diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/55192-h/55192-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55192-h/55192-h.htm | 47355 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 47355 deletions
diff --git a/old/55192-h/55192-h.htm b/old/55192-h/55192-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 4dc331b..0000000 --- a/old/55192-h/55192-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47355 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> - -<head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg ebook of North American Birds, Vol. 2, by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"/> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 12%; - margin-right: 12%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -.no-break {page-break-before: avoid;} /* for epubs */ -.break {page-break-before: always;} /* for epubs */ -.chapter {page-break-before: always;} /* for epubs */ - -span.highlight {background-color: #FFFF00;} - -p { - margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; -} - -p.citehanging {margin-left: 2em; - text-indent: -1em; - font-size: 83%; - line-height: 97%;} - -.p0 {margin-top: -.75em;} -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; - text-align: justify; -} - -abbr.habitat {font-style: italic;} -abbr.variation {font-style: italic;} -abbr.juvenile {font-style: italic;} -abbr.adult {font-style: italic;} - -.comchar { /* flush left; wider right margin */ - margin-right: 5em; - font-size: 90%; -} - -.centerindent { /* centered lines in Genus Species variations */ - text-align: center; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -.centerindent1 { /* indented centered lines in Genus Species variations */ - text-align: center; - margin-left: 2em; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -.indent1 { /* first level of indents to common characteristics */ - margin-left: 1em; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -.indent2 { /* second level of indents to common characteristics */ - margin-left: 2em; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -.indent3 { /* third level of indents to common characteristics */ - margin-left: 3em; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -.indent4 { /* fourth level of indents to common characteristics */ - margin-left: 4em; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -.indent5 { /* fifth level of indents to common characteristics */ - margin-left: 5em; - margin-right: 5em; /*15%;*/ - font-size: 90%; -} - -hr { /*default rule across entire width */ - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} - - hr.medium { - margin-right:40%; - margin-left:40%; - text-align:center; - width:20%; - } - - table {margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - border-collapse: collapse; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 2em;} - -th {height:4.25em;} - - td.center {vertical-align: top; - text-align: center; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: 0;} - - td.left {vertical-align: top; - text-align: left; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: 0;} - - td.right {vertical-align: top; - text-align: right; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: 0;} - - td.rightm {vertical-align: middle; - text-align: right; - padding-left: 1.25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: 0;} - - td.leftspace {vertical-align: middle; /* table page 520 */ - text-align: left; - text-indent: -.5em; - padding-left: 1.5em; /* extra space on left */ - padding-right: .5em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: .25em;} - - td.leftindent {vertical-align: top; /* extra space on left */ - text-align: left; - padding-left: 2em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: 0;} - - td.righttoc {vertical-align: top; /* extra space so pg nos do not wrap */ - text-align: right; - width: 5em; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: 0;} - - td.rightspace {vertical-align: middle; /* for table page 520 */ - text-align: right; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: 1.5em; /* a bit extra on the right */ - padding-bottom: 0; - padding-top: .25em;} - -.ss {display: inline-block; width: 10em; text-align: left;} - /* for table page 164.png */ - - table.ix {margin-left: 1em; /* for index */ - margin-right: auto; - border-collapse: collapse; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 2em;} - - td.rightix {vertical-align: top; /* for index */ - text-align: right; - padding: 0 .5em 0 .5em;} - - td.rightiz {vertical-align: top; /* for figure number in index */ - text-align: right; - padding: 0 .5em 0 0;} - - td.leftix {vertical-align: top; /* for index */ - text-align: left; - text-indent: -.5em; - padding: 0 .5em 0 .5em;} - - td.leftixsub {vertical-align: top; /* for index subentries */ - text-align: left; - padding: 0 .5em 0 2em;} - - td.leftix3 {vertical-align: top; /* for index subentries */ - text-align: left; - padding: 0 .5em 0 3em;} - - td.leftix4 {vertical-align: top; /* for index subentries */ - text-align: left; - padding: 0 .5em 0 4em;} - - td.centerix {vertical-align: top; /* for index */ - text-align: center; - padding: 0 .5em 0 .5em;} - -/* the following for boxes extending over more than one cell */ - .t {border-top: solid thin;} - .r {border-right: solid thin;} - .b {border-bottom: solid thin;} - .l {border-left: solid thin;} - -.ls {letter-spacing: .25em;} /* change gesperrt */ - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: 50%; - font-style: normal; - text-align: right; - color: #444;} - -.fnanchor { /* style the [nn] reference in the body text */ - font-size: 65%; - text-decoration: none; - vertical-align: .5em; - font-weight: normal; - white-space: nowrap -} -.multifootnote {background-color: #DDD;} - -.footnote {font-size: 90%; - text-decoration: none; - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; - background-color: #DCDCDC; -} -.fnindent1 {font-size: 90%; /* for footnote 137 */ - text-decoration: none; - margin-left: 7%; - margin-right: 10%; - background-color: #DCDCDC; -} -.fnindent2 {font-size: 90%; /* for footnote 137 */ - text-decoration: none; - margin-left: 9%; - margin-right: 10%; - background-color: #DCDCDC; -} - -.black {font-family: blackletter;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.sc {font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps;} - -span.lock {white-space: nowrap;} - -.small {font-size: 92%; - line-height: 97%;} /* for characteristics and habitat */ -.smaller {font-size: 83%; - line-height: 97%;} /* for intro citations */ -.muchsmaller {font-size: 75%;} /* for all small caps inside span markup */ - -.larger {font-size: 110%;} -.muchlarger {font-size: 150%;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold; - text-align: center; - page-break-before: avoid;} - -.ls {letter-spacing: .25em;} /* change gespert to spans with class="ls" in text*/ - -.index ul { - list-style-type: none; - margin: 1em 0; - padding: 0; -} -.index ul ul { - margin: 0; -} -.index li { - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -/* Images */ - -.figcenter { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - text-align: center; /* this aligns the illo, not text */ -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; /* this centers illo in epubs */ -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; /* centers illo in epubs */ -} - -/* Transcriber notes */ -.tnote {border: dashed .1em; - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} - - </style> - </head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of North American Birds, by -Spencer Fullerton Baird and Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A History of North American Birds - Land Birds - Volume 2 - -Author: Spencer Fullerton Baird - Thomas Mayo Brewer - Robert Ridgway - -Release Date: July 24, 2017 [EBook #55192] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="chapter tnote"> -<h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> - -<p>This text includes characters that require Unicode (UTF-8) file - encoding:</p> - -<p><span class="highlight">œ</span> (oe ligature)<br /> - <span class="highlight">ā ē ū ă ĕ ĭ ŭ ö ü Ä Ö</span> (letters with macron, breve or umlaut)<br /> - <span class="highlight">β γ δ</span> (Greek beta, gamma and delta)<br /> - <span class="highlight"><abbr title="degrees">°</abbr></span> (degrees latitude and longitude)<br /> - <span class="highlight"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></span> (male and female symbols)</p> - -<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in particular, - if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter—or if - apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your - text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode - (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.</p> - -<p>Additional notes are at the end of the book.</p> -</div><!--end transcriber's note--> - -<!--001.png--><!--blank page--> -<h1 class="p4">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</h1> -<hr class="medium" /> -<p class="p2 center muchlarger ls">LAND BIRDS.</p> -<p class="p2 center"><abbr title="Volume Two">VOL. II.</abbr></p> - -<!--002.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--003.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--004.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="p4 chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/color_004.jpg" - width="500" height="365" - alt="Illustration: Red-headed woodpecker" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.<br /> - (Melanerpes erythrocephalus.)<br /> - Adult male.</p> - </div><!--end caption--> -</div><!--end figure--> -</div><!--end section--> - -<!--005.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="chapter"><!--start interior title page--> -<p class="p4 center">A</p> -<p class="p2 center larger ls">HISTORY</p> -<p class="p2 center muchsmaller">OF</p> -<p class="p2 center muchlarger">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</p> -<p class="p2 center muchsmaller">BY</p> -<h2 class="p2 no-break"><span class="sc">S. F. BAIRD, T. M. BREWER, and R. RIDGWAY</span></h2> -<p class="p2 center larger ls">LAND BIRDS</p> -<p class="p2 center"><i class="decoration">ILLUSTRATED BY 64 PLATES AND 593 WOODCUTS</i></p> -<p class="p2 center">VOLUME <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px"> - <img src="images/i_005.jpg" - width="200" height="152" - alt="Illustration: Bird nest with eggs" - /> -</div><!--end logo--> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="ls">BOSTON</span><br /> -<span class="ls">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY</span><br /> -1905</p> -</div><!--end interior title page--> - -<!--006.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="chapter"><!--copyright page--> -<p class="p4 center smaller">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874,<br /> -<span class="ls">BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br /> -in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</p> - -<p class="p4 center smaller"><span class="black">Printers</span><br /> -<span class="sc">S. J. Parkhill & <abbr title="Company">Co.</abbr>, Boston, U. S. A.</span></p> -</div><!--end copyright page--> - -<!--007.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="chapter"><!--start contents--> -<table summary="table of contents"> -<tr><th colspan="2" class="ls">CONTENTS.</th></tr> - -<tr><td class="right smaller" colspan="2"><span class="sc">Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</span>. The Finches. (<i>Continued.</i>)</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</span>. (<i>Continued.</i>)</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerellinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</span>. The Larks</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</span>. The Orioles</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</span>. The Starlings</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</span>. The Crows</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</span>. The Tyrant Flycatchers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedinidæ</span>. The Kingfishers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</span>. The Goatsuckers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</span>. The Swifts</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_423">423</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</span>. The Humming-Birds</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_437">437</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</span>. The Cuckoos</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</span>. The Woodpeckers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_491">491</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_492">492</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>. The Parrots</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_585">585</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_585">585</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left"><br /><span class="sc"><a href="#indextoplates">Index to the Plates</a>.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left"><br /><span class="sc">Plates 27-56.</span></td></tr> -</table> -</div><!--end contents--> - -<!--008.png--><!--blank page--> -<p><!--009.png--><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--continue family Fringillidæ, continue subfamily Spizellinæ, started in Volume 1--> -<p class="p4 center muchlarger">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</p> -<hr class="medium" /> - -<h2 class="p4"><span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">FRINGILLIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Finches.</span> (<i>Continued.</i>)</h2> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPIZELLA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Geographical and Comparative"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Geog. and Comp.</abbr> List, 1838. - (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla socialis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_009.jpg" - width="250" height="190" - alt="Illustration: Spizella monticola" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">871</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill conical, the outlines slightly curved; the lower mandible decidedly -larger than the upper; the commissure -gently sinuated; the roof of the mouth -not knobbed. Feet slender; tarsus -rather longer than the middle toe; the -hinder toe a little longer than the outer -lateral, which slightly exceeds the -inner; the outer claw reaching the base -of the middle one, and half as long -as its toe. Claws moderately curved. -Tertiaries and secondaries nearly equal; -wing somewhat pointed, reaching not -quite to the middle of the tail. First -quill a little shorter than the second and -equal to the fifth; third longest. Tail -rather long, moderately forked, and divaricated at the tip; the feathers rather narrow. -Back streaked; rump and beneath immaculate. Young streaked beneath.</p> - -<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i> principally in the smaller size and -longer and forked, instead of rounded tail.</p> - -<p>Birds of the year of this genus are very difficult to distinguish, even by -size, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</i>. The more immature birds are also very closely -related. In these the entire absence of streaks on a plumbeous head point -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</i>; the same character in a reddish cap, and a reddish upper -mandible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i>; a dusky loral spot with dark streaks and generally a -rufous shade on top of head, to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i>, with a streaked head, -lacks the dusky lore and chestnut shade of feathers. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i> generally -has a median light stripe in the cap, and a dusky mandibular line.</p> - -<p class="comchar"> -<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Interscapular region with black streaks. Rump and -lower parts without streaks (except in young). Wing with two narrow light -bands (indistinct in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--010.png--><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Crown different from the sides of the head, a plain light superciliary -stripe. Young with crown and breast streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Crown rufous and plain in adult; in young, grayish and with streaks.</p> - -<p class="centerindent1"><i>I.</i> <i>Streak behind eye, and tinge on side of breast, rufous. Egg pale blue, -or bluish-white, blotched with pale brown, or sprinkled with reddish.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. monticola.</b> Crown bright rufous, undivided medially; a -dusky spot on lore; wing-bands sharply defined, pure white. A -black spot on breast; jugulum tinged with ashy. Bill black -above, yellow below. Length, 6.25; wing, 3.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of -North America; north of the United States only, in summer.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusilla.</b> Crown dull rufous, indistinctly divided medially; -lores entirely whitish; wing-bands not sharply defined, pale brown. -No black spot on breast; jugulum tinged with buff. Bill entirely -light brownish-red.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.80; bill, from forehead, .37. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -“Similar, but colors clearer, and bill more robust.” <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Peten, Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_1" id="fnanchor_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent1"><i>II.</i> <i>Streak behind the eye blackish. No rufous tinge on side of breast. -Egg deep blue, with black dots and streaks round larger end.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis.</b> Crown bright rufous, not distinctly divided, generally -plain. Forehead black, divided medially with white. Streak -of black on lore and behind eye. Rump pure bluish-ash. Bill -blackish, lower mandible paler.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Auriculars deep ash, in strong contrast with pure white of -the superciliary stripe and throat; breast without ashy tinge. -Dorsal streaks broad. Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Auriculars lighter ash, less strongly contrasted with the -white above and below; breast strongly tinged with ash. -Dorsal streaks narrow. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western -Province of United States, and table-lands of Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Crown light grayish-brown, with distinct black streaks; young -differing in streaked. Egg deep blue, with black streaks and dots -(precisely as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida.</b></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Crown divided medially by a distinct pale stripe; whitish -superciliary stripe, and blackish post-ocular streak sharply -defined. A dusky sub-maxillary streak. Nape ashy in contrast -with the crown and back. Wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Plains of United States, from the Saskatchewan southward<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Crown without a distinct median stripe. Markings on side -of head not sharply defined. No dusky sub-maxillary stripe, -and nape scarcely different from crown and back. Wing, 2.50; -tail, 2.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and western Provinces -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crown not different from the sides of head; no light superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--011.png--><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span> -5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. atrigularis.</b> Head and neck all round, and rump, uniform -dark ash, gradually fading into white on the abdomen; wing-bands -indistinct; bill light brownish-red. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr> Lores, chin, and -upper part of throat black. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> without black about the head. -(Eggs unknown.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Adjacent portions of Mexico and southern -Middle Province of United States (Fort Whipple, Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>; -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TREE SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla monticola</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> -Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 912. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia monticola</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites monticolus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> -1851, 134. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds of North America">Birds -N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 472.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1861, 224 (Labrador).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 203 (Washington <abbr title="Territory">Ter.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, -1869, 285.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -206.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 317. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer canadensis</i>, <span -class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology Three">Orn. III</abbr>, 1760, 102. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla canadensis</i>, -<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> Index, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1790, 434.—<abbr -title="Audubon Ornithological Biography two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 511; <abbr -title="Five">V</abbr>, 504, <abbr title="plate 188">pl. clxxxviii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"> -<span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, -1858, 280. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> -F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 252.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 83, <abbr -title="plate 166">pl. clxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, -480. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla arborea</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. -II</abbr>, 1810, 12, <abbr title="plate 12, figure">pl. xii, f.</abbr> 3. <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Moineau du -Canada</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr title="Planches Enluminéz">Pl. Enl.</abbr> 223, <abbr -title="figure">f.</abbr> 2. “<i>Mountain Finch</i>,” <abbr title="Latham, Synopsis Two, one"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span> Syn. II, <span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 265.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_011.jpg" - width="250" height="247" - alt="Illustration: Spizella monticola" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Middle of back with the feathers dark brown centrally, then rufous, and -edged with pale fulvous (sometimes with whitish). -Hood and upper part of nape continuous -chestnut; a line of the same from behind the -eye, as well as a short maxillary stripe. Sides -of head and neck ashy. A broad light superciliary -band. Beneath whitish, tinged with fulvous; -the throat with ashy; a small circular -blotch of brownish in the middle of the upper -part of the breast; the sides chestnut. Edges of -tail-feathers, primary quills, and two bands across -the tips of the secondaries, white. Tertiaries -nearly black; edged externally with rufous, turning -to white near the tips. Lower jaw yellow; -upper black. Young bird streaked on throat -and breast, as well as on crown. Length, 6.25 -inches; wing, 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the Missouri, north to Arctic Ocean; also on Pole -Creek and Little Colorado River, New Mexico; Western Nevada.</p> - -<p>This species varies in the amount of whitish edging to the quills and -tail.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Essentially a northern bird, the Tree Sparrow breeds in high -Arctic regions, only appearing in winter within the United States. It is then -common as far south as Pennsylvania. A few winter in South Carolina.</p> - -<p>It arrives on the Saskatchewan in the latter part of April, where it only -<!--012.png--><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span> -makes a short halt, proceeding farther north to breed. Bischoff obtained a -specimen at Sitka. Mr. Kennicott found its nest and eggs on the Yukon, -and Mr. Dall obtained it at Nulato, and more sparingly below that point. -Mr. MacFarlane met with it breeding in large numbers at Fort Anderson. -The nests were in various situations, the larger proportion on the ground, a -few in bushes near the ground, and only one is mentioned as having been -several feet above it. One was in the cleft of a low willow on the edge of -a small lake; another, in a bush, was nearly four feet from the ground; and -a third was in a clump of willows and fourteen inches above the ground. -Nearly all the other nests mentioned were built directly upon the ground.</p> - -<p>The nests were constructed of dry bark and grasses, loosely put together, -and very warmly lined with feathers. On the ground they were usually -concealed in a tuft of grass. In all instances the female alone was found -on the nests, the male being very rarely seen in their vicinity. The usual -number of eggs in a nest was four or five, occasionally six, and even seven.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley obtained a single specimen at Fort Dalles, and Dr. Cooper -saw a flock in September, 1863, and again in 1864 at the mouth of the -Columbia. Lieutenant Bryan met with them among the Rocky Mountains -in latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, in August. Mr. Ridgway found them very common during -the winter in the interior.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this Sparrow common in all the wooded districts of Labrador. -It was very tame and unsuspicious, showing no fear even when closely -approached. I have never met with any, in summer, in any part of New -Brunswick or Nova Scotia.</p> - -<p>This Sparrow is occasionally abundant in Massachusetts early in October, -but rarely appears in full numbers until November. Some remain in the -gardens in and about Boston during the winter, and during November the -marshes of Fresh Pond are filled with them, when their wailing autumnal -chant is in marked contrast with the sweet and sprightly song with which -they enliven the spring, just before they are about to depart for their summer -homes. They remain until the latter part of April, and Mr. Allen has -observed them at Springfield till about the first of May.</p> - -<p>In regard to their song, Mr. William Brewster informs me that they usually -commence singing about the 25th of March. Their song is a loud, clear, -and powerful chant, starting with two high notes, then falling rapidly, and -ending with a low, sweet warble. He has heard a few singing with their -full vigor in November and December, but this is rare.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found them not common in South Carolina, but Dr. Kennerly -states that they were quite abundant in December on the Little Colorado, in -New Mexico, feeding on the fruit of the wild grape and upon seeds.</p> - -<p>During the love-season the Tree Sparrow is quite a fine musician, its -song resembling that of the Canary, but finer, sweeter, and not so loud. In -their migrations, Mr. Audubon states, a flock of twenty or more will perch -upon the same tree, and join in a delightful chorus. Their flight is elevated -<!--013.png--><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span> -and graceful, and in waving undulations. On opening the stomachs of -those he shot at the Magdeleine Islands, Mr. Audubon found them containing -minute shell-fish, coleopterous insects, hard seeds, berries, and grains of -sand.</p> - -<p>Nests obtained near Fort Anderson confirm the descriptions given by Mr. -Hutchins, as observed in the settlement at Hudson’s Bay. The eggs, which -are much larger than those of the other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</i>, measure .85 by -.65 of an inch. Their ground-color is a light green, over which the eggs are -very generally freckled with minute markings of a foxy brown. These -markings are distributed with great regularity, but so sparsely as to leave -the ground distinctly visible.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FIELD SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 121, <abbr title="plate 16 foloi">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss der Doubletten" lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verzeich. -Doubl.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 252.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 299, <abbr title="plate 139">pl. cxxxix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 480.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 473.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 104.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, -77, <abbr title="plate 164">pl. clxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites pusillus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla juncorum</i>, -<abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 499 (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 577 (supposed by him to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla juncorum</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 952; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia juncorum</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Two">Ind. II</abbr>, 511; <cite>Little Brown Sparrow</cite>, -<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One">Car. I</abbr>, 35).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill red. Crown continuous rufous-red, with a faint indication of an ashy -central stripe, and ashy nuchal collar. Back somewhat similar, with shaft-streaks of -blackish. Sides of head and neck (including a superciliary stripe) ashy. Ear-coverts -rufous. Beneath white, tinged with yellowish anteriorly. Tail-feathers and quills faintly -edged with white. Two whitish bands across the wing-coverts. Autumnal specimens -more rufous. Length about 5.75; wing, 2.34.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the Missouri River; San Antonio, Texas in winter -(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 489).</p> - -<p>This species is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>, but is more rufous above; -lacks the black forehead and eye stripe; has chestnut ears, instead of ash; -has the bill red, instead of black; lacks the clear ash of the rump; has a -longer tail, etc. It is more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</i>, but is much smaller; lacks the -spot on the breast, and the predominance of white on the wings, etc. The -young have the breast and sides streaked, and the crown slightly so.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Field Sparrow occupies a well-defined and somewhat -compact area, being resident within the United States, and in its migrations -not removing far from its summer abode. In the summer it breeds -from Virginia to Maine, as far as the central and western portions. It is -not found near Calais, but occurs and breeds near Norway, Oxford County. -In the interior it is found still farther north, in Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin, -to the Red River settlements, where it was found breeding by Donald -Gunn. At Hamilton, Ontario, Mr. McIlwraith states it to be a rather rare -<!--014.png--><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span> -summer resident. It breeds in Southern Wisconsin and in Iowa, but is not -abundant. It does not appear to have been found west of the Missouri -Valley.</p> - -<p>This Sparrow arrives in Massachusetts early in April, and is found almost -exclusively in open pastures, old fields, and in clearings remote from villages. -It is a shy, retiring bird, and seems to avoid the near presence of man. Wilson -states that it has no song, nothing but a kind of chirruping, not much -superior to the chirping of a cricket. But this is quite a mistake, as it is -in reality a very varied and fine singer. Its notes are not very powerful, -and cannot be heard any distance, but they are very pleasing, although -little known or appreciated. It continues in full song until into July, when -the second brood is about hatching, when its notes relax, but do not cease -until just before its departure in September or early October.</p> - -<p>Mr. D. D. Hughes, of Grand Rapids, <abbr title="Michigan">Mich.</abbr>, in an interesting paper on the -habits of this species, speaks of its beautiful tinkling song as one of its most -marked features. To his ear it resembles the ringing of a tiny bell more -nearly than anything else. In the early morning and at evening the fields -ring with their plaintive and tender peals. It sings at all hours of the day, -during the nesting-season, even in the noonday heat of summer, when most -other birds are silent.</p> - -<p>In Virginia these birds may be found throughout the year, though probably -not the same birds in the same localities, some retiring farther south and -others coming to take their places from the north. In winter they are found, -in the greatest abundance in South Carolina and Georgia, occurring in large -loose flocks, found chiefly along the roadsides and in old fields and pastures -in the rural districts.</p> - -<p>The Field Sparrow nests both on the ground and in low bushes, or among -tangled clusters of vines. I have found their nests in all these situations, -and have no doubt the nature of the surface may have something to do with -the position. In high dry pastures, in sheltered situations, I have always -found their nests on the ground. In the wet meadows and fields subject to -a rise of water, as about the Potomac, near Washington, where these birds -are very abundant, they almost invariably nest in bushes at a height of two -or three feet.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon says that during the winter these birds are quite common -throughout Louisiana, and the country about the Mississippi, as far as Kentucky. -They begin to depart from the South early in March, and move slowly -northward as the season advances. He states that they begin to nest in -May, and raise three broods in a season. This is not the case in New England, -where they do not often have more than a single brood.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_27.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="27">XXVII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-1" id="pl_27-1"></a><img src="images/pl_27-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis,</span> - <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>, - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 10150.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-2" id="pl_27-2"></a><img src="images/pl_27-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1378.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-3" id="pl_27-3"></a><img src="images/pl_27-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</span>. - <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-4" id="pl_27-4"></a><img src="images/pl_27-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella breweri</span>. - <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>, - Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 2890.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-5" id="pl_27-5"></a><img src="images/pl_27-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola</span>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-6" id="pl_27-6"></a><img src="images/pl_27-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia,</span>. - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2637.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-7" id="pl_27-7"></a><img src="images/pl_27-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza samuelis</span>. - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 7098.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-8" id="pl_27-8"></a><img src="images/pl_27-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza insignis</span>. - Kodiak, 52477.</p> -</div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-9" id="pl_27-9"></a><img src="images/pl_27-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza heermanni</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Sierra Nevada, 53529.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-10" id="pl_27-10"></a><img src="images/pl_27-10.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Nevada, 53537.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-11" id="pl_27-11"></a><img src="images/pl_27-11.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 11" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza rufina</span>. Sitka, 46007.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-12" id="pl_27-12"></a><img src="images/pl_27-12.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 12" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza guttata</span>. - Washington <abbr title="Territory">Ter.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_27-13" id="pl_27-13"></a><img src="images/pl_27-13.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 13" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</span>. - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 937.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Their nests are constructed in a manner very similar to those of the Chipping -Sparrow, loosely made of a few stems of vegetables, grasses, and sedges, -and lined with hair or fine rootlets. Those placed on the ground are larger -and more bulky, and those wrought into the twigs of a bush are made with -<!--015.png--><!--Plate 27--> -<!--016.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--017.png--><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span> -more care and neatness of interweaving. The eggs are usually five in number, -of an oblong-oval shape. The ground is a whitish clay-color, marked -more or less fully with blotches of a ferruginous-brown. In some these -markings are few, and arranged only about the larger end. In others they -are generally diffused, and impart a deep ferruginous color to the whole egg, -and disguise or conceal the ground. They vary also in size,—in length -from .70 to .63 of an inch, and in breadth from .52 to .50. Their usual size -is .70 by .52.</p> - -<p>Two nests of this bird taken in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O. Welch, are -characteristic of their usual style in architecture. One of these has a diameter -of four and a height of two and a half inches. Its base, as well as the -great mass of its periphery, is made of a very loose intertwining of minute -stems of vegetables and dry grasses. The ends of these project from the -exterior of the nest at the upper rim, and present a very peculiar appearance, -as of an enclosure of palisades. The interior is lined with horsehair. The -other is made of similar materials, of a less rigid character and closer texture. -Its rim presents the same peculiarities of projecting ends, arranged -like a fence above the nest itself. Its dimensions also are about the same. It -is, however, much more compactly constructed, with thicker walls and a less -open network of dry grasses, and stiff wiry stems of dried plants intermixed -with a few pine leaves. The whole is very carefully and warmly lined -with horsehair and the softer fur of small quadrupeds. These nests contained, -one three, and the other four eggs.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</b>, - <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHIPPING SPARROW; CHIPPY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla socialis</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 127, <abbr title="plate 16 figure">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> -5.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 21; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 517, <abbr title="plate 104">pl. civ.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, -480.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 473.—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, 203.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 320. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza socialis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 80, <abbr title="plate 165">pl. clxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites -socialis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Rump, back of neck, and sides of neck and head, ashy. Interscapular -region with black streaks, margined with pale rufous. Crown continuous and uniform -chestnut. Forehead black, separated in the middle by white. A white streak over the -eye to nape, and a black one from the base of the bill through and behind the eye. Lores -dusky. Under parts unspotted whitish, tinged with ashy on the sides and across the -upper breast. Tail-feathers and primaries edged with paler, not white. Two narrow -white bands across the wing-coverts. Bill black. Length, 5.75; wing, nearly 3.00; tail, -2.50 (or less).