ - - {MN-5} _Capt._ La Roche _relieves him._ - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. III. - - - _A desperate Sea Fight in the Streights; His Passage to_ Rome, Naples, - _and the view of_ Italy. - - -Betwixt the two _Capes_, they met with an _Argosie_ of _Venice_; it seemed -the Captain desired to speak with them, whose untoward answer was such, as -slew them a Man; {MN} whereupon the _Britain_ presently gave them the -Broad-side, then his Stern, and his other Broad-side also, and continued -the Chase, with his chase Pieces, till he gave them so many Broad-sides -one after another, that the _Argosies_ Sails and Tackling was so torn, she -stood to her defence, and made shot for shot; twice in one hour and a half -the _Britain_ boarded her, yet they cleared themselves, but clapping her -aboard again, the _Argosie_ fired him, which with much danger to them -both was presently quenched. This rather augmented the _Britain's_ rage, -than abated his courage; for having reaccommodated himself again, shot -her so oft between Wind and Water, she was ready to sink, then they -yielded; the _Britain_ lost fifteen Men, she twenty, besides divers were -hurt, the rest went to Work on all hands; some to stop the Leaks, others -to guard the Prisoners that were chained, the rest to ride her. The Silks, -Velvets, Cloth of Gold, and Tissue, Piasters, Chicqueens and Sultanies, -which is Gold and Silver, they unloaded in four and twenty hours, was -wonderful, whereof having sufficient, and tired with toil, they cast her -off with her Company, with as much good Merchandize as would have -fraughted such another _Britain_, that was but two Hundred Tuns, she four -or five Hundred. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A desperate Sea Fight._ - - -To repair his Defects, he stood for the Coast of _Calabria_, but hearing -there was six or seven Galleys at _Messina,_ he departed thence for -_Malta;_ but the Wind coming fair, he kept his course along the Coast of -the Kingdom of _Sicilia_, by _Sardinia_ and _Corsica_, till he came to the -Road of _Antibo_ in _Peamon,_ where he set _Smith_ on shoar with five -Hundred Chicqueens, and a little Box God sent him worth near as much more. -Here he left this Noble _Britain_, and embarked himself for _Legorn,_ -being glad to have such opportunity and means to better his Experience by -the view of _Italy;_ and having passed _Tuskany,_ and the Country of -_Siena,_ where he found his dear Friends, the two Honourable Brethren, the -Lord _Willoughby,_ and his Brother cruelly wounded, in a desperate fray, -yet to their exceeding great Honour. Then to _Viterbo_ and many other -Cities he came to _Rome,_ from where it was his chance to see Pope Clement -the VIII. with many Cardinals, creep up the Holy Stairs, {MN} which they -say, are those our Savior Christ went up to _Pontius Pilate,_ where blood, -falling from his Head, being pricked with his Crown of Thorns, the drops -are marked with Nails of Steel, upon them none dare go but in that manner, -saying so many _Ave-Maries_ and _Pater-Nosters,_ as is their Devotion, and -to kiss the Nails of Steel: But on each side, is a pair of such like -Stairs, upon which you may go, stand, or kneel, but divided from the Holy -Stairs by two Walls: Right against them is a Chappel, where hangs a great -Silver Lamp, which burneth continually; yet they say, the Oil neither -increaseth nor diminisheth. A little distant is the ancient Church of -Saint _John de Lateran,_ where he saw him say Mass, which commonly he doth -upon some Friday once a Month. Having saluted Father _Parsons,_ that -famous _English_ Jesuit, and satisfied himself with the Rarities of -_Rome,_ he went down the River of _Tiber_ to _Civita Vechia,_ where he -embarked himself, to satisfie his Eye with the fair City of _Naples,_ and -her Kingdoms Nobility; returning by _Capua, Rome_ and _Siena,_ he passed -by that admired City of _Florence,_ the Cities and Countreys of _Bolonia, -Ferrara, Mantua, Padua_ and _Venice,_ whose Gulf he passed from _Malamoco_ -and the _Adriatic_ Sea for _Ragouza,_ spending some time to see that -barren, broken Coast of _Albania_ and _Dalmatia,_ to _Capo de Istria,_ -Travelling the main of poor _Sclavonia_ by _Lubbiano,_ till he came to -_Grates_ in _Styria,_ the Seat of _Ferdinando,_ Arch-duke of _Austria,_ -now Emperour of _Almania:_ where he met an _English_ Man, and an _Irish_ -Jesuit, who acquainted him with many brave Gentlemen of good Quality, -especially with the Lord _Ebersbaught,_ with whom, trying such -Conclusions, as he projected to undertake, preferred him to Baron -_Kisell,_ General of the Artillery, and he to a worthy Colonel, the Earl -of _Meldritch,_ with whom, going to _Vienna_ in _Austria,_ under whose -Regiment, in what Service, and how he spent his time, this ensuing -Discourse will declare. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The Popes holy stairs brought from_ Jerusalem, _whereon (they say) - Christ went up to_ Pontius Pilate. - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. IV. - - - _The Siege of_ Olumpagh; _An excellent Stratagem by_ Smith; _Another - not much worse._ - - -After the loss of _Caniza,_ the _Turks_ with Twenty thousand besieged the -strong Town of _Olumpagh_ so straitly, as they were cut off from all -intelligence and hope of succour; till _John Smith,_ this _English_ -Gentleman, acquainted Baron _Kisell,_ General of the Arch-dukes Artillery, -he had taught the Governour, his worthy Friend, such a Rule, that he would -undertake to make him know any thing he intended, and have his answer, -would, they bring him but to some place where he might make the Flame of a -Torch seen to the Town; _Kisell_ inflamed with this strange Invention, -_Smith_ made it so plain, that forthwith he gave him Guides, who in the -dark Night brought him to a Mountain, where he shewed three Torches -equidistant from the other, which plainly appearing to the Town, the -Governour presently apprehended, and answered again with three Other fires -in like manner; each knowing the others being and intent; _Smith,_ though -distant seven Miles, signified to him these Words: _On Thursday at Night I -will charge on the East, at the Alarum, salley you;_ Ebersbaught answered, -_he would,_ and thus it was done: First he writ his Message as brief, you -see, as could be, then divided the Alphabet into two parts thus; - - _A. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. k. l._ - _I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I._ - - _m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. v. w. x._ - _2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2._ - _y. z._ - _2. 2._ - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The siege of_ Olumpagh. - - -{M-1} The first part from _A._ to _L._ is signified by shewing and hiding -one link, so oft as there is Letters from _A._ to that Letter you mean; -the other part from _M._ to _Z._ is mentioned by two Lights in like -manner. The end of a Word is signified by shewing of three Lights, ever -staying your Light at that Letter you mean, till the other may write it in -a Paper, and answer by his signal, which is one Light, it is done, -beginning to count the Letters by the Lights, every time from _A._ to _M._ -by this means also the other returned his answer, whereby each did -understand other. The Guides all this time having well viewed the Camp, -returned to _Kisel,_ who, doubting of his power, being but Ten thousand, -was animated by the Guides, how the _Turks_ were so divided by the River -in two parts, they could not easily second each other. {MN-2} To which -_Smith_ added this conclusion; that two or three thousand pieces of Match -fastened to divers small Lines of an hundred Fathom in length, being armed -with Powder, might all be fired and stretched at an instant before the -Alarum, upon the Plain, of _Hysnaburg,_ supported by two Staves, at each -lines end, in that manner would seem like so many Musketteers; which was -put in Practice; and being discovered by the _Turks,_ they prepared to -encounter these false fires, thinking there had been some great Army: -whilst _Kisel_ with his Ten thousand being entred the _Turks_ quarters, -who ran up and down as Men amazed, it was not long ere _Ebersbaught_ was -pell-mell with them in their Trenches; in which distracted confusion, a -third part of the Turks that besieged that side towards _Knowsbruck,_ were -slain; many of the rest drowned, but all fled. The other part of the Army -was so busied to resist the false fires, that _Kisel_ before the Morning -put two thousand good Soldiers in the Town, and with small loss was -retired; the Garrison was well relieved with what they found in the -_Turks_ Quarters, which caused the _Turks_ to raise their Siege and return -to _Caniza:_ and _Kisel_ with much honour was received at _Kerment,_ and -occasioned the Author a good Reward and Preferment, to be Captain of Two -hundred and fifty Horse-men, under the conduct of Colonel _Voldo,_ Earl of -_Meldritch._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _An excellent Stratagem._ - - {MN-2} _Another stratagem._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. V. - - - - _The Siege of_ Stoll-weissenburg; _The effects of_ Smith's _Fire-works; - A worthy Exploit of Earl_ Rosworme; _Earl_ Meldritch _takes the_ - Bashaw _Prisoner._ - - -A General rumour of a general Peace, now spred it self over all the face -of those tormented Countries: but the _Turk_ intended no such matter, but -levied Soldiers from all Parts he could. The Emperour also, by the -assistance of the _Christian_ Princes, provided three Armies, the one led -by the Arch-duke _Matthias,_ the Emperour's Brother, and his Lieutenant -Duke _Merceur_ to defend Low _Hungary;_ the second, by _Ferdinando_ the -Arch-duke of _Styria,_ and the Duke of _Mantua_ his Lieutenant to regain -_Caniza;_ the third by _Gonzago,_ Governour of High _Hungary,_ to joyn -with _Georgio Buson_ to make an absolute conquest of _Transilvania._ - -Duke _Merceur_ with an Army or Thirty thousand, whereof near Ten thousand -were _French,_ besieged _Stoll-weissenburg,_ otherwise called _Alba -Regalis,_ a place so strong by Art and Nature, that it was thought -impregnable. At his first coming, The _Turks_ sallied upon the _German_ -Quarter, slew near five hundred, and returned before they were thought on. -The next Night in like manner, they did near as much to the _Bemers,_ and -_Hungarians;_ of which, Fortune still presuming, thinking to have found -the _French_ quarter as careless, Eight or Nine hundred of them were cut -in pieces and taken Prisoners. In this Encounter Monsieur _Grandvile,_ -a brave _French_ Colonel, received seven or eight cruel Wounds, yet -followed the Enemy to the Ports; he came off alive, but within three or -four days died. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The siege of_ Alba Regalis. - - -Earl _Moldritch,_ by the Information of of three or four _Christians,_ -(escaped out of the Town) upon every Alarum, where there was greatest -Assemblies and throng of People, {MN} caused Captain _Smith_ to put in -practice his fiery Dragons, he had demonstrated unto him, and the Earl -_Von Sulch_ at _Comora_ which he thus performed: Having prepared forty or -fifty round-bellied Earthen Pots, and filled them with hand Gun powder, -then covered them with Pitch, mingled with Brimstone and Turpentine; and -quartering as many Musket-bullets, that hung together but only at the -Center of the division, stuck them round in the mixture about the Pots, -and covered them again with the same mixture, over that a strong -Searcloth, then over all, a good thickness of Towze-match, well tempered -with Oyl of Lin-seed, Camphire, and Powder of Brimstone, these he fitly -placed in Slings, graduated so near as they could to the places of these -Assemblies. At mid-night upon the Alarum, it was a fearful sight to see -the short flaming course of their flight in the Air, but presently after -their fall, the lamentable noise of the miserable slaughtered _Turks_ was -most wonderful to hear: Besides, they had fired that Suburb at the Port of -_Buda_ in two or three places, which so troubled the _Turks_ to quench, -that had there been any means to have assaulted them, they could hardly -have resisted the fire, and their Enemies. The Earl _Rosworme,_ contrary -to the opinion of all Men, would needs undertake to find means to surprize -the Segeth and Suburb of the City, strongly defended by a muddy Lake, -which was thought unpassable. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The effect of good fireworks._ - - -The Duke having planted his Ordnance, battered the other side, {MN-1} -whilst _Rosworme_ in the dark Night, with every Man a bundle of Sedge and -Bavins still thrown before them, so laded up the Lake, as they surprised -that unregarded Suburb before they were discovered: Upon which unexpected -Alarum, the _Turks_ fled into the City, and the other Suburb not knowing -the matter, got into the City also, leaving their Suburb for the Duke, -who, with no great resistance, took it, with many Pieces of Ordnance; the -City, being of no such strength as the Suburbs, with their own Ordnance -was so battered, that it was taken by force, with such a merciless -Execution, as was most pitiful to behold. {MN-2} The _Bashaw_ -notwithstanding, drew together a Party of Five hundred before his own -Palace, where he intended to die; but seeing most of his Men slain before -him, by the valiant Captain, Earl _Meldritch,_ who took him Prisoner with -his own hands; and with the hazard of himself saved him from the fury of -other Troops, that did pull down his Palace, and would have rent him in -pieces, had he not been thus preserved. The Duke thought his Victory much -honoured with such a Prisoner; took order, he should be used like a -Prince, and with all expedition gave charge presently to repair the -Breaches, and the Ruins of this famous City, that had been in the -possession of the _Turks_ near threescore years. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _A worthy Exploit of Earl_ Rosworme. - - {MN-2} _Earl_ Meldritch _takes the_ Bashaw _prisoner._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. VI. - - - - _A brave Encounter of the_ Turks _Army with the_ Christians; _Duke_ - Merceur _overthroweth_ Assan Bashaw; _He divides the_ Christian _Army; - His Nobleness and Death._ - - -_Mahomet_ the Great _Turk_, during the Siege, had raised an Army of Sixty -thousand Men to have relieved it; but hearing it was lost, he sent _Assan -Bashaw,_ General of his Army, the _Bashaw_ of _Buda, Bashaw Amaroz,_ to -see if it were possible to regain it; The Duke understanding there could -be no great experience in such a new levied Army as _Assan_ had, having -put a strong Garrison into it, and with the brave Colonel _Rosworme, -Culnits, Meldritch,_ the _Rhine Grave, Vahan,_ and many others, with -Twenty thousand good Soldiers, set forward to meet the _Turk,_ in the -Plains of _Girk._ {MN-1} Those two Armies encountred as they marched, -where began a hot and bloody Skirmish betwixt them, Regiment against -Regiment, as they came in order, till the night parted them: Here Earl -_Meldritch_ was so invironed among those half circular Regiments of -_Turks,_ they supposed him their Prisoner, and his Regiment lost; but his -two most couragious Friends, _Vahan_ and _Culnits,_ made such a Passage -amongst them, that it was a terror to see how Horse and Man lay sprawling -and tumbling, some one way, some another on the Ground. The Earl there at -that time made his valour shine more bright than his Armour, which seemed -then painted with _Turkish_ Blood; he slew the brave _Zanzack Bugola,_ and -made his Passage to his Friends, but near half his Regiment was slain. -Captain _Smith_ had his Horse slain under him, and himself sore wounded; -but he was not long unmounted, for there was choice enough of Horses, that -wanted Masters. The _Turk,_ thinking the Victory sure against the Duke, -whose Army, by the Siege and the Garrison, he had left behind him, was -much weakened, would not be content with one, but he would have all; and -lest the Duke should return to _Alba Regalis,_ he sent that Night Twenty -thousand to besiege the City, assuring them, he would keep the Duke or any -other from relieving them. Two or three days they lay each by other, -entrenching themselves; the _Turks_ daring the Duke daily to a sett -Battle, {MN-2} who at length drew out his Army, led by the _Rhine-Grave, -Culnits,_ and _Meldritch_ who upon their first Encounter, charged with -that resolute and valiant courage, as disordered not only the foremost -Squadrons of the _Turks,_ but enforced all the whole Army to retire to the -Camp, with the loss of five or six thousand, with the _Bashaw_ of _Buda,_ -and four or five _Zanzacks,_ with divers other great Commanders, Two -hundred Prisoners, and nine pieces of Ordnance. At that instant appeared, -as it were, another Army coming out of a Valley over a plain Hill, that -caused the Duke at that time to be contented, and to retire to his -Trenches; which gave time to _Assan,_ to reorder his disordered Squadrons: -Here they lay nine or ten days, and more Supplies repaired to them, -expecting to try the event in a sett Battle; but the Soldiers on both -Parties, by reason of their great Wants, and approach of Winter, grew so -discontented, that they were ready of themselves to break up the Leager; -the _Bashaw_ retiring himself to _Buda,_ had some of the Rear Troops cut -off. _Amaroz Bashaw_ hearing of this, found such bad welcome at _Alba -Regalis,_ and the Town so strongly repaired with so brave a Garrison, -raised his Siege, and retired to _Zigetum._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _A brave encounter of the_ Turks _Army with the_ Christians. - - {MN-2} _Duke_ Merceur _overthroweth_ Assan Bassa. - - -The Duke understanding, that the Archduke _Ferdinando,_ had so resolutely -besieged _Caniza_ as what by the loss of _Alba Regalis,_ and the _Turks_ -retreat to _Buda,_ being void of hope of any relief, doubted not, but it -would become again the _Christians._ {MN-1}To the furtherance whereof, the -Duke divided his Army into three parts. The Earl of _Rosworme_ went with -Seven thousand to _Caniza,_ the Earl of _Meldritch_ with Six thousand he -sent to assist _Georgio Busca_ against the _Transilvanians,_ the rest went -with himself to the Garrisons of _Strigonium_ and _Komara;_ having thus -worthily behaved himself, he arrived at _Vienne,_ where the Arch-dukes and -the Nobility with as much honour received him, as if he had conquered all -Hungaria; his very Picture they esteemed would make them fortunate, which -thousands kept as curiously as a precious relique. To requite this honour, -preparing himself to return into _France,_ to raise new Forces against the -next year, with the two Arch-dukes, _Matthias_ and _Maximilian,_ and -divers others of the Nobility, was with great Magnificence conducted to -_Nurenburg,_ there by them royally feasted, (how it chanced is not known;) -{MN-2} but the next Morning he was found dead, and his Brother in Law died -two days after; whose hearts, after this great Triumph, with much sorrow -were carried into _France._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _Duke_ Merceur _divideth his army._ - - {MN-2} _Duke_ Merceur _and his brother in law die suddenly._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. VII. - - - - _The unhappy Siege of_ Caniza; _Earl_ Meldritch _serveth Prince_ - Sigismundus; _Prince_ Moyses _besiegeth_ Regall; Smith's _three single - Combats; His Patent from_ Sigismundus, _and Reward._ - - -{MN} The Worthy Lord _Rosworme_ had not worse Journey to the miserable -Siege of _Caniza,_ (whereby the extremity of an extraordinary continuing -Tempest of Hail, Wind, Frost and Snow, insomuch that the _Christians_ were -forced to leave their Tents and Artillery, and what they had; it being so -cold, that three or four hundred of them were frozen to Death in a Night, -and two or three thousand lost in that miserable flight in the Snowy -Tempest, though they did know no Enemy at all to follow them) than the -Noble Earl of _Meldritch_ had to _Transilvania,_ where hearing of the -Death of _Michael,_ and the brave Duke _Merceur,_ and knowing the Policy -of _Busca,_ and the Prince his Royalty, being now beyond all belief of -Men, in Possession of the best part of _Transilvania,_ perswaded his -Troops, in so honest a Cause, to assist the Prince against the _Turk,_ -rather than _Busca_ against the Prince. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The unhappy siege of_ Caniza. - - -{MN} The Soldiers being worn out with those hard Pays and Travels, upon -hope to have free liberty to make booty upon what they could get -Possession of from the _Turks,_ were easily perswaded to follow him -whithersoever. Now this Noble Earl was a _Transilvanian_ born, and his -Fathers Country yet Inhabited by the _Turks;_ for _Transilvania_ was yet -in three Divisions, though the Prince had the Hearts both of Country and -People; yet the Frontiers had a Garrison amongst the unpassable Mountains, -some for the Emperour, some for the Prince, and some for the _Turk:_ To -regain which small Estate, he desired leave of the Prince to try his -Fortunes, and to make use of that experience, the time of twenty years had -taught him in the Emperours service, promising to spend the rest of his -days, for his Countrys defence in his Excellencies Service. The Prince -glad of so brave a Commander, and so many expert and ancient Soldiers, -made him Camp Master of his Army, gave him all necessary relief for his -Troops, and what freedom they desired to plunder the _Turks._ - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Earl_ Meldritch _serveth with Prince_ Sigismundus. - - -{MN-1} The Earl having made many Incursions into the Land of _Zarkan,_ -among those Rocky Mountains, where were some _Turks,_ some _Tartars,_ but -most _Bandittoes, Rennegadoes,_ and such like, which sometimes he forced -into the Plains of _Regall_ where is a City, not only of Men and -Fortifications, Strong of it self, but so environed with Mountains, that -made the Passages so difficult, that in all these Wars, no attempt had -been made upon it to any purpose: Having satisfied himself with the -Situation, and the most convenient Passages to bring his Army into it: The -Earth no sooner put on her green Habit, than the Earl overspread her with -his armed Troops. To possess himself first of the most convenient Passage, -which was a narrow Valley betwixt two high Mountains; he sent Colonel -_Veltus_ with his Regiment; dispersed in Companies to lie in _Ambuscado,_ -as he had directed them, and in the Morning to drive all the Cattel they -could find before a Fort in that Passage, whom he supposed would sally, -seeing but some small Party to recover their prey; which took such good -success, that the Garrison was cut off by the _Ambuscado,_ and _Veltus_ -seized on the Skonces, which were abandoned. _Meldritch_ glad of so -fortunate a beginning, it was six days ere he could with six thousand -Pioneers make passage for his Ordnance: The _Turks_ having such warning, -strengthened the Town so with Men and Provision, that they made a scorn of -so small a number as _Meldritch_ brought with him before the City, which -was but eight thousand. Before they had pitched their Tents, the _Turks_ -sallied in such abundance, as for an hour, they had rather a bloody Battel -than a Skirmish, but with the loss of near Fifteen hundred on both sides. -The Turks were chased till the Cities Ordnance caused the Earl to retire. -{M-2} The next day _Zachel Moyses,_ General of the Army, pitched also his -Tents with nine thousand Foot and Horse, and six and twenty Pieces of -Ordnance; but in regard of the Situation of this strong Fortress, they did -neither fear them nor hurt them, being upon the point of a fair -Promontory, environed on the one side within half a Mile with an un-useful -Mountain, and on the other side with a fair Plain, where the _Christians_ -encamped, but so commanded by their Ordnance, they spent near a Month in -entrenching themselves, and raising their Mounts to plant their Batteries; -which slow proceedings the _Turks_ oft derided, that their Ordnance were -at pawn, and how they grew fat for want of Exercise, and fearing lest they -should depart ere they could assault their City, sent this Challenge to -any Captain in the Army. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _Earl_ Meldritch _maketh incursions to discover_ Regall. - - {MN-2} Moyses _Besiegeth_ Regal. - - -That to delight the Ladies, who did long to see some Court-like pastime, -the Lord _Turbashaw_ did defie any Captain, that had the command of a -Company, who durst Combate with him for his Head: The matter being -discussed, it was accepted, but so many Questions grew for the -undertaking, it was decided by Lots, which fell upon Captain _Smith,_ -before spoken of. - -{MN} Truce being made for that time, the Rampires all beset with fair -Dames, and Men in Arms, the _Christians_ in _Battalia; Turbashaw_ with a -noise of Haut-boys entred the Field well mounted and armed; on his -shoulders were fixed a pair of great Wings, compacted of Eagles Feathers, -within a ridge of Silver, richly garnished with Gold and precious Stones, -a _Janizary_ before him, bearing his Lance, on each side another leading -his Horse; where long he stayed not, ere _Smith_ with a noise of Trumpets, -only a Page bearing his Lance, passing by him with a courteous Salute, -took his Ground with such good success, that at the sound of the charge, -he passed the _Turk_ thorow the sight of his Beaver, Face, Head and all, -that he fell dead to the Ground, where alighting and unbracing his Helmet, -cut off his Head, and the _Turks_ took his Body; and so returned without -any hurt at all. The Head he presented to the Lord _Moyses,_ the General, -who kindly accepted it, and with joy to the whole Army he was generally -welcomed. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Three single combates._ - - -The Death of this Captain so swelled in the Heart of one _Grualgo,_ his -vowed Friend, as rather inraged with madness than choler, he directed a -particular challenge to the Conqueror, to regain his Friends Head, or Idle -his own, with his Horse and Armour for advantage, which according to his -desire, was the next day undertaken: as before upon the sound of the -Trumpets, their Lances flew in pieces upon a clear Passage, but the -_Turk,_ was near unhorsed. Their Pistols was the next, which marked -_Smith_ upon the Placard; but the next shot the _Turk,_ was so Wounded in -the left Arm, that being not able to rule his Horse, and defend himself, -he was thrown to the ground, and so bruised with the fall, that he lost -his Head, as his Friend before him, with his Horse and Armour; but his -Body, and his rich Apparel were sent back to the Town. - -Every day the _Turks_ made some Sallies, but few Skirmishes would they -endure to any purpose. Our Works and Approaches being not yet advanced to -that heighth and effect, which was of necessity to be performed; to delude -time, _Smith_ with so many incontradictible perswading Reasons, obtained -leave, that the Ladies might know he was not so much enamoured of their -Servants Heads; but if any _Turk,_ of their rank would come to the place -of Combate to redeem them, should have his also upon the like conditions, -if he could win it. - -The challenge presently was accepted by _Bonny Mulgro._ The next day, both -the Champions entring the Field as before, each discharging their Pistol, -having no Lances, but such martial Weapons as the Defendant appointed, no -hurt was done; their Battle-Axes was the next, whose piercing Bills made -sometime the one, sometime the other to have scarce sense to keep their -Saddles, specially the _Christian_ received such a blow, that he lost his -Battle axe, and failed not much to have fallen after it, whereat the -supposed conquering _Turk,_ had a great shout from the Rampires. The -_Turk,_ prosecuted his advantage to the uttermost of his power; yet the -other, what by the readiness of his Horse, and his judgement and dexterity -in such a business, beyond all Mens expectation, by God's assistance, not -only avoided the _Turks_ violence but having drawn his Faulchion, pierced -the _Turk,_ so under the Culets, thorow back and body, that altho' he -alighted from his Horse, he stood not long ere he lost his Head, as the -rest had done. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. VIII. - - - - Georgio Busca _an_ Albane, _his ingratitude to Prince_ Sigismundus; - _Prince_ Moyses _his Lieutenant, is overthrown by_ Busca, _General for - the Emperour_ Rodulphus; Sigismundus _yieldeth his Country to_ - Rodulphus; Busca _assisteth Prince_ Rodol _in_ Wallachia. - - -This good success gave such great encouragement to the whole Army, that -with a Guard of six thousand, three spare Horses, before each a _Turks_ -Head upon a Lance, he was conducted to the Generals Pavilion with his -Presents. Moyses received both him and them, with as much respect as the -occasion deserved, embracing him in his Arms, gave him a fair Horse, -richly furnished, a Scimitar and Belt worth Three hundred Ducats; and -_Meldritch_ made him Sergeant Major of his Regiment. But now to the Siege, -having mounted six and twenty pieces of Ordnance, fifty or sixty Foot -above the Plain, made them so plainly tell his meaning, that within -fifteen days two Breaches were made, which the _Turks_ as valiantly -defended as Men could; that day was made a darksome Night, but by the -light that proceeded from the murdering Muskets, and peace-making Canon, -whilst their slothful Governour lay in a Castle on the top of a high -Mountain, and like a Valiant Prince asketh what's the matter, when horror -and death flood amazed each at other, to see who should prevail to make -him victorious: {MN} _Moyses_ commanding a general assault upon the -sloping front of the high Promontory, where the Barons of _Budendorfe_ and -_Oberwin,_ lost near half their Regiments, by Logs, Bags of Powder, -and such like, tumbling down the Hill, they were to mount ere they could -come to the breach; notwithstanding with an incredible courage, they -advanced to the push of the Pike with the Defendants, that with the like -courage repulsed, till the Earl _Meldritch, Becklefield_ and _Zarvana,_ -with their fresh Regiments seconded them with that fury, that the _Turks_ -retired and fled into the Castle, from whence by a Flag of truce they -desired composition. The Earl remembring his Fathers Death, battered it -with all the Ordnance in the Town, and the next day took it: all he found -could bear Arms, he put to the Sword, and set their Heads upon Stakes -round about the Walls, in the same manner they had used the _Christians,_ -when they took it. _Moyses_ having repaired the Rampires, and thrown down -the Work in his Camp, he put in it a strong Garrison, though the pillage -he had gotten in the Town was much, having been for a long time an -impregnable den of Thieves; yet the loss of the Army so intermingled the -sowre with the sweet, as forced _Moyses_ to seek a farther revenge, that -he sacked _Veratio, Solmos,_ and _Kupronka,_ and with two thousand -Prisoners, most Women and Children, came to _Esenberg,_ not far from the -Princes Palace, where he there Encamped. - - * * * * * - - {MN} Regal _assaulted and taken._ - - -_Sigismundus_ coming to view his Army, was presented with the Prisoners, -and six and thirty Ensigns; where celebrating thanks to Almighty God in -triumph of those Victories, he was made acquainted with the service -_Smith_ had done at _Olumpagh, Stoll-Weissenburgh_ and _Regal;_ for which, -with great honour, he gave him three _Turks_ Heads in a Shield for his -Arms, by Patent, under his Hand and Seal, with an Oath ever to wear them -in his Colours, his Picture in Gold, and three hundred Ducats yearly for a -Pension. - - - * * * * * - - -[Illustration: Smith's Coat of Arms] - - - -Sigismundus Bathori, _Dei Gratia, Dux_ Transilvaniae, Wallachiae, & -Vandalorum; _Comes_ Anchard, Salford, Growenda; _Cunctis his literis -significamus qui cas lecturi aut audituri sunt, concessam licentiam aut -facultatem_ Johanni Smith, _natione_ Anglo _Generoso,_ 250. _militum -Capitaneo sub Illustrissani & Gravissani_ Henrici Volda, _Comitis de_ -Meldri, Salmariae, & Peldoix _primario, ex_ 1000 _equitibus_ & 1500. -peditibus bello_ Ungarico _conductione in Provincias supra scriptas sub -Authoritate nostra: cui servituti omni laude, perpetuaq; memoria dignum -praebuit sese erga nos, ut virum strenuum pugnantem pro aris & focis -decet. Quare e favore nostro militario ipsum ordine condonavimus, & in -Sigillum illius tria_ Turcica _Capita defignare & deprimere concessimus, -que ipso gladio suo ad Urbem_ Regalem _in singulari praelio vicit, -mactavit, atq; decollavit in_ Transilvaniae _Provincia: Sed fortuna cum -variabilis ancepsq; sit idem forte fortuito in_ Wallachiae _Provincia, -Anno Domini_ 1602. _die Mensis Novemberis_ 18. _cum multis aliis etiam -Nubilibus & aliis quibusdam militibus captus est a Domino_ Bascha _electo -ex_ Cambia _regionis_ Tartariae, _onjus severitate adductus salutum quantem -potuit quaesivit, tantumque effecit, Deo omnipotente adjuvante, ut -deliberavit se, & ad suos Commilitones revertit; ex quibus ipsum -liberavimus, & haec nobis restimonia habuit ut majori licentia frucretur -qua dignus esset, jam tendet in patriam suam dulcissonam: Rogamus ergo -omnes nostros charissunos, confinititmos, Duces, Principes, Comites, -Barones, Gubernatores Urbium & Navium in cadem Regione & caeterarum -Provinciarum in quibus ille refidere conatus fuerit ut idem permittatur -Capitaneus libere sine obstaculo omni versari. Haec facientes pergratum -nobis feceritis. Signatum_ Lesprizia _in_ Misnia _die Mensis_ Decembris_ -9. _Anno Domini_ 1603. - - _Cum Privilegio propriae, Majestatis._ Sigismundus Bathori. - - -[Illustration: Seal of Sigismundus.] - - - -Universis, & singulis, cujuscunq; loci, status, gradut, ordinis, ac -conditighis ad quos hos praesens scriptum pervenerit,_ Gulielmus Segar, -Eques auratus alias dictus Garterus Principalis Rex Armorum_ Anglicorum, -Salutum._ Sciatis, _quod Ego praedictus Garterus, notum, testatumque facio, -quod Patentitem suprascriptum, cum manu propria praedicti Ducis_ -Transilvaniae _Subsignatum, & Sigillo suo affixum, Vidi: & Copiam -veram ejusdem (in perpetuam rei memoriam) transcripsi, & recordavi in -Archivis, & Registris Officii Armorum. Datum_ Londini 19. _die Augusti, -Anno Domini_ 1625. _Annoque Regni Domini nostri_ CAROLI _Dei gratia Magnae_ -Britanniae, Franciae, & Hibernix _Regis, Fidei Defendoris, &c. Prime. - - Gulielmus Segar, Garterus. - - - -{MN} Sigismundus Bathori, by the Grace of God, Duke of _Transilvania,_ -_Wallachia,_ and _Moldavia,_ Earl of _Anchard, Salford_ and -_Growenda;_ to whom this Writing may come or appear. Know that We have -given Leave and Licence to _John Smith_ an _English Gentleman,_ Captain of -250 Soldiers, under the most Generous and Honourable _Henry Volda,_ Earl of -_Meldritch, Salmaria,_ and _Peldoia,_ Colonel of a thousand Horse, and -fifteen hundred Foot, in the Wars of _Hungary,_ and in the Provinces -aforesaid under our Authority; whose Service doth deserve all praise, and -perpetual Memory towards us, as a Man that did for God and his Country -overcome his Enemies; Wherefore out of our Love and Favour, according to -the Law of Arms, We have ordained, and given him in his Shield of Arms, -the Figure and Description of three Turks Heads, which with his Sword -before the Town of _Regal,_ in single Combat he did overcome, kill, and -cut off, in the Province of _Transilvania._ But Fortune, as she is very -variable, so it chanced and happened to him in the Province of -_Wallatchia,_ in the year of Our Lord 1602. the 18th day of _November,_ -with many others, as well Noble Men as also divers other Soldiers, were -taken Prisoners by the Lord _Bashaw_ of _Cambia,_ a Country of _Tartaria;_ -whose cruelty brought him such good Fortune, by the Help and Power of -Almighty God, that he delivered himself, and returned again to his Company -and fellow Soldiers, of whom We do discharge him, and this he hath in -Witness thereof, being much more worthy of a better Reward; and now -intends to return to his own sweet Country. We desire therefore all Our -loving and kind Kinsmen, Dukes, Princes, Earls, Barons, Governours of -Towns, Cities or Ships, in this Kingdom, or any other Provinces he shall -come in, that you freely let pass this the aforesaid Captain, without any -hindrance or molestation, and this doing, with all kindness, we are always -ready to do the like for you. Sealed at _Lipswick_ in _Misenland,_ the -ninth of _December,_ in the year of our Lord, 1603. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The same in_ English. - - - _With the proper privilege of his Majesty._ SIGISMUNDUS BATHORI - -To all and singular, in what Place, State, Degree, Order, or Condition -whatsoever, to whom this present Writing shall come: I _William Segar,_ -Knight, otherwise Garter, and principal King of Arms of _England,_ wish -health. Know, that I the aforesaid Garter, do witness and approve, that -this aforesaid Patent, I have seen, Signed, and Sealed, under the proper -Hand and Seal Manuel of the said Duke of _Transilvania,_ and a true Copy -of the same, as a thing for perpetual memory, I have Subscribed and -Recorded in the Register, and Office of the Heralds of Arms. Dated at -_London,_ the nineteenth day of _August,_ in the year of Our Lord, 1625, -and in the first year of our Sovereign Lord _Charles,_ by the Grace of -God, King of great _Britain, France,_ and _Ireland,_ Defender of the -Faith, &c. - - WILLIAM SEGAR. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. IX. - - - - Sigismundus _sends Ambassadours unto the Emperour. The Conditions - reassured. He yieldeth up all to_ Busca, _and returneth to_ Prague. - - -_Busca_ having all this time been raising new Forces, was commanded from -the Emperour again to invade _Transilvania,_ which being one of the -fruitfullest and strongest Countries in those Parts, was now rather a -Desart, or the very Spectacle of Desolation; their Fruits and Fields -overgrown with Weeds, their Churches and battered Palaces, and best -Buildings, as for fear, hid with Moss and Ivy; being the very Bulwark and -Rampire of a great part of _Europe,_ most fit by all _Christians_ to have -been supplied and maintained, was thus brought to ruin by them, it most -concerned to support it. But alas, what is it, when the Power of Majesty -pampered in all delights of pleasant Vanity, neither knowing, nor -considering the labour of the Plough-man, the hazard of the Merchant, the -oppression of Statesmen, nor feeling the piercing Torments of broken -Limbs, and inveterate Wounds, the toilsome Marches, the bad Lodging, the -hungry Diet, and the extream misery that Soldiers endure to secure all -those Estates, and yet by the spight of malicious detraction, starves for -want of their Reward and Recompences, whilst the politique Courtier, that -commonly aims more at his own Honours and Ends, than his Countries good, -or his Princes Glory, Honour, or Security, as this worthy Prince too well -could testifie. But the Emperor being certified how weak and desperate -his Estate was, sent _Busca_ again with a great Army, to try his fortune -once more in _Transilvania._ The Prince considering how his Country and -Subjects were consumed, the small means he had any longer to defend his -Estate, both against the cruelty of the _Turk,_ and the power of the -Emperor, and the small care the _Polanders_ had in Supplying him, as they -had promised, sent to _Busca_ to have truce, till Messengers might be -sent to the Emperour for some better agreement, wherewith _Busca_ was -contented. The Ambassadors so prevailed, that the Emperour re-assured -unto them the conditions he had promised the Prince at their confederacy -for the Lands in _Silesia,_ with 60000 Ducats presently in hand, and -50000 Ducats yearly as a Pension. When this conclusion was known to -_Moyses,_ his Lieutenant then in the Field with the Army, that would do -any thing, rather than come in subjection to the _Germans,_ he encouraged -his Soldiers, and without any more ado, marched to encounter _Busca,_ {MN} -whom he found much better provided than he expected; so that betwixt them, -in six or seven hours, more than five or six thousand, on both sides, lay -dead in the field. _Moyses_ thus overthrown, fled to the _Turks_ at -_Temesware,_ and his Scattered Troops, some one way, some another. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Busca_ in _Transilvania_ overthroweth _Moyses._ - - -The Prince understanding of this so sudden and unexpected Accident, only -accompanied with an hundred of his Gentry and Nobility, went into the -Camp to _Busca,_ to let him know how ignorant he was of his Lieutenants -error, that he had done it without his direction or knowledge, freely -offering to perform what was concluded by his Ambassadors with the -Emperor; {MN} and so causing all his Garrisons to come out of their strong -Holds, he delivered all to _Busca_ for the Emperor, and so went to -_Prague,_ where he was honourably received, and established in his -Possessions, as his Imperial Majesty had promised. _Busca_ assembling all -the Nobility, took their Oaths of Allegiance and Fidelity, and thus their -Prince being gone _Transilvania_ became again subject to the Emperor. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Sigismundis_ yieldeth his country to _Busca._ - - -{MN} Now after the Death of _Michael,_ Vavoid of _Wallachia,_ the _Turk_ -Sent one _Jeremy_ to be their Vavoid or Prince; whose insulting Tyranny -caused the People to take Arms against him, so that he was forced to flie -into the Confines of _Moldavia;_ and _Busca_ in the behalf of the Emperor, -proclaimed the Lord _Rodol_ in his stead. But _Jeremy_ having assembled -an Army of forty thousand _Turks, Tartars,_ and _Moldavians,_ returned -into _Wallachia. Rodol_ not yet able to raise such a power, fled into -_Transilvania_ to _Busca,_ his ancient Friend; who considering well of the -matter, and how good it would be for his own Security, to have _Wallachia_ -subject to the Emperor, or at least such an Employment for the remainders -of the old Regiments of _Sigismundus,_ (of whose Greatness and true -Affection he was very suspicious) sent them with _Rodol_ to recover -_Wallachia,_ conducted by the Valiant Captains, the Earl _Meldritch,_ Earl -_Veltus,_ Earl _Nederspolt,_ Earl _Zarvana,_ the Lord _Becklefield_ the -Lord _Budendorfe,_ with their Regiments, and divers others of great rank -and quality, the greatest Friends and Alliances the Prince had; who with -Thirty thousand, marched along by the River _Altus,_ to the Streights of -_Rebrink,_ where they entred _Wallachia,_ encamping at _Raza; Jeremy_ -lying at _Argish,_ drew his Army into his old Camp, in the Plains of -_Peteske,_ and with his best diligence fortified it, intending to defend -himself, till more power came to him from the _Crim-Tartar._ Many small -Parties that came to his Camp, _Rodol_ cut off, and in the nights would -cause their Heads to be thrown up and down before the Trenches. Seven of -their Porters were taken, whom _Jeremy_ commanded to be flayed quick, and -after hung their Skins upon Poles, and their Carcases and Heads on Stakes -by them. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Busca_ assisteth _Rodol_ in _Wallachia._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. X. - - - - _The Battle of_ Rottenton; _a pretty Stratagem of Fire-works by_ Smith. - - -_Rodol_ not knowing how to draw the Enemy to Battel, raised his Army, -burning and spoiling all where he came, and returned again towards -_Rebrink_ in the night, as if he had fled upon the general rumour of the -_Crim-Tartars_ coming, which so inflamed the _Turks_ of a happy Victory, -they urged _Jeremy_ against his Will to follow them. _Rodol_ seeing his -Plot fell out as he desired, so ordered the matter, that having regained -the Streights, he put his Army in order, that had been near two days -pursued with continual Skirmishes in his Rear, {MN-1} which now making -Head against the Enemy, that followed with their whole Army in the best -manner they could, was furiously charged with six thousand _Heydukes, -Wallachians,_ and _Moldavians,_ led by three Colonels, _Oversall, -Dubras_, and _Calab,_ to entertain the time till the rest came up; -_Veltus_ and _Nederspolt_ with their Regiments, entertained them with the -like courage, till the Zanzacke _Hamesbeg,_ with six thousand more, came -with a fresh charge, which _Meldritch_ and _Budendorfe,_ rather like -enraged Lions, than Men, so bravely encountred, as if in them only had -consisted the Victory; _Meldritch's_ Horse being slain under him, the -_Turks_ pressed what they could to have taken him Prisoner, but being -remounted, it was thought with his own hand he slew the valiant Zanzacke, -whereupon his Troops retiring, the two proud _Bashawes, Aladin,_ and -_Zizimmus,_ brought up the front of the body of their Battle. _Veltus,_ -and _Nederspolt_ having breathed, and joyning their Troops with -_Becklefield_ and _Zarvana,_ with such an incredible courage, charged the -left flank of _Zizimmus,_ as put them all in disorder, where _Zizimmus_ -the _Bashaw_ was taken Prisoner, but died presently upon his Wounds. -_Jeremy_ seeing now the main Battel of _Rodol_ advance, being thus -constrained, like a Valiant Prince in his front of the Vangard, by his -example so bravely encouraged his Soldiers, that _Rodol_ found no great -assurance of the Victory. Thus being joyned in this bloody Massacre, that -there was Scarce Ground to stand upon, but upon the dead Carcases, which -in less than an hour, were So mingled, as if each Regiment had singled -out other. The admired _Aladin_ that day did leave behind him a glorious -name for his Valour, whose Death, many of his Enemies did lament after the -Victory, which at that instant fell to _Rodol._ It was reported, _Jeremy_ -was also slain; but it Was not so, but fled with the remainder of his Army -to _Moldavia,_ leaving five and twenty thousand dead in the Field, of both -Armies. {MN-2} And thus _Rodol_ was seated again in his Soveraignty, and -_Wallachia_ became subject to the Emperour. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} A battle betwixt _Rodol_ and _Jeremy._ - - {MN-2} _Wallachia_ subjected to the Emperour. - - -But long he rested not to settle his new Estate, but there came News, -that certain Regiments of stragling _Tartars,_ were foraging those Parts -towards _Moldavia. Meldritch_ with thirteen thousand Men was sent against -them, but when they heard it was the _Crim-Tartar,_ and his two Sons, -with an Army of thirty thousand; and _Jeremy,_ that had escaped with -fourteen or fifteen thousand, lay in ambush for them about _Langanaw,_ he -retired towards _Rottenton,_ a strong Garrison for _Rodol;_ but they were -so invironed with these hellish numbers, they could make no great hast -for skirmishing with their Scouts, Foragers, and small Parties that still -encountred them. But one night amongst the rest, having made a passage -through a Wood, with an incredible expedition, cutting Trees thwart each -other to hinder their passage, in a thick Fogg, early in the Morning, -unexpectedly they met two thousand loaded with Pillage, and two or three -hundred Horse and Cattel; the most of them were slain and taken Prisoners, -who told them where _Jeremy_ lay in the passage, expecting the -_Crim-Tartar_ that was not far from him. _Meldritch_ intending to make -his passage by force, was advised of a pretty Stratagem, by the English -_Smith,_ which presently he thus accomplished; for having accommodated -two or three hundred Trunks with wild-fire, upon the Heads of Lances, and -charging the Enemy in the night, gave fire to the Trunks, which blazed -forth such Flames and Sparkles, that it so amazed not only their Horses, -but their Foot also; that by the means of this flaming Encounter, their -own Horses turned Tails with such fury, as by their violence overthrew -_Jeremy_ and his Army, without any loss at all to speak of to _Meldritch._ -But of this Victory, long they triumphed not; for being within three -Leagues of _Rottenton,_ the _Tartar,_ with near forty thousand so beset -them, that they must either fight, or be cut in pieces flying. Here -_Busca,_ and the Emperour had their desire; for the Sun no sooner -displayed his Beams, than the _Tartar_ his Colours; where at mid-day he -stayed a while, to see the Passage of a tyrannical and treacherous -imposture, till the Earth did blush with the blood of Honesty, that the -Sun for shame did hide himself, from so monstrous sight of a cowardly -Calamity. It was a most brave sight to see the Banners and Ensigns -streaming in the Air, the glittering of Armour, the variety of Colours, -the motion of Plumes, the forests of Lances, and the thickness of shorter -Weapons, till the silent Expedition of the bloody blast from the murdering -Ordnance, whose roaring Voice is not so soon heard, as felt by the aimed -at Object, which made among them a most lamentable slaughter. - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XI. - - - - _The names of the_ English _that were slain in the Battel of_ Rottenton; - _and how Captain_ Smith _was taken Prisoner, and sold for a Slave._ - - -In the valley of _Veristhorne,_ betwixt the River of _Altus,_ and the -Mountain of _Rottenton,_ was this bloody Encounter, where the most of the -dearest Friends of the noble Prince Sigismundus perished. _Meldritch_ -having ordered his Eleven thousand in the best manner he could, at the -Foot of the Mountain upon his Flanks, and before his front, he had pitched -sharp Stakes, their Heads hardned in the fire, and bent against the Enemy, -as three Battalion of Pikes, amongst the which also, there was digged many -small holes. {MN-1} Amongst those Stakes was ranged his foot-men, that -upon the charge was to retire, as there was occasion. The _Tartar_ having -ordered his 40000 for his best advantage, appointed _Mustapha Bashaw_ to -begin the Battel, with a general Shout, all their Ensigns displaying, -Drums beating, Trumpets and Haut-boys sounding. _Nederspolt_ and _Mavazo_ -with their Regiments of Horse most valiantly encountred, and forced them -to retire; the _Tartar Begoli_ with his Squadrons, darkning the Skies with -their flights of numberless Arrows, who was as bravely encountred by -_Veltus_ and _Oberwin,_ which bloody slaughter continued more than an -hour, till the matchless multitude of the _Tartars_ so increased, that -they retired within their Squadrons of Stakes, as was directed. The bloody -_Tartar,_ as scorning he should stay so long for the Victory, with his -massie Troops prosecuted the Charge: But it was a wonder to see how Horse -and Man came to the Ground among the Stakes, whose disordered Troops were -there so mangled, that the _Christians_ with a loud Shout cried -_Victoria;_ and with five or six field Pieces, planted upon the rising of -the Mountain, did much hurt to the Enemy that still continued the Battel -with that fury, that _Meldritch_ seeing there was no possibility long to -prevail, joyned his small Troops in one body, resolved directly to make -his passage, or die in the conclusion; and thus in gross gave a general -charge, and for more than half an hour, made his way plain before him, -till the main Battle of the _Crim-Tartar,_ with two Regiments of _Turks_ -and _Jaizaries_ so overmatched them, that they were overthrown. The night -approaching, the Earl with some thirteen or fourteen hundred Horse, swam -the River, some were drowned, all the rest slain or taken Prisoners: And -thus in this bloody Field, near 30000 lay, some Headless, Armless and -Legless, all cut and mangled; where breathing their last, they gave this -knowledge to the World, that for the lives of so few, the _Crim-Tartar_ -never paid dearer. {MN-2} But now the Countries of _Transilvania_ and -_Wallachia_ (subjected to the Emperor) and _Sigismundus,_ that brave -Prince, his Subject and Pensioner, the most of his Nobility, brave -Captains and Soldiers, became a prey to the cruel devouring _Turk:_ where, -had the Emperour been as ready to have assisted him, and those three -Armies led by three such worthy Captains, as _Michael, Busca,_ and Himself, -and had those three Armies joyned together against the _Turk,_ let all Men -judge, how happy it might have been for all Christendom: and have either -regained _Bulgaria,_ or at least have beat him out of _Hungaria,_ where he -hath taken much more from the Emperour, than hath the Emperour from -_Transilvania._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _the Battle of_ Rottenton. - - {MN-2} _Extracted out of a book, instituted, the Wars of_ Hungaria, - Wallachia, _and_ Moldavia, _written by_ Francisco Ferneza, _a learned - Italian, the Princes Secretary, and translated by Mr._ Purchas. - - -In this dismal Battel, where _Nederspolt, Veltus, Zarvana, Mavazo, Bavel,_ -and many other Earls, Barons, Colonels, Captains, brave Gentlemen, and -Soldiers were slain, give me leave to remember the names of our own -Country-men, {MN} with him in those Exploits, that as resolutely as the -best in the defence of Christ and his Gospel, ended their days, as -_Bakersfield, Hardwick, Thomas Milemer, Robert Mollineux, Thomas Bishop, -Francis Compton, George Davison, Nicholas Williams_ and one _John_ a Scot, -did what Men could do, and when they could do no more, left there their -Bodies in Testimony of their minds; only Ensign _Charleton,_ and Sergeant -_Robinson_ escaped: But _Smith,_ among the slaughtered dead Bodies, and -many a gasping Soul, with toil and Wounds lay groaning among the rest, -till being found by the Pillagers, he was able to live, and perceiving by -his Armour and Habit, his ransom might be better to them than his Death, -they led him Prisoner with many others; well they used him till his Wounds -were cured, and at _Axopolis_ they were all sold for Slaves, like Beasts -in a Market-place, where every Merchant, viewing their Limbs and Wounds, -caused other Slaves to struggle with them, to try their strength, he fell -to the share of _Bashaw Bogal,_ who sent him forthwith to _Adrianopolis,_ -so for _Constantinople_ to his fair Mistriss for a Slave. By twenty and -twenty chained by the Necks, they marched in file to this great City, -where they were delivered to their several Masters, and he to the young -_Charaza Tragabigzanda._ - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The English Men in this Battel._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XII. - - - - _How Captain_ Smith _was sent Prisoner thorow the_ Black _and_ - Dissabacca _Sea in_ Tartaria; _the Description of those seas, and his - usage._ - - -This Noble Gentlewoman took sometime occasion to shew him to some Friends, -or rather to speak with him, because she could speak Italian, would feign -her self sick when she should go to the _Bannians,_ or weep over the -Graves, to know how _Bogal_ took him Prisoner; and if he were as the -_Bashaw_ writ to her, a _Bohemian_ Lord conquered by his Hand, as he had -many others, which ere long he would present her, whose Ransomes should -adorn her with the glory of his Conquests. - -But when she heard him protest he knew no such matter, nor ever saw -_Bogal,_ till he bought him at _Axopolis,_ and that he was an -_English-man,_ only by his Adventures made a Captain in those Countries. -To try the truth, she found means to find out many who could speak -_English, French, Dutch,_ and _Italian,_ to whom relating most part of -these former Passages she thought necessary, which they so honestly -reported to her, she took (as it seemed) much compassion on him; but having -no use for him, lest her Mother should sell him, she sent him to her -Brother, the _Timor Bashaw_ of _Nalbrits,_ In the Country of _Cambia,_ a -Province in _Tartaria._ - -{MN-1} Here now let us remember his passing, in this speculative course -from _Constantinople_ by _Sander, Screw, Panassa, Musa, Lastilla,_ to -_Varna,_ an ancient City upon the _Black Sea._ In all which Journey, -having little more liberty, than his eyes judgment, since his Captivity, -he might see the Towns with their short Towers, and a most plain, fertile, -and delicate Country, especially that most admired place of _Greece,_ now -called _Romania,_ but from _Varna,_ nothing but the _Black Sea_ Water, -till he came to the two Capes of _Taur_ and _Pergilos,_ where he passed -the Streight of _Niger,_ which (as he conjectured) is some ten Leagues -long, and three broad, betwixt two Low-lands, the Channel is deep, {MN-2} -but at the entrance of the Sea _Dissabacca,_ there are many great -Osie-shaulds, and many great black Rocks, which the _Turks_ said were -Trees, Weeds, and Mud, thrown from the In-land Countries, by the -Inundations and violence of the Current, and cast there by the Eddy. They -Sailed by many low Isles, and saw many more of those muddy Rocks, and -nothing else, but salt Water, till they came betwixt _Sufax_ and -_Curuske,_ only two white Towns at the entrance of the River _Bruapo_ -appeared: In six or seven days Sail, he saw four or five seeming strong -Castles of Stone, with flat tops and Battlements about them, but arriving -at _Cambia,_ he was (according to their custom) well used. The River was -there more than half a Mile broad. The Castle was of a large -Circumference, fourteen or fifteen foot thick, in the Foundation some six -foot from the Wall, is a _Pallizado,_ and then a Ditch of about forty foot -broad full of Water. On the West side of it, is a Town, all of low flat -Houses, which as he conceived, could be of no great strength, yet it keeps -all them barbarous Countreys about it in admiration and subjection. After -he had stayed there three days; it was two days more before his Guides -brought him to _Nalbrits,_ where the _Tymor_ was then resident, in a great -vast Stone Castle, with many great Courts about it, invironed with high -Stone Walls, where was quartered their Arms, when they first subjected -those Countries, which only live to labour for those Tyrannical _Turks._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _How he was sent into_ Tartaria. - - {MN-2} _The Description of the_ Dissabacca _Sea._ - - -{MN} To her unkind Brother, this kind Lady writ so much for his good -usage, that he half expected, as much as she intended; for she told him, -he should there but sojourn to learn the Language, and what it was to be a -_Turk,_ till time made her Master of her self. But the _Tymor,_ her -Brother, diverted all this to the worst of Cruelty; for within an hour -after his arrival, he caused his _Drubman_ to strip him naked, and shave -his Head and Beard so bare as his Hand, a great Ring of Iron, with a long -stalk bowed like a Sickle, revitted about his Neck, and a Coat made of -_Ulgries_ Hair, guarded about with a piece of an undrest Skin. There were -many more Christian Slaves, and near an hundred _Forsados_ of _Turks_ and -_Moors,_ and he being the last, was slave of Slaves to them all. Among -these slavish Fortunes, there was no great choice; for the best was so -bad, a Dog could hardly have lived to endure, and yet for all their pains -and labours, no more regarded than a Beast. - - * * * * * - - {MN} Smith's _usage in_ Tartaria. - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XIII. - - - - _The_ Turks _diet; the Slaves diet; the attire of the_ Tartars; _and - manner of Wars and Religions, &c._ - - - -{MN-1} The _Tymor_ and his Friends fed upon Pillaw, which is, boiled Rice -and Garnances with little bits of Mutton or Buckones, which is Roasted -pieces of Horse, Bull, Ulgrie, or any Beasts. Samboyses and Muselbit are -great Dainties, and yet but round Pies, full of all sorts of Flesh, they -can get chopped with variety of Herbs. Their best Drink is Coffee, of a -grain they call _Coava,_ boiled with Water; and _Sherbeck,_ which is only -Honey and Water; Mares Milk, or the Milk of any Beast, they hold -restorative: but all the Commonalty drink pure Water. {MN-2} Their Bread -is made of this _Coava,_ which is a kind of black Wheat, and Cuskus a -small white Seed, like _Millia_ in _Biskay:_ But our common Victuals, the -entrails of Horse and Ulgries; of this cut in small pieces, they will fill -a great Cauldron, and being boiled with _Cuskus,_ and put in great Bowls -in the form of Chaffing-dishes, they sit round about it on the Ground, -after they have raked it thorow, so oft as they please with their foul -Fists, the remainder was for the _Christian_ Slaves. Some of this Broth, -they would temper with _Cuskus_ pounded, and putting the Fire off from the -Hearth, pour there a Bowl full, then cover it with Coals till it be baked, -which stewed with the remainder of the Broth, and some small pieces of -Flesh, was an extraordinary Dainty. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The_ Tymor's _Diet of_ Cambia, _is as the_ Turks. - - {MN-2} _The Slaves Diet._ - - -{MN} The better sort are attired like _Turks,_ but the plain _Tartar_ hath -a black Sheeps-skin over his back, and two of the Legs tied about his -Neck; the other two about his middle, with another over his Belly, and the -Legs tied in like manner behind him: Then two more, made like a pair of -Bases, serveth him for Breeches; with a little close Cap to his Skull of -black Felt, and they use exceeding much of this Felt for Carpets, for -Bedding, for Coats, and Idols. Their Houses are much worse than your -_Irish,_ but the In-land Countries have none but Carts and Tents, which -they ever remove from Countrey to Countrey, as they see occasion, driving -with them infinite Troops of black Sheep, Cattel and Ulgries, eating all -up before them as they go. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The attire of those_ Tartars. - - -{MN} For the _Tartars_ of _Nagi,_ they have neither Town, nor House, Corn, -nor Drink, but Flesh and Milk. The Milk they keep in great Skins like -_Burracho's,_ which though it be never so sower, it agreeth well with -their strong Stomachs. They live all in _Hordias,_ as doth the -_Crim-Tartars,_ three or four hundred in a Company, in great Carts fifteen -or sixteen foot broad, which are covered with small Rods, wattled together -in the form of a Bird's Nest, turned upwards, and with the Ashes of Bones, -temper'd with Oil, Camels Hair, and a Clay they have, they loam them so -well, that no Weather can pierce them, and yet very light. Each _Hordia_ -hath a _Murse,_ which they obey as their King. Their Gods are infinite. -One or two thousand of those glittering white Carts drawn with Camels, -Deer, Bulls, and Ulgries, they bring round in a Ring, where they pitch -their Camp; and the _Murse,_ with his chief Alliances, are placed in the -midst. They do much hurt, when they can get any _Stroggs,_ which are great -Boats used up on the River _Volga,_ (which they call _Edle_) to them that -dwell in the Countrey of _Perolog,_ and would do much more, were it not -for the _Muscovites_ Garrisons that there Inhabit. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The_ Tartars _of_ Nagi _and their manners._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XIIII. - - - - _The Description of the_ Crim-Tartars; _their Houses and Carts, their - Idolatry in their Lodgings_ - - -{MN-1} Now you are to understand, _Tartary_ and _Scythia_ are all one, -but so large and spacious, few, or none, could ever perfectly describe it, -nor all the several kinds of those most barbarous People that inhabit it. -Those we call the _Crim-Tartars,_ border upon _Moldavia, Podolia, -Lithuania,_ and _Russia,_ are much more regular than the interior parts of -_Scythia._ This Great _Tartarian_ Prince, that hath so troubled all his -Neighbours, they always call _Chan,_ which signifieth Emperour; but we, -the _Crim-Tartar._ He liveth for the most part in the best Champion Plains -of many Provinces; and his removing Court is like a great City of Houses -and Tents, drawn on Carts, all so orderly placed East and West, on the -right and left hand of the Prince's House, which is always in the midst -towards the South, before which, none may pitch their Houses, every one -knowing their Order and Quarter, as in an Army. {MN-2} The Princes Houses -are very artificially wrought, both the Foundation, Sides, and Roof of -Wickers, ascending round to the top like a Dove coat; this they cover with -white Salt, or white Earth, temper'd with the Powder of Bones, that it -may shine the whiter; sometimes with black Felt, curiously painted with -Vines, Trees, Birds, and Beasts; the breadth of the Carts are eighteen or -twenty Foot, but the house stretcheth four or five Foot over each side, -and is drawn with ten or twelve, or for more state, twenty Camels and -Oxen. {MN-3} They have also great Baskets, made of smaller Wickers, like -great Chests, with a covering of the same, all covered over with black -Felt, rubbed over with Tallow and Sheep's Milk, to keep out the Rain; -prettily bedecked with Painting or Feathers; in those they put their -Houshold Stuff and Treasure, drawn upon other Carts for that purpose. When -they take down their Houses, they set the door always towards the South, -and their Carts thirty or forty Foot distant on each side, East and West, -as if they were two Walls: The Women also have most curious Carts; every -one of his Wives hath a great one for her self, and so many other for her -Attendants, that they seem as many Courts as he hath Wives. One great -_Tartar_ or Nobleman, will have for his particular, more than an hundred -of those Houses and Carts, for his several Offices and Uses, but set so -far from each other, they will seem like a great Village. {MN-4} Having -taken their Houses from the Carts, they place the Master always towards -the North; over whose head is always an Image like a Puppet, made of Felt, -which they call his Brother; the Women on his left hand, and over the -chief Mistriss her Head, such another Brother, and between them a little -one, which is the keeper of the House; at the good Wives Beds-feet is a -Kids Skin, stuffed with Wooll, and near it a Puppet looking towards the -Maids; next the door another, with a dried Cows Udder, for the Women that -Milk the Kine, because only the Men Milk Mares; {MN-5} every Morning those -Images in their orders, they besprinkle with that they drink, be it -Cossmos, or whatsoever, but all the white Mares Milk is reserved for the -Prince. Then without the door, thrice to the South, every one bowing his -knee in honour of the Fire; then the like to the East, in honour of the -Air; then to the West, in honour of the Water; and lastly to the North, in -behalf of the dead. After the Servant hath done this duty to the four -quarters of the World, he returns into the House, where his Fellows stand -waiting, ready with two Cups, and two Basons, to give their Master, and -his Wife that lay with him that Night, to wash and drink, who must keep -him company all the day following, and all his other Wives come thither to -drink, where he keeps his House that day; and all the Gifts presented him -till night, are laid up in her Chests; and at the door a Bench full of -Cups, and drink for any of them to make merry. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The description of the_ Crim-Tartar's _Court._ - - {MN-2} _His Houses and Carts._ - - {MN-3} _Baskets._ - - {MN-4} _Their Idolatry in their Lodgings._ - - {MN-5} _Cosmos is Mares Milk._ - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XV. - - - - _Their Feasts, common Diet, Princes Estate, Buildings, Tributes, Laws, - Slaves, Entertainment of Ambassadors._ - - -{MN} For their Feasts, they have all sorts of Beasts, Birds, Fish, Fruits, -and Herbs they can get, but the more variety of wild ones is the best; to -which they have excellent Drink made of Rice, Millet, and Honey, like -Wine; they have also Wine, but in Summer they drink most Cossmos, that -standeth ready always at the entrance of the door, and by it a Fidler; -when the Master of the House beginneth to drink, they all cry, ha, ha, and -the Fidler plays, then they all clap their Hands and dance, the Men before -their Masters, the Women before their Mistresses; and ever when he drinks, -they cry as before; then the Fidler stayeth till they drink all round; -sometimes they will drink for the Victory; and to provoke one to drink, -they will pull him by the Ears, and lug and draw him, to stretch and beat -him, clapping their Hands, stamping with their Feet, and dancing before -the Champions, offering them Cups, then draw them back again to increase -their Appetite; and thus continue till they be drunk, or their drink done, -which they hold an honour, and no Infirmity. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Feasts._ - - -{MN} Though the Ground be fertile, they sow little Corn, yet the Gentlemen -have Bread and Honey-wine; Grapes they have plenty, and Wine privately, -and good Flesh and Fish; but the common sort stamped Millet, mingled with -Milk and Water. They call Cassa for Meat, and drink any thing; also any -Beast unprofitable for service they kill, when they are like to die, or -however they die, they will eat them, Guts, Liver and all; but the most -fleshy parts they cut in thin slices, and hang it up in the Sun and Wind -without salting, where it will dry so hard, it will not putrifie in a long -time. A Ramm they esteem a great Feast among forty or fifty, which they -cut in pieces boiled or roasted, puts it in a great Bowl, with Salt and -Water, for other Sawce they have none; the Master of the Feast giveth -every one a piece, which he eateth by himself, or carrieth away with him. -{MN-2} Thus their hard fare makes them so infinite in Cattel, and their -great number of Captive Women to breed upon, makes them so populous. But -near the Christian Frontiers, the baser sort make little Cottages of Wood, -called _Vlusi,_ daubed over with dirt, and Beasts dung covered with sedge; -yet in Summer they leave them, beginning their Progress in _April,_ with -their Wives, Children, and Slaves, in their Carted Houses, scarce -convenient for four or five Persons; driving their Flocks towards -_Precopia,_ and sometimes into _Taurica,_ or _Osow,_ a Town upon the River -_Tanais,_ which is great and swift, where the _Turk_ hath a Garrison; and -in _October_ return again to their Cottages. Their Clothes are the Skins -of Dogs, Goats, and Sheep, lined with Cotton Cloath, made of their finest -Wooll, for of their worst they make their Felt, which they use in -abundance, as well for Shooes and Caps, as Houses, Beds, and Idols; also -of the coarse Wooll mingled with Horse hair, they make all their Cordage. -{MN-3} Notwithstanding this wandring life, their Princes sit in great -State upon Beds, or Carpets, and with great reverence are attended both by -Men and Women, and richly served in Plates and great Silver Cups, -delivered upon the Knee, attired in rich Furrs, lined with Plush, or -Taffity, or Robes of Tissue. These _Tartars_ possess many large and goodly -Plains, wherein feed innumerable Herds of Horse and Cattel, as well wild -as tame; which are Elkes, Bisons, Horses, Deer, Sheep, Goats, Swine, -Bears, and divers others. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _Their common diet._ - - {MN-2} _How they become populous._ - - {MN-3} _Their Princes State._ - - -{MN-1} In those Countries are the Ruins of many fair Monasteries, Castles, -and Cities, as _Bacasaray, Salutium, Almassary, Precopia, Cremum, Sedacom, -Capha,_ and divers others by the Sea, but all kept with strong Garrisons -for the Great _Turk,_ {MN-2} who yearly by Trade or Traffick, receiveth -the chief Commodities those fertile Countries afford, as Bezoar, Rice, -Furs, Hides, Butter, Salt, Cattel, and Slaves, yet by the spoils they get -from the secure and idle Christians, they maintain themselves in this -Pomp. Also their Wives, of whom they have as many as they will, very -costly, yet in a constant custom with decency. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _Ancient Buildings._ - - {MN-2} _Commodities for tribute to the_ Turk. - - -{MN} They are _Mahometans,_ as are the _Turks,_ from whom they also have -their Laws, but no Lawyers, nor Attornies, only Judges, and Justices in -every Village, or Hordia; but Capital Criminals, or matters of moment, -before the Chan himself, or Privy Councils, of whom they are always heard, -and speedily discharged; for any may have access at any time to them, -before whom they appear with great Reverence, adoring their Princes as -Gods, and their Spiritual Judges as Saints; for Justice is with such -integrity and Expedition Executed, without Covetousness, Bribery, -Partiality, and Brawling, that in six Months they have sometimes scarce -six Causes to hear. About the Princes Court, none but his Guard wear any -Weapon, but abroad they go very strong, because there are many Bandittos, -and Thieves. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Good Laws, yet no Lawyers._ - - -{MN} They use the _Hungarians, Russians, Wallachians,_ and _Moldavian_ -Slaves (whereof they have plenty) as Beasts to every work; and those -_Tartars_ that serve the Chan, or Noblemen, have only Victuals and -Apparel, the rest are generally nastly, and idle, naturally miserable, and -in their Wars better Thieves than Soldiers. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Slaves._ - - -{MN} This Chan hath yearly a Donative from the King of _Poland,_ the Dukes -of _Lithuania, Moldavia,_ and _Nagayon Tartars;_ their Messengers commonly -he useth bountifully, and very nobly, but sometimes most cruelly; when any -of them do bring their Presents, by his Houshold Officers, they are -entertained in a plain Field, with a moderate proportion of Flesh, Bread -and Wine, for once; but when they come before him, the _Sultans, Tuians, -Vlans, Marhies,_ his chief Officers and Councellors attend, one Man only -bringeth the Ambassadour to the Court Gate, but to the Chan he is led -between two Councellors; where saluting him upon their bended knees, -declaring their message, are admitted to eat with him, and presented with -a great Silver Cup full of Mead from his own hand, but they drink it upon -their Knees: when they are dispatched, he invites them again, the Feast -ended, they go back a little from the Palace door, and rewarded with Silk -Vestures, wrought with Gold down to their Anckles, with an Horse or two, -and sometimes a Slave of their own Nation; in them Robes presently they -come to him again, to give him thanks, take their leave, and so depart. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _His Entertainment of Ambassadours._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XVI. - - - - _How he levieth an Army; their Arms and Provision; how he divideth the - Spoil, and his Service to the Great Turk._ - - -{MN} When he intends any Wars, he must first have leave of the Great -_Turk,_ whom he is bound to assist when he commandeth, receiving daily for -himself and chief of his Nobility, Pensions from the _Turk,_ that holds -all Kings but Slaves, that pay Tribute, or are subject to any: signifying -his intent to all his Subjects, within a Month commonly he raiseth his -Army, and every Man is to furnish himself for three Months Victuals, which -is parched Millet, or ground to Meal, which they ordinarily mingle with -Water (as is said) hard Cheese or Curds dried, and beaten to powder, a -little will make much Water like Milk, and dried Flesh, this they put also -up in Sacks; The Chan and his Nobles have some Bread and _Aquavitae,_ and -quick Cattel to kill when they please, wherewith very sparingly they are -contented. Being provided with expert Guides, and got into the Country he -intends to Invade, he sends forth his Scouts to bring in what Prisoners -they can, from whom he will wrest the utmost of their Knowledge fit for -his purpose; having advised with his Council, what is most fit to be done, -the Nobility, according to their Antiquity, doth march; then moves he with -his whole Army: if he find there is no Enemy to oppose him, he adviseth -how far they shall Invade, commanding every Man (upon pain of his Life) to -kill all the obvious Rusticks; but not to hurt any Women, or Children. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _How he levieth an Army._ - - -{MN} Ten, or fifteen thousand, he commonly placeth, where he findeth most -convenient for his standing Camp; the rest of his Army he divides in -several Troops, bearing ten or twelve Miles square before them, and ever -within three or four days return to their Camp, putting all to Fire and -Sword, but that they carry with them back to their Camp; and in this -scattering manner he will invade a Country, and be gone with his Prey, -with an incredible Expedition. But if he understand of an Enemy, he will -either fight in Ambuscado, or flie; for he will never fight any Battel if -he can chuse, but upon treble advantage; yet by his innumerable flights of -Arrows, I have seen flie from his flying Troops, we could not well judge, -whether his fighting or flying was most dangerous, so good is his Horse, -and so expert his Bow-men; but if they be so intangled they must fight, -there is none can be more hardy, or resolute in their defences. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The manner of his Wars._ - - -{MN} Regaining his own Borders, he takes the tenth of the principal -Captives, Man, Woman, Child, or Beast (but his Captains that take them, -will accept of some particular Person they best like for themselves) the -rest are divided amongst the whole Army, according to every Mans Desert -and Quality; that they keep them, or sell them to who will give most; but -they will not forget to use all the means they can, to know their Estates, -Friends, and Quality, and the better they find you, the worse they will -use you, till you do agree to pay such a Ransom, as they will impose upon -you; therefore many great Persons have endured much misery to conceal -themselves, because their Ransoms are so intolerable: their best hope is -of some Christian Agent, that many times cometh to redeem Slaves, either -with Money, or Man for Man; those Agents knowing so well the extream -covetousness of the _Tartars,_ do use to bribe some Jew or Merchant, that -feigning they will sell them again to some other Nation, are oft redeemed -for a very small Ransom. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _How he divideth the spoil._ - - -{MN} But to this _Tartarian_ Army, when the _Turk,_ commands, he goeth -with some small Artillery; and the _Nagayans, Precopens, Crims, Osovens,_ -and _Circassians,_ are his Tributaries; but the _Perigorves, Oczaconians, -Bialogordens,_ and _Dobrucen Tartars,_ the _Turk_ by Covenant commands to -follow him, so that from all those _Tartars_ he hath had an Army of an -hundred and twenty thousand excellent, swift, stomackfull _Tartarian_ -Horse for foot they have none. Now the Chan, his Sultans and Nobility, use -_Turkiso, Caramanian, Arabian, Parthian,_ and other strange _Tartarian_ -Horses; the swiftest they esteem the best; seldom they feed any more at -home, than they have present use for; but upon their Plains is a short -Wood-like Heath, in some Countries like Gail, full of Berries, much better -than any Grass. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _How the Chan doth serve the Great_ Turk. - - -{MN} Their Arms are such, as they have surprised or got from the -_Christians_ or _Persians,_ both Brest-plates, Swords, Scimitars, and -Helmets; Bows and Arrows they make most themselves, also their Bridles and -Saddles are indifferent, but the Nobility are very handsome, and well -armed like the _Turks,_ in whom consisteth their greatest Glory; the -ordinary sort have little Armour, some a plain young Pole unshaven, headed -with a piece of Iron for a Lance; some an old _Christian_ Pike, or a -_Turks_ Cavarine, yet those Tattertimallions will have two or three -Horses, some four or five, as well for service, as for to eat; which makes -their Armies seem thrice so many as there are Soldiers. The Chan himself -hath about his Person, Ten thousand chosen _Tartars_ and _Janizaries,_ -some small Ordnance, and a white Mares Tail, with a piece of green Taffity -on a great Pike, is carried before him for a Standard; because they hold -no Beast so precious as a white Mare, whose Milk is only for the King and -Nobility, and to Sacrifice to their Idols; but the rest have Ensigns of -divers Colours. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Arms._ - - -For all this miserable Knowledge, Furniture, and Equipage, the mischief -they do in _Christendom_ is wonderful, by reason of their hardness of Life -and Constitution, Obedience, Agility, and their Emperours Bounty, Honours, -Grace, and Dignities he ever bestoweth upon those, that have done him any -memorable Service in the face of his Enemies. - -{MN} The Caspian Sea, most Men agree that have passed it, to be in length -about 200 Leagues, and in breadth an hundred and fifty, environed to the -East, with the great Desarts of the _Tartars_ of _Turkomania;_ to the -West, by the _Circasses,_ and the Mountain _Caucasus;_ to the North, by -the River _Volga,_ and the Land of _Nagay;_ and to the South, by _Media,_ -and _Persia:_ This Sea is fresh Water in many places, in others as salt as -the great Ocean; it hath many great Rivers which fall into it, as the -mighty River of _Volga,_ which is like a Sea, running near Two thousand -Miles, through many great and large Countries, that send into it many -other great Rivers; also out of _Saberia, Yaick,_ and _Yem,_ out of the -great Mountain _Caucasus,_ the River _Sirus, Arash,_ and divers others, -yet no Sea nearer it than the black Sea, which is at least an hundred -Leagues distant: In which Country live the _Georgians,_ now part -_Armenians,_ part _Nestorians;_ it is neither found to increase or -diminish, or empty it self any way, except it be under Ground, and in some -places they can find no Ground at Two hundred fathom. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A Description of the_ Caspian _Sea._ - - -Many other most strange and wonderful things are in the Land of _Cathay,_ -towards the North-east, and China towards the South-east, where are many -of the most famous Kingdoms in the World, where most Arts, Plenty, and -Curiosities are in such abundance, as might seem incredible, which -hereafter I will relate, as I have briefly gathered from such Authors as -have lived there. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XVII. - - - - _How Captain_ Smith _escaped his Captivity; slew the_ Bashaw _of_ - Nalbrits _in_ Cambia; _his Passage to_ Russia, Transilvania, _and - the middest of_ Europe _to_ Africa. - - -{MN-1} All the hope he had ever to be delivered from this Thraldom, was -Only the love of _Tragabigzanda,_ who surely was ignorant of his bad -usage; for although he had often debated the matter with some Christians, -that had been there a long time Slaves, they could not find how to make an -escape, by any reason or possibility; but God beyond Man's Expectation or -Imagination helpeth his Servants, when they least think of help, as it -hapned to him. So long he lived in this miserable Estate, as he became -a Thresher at a grange in a great Field, more than a League from the -_Timor's_ House; the _Bashaw,_ as he oft used to visit his Granges, -visited him, and took occasion so to beat, spurn, and revile him, that -forgetting all reason, he beat out the _Timor's_ Brains with his Threshing -Bat, for they have no Flails; and seeing his Estate could be no worse than -it was, clothed himself in his Clothes, hid his Body under the Straw, -filled his Knapsack with Corn, shut the doors, mounted his Horse, and ran -into the Desart at all adventure; two or three days, thus fearfully -wandring he knew not whither, and well it was, he met not any to ask the -way; being even as taking leave of this miserable World, {MN-2} God did -direct him to the great way or Castragan, as they call it, which doth -cross these large Territories, and generally known among them by these -marks. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _How_ Smith _escaped his Captivity._ - - {MN-2} _Their Guides in those Countries._ - - -In every crossing of this great way is planted a Post, and in it so many -bobs with broad ends, as there be ways, and every bob the Figure painted -on it, that demonstrateth to what part that way leadeth; as that which -pointeth towards the _Crim's_ Country, is marked with a half Moon, if -towards the _Georgians_ and _Persia,_ a black Man, full of white spots, if -towards _China,_ the Picture of the Sun, if towards _Muscovia,_ the Sign -of a Cross, if towards the Habitation of any other Prince, the Figure -whereby his Standard is known. To his dying Spirits thus God added some -comfort in this melancholy Journey, wherein if he had met any of that vile -Generation, they had made him their Slave, or knowing the Figure Engraven -in the Iron about his Neck, (as all Slaves have) he had been sent back -again to his Master; sixteen days he travelled in this fear and torment, -after the Cross, till he arrived at _AEcopolis,_ upon the River _Don,_ a -Garrison of the _Muscovites._ The Governour after due Examination of those -his hard events, took off his Irons, and so kindly used him, he thought -himself new risen from the Dead, and the good Lady _Calamata,_ largely -Supplied all his wants. - -{MN-1} This is as much as he could learn of those wild Countries, that the -Country of _Cambia_ is two days Journey from the Head of the great River -_Bruapo,_ which springeth from many places of the Mountains of -_Innagachi,_ that joyn themselves together in the Pool _Kerkas_ which -they account for the Head, and falleth into the Sea _Dissabacca,_ called -by some the Lake _Maeotas,_ which receiveth also the River _Tanais,_ and -all the Rivers that fall from the great Countries of the _Circassi,_ the -_Cartaches,_ and many from the _Tauricaes, Precopes, Cummani, Cossunka,_ -and the _Crim;_ through which Sea he Sailed, and up the River _Bruapo_ to -_Nalbrits,_ and thence through the Desarts of _Circassi_ to _AEcopolis,_ -as is related; where he stayed with the Governour, till the Convoy went to -_Caragnaw;_ then with his Certificate how he found him, and had examined -with his friendly Letters, sent him by _Zumalack_ to _Caragnaw,_ whose -Governour in like manner so kindly used him, that by this means he went -with a safe conduct to _Lesch,_ and _Donko,_ in _Cologoske,_ and thence to -_Berniske_, and _Newgrod_ in _Siberia,_ by _Rezechica,_ upon the River -_Nieper,_ in the confines of _Lithuania;_ from whence with as much -kindness, he was convoyed in like manner by _Coroski, Duberesko, Duzihell, -Drohobus,_ and _Ostroge_ in _Volonia; Saslaw,_ and _Lasco_ in _Podolia; -Halico_ and _Collonia_ in _Polonia;_ and so to _Hermonstat_ in -_Transilvania._ In all this his life, he seldom met with more Respect, -Mirth, Content and Entertainment; and not any Governour where he came, but -gave him somewhat as a Present, besides his Charges; seeing themselves as -subject to the like Calamity. {MN-2} Through those poor continually -Foraged Countries, there is no passage, but with the Caravans or Convoys; -for they are Countries rather to be pitied than envied; and it is a wonder -any should make Wars for them. The Villages are only here and there, a few -Houses of streight Firr Trees, laid heads and points above one another, -made fast by notches at the ends, more than a Man's heighth, and with -broad split Boards, pinned together with woodden Pins, as thatched for -coverture. In ten Villages you shall scarce find ten Iron Nails, except it -be in some extraordinary Man's House. For their Towns, _AEcopolis, Letch,_ -and _Donko,_ have Rampires made of that woodden Walled fashion, double, -and betwixt them Earth and Stones, but so latched with cross Timber, they -are very strong against any thing but Fire; and about them a deep Ditch, -and a Palizado of young Firr Trees; but most of the rest have only a great -Ditch cast about them, and the Ditches Earth, is all their Rampire; but -round, well environed with Palizadoes. Some have some few small pieces of -small Ordnance, and Slings, Calievers, and Muskets, but their generallest -Weapons are the _Russe_ Bows and Arrows; you shall find Pavements over -Bogs, only of young Firr-Trees, laid cross one over another, for two or -three hours Journey, or as the Passage requires, and yet in two days -Travel, you shall scarce see six Habitations. Notwithstanding to see how -their Lords, Governours, and Captains are civilized, well attired and -accoutred with Jewels, Sables, and Horses, and after their manner with -curious Furniture, it is wonderful; but they are all Lords or Slaves, -which makes them so subject to every Invasion. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The description of_ Cambia, _and his passage to_ Russia. - - {MN-2} _His Observations in his Journey to_ Transilvania, _through the - midst of_ Europe. - - -In _Transilvania,_ he found so many good Friends, that but to see, and -rejoyce himself (after all those Encounters) in his Native Country, he -would ever hardly have left them, though the mirrour of vertue their -Prince was absent. Being thus glutted with content, and near drowned with -Joy, he parted high _Hungaria_ by _Fileck, Tocka, Cassovia,_ and -_Underorowoay,_ by _Ulmicht_ in _Moravia,_ to _Prague_ in _Bohemia;_ at -last he found the most gracious Prince _Sigismundus,_ with his Colonel at -_Lipswick_ in _Misenland,_ who gave him his Pass, intimating the service -he had done, and the Honours he had received, with fifteen hundred Ducats -of Gold to repair his Losses: With this he spent some time to visit the -fair Cities and Countries of _Dresden_ in _Saxony, Magdeburgh_ and -_Brunswick; Cassel_ in _Hessen; Wittenberg, Vilum,_ and _Minekin_ in -_Bavaria; Augsburg,_ and her Universities; _Hama, Frankford, Mentz,_ the -_Palatinate; Worms, Spires,_ and _Straburg;_ passing _Nancie_ in _Lorain,_ -and _France_ by _Paris_ to _Orleans,_ he went down the River of _Loyer,_ -to _Angiers,_ and imbarked himself at _Nantz_ in _Britain,_ for _Bilbao_ -in _Biskay_ to see _Burgos-Valladolid,_ the admired Monastery of the -_Escurial, Madrid, Toledo, Corduba, Cuedyrial, Sivil, Cheries, Cales,_ and -St. _Lucas_ in _Spain._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XVIII. - - - - _The Observations of Captain_ Smith; _Mr._ Henry Archer, _and others in_ - Barbary. - - -Being thus satisfied with _Europe_ and _Asia,_ understanding of the Wars -in _Barbary,_ he went from _Gibralter_ to _Ceuta_ and _Tangier,_ thence to -_Saffee,_ where growing into Acquaintance with a French Man of War, the -Captain and some twelve more went to _Morocco,_ to see the ancient -Monuments of that large renowned City: It was once the principal City in -_Barbary,_ situated in a goodly plain Country, 14 Miles from the great -Mount _Atlas,_ and sixty Miles from the _Atlantick_ Sea; but now little -remaining, but the King's Palace, which is like a City of it self; and the -Christian Church, on whose flat, {MN-1} square Steeple is a great broach -of Iron, whereon is placed the three Golden Balls of Africa: The first is -near three Ells in Circumference, the next above it somewhat less, the -uppermost the least over them, as it were an half Ball, and over all a -pretty gilded Pyramid. Against those Golden Balls hath been shot many a -shot, their Weight is recorded 700 weight of pure Gold, hollow within, yet -no shot did ever hit them, nor could ever any Conspirator attain that -Honour as to get them down. They report, the Prince of _Morocco_ -betrothed himself to the King's Daughter of _AEthiopia,_ he dying before -their Marriage, she caused those three Golden Balls to be set up for his -Monument, and vowed Virginity all her Life. {MN-2} The _Alfantica_ is also -a place of note, because it is invironed with a great Wall, wherein lie -the Goods of all the Merchants securely guarded. The _Inderea_ is also (as -it were) a City of it self, where dwell the Jews: The rest for the most -part is defaced; but by the many Pinnacles and Towers, with Balls on their -tops, hath much appearance of much sumptuousness and curiosity. There have -been many famous Universities, which are now but Stables for Fowls, and -Beasts, and the Houses in most parts lie tumbled one above another; the -Walls of Earth are with the great fresh Floods washed to the ground; nor -is there any Village in it, but Tents for Strangers, _Larbes_ and _Moors._ -Strange Tales they will tell of a great Garden, wherein were all sorts of -Birds, Fishes, Beasts, Fruits, and Fountains, which for Beauty, Art and -Pleasure, exceeded any place known in the World, though now nothing but -Dung-hills, Pigeon-Houses, Shrubs and Bushes. There are yet many excellent -Fountains, adorned with Marble, and many Arches, Pillars, Towers, Ports, -and Temples; but most only reliques of lamentable Ruins and sad -Desolation. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The three Golden Balls of_ Africa. - - {MN-2} _The description of_ Morocco. - - -{MN} When _Muly Hamet_ Reigned in _Barbary,_ he had three Sons, _Muly -Sheck, Muly Sidan,_ and _Muly Bufferres,_ he a most good and noble King, -that governed well with Peace and Plenty, till his Empress, more cruel -than any Beast in Africa, poisoned him, her own Daughter, _Muly Sheck,_ -his eldest Son, born of a Portugal Lady, and his Daughter, to bring _Muly -Sidan,_ to the Crown now reigning, which was the cause of all those -brawls, and Wars that followed betwixt those Brothers, their Children, and -a Saint that started up, but he played the Devil. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A bloody Empress._ - - -{MN-1} King _Muly Hamet_ was not black, as many suppose, but _Molara,_ or -tawny, as are the most of his Subjects; every way noble, kind and -friendly, very rich and pompous in State and Majesty, though he sitteth -not upon a Throne nor Chair of state, but cross Leg'd upon a rich Carpet, -as doth the _Turk,_ whose Religion of _Mahomet,_ with an incredible -miserable Curiosity they observe. His ordinary Guard is at least 5000, but -in Progress, he goeth not with less than 20000 Horse-men, himself as rich -in all his Equipage, as any Prince in Christendom, and yet a Contributor -to the _Turk._ {MN-2} In all his Kingdom were so few good Artificers, that -he entertained from _England,_ Gold-smiths, Plummers, Carvers, and -Polishers of Stone, and Watch-makers, so much he delighted in the -Reformation of Workmanship, he allowed each of them ten Shillings a day -standing Fee, Linen, Woollen, Silks, and what they would for Diet and -Apparel, and Custom-free to transport, or import what they would; for -there were scarce any of those qualities in his Kingdom, but those, of -which there are divers of them, living at this present in _London._ -Amongst the rest, one Mr. _Henry Archer,_ a Watch-maker, walking in -_Morocco,_ from the _Alfantica_ to the _Juderea,_ the way being very foul, -met a great Priest, or a _Sante_ (as they call all great Clergy-men) who -would have thrust him into the dirt for the way; but Archer not knowing -what he was, gave him a box on the Ear, presently he was apprehended, and -condemned to have his Tongue cut out, and his Hand cut off: But no sooner -it was known at the King's Court, but 300 of his Guard came, and broke -open the Prison, and delivered him although the Fact was next degree to -Treason. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _King_ Muly Hamet _or the Great_ Zeriff _of_ Barbary. - - {MN-2} _His great love to English Men._ - - -{MN} Concerning this _Archer,_ there is one thing more worth noting: Not -far from Mount _Atlas,_ a great Lioness in the heat of the day, did use to -bathe her self, and teach her young Puppies to swim in the River -_Cauzef,_ of a good breadth; yet she would carry, which some _Moors_ -perceiving, watched there them one after another over the River; -opportunity, and when the River was between her and them, stole four of -her Whelps, which she perceiving, with all the speed she could passed the -River, and coming near them, they let fall a Whelp (and fled with the -rest) which she took in her mouth, and so returned to the rest: A Male -and a Female of those they gave Mr. _Archer,_ who kept them in the King's -Garden, till the Male killed the Female, then he brought it up as a -Puppy-dog lying upon his Bed, till it grew so great as a Mastiff, and no -dog more tame or gentle to them he knew: But being to return for -_England,_ at _Saffee_ he gave him to a Merchant of _Marseillses,_ that -presented him to the French King, who sent him to King James, where it was -kept in the Tower seven Years: After one Mr. _John Bull,_ then Servant to -Mr. _Archer,_ with divers of his Friends, went to see the Lions, not -knowing any thing at all of him; yet this rare Beast smelled him before he -saw him, whining, groaning, and tumbling, with such an expression of -acquaintance, that being informed by the Keepers how he came thither; Mr. -_Bull_ so prevailed, the Keeper opened the Grate, and _Bull_ went in: But -no Dog could fawn more on his Master, than the Lion on him, licking his -Feet, Hands, and Face, skipping and tumbling to and fro, to the wonder of -all the beholders; being satisfied with his acquaintance, he made shift to -get out of the Grate: But when the Lion saw his Friend gone, no Beast by -bellowing, roaring, scratching, and howling, could express more rage and -sorrow, nor in four days after would he either eat or drink. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The strange love of a Lion._ - - -{MN} In _Morocco,_ the King's Lions are altogether in a Court, invironed -with a great high Wall; to those they put a young Puppy-dog: The greatest -Lion had a sore upon his neck, which this Dog so licked, that he was -healed: The Lion defended him from the fury of all the rest, nor durst -they eat till the Dog and he had fed; this Dog grew great, and lived -amongst them many years after. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Another kind Lion in_ Morocco. - - -{MN-1} _Fez_ also is a most large and plentiful Country, the chief City is -called _Fez,_ divided into two parts; old _Fez_, containing about 80 -thousand Households, the other 4000 pleasantly situated upon a River in -the heart of _Barbary,_ part upon Hills, part upon Plains, full of people, -and all sorts of Merchandize. The great Temple is called _Carucen_, in -breadth seventeen Arches, in length 120, born up with 2500 white Marble -Pillars: under the chief Arch, where the Tribunal is kept, hangeth a most -huge Lamp, compassed with 110 lesser, under the other also hang great -Lamps, and about some, are burning fifteen hundred lights, They say, they -were all made of the Bells the _Arabians_ brought from _Spain._ It hath -three Gates of notable heighth, Priests and Officers so many, that the -Circuit of the Church, the Yard, and other Houses, is little less than a -Mile and half in compass, there are in this City 200 Schools, 200 Inns, -400 Water-Mills, 600 Water-Conduits, 700 Temples and Oratories; but 50 of -them most stately and richly furnished. Their _Alcazer_ or _Burse_ is -Walled about, it hath twelve Gates, and fifteen Walks covered with Tents, -to keep the Sun from the Merchants, and them that come there. The King's -Palace, both for strength and beauty is excellent, and the Citizens have -many great Privileges. Those two Countries of _Fez_ and _Morocco,_ are the -best part of all _Barbary,_ abounding with People, Cattel, and all good -Necessaries for Man's use. For the rest, as the _Larbs,_ or Mountainers, -the Kingdoms of _Cocow, Algier, Tripoli, Tunis,_ and _AEgypt;_ there are -many large Histories of them in divers Languages, especially that writ by -that most excellent Statesman, _John de Leo,_ who afterwards turned -Christian. {MN-2} The unknown Countries of _Guine_ and _Binn,_ this six -and twenty years have been frequented with a few English Ships only to -Trade, especially the River of _Senega,_ by Captain _Brimstead,_ Captain -_Brockit,_ Mr. _Crump,_ and divers others. Also the great River of -_Gambia,_ by Captain _Johnson,_ who is returned in thither again, in the -Year 1626, with Mr. _William Grent,_ and thirteen or fourteen others, to -stay in the Country, to discover some way to those rich Mines of _Gago_ or -_Tumbatu,_ from whence is supposed the _Moors_ of _Barbary_ have their -Gold, and the certainty of those supposed Descriptions and Relations of -those interiour parts, which daily the more they are sought into, the more -they are corrected: For surely, those interiour Parts of Africa, are -little known to either _English, French,_ or _Dutch,_ though they use much -the Coast; therefore we will make a little bold with the Observations of -the _Portugals._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The description of_ Fez. - - {MN-2} _A brief description of the most unknown parts of_ Africa. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XIX. - - - - _The strange Discoveries and Observations of the_ Portugals _in_ Africa. - - -{MN} The _Portugals_ on those Parts have the glory, who first coasting -along this Western Shoar of _Africa,_ to find passage to the -_East-Indies,_ within this hundred and fifty years, even from the -Streights of _Gibraltar,_ about the Cape of _Bone Esperance_ to the -_Persian_ Gulf, and thence all along the _African_ Coast to the -_Moluccas,_ have subjected many great Kingdoms, erected many -Common-wealths, built many great and strong Cities; and where is it they -have not been by Trade or Force? No not so much as _Cape de Verd,_ and -_Sermleone;_ but most Bays or Rivers, where there is any Trade to be had, -especially Gold, or conveniency for Refreshment, but they are scattered; -living so amongst those Blacks, by time and cunning, they seem to be -naturalized amongst them. As for the Isles of the _Canaries,_ they have -fair Towns, many Villages, and many thousands of People rich in -Commodities. - - * * * * * - - {MN}_How the_ Portugals _coasted to the_ East Indies. - - -{MN} _Ordoardo Lopez,_ a noble _Portuguse, Anno Dom._ 1578, imbarking -himself for _Congo_ to Trade, where he found such Entertainment, finding -the King much oppressed with Enemies, he found means to bring in the -_Portugals_ to assist him, whereby he planted there Christian Religion, -and spent most of his life to bring those Countries to the Crown of -_Portugal,_ which he describeth in this manner. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Or_ Edward. - - -{MN} The Kingdom of _Congo_ is about 600 Miles Diameter any way, the chief -City called St. _Savadore,_ seated upon an exceeding high Mountain, 150 -Miles from the Sea, very fertile, and Inhabited with more than 100000 -Persons, where is an excellent Prospect over all the plain Countries about -it, well watered, lying (as it were) in the Center of this Kingdom, over -all which the _Portugals_ now command, though but an handful in comparison -of _Negroes._ They have Flesh and Fruits very plentiful of divers sorts. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The Kingdom of_ Congo. - - -{MN} This Kingdom is divided into five Provinces, viz. _Bamba, Sundi, -Pango, Batta_ and _Pembo;_ but _Bamba_ is the Principal, and can afford -400000 Men of War. Elephants are bred over all those Provinces, and of -wonderful greatness; though some report, they cannot kneel, nor lie down, -they can do both, and have their Joynts as other Creatures for use: With -their Fore-feet they will leap upon Trees to pull down the Boughs, and are -of that strength, they will shake a great _Cocao_ Tree for the Nuts, and -pull down a good Tree with their Tusks, to get the Leaves to eat, as well -as Sedge and long Grass, _Cocao_ Nuts and Berries, &c. which with their -Trunk they put in their Mouth, and chew it with their smaller Teeth; in -most of those Provinces, are many rich Mines, but the _Negroes_ opposed -the _Portugueses_ for working in them. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Wild Elephants._ - - -{MN} The Kingdom of _Angola_ is wonderful populous, and rich in Mines of -Silver, Copper, and most other Metals; fruitfull in all manner of Food, -and sundry sorts of Cattel, but Dogs Flesh they love better than any other -Meat; they use few Clothes, and no Armour; Bows, Arrows, and Clubs are -their Weapons. But the _Portugueses_ are well armed against those Engines, -and do buy yearly of those Blacks more than five thousand Slaves, and many -are People exceeding well proportioned. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The Kingdom of_ Angola. - - -{MN-1} The _Anchios_ are a most valiant Nation, but most strange to all -about them. Their Arms are Bows; short and small, wrapped about with -Serpents Skins, of divers Colours, but so smooth, you would think them all -one with the Wood, and it makes them very strong; their Strings little -twigs, but exceeding tough and flexible; their Arrows short, which they -shoot with an incredible quickness. They have short Axes of Brass and -Copper for Swords; wonderful, loyal and faithful, and exceeding simple, -yet so active, they skip amongst the Rocks like Goats. {MN-2} They trade -with them of _Nubea,_ and _Congo,_ for _Lamach,_ which is a small kind of -Shell-fish, of an excellent azure, colour, Male and Female, but the Female -they hold most pure; they value them at divers prices, because they are of -divers sorts, and those they use for Coin, to buy and sell, as we do Gold -and Silver; nor will they have any other Money in all those Countries, for -which they give Elephants Teeth; and Slaves for Salt, Silk, Linen Cloth, -Glass-beads, and such like _Portugal_ Commodities. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The Kingdom of_ Anchios. - - {MN-2} _A strange Memr'y._ - - -{MN} They circumcise themselves, and mark their Faces with sundry slashes -from their Infancy. They keep a shambles of Man's Flesh, as if it were -Beef, or other Victuals; for when they cannot have a good Market for their -Slaves; or their Enemies they take, they kill, and sell them in this -manner; some are so resolute, in shewing how much they scorn death, they -will offer themselves and Slaves, to this Butchery to their Prince and -Friends; and though there be many Nations will eat their Enemies, in -_America_ and _Asia,_ yet none but those are known to be so mad, as to eat -their Slaves and Friends also. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A shambles of Men's Flesh._ - - -Religions and Idols they have as many, as Nations and Humours; but the -Devil hath the greatest part of their Devotions, whom all those Blacks do -say, is white; for there are no Saints but Blacks. - -{MN} But besides those great Kingdoms of _Congo, Angola,_ and _Azichi,_ in -those unfrequented Parts are the Kingdoms of _Lango, Matania, Battua, -Sofola, Mozambeche, Quivola,_ the Isle of St. _Lawrence, Mombaza, -Melinda,_ the Empires of _Monomotapa, Monemugi,_ and _Presbyter John,_ -with whom they have a kind of Trade, and their Rites, Customs, Climates, -Temperatures, and Commodities by Relation. Also of great Lakes, that -deserve the Names of Seas, and huge Mountains of divers sorts, as some -scorched with heat, some covered with Snow; the Mountains of the Sun, also -of the Moon, some of Chrystal, some of Iron, some of Silver, and Mountains -of Gold, with the Original of _Nilus;_ likewise sundry sorts of Cattel, -Fishes, Fowls, strange Beasts, and monstrous Serpents; for Africa was -always noted to be a fruitful Mother of such terrible Creatures; who -meeting at their watering places, which are but Ponds in desart places, in -regard of the heat of the Country, and their extremities of Nature, make -strange Copulations, and so ingender those extraordinary Monsters. Of all -these you may read in the History, of this _Edward Lopez,_ translated into -English by _Abraham Hartwel,_ and dedicated to _John_ Lord Arch-bishop of -_Canterbury,_ 1597. But because the Particulars are most concerning the -conversion of those Pagans, by a good poor Priest, that first converted a -Noble Man, to convert the King, and the rest of the Nobility; sent for so -many Priests and Ornaments into _Portugal,_ to Solemnize their Baptisms -with such Magnificence, which was performed with such strange Curiosities, -that those poor _Negro's_ adored them as gods, till the Priests grew to -that Wealth, a Bishop was sent to rule over them, which they would not -endure, which endangered to spoil all before they could be reconciled. But -not to trouble you too long with those Rarities of uncertainties; let us -return again to _Barbary,_ where the Wars being ended, and _Befferres_ -possessed of _Morocco,_ and his Fathers Treasure, a new bruit arose -amongst them, that _Muly Sidan_ was raising an Army against him, who after -took his Brother _Befferres_ Prisoner; but by reason of the uncertainty, -and the perfidious, treacherous, bloody murthers rather than War, amongst -those perfidious, barbarous Moors, _Smith_ returned with _Merham,_ and the -rest to _Saffe,_ and so aboard his Ship, to try some other conclusions at -Sea. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Divers Nations yet unknown, and the wonders of_ Africa. - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XX. - - - - - _A brave Sea Fight betwixt to_ Spanish _Men of War, and Captain_ Merham, - _with_ Smith. - - -_Merham,_ a Captain of a Man of War then in the Road, invited Captain -_Smith,_ and two or three more of them aboard with him, where he spared -not any thing he had to express his kindness, to bid them welcome, till it -was too late to go on Shoar, so that necessity constrained them to stay -aboard; a fairer Evening could not be, yet ere Midnight, such a Storm did -arise, they were forced to let slip Cable, and Anchor, and put to Sea; -spooning before the Wind, till they were driven to the _Canaries;_ in the -Calms they accommodated themselves, hoping this strange accident might yet -produce some good event; not long it was before they took a small Bark -coming from _Tenerif,_ loaded with Wine; three or four more they chased, -two they took, but found little in them, save a few Passengers, that told -them of five _Dutch_ Men of War, about the Isles, so that they stood for -_Boiadora,_ upon the _African_ Shoar, betwixt which and _Cape Noa,_ they -descryed two Sail. _Merham_ intending to know what they were, hailed them; -very civilly they danced their Top-sails, and desired the Man of War to -come aboard them, and take what he would, for they were but two poor -distressed _Biskainers._ But _Merham_ the old Fox, seeing himself in the -Lions paws, sprung his louf, the other tacked after him, and came close up -to his nether Quarter, gave his Broad-side, and so loufed up to Windward; -the Vice-Admiral did the like, and at the next bout, the Admiral with a -noise of Trumpets, and all his Ordnance, Murtherers, and Muskets, boarded -him on his Broad-side, the other in like manner on his ley Quarter, that -it was so dark, there was little light, but fire and smoak; long he stayed -not, before he, fell off, leaving 4 or 5 of his Men sprawling over the -Grating; after they had battered _Merham_ about an hour, they boarded him -again as before, and threw four Kedgars or Grapnels in Iron Chains, then -shearing off, they thought so to have torn down the Grating; but the -Admiral's Yard was so intangled in their Shrouds, _Merham_ had time to -discharge two cross barr shot amongst them, and divers Bolts of Iron made -for that purpose, against his Bow, that made such a Breach, he feared they -both mould have sunk for Company; so that the _Spaniard_ was as yare in -slipping his chained Grapnels, as _Merham_ was in cutting the Tackling, -kept fast their Yards in his Shrouds; the Vice-Admiral presently cleared -himself, but spared neither his Ordnance nor Muskets to keep _Merham_ from -getting away, till the Admiral had repaired his Leak; from twelve at noon, -till six at night, they thus interchanged one volly for another; then the -Vice-Admiral fell on Stern, staying for the Admiral that came up again to -him, and all that night stood after _Merham,_ that shaped his course for -_Mamora,_ but such small way they made, the next Morning they were not -three Leagues off from _Cape Noa._ The two _Spanish_ Men of War, for so -they were, and well appointed, taking it in scorn as it seemed, with their -Chase, Broad-side, and Stern, the one after the other, within Musket shot, -plying their Ordnance; and after an hours Work, commanded _Merham_ amain -for the King of Spain upon fair Quarter; _Merham_ drank to them, and so -discharged his Quarter Pieces. Which Pride the _Spaniard_ to revenge, -boarded him again, and many of them were got to the top to unsling the -Main-Sail, which the Master and some others from the Round-House, caused -to their cost to come tumbling down; about the Round-House the _Spaniards_ -so pestred, that they were forced to the great Cablen and blew it up; the -smoak and fire was so vehement, as they thought the Ship on fire; they in -the Fore-Castle were no less assaulted, that they blew up a piece of the -Grating, with a great many of _Spaniards_ more; then they cleared -themselves with all speed, and _Merham_ with as much Expedition to quench -the Fire with wet Cloaths and Water, which began to grow too fast. The -_Spaniard_ still playing upon him with all the shot they could; the open -Places presently they covered with old Sails, and prepared themselves to -fight to the last Man. The Angry _Spaniard_ seeing the fire quenched, hung -out a Flag of truce to have but a Parley; but that desperate _Merham_ knew -there was but one way with him, and would have none, but the report of his -Ordnance, which he did know well how to use for his best Advantage. Thus -they spent the next Afternoon, and half the Night, when the _Spaniards_ -either lost them or left them. Seven and twenty Men _Merham_ had slain and -sixteen wounded, and could find they had received 140 great shot. A -wounded _Spaniard_ they kept alive confessed, they had lost 100 Men in -the Admiral, which they did fear would sink ere she could recover a Port. -Thus Re-accommodating their Sails, they failed for _Sancta Cruse, Cape -Goa,_ and _Magadore,_ till they came again to _Safee,_ and then he -returned into England. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXI. - - - - _The continuation of the General History of_ Virginia; _the_ Summer - Isles, _and_ New England; _with their present Estate from_ 1624. _to - this present_ 1629. - - -Concerning these Countries, I would be sorry to trouble you with -repeating one thing twice, as with their Mapps, Commodities, People, -Government and Religion yet known; the beginning of these Plantations, -their Numbers and Names, with the Names of the Adventures, the Yearly -proceedings of every Governour both here and there. As for the -Misprisions, Neglect, Grievances, and the causes of all these Rumours, -losses and crosses that have happened; I refer you to the General History, -where you shall find all this at large; especially to those Pages where -you may read my Letter of Advice to the Councel and Company, what of -necessity must be done, or lose all and leave the Country, Pag. 70. what -Commodities I sent home, Pag. 163. my Opinion and offer to the Company, to -feed and defend the Colonies, Pag. 150. my Account to them here of my -Actions there, Pag. 163. and seven Answers to his Majesty's Commissioners: -Seven Questions what hath hindered _Virginia,_ and the remedy, Pag. 165. -How those Noble Gentlemen spent near two Years in perusing all Letters -came from thence; and the differences betwixt many Factions, both here and -there, with their Complaints; especially about the _Sallery_ which should -have been a new Office in _London,_ for the well ordering the sale of -_Tobacco,_ that 2500 Pounds should Yearly have been raised out of it, to -pay four or five Hundred Pounds Yearly to the Governour of that Company, -two or three Hundred to his Deputy; the rest into Stipends of forty or -fifty Pounds Yearly for their Clerks and other Officers which were never -there, Pag. 153. but not one Hundred Pounds for all them in _Virginia,_ -nor any thing for the most part of the Adventures in _England,_ except the -undertakers for the Lotteries, Setters out of Ships, Adventures of -Commodities, also their Factors and many other Officers, there imployed -only by friendship to raise their Fortunes out of the Labours of the true -Industrious Planters by the Title of their Office, who under the colour of -sincerity, did pillage and deceive all the rest most cunningly: For more -than 150000 Pounds have been spent out of the Common Stock, besides many -thousands have been there Consumed, and near 7000 People that there died, -only for want of good Order and Government, otherwise long ere this there -would have been more than 20000 People, where after twenty Years spent -only in Complement and trying new Conclusions, was remaining scarce 1500, -with some few Cattel. - -Then the Company dissolved, but no Account of any thing; so that his -Majesty appointed Commissioners to oversee, and give Order for their -Proceedings. Being thus in a manner left to themselves, since then within -these four Years, you shall see how wonderfully they have increased beyond -expectation; but so exactly as I desired, I cannot relate unto you: For -altho' I have tired my self in seeking and discoursing with those returned -thence, more than would a Voyage to _Virginia;_ few can tell me any thing, -but of that Place or Places they have Inhabited, and he is a great -Traveller that hath gone up and down the River of _James_ Town, been at -_Pamaunk, Smith's_ Isles, or _Accomack;_ wherein for the most part, they -keep one tune of their now particular abundance, and their former wants -having been there, some sixteen Years, some twelve, some six, some near -twenty, &c. But of their general Estate, or any thing of worth, the most -of them doth know very little to any purpose. - -{MN} Now the most I could understand in general, was from the Relation of -Mr. _Nathaniel Cawsey,_ that lived there with me, and returned _Anno Dom._ -1627. and some others affirm; Sir _George Yerely_ was Governour, Captain -_Francis West,_ Doctor _John Pott,_ Captain _Roger Smith,_ Captain -_Matthews,_ Captain _Tucker,_ Mr. _Clabourn,_ and Mr. _Farrer,_ of the -Council: their Habitations many. The Governour, with two or three of the -Council, are for most part at _James_ Town, the rest repair thither as -there is occasion; but every three Months they have a general Meeting, to -consider of their Publick Affairs. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their estate_ 1627. - - -{MN} Their Numbers then were about 1500, some say rather 2000, divided -into seventeen or eighteen several Plantations; the greatest part thereof -towards the falls, are so inclosed with Pallisadoes they regard not the -_Salvages._ and amongst those Plantations above _James_ Town, they have -now found means to take plenty of Fish, as well with Lines as Nets, and -where the Waters are the largest, having Means they need not want. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their numbers._ - - -{MN} Upon this River they seldom see any _Salvages,_ but in the Woods, -many times their Fires: yet some few there are, that upon their -opportunity, have slain some few straglers, which have been revenged with -the Death of so many of themselves; but no other Attempt hath been made -upon them this two or three Years. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their condition with the Salvages._ - - -{MN} Their Cattel, Namely, Oxen, Kine, Bulls, they imagine to be about -2000; Goats great store and great increase; the wild Hoggs, which were -infinite, are destroyed and eaten by the _Salvages:_ but no Family is so -poor that hath not tame Swine sufficient; and for Poultry, he is a very -bad Husband, breedeth not an Hundred in a Year, and the Richer sort doth -daily feed on them. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their increase of Cattel and Poultry._ - - -{MN} For Bread they have plenty, and so good, that those that make it -well, better cannot be: Divers have much _English_ Corn, especially Mr. -_Abraham Perce,_ which prepared this Year to sow two Hundred Acres of -_English_ Wheat, and as much with Barly, feeding daily about the number of -sixty Persons at his own Charges. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Plenty of Corn._ - - -{MN} For Drink, Some Malt the _Indian_ Corn, others Barly, of which they -make good Ale, both strong and small, and such plenty thereof, few of the -Upper Planters drink any Water: but the better sort are well furnished -with Sack, _Aquavitae,_ and good _English_ Beer. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Drink._ - - -{MN} The Servants commonly feed upon Milk Homili, which is bruised -_Indian_ Corn pounded, and boiled thick, and Milk for the sawce; but -boiled with Milk, the best of all will feed oft on it, and leave their -Flesh; with Milk, Butter and Cheese; with Fish, Bulls-flesh, for they -seldom kill any other, &c. And every one is so applied to his labour about -Tobacco and Corn, which doth yield them such Profit, they never regard any -food from the _Salvages,_ nor have they any Trade or Conference with them, -but upon meer Accidents and Defiances: And now the Merchants have left it, -there having gone so many voluntary Ships within these two Years, as have -furnished them with Apparel, Sack, _Aquavitae,_ and all necessaries, much -better than any before. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Servants diet._ - - -{MN} For Arms, There is scarce any Man but he is furnished with a Piece, a -Jack, a Coat of Male, a Sword or Rapier; and every Holy-day, every -Plantation doth Exercise their Men in Arms, by which means Hunting and -Fowling, the most part of them are most Excellent Marks-men. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Arms and Exercise._ - - -{MN} For Discoveries they have made none, nor any other Commodity than -Tobacco do they apply themselves unto, tho' never any was Planted at -first. And whereas the Countrey was heretofore held most intemperate and -contagious by many, now they have Houses, Lodgings, Victuals, and the Sun -hath Power to Exhale up the moist Vapours of the Earth, where they have -cut down the Wood, which before it could not, being covered with spreading -tops of high Trees; they find it much more healthful than before; nor for -their Numbers, few Countries are less troubled with Death, Sickness, or -any other Disease, nor where overgrown Women become more fruitful. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Health and Discoveries._ - - -{MN-1} Since this, Sir _George Yerely_ died 1628, Captain _West_ Succeeded -him; but about a Year after, returned for _England._ Now Doctor _Poor_ is -Governour, and the rest of the Council as before: _James_ Town is yet -their chief Seat, most of the Wood destroyed, little Corn there Planted, -but all Converted into Pasture and Gardens, wherein doth grow all manner -of Herbs and Roots we have in _England,_ in abundance, and as good Grass -as can be. Here most of their Cattle do feed, their Owners being most some -one way, some another, about their Plantations, and return again when they -please, or any Shipping comes in to Trade. Here in the Winter they have -Hay for their Cattel, but in other Places they Browze upon Wood, and the -great husks of their Corn, with some Corn in them, doth keep them well. -{MN-2} Mr. _Hutchins_ saith, they have 2000 Cattle, and about 5000 People, -but _Master Floud, John Davis, William Emerson,_ and divers others say, -about 5000 People, and 5000 Kine, Calves, Oxen and Bulls; for Goats, Hoggs -and Poultry, Corn, Fish, Dear, and many sorts of other wild Beasts; and -Fowl in their Season, they have so much more than they spend, they are -able to feed three or four Hundred more than they have; and do oft much -relieve many Ships, both there, and for their Return; and this last Year -was there at least two or three and Twenty Sale. They have oft much -Salt-fish from _New England,_ but fresh Fish enough, when they will take -it; Peaches in abundance at _Kecoughtan;_ Apples, Pears, Apricocks, Vines, -Figgs, and other Fruits some have Planted that prospered exceedingly, but -their Diligence about Tobacco, left them to be spoiled by the Cattel, yet -now they begin to Revive; {MN-3} Mrs. _Pearce,_ an Honest Industrious -Woman, hath been there near twenty Years, and now returned, saith, she -hath a Garden at _James_ Town, containing three or four Acres, where in -one Year she hath gathered near an Hundred Bushels of excellent Figgs; and -that of her own Provision she can keep a better House in _Virginia,_ than -here in _London_ for 3 or 400 Pounds a Year, yet went thither with little -or nothing. They have some tame Geese, Ducks and Turkies. The Masters now -do so train up their Servants and Youth in shooting Deer and Fowl, that -the Youths will kill them as well as their Masters. They have two -Brew-houses, but they find the _Indian_ Corn so much better than ours, -they begin to leave sowing it. Their Cities and Towns are only scattered -Houses, they call Plantations, as are our Country Villages; but no -Ordnance Mounted. The Forts Captain _Smith_ left a Building, so ruined, -there is scarce Mention where they were; no Discoveries of any thing more, -than the curing of Tobacco, by which hitherto, being so present a -Commodity of Gain, it hath brought them to this abundance; but that they -are so disjointed, and every one Commander of himself to Plant what he -will: {MN-4} they are now so well provided, that they are able to subsist; -and if they would join together, now to work upon Soap, Ashes, Iron, -Rape-Oil, Mader, Pitch and Tarr, Flax and Hemp; as for their Tobacco, -there comes from many Places such abundance, and the charge so great, it -is not worth the bringing home. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The present estate of_ Virginia 1629. - - {MN-2} _Mr._ Hutchins. _Five thousand people. Five thousand Cattel. - Goats, Hogs, and Poultry infinite._ - - {MN-3} _Good Hospitality._ - - {MN-4} _Commodities worth making, Black Wallnut, Also for Pikes, Oak for - Planks, knees for ships, Cypress, for Chests, &c._ - - -There is gone, and now a going, divers Ships, as Captain _Perse,_ Captain -_Prine,_ with Sir _John Harvey_ to be their Governour, with two or three -Hundred People; there is also some from _Bristow,_ and other Parts of the -West Country a preparing, which I heartily pray to God to Bless, and send -them a Happy and Prosperous Voyage. - - _Nathaniel Causie,_ Master _Hutchins,_ - Master _Floud, John Davis, William - Emerson,_ Master _William - Barnet,_ Master _Cooper,_ and others. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXII. - - - - _The proceedings and present estate of the_ Summer Isles, _from_ Anno - Dom. 1624, _to this present_ 1629. - - -From the _Summer Isles,_ Mr. _Ireland,_ and divers others report, their -Forts, Ordnance and Proceedings, are much as they were in the Year 1622. -as you may read in the General History, Pag. 199. Captain _Woodhouse_ -Governour. There are few sorts of any Fruits in the West Indies, but they -grow there in abundance; yet the fertility of the Soil in many Places -decayeth, being Planted every Year, for their Plantains, which is a most -delicate Fruit, they have lately found a way by Pickling or Drying them, -to bring them over into _England,_ there being no such Fruit in _Europe,_ -and wonderful for increase. For Fish, Flesh, Figgs, Wine, and all sorts of -most excellent Herbs, Fruits and Roots they have in abundance. In this -Governour's time, a kind of Whale, or rather a Jubarta, was driven on -Shoar in _Southampton_ Tribe from the West, over an Infinite Number of -Rocks so bruised, that the Water in the Bay where she lay, was all Oily, -and the Rocks about it all Bedasht with Parmacitty, congealed like Ice, a -good quantity we gathered, with which we commonly cured any Boil, Hurt or -Bruise; some burnt it in their Lamps, which blowing out, the very snuff -will burn so long as there is any of the Oil remaining, for two or three -days together. {MN} - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The present Estate of the_ Summer Isles. - - -The next Governour was Captain _Philip Bell,_ whose time being expired, -Captain _Roger Wood_ possess'd his Place, a worthy Gentleman of good -desert, and hath lived a long time in the Country; their Numbers are about -2 or 3000 Men, Women and Children, who increase there exceedingly; their -greatest Complaint is want of Apparel, and too much Custom, and too many -Officers; the Pity is, there are no more Men than Women, yet no great -Mischief, because there is so much less Pride: the Cattle they have -increase exceedingly; their Forts are well maintain'd by the Merchants -here, and Planters there; to be brief, this Isle is an excellent Bit to -Rule a great Horse. - -All the Cohow Birds and Egbirds are gone; seldom any wild Catts seen; no -Rats to speak off; but the Worms are yet very troublesome; the People very -healthful, and the Ravens gone; Fish enough, but not so near the shoar as -it used, by the much beating it; it is an Isle that hath such a Rampire -and a Ditch, and for the quantity so manned, Victualled, and Fortified, as -few in the World do exceed it, or is like it. - -{MN} The 22d of March, two Ships came from thence; the -_Peter-Bonaventure,_ near 200 Tunns, and sixteen Pieces of Ordnance; the -Captain, _Thomas Sherwin;_ the Master, Mr. _Edward Some,_ like him in -Condition, a Goodly, Lusty, Proper, Valiant Man: The _Lydia,_ wherein was -Mr. _Anthony Thorne,_ a smaller Ship, were chased by eleven Ships of -_Dunkirk;_ being thus over-match'd, Captain _Sherwin_ was taken by them in -_Torbay,_ only his Valiant Master was slain; the Ship with about seventy -_English_ Men they carried betwixt _Dover_ and _Callais_ to _Dunkirk;_ -but the _Lydia_ safely recovered _Dartmouth._ - - * * * * * - - {MN} _An Evil Mischance._ - - -These Noble Adventures for all thole losses patiently do bear them; but -they hope the King and State will understand it is worth keeping, tho' it -afford nothing but Tobacco, and that now worth little or nothing, Custom -and Fraught pay'd, yet it is worth keeping, and not supplanting; tho' -great Men feel not those losses, yet Gardiners, Carpenters and Smiths, do -pay for it. - - From the Relation of _Robert - Chestevan_ and others. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXIII. - - - - _The Proceedings and present Estate of_ New England, _since_ 1624. - _to this present_ 1629. - - -When I went first to the North part of _Virginia,_ where the Westerly -Colony had been planted, it had dissolved it self within a Year, and there -was not one _Christian_ in all the Land. I was set forth at the sole -Charge of four Merchants of _London;_ the Country being then reputed by -your Westerlings, a most Rocky Barren, Desolate Desart; {MN-1} but the -good Return brought from thence, with the Maps and Relations I made of the -Country, which I made so manifest, some of them did believe me, and they -were well embraced both by the _Londoners_ and the _Westerlings,_ for whom -I had promised to undertake it, I thinking to have joined them all -together, but that might well have been a work of _Hercules._ Betwixt them -long there was much contention; the _Londoners_ indeed went bravely -forward; but in three or four Years, I and my Friends consumed many -hundred Pounds amongst the _Plimothians,_ who only fed me with delays, -promises and excuses, but no Performance of any thing to any purpose. In -the interim, many particular Ships went thither, and finding my Relations -true, and that I had not taken that I brought home from the _French_ Men, -as had been reported; yet further, for my Pains to discredit me, and my -calling it _New-England,_ they obscured, and shadowed it, with the Title -of _Canada,_ till at my humble suit, it pleased our most Royal King -_Charles,_ whom God long keep, bless and preserve, then Prince of _Wales,_ -to confirm it with my Map and Book, by the Title of _New England;_ the -gain thence returning, did make the same thereof so increase, that thirty, -forty, or fifty sail went Yearly only to Trade and Fish; but nothing would -be done for a Plantation, till about some Hundred of your Brownists of -_England, Amsterdam_ and _Leyden,_ went to _New Plimouth,_ whose humorous -Ignorances, caused them for more than a Year to endure a wonderful deal of -misery, with an infinite patience; saying my Books and Maps were much -better cheap to teach them than my self; {MN-2} many other have used the -like good Husbandry, that have payed soundly in trying their self-will'd -conclusions; but those in time doing well, divers others have in small -handfuls undertaken to go there, to be several Lords and Kings of -themselves, but most vanished to nothing; notwithstanding the Fishing -Ships, made such good returns, at last it was ingrossed by twenty -Patentees, that divided my Map into twenty parts, and cast Lots for their -shares; but Money not coming in as they expected, procured a Proclamation, -none should go thither without their Licences to Fish; but for every -thirty Tuns of Shipping, to pay them five Pounds; besides, upon great -Penalties, neither to Trade with the Natives, cut down Wood for their -Stages, without giving satisfaction, though all the Country is nothing but -Wood, and none to make use of it, with many such other pretences, for to -make this Country plant it self, by its own Wealth: Hereupon most Men grew -so discontented, that few or none would go; so that the Patentees, who -never a one of them had been there, seeing those Projects Would not -prevail, have since not hindred any to go that would, that within these -few last years, more have gone thither than ever. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _Considerations about the loss of time._ - - {MN-2} _The effect of negardliness._ - - -{MN} Now this Year 1629, a great company of People of good Rank, Zeal, -Means, and Quality, have made a great Stock, and with six good Ships in -the Months of April and May, they set Sail from _Thames,_ for the Bay of -the _Massachusets,_ otherwise called _Charles's_ River; _viz._ the _George -Bonaventure,_ of twenty pieces of Ordnance, the _Talbot_ nineteen, the -_Lions-whelp_ eight, the _May-flower_ fourteen, the _Four Sisters_ -fourteen, the _Pilgrim_ four, with three hundred and fifty Men, Women, and -Children; also an hundred and fifteen head of Cattel, as Horse, Mares, and -neat Beast; one and forty Goats, some Conies, with all Provision for -Houshold and Apparel; six pieces of great Ordnance for a Fort, with -Muskets, Pikes, Corselets, Drums, Colours, with all Provision necessary -for a Plantation, for the good of Man; other Particulars I understand of -no more, than is writ in the general History of those Countries. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A new Plantation_ 1629. - - -But you are to understand, that the noble Lord chief Justice _Popham,_ -Judge _Doderege;_ the Right Honourable Earls of _Pembroke, Southampton, -Salisbury,_ and the rest, as I take it, they did all think, as I and them -went with me, did; That had those two Countries been planted, as it was -intended, that no other Nation should complant betwixt us. If ever the -King of _Spain_ and we should fall foul, those Countries being so capable -of all Materials for shipping, by this might have been Owners of a good -Fleet of Ships, and to have relieved a whole Navy from _England_ upon -occasion; yea, and to have furnished _England_ with the most Easterly -Commodities; and now since, seeing how conveniently the _Summer Isles_ -fell to our shares, so near the _West-Indies,_ we might with much more -facility than the _Dutch_ Men have invaded the _West-Indies,_ that doth -now put in practice, what so long hath been advised on, by many an honest -_English_ States-man. - -{MN} Those Countries, Captain _Smith_ oft times used to call his Children -that never had Mother; and well he might, for few Fathers ever payed -dearer for so little content; and for those that would truly understand, -how many strange Accidents hath befallen them and him; how oft up, how oft -down, sometimes near despair, and ere long flourishing, cannot but -conceive Gods infinite Mercies and Favours towards them. Had his Designs -been to have perswaded Men to a Mine of Gold, though few doth conceive -either the charge or pains in refining it, nor the power nor care to -defend it; or some new Invention to pass to the South Sea, or some strange -Plot to invade some strange Monastery, or some portable Country, or some -chargeable Fleet to take some rich Carocks in the _East-Indies;_ of -Letters of Mart to rob some poor Merchants; What multitudes of both People -and Money would contend to be first imployed? But in those noble -endeavours (now) how few of quality, unless it be to beg some Monopoly; -and those seldom seek the common good, but the Commons Goods, as you may -read at large in his general History, _pag._ 217, 218, 219, his general -Observations and Reasons for this Plantation; for yet those Countries are -not so forward, but they may become as miserable as ever, if better -courses be not taken than is; as this _Smith_ will plainly demonstrate to -his Majesty, or any other noble Person of Ability, liable generously to -undertake it; how within a Short time to make _Virginia_ able to resist -any Enemy, that as yet lieth open to all, and yield the King more Custom -within these few years, in certain staple Commodities, than ever it did in -Tobacco; which now not being worth bringing home, the Custom will be as -uncertain to the King, as dangerous to the Plantation. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Notes of inconveniency._ - - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXIV. - - - - _A brief Discourse of divers Voyages made unto the goodly Country of_ - Guinea _and the great River of the_ Amazons; _relating also the - present Plantation there._ - - -It is not unknown how that most Industrious and honourable Knight, Sir -_Walter Rawleigh,_ in the Year of Our Lord 1595, taking the Isle of -_Trinidado,_ fell with the Coast of _Guiana,_ Northward of the Line 10 -degrees, and coasted the Coast, and searched up the River _Oranoco;_ where -understanding that twenty several Voyages had been made by the Spaniards; -in discovering this Coast and River, to find a passage to the great City -of _Mano,_ called by them the _Eldorado,_ or the Golden City: he did his -utmost to have found some better Satisfaction than Relations: {MN-1} But -means failing him, he left his trusty Servant _Francis Sparrow_ to seek -it, who wandring up and down those Countries, some fourteen or fifteen -years, unexpectedly returned; I have heard him say, he was led blinded -into this City by _Indians;_ but little Discourse of any purpose, touching -the largeness of the report of it; his body seeming as a Man of an -uncurable Consumption, shortly died here after in _England._ There are -above thirty fair Rivers that fall into the Sea, between the River of -_Amazons_ and _Oranoco,_ which are some nine degrees asunder. {MN-2} In -the year 1605, Captain _Ley_, Brother to that noble Knight, Sir _Oliver -Ley,_ with divers others, planted himself in the River _Weapoco,_ wherein -I should have been a Party; but he died, and there lies buried, and the -supply miscarrying, the rest escaped as they could. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} Sparrow _left to seek the great city of_ Mano. - - {MN-2} Captain _Charles Ley._ - - -{MN} Sir _Thomas Roe,_ known to be a most Noble Gentleman, before he went -Lord Ambassadour to the Great _Mogul,_ or the Great _Turk,_ spent a year -or two upon this Coast, and about the River of the _Amazons,_ {MN-2} -wherein he most imployed Captain _Matthew Morton,_ an expert Sea-man in -the discovery of this famous River, a Gentleman that was the first shot, -and mortally supposed wounded to Death, with me in _Virginia,_ yet since -hath been twice with command in _East-Indies;_ {MN-3} Also Captain -_William White,_ and divers others worthy and industrious Gentlemen, both -before and since, hath spent much time and charge to discover it more -perfectly, but nothing more effected for a Plantation, till it was -undertaken by Captain _Robert Harcote_ 1609. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} Sir _Thomas Roe._ - - {MN-2} Captain _Morton._ - - {MN-3} Captain _White._ - - -{MN} This worthy Gentleman, after he had by Commission made a discovery -to his mind, left his Brother _Michael Harcote,_ with some fifty or sixty -Men in the River _Weapoco,_ and so presently returned to _England,_ where -he obtained by the favour of Prince _Henry_ a large Patent for all that -Coast called _Guiana,_ together with the famous River of _Amazons,_ to him -and his Heirs: but so many troubles here surprized him, though he did his -best to supply them, he was not able, only some few he sent over as -Passengers, with certain _Dutch_ Men, but to small purpose. Thus this -business lay dead for divers years, till Sir _Walter Rawleigh,_ -accompanied with many valiant Soldiers and brave Gentlemen, went his last -Voyage to _Guiana,_ amongst the which, was Captain _Roger North,_ Brother -to the Right Honourable the Lord _Dudley North,_ who upon this Voyage, -having stayed, and seen divers Rivers upon this Coast, took such a liking -to those Countries, having had before this Voyage, more perfect and -particular Information of the excellency of the great River of the -_Amazons,_ above any of the rest, by certain _English_ Men returned so -rich, from thence in good Commodities, they would not go with Sir _Walter -Rawleigh_ in search of Gold; that after his return for _England_, he -endeavoured by his best Abilities to interest his Country and State in -those fair Regions, which by the way of Letters Patents unto divers Noble -Men and Gentlemen of Quality, erected into a Company and Perpetuity for -Trade and Plantation, not knowing of the Interest of Captain _Harcote._ - - * * * * * - - {MN} Captain _Harcote._ - - -{MN} Whereupon accompanied with 120 Gentlemen and others, with a Ship, a -Pinnace and two Shallops, to remain in the Country, he set Sail from -_Plimouth_ the last of _April_ 1620, and within seven Weeks after he -arrived well in the _Amazons,_ only with the loss of one old Man: Some -hundred Leagues they ran up the River to settle his Men, where the sight -of the Country and People so contented them, that never Men thought -themselves more happy: Some _English_ and _Irish_ that had lived there -some eight years, only supplied by the _Dutch,_ he reduced to his Company -and to leave the _Dutch:_ having made a good Voyage, to the value of more -than the charge, he returned to _England_ with divers good Commodities, -besides, Tobacco: So that it may well be conceived, that if this Action -had not been thus crossed the Generality of _England_ had by this time -been won and encouraged therein. But the time was not yet come, that God -would have this great business effected, by reason of the great Power the -Lord _Gundamore,_ Ambassadour for the King of _Spain,_ had in _England,_ -to cross and ruin those Proceedings, and so unfortunate Captain _North_ -was on this business, he was twice committed Prisoner to the Tower, and -the Goods detained, till they were spoiled, who beyond all others, was by -much the greatest Adventurer and Loser. - - * * * * * - - {MN} Captain _Roger North._ - - -{MN} Notwithstanding all this, those that he had left in the _Amazons,_ -would not abandon the Country. Captain _Thomas Painton,_ a worthy -Gentleman; his Lieutenant dead. Captain _Charles Parker,_ Brother to the -Right Honourable the Lord _Morley,_ lived there six years after; Mr. -_John Christmas,_ five years; so well, they would not return, although -they might, with divers other Gentlemen of Quality and others: All thus -destitute of any supplies from _England._ But all Authority being -dissolved, want of Government did more wrong their Proceedings, than all -other crosses whatsoever. Some relief they had sometime from the _Dutch,_ -who knowing their Estates, gave what they pleased, and took what they -list. Two Brothers, Gentlemen, _Thomas_ and _William Hixon,_ who stayed -three years there, are now gone to stay in the _Amazons,_ in the Ships -lately sent thither. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Nota bene._ - - -The business thus remaining in this fort, three private Men left of that -Company, named Mr. _Thomas Warriner, John Rhodes,_ and _Robert Bims,_ -having lived there about two years, came for _England,_ and to be free -from the disorders that did grow in the _Amazons,_ for want of Government -amongst their Country-men, and to be quiet amongst themselves, made means -to let themselves out for St. _Christophers;_ their whole number being but -fifteen Persons that payed for their Passage in a Ship going for -_Virginia,_ where they remained a year before they were supplied, and then -that was but four or five Men. Thus this Isle, by this small beginning, -having no interruption by their own Country, hath not got the start of the -Continent and main Land of _Guinea,_ which hath been laid apart, and let -alone until that Captain _North,_ ever watching his best opportunity and -advantage of time in the State, hath now again pursued, and set on foot -his former design. Captain _Harcote_ being now willing to surrender his -Grant, and to joyn with Captain _North,_ in passing a new Patent, and to -erect a Company for Trade and Plantation in the _Amazons,_ and all the -Coast and Country of _Guinea_ for ever. Whereupon, they have sent this -present year in _January,_ and since 1628, four Ships, with near two -hundred Persons; the first Ship with 112 Men, not one miscarried; the rest -went since, not yet heard of and are preparing another with their best -Expedition; and since _January_ is gone from _Holland,_ 100 _English_ and -_Irish,_ conducted by the old Planters. - -This great River lieth under the Line, the two chief Head Lands North and -South, are about three degrees asunder, the mouth of it is so full of many -great and small Isles, it is an easie matter for an unexperienced Pilot to -lose his way. It is held one of the greatest Rivers in _America,_ and as -most Men think in the World; and cometh down with such a fresh, it maketh -the Sea fresh, more than thirty Miles from the Shoar. Captain _North_ -having seated his Men about an hundred Leagues in the Main, sent Captain -_William White,_ with thirty Gentlemen and others, in a Pinnace of thirty -Tun, to discover further, which they did some two hundred Leagues, where -they found the River to divide it self in two parts, till then all full of -Islands, and a Country most healthful, pleasant and fruitful; for they -found food enough, and all returned safe and in good health: In this -discovery, they saw many Towns well inhabited, some with three hundred -People, some with five, six, or seven hundred; and of some they understood -to be of so many thousands, most differing very much, especially in their -Languages: Whereof they suppose by those _Indians,_ they understand are -many hundreds more, unfrequented till then by any _Christian,_ most of -them stark naked, both Men, Women and Children, but they saw not any such -Giant-like Women as the Rivers name importeth. But for those where Captain -_North_ hath seated his Company, it is not known where Indians were ever -so kind to any Nation, not sparing any pains, danger or labour, to feed -and maintain them. The _English_ following their Buildings, Fortifications -and Sugar-works; for which they have sent most expert Men, and with them -all things necessary for that purpose; to effect which, they want not the -help of those kind Indians to produce; and many other good Commodities, -which (God willing) will ere long make plain and apparent to this Kingdom, -and all the Adventures and Well-willers to this Plantation, to be well -worthy the cherishing and following with all alacrity. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXV. - - - - _The Beginning and Proceedings of the new Plantation of St._ Christopher - _by Captain_ Warner. - - -Master _Ralph Merifield_ and others, having furnished this worthy -Industrious Gentleman, {MN-1} he arrived at St. _Christophers,_ as is -said, with fifteen Men, the 28th of _January_ 1623, _viz. William Tested, -John Rhodes, Robert Bints,_ Mr. _Benifield,_ Sergeant _Jones,_ Mr. _Ware, -William Ryle, Rowland Grascock,_ Mr. _Bond,_ Mr. _Langley,_ Mr. _Weaver, -Edward Warner,_ their Captain's Son, and now Deputy Governour, till his -Father's return, Sergeant _Aplon,_ one Sailor and a Cook: At their -arrival, they found three _French_ Men, who sought to oppose Captain -_Warner,_ and to set the _Indians_ upon us; but at last we all became -Friends, and lived with the _Indians_ a Month, then we built a Fort, and a -House, and planting Fruits, by _September_ we made a crop of Tobacco; -{MN-2} but upon the nineteenth of _September_ came a _Hericano_ and blew -it away, all this while we lived upon Cassada Bread, Potatoes, Plantanes, -Pines, Turtles, Guanes, and Fish plenty; for drink we had _Nicnobby._ - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} 1623. - - {MN-2} _A Hericano._ - - -{MN} The 18th March 1624 arrived Captain _Jefferson,_ with three Men -Passengers in the _Hopewell_ of _London,_ with some Trade for the -_Indians,_ and then we had another crop of Tobacco, in the mean time the -_French_ had planted themselves in the other end of the Isle; with this -crop Captain _Warner_ returned for _England_ in _September_ 1625. - - * * * * * - - {MN} 1624. - - -In his absence came in a _French_ Pinnace, under the command of _Monsieur -de Nombe,_ that told us, the _Indians_ had slain some _French_ Men in -other of the _Caribbe_ Isles, and that there were six Peryagoes, which -are huge great Trees, formed as your Canoos, but so laid out on the sides -with Boards, they will seem like a little Gally: {MN} Six of those, with -about four or five hundred strange _Indians_ came unto us, we bade them be -gone, but they would not; whereupon we and the _French_ joyned together, -and upon the fifth of _November_ set upon them, and put them to flight: -upon New years Even they came again, found three _English_ going about the -Isle, whom they slew. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Fight with the_ Indians. - - -{MN-1} Until the fourth of _August,_ we stood upon our Guard, living upon -the spoil and did nothing. But now Captain _Warner_ arriving again with -near an hundred People, then we fell to work and planting as before; -{MN-2} but upon the fourth of September, came such a Hericano, as blew -down all our Houses, Tobacco, and two Drums into the air we know not -whither, drove two Ships on Shoar that were both split; all our Provision -thus lost, we were very miserable, living only on what we could get in the -wild Woods, {MN-3} we made a small party of French and English to go -aboard for Provision, but in their returning home, eight _French_ Men were -slain in the Harbour. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} 1625. - - {MN-2} _A Hericano._ - - {MN-3} _Eight French Slain._ - - -{MN} Thus we continued till near _June_ that the _Tortles_ came in 1627, -but the French being like to starve, sought to surprize us, and all the -Cassado, Potatoes, and Tobacco we had planted, but we did prevent them. -The 26th of _October,_ came in Captain _William Smith,_ in the -_Hope-well,_ with some Ordnance, Shot and Powder, from the Earl of -_Carlisle,_ with Captain _Pelham_ and thirty Men; about that time also -came the _Plow,_ also a small Ship of _Bristow,_ with Captain _Warner's_ -Wife, and six or seven Women more. - - * * * * * - - {MN} 1627. - - -{MN} Upon the 25th of _November,_ the _Indians_ set upon the French, for -some injury about their Women, and slew six and twenty _French_ Men, five -_English,_ and three _Indians._ Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, their -Bows are never bent, but the string lies flat to the Bow; their Arrows a -small Reed, four or five foot long, headed some with the poisoned Sting of -the Tail of a Stingray, some with Iron, some with Wood, but all so -poisoned, that if they draw but blood, the hurt is incurable. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Three_ Indians _Slain._ - - -{MN} The next day came in Captain _Charles Saltonstall,_ a young -Gentleman, Son of Sir _Samuel Saltonstall,_ who brought with him good -store of all Commodities to relieve the Plantation; but by reason some -_Hollanders,_ and others had been there lately before him, who carried -away with them all the Tobacco, he was forced to put away all his -Commodities upon trust till the next crop; in the mean time he resolved -there to stay, and imploy himself and his Company in planting Tobacco, -hoping thereby to make a Voyage, but before he could be ready to return -for _England,_ a _Hericano_ happening, his Ship was split, to his great -loss, being sole Merchant and owner himself, notwithstanding forced to pay -to the Governour the fifth part of his Tobacco, and for fraught to -_England,_ three pence a pound, and nine pence a pound custom, which -amounts together to more than threescore pound in the hundred pound, to -the great discouragement of him and many others, that intended well to -those Plantations. Nevertheless he is gone again this present year 1629, -with a Ship of about three hundred Tuns, and very near two hundred People, -with Sir _William Tuffton_ Governour for the _Barbadoes_, and divers -Gentlemen, and all manner of Commodities fit for a Plantation. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The arrival of many English Ships._ - - -Captain _Prinn,_ Captain _Stone,_ and divers others came in about -_Christmas;_ so that this last year, there hath been about thirty Sail of -_English, French,_ and _Dutch_ Ships, and all the _Indians_ forced out of -the Isle, for they had done much mischief amongst the _French,_ in cutting -their Throats, burning their Houses, and spoiling their Tobacco; amongst -the rest _Tegramund,_ a little Child, the King's Son, his Parents being -slain, or fled, was by great chance saved, and carefully brought to -_England,_ by Master _Merifield,_ who brought him from thence, and -bringeth him up as his own Children. - -{MN-1} It lieth seventeen degrees Northward of the Line, about an hundred -and twenty Leagues from the _Cape de tres Puntas,_ the nearest main Land -in _America,_ it is about eight Leagues in length, and four in breadth; -an Island amongst 100 Isles in the _West Indies,_ called the _Caribbes,_ -where ordinarily all them that frequent the _West Indies,_ refresh -themselves; those, most of them are Rocky, little, and Mountainous, yet -frequented with the _Canibals;_ many of them inhabited, as Saint -_Domingo,_ Saint _Mattalin,_ Saint _Lucia,_ Saint _Vincent, Granada,_ and -_Margarita,_ to the Southward; Northward, none but Saint _Christophers,_ -and it but lately, yet they will be ranging _Marigalanta, Guardalupo, -Deceado, Mountserat, Antegua, Mevis, Bernardo,_ Saint _Martin,_ and Saint -_Bartholomew,_ but the worst of the four Isles possessed by the -_Spaniard,_ as _Portorico_ or _Jamaica,_ is better than them all; as for -_Hispaniola,_ and _Cuba,_ they are worthy the Title of two rich Kingdoms, -the rest not respected by the _Spaniards,_ for want of Harbours, and their -better choice of good Land, and profit in the main. But Captain _Warner,_ -having been very familiar with Captain _Painton,_ in the _Amazon,_ hearing -his information of this St. _Christophers;_ and having made a years trial, -as it is said, returned for _England,_ joyning with Master _Merifield_ and -his Friends, got Letters Patents from King James to plant and possess it. -Since then, the Right Honourable the Earl of _Carlisle_ hath got Letters -Patents also, not only of that, but all the _Caribe_ Isles about it, who -is now chief Lord of them, and the _English_ his Tenants that do possess -them; over whom he appointeth such Governours and Officers as their -affairs require; and although there be a great Custom imposed upon them, -considering their other charges, both to feed and maintain themselves; yet -there is there, and now a going, near upon the number of three thousand -People; where by reason of the rockiness and thickness of the Woods in the -Isle, it is difficult to pass, and such a snuff of the Sea goeth on the -Shoar, ten may better defend, than fifty assault. {MN-2} In this Isle are -many Springs, but yet Water is scarce again in many places; the Valleys -and sides of the Hills very fertile, but the Mountains harsh, and of a -sulphurous composition; all overgrown with _Palmetas, Cotten_ Trees; -_Lignum vitae,_ and divers other sorts, but none like any in Christendom, -except those carried thither; the air very pleasant and healthful, but -exceeding hot, yet so tempered with cool breaths, it seems very temperate -to them, that are little used to it; the Trees being always green, the -days and nights always very near equal in length, always Summer; only they -have in their Seasons great Gusts and Rains, and sometimes a Hericano, -which is an over grown, and a most violent storm. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The Description of the Isle._ - - {MN-2} _The Springs; Temper; and Seasons._ - - -{MN} In some of those Isles, are Cattel, Goats, and Hogs, but here none -but what they must carry; _Guanes_ they have, which is a little harmless -Beast, like a _Crocodile,_ or _Alligator,_ very fat and good Meat; she -lays Eggs in the Sand, as doth the Land Crabs, which live here In -abundance, like Conies in Boroughs, unless about _May,_ when they come -down to the Sea side, to lay in the Sand, as the other; and all their Eggs -are hatched by the heat of the Sun. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A strange hatching of eggs for beasts._ - - -{MN} From _May_ to _September,_ they have good store of Tortoises that -come out of the Sea to lay their Eggs in the Sand, and are hatched as the -other; they will lay half a peck at a time, and near a bushel ere they -have done, and are round like Tenis-balls: This Fish is like Veal in -taste, the Fat of a brownish colour, very good and wholsom. We seek them -in the Nights, where we find them on shoar, we turn them upon their backs, -till the next day we fetch them home, for they can never return -themselves, being so hard, a Cart may go over them, and so big, one will -suffice forty or fifty Men to dinner. Divers sorts of other Fish they have -in abundance, and _Prawenes_ most great and excellent, but none will keep -sweet scarce twelve hours. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Fish._ - - -{MN} The best and greatest is a _Passer Flaminga,_ which walking at her -length, is as tall as a Man; _Pigeons_ and _Turtle Doves_ in abundance; -some _Parrots,_ wild _Hawks,_ but divers other sorts of good Sea-fowl, -whose Names we know not. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Birds._ - - -{MN} _Cassado_ is a Root planted in the Ground, of a wonderful Increase, -and will make very good White-bread, but the Juce Rank Poyson, yet boyled, -better than Wine; _Potatoes, Cabbages,_ and _Radish_ plenty. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Roots._ - - -{MN} Maize, like the _Virginia_ Wheat; we have Pine-Apple, near so big as -an Hartichock, but the most daintiest taste of any Fruit; _Plantains,_ an -excellent and most increasing Fruit; Apples, Prickle Pears, and Pease, but -differing all from ours. There is Pepper that groweth in a little red -Husk, as big as a Walnut, about four Inches in length, but the long Cods -are small, and much stronger and better for use, than that from the _East -Indies._ There is too sorts of Cotten, the silk Cotten as in the _East -Indies,_ groweth upon a small stalk, as good for Beds as Down; the other -upon a shrub, and beareth a Cod bigger than a Walnut, full of Cotten wool: -Anotto also groweth upon a shrub, with a Cod like the other, and nine or -ten on a bunch, full of Anotto, very good for Dyers, tho' wild; Sugar -Canes, not tame, four or five foot high; also Mastick, and Locus-trees; -great and hard Timber, Gourds, Musk-Melons, Water-Melons, Lettice, Parsly; -all places naturally bear Purslain of it self; Sope-berries like a Musquet -Bullet, that washeth as white as Sope; in the middle of the Root is a -thing like a Sedge, a very good Fruit, we call Pengromes; a Pappaw is as -great as an Apple, coloured like an Orange, and good to eat, a small hard -Nut, like a Hazel Nut, grows close to the Ground, and like this grows on -the Palmetas, which we call a Mucca Nut; Mustard-seed will grow to a great -Tree, but bears no seed, yet the Leaves will make good Mustard; the -Mancinel Tree, the Fruit is Poison; good Figs in abundance; but the -Palmeta serveth to build Forts and Houses, the Leaves to cover them, and -many other uses; the juice we draw from them, till we suck them to Death, -(is held restorative) and the top for meat doth serve us as Cabbage; but -oft we want Powder'd Beef and Bacon, and many other needful necessaries. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Fruits._ - - - By _Thomas Simons, Rowland - Grascocke, Nicholas Burgh,_ - and others. - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXVI. - - - - _The first Planting of the_ Barbadoes. - - -The _Barbados_ lies South-West and by South, an hundred Leagues from St. -_Christophers,_ threescore Leagues West and South from _Trinidado,_ and -some fourscore Leagues from _Cape de Salinos,_ the next part of the main. -The first Planters brought thither by Captain _Henry Powel,_ were forty -_English,_ with seven or eight _Negros;_ then he went to _Disacuba_ in the -main, where he got thirty _Indians,_ Men, Women and Children of the -_Arawacos,_ Enemies both to the _Caribbes_ and the _Spaniards._ {MN} The -Isle is most like a Triangle, each side forty or fifty Miles square, some -exceeding great Rocks, but the most part exceeding good Ground; abounding -with an infinite number of Swine, some Turtles, and many sorts of -excellent Fish; many great Ponds wherein is Duck and Mallard; excellent -Clay for Pots, Wood and Stone for Building, and a Spring near the midst of -the Isle of _Bitume,_ which is a liquid mixture like Tarr, that by the -great Rains falls from the Tops of the Mountains, it floats upon the Water -in such abundance, that drying up, it remains like great Rocks of Pitch, -and as good as Pitch for any use. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A Description of the Isle._ - - -{MN} The Mancinel Apple, is of a most pleasant sweet smell, of the bigness -of a Crab, but rank Poyson, yet the Swine and Birds have wit to shun it; -great store of exceeding great Locus-trees, two or three Fathom about, of -a great height, that beareth a Cod full of Meal, will make Bread in time -of necessity. A Tree like a Pine beareth a Fruit so great as a Musk Melon, -which hath always ripe Fruit Flowers, or Green Fruit, which will refresh -two or three Men, and very comfortable; Plumb-trees many, the Fruit great -and Yellow, which but strained into Water in four and twenty hours, will -be very good drink; wild Figg-trees there are many; all those Fruits do -fat the Hoggs, yet at sometimes of the Year they are so lean as Carrion; -Guane-trees bear a Fruit so big as a Pear, good and wholsom; Palmetaes of -three several sorts; Pappaws, Prickle Pears, good to eat or make drink; -Cedar Trees very tall and great; Fustick Trees are very great, and the -wood yellow, good for dying; Soap Berries, the kernel so big as a sloe, -and good to eat; Pumpeons in abundance; Goads so great as will make good -great Bottles, and cut in two pieces, good Dishes and Platters; many small -Brooks of very good Water; _Guinea_ Wheat, Cassado, Pines and Plantains; -all things we there Plant, do grow exceedingly, so well as Tobacco; the -Corn, Pease, and Beans, cut but away the Stalk, young sprigs will grow, -and so bear Fruit for many Years together, without any more Planting; the -Isle is overgrown with Wood or great Reeds, those Woods which are soft are -exceeding light and full of Pitch, and those that are hard and great, they -are as hard to cut as Stone. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Fruits and Trees._ - - -{MN} Mr. _John Powel_ came thither the 40th of _August_ 1627. with forty -five Men, where we stayed three Weeks, and then returning, left behind us -about an Hundred People, and his Son _John Powel_ for his Deputy, as -Governour; but there have been so many Factions amongst them, I cannot -from so many variable Relations, give you any certainty for their orderly -Government: for all those Plenties, much misery they have endured, in -regard of their weakness at their Landing, and long stay without supplies; -therefore those that go thither, it were good they carry good Provision -with them; but the Isle is most healthful, and all things Planted do -increase abundantly; and by this time there is, and now a going, about the -number of fifteen or sixteen Hundred People. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their numbers._ - - -Sir _William Curtine,_ and Captain _John Powel,_ were the first and chief -Adventurers to the Planting this fortunate Isle; which had been oft -frequented by Men of War to refresh themselves, and set up their -Shallopes; being so far remote from the rest of the Isles, they never were -troubled with any of the _Indies._ Harbours they have none, but exceeding -good Rodes, which with a small Charge, might be very well Fortified; it -doth Ebb and Flow four or five foot, and they cannot perceive that there -hath ever been any Hericano in that Isle. - - From the Relations of Captain - _John White,_ and - Captain _Wolverstone._ - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXVII. - - - - _The first Plantations of the Isle of_ Mevis. - - -{MN-1} Because I have ranged and lived amongst those Islands, what my -Authors cannot tell me, I think it no great error in helping them to tell -it my self. In this little Isle of _Mevis,_ more than twenty Years ago, I -have remained a great time together, to Wood and Water and refresh my Men; -it is all Woody, but by the Sea-side Southward, there are Sands like -Downs, where a Thousand Men may quarter themselves Conveniently; but in -most places the Wood groweth close to the Water side, at a high Water -mark, and in some places so thick of a soft spungy Wood like a wild -Fig-tree, you cannot get through it, but by making your way with Hatchets, -or Fauchions: whether it was the dew of those Trees, or of some others, I -am not certain, but many of our Men became so tormented with a burning -swelling all over their Bodies, they seemed like scalded Men, and near Mad -with Pain; {MN-2} here we found a great Pool wherein bathing themselves -they found much ease; and finding it fed with a Pleasant small stream that -came out of the Woods, we found the head half a Mile within the Land -distilling from many Rocks, by which they were well cured in two or three -days. Such factions here we had, as commonly attend such Voyages, that a -pair of Gallows were made, but Captain _Smith_ for whom they were -intended, could not be perswaded to use them; but not any one of the -inventors, but their lives by Justice fell into his Power to determine of -at his Pleasure, whom with much Mercy he favoured, that most basely and -unjustly have betrayed him. - - * * * * * - - {MN-1} _The Description of the Isle._ - - {MN-2} _The Bath._ - - -{MN} The last Year 1628. Mr. _Littleton_ with some others, got a Patent of -the Earl of _Carlisle_ to Plant the Isle called the _Barbadoes,_ thirty -Leagues Northward of St. _Christophers;_ which by report of their -Informers, and Undertakers, for the excellency of the Pleasantness -thereof, they called _Dulcina,_ but when they came there, they found it -such a Barren Rock they left it; altho they were told as much before, they -would not believe it, perswading themselves those contradicters would get -it for themselves, was thus by their cunning Opinion, the deceivers of -themselves; for seeing it lie conveniently for their purpose in a Map, -they had not Patience to know the goodness or badness, the inconvenience -nor probability of the Quantity nor Quality; which error doth predominate -in most of our homebred Adventurers, that will have all things as they -conceit and would have it; and the more they are contradicted, the more -hot they are; but you may see by many Examples in the general History, how -difficult a matter it is, to gather the Truth from amongst so many Foreign -and several Relations, except you have exceeding good experience both of -the Countries People, and their Conditions; and those ignorant -undertakings, have been the greatest hindrance of all those Plantations. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _A great misfortune._ - - -{MN} At last because they would be absolute, they came to _Mevis,_ a -little Isle by St. _Christophers;_ where they seated themselves, well -furnished with all necessaries, being about the Number of an Hundred, and -since increased to an Hundred and fifty Persons, whereof many were old -Planters of St. _Christophers;_ especially Mr. _Anthony Hinton,_ and Mr. -_Edward Tompson._ But because all those Isles for the most part are so -capable to produce, and in Nature like each other, let this discourse -serve for the description of them all. Thus much concerning those -Plantations, which now after all this time, loss and charge, should they -be abandon'd, suppressed, and dissolved, were most lamentable; and surely -seeing they all strive so much about this Tobacco, and that the Fraught -thereof, and other charges are so great, and so open to any Enemy by that -Commodity they cannot long subsist. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their Numbers._ - - -And it is a wonder to me to see such Miracles and Mischiefs in Men; how -greedily they pursue to dispossess the Planters of the Name of Christ -Jesus, yet say they are Christians, when so much of the World is -unpossessed; yea, and better Land than they so much strive for, murthering -so many Christians, burning and spoiling so many Cities, Villages and -Countries, and subverting so many Kingdoms, when so much lieth wait, or -only possessed by a few poor Savages, that more serve the Devil for fear, -than God for love; whose Ignorance we pretend to reform, but Covetousness, -Humours, Ambition, Faction, and Pride hath so many Instruments, we perform -very little to any purpose; nor is there either Honour or Profit to be got -by any that are so vile, to undertake the subversion, or hinderance of any -honest intended Christian Plantation. - -{MN} Now to conclude the Travels and Adventures of Captain _Smith;_ how -first he Planted _Virginia_ and was let ashoar with about an Hundred Men -in the wild Woods; how he was taken Prisoner by the Savages, by the King -of _Pamaunke_ tied to a Tree to be shot to death, led up and down their -Country to be shewed for a wonder; fatted as he thought, for a Sacrifice -for their Idol, before whom they conjured him three days, with strange -Dances and Invocations, then brought him before their Emperor _Powhatan,_ -that commanded him to be slain; how his Daughter _Pocahontas_ saves his -life, returned him to _James_ Town, relieved him and his famished Company, -which was but eight and thirty to possess those large Dominions; how he -discovered all the several Nations, upon the Rivers falling into the Bay -of _Chisapeacke;_ flung near to death with a most Poisoned taile of a Fish -called Stingray: how _Powhatan_ out of his Country took the Kings of -_Pamaunke_ and _Paspahegh_ Prisoners, forced thirty nine of those Kings to -pay him contribution, subjected all the Savages: how _Smith_ was blown up -with Gun-powder, and returned for _England_ to be cured. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Certain exploits of Captain_ Smith. - - -Also how he brought our New _England_ to the subjection of the Kingdom of -Great _Britain;_ his fights with the Pirats, left alone amongst a many -_French_ men of Warr, and his Ship ran from him; his Sea-fights for the -_French_ against the _Spaniards;_ their bad usage of him; how in _France_ -in a little Boat he escaped them; was adrift all such a stormy Night at -Sea by himself, when thirteen _French_ Ships were split, or driven on -shoar by the Isle of _Ree,_ the General and most of his Men drowned, when -God, to whom be all Honour and Praise, brought him safe on shoar to all -their Admirations that escaped; you may read at large in his General -History of _Virginia,_ the _Summer Isles,_ and _New England._ - - * * * * * - - - - - CHAP. XXVIII. - - - - _The bad Life, Qualities and Conditions of Pirates; and how they taught - the_ Turks _and_ Moors _to become men of Warr._ - - -As in all Lands where there are many People, there are some Thieves, so in -all Seas much frequented, there are some Pirates; the most Ancient within -the Memory of threescore Years, was one _Callis,_ who most refreshed -himself upon the Coast of _Wales; Clinton_ and _Purser_ his Companions, -who grew famous till Queen _Elizabeth_ of Blessed Memory, hanged them at -_Wapping; Flemming_ was as expert and as much sought for as they, yet such -a Friend to his Country, that discovering the _Spanish Armado,_ he -voluntarily came to _Plimouth,_ yielded himself freely to my Lord Admiral, -and gave him notice of the _Spaniards_ coming; which good warning came so -happily and unexpectedly, that he had his Pardon, and a good Reward; some -few Pirates there then remained; notwithstanding it is incredible how many -great and rich Prizes the little Barques of the West Country daily brought -home, in regard of their small Charge; {MN} for there are so many -difficulties in a great Navy, by Wind and Weather, Victual, Sickness, -losing and finding one another, they seldom defray half the charge: But -for the Grace, State and Defence of the Coast and narrow Seas, a great -Navy is most necessary, but not to Attempt any far Voyage, except there be -such a Competent flock, they want not wherewith to furnish and supply all -things with expedition; but to the purpose. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _The difficulties of a great Navy._ - - -{MN} After the death of our most Gracious Queen Elizabeth of Blessed -Memory, our Royal King _James,_ who from his Infancy had Reigned in Peace -with all Nations; had no imployment for those Men of Warr, so that those -that were Rich relied with that they had; those that were poor and had -nothing but from hand to Mouth, turned Pirates; some, because they became -slighted of those for whom they had got much Wealth; some for that they -could not get their Due; some that had lived bravely, would not abase -themselves to Poverty; some vainly, only to get a name; others for -Revenge, Covetousness, or as ill; and as they found themselves more and -more oppressed, their Passions increasing with discontent, made them turn -Pirates. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _What occasioneth Pirates._ - - -{MN} Now because they grew hatefull to all _Christian_ Princes, they -retired to Barbary, where altho' there be not many good Harbours, but -_Tunis, Argier, Sally, Mamora,_ and _Tituane,_ there are many convenient -Rodes, or the open Sea, which is their chief Lordship: For their best -Harbours _Massalqueber,_ the Towns of _Oran, Mellila, Tangier,_ and -_Ceuta,_ within the Streights, are possessed by the _Spaniards;_ without -the Streights they have also _Arzella_ and _Mazagan; Mamora_ they have -likewise lately taken, and Fortified. _Ward_ a poor _English_ Sailer, and -_Dansker_ a _Dutchman,_ made first here their Marts; when the _Moors_ knew -scarce how to sail a Ship; _Bishop_ was Ancient and did little hurt; but -_Easton_ got so much as made himself a Marquess in _Savoy;_ and _Ward_ -lived like a Bashay in _Barbary;_ those were the first that taught the -_Moors_ to be Men of War. _Gennings, Harris, Tompson,_ and divers others -were taken in Ireland, a Coast they much frequented, and died at _Wapping. -Haws, Bough, Smith, Walsingham, Ellis, Collins, Sawkwel, Wollingstone, -Barrow, Wilson, Sayres,_ and divers others, all these were Captains -amongst the Pirates, whom King _James_ Mercifully Pardon'd; and was it not -strange, a few of those should command the Seas. Notwithstanding the -_Malteses,_ the Pope, _Florentines, Genoeses, French, Dutch_ and _Engish,_ -Gallies and Men of War, they Would rob before their Faces, and even at -their own Ports, yet seldom more than three, four, five, or six in a -Fleet: many times they had very good Ships, and well Man'd, but commonly -in such Factions amongst themselves, and so Riotous, Quarrellous, -Treacherous, Blasphemous and Villainous, it is more than a wonder they -could so long continue, to do so much Mischief; and all they got, they -basely consumed it amongst _Jews, Turks, Moors,_ and Whores. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Their chief Rendezvous._ - - -The best was, they would seldom go to Sea, so long as they could possibly -live on shoar, being compiled of _English, French, Dutch_ and _Moors,_ -(but very few _Spaniards_ or _Italians_) commonly running one from -another, till they became so disjointed, disordered, debauched, and -miserable, {MN} that the _Turks_ and _Moors_ began to command them as -Slaves, and force them to instruct them in their best skill, which many an -accursed Runnagado, or _Christian_ turned _Turk_ did, till they have made -those Sally-men or _Moors_ of _Barbary_ so Powerful as they be, to the -Terror of all the Streights, and many times they take Purchase in the Main -Ocean, yea sometimes in the narrow Seas in _England,_ and those are the -most cruel Villains in _Turky_ or _Barbary;_ whose Natives are very Noble, -and of good Natures, in comparison of them. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Renegados._ - - -{MN} To conclude, The Misery of a Pirate, (altho' many are sufficient -Seamen as any) yet in regard of his superfluity, you shall find it such, -that any wise Man would rather live amongst wild Beasts, than them; -therefore let all unadvised Persons take heed they entertain that quality; -and I could how wish Merchants, Gentlemen, and all Setters forth of Ships, -not to be sparing of a Competent Pay, nor true Payment; for neither -Soldiers nor Seamen can live without Means, but necessity will force them -to steal; and when they are once entered into that Trade, they are hardly -reclaimed. Those Titles of Seamen and Soldiers, have been most worthily -honoured and esteemed, but now regarded for the most part, but as the -scum of the World; regain therefore your wonted Reputations and endeavour -rather to Adventure to those fair Plantations of our English Nation; which -however in the beginning were scorned contemned, yet now you see how many -Rich and Gallant People come from thence, who went thither as Poor as any -Soldier or Sailer, and gets more in one Year, than you by Piracy in seven. -I intreat you therefore to consider how many Thousands yearly go thither; -also how many Ships and Sailers are imployed to Transport them, and what -Custom they Yearly pay to our most Royal King Charles, whole Prosperity -and his Kingdom's good, I humbly beseech the Immortal God to preserve and -increase. - - * * * * * - - {MN} _Advertisements for Wild heads._ - - - - - * * * * * - - F I N I S. - - * * * * * - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The True Travels, Adventures, and -Observations of Captain John Smith into Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, by John Smith - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TRUE TRAVELS OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH *** - -***** This file should be named 55199.txt or 55199.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/9/55199/ - -Produced by Roger Burch with scans from the internet archive. -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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