</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Immature birds and frequently the adult females with the cap streaked with -blackish lines, the chestnut nearly or sometimes quite wanting. Birds of the year streaked -beneath and on rump.</p> - -<p class="small">The color of bill varies; sometimes entirely black throughout, sometimes very light (but -never reddish as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusilla</i>), with all intermediate stages. There is usually, however, a -<!--018.png--><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span> -dusky tinge in the upper bill, wanting in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i>, and the lores are almost always more or -less dusky in all stages of plumage.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America; north to Great Slave Lake, and south to -Orizaba, Eastern Mexico, where it is resident. Oaxaca (perhaps <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>), <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr> -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -858, 304); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); -Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 305); Cuba -(<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> 1860, <abbr title="Seven">VII.</abbr>, -1269).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Chipping Sparrow, so familiar to all in the eastern -portion of the United States, is not only one of the most abundant, but one -of the most widely distributed of our North American birds. It is found -from the Atlantic to the Pacific in its two races, and breeds from Georgia -to the Arctic Circle. At different seasons of the year it is found in all portions -of North America to Mexico. Along the Atlantic coast it nests at -least as far north as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; in the extreme -northern portion of the latter Province I found it one of the most abundant -birds.</p> - -<p>The late Mr. Robert Kennicott met with them in considerable numbers at -Fort Resolution, on Great Slave Lake, and there he obtained quite a number -of their nests, all of which were in trees or bushes, from two to three feet -above the ground. These were all met with between the 1st and the 26th -of June. Mr. B. R Ross also met with these birds in considerable numbers -at Fort Simpson and at Fort Rae.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific coast the Chipping Sparrow is stated by Dr. Cooper to be -quite as abundant in the northern parts of California, and in Oregon and -Washington Territory, as on the Atlantic coast. He found them wintering -in the Colorado Valley in large numbers, but met with none about San Diego. -They spend their summers in the northern part of California, building their -nests, as with us, in the shrubbery of the gardens, and coming familiarly -about the doorsteps to pick up crumbs. In autumn they collect in large -flocks, and frequent the open fields and pastures. Dr. Cooper found them in -flocks on Catalina Island in June, but could discover no nests. They were -all old birds, and the conclusion was that they had delayed their more northern -migrations.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this species extremely abundant in the open districts -on the Columbia River, as well as upon the gravelly prairies of the Puget -Sound district. It is not named as having been met with by Mr. Dall or -any of the Russian Telegraph party in Alaska.</p> - -<p>It was found in abundance during the summer by Mr. Ridgway in all the -wooded portions of the country of the Great Basin. He did not meet with -any among the cottonwoods of the river-valleys, its favorite haunts appearing -to be the cedars and the nut-pines of the mountains. In July and -August, in such localities, on the East Humboldt Mountains, it was not only -the most numerous species, but also very abundant, nesting in the trees. -About the middle of August they congregated in large numbers, preparing for -their departure.</p> - -<p><!--019.png--><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span> -At Sacramento it was also very abundant among the groves of small oaks. -He could not observe the slightest difference in habits or notes between the -eastern and the western specimens of this form. He found them breeding -at Salt Lake City, June 19, the nest being in a scrub-oak, six feet from the -ground.</p> - -<p>In Arizona, Dr. Coues found the Chippy a very abundant summer resident, -arriving the third week of March and remaining until the latter part of -November. A few may spend the winter there. As described, it seems -more gregarious than it is with us, arriving in the spring, and remaining for -a month or more in large flocks of fifty or upwards. In New England they -always come in pairs, and only assemble in flocks just on the eve of their -departure. Mr. Dresser met with these Sparrows, and obtained specimens -of them, near San Antonio, on the 10th of April. Dr. Heermann, in his -Report upon the birds observed in Lieutenant Williamson’s route between -the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d</abbr> and 35th parallels, speaks of finding this species abundant.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gerhardt found this Sparrow not uncommon in the northern portions -of Georgia, where it is resident throughout the year, and where a few remain -in the summer to breed. Dr. Coues also states that a limited number summer -in the vicinity of Columbia, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, but that their number is insignificant -compared with those wintering there between October and April. They -collect in large flocks on their arrival, and remain in companies of hundreds -or more.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast states that it is a resident bird in the temperate region of -Vera Cruz, Mexico, where it remains throughout the year, and breeds as -freely and commonly as it does within the United States.</p> - -<p>Although found throughout the country in greater or less numbers, they -are noticeably not common in the more recent settlements of the West, as on -the unsettled prairies of Illinois and Iowa. Mr. Allen found them quite -rare in both States, excepting only about the older settlements. As early -as the first week in April, 1868, I noticed these birds very common and -familiar in the streets of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, especially so in the business part of that -city, along the wharves and near the grain-stores, seeking their food on the -ground with a confidence and fearlessness quite unusual to it in such situations.</p> - -<p>The tameness and sociability of this bird surpass that of any of the birds -I have ever met with in New England, and are only equalled by similar -traits manifested by the Snowbird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. hyemalis</i>) in Pictou. Those that live -about our dwellings in rural situations, and have been treated kindly, visit -our doorsteps, and even enter the houses, with the greatest familiarity and -trust. They will learn to distinguish their friends, alight at their feet, call -for their accustomed food, and pick it up when thrown to them, without the -slightest signs of fear. One pair which, summer after summer, had built -their nest in a fir-tree near my door, became so accustomed to be fed that -they would clamor for their food if they were any morning forgotten. One -<!--020.png--><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span> -of these birds, the female, from coming down to the ground to be fed with -crumbs, soon learned to take them on the flat branch of the fir near her nest, -and at last to feed from my hand, and afterwards from that of other members -of the family. Her mate, all the while, was comparatively shy and distrustful, -and could not be induced to receive his food from us or to eat in our -presence.</p> - -<p>This Sparrow is also quite social, keeping on good terms and delighting -to associate with other species. Since the introduction of the European -House Sparrow into Boston, I have repeatedly noticed it associating with -them in the most friendly relations, feeding with them, flying up with them -when disturbed, and imitating all their movements.</p> - -<p>The Chipping Sparrow has very slight claims to be regarded as one of our -song-birds. Its note of complaint or uneasiness is a simple <i class="birdcall">chip</i>, and its -song, at its best, is but a monotonous repetition of a single note, sounding -like the rapid striking together of two small pebbles. In the bright days of -June this unpretending ditty is kept up incessantly, hours at a time, with -only rare intermissions.</p> - -<p>The nest of this bird is always in trees or bushes. I have in no instance -known of its being built on the ground. Even at the Arctic regions, where -so many of our tree-builders vary from this custom to nest on the ground, -no exceptional cases are reported in regard to it, all its nests being upon -trees or in bushes. These are somewhat rudely built, often so loosely that -they may readily be seen through. Externally they are made of coarse -stems of grasses and vegetable branches, and lined with the hair of the -larger animals.</p> - -<p>These birds are devoted parents, and express great solicitude whenever -their nests are approached or meddled with. They feed their young almost -exclusively with the larvæ of insects, especially with young caterpillars. -When in neighborhoods infested with the destructive canker-worm, they will -feed their young with this pest in incredible numbers, and seek them from a -considerable distance. Living in a district exempt from this scourge, yet but -shortly removed from them, in the summer of 1869, I noticed one of these -Sparrows with its mouth filled with something which inconvenienced it to -carry. It alighted on the gravel walk to adjust its load, and passed on to its -nest, leaving two canker-worms behind it, which, if not thus detected, would -have introduced this nuisance into an orchard that had previously escaped, -showing that though friends to those afflicted they are dangerous to their -neighbors. This Sparrow is also the frequent nurse of the Cow Blackbird, -rearing its young to the destruction of its own, and tending them with -exemplary fidelity.</p> - -<p>Their eggs, five in number, are of an oblong-oval shape, and vary greatly -in size. They are of a bluish-green color, and are sparingly spotted about -the larger end with markings of umber, purple, and dark blackish-brown, -intermingled with lighter shadings of faint purple. The largest specimen -<!--021.png--><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span> -I have ever noticed of this egg, found in the Capitol Grounds, Washington, -measures .80 by .58 of an inch; and the smallest, from Varrell’s Station, <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, -measures .60 by .50. Their average measurement is about .70 by .54. They -are all much pointed at the smaller end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 207.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>, but tail and wing longer, the bill narrower, and colors -paler and grayer. Rufous of the crown lighter and less purplish, generally (always in -specimens from southern Rocky Mountains) with fine black streaks on the posterior part. -Ash of the cheeks paler, throwing the white of the superciliary stripe and throat into less -contrast. Black streaks of the back narrower, and without the rufous along their edges, -merely streaking a plain light brownish-gray ground-color. A strong ashy shade over -the breast, not seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>; wing-bands more purely white. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.80; -bill, .36 from forehead, by .18 deep. (40,813 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, April 24, -Fort Whipple, <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, <span class="sc">Dr. Coues</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; south in winter -into Middle and Western Mexico.</p> - -<p>All the specimens of a large series from Fort Whipple, Arizona, as well -as most others from west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, agree -in the characters given above, as distinguished from eastern specimens of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>. The variations with age and season are simple parallels of those in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The references in the preceding article to the Chipping Sparrow -as occurring in the Middle and Western Provinces of the United States, are -to be understood as applying to the present race.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pallida</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 251 (not of <span class="sc">Audubon</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 474. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites pallidus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza shattucki</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Birds of America Seven">Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 347, <abbr title="plate 493">pl. -ccccxciii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella shattucki</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 480.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>. Back and sides of hind neck ashy. Prevailing -color above pale brownish-yellow, with a tinge of grayish. The feathers of back and -crown streaked conspicuously with blackish. Crown with a median pale ashy and a -lateral or superciliary ashy-white stripe. Beneath whitish, tinged with brown on the -breast and sides, and an indistinct narrow brown streak on the edge of the chin, cutting -off a light stripe above it. Ear-coverts brownish-yellow, margined above and below by -dark brown, making three dark stripes on the face. Bill reddish, dusky towards tip. -Legs yellow. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.55.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--022.png--><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 12]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Upper Missouri River and high central plains to the Saskatchewan country. -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Oaxaca, March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1859, 379); Fort Mohave (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences California">P. A. N. S. Cal.</abbr> -1861, 122); San Antonio, Texas, spring (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 489; common).</p> - -<p>The ashy collar is quite conspicuous, and streaked above with brown. -The rump is immaculate. The streaks on the feathers of the crown almost -form continuous lines, about six in number. The brown line above the ear-coverts -is a post-ocular one. That on the side of the chin forms the lower -border of a white maxillary stripe which widens and curves around behind -the ear-coverts, fading into the ashy of the neck. The wing-feathers are all -margined with paler, and there is an indication of two light bands across the -ends of the coverts.</p> - -<p>The young of this species is thickly streaked beneath over the throat, -breast, and belly, with brown, giving to it an entirely different appearance -from the adult. The streaks in the upper parts, too, are darker and more -conspicuous. The margins of the feathers are rather more rusty.</p> - -<p>This species is readily distinguishable from the other American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellas</i>, -except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i> (which see), in the dark streaks and median ashy stripe on -the crown, the paler tints, the dark line on the side of the chin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Clay-colored Bunting was first discovered by Richardson, -and described by Swainson, in the Fauna <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Boreali-Americana">Bor.-Amer.</abbr> The only statement -made in regard to it is that it visited the Saskatchewan in considerable numbers, -frequented the farm-yard at Carlton House, and was in all respects as -familiar and confiding as the common House Sparrow of Europe.</p> - -<p>The bird given by Mr. Audubon as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</i> has been made by Mr. -Cassin a different species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i>, and the species the former gives in his -seventh volume of the Birds of America as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza shattucki</i> is really this -species. It was found by Mr. Audubon’s party to the Yellowstone quite -abundant throughout the country bordering upon the Upper Missouri. It -seemed to be particularly partial to the small valleys found, here and there, -along the numerous ravines running from the interior and between the hills. -Its usual demeanor is said to greatly resemble that of the common Chipping -Sparrow, and, like that bird, it has a very monotonous ditty, which it seems to -delight to repeat constantly, while its mate is more usefully employed in the -duties of incubation. When it was approached, it would dive and conceal -itself amid the low bushes around, or would seek one of the large clusters of -wild roses so abundant in that section. The nest of this species is mentioned -as having been usually placed on a small horizontal branch seven or -eight feet from the ground, and occasionally in the broken and hollow -branches of trees. These nests are also stated to have been formed of -slender grasses, but in so slight a manner as, with their circular lining of -horse or cattle hair, to resemble as much as possible the nest of the common -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>. The eggs were five in number, and are described as being blue -with reddish-brown spots. These birds were also met with at the Great -Slave Lake region by Mr. Kennicott, in the same neighborhood by B. R. -<!--023.png--><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 13]</span> -Ross and J. Lockhart, and in the Red River settlements by Mr. C. A. Hubbard -and Mr. Donald Gunn.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston noted the arrival of this bird at Fort Carlton on the -21st of May. He speaks of its note as very peculiar, resembling, though -sharper than, the buzzing made by a fly in a paper box, or a faint imitation -of the sound of a watchman’s rattle. This song it utters perched on some -young tree or bush, sometimes only once, at others three or four times in -quick succession.</p> - -<p>Their nests appear to have been in all instances placed in trees or in -shrubs, generally in small spruces, two or three feet from the ground. In -one instance it was in a clump of small bushes not more than six inches -from the ground, and only a few rods from the buildings of Fort Resolution.</p> - -<p>Both this species and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i> were found by Lieutenant Couch at -Tamaulipas in March, 1855. It does not appear to have been met with by -any other of the exploring expeditions, but in 1864, for the first time, as Dr. -Heermann states, to his knowledge, these birds were found quite plentiful -near San Antonio, Texas, by Mr. Dresser. This was in April, in the fields -near that town. They were associating with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</i> and -other Sparrows. They remained about San Antonio until the middle of -May, after which none were observed.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of a light blue, with a slight tinge of greenish, -and are marked around the larger end with spots and blotches of a purplish-brown, -rather finer, perhaps, than in the egg of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>, though very similar -to it. They average .70 of an inch in length, and vary in breadth from -.50 to .52 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BREWER’S SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pallida</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, -1839, 66, <abbr title="plate 398 figure">pl. cccxcviii, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Synopsis, 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Birds of America Three">Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 71, <abbr title="plate 161">pl. clxi</abbr> -(not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, 1831). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella breweri</i>, -<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Seven, February">Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, -Feb.</abbr> 1856, 40.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 475.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 209.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i>; the markings including the nuchal collar more -obsolete; no distinct median and superciliary light stripes. The crown streaked with -black. Some of the feathers on the sides with brown shafts. Length, 5 inches; wing, -2.50. Young streaked beneath, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</i>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains of United States to the Pacific coast.</p> - -<p>This race is very similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i>, and requires close and critical -comparison to separate it. The streaks on the back are narrower, and the -central ashy and lateral whitish stripes of the crown are scarcely, if at all, -appreciable. The clear unstreaked ash of the back of the neck, too, is -mostly wanting. The feathers along the sides of the body, near the tibia, -<!--024.png--><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span> -and occasionally elsewhere on the sides, have brownish shafts, not found in -the other. The differences are perhaps those of race, rather than of species, -though they are very appreciable.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species bears a very close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i> in -its external appearance, but there are certain constant differences which, with -the peculiarities of their distinctive distributions and habits, seem to establish -their specific separation. The present bird is found from the Pacific -coast to the Rocky Mountains, and from the northern portion of California -to the Rio Grande and Mexico. Dr. Kennerly found it in February, 1854, -throughout New Mexico, from the Rio Grande to the Great Colorado, along -the different streams, where it was feeding upon the seeds of several kinds -of weeds.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, while accompanying the surveying party of Lieutenant -Williamson, between the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> and 35th parallels, found these Sparrows -throughout his entire route, both in California and in Texas. On the passage -from the Pimos villages to Tucson he observed large flocks gleaning -their food among the bushes as they were moving southward. In the Tejon -valley, during the fall season, he was constantly meeting them associated -with large flocks of other species of Sparrows, congregated around the cultivated -fields of the Indians, where they find a bountiful supply of seeds. -For this purpose they pass the greater part of the time upon the ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse also met with this Sparrow throughout New Mexico, -wherever food and water were to be found in sufficient quantity to sustain -life.</p> - -<p>In Arizona, near Fort Whipple, Dr. Coues states that this bird is a rare -summer resident. He characterizes it as a shy, retiring species, keeping -mostly in thick brush near the ground.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway states that he found this interesting little Sparrow, while -abundant in all fertile portions, almost exclusively an inhabitant of open -situations, such as fields or bushy plains, among the artemesia especially, -where it is most numerous. It frequents alike the valleys and the mountains. -At Sacramento it was the most abundant Sparrow, frequenting the -old fields. In this respect it very much resembles the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella -pusilla</i>, from which, however, it is in many respects very different.</p> - -<p>The song of Brewer’s Sparrow, he adds, for sprightliness and vivacity is -not excelled by any other of the North American Fringillidæ, being inferior -only to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i> in power and richness, and even -excelling it in variety and compass. Its song, while possessing all the plaintiveness -of tone so characteristic of the eastern Field Sparrow, unites to this -quality a vivacity and variety fully equalling that of the finest Canary. -This species is not resident, but arrives about the 9th of April. He found -its nest and eggs in the Truckee Reservation, early in June. The nests -were in sage-bushes about three feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found small flocks of this species at Fort Mohave, after March -<!--025.png--><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span> -20, frequenting grassy spots among the low bushes, and a month later they -were singing, he adds, much like a Canary, but more faintly. They are presumed -to remain in the valley all summer.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four in number, are of a light bluish-green color, oblong in -shape, more rounded at the smaller end than the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>, and the -ground is more of a green than in those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i>. They are marked and -blotched in scattered markings of a golden-brown color. These blotches are -larger and more conspicuous than in the eggs of the other species. They -measure .70 by .51 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites atrigularis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="of North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 476, <abbr title="plate 55, figure">pl. lv, f.</abbr> -1.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. Bound. <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, -Birds, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 16, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 210. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus atrimentalis</i>, -<span class="sc">Couch</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII</abbr>, -April, 1854, 67.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail elongated, deeply forked and divaricated. General color bluish-ash, -paler beneath, and turning to white on the middle of the belly. Interscapular region -yellowish-rusty, streaked with black. Forehead, loral region, and side of head as far as -eyes, chin, and upper part of throat black. Quills and tail-feathers very dark brown, edged -with ashy. Edges of coverts like the back. No white bands on the wings. Bill red, -feet dusky. Immature birds, and perhaps adult female, without any black on head. -Length, 5.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico, just south of the Rio Grande; -Fort Whipple, <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Coues</span>); Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas.</p> - -<p>This species is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusilla</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>, resembling the -former most in its still longer tail. This is more deeply forked and divaricated, -with broader feathers than in either. The wing is much rounded; the -fourth quill longest; the first almost the shortest of the primaries.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is a Mexican bird, found only within the limits of -the United States along the borders. But little is known as to its history. -It is supposed to be neither very abundant nor to have an extended area of -distribution. It was met with by Dr. Coues in the neighborhood of Fort -Whipple, Arizona, where it arrives in April and leaves again in October, -collecting, before its departure, in small flocks. In the spring he states that -it has a very sweet and melodious song, far surpassing in power and melody -the notes of any other of this genus that he has ever heard.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues furnishes me with the following additional information in regard -to this species: “This is not a common bird at Fort Whipple, and was only -observed from April to October. It unquestionably breeds in that vicinity, -as I shot very young birds, in August, wanting the distinctive head-markings -of the adult. A pair noticed in early April were seemingly about breeding, -as the male was in full song, and showed, on dissection, highly developed -<!--026.png--><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span> -sexual organs. The song is very agreeable, not in the least recalling the -monotonous ditty of the Chip Bird, or the rather weak performances of some -other species of the genus. In the latter part of summer and early autumn -the birds were generally seen in small troops, perhaps families, in weedy -places, associating with the western variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, as well as with -Goldfinches.”</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch met with individuals of this species at Agua Nueva, in -Coahuila, Mexico, in May, 1853. They were found in small flocks among -the mountains. Their nest and eggs are unknown.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MELOSPIZA</b>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1868, -478. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla melodia</i>, -<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils</span>.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_026a.jpg" - width="250" height="206" - alt="Illustration: Melospiza melodia" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2637</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Body stout. Bill conical, very obsoletely notched, or smooth; somewhat -compressed. Lower mandible not so deep -as the upper. Commissure nearly straight. -Gonys a little curved. Feet stout, not -stretching beyond the tail; tarsus a little -longer than the middle toe; outer toe a -little longer than the inner; its claw not -quite reaching to the base of the middle -one. Hind toe appreciably longer than the -middle one. Wings quite short and rounded, -scarcely reaching beyond the base of -the tail; the tertials considerably longer -than the secondaries; the quills considerably -graduated; the fourth longest; the first -not longer than the tertials, and almost the -shortest of the primaries. Tail moderately long, rather longer from coccyx than the -wings, and considerably graduated; the feathers -oval at the tips, and not stiffened. Crown and -back similar in color, and streaked; beneath thickly -streaked, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. palustris</i>. Tail immaculate. -Usually nest on ground; nests strongly woven of -grasses and fibrous stems; eggs marked with rusty-brown -and purple on a ground of a clay color.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_026b.jpg" - width="250" height="324" - alt="Illustration: Melospiza melodia" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i> in the -shorter, more graduated tail, rather longer -hind toe, much more rounded wing, which is -shorter; the tertiaries longer; the first quill -almost the shortest, and not longer than the -tertials. The under parts are spotted; the -crown streaked, and like the back.</p> - -<p>There are few species of American birds -that have caused more perplexity to the -ornithologist than the group of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i> is the type. Spread -<!--027.png--><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span> -over the whole of North America, and familiar to every one, we find each -region to possess a special form (to which a specific name has been given), -and yet these passing into each other by such insensible gradations as to -render it quite impossible to define them as species. Between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i> -of the Atlantic States and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. insignis</i> of Kodiak the difference seems -wide; but the connecting links in the intermediate regions bridge this over -so completely that, with a series of hundreds of specimens before us, we -abandon the attempt at specific separation, and unite into one no less than -eight species previously recognized.</p> - -<p>Taking, then, the common Song Sparrow of the Eastern Atlantic States -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>) as the starting-point, and proceeding westward, we find quite a -decided difference (in a variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>) when we reach the Middle Province, -or that of the Rocky Mountains. The general tints are paler, grayer, and -less rusty; the superciliary stripe anteriorly more ashy; the bill, and especially -the legs, more dusky, the latter not at all to be called yellow. The bill -is perhaps smaller and, though sometimes equal to the average of eastern -specimens, more slender in proportion. In some specimens (typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>) the -streaks are uniform rufous without darker centres,—a feature I have not -noticed in eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. Another stage (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>) is seen when we reach -the Pacific coast of California, in a darker brown color (but not rufous). -Here the bill is rather larger than in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>, and the legs colored more -like typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. In fact, the bird is like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, but darker. The -stripes on the back continue well defined and distinct. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. samuelis</i> -(=<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gouldi</i>) may stand as a smaller race of this variety.</p> - -<p>Proceeding northward along the Pacific coast, another form (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i>), -peculiar to the coast of California, is met with towards and beyond the -mouth of the Columbia (coming into Southern California in winter). This -is darker in color, more rufous; the stripes quite indistinct above, in fact, -more or less obsolete, and none, either above or below, with darker or blackish -centres. The sides, crissum, and tibia are washed with ochraceous-brown, -the latter perhaps darkest. The bill is proportionally longer and -more slender. This race becomes still darker northward, until at Sitka -(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i>) -it shows no rufous tints, but a dusky olive-brown instead, including -the streaks of the under parts. The markings of the head and -back are appreciable, though not distinct. The size has become considerably -larger than in eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, the average length of wing being 3.00, -instead of 2.60.</p> - -<p>The last extreme of difference from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> of the east is seen in -the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</i> from Kodiak. Here the size is very large: length, 7.00; -extent, 10.75; wing, 3.20. The bill is very long (.73 from forehead), the -color still darker brown and more uniform above; the median light stripe -of vertex scarcely appreciable in some specimens; the superciliary scarcely -showing, except as a whitish spot anteriorly. The bill and feet have become -almost black.</p> - -<p><!--028.png--><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span> -The following synopsis may serve as a means by which to distinguish the -several races of this species, as also the two remaining positive species of -the genus:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Lower parts streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia.</b> White of the lower parts uninterrupted from the chin to -the crissum; the streaks of the jugulum, etc., broad and cuneate.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">a.</i> Streaks, above and below, sharply defined, and distinctly black -medially (except sometimes in winter plumage).</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Ground-color above reddish-gray, the interscapulars with the -whitish and black streaks about equal, and sharply contrasted. -Rump with reddish streaks. Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.90; bill .36 from -nostril, and .30 deep. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, to -the Plains on the west, and the Rio Grande on the south -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_2" id="fnanchor_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Ground-color above ashy-gray, the interscapulars with the black -streaks much broader than their rufous border, and the whitish -edges not in strong contrast. Rump without streaks. Wing, 2.80; -tail, 3.15; bill, .33 and .22. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United -States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_3" id="fnanchor_3"></a><a href="#footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Ground-color above nearly pure gray, the interscapulars with the -black streaks much broader than the rufous, and the edges of the -feathers not appreciably paler. Rump without streaks. Wing, -2.80; tail, 2.85; bill, .32 by .27. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California, except along -the coast; Sierra Nevada -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_4" id="fnanchor_4"></a><a href="#footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Ground-color above grayish-olive, the interscapulars with the -black streaks much broader than their rufous border; edges of the -feathers scarcely appreciably paler. Rump and tail-coverts, above -and below, with distinct broad streaks of black. Wing, 2.40; tail, -2.50; bill, .37 and .24. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast region of California -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_5" id="fnanchor_5"></a><a href="#footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Ground-color above olive-rufous, the edges of the interscapulars, -alone, ashy; dorsal black streaks very broad, without rufous -border. Rump streaked with black. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.85; bill, -.34 and .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Puebla, Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_6" id="fnanchor_6"></a><a href="#footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--029.png--><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span> -<i class="subset">b.</i> Streaks, above and below, not sharply defined, and without black -medially.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Above rufescent-olive, the darker shades castaneous; streaks beneath -castaneous-rufous. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.50; bill, .35 and .23. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province from British Columbia, southward -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Above sepia-plumbeous, the darker shades fuliginous-sepia; -streaks beneath fuliginous-sepia. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; bill, .41 -and .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province from British Columbia northward -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Above plumbeous, the darker markings dull reddish-sepia in -winter, clove-brown in summer; streaks beneath castaneous-rufous -in winter, dull sepia in summer. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.60; bill, .50 -and .30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific coast of Alaska (Kodiak, etc.) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. lincolni.</b> White of the lower parts interrupted by a broad pectoral -band of buff; streaks on the jugulum, etc., narrow linear. A vertex and -superciliary stripe of ashy; a maxillary one of buff. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.40; -bill, .30 and .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America; south, in winter, to -Panama.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Lower parts without streaks (except in young.)</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. palustris.</b> Jugulum and nape tinged with ashy; outer surface of -wings bright castaneous, in strong contrast with the olivaceous of the back; -dorsal streaks broad, black, without rufous externally; a superciliary and -maxillary stripe of ashy. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown uniform chestnut, forehead black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. -Crown similar, but divided by an indistinct ashy stripe, and more or less -streaked with black (autumnal or winter <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> similar). <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Head, back, -and jugulum streaked with black on a yellowish-white ground; black prevailing -on the crown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla melodia</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, -1810, 125, <abbr title="plate 16 figure">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> 4.—<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 249.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, -1832, 126; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 507, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1839, 120.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Birds of America Three">Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 147, <abbr title="plate 189">pl. -clxxxix.</abbr>—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. -VI</abbr>, 1858, 275. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia -melodia</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 478. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Fringilla fasciata</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 922.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 562. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Fringilla -hyemalis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 922. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 477.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 321.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General tint of upper parts rufous and distinctly streaked with rufous-brown, -dark-brown, and ashy-gray. The crown is rufous, with a superciliary and median stripe of -dull gray, the former lighter; nearly white anteriorly, where it sometimes has a faint -shade of yellow, principally in autumn; each feather of the crown with a narrow streak -of black forming about six narrow lines. Interscapulars black in the centre, then rufous, -then pale grayish on the margin, these three colors on each feather very sharply contrasted. -Rump grayer than upper tail-coverts, both with obsolete dark streaks. There is -<!--030.png--><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span> -a whitish maxillary stripe, bordered above and below by one of dark rufous-brown, and -with another from behind the eye. The under parts are white; the jugulum and sides -of body streaked with clear dark-brown, sometimes with a rufous suffusion. On the -middle of the breast these marks are rather aggregated so as to form a spot. No distinct -white on tail or wings. Length of male, 6.50; wing, 2.58; tail, 3.00. Bill pale brown -above; yellowish at base beneath. Legs yellowish.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the high Central Plains.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary somewhat in having the streaks across the breast more or -less sparse, the spot more or less distinct. In autumn the colors are more -blended, the light maxillary stripe tinged with yellowish, the edges of the -dusky streaks strongly suffused with brownish-rufous.</p> - -<p>The young bird has the upper parts paler, the streaks more distinct; the -lines on the head scarcely appreciable. The under parts are yellowish; the -streaks narrower and more sharply defined dark brown.</p> - -<p>As already stated, this species varies more or less from the above description -in different parts of North America, its typical races having received -specific names, which it is necessary to retain for them as varieties.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Song Sparrow of eastern North America has an -extended range of distribution, and is resident throughout the year in a large -part of the area in which it breeds. It nests from about South Carolina -north to the British Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick at the -east, and to a not well-defined limit in British America. The most northern -points to which it has been traced are the plains of the Saskatchewan and -the southern shore of Lake Winnepeg, in which latter place Mr. Kennicott -found it breeding. It is said by Dr. Coues to breed in South Carolina, and -by Mr. Audubon in Louisiana, but I have never seen any of their eggs from -any point south of Washington. In winter it is found from Massachusetts, -where only a few are observed, to Florida. It is most abundant at this -period in North and South Carolina. It is not mentioned in Dr. Gerhardt’s -list as being found in Northern Georgia at any season of the year. -Mr. Ridgway informs me that it does not breed in Southern Illinois. Its -song is not popularly known there, though he has occasionally heard it just -before these Sparrows were leaving for the north. This species winters there -in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. albicollis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>, associating with the former, -and inhabiting brush-heaps in the clearings.</p> - -<p>To Massachusetts, where specimens have been taken in every month of the -year, and where they have been heard to sing in January, they return in -large numbers usually early in March, sometimes even in February. It is -probable that these are but migrants, passing farther north, and that our -summer visitants do not appear among us until the middle of April, or just -as they are about to breed. They reach Maine from the 15th to the 25th, -and breed there the middle of May. In Massachusetts they do not have -eggs until the first week in May, except in very remarkable seasons, usually -not until after the Bluebird has already hatched out her first brood, and a -week later than the Robin.</p> - -<p><!--031.png--><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span> -The tide of returning emigration begins to set southward early in October. -Collecting in small loose flocks, probably all of each group members of the -same family, they slowly move towards the south. As one set passes on, -another succeeds, until the latter part of November, when we no longer meet -with flocks, but solitary individuals or groups of two or three. These are -usually a larger and stouter race, and almost suggest a different species. -They are often in song even into December. They apparently do not go -far, and are the first to return. In early March they are in full song, and -their notes seem louder, clearer, and more vibratory than those that come to -us and remain to breed.</p> - -<p>The Song Sparrow, as its name implies, is one of our most noted and conspicuous -singers. It is at once our earliest and our latest, as also our -most constant musician. Its song is somewhat brief, but is repeated at short -intervals, almost throughout the days of spring and early summer. It somewhat -resembles the opening notes of the Canary, and though less resonant -and powerful, much surpasses them in sweetness and expression. Plain and -homely as this bird is in its outward garb, its sweet song and its gentle confiding -manners render it a welcome visitor to every garden, and around every -rural home wherein such attractions can be appreciated. Whenever these -birds are kindly treated they readily make friends, and are attracted to our -doorsteps for the welcome crumbs that are thrown to them; and they will -return, year after year, to the same locality, whenever thus encouraged.</p> - -<p>The song of this Sparrow varies in different individuals, and often changes, -in the same bird, in different parts of the year. It is even stated by an -observing naturalist—Mr. Charles S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>—that he has -known the same bird to sing, in succession, nine entirely different sets of -notes, usually uttering them one after the other, in the same order. This was -noticed not merely once or during one season, but through three successive -summers. The same bird returned each season to his grounds, and came -each time provided with the same variety of airs.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, who dwells with much force upon the beauty and earnestness -of expression of the song of this species, has also noticed and remarked -upon the power of individuals to vary their song, from time to time, with -very agreeable effect, but no one has recorded so remarkable an instance as -that thus carefully noted by Mr. Paine.</p> - -<p>These birds are found in almost any cultivated locality where the grounds -are sufficiently open. They prefer the edges of open fields, and those of -meadows and low grounds, but are rarely found in woods or in thick bushes, -except near their outer edges. They nest naturally on the ground, and in such -situations a large majority build their nests. These are usually the younger -birds. A portion, almost always birds of several summers, probably taught -by sad experiences of the insecurity of the ground, build in bushes. A pair -which had a nest in an adjoining field had been robbed, by a cat, of their -young when just about to fly. After much lamentation, and an interval of a -<!--032.png--><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span> -week, I found this same pair, which I easily recognized, building their nest -among some vines near my house, some eight feet from the ground. They -had abandoned my neighbor’s grounds and taken refuge close to my house. -This situation they resorted to afterwards for several successive summers, each -season building two nests, never using the same nest a second time, although -each time it was left as clean and in as good condition as when first made. -Indeed, this species is remarkable for its cleanliness, both in its own person -and in its care of nestlings and nests.</p> - -<p>They feed their young chiefly with insects, especially small caterpillars; -the destructive canker-worm is one of their favorite articles of food, also the -larvæ of insects and the smaller moths. When crumbs of bread are given -them, they are eagerly gathered and taken to their nests.</p> - -<p>In the Middle States they are said to have three broods in a season. This -may also be so in New England, but I have never known one pair to have -more than two broods in the same summer, even when both had been successfully -reared. Nests found after July have always been in cases where -some accident had befallen the preceding brood.</p> - -<p>The nest of the Song Sparrow, whether built on ground, bush, or tree, is -always well and thoroughly made. Externally and at the base it consists of -stout stems of grasses, fibrous twigs of plants, and small sticks and rootlets. -These are strongly wrought together. Within is made a neat, well-woven -basket of fine long stems of grasses, rarely anything else. On the ground -they are usually concealed beneath a tuft of grass; sometimes they make a -covered passage-way of several inches, leading to their nest. When built -in a tree or shrub, the top is often sheltered by the branches or by dry -leaves, forming a covering to the structure.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Song Sparrow are five in number, and have an average -measurement of .82 by .60 of an inch. They have a ground of a clay-color -or dirty white, and are spotted equally over the entire egg with blotches of -a rusty-brown, intermingled with lighter shades of purple. In some these -markings are so numerous and confluent as to entirely conceal the ground-color; -in others they are irregularly diffused over different parts, leaving -patches unmarked. Occasionally the eggs are unspotted, and are then not -unlike those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseinucha</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia fallax</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 119 (Pueblo Creek, New -Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Zonotrichia fasciata</i>, (<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>) -<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> -<abbr title="second">2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, -49. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 481, -<abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xxvii, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, <i>b.</i> -<abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xxvii, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 215.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, -but with the bill on the whole rather smaller, -more slender, and darker. Legs quite dusky, not yellow. Entire plumage of a more -<!--033.png--><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]</span> -grayish cast, including the whole superciliary stripe. The streaks on throat and jugulum -in spring are almost black, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>; in autumn more rufous; in all cases quite as -sharply defined as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. The bill is nearly black in spring.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Province of United States, to the Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p>This race, intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i> in habitat, is, -however, hardly so in characters. The bill is more slender than in either, -being much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i>, and the tail is longer in proportion to the -wing. In colors it is paler than either, the ground-cast above being nearly -clear grayish: the streaks, both on the back and jugulum, are more sparse, -as well as narrower; very frequently, in the winter plumage, those beneath -lack the central black, being wholly rufous; such is the case with the type. -In summer, however, they are frequently entirely black, the external rufous -having entirely disappeared. As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, the rump is immaculate. -The young bird differs as does the adult, though the resemblance to those of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i> is more close than in the adult. The very narrow -bill and long tail are the most characteristic features of form.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In habits and song, Dr. Cooper can find no appreciable differences -between this variety and its nearest allies. He states that its nest, -which he found in a willow thicket, was composed of bark and fine twigs -and grass, and lined with hair. Its eggs he describes as bluish-white, blotched -and streaked with reddish-brown, and as measuring .74 by .55 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species a common and permanent resident in Arizona, -and he pronounces its habits, manners, and voice precisely like those -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>. This species, he states, occurs throughout New Mexico, -Arizona, and a part of Southern California, and is particularly abundant in -the valley of the Colorado.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly observed this species only along Pueblo Creek, in the month -of January. It did not confine itself to the open valley, but was often -seen among the thick bushes that margined the creek, far up into the Aztec -Mountains, where the snow covered the ground. In its habits it resembled -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</i>, being very restless and rapid in its motions, accompanying -them with a short chirp, feeding upon the seeds of the weeds that -remained uncovered by the snow. Its flight was also rapid and near the -earth. The bird being very shy, Dr. Kennerly found it difficult to procure -many specimens.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Ridgway, the Western Song Sparrow is one of the -most abundant of the resident species inhabiting the fertile portions of the -Great Basin. It principally occupies the willows along the streams, but is -also found in <i class="birdcall">tulé</i> sloughs of the river valleys. From a long acquaintance -with the Western Song Sparrows, Mr. Ridgway is fully convinced of the propriety -of recognizing this as a distinct variety from the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>. -In all respects, as to habits, especially in its familiarity, it replaces at the -West the well-known Song Sparrow of the East. When first heard, the -peculiar measure and delivery of its song at once attracts attention. The -<!--034.png--><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 24]</span> -precision of style and method of utterance are quite distinct and constant -peculiarities. The song, though as pleasing, is not so loud as that of the -eastern Song Sparrow, while the measure is very different. He noted the -syllables of its song, and found them quite uniform. He expresses the song -thus: <i class="birdcall">Cha-cha-cha-cha-cha—wit´—tur´-r-r-r-r-r—tut</i>. The first six syllables as -to accent are exactly alike, but with a considerable interval or pause between -the first and second notes. The second to the fifth follow in rapid succession, -each being uttered with deliberation and distinctness. Then comes a -pause between the last “cha” and the “wit,” which is pronounced in a fine -metallic tone with a rising inflection, then another pause, and a liquid trill -with a falling inflection, the whole terminating abruptly with a very peculiar -“tut,” in an entirely different key from the other notes.</p> - -<p>The nests and eggs were found in the Wahsatch Mountains, June 23. -The nests were generally among bushes, in willow thickets, along the streams, -about a foot from the ground. One of these nests found in a clump of -willows, about two feet from the ground and near a stream, is a compact, -firmly built nest, in the shape of an inverted dome. It is two and a half -inches in height, and about the same in diameter. Externally it is composed -of a coarse framework of strips of willow bark firmly bound around. -Within is a compactly woven inner nest, composed of straws, mingled -and interwoven with horse-hairs. The cavity has a depth and diameter of -two inches. The eggs, four in number, measure .85 by .63 of an inch. Their -form is a rounded oval, distinctly pointed at one end. They have a greenish-white -ground, marked and blotched with splashes of purplish and reddish -brown.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HEERMANN’S SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza heermanni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="of North America">N. Am.</abbr>, 1858, 478, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 70, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> -1.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -212.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Somewhat like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, but darker. The streaks on the back and under -parts blacker, broader, more distinct, and scarcely margined with reddish, except in -winter plumage. The median stripe on vertex indistinct. General shade of coloration -olivaceous-gray rather than rusty. Length, 6.40; wing, 2.56; tail, 3. Bill and legs in -size and color most like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern California; -eastern slope of Sierra Nevada (Carson City), and West -Humboldt Mountains, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>; <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p>Of the various races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, this one approaches nearest the -typical style of the Atlantic region; agreeing with it in thicker bill and -shorter tail, as compared with the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>, which occurs between them. -It differs from the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, however, in a more grayish cast to the -ground-color of the upper plumage, being olivaceous-gray, rather than -reddish; the black dorsal streaks are very much broader than the rusty ones, -<!--035.png--><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span> -instead of about equal to them in width, and the edges to the interscapular -feathers are not appreciably paler than the prevailing shade, instead of being -hoary whitish, in strong contrast. In spring the “bridle” on the side of the -throat and the spots on the jugulum have the black of their central portion -in excess of their external rufous suffusion; but in autumn the rusty rather -predominates; at this season, too, the rusty tints above overspread the whole -surface, but the black streaks are left sharply defined. At all seasons, the -spots on the jugulum are broader and rather more numerous than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. -The young can scarcely be distinguished from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, but they have -the dark streaks on the crown and upper tail-coverts considerably broader.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The California Song Sparrow has been named in honor of the -late Dr. Heermann, who first obtained specimens of this bird in the Tejon -Valley, and mistook them for the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia guttata</i> of Gambel (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. rufina</i>), -from which they were appreciably different. Whether a distinct species -or only a local race, this bird takes the place and is the almost precise -counterpart, in most essential respects, of the Song Sparrow of the East. -The exact limits of its distribution, both in the migratory season and in that -of reproduction, have hardly yet been ascertained. It has been found in -California as far north as San Francisco, and to the south and southeast to -San Diego and the Mohave River.</p> - -<p>The California Song Sparrow is the characteristic <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i> in all that portion -of the State south of San Francisco. It is found, Dr. Cooper states, in -every locality where there are thickets of low bushes and tall weeds, especially -in the vicinity of water, and wherever unmolested it comes about the -gardens and houses with all the familiarity of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. The -ground, under the shade of plants or bushes, is their usual place of resort. -There they diligently search for their food throughout the day, and rarely fly -more than a few yards from the place, and remain about their chosen locality -from one year’s end to another, being everywhere a resident species. In the -spring they are said to perch occasionally on some low bush or tree, and sing -a lively and pleasant melody for an hour at a time. Each song, Dr. Cooper -remarks, is a complete little stanza of a dozen notes, and is frequently varied -or changed entirely for another of similar style, but quite distinct. Although -no two birds of this species sing just alike, there is never any difficulty in distinguishing -their songs when once heard. There is, he thinks, a similarity of -tone and style in the songs of all the species of true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>, which has -led other observers to consider them as of only one species, when taken in -connection with their other similarities in colors and habits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found a nest, presumed to belong to this bird, at Santa Cruz, -in June. It was built in a dense blackberry-bush, about three feet from the -ground, constructed with a thick periphery and base of dry grasses and thin -strips of bark, and lined with finer grasses. The eggs were of a smoky -white, densely speckled with a dull brown. Although this bird was abundant -around Santa Cruz, he was only able, after much searching, to find two -<!--036.png--><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span> -of their nests. One was in a willow, close against the tree, and three feet -from the ground, containing, on the 11th of May, four eggs partially hatched. -This was built of coarse dry stems and leaves, lined with finer grasses and -horse-hair. It was five inches in external diameter, and four high. The -cavity was two and a half inches deep and two in diameter. These eggs -had a ground of greenish-white, and were blotched and spotted with a -purplish-brown, chiefly at the larger end. They were .82 by .62 of an inch -in measurement. The ground-color was paler and the spots were darker -than in eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>, the whole coloring much darker than in those of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fallax</i>. This nest was apparently an old one used for a second brood.</p> - -<p>Another nest found as late as July 10, and doubtless a second brood, was -in a thicket, six feet from the ground, and also contained four eggs. Dr. -Cooper states that he has seen the newly fledged young by the 7th of May.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his account of this bird, which he supposed to be the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i> of Dr. Gambel, states that he found it abundant throughout the -whole country over which he passed, and more especially so in the bushes -bordering the streams, ponds, and marshes. Its notes, sweet, and few in -number, resembled those of the common Song Sparrow. Its nests, usually -built in thick tufts of bushes, were composed externally of grasses and lined -with hair, and contained each four eggs, with a pale bluish-ash ground, -thickly covered with dashes of burnt umber. Eggs of this species, from near -Monterey, collected by Dr. Canfield, vary in measurement from .85 by .65 of -an inch to .88 by .70,—larger than any eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i> that I have -seen. Their ground-color is a light green. The blotches are large, distinct, -and more or less confluent, and of a blended reddish and purplish brown. -They are in some diffused over the entire egg, in others disposed around the -larger end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAMUELS’S SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus samuelis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History Six">Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. VI</abbr>, June, 1858, 381.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds -N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 455, <abbr title="plate 71, figure">pl. lxxi, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 191. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza gouldi</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 479.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Somewhat like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, but considerably smaller and darker. -Bill slender and acute, the depth not more than half the culmen. Above streaked on -the head, back, and rump with dark brown, the borders of the feathers paler, but without -any rufous. Beneath pure white; the breast, with sides of throat and body, spotted and -streaked with black, apparently farther back than on other species. Wings above nearly -uniform dark brownish-rufous. Under tail-coverts yellowish-brown, conspicuously -blotched with blackish. An ashy superciliary stripe, becoming nearly white to the bill, -and a whitish maxillary one below which is a broad blackish stripe along the sides of -neck; the crown with faint grayish median line. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.20; tail, -2.35. Bill dusky; legs rather pale. Bill, .35 from nostril by .24 deep; tarsus, .71; middle -toe without claw, .58. (5,553 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast region of California, near San Francisco.</p> - -<p><!--037.png--><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span> -The above description is of a specimen in worn summer plumage, when -the markings have not the sharp definition seen in the autumnal plumage. -The autumnal plumage is as follows: Ground-color above grayish-olive, -outer surface of wings, with the crown, more rufous; crown with narrow, -and dorsal region with broad, stripes of black, the latter with scarcely a -perceptible rufous suffusion; crown with a distinct median stripe of ashy. -Streaks on jugulum, etc., broader than in the type, and with a slight rufous -suffusion. Wing, 2.20; tail, 2.35; bill from nostril .31, its depth .22; -tarsus .74; middle toe without claw, .60.</p> - -<p>The type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza gouldi</i> resembles the last, and differs only in having -a more distinct rufous suffusion to the black markings; the measurements -are as follows: Wing, 2.20; tail, 2.35; bill, .33 by .23; tarsus, .73; middle -toe without claw, .59.</p> - -<p>This is probably a dwarfed race of the common species, the very small -size being its chief distinctive character. The colors are most nearly like -those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, but are considerably darker, caused by an expansion of -the black and contraction of the rufous markings. The pattern of coloration -is precisely the same as in the other races. The present bird appears -to be peculiar to the coast region of California, the only specimens in the -collection being from the neighborhood of San Francisco.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the history, distribution, and general habits of this species, -nothing is known. It was found at Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Emanuel Samuels, -and described in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History in -1858. The following description of the nest and eggs of this bird, in the -Smithsonian collection, has been kindly furnished me by Mr. Ridgway.</p> - -<p>Nests elaborate and symmetrical, cup-shaped, composed of thin grass-stems, -but externally chiefly of grass-blades and strips of thin inner bark. -Diameter about 3.50 inches; internal diameter 2.00, and internal depth 1.50; -external, 2.00. Egg measures .78 by .62; regularly ovate in shape; ground-color, -greenish-white; this is thickly sprinkled with purplish and livid ashy-brown, -the specks larger, and somewhat coalescent, around the larger circumference. -(3553, San Francisco, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, J. Hepburn.)</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cinerea</i>, (<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>) -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 22, -<abbr title="page 390">pl. cccxc.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 119.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Birds of America Three">Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 145, -<abbr title="plate 187">pl. clxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella cinerea</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List, 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 477. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Passerella) guttata</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, -581. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia guttata</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="One, December">I, Dec.</abbr> 1847, 50. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza rufina</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -480.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 204.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, -<abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1859, 285.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 214.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender. Similar in general appearance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, but darker and -much more rufous, and without any blackish-brown streaks, or grayish edges of the -<!--038.png--><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 28]</span> -feathers; generally the colors more blended. General appearance above light rufous-brown, -the interscapular region streaked very obsoletely with dark brownish-rufous, the -feathers of the crown similar, with still darker obsolete central streaks. A superciliary -and very indistinct median crown-stripe ashy. Under parts dull white, the breast and -sides of throat and body broadly streaked with dark brownish-rufous; darker in the -centre. A light maxillary stripe. Sides of the body and anal region tinged strongly with -the colors of the rump. Under coverts brown. Length, 6.75; wing, 2.70; tail, 3.00. -Legs rather darker than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. Bill from nostril, .37; from forehead, .60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast of the United States to British Columbia.</p> - -<p>A young bird from Napa Valley, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> (12,912, Colonel A. J. Grayson), -probably referrible to this race, differs from the corresponding stage of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>, -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> in the following respects: the ground-color -above is much darker, being dull dingy-brown, and the dusky streaks -broader; the white beneath has a strong yellowish tinge, and the pectoral -streaks are very broad.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper characterizes this species as the most northern and -mountain-frequenting representative of the Song Sparrows, being a resident -of the higher Sierra Nevada and on the borders of the evergreen forests -towards the Columbia, and thence northward, where it is the only species of -this genus, and where it is common down to the level of the sea. Specimens -have been obtained at Marysville in the spring, by Mr. Gruber.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper says that he has also met with this bird, and found it possessing -habits and songs entirely similar to those of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, -and resembling also those of the more southern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. heermanni</i>. He was -never able to meet with one of their nests, as, like other forest birds, they are -more artful in concealing their treasures than birds that have become accustomed -to the society and protection of man, and who, no longer wild, select -gardens as the safest places in which to build. In the mild winters usual -about the mouth of the Columbia, these birds do not evince any disposition -to emigrate, but come familiarly around the houses for their food, when the -snow has buried their usual supply.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley remarks that this Finch is quite a common bird in the vicinity -of Puget Sound, and that it is there resident throughout the year. He has -found them in very different situations; some in thickets at the edges of -prairies, others in stranded drift-logs on open salt marshes, as well as in -swamps, and in the dense forests of the Douglass firs, peculiar to the northwest -coast. Its voice, he adds, is, during the breeding-season, singularly -sweet and melodious, surpassing that of the Meadow Lark in melody and -tone, but unequal to it in force.</p> - -<p>This species is stated to be a constant resident in the district wherein it is -found, never ranging far from the thicket which contains its nest, or the -house in the neighborhood of which it finds food and protection. Almost -every winter morning, as well as during the summer, as Dr. Cooper states, its -cheerful song may be heard from the garden or the fence, as if to repay those -whose presence has protected it from its rapacious enemies. When unmolested, -<!--039.png--><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span> -it becomes very familiar, and the old birds bring their young to the -door to feed, as soon as they can leave their nest. Their song is said to so -closely resemble that of the eastern bird, in melody and variety, that it is -impossible either to tell which is the superior or to point out the differences. -In wild districts it is always to be found near the sides of brooks, in thickets, -from which it jealously drives off other birds, whether of its own or other -species, as if it considered itself the proprietor. Its nest is built on the -ground or in a low bush. Dr. Cooper has seen newly fledged young as early -as May 6, at Olympia, though the rainy season was then hardly over.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall pronounces its song as sweeter and more varied in tone than -that of the Song Sparrow. He heard their cheerful notes throughout the -summer, and every fine day in winter until the month of November, particularly -in the morning, their song was still continued. Their nests and eggs -were not distinguishable from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">F. melodia</i>. -The nests were composed -of dry grasses, lined with finer materials of the same, and occasionally with -deer’s hair. He states that they keep much in low ground and alluvial situations, -amidst rank weeds, willows, and brambles, where they are frequently -to be seen hopping about and searching after insects, in the manner of the -Swamp Sparrow, which they so much resemble in their plumage. They are -usually very solicitous for the safety of their young or for their nests and -eggs, keeping up an incessant chirp. They raise several broods in a season, -and are, like the Song Sparrow, also engaged nearly the whole of the summer -in the cares of rearing their young.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend met with this species through several hundred miles of the -Platte country in great numbers, as well as on the banks of the Columbia, -generally frequenting the low bushes of wormwood (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Artemisia</i>). It appeared -also to be a very pugnacious species. Two of the males were often observed -fighting in the air, the beaten party going off crestfallen, and the conqueror -repairing to the nearest bush to celebrate his triumph by his lively and triumphant -strains. He again met with these birds, though not in abundance, -in June, 1825, at the mouth of the Lewis River, on the waters of the Columbia.</p> - -<p>This Sparrow was also found very numerous at Sitka, by Mr. Bischoff, but -no mention is made of its habits.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUSTY SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza rufina</i>, “<span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Descriptio Avium Rossicarum">Desc. Av. Rossic.</abbr> 1836, -<abbr title="table two">tab. ii</abbr>, 5 (Sitka),” <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella -rufina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 477. (This may refer to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</i>, but -is more probably the present bird.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza cinerea</i>, <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, -41 (Sitka). (Not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla c.</i> <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. guttata</i>, -<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 41 -(Sitka). (Not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla g.</i> <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. guttata</i> in the undefined markings, slender bill, etc., but -olivaceous-brownish instead of rufous above, the darker markings sepia-brown instead -<!--040.png--><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span> -of castaneous. The white beneath much tinged with ashy; jugulum-spots blended, and -of a sepia-brown tint. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; bill .41 from nostril, and .25 deep at base.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northwest coast, from British Columbia northward. (Sitka.)</p> - -<p>The above characters are those of a large series of specimens from Sitka, -and a few points along the coast to the southward and northward, and -represent the average features of a race which is intermediate between -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</i>, -in appearance as well as in habitat. Tracing this -variety toward the Columbia River, it gradually passes into the former, and -northward into the latter.</p> - -<p>We have no distinctive information relative to the habits of this race.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">KODIAK SONG SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla cinerea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1788, 922 (based on Cinereous Finch, <abbr title="Latham Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> II</abbr>, -274).—<abbr title="Pennant, Arctic Zoölogy Two"><span class="sc">Penn.</span> Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>, -68 (Unalaschka). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza cinerea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 478. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza insignis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy">Trans. Chicago Acad.</abbr> -<abbr title="One, two,">I, ii</abbr>, 1869, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 319, <abbr title="plate 29, figure">pl. xxix, fig.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="ditto, page">do. p.</abbr> 285.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 44 (Kodiak).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i>Summer plumage</i> (52,477 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Kodiak, May 24, 1868). Above brownish-plumbeous, -outer surface of wings somewhat more brown, the greater coverts slightly -rufescent. Interscapulars with medial broad but obsolete streaks of sepia-brown; crown -and upper tail-coverts with more sharply defined and narrower dusky shaft-streaks. -Crown without medial light line. Beneath grayish-white, much obscured by brownish-plumbeous -laterally. A whitish supraloral space, but no appreciable superciliary stripe; a -whitish maxillary stripe; beneath it an irregular one of dusky sepia; irregular streaks of -dark grizzly-sepia on breast and along sides, blended into a broad crescent across the -jugulum. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50; bill, .48 from nostril, .28 deep at base, and .21 in the -middle, the middle of the culmen being much depressed, its extremity rather abruptly -decurved.</p> - -<p class="small"><i>Autumnal plumage</i> (60,162, Kodiak, received from Dr. J. F. Brandt). Differs very -remarkably in appearance from the preceding. The pattern of coloration is everywhere -plainly plotted, there being a distinct vertical and sharply defined superciliary stripe. -Ground-color above ashy, somewhat overlaid by rusty, except on the sides of the neck. -Whole crown, outer surface of wings, and dorsal streaks, rusty rufous; black streaks on -crown and upper tail-coverts obsolete. Beneath pure white medially, the markings rusty -rufous. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.60; bill, .47 and .30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Kodiak and Unalaschka.</p> - -<p>This race represents the extreme extent of variation in the species, and it -would be difficult for a species to proceed farther from the normal standard; -indeed, the present bird is so different even in form, especially of bill, from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, that, were it not for the perfect series connecting them, few naturalists -would hesitate to place them in different genera.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> No information has so far been published in reference to the -nesting of this Sparrow, or of any peculiar habits.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--041.png--><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LINCOLN’S FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 539, <abbr title="plate 193">pl. cxciii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Nuttall Manual, One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, -569. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, -1839, 113.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 116, -<abbr title="plate 177">pl. clxxvii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 481.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, -<abbr title="Twenty-Seven">XXVII</abbr>, 1854, 920. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza -lincolni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -482.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, -285 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 216. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus zonarius</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 305.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General aspect above that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, but paler and less reddish. Crown -dull chestnut, with a median and lateral or superciliary ash-colored stripe; each feather -above streaked centrally with black. Back with narrow streaks of black. Beneath -white, with a maxillary stripe curving round behind the ear-coverts; a well-defined band -across the breast, extending down the sides, and the under tail-coverts, of brownish-yellow. -The maxillary stripe margined above and below with lines of black spots and a dusky -line behind eye. The throat, upper part of breast, and sides of the body, with streaks of -black, smallest in the middle of the former. The pectoral bands are sometimes paler. -Bill above dusky; base of lower jaw and legs yellowish. Length, 5.60; wing, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States from Atlantic to Pacific, north to the Yukon River and the -Mackenzie, and south through Mexico to Panama. Oaxaca -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 303); Xalapa -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Guatemala -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 18); -Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552).</p> - -<p>There is little or no difference in specimens of this bird from the whole -of its range, except that one from near Aspinwall is considerably smaller than -usual, the streaks on the back narrower, and the color above more reddish. -A young bird from Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie, is much like the adult.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Lincoln’s Finch was first met with by Mr. Audubon in Labrador, -and named in honor of one of his companions, Mr. Thomas Lincoln, now -residing at Dennysville, Maine, by whom the first specimen was procured. -His attention was attracted to it by the sweet notes of its song, which, he -states, surpass in vigor those of any of our American Sparrows with which -he was acquainted. He describes this song as a compound of the notes -of a Canary and a Woodlark of Europe. The bird was unusually wild, and -was procured with great difficulty. Other specimens, afterwards obtained, -did not exhibit the same degree of wildness, and they became more common -as the party proceeded farther north. He did not meet with its nest.</p> - -<p>He describes the habits of this species as resembling, in some respects, -those of the Song Sparrow. It mounts, like that bird, on the topmost twig of -some tall shrub to chant for whole hours at a time, or dives into the thickets -and hops from branch to branch until it reaches the ground in search of those -insects or berries on which it feeds. It moves swiftly away when it discovers -an enemy, and, if forced to take to flight, flies low and rapidly to a considerable -distance, jerking its tail as it proceeds, and throwing itself into the thickest -bush it meets. Mr. Audubon found it mostly near streams, and always -in the small valleys guarded from the prevalent cold winds of that country.</p> - -<p><!--042.png--><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span> -He also describes this species as eminently petulant and pugnacious. -Two males would often pursue each other until the weaker was forced to -abandon the valley, and seek refuge elsewhere. He seldom saw more than -two or three pairs in a tract of several miles in extent. By the 4th of July -the young had left their nests and were following their parents. As from -that time the old birds ceased to sing, he inferred that they raised but one -brood in a season. Before he left Labrador these birds had all disappeared.</p> - -<p>Although first discovered on the coast of Labrador, subsequent explorations -have shown this bird to be far more common at the West than it is at the -East, where indeed it is exceedingly rare. Not a specimen, that I am aware -of, has ever been found in Maine, although it probably does occasionally occur -there; and only a very few isolated individuals had been taken in Massachusetts -before the spring of 1872, when they were noticed by Mr. Brewster -and Mr. Henshaw in considerable numbers. These birds, seven or eight in -number, were shot, with two exceptions, in May, between the 14th and the -25th. Three were taken in Springfield by Mr. Allen, one in Newburyport -by Mr. Hoxie, two in Hudson by Mr. Jillson, and two in Cambridge by -Mr. Brewster. The latter were obtained, one in September and the other in -October. In May, 1872, Mr. Brewster obtained six others. Mr. Allen had -met with this Finch in Wayne County, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, in May, where it was not -uncommon, and in Northern Illinois, where it was quite numerous. A few -have been taken near New York City, and in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, -where they are regarded as very rare. Professor Baird, however, -frequently met with them at Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr></p> - -<p>Farther west, from the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific, they are much -more common. Mr. Ridgway states that they occasionally winter in Southern -Illinois, where they frequent retired thickets near open fields. They -have been found breeding near Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin"><span class="sc">Wis.</span></abbr>, by Dr. Hoy, and have been met -with also in Nebraska in considerable numbers; and, during the breeding-season, -Mr. Audubon met with them on the Upper Missouri.</p> - -<p>From March to May Mr. Dresser found these birds very abundant in the -fields near the San Antonio River, and in some swampy grounds. They -seemed to prefer that sort of locality, and the banks of the river, keeping -among the flags and rushes. Their stomachs were found to contain small -seeds. Mr. Lincecum also met with a few in Washington County of the -same State.</p> - -<p>It was not met with in Arizona by Dr. Coues, but Dr. Kennerly found it -in the month of February from the Big Sandy to the Great Colorado River. -It confined itself to the thick bushes along the streams, and when seen was -generally busily hopping from twig to twig in search of food. When started -up, its flight was very rapid and near the earth.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann obtained this species, not unfrequently, both in Northern -California and in the Tejon Valley. On all occasions he found it in company -with flocks of Sparrows, composed of several species.</p> - -<p><!--043.png--><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span> -Lieutenant Couch took this species at Tamaulipas, Mexico, and at Brownsville, -Southwestern Texas, in March. It has also been seen in May, at the -Forks of the Saskatchewan, by Captain Blakiston.</p> - -<p>Lincoln’s Finch was met with by Mr. Ridgway in abundance only during -its spring and fall migrations. Towards the last of April it was quite -common in wet brushy places in the vicinity of Carson City. It was next -observed in October among the willows bordering Deep Creek, in Northern -Utah. In the weedy pastures in Parley’s Park it was a common species, -frequenting the resorts of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>. A nest, with young, was discovered -near the camp. It was embedded in the ground, beneath a bush. -Its song he did not hear, only a single <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chuck</i>, almost as loud as that of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper reports this species as near San Diego about March 25. Large -flocks were then passing northward. During the day they kept among the -grass, and were rather shy and silent. They seemed to have a good deal of -the habits of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>, and to differ much in their gregariousness, their -migratory habits, and their general form, from the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizæ</i>. Dr. -Cooper did not meet with any of these birds in the Colorado Valley, nor has -he seen or heard of any having been found in California during the summer. -The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. lincolni</i> has been found breeding up to high Arctic latitudes. It was -met with by Mr. Kennicott at Fort Simpson and at Fort Resolution. At the -latter place its nests were found between the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> and the 14th of June. -They were also obtained in May, June, and July, at Fort Simpson, by Mr. -B. R. Ross, and at Yukon River, Fort Rae, Nulato, and other localities in the -extreme northern regions, by Messrs. Reid, Lockhart, Clarke, Kirkby, and -Dall. On Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, above eight thousand feet, Mr. Allen found -this Sparrow very numerous.</p> - -<p>This Finch was found by Salvin about the reeds on the margin of Lake -Dueñas, Guatemala, in February, but was not common. It is common, in -the winter months, near Oaxaca, Mexico, where it was taken by Mr. Boucard.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kennicott saw its nest June 14. This was on the ground, built in a -bunch of grass in rather an open and dry place, and containing five eggs. -The female permitted him to approach very close to her, until he finally -caught her on the nest with his beating-net. Another nest was placed -in a bunch of grass growing in the water of a small grassy pond. The -nest contained four eggs and one young bird.</p> - -<p>The nest and eggs of this species had been previously discovered by Dr. -Hoy, near Racine. This is, I believe, the first instance in which it was identified -by a naturalist, as also the most southern point at which it has ever -been found. These eggs measure .74 by .60 of an inch. They have a pale -greenish-white ground, and are thickly marked with dots and small blotches -of a ferruginous-brown, often so numerous and confluent as to disguise and -partially conceal the ground.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--044.png--><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SWAMP SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, -1811, 49, <abbr title="plate 22, figure">pl. xxii, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, -1831, 331; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 508, <abbr title="plate 64">pl. lxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) palustris</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs.</abbr> Wilson, 1825, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 105. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus palustris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 481. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus palustris</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 110, <abbr title="plate 175">pl. clxxv.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 483.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 323. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla -georgiana</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Index Orn. I</abbr>, -1790, 460 (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</i>).—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> -1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 251. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Ammodromus) georgiana</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I, - (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 588.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Middle of the crown uniform chestnut; forehead black; superciliary streak, -sides of head and back, and sides of neck, ash. A brown stripe behind the eye. Back -with broad streaks of black, which are edged with rusty yellow. Beneath whitish, -tinged with ashy anteriorly, especially across the breast, and washed with yellowish-brown -on the sides. A few obsolete streaks across the breast, which become distinct on -its sides. Wings and tail strongly tinged with rufous; the tertials black, the rufous -edgings changing abruptly to white towards the end. Length, 5.75; wing, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> with the crown scarcely reddish streaked with black, and divided by a light -line. Young conspicuously streaked beneath the head, above nearly uniform blackish.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America from the Atlantic to the Missouri; north to Fort Simpson.</p> - -<p>In autumn the male of this species has the feathers of the crown each -with a black streak; and the centre of the crown with an indistinct light -stripe, materially changing its appearance.</p> - -<p>The forehead is usually more or less streaked with black.</p> - -<p>In the uncertainty whether the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla georgiana</i> of Latham be not -rather the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</i> than the Swamp Sparrow, I think it best to -retain Wilson’s name. It certainly applies as well to the latter, which has -the black sub-maxillary streak, and the chin and throat more mouse-colored -than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Owing to the residence of this species in localities not favoring -frequent visits or careful explorations, and still more to its shy and retiring -habits, our writers have not been generally well informed as to the history -and general manners of this peculiar and interesting Sparrow. Its irregular -distribution, its abundance only in certain and unusually restricted localities, -its entire absence from all the surrounding neighborhood, and its secretiveness -wherever found, have all combined to throw doubt and obscurity -over its movements. Unless purposely looked for and perseveringly hunted -up, the Swamp Sparrow might exist in large numbers in one’s immediate -neighborhood and yet entirely escape notice. Even now its whole story -is but imperfectly known, and more careful investigation into its distribution -and general habits will doubtless clear up several obscure points in regard -to its movements.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_28.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="28">XXVIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-1" id="pl_28-1"></a><img src="images/pl_28-1.jpg" - width="400" height="276" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 38746.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-2" id="pl_28-2"></a><img src="images/pl_28-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-3" id="pl_28-3"></a><img src="images/pl_28-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</span>. Orizaba, 29229.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-4" id="pl_28-4"></a><img src="images/pl_28-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</span>. <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 10245.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-5" id="pl_28-5"></a><img src="images/pl_28-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</span>. Texas, 6329.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-6" id="pl_28-6"></a><img src="images/pl_28-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa ruficeps</span>. <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6241.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-7" id="pl_28-7"></a><img src="images/pl_28-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</span>. <abbr title="Adult, Pennsylvania"><i>Ad.</i>, Pa.</abbr>, 846.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-8" id="pl_28-8"></a><img src="images/pl_28-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Columbia <abbr title="River">R.</abbr>, 2874.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-9" id="pl_28-9"></a><img src="images/pl_28-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 details 9 and 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</span>. Utah, 11234.<br /> - 10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea.</span> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhyncha.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Utah.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-11" id="pl_28-11"></a><img src="images/pl_28-11.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 11" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1459.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-12" id="pl_28-12"></a><img src="images/pl_28-12.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 12" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> D. C., 10133.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_28-13" id="pl_28-13"></a><img src="images/pl_28-13.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 13" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza townsendi</span>. <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 10282. (Type.)</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>From what is now known, we gather that it occurs throughout the eastern -portions of North America, from the Southern States, in which it passes the -<!--045.png--><!--Plate 28, above--> -<!--046.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--047.png--><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span> -wintry months, to high northern latitudes, where some find their way in the -breeding-season, extending as far to the west at least as the Missouri River -region.</p> - -<p>Three specimens were obtained at Fort Simpson, by Mr. Kennicott, in September, -which indicates their probable summer presence in latitude 55<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and -their near approach to the Pacific coast at the extreme northwestern portion -of their distribution. Audubon also met with them in Newfoundland and -in Labrador. They are known to breed as far to the south as Pennsylvania. -They have been taken in the eastern portion of Nebraska, and breed -in considerable numbers in Southern Wisconsin. Further investigations in -regard to its distribution will probably show it to be a much more widely distributed -as well as a more abundant bird than has been generally supposed.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway writes me that this bird winters in Southern Illinois, and -remains there very late in the spring, but he thinks that none remain to -breed.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that it arrives in Pennsylvania early in April, where it frequents -low grounds and river-courses, rears two and sometimes three broods -in a season, and returns to the South as the cold weather commences. During -the winter, he met with them in large numbers in the immense cypress -swamps and extensive grassy flats of the Southern States, along the numerous -rivers and rice plantations. These places abounded with their favorite -seeds and other means of sustenance, and appeared to be their general -places of resort at this season. From the river Trent, in North Carolina, to -the Savannah River, and even farther south, Wilson found this species very -numerous. They were not found in flocks, but skulked among the reeds -and grass, were shy and timorous, and seemed more attached to the water -than any others of this family. In April large numbers pass through Pennsylvania -northward. Only a few remain behind, and these frequent the -swamps and the reedy borders of creeks and rivers. He found their nests -built in the ground, in tussocks of rank grass, surrounded by water, with -four eggs of a dirty-white ground, spotted with rufous. He has found them -feeding their young as late as the 15th of August. Their food seemed to be -principally grass-seeds, wild oats, and insects. He supposed them to have -no song, and that their only note was a single <i>cheep</i> uttered in a somewhat -hoarse tone. They flirt their tails as they fly, seldom or never take to trees, -but run and skulk from one low bush to another.</p> - -<p>Except in regard to their song, Wilson’s account of their habits, so far as it -goes, is quite accurate, although this bird really does have quite a respectable -song, and one that improves as the season advances. At first it is only a -succession or repetition of a few monotonous trilling notes, which might -easily be mistaken for the song of the Field Sparrow, or even confounded -with the feebler chant of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>, although not so varied as the former, -and is much more sprightly and pleasing than the other. Still later its -music improves, and more effort is made. Like the Song Sparrow, it -<!--048.png--><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span> -mounts some low twig, expands its tail-feathers, and gives forth a very -sprightly trill that echoes through the swampy thicket with an effect which, -once noticed and identified with the performer, is not likely to be ever mistaken. -Nuttall calls this song loud, sweet, and plaintive. It is to my ear -more sprightly than pathetic, and has a peculiarly ventriloquistic effect, as -if the performer were at a much greater distance than he really is.</p> - -<p>Their food, when they first arrive, and that which they feed to their young, -consists very largely of insects, principally coleopterous ones, with such few -seeds as they can glean. After the breeding-season, when their young can -take care of themselves, they eat almost exclusively the ripened seeds of the -coarse water grasses and sedges. They are very devoted to their young, and -often display great solicitude for their safety, even when able to take care of -themselves, and often expose themselves to dangers they carefully avoid at -other times, and are thus more easily procured. At all other times they are -difficult to shoot, running, as they do, through the grass and tangled thickets, -and rarely rising on the wing. They dive from thicket to thicket with great -rapidity, and even when wounded have a wonderful power of running and -hiding themselves.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon met with them, during autumn and winter, among the flat -sand-bars of the Mississippi, which are overgrown with rank grasses. Though -not in flocks, their numbers were immense. They fed on grass-seeds and -insects, often wading for the latter in shallow water in the manner of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tringidæ</i>, and when wounded and forced into the water swimming off to -the nearest shelter. He also met with these birds abundantly dispersed in -the swamps of Cuyaga Lake, as well as among those along the Illinois River -in the summer, and in the winter up the Arkansas River.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend observed these birds on the head-waters of the Upper Missouri, -but did not meet with them beyond.</p> - -<p>In Maine, Mr. Boardman gives it as a regular summer visitant at Calais, -arriving there as early as March, becoming common in May, and breeding in -that locality. Professor Verrill found it in Western Maine, a summer visitant -and breeding, but did not regard it as common. From my own experience, in -the neighborhood of Boston, I should have said the same as to its infrequency -in Eastern Massachusetts, yet in certain localities it is a very abundant summer -resident. Mr. William Brewster has found it breeding in large numbers -in the marshes of Fresh Pond, where it arrives sometimes as early as -the latter part of March, and where it remains until November. In the -western part of the State it is more common as a migratory bird, and has not -been found, in any numbers, stopping to breed. Mr. Allen never met with -any later than May 25. They were observed to be in company with the -Water Thrush, and to be in every way as aquatic in their habits. In the -autumn he again met with it from the last of September through October, -always in bushy marshes or wet places. Mr. McIlwraith states that in the -vicinity of Hamilton, Ontario, it is a common summer resident, breeding -<!--049.png--><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span> -there in marshy situations. At Lake Koskonong, in Wisconsin, Mr. Kumlien -has also met with these birds abundantly in suitable localities, and found -their nests and eggs quite plentiful.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway has recently found this Sparrow to be a very abundant winter -resident in Southern Illinois, where it inhabits swampy thickets, and -where it remains until May, but is not known to breed there.</p> - -<p>They always nest on the ground, usually in a depression sheltered by a -tuft of grass. The nest is woven of fine grass-stems, but is smaller than -the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species, usually five in number, have an average measurement -of .78 by .60 of an inch. Their ground-color is usually a light green, -occasionally of a light clay, marked and blotched with reddish and purplish -brown spots, varying in size and number, occasionally forming a confluent -ring around the larger end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PEUCÆA</b>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, -1839. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstivalis</i>.) <span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, 1868, -322 (Synopsis.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_049.jpg" - width="250" height="176" - alt="Illustration: Peucæa æstivalis." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">10245</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill moderate. Upper outline and commissure decidedly curved. Legs -and feet with the claws small; the tarsus -about equal to the middle toe; the lateral -toes equal, their claws falling considerably -short of the middle one; the hind toe -reaching about to the middle of the latter. -The outstretched feet reach rather beyond -the middle of the tail. The wing is very -short, reaching only to the base of the -tail; the longest tertials do not exceed the -secondaries, while both are not much short -of the primaries; the outer three or four -quills are graduated. The tail is considerably -longer than the wings; it is much -graduated laterally; the feathers, though long, are peculiarly narrow, linear, and elliptically -rounded at the ends.</p> - -<p class="small">Color beneath plain whitish or brownish, with a more or less distinct dusky line each -side of the chin. Above with broad obsolete brown streaks or blotches. Crown uniform, -or the feathers edged with lighter.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> A light superciliary stripe, with a brownish one below -it from the eye along upper edge of ear-coverts (not one along lower edge of -ear-coverts, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>). A narrow blackish “bridle” along side of throat -(sometimes indistinct). Crown without a distinct median stripe, and lower parts -without markings. Ground-color above ashy, sometimes of a brownish cast; -dorsal region and nape with brown blotches, with or without dark centres. -Crown blackish-brown streaked with ashy or plain rufous. Beneath plain -brownish-white, lightest on the abdomen, darker across jugulum and along sides.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--050.png--><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Crown plain rufous; interscapulars without distinct black centres, and -tertials without whitish border. Blackish “bridle” conspicuous. Bend of -wing edged with white.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ruficeps.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Above olivaceous-ash, interscapulars with broad streaks of dull -rufous, the shafts scarcely blackish. Crown bright rufous. Wing, -2.40; tail, 2.70; bill, .29 from forehead, .20 deep; tarsus, .70; -middle toe without claw, .55. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California (and Mexico in -winter?)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Darker, above brownish-plumbeous, dorsal streaks scarcely rufous, -and with distinctly black shaft-streaks; crown darker rufous. -Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.60; bill, .34 and .25; tarsus, .77; middle toe, -.57. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Orizaba; Oaxaca), in summer -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_7" id="fnanchor_7"></a><a href="#footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crown streaked; interscapulars with distinct black centres; tertials -sharply bordered terminally with paler. “Bridle” obsolete; bend of wing -edged with yellowish.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis.</b> Above uniformly marked with broad streaks or longitudinal -blotches of deep rufous; black streaks confined to interscapulars -and crown. Tail-feathers without darker shaft-stripe, and without -indications of darker bars; the outer feathers without distinct white. -Black marks on upper tail-coverts inconspicuous, longitudinal.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -The bluish-ash, and chestnut-rufous streaks above sharply contrasted; -black dorsal streaks broad. Wing, 2.45; tail, 2.65; bill, -.30 and .30; tarsus, .73; middle toe, .60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern States -from Florida and Georgia to Southern Illinois -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i>æstivalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -The dull ash and light rufous streaks above not sharply defined; -black dorsal streaks narrow. Wing, 2.65; tail, 3.00; bill, .32 and -.25; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .63. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern border of the -Arizona region of Middle Province of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Markings badly defined as in the last, but the rufous streaks -darker (in summer plumage almost entirely black), with more black -on the crown. Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.65; bill, .32 and .25; tarsus, -.80; middle toe, .60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Orizaba; Mirador, Colima) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_8" id="fnanchor_8"></a><a href="#footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini.</b> Above marked everywhere with broad short streaks of -pale (not reddish) brown streaks, all black medially. Tail-feathers with -<!--051.png--><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span> -distinct blackish shaft-stripe, throwing off narrow, obsolete bars toward -the edge of the feathers. Outer tail-feathers distinctly tipped (broadly) -and edged with dull white. Black marks on upper tail-coverts very -large, transverse. Beneath nearly uniform dull white, scarcely darker -along sides and across breast; flanks with broad streaks of blackish-brown. -Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.80; bill, .28 and .23; tarsus, .68; middle -toe, .55. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rio Grande, region (San Antonio and Laredo), north -to Kansas (<span class="sc">Allen</span>).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BACHMAN’S SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstivalis</i>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss der Doubletten"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz. Doubl.</abbr> -1823, 25, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 254.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, -481. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, -132.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -484. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bachmani</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 366, <abbr title="plage 165">pl. clxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus -bachmani</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa bachmani</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 113, <abbr title="plate 176">pl. clxxvi.</abbr>—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 481 (type). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstiva</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall, One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> I, (2d -ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 568. “<cite>Summer finch</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, Synopsis, <abbr title="second edition Six">(2d ed.,) VI</abbr>, 136.” <span class="sc">Nuttall.</span></p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_051.jpg" - width="250" height="196" - alt="Illustration: Peucæa æstivalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -All the feathers of the upper parts rather dark brownish-red or chestnut, -margined with bluish-ash, which almost -forms a median stripe on the crown. Interscapular -region and upper tail-coverts with -the feathers becoming black in the centre. -An indistinct ashy superciliary stripe. Under -parts pale yellow-brownish, tinged with -ashy on the sides, and with darker brownish -across the upper part of the breast. A faint -maxillary dusky line. Indistinct streaks of -chestnut along the sides. Edge of wing -yellow; lesser coverts tinged with greenish. -Innermost secondaries abruptly margined -with narrow whitish. Legs yellow. Bill -above dusky, yellowish beneath. Outer tail-feathers -obsoletely marked with a long blotch of paler at end. Female considerably -smaller. Young with rounded dusky specks on the jugulum, which is more ochraceous. -Length, 6.25; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.78.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Georgia; Florida; South Illinois, breeding (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). (Perhaps whole of -Southern States from Florida to South Illinois.)</p> - -<p>Specimens from Southern Illinois (Wabash <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, July, 1871; coll. of R. -Ridgway) are similar to Florida examples.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Bachman’s Finch has only been known, until very recently, as -a species of a very restricted range, and confined within the limits of the -States of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Our principal, and for some -time our only, knowledge of its habits was derived from the account furnished -by Rev. Dr. Bachman to Mr. Audubon. That observing naturalist first -met with it in the month of April, 1832, near Parker’s Ferry, on the Edisto -River, in South Carolina. Dr. Henry Bryant afterwards met with this -species at Indian River, in Florida, where he obtained specimens of its nests -<!--052.png--><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span> -and eggs. Dr. Alexander Gerhardt also found these Sparrows common at -Varnell’s Station, in the northern part of Georgia. Professor Joseph Leconte -has taken it near Savannah, and Mr. W. L. Jones has also obtained several -specimens in Liberty County, in the same State.</p> - -<p>After meeting with this species on the Edisto, Dr. Bachman ascertained, -upon searching for them in the vicinity of Charlestown, that they breed in -small numbers on the pine barrens, about six miles north of that city. He -was of the opinion that it is by no means so rare in that State as has been -supposed, but that it is more often heard than seen. When he first heard -it, the notes so closely resembled those of the Towhee Bunting that for a -while he mistook them for those of that bird. Their greater softness and -some slight variations at last induced him to suspect that the bird was -something different, and led him to go in pursuit. After that it was quite a -common thing for him to hear as many as five or six in the course of a morning’s -ride, but he found it almost impossible to get even a sight of the bird. -This is owing, not so much to its being so wild, as to the habit it has of -darting from the tall pine-trees, on which it usually sits to warble out its -melodious notes, and concealing itself in the tall broom-grass that is almost -invariably found in the places it frequents. As soon as it alights it runs off, -in the manner of a mouse, and hides itself in the grass, and it is extremely -difficult to get a sight of it afterwards.</p> - -<p>It was supposed by Dr. Bachman—correctly, as it has been ascertained—to -breed on the ground, where it is always to be found when it is not singing. -He never met with its nest. In June, 1853, he observed two pairs of these -birds, each having four young. They were pretty well fledged, and were following -their parents along the low scrub-oaks of the pine lands.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bachman regarded this bird as decidedly the finest songster of the -Sparrow family with which he was acquainted. Its notes are described as -very loud for the size of the bird, and capable of being heard at a considerable -distance in the pine woods where it occurs, and where at that season -it is the only singer.</p> - -<p>He also states that, by the middle of November, they have all disappeared, -probably migrating farther south. It is quite probable that they -do not go beyond the limits of the United States, and that some remain in -South Carolina during the whole of winter, as on the 6th of February, the -coldest part of the year, Dr. Bachman found one of them in the long grass -near Charleston.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon says that on his return from Florida, in June, 1832, travelling -through both the Carolinas, he observed many of these Finches on the -sides of the roads cut through the pine woods of South Carolina. They -filled the air with their melodies. He traced them as far as the boundary -line of North Carolina, but saw none within the limits of that State. They -were particularly abundant about the Great Santee River.</p> - -<p>This Finch, hitherto assumed to be an exclusively southeastern species, has -<!--053.png--><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 41]</span> -recently been detected by Mr. Ridgway in Southern Illinois, where it is a -summer resident, and where it breeds, but is not abundant. It inhabits old -fields, where, perched upon a fence-stake or an old dead tree, it is described -as chanting a very delightful song. It was first taken on the 12th of July, -1871, on the road about half-way between Mount Carmel and Olney. The -bird was then seen on a fence, and its unfamiliar appearance and fine song -at once attracted his notice as he was riding by. As several were heard -singing in the same neighborhood, it seemed common in that locality, and -as a young bird was taken in its first plumage there is no doubt that it is a -regular summer visitant of Southern Illinois, and breeds there. Mr. Ridgway -speaks of its song as one of the finest he has ever heard, most resembling -the sweet chant of the Field Sparrow, but is stronger, and varied -by a clear, high, and very musical strain. He describes its song as resembling -the syllables <i class="birdcall">thééééééé-til-lūt</i>, <i class="birdcall">lūt-lūt</i>, the first being a very fine trill -pitched in a very high musical key, the last syllable abrupt and metallic in -tone.</p> - -<p>The food of this species, Dr. Bachman states, consists of the seeds of grasses, -and also of coleopterous insects, as well as of a variety of the small berries -so abundant in that part of the country. He speaks of its flight as swift, -direct, and somewhat protracted, and adds that it is often out of sight before -it alights.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues did not meet with this Sparrow in South Carolina, but he was -informed by Professor Leconte that it occurs about Columbia and elsewhere -in the State, frequenting open pine woods and old dry fields.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bryant met with its nest in Florida, April 20. It was similar, in construction, -to that of the Savannah Sparrow, and contained five eggs. It was -the only Sparrow found by him in the pine barrens near Enterprise, and -was only seen occasionally, when it was a very difficult bird to shoot, as it -runs round in the grass more like a mouse than a bird, and will not fly -until almost trodden on, then moving only a few feet at a time.</p> - -<p>The nests of this bird, found by Dr. Bryant in Florida and by Dr. Gerhardt -in Northern Georgia, were all placed upon the ground and concealed in tufts -of thick grass, and constructed entirely of coarse wiry grasses, with no other -lining than this material. The eggs, four in number, are of a pure, almost -brilliant white, of a rounded oval shape, and measure .74 by .60 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARIZONA SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 486. (Los Nogales specimen.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(6,327 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Los Nogales, Northern Sonora, June, C. B. Kennerly.) Similar -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, but paler; wings and tail longer. Above light chestnut, all the feathers -margined and tipped with bluish-gray, but the reddish prevailing. Interscapular and -<!--054.png--><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 42]</span> -crown feathers with a narrow streak of black, those on crown indistinct. Beneath dull -white, tinged with ashy-ochraceous across the breast and along the sides; crissum pale -ochraceous. An obsolete light superciliary, and narrow dusky maxillary stripe. Bend -of wing yellow; lesser coverts tinged with greenish-yellow. Length, 6 inches; wing, -2.65; tail, 3.00; bill, .32 from nostril, .25 deep at base; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .63.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Los Nogales, Sonora, and Southern Arizona.</p> - -<p>This race has a considerable resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, but differs in -some appreciable points. The brown of the upper parts is paler, and the -ashy edging to the feathers appears rather less extensive. The dark brown -blotches on the back are of greater extent, the black streaks on the back -confined to a mere streak along the shaft. There is less of an olive tinge -across the breast.</p> - -<p>The proportions of the present race differ more from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i> -than do the colors, the bill being more slender, and the wings and tail considerably -longer.</p> - -<p>The resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. botterii</i> (= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i>) of Sclater, from -Middle Mexico (Orizaba, Colima, etc.), is very close; the difference being -greater in the proportions than in the colors, the latter having a shorter wing -and tail, with thicker bill, as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. -In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i> there is rather a -predominance of the black over the rufous in the streaks above.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This, in its general habits, nesting, eggs, etc., probably resembles -the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Six">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VI</abbr>, April, 1852, 60 (San Antonio). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, -Sitgreaves’s <abbr title="Repertorium">Rep.</abbr> Zuñi and Colorado, 1853, 85; Birds, -<abbr title="plate four">pl. iv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 485, <abbr title="plate four, figure">pl. iv, f.</abbr> -2.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -X, c, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 12, <abbr title="plate four, figure">pl. iv, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 219 (not from <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(6,329 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Texas; compared with type of species.) Ground-color of -upper parts grayish-ash; the middle portion of each feather dull brown, in the form of a -blotch, and with a black shaft-streak, the latter becoming modified on scapulars, rump, -and upper tail-coverts, into transverse spots, those on the upper tail-coverts being large -and conspicuous, and in the form of crescentic spots, the terminal margin of the feathers -being lighter ashy in sharp contrast. Middle tail-feathers clear ashy, with a sharply -defined shaft-streak of blackish, throwing off obsolete, narrow, transverse bars toward -the edge; rest of tail clear dusky-brown, the lateral feather with whole outer web, and -margin of the inner, dull white, all, except the intermediate, with a large, abruptly defined, -terminal space of dilute brown (decreasing in size from the outer), the margin whitish. -Upper secondaries broadly and sharply margined along both edges with dull ashy-white, -the enclosed portion being clear dusky brown, intensified where adjoining the whitish. -A very obsolete superciliary stripe of ashy, becoming whitish over the lore; auriculars -more dingy, but without distinct stripe along upper edge. An uninterrupted but indistinct -“bridle” along sides of throat. Lower parts dull white, without any ochraceous, -but with a very faint ashy tinge ever the jugulum; flanks with broad, somewhat blended -<!--055.png--><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span> -streaks of mixed brownish and dusky. Bend of wing edged with light yellow. Wing, -2.55; tail, 2.80; bill, .28 from nostril and .23 deep; tarsus, .68; middle toe, .55.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> (45,277, Laredo, Texas, June 28.) Very similar, but with a few drop-shaped -streaks of dark brown on the jugulum and along sides. The feathers above have a more -appreciable terminal border of buff.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rio Grande region of Southern Middle Province; Kansas, breeding (<span class="sc">Allen</span>). -San Antonio, Texas, summer (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 489; eggs); ? Orizaba, <abbr title="temperate region">temp. reg.</abbr> (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> -M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551).</p> - -<p>In the Birds of North America, the specimen characterized on <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 637 of the -present work as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, was referred to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i>, those -specimens which are here retained as such being considered as in quite immature -plumage. A more recent examination of additional material, however, -has compelled us to change our view. In consequence of the similarity -of the specimen in question to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, as noted in the article referred to -above, the general acceptation of the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i> has been that of a term -designating a variety of the common species; but we have as the result of the -investigation in question found it necessary to retain under the head of -“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i>” only the typical specimens from the Rio Grande region, and refer -the supposed aberrant specimen to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. In this Los Nogales specimen -we find existing such differences in proportions and colors as are sufficient to -warrant our bestowing upon it a new name, and establishing it as the Middle -Province race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, in this way connecting the South Atlantic and -Mexican races (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i> -and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i>) by a more similar form than -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i>, which must be set apart as an independent form,—in all -probability a good species. Several facts are favorable to this view. First, -we have of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i> specimens which are beyond question in perfect -adult plumage, and others which are undoubtedly immature; they differ -from each other only in such respects as would be expected, and agree -substantially in other characters, by which they are distinguished from the -different styles of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. Secondly, the region to be filled by a peculiar -race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i> is represented by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, which is undoubtedly -referable to that species; thus we have in one province these two different -forms, which therefore are probably distinct.</p> - -<p>The present bird is hardly less distinct from the races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i> than is -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>; and we would be as willing to consider all the definable forms presented -in the synopsis as varieties of a single species, as to refer the present -bird to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Finch, in its general appearance, as well as in respect to -habits, nesting, and eggs, is quite similar to Bachman’s Finch. It was first -met with by Dr. Woodhouse, in the expedition to the Zuñi River, when he -found it in Western Texas. He shot it on the prairies near San Antonio, on -the 25th of April, 1851, mistaking it for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i>, which, in its -habits, it seemed to him very much to resemble, but upon examination it was -found to be totally distinct.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann afterwards, being at Comanche Springs in Texas, had his -<!--056.png--><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 44]</span> -attention attracted by the new note of a bird unfamiliar to him. It was -found, after some observation, to proceed from this species. He describes -it as rising with a tremulous motion of its wings some twenty feet or more, -and then descending again, in the same manner, to within a few yards of -the spot whence it started, and as accompanying its entire flight with a -lengthened and pleasing song. The country in that neighborhood is very -barren, covered with low stunted bushes, in which the bird takes refuge on -being alarmed, gliding rapidly through the grass and shrubbery, and very -adroitly and effectually evading its pursuer. He observed them during four -or five days of the journey of his party, and after that saw no more of them. -They seemed, at the time, to be migrating, though their continued and oft-repeated -song also showed that they were not far from readiness for the -duties of incubation.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i> is said, by Mr. Sumichrast, to be a resident species in -the valley of Orizaba, in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and to be generally -distributed throughout the temperate region of that district. It is -very probable, however, that he has in view the Mexican race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i> -(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i>), and not the present species.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, who considers this bird only a western form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, -mentions (<abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, May, 1872) finding it quite frequently near -the streams in Western Kansas, where its sweetly modulated song greets -the ear with the first break of dawn, and is again heard at night till the -last trace of twilight has disappeared. Mr. Allen also states, in a letter, -that this bird was “tolerably common along the streams near Fort Hays, but -very retiring, singing mostly after nightfall and before sunrise, during the -morning twilight. When singing, it had the habit of rising into the air. I -shot three one morning thus singing, when it was so dark I could not find -the birds. The one I obtained does not differ appreciably from specimens -from Mr. Cassin’s collection, labelled by him <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i>, collected in -Texas.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway regards this record of the manners of this bird, while singing, -as indicating a specific difference from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>. The latter, in -Southern Illinois, has never been heard by him to sing at night, or in the -morning, nor even on the wing; but in broad midday, in the hottest days of -June, July, and August, he often heard them singing vigorously and sweetly, -as they perched upon a fence or a dead tree in a field, exactly after the manner -of our common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</i>.</p> - -<p>Among Dr. Heermann’s notes, quoted by Mr. Dresser, is one containing -the statement that he found this species not rare on the prairies near the -Medina River, in Texas, where it breeds. Mr. Dresser also states that when -at Howard’s Ranche, early in May, he found this bird by no means uncommon. -He confirms Dr. Heermann’s account, that it is easily distinguished as -it rises in the air, from a bush, with a peculiar fluttering motion of the wings, -at the same time singing, and then suddenly dropping into the bushes again. -<!--057.png--><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 45]</span> -He adds that, in his absence, Dr. Heermann procured the eggs of this species -on the Medina, and while he was himself travelling in July towards Loredo, -he found a nest which he was fully confident belonged to this bird. It was -placed in a low bush not above a foot from the ground, and in its construction -resembled that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</i>. The eggs were three in number, -pure white, closely agreeing with those taken by Dr. Heermann, and -larger and more elongated than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</i>.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, taken in Texas by Dr. H. R. Storer, the identification -of which, however, was incomplete, is more oblong than the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -æstivalis</i>, and smaller, measuring .72 by .58 of an inch. It is pure white -also.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa ruficeps</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus ruficeps</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Six, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. -VI, Oct.</abbr> 1852, 184 (California).—<abbr title="Ibid Illustration, One, five"> <span class="sc">Ib.</span> Illust. -I, <span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>, 1854, 135, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa ruficeps</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 486.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 218.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above brownish-ashy. The crown and nape uniform brownish-chestnut, -the interscapular region and neck with the feathers of this color, except around the -margins. A superciliary ashy stripe, whiter at the base of the bill. Beneath pale -yellowish-brown, or brownish-yellow, darker and more ashy across the breast and on the -sides of body; middle of belly and chin lighter; the latter with a well-marked line of -black on each side. Edge of wing white. Under tail-coverts more rufous. Legs -yellow. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of California, -to Mexico; ? Oaxaca, March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 380); ? Vera Cruz, -temperate region; resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> -M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552).</p> - -<p>This plainly colored species has the bill rather slender; tail rather long, -and considerably rounded; the outer feathers .40 of an inch shorter than -the middle; the feathers soft, and rounded at the tip. The wing is short; -the primaries not much longer than the tertials; the second, third, fourth, -and fifth nearly equal; the first scarcely longer than the secondaries.</p> - -<p>There is a blackish tinge on the forehead, separated by a short central -line of white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>. The eyelids are whitish, and there is a -short black line immediately over the upper lid. There is a faint chestnut -streak back of the eye. The chestnut of the nape is somewhat interrupted -by pale edgings. The blotches on the back melt almost insensibly into the -colors of the margins of the feathers. The outer edges of the secondaries -and tertials, and the outer surface of the tail, are yellowish-rusty.</p> - -<p>This bird is similar in general appearance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, but has the -head above more continuous chestnut; the black cheek-stripe more distinct, -and the edge of wing whitish, not yellow, the bill more slender. A Mexican -specimen has a stouter bill.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. boucardi</i> of Sclater (= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</i>; see table, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 634), from -Mexico, is exceedingly similar, it being very difficult to present the differences -<!--058.png--><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 46]</span> -in a diagnosis. This trouble is partly the result of the insufficient series at -our command, for there are such different combinations of colors, according -to the season, that it is almost impossible to select the average characters of -two definable forms.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first described, in 1852, by Mr. Cassin, from a -specimen obtained in California by Dr. Heermann. Very little is known as -to its history, and it appears to have been generally overlooked by naturalists -who have studied the ornithology of that State. The extent of its distribution -or of its numbers remains unknown,—a circumstance due undoubtedly -to the nature of the country which it frequents.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that in the fall of 1851 he shot on the Cosumnes -River a single specimen of this bird from among a large flock of Sparrows -of various kinds. In the spring of the following year, among the mountains, -near the Calaveras River, he found it quite abundant. It was then flying in -pairs, engaged in picking grass-seed from the ground, and when started it -never extended its flight beyond a few yards. Its notes, in their character, -reminded him of the ditty of our common little Chipping Sparrow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella -socialis</i>). He obtained several specimens. Its flight seemed feeble, and when -raised from the ground, from which it would not start until almost trodden -on, it would fly but a short distance, and almost immediately drop again into -the grass.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper has only met with this species on Catalina Island, in June, -where a few kept about the low bushes, feeding on the ground. They were -very difficult even to get a sight of. He heard them sing a few musical -notes, that reminded him of those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospizæ</i>. They flew only a short -distance, and in their habits reminded him of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizæ</i>. Their favorite -places of resort he supposes to be pine woods, as in the eastern species.</p> - -<p>The fact that this species has been found by Mr. Sumichrast to be a permanent -resident throughout all the temperate regions of Vera Cruz is a very -interesting one, and is suggestive of different manners and habits from those -supposed to belong to it as a bird allied with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodrami</i>. They are -abundant, and breed there, as in the United States, but nothing is given -throwing any positive light upon their general habits.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EMBERNAGRA</b>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Traité d’<abbr title="Ornithologie">Ornith.</abbr></span>, 1831 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>). -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saltator viridis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill conical, elongated, compressed; the upper outline considerably curved, -the lower straight; the commissure slightly concave, and faintly notched at the end. -Tarsi lengthened; considerably longer than the middle toe. Outer toe a little longer -than the inner, not reaching quite to the base of the middle claw. Hind toe about as -long as the middle without its claw. Wings very short, and much rounded; the tertials -nearly equal to the primaries; the secondaries a little shorter; the outer four primaries -much graduated, even the second shorter than any other quill. The tail is moderate, -<!--059.png--><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 47]</span> -about as long as the wings, much graduated; the feathers rather narrow, linear, and -elliptically rounded at the end; the outer webs more than usually broad in proportion to -the inner, being more than one third as wide. The upper parts are olive-green, the under -whitish.</p> - -<p>The position of this genus is a matter of considerable uncertainty. On -some accounts it would be better placed among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</i>.</p> - -<p>There are numerous tropical species of this genus; none of them are -nearly allied, however, to the single North American species.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, -<abbr title="Annals of the New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 112, -<abbr title="plate five figure">pl. v, f.</abbr> 2 (Texas).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings of Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 306.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 487, <abbr title="plate 55, figure">pl. lv. f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Mexican Boundary Survey Two">Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds, 16, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 2. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia plebeja</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Licht. Bon.</span></abbr> -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes <abbr title="Rendus">Rend.</abbr></span> 43, 1856, 413.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_059.jpg" - width="250" height="219" - alt="Illustration: Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence">Lawr.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">29229</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above uniform olivaceous-green. A stripe on each side of the head, and -one behind the eye, dull brownish-rufous, an -ashy superciliary stripe whiter anteriorly. Under -parts brownish-white, tinged with yellowish -posteriorly, and with olivaceous on the sides; -white in the middle of the belly. Edge of -wing, under coverts, and axillaries bright yellow. -Young with the head-stripes obsolete. -Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of the Rio Grande, and probably -of Gila, southward; Mazatlan, Mexico. -Oaxaca, April (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 380); Cordova; -Vera Cruz, temperate and hot regions, breeding -(<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> -M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551); Yucatan -(<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr>, 201).</p> - -<p>In this species the bill is rather long; the wings are very short, and much -rounded; the tertials equal to the primaries; the secondaries rather shorter; -the first quill is .65 of an inch shorter than the seventh, which is longest. -The tail is short; the lateral feathers much graduated; the outer half an -inch shorter than the middle.</p> - -<p>All the Mexican specimens before us have the bill stouter than those -from the Rio Grande of Texas, the stripes on the head apparently better -defined. The back is darker olive; the flanks brighter olive-green, not olive-gray, -the wings are apparently shorter. The series is not sufficiently perfect -to show other differences, if any exist.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_060a.jpg" - width="250" height="236" - alt="Illustration: Embernagra rufivirgata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the habits and distribution of this species we are -entirely without any information, other than that it has been met with in the -valley of the Rio Grande, and at various places in Mexico. Specimens were -obtained at New Leon, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, and at Ringgold Barracks, -<!--060.png--><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 48]</span> -in Texas, by Mr. J. H. Clark. The season when these birds were met -with is not indicated by him.</p> - -<p>It is stated by Mr. Sumichrast -that this species is found throughout -both the temperate and the hot districts -of the State of Vera Cruz, -Mexico. He also mentions that he -has found this bird in localities quite -remote from each other, and belonging -both to the hot and to the temperate -regions. In the latter it is -found to the height of at least four -thousand feet.</p> - -<p>This species was met with by Mr. -Boucard, during the winter months, -at Plaza Vicente, in the hot lowlands -of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> -<!--end subfamily Spizellinæ, which started in Volume One--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Passerillinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">PASSERELLINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Toes and claws very stout; the lateral claws reaching beyond the middle of the -middle one; all very slightly curved.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_060b.jpg" - width="250" height="178" - alt="Illustration: 846 Passerella iliaca" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</i>.<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">846</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Bill conical, the outlines straight; both mandibles equal; wings long, -longer than the even tail or -slightly rounded, reaching -nearly to the middle of its -exposed portion. Hind claw -longer than its digit; the toe -nearly as long as the middle -toe; tarsus longer than the -middle toe. Brown above, -either uniformly so or faintly -streaked; triangular spots below.</p> - -<p>This section embraces a -single North American genus, chiefly characterized by the remarkable elongation -of the lateral claws, as well as by the peculiar shape and large size -of all the claws; the lateral, especially, are so much lengthened as to extend -nearly as far as the middle. The only approach to this, as far as I recollect, -among United States <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostres</i>, is in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo megalonyx</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus -icterocephalus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--061.png--><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 49]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PASSERELLA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Classification of Birds Two">Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 288. -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla iliaca</i>, <span class="sc">Merrem</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Body stout. Bill conical, not notched, the outlines straight; the two -jaws of equal depth; roof of upper mandible deeply excavated, and vaulted; not knobbed. -Tarsus scarcely longer than the middle toe; outer toe little longer than the inner, its -claw reaching to the middle of the central one. Hind toe about equal to the inner -lateral; the claws all long, and moderately curved only; the posterior rather longer than -the middle, and equal to its toe. Wings long, pointed, reaching to the middle of the -tail; the tertials scarcely longer than secondaries; second and third quills longest; first -equal to the fifth. Tail very nearly even, scarcely longer than the wing. Inner claw -contained scarcely one and a half times in its toe proper.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="color">Color.</i> Rufous or slaty; obsoletely streaked or uniform above; thickly spotted with -triangular blotches beneath.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Ground-color above, slaty-ash, or sepia; wings, upper -tail-coverts, and tail more rufescent. Beneath, pure white, with numerous -triangular spots over breast and throat, streaks along sides, and a triangular -blotch on side of throat, of the same color as the wings. The pectoral spots -aggregated on the middle of the breast.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Hind claw not longer than its digit. Back with broad streaks of dark -rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca.</b> Ground-color above ash (more or less overlaid in winter -with a rufous wash); wings, dorsal spots, upper tail-coverts, tail, auriculars, -and markings of lower parts, bright reddish-rufous. Wing, 3.50; -tail, 2.90; tarsus, .87; middle toe, without claw, .67; hind claw, .35. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Hind claw much longer than its digit. Back without streaks.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Head and neck above with back, scapulars, and rump, rich sepia-brown, -almost uniform with wings and tail. Belly thickly spotted; -tibiæ deep brown; supraloral space not whitish. Wing, 3.05; tail, -2.85; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .62; hind claw, .43. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -Province of North America, from Kodiak south to Fort Tejon, Cal. -(in winter)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Head and neck above, with back, scapulars, and rump, slaty-ash, -in strong contrast with the rufescent-brown of wings and tail. -Belly with only minute specks, or immaculate; tibiæ grayish; -supraloral space distinctly white. Spots beneath clove-brown.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Bill, .34 from nostril, by .25 deep at base; wing, 3.30; tail, -3.50; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .60; hind claw, .45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -Province of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Bill, .35 from nostril and .47 deep; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50; -tarsus, .83; middle toe, .63; hind claw, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sierra Nevada, -from Fort Tejon, north to Carson City, Nev -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i></span>.</p> - -<p>No great violence would be done by considering all the above forms as -races of one species, the characters separating <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i> from the rest being of -<!--062.png--><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 50]</span> -no great importance. However, in the large series examined, there is no -specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i> at all aberrant, and none approach in the slightest -degree to any of the other forms. There can be no doubt whatever of the -specific identity of the three forms presented under section “B,” as is plainly -shown by specimens of intermediate characters. These western forms are -parallels of the western race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>; -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i> representing <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fallax</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i> the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. heermanni</i>, -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. guttata</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FOX-COLORED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla iliaca</i>, <span class="sc">Merrem</span>. -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Beiträge zur besondere Geschichte der Vögel gesammelt">“Beitr. zur besond. Gesch. der Vögel,</abbr> -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1786-87, 40, <abbr title="plate ten">pl. x.</abbr>”—<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> -Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 923.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 58; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 512, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 139, <abbr title="plate 186">pl. clxxxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> -Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 288.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 477.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 488.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. -I</abbr>, 1869, 285.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 325. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla rufa</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, -1811, 53, <abbr title="plate 24, figure">pl. xxiv, f.</abbr> 4.—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla ferruginea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -Catalogue, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 1812.—Hall’s <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="Two">II,</abbr> 255. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pratensis</cite>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>,” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_062.jpg" - width="250" height="261" - alt="Illustration: Passerella townsendi." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General aspect of upper parts foxy-red, the ground-color and the sides of -neck being ashy; the interscapular feathers each -with a large blotch of fox-red; this color glossing -the top of head and nape; sometimes faintly, -sometimes more distinctly; the rump unmarked; -the upper coverts and surface of the tail continuous -fox-red. Two narrow white bands on the -wing. Beneath, with under tail-coverts and -axillars, clear white, the sides of head and of -throat, the jugulum, breast, and sides of body, -conspicuously and sharply blotched with fox-red; -more triangular across breast, more linear and -darker on sides. Sometimes the entire head -above is continuously reddish. First quill rather -less than fifth. Hind toe about equal to its claw. -Length, 7.50; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.90; tarsus, .87; -middle toe, without claw, .67; hind claw, .35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the Mississippi, to the north along valley of the Mackenzie, -almost or quite to the Arctic coast, and down the valley of the Yukon to the -Pacific. Breeds throughout the interior of British America.</p> - -<p>In summer, the ash is more predominant above; in winter, it is overlaid -more or less by a wash of rufous, as described above.</p> - -<p>The young plumage we have not seen. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. obscura</i>, Verrill,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_9" id="fnanchor_9"></a><a href="#footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></span> -may be referrible to it.</p> - -<p><!--063.png--><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 51]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Fox-colored Sparrow, in its seasons of migrations, is a very -common bird throughout the United States east of the Mississippi River. -It has not been ascertained to breed in any part of the United States, though -it may do so in Northeastern Maine. Mr. Boardman has not met with it -near Calais, nor did I see nor could I hear of it in any part of Nova Scotia -or New Brunswick that I visited. In passing north, these birds begin their -northern movements in the middle of March, and from that time to the last -of April they are gradually approaching their summer quarters. Their first -appearance near Boston is about the 15th of March, and they linger in that -vicinity, or successive parties appear, until about the 20th of April. The last -comers are usually in song. On their return, the middle or last of October, -they pass rapidly, and usually make no stay. In Southwestern Texas these -birds were not observed by Mr. Dresser, nor in Arizona by Dr. Coues, but in -the Indian Territory Dr. Woodhouse found them very abundant on the -approach of winter. Dr. Coues speaks of them as common in South Carolina -from November to April, but less numerous than most of the Sparrows.</p> - -<p>In the vicinity of Washington this bird is found from October to April. -I have met with small groups of them through all the winter months among -the fallen leaves in retired corners of the Capitol grounds, where they were -busily engaged, in the manner of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, in scratching in the earth for -their food. At those periods when the ground was open, their habits were -eminently similar to those of the gallinaceous birds. In March and April -they were in company with the White-throated Sparrows, but passed north -at least a month earlier.</p> - -<p><!--064.png--><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 52]</span> -During their stay in the United States these birds keep in small distinctive -flocks, never mingling, though often in the same places, with other species. -They are found in the edges of thickets and in moist woods. They are usually -silent, and only occasionally utter a call-note, low and soft. In the -spring the male becomes quite musical, and is one of our sweetest and most -remarkable singers. His voice is loud, clear, and melodious; his notes full, -rich, and varied; and his song is unequalled by any of this family that I have -ever heard. They soon become reconciled to confinement and quite tame, -and sing a good part of the year if care is taken in regard to their food. If -allowed to eat to excess, they become very fat and heavy, and lose their song.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues did not meet with these birds in Labrador, but Mr. Audubon -found them there and in Newfoundland in large numbers; and, according -to the observations of Sir John Richardson, they breed in the wooded districts -of the fur countries, up to the 68th parallel of latitude.</p> - -<p>These birds were also found abundantly at Fort Simpson and Great Slave -Lake by Mr. Robert Kennicott and Mr. B. R. Ross; at Fort Anderson, Anderson -River, Swan River, and in various journeys, by Mr. R. MacFarlane; -at Fort Resolution, Fort Good Hope, La Pierre House, and Fort Yukon, by -Mr. Lockhart; at Peel’s River, by Mr. J. Flett; at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s, by Mr. -H. M. Bannister; and at Nulato, by Mr. W. H. Dall. They were observed at -Fort Simpson as early as May 17, and by Mr. Kennicott as late as September -17. Mr. Dall states that at Nulato he found this Sparrow in abundance. It -arrived there from the 10th to the 15th of May. It breeds there, and its -eggs were obtained on the Yukon River. In the month of August in 1867 -and of July in 1868 it was abundant at the mouth of the Yukon and at -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s. One was also shot at Unalaklik. The birds seemed to prefer -thickets to the more open country. Mr. Bannister did not find it abundant. -He shot only one specimen during the season, in an alder thicket -near the fort; and Mr. Pease, who was familiar with the species, only saw a -single individual.</p> - -<p>According to the reports of both Mr. MacFarlane and Mr. Kennicott, the -nest of this species was found both on the ground and in trees. In one -instance it was in a tree about eight feet from the ground, and in its -structure was said to be similar to the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</i>. They were -nearly all found after the middle of June, a few as early as the 7th. One -was found on the ground at the foot of a tuft of dwarf willows, which helped -to conceal it from view. This was composed of coarse hay, lined with -some of a finer quality, a few deer-hairs, and a small quantity of fresh and -growing moss, intermingled together. In speaking of this nest Mr. MacFarlane -states that all the nests of this Sparrow he had previously met -with had been built in the midst of branches of pine or spruce trees, and -had been similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>, which, in this instance, it did -not resemble. He adds that this species, though not numerous, extended -quite to the borders of the wooded country, to the north and northwest of -<!--065.png--><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 53]</span> -Fort Anderson. Afterwards he observed several other nests on the ground, -all of which were similar to the last, and it is by no means impossible -that in certain instances these birds may have occupied old nests of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>, and used them for purposes of incubation. Richardson states that -its nests are constructed in a low bush, and are made of dry grass, hair, and -feathers. He states that the eggs are five in number, of a pale mountain-green -tint, and marbled with irregular spots of brown.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, who found several of the nests of this bird in Labrador, -near the coast, describes them as large for the size of the bird, and as usually -placed on the ground among moss or tall grass near the stem of a creeping -fir, the branches of which usually conceal it from view. Its exterior is -loosely formed of dry grasses and moss, with a carefully disposed inner layer -of fine grasses, circularly arranged. The lining consists of very delicate -fibrous roots, with feathers of different kinds of water-fowl. In one instance -he noted the down of the eider-duck. He found their eggs from the middle -of June to the 5th of July. When their nest was approached, the female -affected lameness, and employed all the usual arts to decoy the intruder -away. They raised but one brood in a season, and about the first of September -left Labrador for the south in small flocks, made up of members of one -family.</p> - -<p>Their eggs measure from .92 to an inch in length, and .70 in breadth. -They are oblong in shape. Their ground-color is a light bluish-white, -thickly spotted with a rusty-brown, often so fully as to conceal the -ground.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</b>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TOWNSEND’S SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza unalaschkensis</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin Two"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> II</abbr>, 1788, 875 (based on <cite>Aonalaschka Bunting</cite>, -<abbr title="Latham Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> II</abbr>, -202, 48; <cite>Unalaschka <abbr title="Bunting">B.</abbr></cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, 52). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i> <i>u.</i> <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, -53 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla townsendi</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V,</abbr> 1839, -236, <abbr title="plate 424, figure">pl. ccccxxiv, f.</abbr> 7.—<abbr title="Ibid, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 43, <abbr title="plate 187">pl. clxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Passerella) -townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> -1840, 533. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, -1850, 477.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -489.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 204.—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, -285. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla meruloides</i>, <abbr title="Vigors, Zoölogy"><span class="sc">Vig.</span> Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom -(Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>), 1839, 19. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza (Zonotrichia) rufina</i>, -<span class="sc">Kittlitz</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Denkwürdigkeiten">Denkw.</abbr> 1858, -200. (He compares it with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>, but says it is darker. Sitka.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above very dark olive-brown, with a tinge of rufous, the color continuous -and uniform throughout, without any trace of blotches or spots; the upper tail-coverts -and outer edges of the wing and tail feathers rather lighter and brighter. The under parts -white, but thickly covered with approximating triangular blotches colored like the back, -sparsest on the middle of the body and on the throat; the spots on the belly smaller. -Side almost continuously like the back; tibiæ and under tail-coverts similar, the latter -edged with paler. Axillars brown; paler on edges. Claws all very large and long; the -hinder claw longer than its toe. First and sixth quills about equal. Length, about 7 -inches; wing, about 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--066.png--><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 54]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Pacific coast of United States, as far south as Sacramento, and Fort Tejon? -north to Kodiak (and Unalaschka?).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_066.jpg" - width="250" height="191" - alt="Illustration: Passerella townsendi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2874</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This species differs a good deal in form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>. The claws are -much larger and stouter, the wing -a good deal shorter and more -rounded. The differences in color -are very appreciable, the tints being -dark sepia-brown instead of red, -and perfectly uniform above, not -spotted; the under parts much -more thickly spotted.</p> - -<p>Specimens from Alaska show a -tendency to longer and perhaps -more slender bills. Some are -rather more rufous-brown than the -type; others have a faint tinge of ashy anteriorly, although scarcely appreciable. -This is especially noticeable in some skins from Fort Tejon, -they being almost exactly intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i>, or -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i>.</p> - -<p>Young birds are not materially different from the adult, except in having -the white of under parts replaced by pale rusty; the back is rather duller -in color, but without spots or stripes of any kind.</p> - -<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 46,620 from British Columbia has the bill much stouter than in the -average.</p> - -<p>It is by no means certain, however probable, that this bird is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. unalaschkensis</i> -of Gmelin, an important objection being its absence so far in -collections received by the Smithsonian Institution from that island. We -therefore leave the question open for the present.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history of this western analogue of the Fox-colored Sparrow -is still quite imperfectly known. It was first obtained in Oregon by -Mr. Townsend, on the 15th of February. He describes it as a very active -and a very shy bird, keeping constantly among the low bushes of wormwood, -and on the ground in their vicinity. It was partially gregarious, six -or eight being usually seen together. Its call-note was a short, sharp, quick -chirp, and it also had occasionally a low weak warble.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel, referring probably to its occurrence in winter in California, -speaks of this bird as an abundant resident in that State, which is not correct, -it being only a winter visitant, and not abundant south of San Francisco. -He describes its habits as very different from those of any other Sparrow, -and more like those of a Thrush. It is said to keep in retired bushy places, -or in underwood, and was scarcely ever seen except on the ground, and then -would scarcely ever be discovered but for the noise it made in scratching -among the leaves. It was silent and unsuspicious, and he rarely heard it -utter even its occasional chirp.</p> - -<p><!--067.png--><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span> -Dr. Cooper states that he found this Sparrow only a winter resident in -Washington Territory, where, in company with other Sparrows, it kept constantly -on the ground, frequenting the thickets and scratching among the -fallen leaves for its food. It was most common in the interior, but in very -cold weather sought the coast, in company with the Snowbird and other -species. He observed a few lingering about the Straits of Fuca until April. -After that he saw no more of them until their return southward in October. -During their winter residence Dr. Cooper never heard them sing. Dr. Suckley -found them rather abundant near Fort Steilacoom, though not so common -as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza rufina</i>, which they greatly resembled in habits and in general -appearance.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann describes them as abundant and migratory in California, -visiting that State only in winter. He speaks of them as of a solitary and -quiet nature, resorting to the thickets and underwood for its food, turning -over the leaves and scratching up the ground in the manner of the Brown -Thrush, occasionally hopping backwards as if to ascertain the results of its -labors.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the Birds of California, reaffirms that this -bird is only a winter visitant to the lower country near the Columbia, but -also conjectures that it spends the summer in the Cascade Mountains, between -April and October. Specimens have been obtained near San Francisco -in winter. It seemed to him to be both a shy and a silent bird, frequenting -only woods or thick bushes, and while there constantly scratching -among the fallen leaves, and feeding both on seeds and insects. He has -seen either this bird or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megarhynchus</i> as far south as San Diego in -winter. He has also noticed its arrival near San Francisco as early as October -20.</p> - -<p>On the Spokan Plains, in British Columbia, Mr. J. K. Lord first met with -this species. They were there not uncommon in dark swampy places east -of the Cascades. These birds he found remarkable for their singular habit -of scratching dead leaves or decayed material of any sort with their feet, -exactly as do barn-door fowls,—sending the dirt right, left, and behind. It -picks up seeds, insects, larvæ, or anything eatable that it thus digs out, and -then proceeds to scratch for more. The long and unusually strong claws with -which this bird is provided seem particularly well adapted for these habits, -so unusual in a Sparrow. At almost any time, by waiting a few moments, -one may be pretty sure to hear the scratching of several of these birds from -under the tangle of fallen timber.</p> - -<p>Several specimens were obtained in Sitka by Bischoff and others, but -without any record of their habits.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--068.png--><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 56]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 490, <abbr title="plate69, figure">pl. lxix, f.</abbr> 3.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_068.jpg" - width="250" height="183" - alt="Illustration: 11234 male symbol" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">11234</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, the length being .34 from nostril, the depth .25; the upper -mandible much swollen at the base; the under -yellow. Above and on the sides uniform slate-gray; -the upper surface of wings, tail-feathers, -and upper coverts dark brownish-rufous; ear-coverts -streaked with white. Beneath pure -white, with broad triangular arrow-shaped and -well-defined spots of slate-gray like the back -everywhere, except along the middle of the belly; -not numerous on the throat. A hoary spot at the -base of the bill above the loral region; axillars -nearly white. Length, 6.80; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Head-waters of Platte and middle region of United States to Fort Tejon and to -Fort Crook, California.</p> - -<p>This species is readily distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i> by the slaty back and -spots on the breast, the absence of streaks above, and the longer claws. From -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> it differs in having the head, back, sides, and spots beneath slate-colored, -instead of dark reddish-brown. The spotting beneath is much more -sparse, the spots smaller, more triangular, and confined to the terminal -portion of the feathers, instead of frequently involving the entire outer edge. -The axillars are paler. The wings and tail are the same in both species.</p> - -<p>The young bird is quite similar; but the spots beneath are badly defined, -more numerous, and longitudinal rather than triangular.</p> - -<p>There can be little doubt, however, that this bird is a geographical race -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> For all that we know in regard to the habits and general distribution -of this species, we are indebted to the observations of Mr. Ridgway, -who met with it while accompanying Mr. Clarence King’s geological survey. -It was first obtained in July, 1856, by Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, on the Platte -River, and others were afterwards collected at Fort Tejon by Mr. Xantus.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found the Slate-colored Sparrow at Carson City, during its -spring migrations northward, in the early part of March. At this time it -was seen only among the willows along the Carson River, and was by no -means common. It had the habit of scratching among the dead leaves, on -the ground in the thickets, precisely after the manner of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>. -In the following September he again found it among the thickets in the -Upper Humboldt Valley. In Parley’s Park, among the Wahsatch Mountains, -he found it a very plentiful species in June, nesting among the willows -and other shrubbery along the streams. There it was always found in -company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fallax</i>, which in song it greatly resembles, though its -other notes are quite distinct, the ordinary one being a sharp <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chuck</i>. The -<!--069.png--><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 57]</span> -nest of the two species, he adds, were also so much alike in manner of construction -and situation, and the eggs so similar, that it required a careful -observation to identify a nest when one was found.</p> - -<p>The eggs from one nest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i> measure .90 by .70 of -an inch, have a ground of a light mountain-green, and are profusely spotted -with blotches of a rufous-brown, generally diffused over the entire egg.</p> - -<p>Another nest of this species, obtained in Parley’s Park, in the Wahsatch -Mountains, by Mr. Ridgway, June 23, 1869, was built in a clump of willows, -about two feet from the ground. The nest is two inches in height, two and -a half in diameter, cavity one and a half deep, with a diameter of two. It -is composed externally of coarse decayed water-grass, is lined with fine hair -and finer material like the outside. The eggs, four in number, are .80 by .67 -of an inch, of a very rounded oval shape, the ground-color of a pale green, -blotched and marked chiefly at the larger end with brown spots of a wine-colored -hue.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THICK-BILLED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 490 (in part; -<abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Tejon specimens). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella megarhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> -925 (Appendix).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, -222. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, -<abbr title="Report of Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel">Rept. Geol. -Expl. 40th Par.</abbr></p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_069.jpg" - width="250" height="193" - alt="Illustration: 13757 male symbol" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">13757</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i> -in colors, size, and general proportions; but bill -enormously thick, its depth being very much -greater than the distance from nostril to tip, -instead of much less; color of lower mandible -rosy milk-white, instead of maize-yellow. Bill, -.35 from nostril, .47 deep; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50; -tarsus, .83; middle toe without claw, .63; hind -claw, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Sierra Nevada, from Fort Tejon north -to 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> latitude (Carson City, Nevada, breeding, -<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>This very remarkable variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi</i> -is quite local in its distribution, -having been observed only in the Sierra Nevada region, as above -indicated. The first specimens were brought from Fort Tejon by Mr. J. -Xantus, but at what season they were found there is not indicated on the -labels. Recently, specimens were procured by Mr. Ridgway at Carson City, -<abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, in April, they having arrived there about the 20th of April, frequenting -the ravines of the Sierra near the snow. At the same place the -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i> was found earlier in the spring, but among the willows along -the streams in the valleys, and not met with in the mountains; and all the -individuals had passed northward before those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i> arrived.</p> - -<p><!--070.png--><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 58]</span> -In this restricted distribution the present bird is a companion of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, and the characteristics of form are the -same in both as compared with their Middle Province and Northern representatives; -while they both differ from the latter (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i>, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>) in purer, lighter, and less brown colors.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper met with several individuals of this bird towards the -summits of the Sierra Nevada, in September, 1863, but was unable to preserve -any of them. So far as he was able to observe them, they had no song, and -their habits were generally similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi</i>.</p> - -<p>The Thick-billed Sparrow was found by Mr. Ridgway as a very common -bird among the alder swamps in the ravines of the eastern slope of the Sierra -Nevada during the summer. Near Carson City, April 25, in a swampy -thicket near the streams in the level slopes, he heard, for the first time, its -beautiful song, and killed a specimen in the midst of its utterance of what, -he adds, was one of the most exquisitely rich utterances he ever heard. -This song, he states, resembles, in richness and volume, that of the Louisiana -Water Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus ludovicianus</i>), qualities in which that bird is -hardly equalled by any other North American bird. They were singing -in all parts of that swampy thicket, and up the ravines as far as the snow. -From the nature of the place and the character of their song, they were -at first supposed to be the Water Thrush, until specimens of these exquisite -songsters were secured. He regards this bird as second to none of -our singers belonging to this family and though in variety, sprightliness, -and continuity, and also in passionate emotional character, its song is not -equal to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i>, yet it is far superior in power and -richness of tone. Mr. Ridgway regards this bird as easily distinguishable -from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. schistacea</i>, of which, however, it is only a variety. There is a -total discrepancy in its notes, and while neither species is resident in the -latitude of Carson City, through which both kinds pass in their migrations, -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. schistacea</i> lingers in the spring only a short time, soon passing to the -northward, while the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megarhynchus</i> arrives later and remains through the -summer. The former makes its temporary abode among the willows along -the river, while the latter breeds in the shrubbery of the mountain ravines.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Passerellinæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Spizinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">SPIZINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill variable, always large, much arched, -and with the culmen considerably -curved; sometimes of enormous size, and with a greater development backward of the -lower jaw, which is always appreciably, sometimes considerably, broader behind than the -upper jaw at its base; nostrils exposed. Tail rather variable. Bill generally black, light -blue, or red. Wings shorter than in the first group. Gape almost always much more -strongly bristled. Few of the species sparrow-like or plain in their appearance; usually -blue, red, or black and white; except in one or two instances the sexes very different in -color.</p> - -<p><!--071.png--><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 59]</span> -The preceding diagnosis is intended to embrace the brightly colored -passerine birds of North America, different in general appearance from the -common Sparrows. It is difficult to draw the line with perfect strictness, so -as to separate the species from those of the preceding group, but the bill is -always more curved, as well as larger, and the colors are brighter. They resemble -quite closely, at a superficial glance, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</i>, but may -be readily distinguished by absence of the projecting tufts surrounding the -base of the upper mandible, shorter, more rounded wings, and longer tarsi.</p> - -<p>The genera may be most conveniently arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Wings decidedly longer than the tail. Eggs plain blue or white, unspotted.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Feet very stout, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. Species terrestrial.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza.</b> Bill moderate, the commissure with a deep angle -posteriorly and prominent lobe behind it; anteriorly nearly straight; -commissure of lower mandible with a prominent angle. Outer toe longer -than the inner, both nearly as long as the posterior. Outer four primaries -about equal, and abruptly longer than the rest. Tertials nearly equal -to primaries. Tail-feathers broad at tips. Color: black with white spot -on wing in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, brownish streaks in -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Nest on or near ground; eggs -plain pale blue.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza.</b> Bill weaker, the commissure with a more shallow angle, -and much less prominent sinuation behind it; anteriorly distinctly -sinuated. Outer toe shorter than inner, both much shorter than the -posterior one. First primary longest, the rest successively shorter. -Tertials but little longer than secondaries. Tail-feathers attenuated at -tips. Color: back brown streaked with black; throat white; jugulum -yellow or ashy; with or without black spot on fore neck. A yellow -or white superciliary stripe. Nest on or near ground; eggs plain pale -blue.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Feet weaker, scarcely reaching beyond lower tail-coverts; species arboreal.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>a. Size large (wing more than 3.50 inches).</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles.</b> Upper mandible much swollen laterally. Colors: no -blue; upper parts conspicuously different from the lower. Wings and -tail with white patches; axillars and lining of wing yellow or red. -Female streaked. Nest in a tree or bush; eggs greenish, thickly spotted.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca.</b> Upper mandible flat laterally. Colors: <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> deep blue, with -two rufous bands on wings; no white patches on wings or tail; axillars -and lining of wing blue; <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> olive-brown without streaks. Nest in a -bush; eggs plain bluish-white.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>b. Size very small (wing less than 3.00 inches).</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza.</b> Similar in form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>, but culmen more curved, -mandible more shallow, the angle and sinuations of the commissure -less conspicuous. Color: <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> more or less blue, without any bands on -wing (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amæna</i> in which they are white); <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> olive-brown. -Nest in a bush; eggs plain bluish-white (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ciris</i>, in which -they have reddish spots).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Wing and tail about equal. The smallest of American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostres</i>. Nest in -bushes. Eggs white, spotted.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--072.png--><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 60]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila.</b> Bill very short and broad, scarcely longer than high, -not compressed; culmen greatly curved. Color: chiefly black and -white, or brown and gray.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara.</b> Bill more triangular, decidedly longer than deep, much -compressed; culmen only slightly curved, or perfectly straight. Colors: -dull olive-green and blackish, with or without yellow about the head.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> Wing much shorter than the tail.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Head crested. Prevailing color red. Bill red or whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia.</b> Bill pyrrhuline, very short, and with the culmen greatly -convex; shorter than high. Hind claw less than its digit; not much -larger than the middle anterior one. Tarsus equal to the middle toe. -Nest in bush or low tree; eggs white, spotted with lilac and olive.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis.</b> Bill coccothraustine, very large; culmen very slightly -convex. Wings more rounded. Feet as in the last, except that the -tarsus is longer than the middle toe. Nest in bush or low tree; eggs -white, spotted with lilac and olive.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Head not crested. Colors black, brown, or olive, without red. Bill dusky, -or bluish.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo.</b> Bill moderate; culmen and commissure curved. Hind claw -very large and strong; longer than its digit. Tarsus less than the -middle toe. Nest on ground or in low bush; eggs white sprinkled with -red, or pale blue with black dots and lines round larger end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CALAMOSPIZA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina</i>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_072.jpg" - width="250" height="184" - alt="Illustration: Calamospiza bicolor" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5720</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather large, much swollen at the base; the culmen broad, gently but -decidedly curved; the gonys nearly -straight; the commissure much -angulated near the base, then -slightly sinuated; lower mandible -nearly as deep as the upper, the -margins much inflected, and shutting -under the upper mandible. -Nostrils small, strictly basal. Rictus -quite stiffly bristly. Legs large and -stout. Tarsi a little longer than -the middle toe; outer toe rather -longer than the inner, and reaching -to the concealed base of the middle -claw; hind toe reaching to the -base of the middle claw; hind claw -about as long as its toe. Claws all strong, compressed, and considerably curved. Wings -long and pointed; the first four nearly equal, and abruptly longest; the tertials much -elongated, as long as the primaries. Tail a little shorter than the wings, slightly graduated; -the feathers rather narrow and obliquely oval, rounded at the end.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="color">Color.</i> <i class="sex">Male</i>, black, with white on the wings. <i class="sex">Female</i>, brown above, beneath white, -with streaks.</p> - -<!--073.png--><!--Plate 29--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_29.jpg" - width="auto" height="100%" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="29">XXIX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-1" id="pl_29-1"></a><img src="images/pl_29-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</span>. D. C., 10147.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-2" id="pl_29-2"></a><img src="images/pl_29-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 5720.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-3" id="pl_29-3"></a><img src="images/pl_29-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, 6306.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-4" id="pl_29-4"></a><img src="images/pl_29-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Philadelphia">Philada.</abbr>, 6480.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-5" id="pl_29-5"></a><img src="images/pl_29-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-6" id="pl_29-6"></a><img src="images/pl_29-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail6 " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza parellina</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nuevo Leon, Mexico">N. Leon, Mex.</abbr>, 4074.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-7" id="pl_29-7"></a><img src="images/pl_29-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza ciris</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 6271.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-8" id="pl_29-8"></a><img src="images/pl_29-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza ciris</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-9" id="pl_29-9"></a><img src="images/pl_29-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nuevo Leon, Mexico">N. Leon, Mex.</abbr>, 4075.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-10" id="pl_29-10"></a><img src="images/pl_29-10.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Cabo Saint Lucas">C. St. Lucas</abbr>, 12984.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-11" id="pl_29-11"></a><img src="images/pl_29-11.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 11" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort Union, Dakota">Ft. Union, Dak.</abbr>, 1898.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-12" id="pl_29-12"></a><img src="images/pl_29-12.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 12" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Nevada, 53551.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-13" id="pl_29-13"></a><img src="images/pl_29-13.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 13" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2645.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-14" id="pl_29-14"></a><img src="images/pl_29-14.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 14" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">14. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 32426.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-15" id="pl_29-15"></a><img src="images/pl_29-15.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 15" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">15. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Bahamas.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-16" id="pl_29-16"></a><img src="images/pl_29-16.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 16" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">16. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Bahamas.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_29-17" id="pl_29-17"></a><img src="images/pl_29-17.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 17" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">17. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Costa Rica, 30524.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--074.png--><!--blank page--> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_075.jpg" - width="250" height="169" - alt="Illustration: Calamospiza bicolor" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><!--075.png--><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span> -This genus is well characterized by the large swollen bill, with its curved -culmen; the large strong feet and claws; the long wings, a little longer -than the tail, and with the tertials -as long as the primaries; -the first four quills about equal, -and abruptly longest; the tail -short and graduated.</p> - -<p>The only group of North -American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</i>, with the -tertials equal to the primaries in -the closed wing, is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>. -This, however, has a differently -formed bill, weaker feet, the -inner primaries longer and more regularly graduated, the tail-feathers more -acute and shorter, and the plumage streaked brownish and white instead of -black.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</b>, - <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LARK BUNTING; WHITE-WINGED BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, 1837, -189.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative, 1839, 346.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 19, <abbr title="plate 390">pl. cccxc.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 475.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 492.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c, 15. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, -1839, 130.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 195, <abbr title="plate 201">pl. cci.</abbr>—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 347.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 225. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx bicolor</i>, -<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, Manual, <abbr title="One, second edition">I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 203.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male</i> entirely black; a broad band on the wing (covering the whole of the -greater coverts), with the outer edges of the quills and tail-feathers, white. Length, about -6.50; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.20; tarsus, 1.00; bill above, .60.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> pale brown, streaked with darker above; beneath white, spotted and streaked -rather sparsely with black on the breast and sides. Throat nearly immaculate. A -maxillary stripe of black, bordered above by white. Region around the eye, a faint -stripe above it, and an obscure crescent back of the ear-coverts, whitish. A broad fulvous -white band across the ends of the greater wing-coverts; edge of wing white. Tail-feathers -with a white spot at the end of the inner web.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Similar to the female; a faint buff tinge prevalent beneath, where the streaks -are narrower; dark streaks above broader, the feathers bordered with buffy-white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains to the Rocky Mountains; southwesterly to Valley of -Mimbres and Sonora; San Antonio, Texas, winter (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 490). Fort -Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 84). Parley’s Park, Utah (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This peculiar species, known by some writers as the Lark Bunting, -and by others as the White-winged Blackbird, was first described by -Townsend in 1837. He met with it when, in company with Mr. Nuttall, he -made his western tour across the continent, on the 24th of May, soon after -crossing the north branch of the Platte River. The latter writer regarded it -<!--076.png--><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 62]</span> -as closely allied to the Bobolink, and described it as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>. He -describes the birds as gregarious, consorting with the Cowbirds, and, at the -time he met with them, uttering most delightful songs. Towards evening -they sometimes saw these birds in all directions around them, on the hilly -grounds, rising at intervals to some height, hovering and flapping their wings, -and, at the same time, giving forth a song which Mr. Nuttall describes as -being something like <i class="birdcall">weet-weet-wt-wt-wt</i>, notes that were between the hurried -warble of the Bobolink and the melody of a Skylark. It is, he says, one -of the sweetest songsters of the prairies, is tame and unsuspicious, and the -whole employment of the little band seemed to be an ardent emulation of -song.</p> - -<p>It feeds on the ground, and, as stated by Mr. Townsend, may be seen in -flocks of from sixty to a hundred together. It was, so far as their observations -went, found inhabiting exclusively the wide grassy plains of the Platte. -They did not see it to the west of the Black Hills, or the first range of the -Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>To Mr. Nuttall’s account Mr. Townsend adds that this bird is strictly gregarious, -that it feeds on the ground, around which it runs in the manner of the -Grass Finch, to which, in its habits, it seems to be somewhat allied. Mr. -Townsend adds that, as their caravan moved along, large flocks of these birds, -sometimes to the number of sixty or a hundred individuals, were started -from the ground, and the piebald appearance of the males and females promiscuously -intermingled presented a very striking and by no means unpleasing -effect. While the flock was engaged in feeding, some of the males were -observed to rise suddenly to considerable height in the air, and, poising -themselves over their companions with their wings in constant and rapid -motion, continued nearly stationary. In this situation they poured forth a -number of very lively and sweetly modulated notes, and, at the expiration -of about a minute, descended to the ground and moved about as before. -Mr. Townsend also states that he met with none of these birds west of the -Black Hills.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway also mentions that though he found these birds very abundant -on the plains east of the Black Hills, he met with only a single specimen -to the westward of that range. This was at Parley’s Park, among the -Wahsatch Mountains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel, in his paper on the Birds of California, states that he met -with small flocks of this handsome species in the bushy plains, and along the -margins of streams, during the winter months. And Dr. Heermann states -that he also found this species numerous in California, New Mexico, and -Texas. Arriving in the last-named State in May, he found this species there -already mated, and about to commence the duties of incubation.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found these birds common near San Antonio during the winter. -In December he noticed several flocks near Eagle Pass. They frequented -the roads, seeking the horse-dung. They were quite shy, and when disturbed -<!--077.png--><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 63]</span> -the whole flock would go off together, uttering a low and melodious whistle. -In May and June several were still about near Howard’s Rancho, and on his -return from Houston, in June, he succeeded in shooting one in its full summer -plumage, when its specific name is peculiarly appropriate. He does not, -however, think that, as a general thing, any of them remain about San Antonio -to breed.</p> - -<p>They breed in great numbers on the plains of Wyoming Territory, and -probably also in Colorado, Montana, and Dakota. The Smithsonian collection -embraces specimens obtained in July from the Yellowstone, from Platte -River, Pole Creek, the Black Hills, and Bridger’s Pass, indicating that they -breed in these localities; also specimens from Texas, New Mexico, Sonora, -and Espia, in Mexico, but none from California.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, who met with these birds both in Sonora and at Espia, on -the Mexican Boundary Survey, states that he observed them in the valley -of the river early in the morning, in very large flocks. During the greater -part of the day they feed on the hills among the bushes. When on the wing -they keep very close together, so that a single discharge of shot would sometimes -bring down twenty or thirty. Mr. J. H. Clark, on the same survey, -also states that he sometimes found them occurring in flocks of hundreds. -The greatest numbers were seen near Presidio del Norte. Great varieties of -plumage were observed in the same flock. The food seemed to be seeds -almost exclusively. They were very simultaneous in all their movements. -Stragglers were never observed remaining behind after the flock had started. -They are, he states, the most absolutely gregarious birds he has ever met -with.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues, who regarded this bird as one highly characteristic of the prairie -fauna, writes me that he met with it in great numbers in Kansas, soon -after leaving Fort Riley, and saw it every day until he reached the Raton -Mountains in New Mexico. “For two or three days, in fact, from Fort -Larned to the mountains,” he writes, “I scarcely saw anything else. This -was the first week in June, and most of the birds seemed to be paired and -nesting, though occasionally a dozen or more were seen together, flocking -like the Blackbirds that they strongly recall. They were in full song, and -proved delightful vocalists. Sometimes they warble from some spray or low -bush offering a stand a little above the level flower-beds of the prairie, but -oftener they mount straight up, hovering high in the air on tremulous wings, -pouring forth their melodious strains until, seemingly exhausted, they sink -back to the ground. At such times it is interesting to watch two rival males, -each straining every nerve to mount higher than the other, and sing more -acceptably to its mate hidden in the verdure below. This habit of rising on -the wing to sing, so famed in the case of the Skylark, seems not confined to -particular species, but to be a forced practice of a number of different birds -residing in open level regions, that do not afford the elevated perches usually -chosen by woodland songsters for their performances. The ordinary flight -<!--078.png--><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span> -of this species is altogether of a different character, being a low gliding motion, -overtopping the weeds and bushes. That the birds were nesting at this -time is rendered still more probable by the fact that the males noticed as we -passed along were out of all proportion, in numbers, to the females seen. -They were very heedless of approach, and any number could have been -readily destroyed. I never saw any at Fort Whipple, or elsewhere in Arizona, -though Dr. Heermann says that they are abundant in the southern -portions of the Territory, and specimens are recorded from Lower California.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen found the Lark Bunting one of the few birds that seemed -strictly confined to the arid plains near Fort Hays, in Kansas. He met with -it in great abundance, but only on the high ridges and dry plateaus, where -they seemed to live in colonies. He describes them as very wary, and very -tenacious of life, often flying long distances, even after having been mortally -wounded. They seemed to delight to fly in strong winds, when most other -birds kept in shelter. They sing while on the wing, hovering in the wind -and shaking the tail and legs after the well-known manner of the Yellow-breasted -Chat. Its song seemed to him to strongly resemble that of the -Chat, with which, at such times, its whole demeanor strikingly accorded.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds collected in the survey on the -<abbr title="thirty-second">32d</abbr> parallel, states that he first observed these birds on approaching the -Pimos villages. They were associated with large flocks of Sparrows, gleaning -grain and grass-seed upon the ground. When started up they flew but -a short distance before they resumed their occupation. After crossing the -San Pedro he again found them in large flocks. At Fort Fillmore, in Mesilla -Valley, it was also quite common and associated with the Cowbird and -Blackbird, searching for grain among the stable offals. He again met with -them in Texas, in the month of April, most of them still retaining their -winter coat. He describes the tremulous fluttering motion of the wings with -which the male accompanies its song while on the wing as very much after -the manner of the Bobolink, and he speaks of their song as a disconnected -but not an unmusical chant. He found their nests on the ground, made of -fine grasses, lined with hair, and in one instance he found the eggs spotted -with faint red dashes.</p> - -<p>At Gilmer, in Wyoming Territory, their nests were found by Mr. Durkee -built on the ground, and composed of dry grasses very loosely arranged. -The eggs, four or five in number, are of a uniform and beautiful light shade -of blue, similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>. They measure .90 by -.70 of an inch, are of a rounded-oval shape, and, so far as I have observed, -are entirely unspotted, although eggs with a few reddish blotches are said to -have been met with.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--079.png--><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 65]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EUSPIZA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, -1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_079.jpg" - width="250" height="190" - alt="Illustration: Euspiza americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1459</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill large and strong, swollen, and without any ridges; the lower mandible -nearly as high as the upper; as -broad at the base as the length of -the gonys, and considerably broader -than the upper mandible; the edges -much inflexed, and shutting much -within the upper mandible; the -commissure considerably angulated -at the base, then decidedly sinuated. -The tarsus barely equal to the middle -toe; the lateral toes nearly equal, -not reaching to the base of the middle -claw; the hind toe about equal -to the middle one without its claw. -The wings long and acute, reaching -nearly to the middle of the tail; the -tertials decidedly longer than the secondaries, but much shorter than the primaries; first -quill longest, the others regularly graduated. Tail considerably shorter than the wings, -though moderately long; nearly even, although slightly emarginate; the outer feathers -scarcely shorter. Middle of back only striped; beneath without streaks.</p> - -<p>This genus comes nearer to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</i>, but has shorter tertials, more -slender bill, weaker and more curved claws, etc.</p> - -<p class="center small"><b class="species">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. americana.</b> Top and sides of head light slate; forehead tinged with greenish-yellow. -A superciliary stripe, a maxillary spot, sides of breast, and middle line of breast -and belly, yellow. Chin white, throat black, shoulders chestnut. Female with the black -of the throat replaced by a crescent of spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States; -south to New Grenada.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. townsendi.</b> Body throughout (including the jugulum), dark ash, tinged with -brownish on the back and wings. Superciliary and maxillary stripe, chin, throat, and -middle of belly, white. A maxillary line and a pectoral crescent of black spots. No -chestnut shoulders. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Chester <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, Pennsylvania.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-THROATED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 872.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 86, -<abbr title="plate three, figure">pl. iii, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, -1838, 579, <abbr title="plate 384">pl. ccclxxxiv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839, 101.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 58, <abbr title="plate 156">pl. clvi.</abbr>—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 341. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) -americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> -1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 85. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838 -(type).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, -469.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 494.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -327. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina americana</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133 (type). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla flavicollis</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 926. -“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>,” -<abbr title="Synopsis One">Syn. I</abbr>, 1790, 412 -(Gray). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina nigricollis</i>, -<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>. <cite>Yellow-throated Finch</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Artic Zoology. Two">Arc. -Zoöl. II</abbr>, 374.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--080.png--><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 66]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> <i class="sex">Male.</i> -Sides of the head and sides and back of the neck ash; crown tinged -with yellowish-green and faintly streaked with dusky. A superciliary and short maxillary -line, middle of the breast, axillaries, and edge of the wing yellow. Chin, loral region, -patch on side of throat, belly, and under tail-coverts white. A black patch on the -throat diminishing to the breast, and ending in a spot on the upper part of the belly. -Wing-coverts chestnut. Interscapular region streaked with black; rest of back immaculate. -Length, about 6.70; wing, 3.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> with the markings less distinctly indicated; the black of the breast replaced by -a black maxillary line and a streaked collar in the yellow of the upper part of the breast.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States from the Atlantic to the border of the high Central Plains, south -to Panama and New Granada. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1857, 205); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 18); -Turbo, <abbr title="New Grenada">N. G.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1860, 140); Panama -(<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> VII, 1861, 298); Nicaragua, -Graytown (<abbr title="Lawrence Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr. VIII</span></abbr>, 181); -Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 142); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, -103); Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. -I</abbr>, 552).</p> - -<p>Among adult males, scarcely two individuals exactly alike can be found. -In some the black of the throat is continued in blotches down the middle -of the breast, while in others it is restricted to a spot immediately under -the head. These variations are not at all dependent upon any difference -of habitat, for specimens from remote regions from each other may be found -as nearly alike as any from the same locality. Some specimens from Central -America are more deeply colored than North American ones, owing, no -doubt, to the freshness of the plumage.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_080.jpg" - width="250" height="329" - alt="Illustration: Euspiza americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history of the Black-throated Bunting has, until very recently, -been much obscured by incorrect -observations and wrong descriptions. Evidently -this bird has been more or less confounded -with one or two other species entirely -different from it. Thus Wilson, Audubon, -and Nuttall, in speaking of its nest and eggs, -give descriptions applicable to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus -passerinus</i> or to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henslowi</i>, but which are -wholly wrong as applied to those of this -bird. Nuttall, whose observations of North -American birds were largely made in Massachusetts, -speaks of this bird being quite common -in that State, where it is certainly very -rare, and describes, as its song, notes that -have no resemblance to those of this Bunting, -but which are a very exact description of the musical performances of -the Yellow-winged Sparrow.</p> - -<p>It is found in the eastern portion of North America, from the base of the -Black Hills to the Atlantic States, and from Massachusetts to South Carolina. -I am not aware that on the Atlantic it has ever been traced farther south -than that State, but farther west it is found as far at least as Southwestern -Texas. During winter it is found in Central America, and in Colombia, -South America.</p> - -<p><!--081.png--><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span> -In Massachusetts it is extremely rare. Mr. Hopkins found it breeding in -Williamstown, and sent me its eggs. I have also met with its nest and eggs, -in a low meadow near the sea, in Hingham. In both of these instances the -nest was on the ground. A specimen was shot in Newton by Mr. John Thaxter, -June 26, 1857, that had all the appearance of being then in the process -of incubation. Throughout Pennsylvania, and in the vicinity of Washington, -these birds are quite common.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that they are very common in the vicinity of Philadelphia, -where they make their appearance in the middle of May, and where they -seem to prefer level fields covered with rye-grass, clover, or timothy. They -are described as more conspicuous for the quantity than for the quality of -their song. This consists of three notes, sounding like <i class="birdcall">chip-chip-chē-chē-chē</i>. -Of this unmusical ditty they are by no means parsimonious, and for nearly -three months after their first arrival, every level field of grain or grass resounds -with their quaint serenade. In their shape and manners, Wilson -states, they bear a close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza citrinella</i> of Europe. -They become silent by September, and in the course of that month depart -for the southwest. It is a rare bird in South Carolina, but is very abundant -in Texas, where it is also resident, and undoubtedly breeds. Audubon states -that he was surprised to see how numerous they were in every open piece of -ground throughout that State, especially those covered with tufts of grass. -They are, he states, not so common in Ohio, and quite rare in Kentucky. -They are especially abundant in the open lands of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, -Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska; and they have been found breeding -as far to the west as Wyoming Territory, near to the base of the eastern -range of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Allen found this species one of the -most abundant birds of Western Iowa, characterizing it as eminently a prairie -species, and one of the few inhabitants of the wide open stretches.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found, early in May, numbers of these birds in the mesquite -thickets near the San Antonio and Medina Rivers, and, as he found them -equally numerous there in July, he naturally infers that they breed in that -neighborhood. Dr. Heermann obtained some eggs which he had no doubt -belonged to this species, though he was unable to secure the parent.</p> - -<p>It has also been found in Western Texas and in the Indian Territory by -Mr. J. H. Clark, in Texas by Dr. Lincecum, at the Kiowa agency by Dr. -Palmer, and on the Yellowstone by Dr. Hayden.</p> - -<p>This bird is not gregarious, always moving in pairs, and although, as they -are preparing for their migrations, they congregate in particular localities, -they always keep somewhat apart in family groups, and do not mingle promiscuously -as do many others of this family. They are, at all times, unsuspicious -and easily approached, and when fired at will often return to the -same field from which they were startled. They are very partial to certain -localities, and are rarely to be met with in sandy regions.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that the notes of this species very closely resemble -<!--082.png--><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 68]</span> -those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza miliaria</i> of Europe. Its unmusical notes are almost -continuously repeated from sunrise to sunset. When the female is startled -from her nest she creeps quietly away through the grass, and then hides herself, -making no complaint, and not showing herself even if her treasures are -taken from her. Their nests are constructed of coarse grasses and stems, -lined with finer and similar materials. They are, in certain localities, placed -on the ground, but more frequently, in many parts of the country, they are -built in positions above the ground. This is almost invariably the case -where they nest among the tall coarse grasses of the prairies. My attention -was first called to this peculiarity by Dr. J. W. Velie, then of Rock -Island, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr> He informed me that in no instance had he found the nest of -this species on the ground, but always raised a few inches above it. It was -usually constructed of the tops of the red-top grasses, worked in among a -bunch of thick grass, so as to make the nest quite firm. The meadows in -which Dr. Velie found these nests were quite dry, so that there was no necessity -for their thus building clear from the ground in order to escape being -wet. I was afterwards informed by the late Mr. Robert Kennicott that his -experience in regard to the nests of these birds had been invariably the -same. Dr. P. R. Hoy, of Racine, is confident that these birds in Wisconsin -never nest on the ground, or else very rarely, as he has never noticed their -doing so. He writes that during one season he visited and made notes of -nineteen different nests. Ten of these were built in gooseberry-bushes, four -on thorn-bushes, three among blackberry-brambles, one on a raspberry-bush, -and one on a wild rose. None were within a foot of the ground, and some -were six feet from it. They have two broods in a season.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, Mr. Ridgway informs me that in Southern Illinois the -nest of this species is always placed on the ground, usually in a meadow, and -that he has never found its nest placed anywhere else than on the ground, in -a tuft of grass or clover. Professor Baird has had a similar experience in -Pennsylvania. Mr. B. F. Goss found them nesting both in bushes and on -the ground at Neosho Falls, Kansas.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of a uniform light blue color, similar in shade -to the eggs of the common Bluebird, as also to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</i>. -They vary considerably in size, the smallest measuring .80 of an inch -in length by .60 in breadth, while the larger and more common size is .90 by -.70 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza townsendi</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TOWNSEND’S BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 183; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 90, <abbr title="plate 400">pl. cccc.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 62, <abbr title="plate 157">pl. clvii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One, second edition">Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 528. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza -townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 495.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper parts, head and neck all round, sides of body and forepart of -breast, slate-blue; the back and upper surface of wings tinged with yellowish-brown; the -<!--083.png--><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span> -interscapular region streaked with black. A superciliary and maxillary line, chin and -throat, and central line of under parts from the breast to crissum, white; the edge of the -wing, and a gloss on the breast and middle of belly, yellow. A black spotted line from -the lower corner of the lower mandible down the side of the throat, connecting with a -crescent of streaks in the upper edge of the slate portion of the breast. Length, 5.75; -wing, 2.86; tail, 2.56.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Chester County, -<abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr> But one specimen known (in the <abbr title="Smithsonian Museum">Mus. Smith.</abbr>).</p> - -<p>It is still a question whether this is a distinct species, or only a variety -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. americana</i>. There is, however, little ground for the last supposition, -although its rarity is a mystery.</p> - -<p>The original type specimen of this species, collected by Dr. J. K. Townsend, -still continues to be the only one known, and has been presented by -its owner, Dr. E. Michener, to the Smithsonian Institution.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Only a single specimen of this apparently well-marked species -has been observed, and nothing is known as to its history. The bird was -shot by Mr. J. K. Townsend, in an old field grown up with cedar-bushes, near -New Garden, Chester <abbr title="County, Pennsylvania">Co. Penn.</abbr>, May 11, 1833.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HEDYMELES</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Goniaphea</i>, <abbr title="Bowdich “Excursion"><span class="sc">Bowd.</span> -“Excurs.</abbr> in Madeira, 1825,” Agassiz. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia ludoviciana</i>, according -to Gray.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Habia</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach, Avium Systema Naturale"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span> Av. Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1850, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii.</abbr> -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. ludoviciana</i>; not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Habia</i> of -<span class="sc">Lesson</span>, 1831).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 153. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_083.jpg" - width="250" height="186" - alt="Illustration: Hedymeles melanocephalus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1496</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very large, much swollen; lower mandible scarcely deeper than the -upper; feet almost coccothraustine, -tarsi and -toes very short, the claws -strong and much curved, -though blunt. First four -primaries longest, and -nearly equal, abruptly -longer than the fifth. -Tail broad, perfectly -square. <i class="color">Colors</i>: Black, -white, and red, or black, -cinnamon, yellow, and -white, on the male; -the females brownish, -streaked, with the axillars -and lining of the -wing yellow.</p> - -<p>There seems to be abundant reason for separating this genus from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>; the latter is, in reality, much -more nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>, -it being impossible to define the dividing line between them.</p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><!--084.png--><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and upper parts (except rump) deep black. -Two broad bands across coverts, a large patch on base of primaries, and terminal -half of inner webs of tail-feathers, pure white. Breast carmine or cinnamon; -axillars and lining of wing carmine or gamboge. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Black replaced by -ochraceous-brown; other parts more streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ludovicianus.</b> Rump and lower parts white; lining of wing, and patch -on breast, rosy carmine. No nuchal collar. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining of wing -saffron-yellow; breast with numerous streaks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of North America, south, in winter, to Ecuador.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. melanocephalus.</b> Rump and lower parts cinnamon-rufous; lining of -wing and middle of abdomen gamboge-yellow. A nuchal collar of rufous. -<i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining of wing lemon-yellow; breast without streaks; abdomen -tinged with lemon-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Crown continuous black. No post-ocular rufous stripe. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountains -of Mexico, and Central Rocky Mountains of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Crown divided by a longitudinal rufous stripe; a distinct post-ocular -stripe of the same. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, south, -in winter, to Colima -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 306.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. >II</abbr>, 1810, 135, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl. -xvii, f.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Philosphical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, -1827, 438.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, -501.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -497.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 328. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 166; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 513, <abbr title="plate 127">pl. cxxvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula -ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Sabine Zoölogical Appendix Franklin’s Narrative"><span class="sc">Sab.</span> Zoöl. App. Franklin’s Narr.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, -<abbr title="Proceedings British Association">Pr. Br. Ass.</abbr> 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus ludovicianus</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -133.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. -III</abbr>, 1841, 209, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 205.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 267. -“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea ludoviciana</i>, -<span class="sc">Bowdich</span>.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 153. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla -punicea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 921 (male). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia obscura</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, -862. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia rosea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology, plate 17, figure">Am. Orn. pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 2. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes rubricollis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Galerie des <abbr title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr></span> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1824, 67, <abbr title="plate 58">pl. lviii</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts generally, with head and neck all round, glossy black. A -broad crescent across the upper part of the breast, extending narrowly down to the belly, -axillaries, and under wing-coverts, carmine. Rest of under parts, rump and upper tail-coverts, -middle wing-coverts, spots on the tertiaries and inner great wing-coverts, basal -half of primaries and secondaries, and a large patch on the ends of the inner webs of the -outer three tail-feathers, pure white. Length, 8.50 inches; wing, 4.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> without the white of quills, tail, and rump, and without any black or red. -Above yellowish-brown streaked with darker; head with a central stripe above, and a -superciliary on each side, white. Beneath dirty white, streaked with brown on the -breast and sides. Under wing-coverts and axillars saffron-yellow.</p> - -<p class="small">In the male the black feathers of the back and sides of the neck have a subterminal -white bar. There are a few black spots on the sides of the breast just below the red.</p> - -<p class="small">The young male of the year is like the female, except in having the axillaries, under -wing-coverts, and a trace of a patch on the breast, light rose-red.</p> - -<p class="small">The depth of the carmine tint on the under parts varies a good deal in different specimens, -but it is always of the same rosy hue.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--085.png--><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 71]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Eastern United States to the Missouri plains; south to Ecuador. Honduras -(<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 58); -Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Bogota -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1855, 154); Cordova -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 301); Guatemala -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17); -Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> -<abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 9); Ecuador (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1860, 298); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> -61, 71); (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 102); Panama -(<abbr title="Lawrence Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> VII</abbr>, 1861, -297); Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, -552); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence, Annals Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. IX</abbr>, 210).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_085.jpg" - width="250" height="234" - alt="Illustration: Hedymeles melanocephalus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Rose-breasted Grosbeak, during the summer months, appears -to have a widely extended area of distribution, -though nowhere a very abundant -species, and one of somewhat irregular -occurrence. It is found as far to the east -as Nova Scotia, to the north as Selkirk -Settlement and the valley of the Saskatchewan, -and to the west as Nebraska. -It winters in great numbers in Guatemala. -In the last-named country, while -abundant in the Vera Paz, it was not -found at Dueñas, but was a common -cage-bird in the city of Guatemala. It -was also found common at Herradura, in Colombia, South America, by Mr. -C. W. Wyatt.</p> - -<p>This bird was noticed on a single occasion near San Antonio by Mr. -Dresser, but was not observed by Dr. Woodhouse in Texas, or in the Indian -Territory. Sumichrast did not meet with it in Vera Cruz. At <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephens, -<abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, Mr. Boardman found this species a regular summer visitant, but rare, -nor did Mr. Verrill find it common in the western part of Maine. In Massachusetts -this bird becomes more common, but is nowhere very abundant. -It has been met with in various places in the eastern part of the -State, but rarely, and only in restricted localities. In the western part of the -State it is more numerous, as well as throughout the whole of the Connecticut -Valley. At Springfield, Mr. Allen notes it as a summer visitant, breeding -in the open woods, but not abundant. He is of the opinion that -during the past twenty-five years this bird has increased in numbers in all -parts of the State. Mr. Allen found this bird quite common in Southern -Indiana, in Northern Illinois, and in Western Iowa, where he found it frequent -in the groves along the streams. Dr. Coues mentions it as rare and -only migratory in South Carolina. Mr. McIlwraith gives it as a summer -resident in the vicinity of Hamilton, Canada, where it is very generally distributed -throughout the open woods, arriving there the second week in May. -It is also found throughout Vermont, in favorable situations in open woods, -on the borders of streams. It is not uncommon in the vicinity of Randolph, -where it regularly breeds.</p> - -<p>Wilson, who enjoyed but few opportunities of studying the habits of this -species, states that it eagerly feeds on the ripe fruit of the sour gum-tree. -He was also aware of its fine song, its value as a caged bird, and that it -frequently sings during the night.</p> - -<p><!--086.png--><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 72]</span> -Sir John Richardson met with a single specimen of this bird near the -Saskatchewan during his first expedition with Sir John Franklin, but did not -afterwards meet with it. He states that it frequents the deep recesses of -the forests, and there sings a clear, mellow, and harmonious song.</p> - -<p>Nuttall appears to have seen little or nothing of this bird, except in confinement. -He describes it as thriving very well in a cage, and as a melodious -and indefatigable warbler, frequently passing the greater part of the night in -singing, with great variety of tones. It is said, while thus earnestly engaged, -to mount on tiptoe, as if seemingly in an ecstasy of enthusiasm and delight -at the unrivalled harmony of its own voice. These notes, he adds, are -wholly warbled, now loud and clear, now with a querulous and now with a -sprightly air, and finally lower and more pathetic. In Mr. Nuttall’s opinion -it has no superior in song, except the Mocking-Bird.</p> - -<p>Mr. Say met with these birds in the spring, on the banks of the Missouri, -and afterwards, on the 5th of August, at Pembina in the 49th degree of -latitude.</p> - -<p>This bird arrives in Eastern Massachusetts about the 15th of May, and -leaves in September. It nests during the first week in June.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that he has frequently observed this species, early in -the month of March, in the lower parts of Louisiana, making its way eastward, -and has noticed the same circumstance both at Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, and at -Cincinnati, <abbr title="Ohio">O</abbr>. At this period it passes at a considerable height in the air. -He never saw it in the maritime parts of Georgia or Carolina, but they have -been procured in the mountainous parts of those States. On the banks of -the Schuylkill, early in May, he has observed this bird feeding on the tender -buds of the trees. When in Texas, in 1837, Mr. Audubon also found it very -abundant in April.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bachman, quoted by Audubon, states that, having slightly wounded a -beautiful male of this species, he kept it three years in confinement. It very -soon became quite tame, fed, in an open room, on moistened bread. It was -at once reconciled to live in a cage, and fed readily on various kinds of food, -but preferred Indian meal and hemp-seed. It was also very fond of insects, -and ate grasshoppers and crickets with peculiar relish. It watched the -flies with great apparent interest, and often snatched at and secured the -wasps that ventured within its cage. During bright moonshiny nights it -sang sweetly, but not loudly, remaining in the same position on its perch. -When it sang in the daytime it was in the habit of vibrating its wings, in -the manner of the Mocking-Bird. It was a lively and a gentle companion -for three years, but suffered from cold in severe wintry weather, and finally -died from this cause. It would frequently escape from its cage, and never -exhibited the least desire to leave him, but always returned to the house at -night. It sang about eight weeks, and the rest of the year had only a faint -<i class="birdcall">chuck</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_30.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="30">XXX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-1" id="pl_30-1"></a><img src="images/pl_30-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Bridger, 11241.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-2" id="pl_30-2"></a><img src="images/pl_30-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Dakota, 1868.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-3" id="pl_30-3"></a><img src="images/pl_30-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 3670.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-4" id="pl_30-4"></a><img src="images/pl_30-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Iowa, 34206.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-5" id="pl_30-5"></a><img src="images/pl_30-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2425.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-6" id="pl_30-6"></a><img src="images/pl_30-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas, 4022.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-7" id="pl_30-7"></a><img src="images/pl_30-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title=" South Illinois">S. Ill.</abbr>, 58586.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-8" id="pl_30-8"></a><img src="images/pl_30-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 details 8 and 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis coccineus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 29702.<br /> - 9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis phœniceus</span>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_30-10" id="pl_30-10"></a><img src="images/pl_30-10.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis igneus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 49757.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This Grosbeak builds in low trees on the edge of woods, frequently in -<!--087.png--><!--Plate 30--> -<!--088.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--089.png--><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span> -small groves on the banks of streams. Their nests are coarsely built, with -a base composed of waste stubble, fragments of leaves, and stems of plants. -These are intermingled with and strengthened by twigs and coarser stems. -They have a diameter of eight inches, and a height of three and a half. -The upper portion of the nest is usually composed of dry <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">usnea</i> mosses, -mingled with a few twigs, and lined with finer twigs. Its cavity is three -inches in diameter and one in depth, being quite shallow for so large a nest.</p> - -<p>The eggs bear some resemblance to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrangæ</i>, but are usually -much larger, though they vary greatly in size. Their ground-color is usually -a light but well-marked shade of verdigris-green, varying occasionally to a -greenish-white, and are marked, more or less, over their entire surface, with -blotches of reddish-brown. They vary in length from 1.05 to .90 of an inch, -and from .78 to .60.</p> - -<p>During incubation, and in the presence of its mate, this Grosbeak is a -persistent and enthusiastic singer, and, at times, carries his love of song so -far as to betray his nest. This is more especially so when he relieves his -mate, takes her place on the nest, and then, apparently oblivious of the danger -of lifting up his voice in song when upon so responsible a duty, attracts, -by his melody, the oölogist to his treasures.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy, of Racine, supplies some interesting information in regard to the -habits and nesting of this species. On the 15th of June, within six miles -of that city, he found seven nests, all within a space of not over five acres, -and he was assured that each year they resort to the same locality and nest -thus socially. Six of these nests were in thorn-trees, all were within six to -ten feet from the ground, and all were in the central portion of the top. -Three of the four parent birds sitting on the nests were males, and this he -was told was usually the case. When a nest was disturbed, all the neighboring -Grosbeaks gathered around and appeared equally interested. Both nest -and eggs so closely resemble those of the Tanagers that it is difficult to distinguish -them. Their position is, however, usually different, the Grosbeaks -generally nesting in the central portion of a small tree, the Tanagers’ being -placed on a horizontal limb.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca melanocephala</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson, Synopsis Mexican Birds, Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Syn. Mex. Birds Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, -1827, 438.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Consp.</abbr> 1850, 502.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 498.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 206. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes melanocephala</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, -<abbr title="Proceedings British Association">Pr. Br. Ass.</abbr> for 1836, 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla -melanocephala</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, -1838, 519, <abbr title="plate 373">pl. ccclxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus melanocephalus</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 133.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 214, pl. 206.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, -51 (nest).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 228. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea melanocephala</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles -melanocephala</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 153. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla xanthomaschalis</i>, -<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 525. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus guttatus</i>, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1839, 102. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Guiraca tricolor</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc">Lesson</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique 2">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1839, 102.</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--090.png--><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 74]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Head above and on the sides, with chin, back, wings, and tail, black. -A well-marked collar on the hind neck all round (and in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i> a more or less distinct -median stripe on crown, and one behind the eye), edges of interscapular feathers, -rump, and under parts generally pale brownish-orange, almost light cinnamon. Middle -of belly, axillaries, and under wing-coverts, yellow. Belly just anterior to the anus, -under tail-coverts, a large blotch at the end of the inner webs of first and second tail-feathers, -a band across the middle and greater wing-coverts, some spots on the ends of -the tertiaries, the basal portions of all the quills, and the outer three primaries near the -tips, white. Length nearly 8 inches; wing, 4.25; tail, 3.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> has the chin, sides of throat, and superciliary stripe white; the black markings -replaced by olivaceous-brown; the cinnamon markings paler, and almost white; the -white of wings more restricted; that of tail wanting. Usually there are few or no -streaks beneath as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> (faint ones on flanks); in young males, however, they -are more appreciable. The lemon or gamboge yellow axillars and under coverts in all -ages and stages separate this species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ludovicianus</i>, the female and young of which -have those regions of a saffron or fulvous yellow.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains from Yellowstone to the Pacific. Table-lands of Mexico. -Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 213); Vera Cruz, Alpine and plateau, -breeding (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551).</p> - -<p>This bird, in its range of habitat, appears to be represented by two varieties, -which, however, run into each other, so that it is often difficult to determine -to which variety specimens from intermediate regions should be -referred.</p> - -<p>Taking the series from Eastern Mexico (Orizaba and Mirador) and northward -along the Rocky Mountains of the United States, we find the black of -the head continuous, sharply defined by a gently curved outline behind, and -without a trace of either the vertex or post-ocular stripes. This is the true -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>, as restricted, and may be regarded as the Rocky Mountain -form. The most western specimen is 11,241, from Fort Bridger; the most -northern (19,355), from Stinking River, Northern Wyoming. All specimens -from the Pacific coast eastward to the western base of the Rocky Mountains, -including Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and Western Mexico south to Colima, differ from -the Rocky Mountain series in having the posterior outline of the black hood -ragged, and irregularly indented by the rufous of the nape, which always -extends in a quite broad stripe toward the eye, along the side of the occiput, -and quite frequently forms a conspicuous median vertex stripe, though the -latter feature is sometimes not distinct. These differences are observable -only in the males, and, although apparently slight, are yet sufficiently constant -to justify distinguishing them as races. The Rocky Mountain form -being the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>, the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i> is proposed for the western -one.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird occurs from the high Central Plains to the Pacific, -and from the northern portions of Washington Territory to the table-lands -of Mexico. Mr. Ridgway found this species abundant, during the summer -months, in all the fertile wooded districts along the entire route of the -survey. At Sacramento it was common in the willow copses, and was observed -<!--091.png--><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 75]</span> -in the greatest numbers, in May, in the rich valley of the Truckee, in -company with Bullock’s Oriole, the Louisiana Tanager, and other species, -feeding upon the buds of the “grease-wood.” It principally inhabits the -willows along the rivers, and the shrubbery skirting the streams of the -mountain cañons. In its manners and notes Mr. Ridgway regards this -bird as an exact counterpart of the eastern species, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</i>, -its song being by no means superior. The peculiar and very odd <i class="birdcall">click</i> -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> is said to be equally characteristic of this bird. Mr. -Ridgway met with its nests in willows, about ten feet from the ground. He -had evidence that the male bird assists the female in the duties of incubation.</p> - -<p>This bird, though a common summer resident in the Great Salt Lake Valley, -had all migrated, according to Mr. Allen, by the 1st of September. It -is well known there as the Peabird, from its fondness for green peas, of -which it is very destructive.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Cooper, this Grosbeak arrives in California, near San -Diego, about April 12. It is numerous during the summer throughout the -mountains both of the coast and of the Sierra Nevada, and extends its migrations -at least as far as Puget Sound. It is often kept in confinement -on account of its loud, sweet song. In the Coast Mountains, in May, its -music is said to be delightful, the males vying with each other from the tops -of the trees, and making the hills fairly ring with their melody.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found a nest of this bird, May 12, at the eastern base of the -Coast Range. It was built in a low horizontal branch of an alder, and consisted -of a few sticks and weeds, very loosely put together, with a lining of -grass and roots. The eggs, three in number, he describes as of a pale bluish-white -ground, thickly spotted with brown, more densely near the larger end. -Their size he gives as .95 by .70 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper also states that they frequent the ground in search of food, but -also live much on trees, feeding on their buds. They are not gregarious, -assembling only in family groups in the fall. They do not fly high, nor do -they make any noise in flying.</p> - -<p>He has observed these birds at Santa Cruz April 12, or as early as he saw -them at San Diego, three hundred and fifty miles farther south, and has -found a young bird fledged as early as May 23.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues speaks of this bird as an abundant summer resident of Arizona, -where it arrives by the first of May, and remains until the latter part of -September. He speaks of it as frequenting the thick brush of the ravines -and the cottonwood and willow copses of the river-bottoms. Its call-note -resembles that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx gambeli</i>. Its song, he says, is superb,—a -powerful, but melodious succession of clear, rich, rolling notes, reminding -one somewhat of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley speaks of this bird being sparingly found in the vicinity of -Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound, where he obtained two specimens.</p> - -<p><!--092.png--><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 76]</span> -Dr. Heermann speaks of the song of this bird as clear and musical, and as -very closely resembling that of our <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius</i>. He describes its -nests as formed with very little care, of twigs loosely thrown together, and -lined with roots, placed in the branches of bushes. The eggs, four in number, -he describes as of a greenish-blue ground, marked with irregular spots -of umber-brown, varying in intensity of shade.</p> - -<p>The song of the western species is described by Mr. Nuttall as fully equal, -if not superior, to that of the Rose-breasted. He met with it on the central -table-lands of the Rocky Mountains, along the upper branches of the Colorado -River, where he found it frequenting the thick groves of the streams, -and where, throughout its dense forests, the powerful song and the inimitable -voice of this “most delightful Finch” cheered that naturalist amidst the -wildest desolation of that “forest primeval,” where this superb vocalist made -the woods echo and re-echo to its untiring song. These notes, greatly resembling -those of its eastern relative, may be heard from early dawn almost -even to the close of the following night. These are described as loud, varied, -high-toned, and melodious, rising and falling with the sweetest cadence, fascinating -the listener most powerfully with sensations of a pleasing sadness, -its closing note seeming like a shrill cry of appealing distress, and then sinking -faintly on the ear. It is described as very shy and retiring in its habits, -and can be but very rarely observed closely while thus engaged in song. -On these occasions the bird is said to sit up conspicuously on a lofty bough, -near the summit of the tree, his throat swelling with the excitement, and -seeming to take a great delight in the sound of his own music.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast found this bird on the Plateau of Mexico, and also in the -alpine regions of Vera Cruz. It was found to the height of 8,300 feet, and -never lower than 4,000.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of an oblong-oval shape, one end but slightly -more rounded than the other, and measure 1.10 of an inch in length by .65 -in breadth. They have a bluish-green ground, blotched and splashed with -markings of a rusty-brown, for the most part more numerous about the -larger end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">GUIRACA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, Nov. 1827, 350. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Classification of">Class.</abbr> Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 277. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_093a.jpg" - width="250" height="190" - alt="Illustration: Guiraca cærulea" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6480</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very large, nearly as high as long; the culmen slightly curved, with a -rather sharp ridge; the commissure conspicuously angulated just below the nostril, the -posterior leg of the angle nearly as long as the anterior, both nearly straight. Lower jaw -deeper than the upper, and extending much behind the forehead; the width greater than -the length of the gonys, considerably wider than the upper jaw. A prominent knob in -the roof of the mouth. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe; the outer toe a little longer, -reaching not quite to the base of the middle claw; hind toe rather longer than to this -base. Wings long, reaching the middle of the tail; the secondaries and tertials nearly -<!--093.png--><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 77]</span> -equal; the second quill longest; the first less than the fourth. Tail very nearly even, -shorter than the wings.</p> - -<p>The single North American -species of this genus has -no near relative in tropical -America; indeed, no other -species at present known -can be said to be strictly -congeneric.</p> - -<p>In all essential details of -external structure, and in -every respect as to habits -and nidification, the type of -the genus (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. cærulea</i>) is -much more like the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i> -than those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</i>, with -which latter it has usually been included.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE GROSBEAK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cærulea</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 306.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, -1811, 78, <abbr title="plate 24, figure">pl. xxiv, -f.</abbr> 6.—<span class="sc">? Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 525. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -Birds <abbr title="of Mexico in Philosophical Magazine One">Mex. in Phil. -Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 438.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 499.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 230. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 140; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 508, <abbr title="plate 122">pl. cxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus -cæruleus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, -1837, 277.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 204, <abbr title="plate 204">pl. cciv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 152.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen Bremen">Abh. Nat. Brem.</abbr> 1870, 339 -(Mazatlan). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanoloxia cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 502. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphæa cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> -<cite>Blue Grosbeak</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Arctic Zoölogy Two">Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 351.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_093b.jpg" - width="250" height="227" - alt="Illustration: Guiraca cærulea" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Brilliant blue; darker across the middle of the back. Space around base -of the bill and lores, with tail-feathers, -black. Two bands on the wing across the -tips of the middle and secondary coverts, -with outer edges of tertiaries, reddish-brown, -or perhaps chestnut. Feathers on -the posterior portion of the under surface -tipped narrowly with grayish-white. -Length, 7.25; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.80.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> yellowish-brown above, brownish-yellow -beneath; darkest across the -breast. Wing-coverts and tertials broadly -edged with brownish-yellow. Sometimes a -faint trace of blue on the tail. The young -resembles the female.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -More southern United States from -Atlantic to Pacific, south to Costa Rica. -Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Oaxaca -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 378); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 301); -Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> -J. <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 9); Vera Paz (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, -<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 352); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 102); -Vera Cruz, -winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552); -Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 200).</p> - -<p><!--094.png--><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 78]</span> -The species described as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza parellina</i> in the Birds of North -America, but which so far has not been actually detected north of Mexico, -is a miniature <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>, more related, however, to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. concreta</i> than to -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</i>. It is easily distinguished from the latter by more lobed bill, -darker back and under parts, absence of rufous wing-bands, and inferior -size. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.50.</p> - -<p>Males from the Pacific coast region (California, Colima, etc.) have tails -considerably longer than eastern specimens, while those from California are -of a much lighter and less purplish blue, the difference being much the same -as between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia sialis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. azurea</i>.</p> - -<p>Autumnal and winter males have the feathers generally, especially on the -back and breast, tipped with light brown, obscuring somewhat the blue, -though producing a beautiful appearance.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue Grosbeak, though more a bird of the Southern States, -is also one both of an extended and of an irregular distribution. It was -even met with one year in the vicinity of Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, although none have -been known to occur in any part of the country between that point and New -York City. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast.</p> - -<p>The extent to which it is distributed throughout California is inferred, -rather than known. Dr. Cooper noticed one at Fort Mohave, May 6, and -afterwards saw many more frequenting the trees and bushes along the river, -and singing a lively song, which he compares with that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus -frontalis</i>. He also saw them at Los Angeles and at Santa Barbara, and -states that they were found at Pit River, in the extreme northeastern part -of the State, by Dr. Newberry. They were observed to frequent the banks -of streams crossing the great interior plains and deserts, where there was -little vegetation except a few bushes.</p> - -<p>The Blue Grosbeak was only met with by Mr. Ridgway and his party at -Sacramento. It does not occur—or, if so, it was not seen—in the interior so -far to the north as the route of Mr. King’s survey. At Sacramento it was -found frequenting the same localities as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amæna</i>, and appeared -to be characteristic of the cottonwood copses. Their nests were found between -the 18th and the 29th of June, and were all in similar situations. -These were built in small cottonwood-trees, on the edge of the copse, and -were all about six feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>Mr. John Burroughs, in one of his charming popular essays<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_10" id="fnanchor_10"></a><a href="#footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></span> -on the general -habits of our birds, refers to their occasional preference, in sites for their -nests, of the borders of frequented roadsides, and mentions finding a nest of -the Blue Grosbeak among the trees that line one of the main streets and -fashionable drives leading out of Washington City, less than half a mile -from the boundary. There, he states, this bird, which, according to Audubon’s -observations, is shy and recluse, affecting remote marshes and the borders -of large ponds of stagnant water, had placed its nest in the lowest twig -<!--095.png--><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span> -of the lowest branch of a large sycamore immediately over a great thoroughfare, -and so near the ground that a person standing in a cart or sitting on a -horse could have reached it with his hand. The nest was composed mainly -of fragments of newspaper and stalks of grass, and though so low, was remarkably -well concealed by one of the peculiar clusters of twigs and leaves -which characterize this tree. The nest contained young when he discovered -it, and though the parent birds were much annoyed by his loitering about -beneath the tree, they paid but little attention to the stream of vehicles that -was constantly passing. It was a source of wonder to him when the birds -could have built it, as they are so much shyer when building than at other -times. They must have worked mostly in the early morning, when they -could have the place all to themselves. The same observer also noticed -another pair of Blue Grosbeaks that had built their nest in a graveyard -within the city limits. This was placed in a low bush, and the male continued -to sing at intervals till the young were ready to fly. The song of this -bird he describes as a rapid, intricate warble, like that of the Indigo Bird, -though stronger and louder. Indeed, these two birds so much resemble -each other in color, form, voice, manner, and general habits, that, were it not -for the difference in size,—the Grosbeak being nearly as large again as the -Indigo Bird,—he thinks it would be a hard matter to tell them apart. The -females of both birds are clad in the same reddish-brown suits, as are also -the young during the first season.</p> - -<p>The nest of this species has also been found built in a tree within the -grounds of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington.</p> - -<p>The only time I ever met with this species was at Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in June, -1843. The previous month Professor Baird had found its nest in a low tree, -in open ground, and we found these birds still frequenting the same grounds, -where we found another nest containing three eggs. It was in a low thorn-tree -on the edge of a wood, but standing out in open ground. The nest was -about five feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>The Smithsonian specimens are from Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, obtained in April, -May, and August; from Georgia, Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Mexico, etc. -Mr. Lawrence enumerates this among the birds found near New York City. -Mr. Dresser found it common near Matamoras in July and August. It was -breeding there, though, owing to the lateness of the season, he was unable to -procure any of its eggs. Dr. Coues speaks of it as generally distributed in -Arizona, but nowhere very common. A single specimen was taken near -Fort Whipple, August 10. Turnbull regarded it as a rare straggler to the -southern counties of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, arriving there in the -middle of May. Dr. Woodhouse found it common in the Indian Territory -and Texas. Lieutenant Couch mentions seeing this bird first near Monterey, -the male always preceding the female. He speaks of them as exceedingly -tame. Mr. J. H. Clark states that this bird was not often seen, and, when -observed, was generally solitary, preferring the dark ravines and the cañons -<!--096.png--><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 80]</span> -on the mountain-sides. It is not mentioned by Sumichrast as a bird of Vera -Cruz, but was found during the winter months at Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. -Boucard.</p> - -<p>Mr. O. Salvin states (Ibis, <abbr title="Three, page">III, p.</abbr> 352) that he found this species, though -not of very common occurrence, pretty generally distributed, in winter, -throughout Vera Paz. He met with it on the Plains of Salamà, and all the -collections from the warmer districts to the northward of Coban contained -specimens. It was found by Mr. George H. White near Mexico.</p> - -<p>Wilson speaks of this bird as retired and solitary, and also as a scarce -species, and as having but few notes, its most common one being a loud -<i class="birdcall">chuck</i>. He was, however, aware that at times they have a few low sweet-toned -notes. He mentions their being kept in Charleston in cages, but as -seldom singing in confinement. He fed a caged bird of this species on Indian -corn, which it easily broke with its powerful bill; also on hemp-seed, millet, -and berries. He speaks of them as timid, watchful, silent, and active.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon was, apparently, somewhat at fault in regard to the peculiarities -of this species. His accounts of the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva</i> -are entirely inapplicable to that species, and, so far as I know, apply to no -other bird than the Blue Grosbeak, to which they exactly correspond. He -makes no mention and gives no description of the eggs of the latter. His -statements as to the nest appear to be correct.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bachman kept several of these birds in an aviary; two of these mated, -took possession of the nest of a Cardinal Grosbeak, which they drove off, -and laid two eggs that were unfortunately destroyed. In the aviary these -birds were silent. Mr. Audubon kept one, in confinement, with him in Edinburgh. -It had been raised from the nest. This bird frequently sang in the -night, and before dawn. It was extremely tame, coming out or going into -its cage at pleasure, perching on the head-dress of Mrs. Audubon, or on the -heads of other members of the family, alighting on the table and feeding on -almost anything given to it. If a gold or silver coin was thrown upon the -table he would go to it, take it up in his bill, and apparently toss it about -with pleasure. After bathing he would go to the fire and perch on the fender -to dry himself. He would attack other birds, if put into the cage with him. -In feeding he sometimes held his food in his claws like a Hawk.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird are of a uniform light-blue color, and most resemble -those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</i>, but are larger and of a lighter color. Their color -is quite fugitive, and readily fades into a dull white upon even a slight exposure -to light. They are of an oval shape, equally rounded at either end, -and measure .98 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--097.png--><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 81]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYANOSPIZA</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816. Not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, used in Botany.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, Synopsis, 1828. Not of 1825.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_097.jpg" - width="250" height="191" - alt="Illustration: Cyanospiza amœna." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2645</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill deep at the base, compressed; the upper outline considerably curved; -the commissure rather concave, with an -obtuse, shallow lobe in the middle. Gonys -slightly curved. Feet moderate; tarsus about -equal to middle toe; the outer lateral toe -barely longer than the inner, its claw falling -short of the base of the middle; hind toe -about equal to the middle without claw. -Claws all much curved, acute. Wings long -and pointed, reaching nearly to the middle of -the tail; the second and third quills longest. -Tail appreciably shorter than the wings; -rather narrow, very nearly even.</p> - -<p>The species of this genus are all of very -small size and of showy plumage, usually blue, red, or green, in well-defined areas. The -females plain olivaceous or brownish; paler beneath.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Head all round uniform blue; eyelids not different, commissure distinctly sinuated.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower parts blue; no white bands on wing.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea.</b> Entirely deep ultramarine-blue, more purplish on the -head, somewhat greenish posteriorly. <i class="sex">Female</i> dull umber above, grayish-white -beneath, the breast with obsolete darker streaks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province of United States, south, in winter, to Panama.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower parts white, the breast rufous. One broad and distinct, and a -narrower, more obsolete white band on the wing.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amœna.</b> Head and neck, all round, and rump, bright greenish-blue; -back, wings, and tail more dusky; a narrow white collar between -rufous of the breast and blue of the throat. <i class="sex">Female</i> grayish-brown -above, the rump tinged with blue. Beneath dull whitish, the breast -and jugulum more buffy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Head party-colored; eyelids different from adjoining portions. Commissure -hardly appreciably sinuated, or even concave.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Back and breast similar in color. Upper mandible much less deep than -lower, the commissure concave.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. versicolor.</b> Back and breast dark wine-purple, occiput and -throat claret-red, forehead and rump purplish-blue. Eyelids purplish-red. -<i class="sex">Female</i> fulvous-gray above, uniform pale fulvous below. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Northern Mexico, and adjacent borders of United States; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Back and breast very different in color. Upper mandible scarcely less -deep than the lower, the commissure straight, or slightly sinuated.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ciris.</b> Lower parts vermilion-red. Back green, crown blue; -rump dull red; eyelids red. <i class="sex">Female</i> dull green above, light olivaceous-yellow -<!--098.png--><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 82]</span> -below. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Gulf States of United States, and whole of Middle -America.</p> - -<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leclancheri.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_11" id="fnanchor_11"></a><a href="#footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></span> - Lower parts gamboge-yellow. Back blue, crown -green, rump blue; eyelids yellow. <i class="sex">Female</i> not seen. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern -Mexico.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">INDIGO BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 315. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin, Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 876. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cyanea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1810, 100, <abbr title="plate six, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 5.—<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I,</abbr> -1832, 377; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 503, <abbr title="plate 74">pl. lxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina cyanea</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Dictionnaire"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Dict.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 474.—<abbr title="Audubon, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -109.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 96, <abbr title="plate 170">pl. clxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 505.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -330. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza cyanella</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 887. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza cærulea</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 876. <cite>Indigo Bunting</cite>, and <cite>Blue Bunting</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span> and <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Blue, tinged with ultramarine on the head, throat, and middle of -breast; elsewhere with verdigris-green. Lores and anterior angle of chin velvet-black. -Wing-feathers brown, edged externally with dull bluish-brown. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Brown above; -whitish, obscurely streaked or blotched with brownish-yellow, beneath; tinged with blue -on shoulders, edges of larger feathers, and on rump. Immature males similar, variously -blotched with blue. Very young birds streaked beneath. Length, about 5.75 inches; -wing, nearly 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States -to the Missouri; south to Guatemala. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, -379); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 304); -Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 17); -Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, 8); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab. Jour.</span></abbr> 1861, 4; -<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX,</abbr> 103); Vera Cruz, winter -(<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552).</p> - -<p>In this species, which may be considered the type of the genus, the tail is -slightly emarginate; the second quill is longest, the first shorter than the -fourth.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Indigo Bird of the Eastern States is found in -nearly uniform and tolerable abundance in various parts of the United -States, from the valley of the Missouri to the Atlantic, and from Florida to -New Brunswick. It is a summer visitant, but rare, in Eastern Maine, but is -common in the western part of the State, where it arrives early in May, and -where it breeds. Mr. Allen speaks of it as not very common in the vicinity -of Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, arriving there about the middle of May, and breeding -in gardens, orchards, and the edges of woods, and making its nests in bushes. -It leaves there about the middle of September.</p> - -<p>In the eastern part of the State it is very unequally distributed. In certain -localities it has not been met with, but in other favorite places it seems -to be quite common, and to be on the increase. In the gardens of Brookline -and Roxbury they are comparatively quite abundant. Mr. Maynard gives -May 10 as the earliest date of their coming. He also states that in the -autumn they are found in flocks, and frequent roadsides, high sandy fields, -<!--099.png--><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 83]</span> -and rocky pastures, which I have never noticed. According to Dr. Coues, it -is common and breeds as far south as Columbia, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and, according to Mr. -McIlwraith, it is a common summer resident in the neighborhood of Hamilton, -Canada West. Specimens have been procured as far west as Fort Riley -in Kansas. It passes the winter in Guatemala, where it is quite abundant, -though a very large proportion of specimens received from there, in collections, -are immature birds. It was not found in Vera Cruz by Mr. Sumichrast, -nor is it given by Mr. Allen as found by him in Western Iowa, while -it was common both in Northern Illinois and in Indiana. It was, however, -found by Mr. Allen, in Kansas, in considerable numbers, near Leavenworth, -in the spring of 1871. It was not met with by Mr. Dresser in Southwestern -Texas, though Dr. Woodhouse found it quite common in the prairies of -that State, where its pleasant song was heard in the timber on their edges, -or in the thickets on the borders of the streams in the Indian Territory, -where it was quite abundant. It was not observed on the Mexican Boundary -Survey.</p> - -<p>These birds were found, by Mr. Boucard, abundant throughout the State -of Oaxaca, Mexico, having been taken both among the mountains near Totontepec, -and among the hot lowlands near Plaza Vicente.</p> - -<p>According to Wilson, this bird is not noticed in Pennsylvania much, if -any, earlier than its first appearance in New England, and it leaves at about -the same time. He observed it in great abundance both in South Carolina -and Georgia.</p> - -<p>In manners it is active and sprightly, and its song is vigorous and pleasant. -It is considered a better singer than either the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</i> or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i>. It -usually stations itself, in singing, on some high position, the top of a tree or -of a chimney, where it chants its peculiar and charming song for quite a -space of time. Its song consists of a repetition of short notes, at first loud -and rapid, but gradually less frequent, and becoming less and less distinct. -It sings with equal animation both in May and July, and its song may be -occasionally heard even into August, and not less during the noonday heat -of summer than in the cool of the morning. Nuttall describes its animated -song as a lively strain, composed of a repetition of short notes. The most -common of its vocal expressions sounds like <i class="birdcall">tshe-tshe-tshe</i>, repeated several -times. While the female is engaged in the cares of incubation, or just as -the brood has appeared, the song of the male is said to be much shortened. -In the village of Cambridge, Nuttall observed one of this species regularly -chanting its song from the point of a forked lightning-rod, on a very tall -house.</p> - -<p>The Indigo Bird usually builds its nest in the centre of a low thick bush. -The first nest I ever met with was built in a thick sumach that had grown up -at the bottom of a deep excavation, some fifteen feet below the surface, and -but two feet above the base of the shrub. This same nest was occupied five -successive summers. It was almost wholly built of matting that the birds -<!--100.png--><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 84]</span> -had evidently taken from the ties of our grapevines. Each year the nest -was repaired with the same material. Once only they had two broods in one -season. The second brood was not hatched out until September, and the -family was not ready to migrate until after nearly all its kindred had assembled -and gone. This nest, though principally made of bare matting, was -very neatly and thoroughly lined with hair. Other nests are made of coarse -grasses and sedges, and all are usually lined in a similar manner.</p> - -<p>Audubon and Wilson describe the eggs of this bird as blue, with purplish -spots at the larger end. All that I have ever seen are white, with a slight -tinge of greenish or blue, and unspotted. I have never been able to meet -with a spotted egg of this bird, the identification of which was beyond -suspicion. They are of a rounded-oval shape, one side is only a little more -pointed than the other. They measure .75 of an inch in length by .58 in -breadth. They resemble the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amœna</i>, but are smaller, and are not -so deeply tinged with blue.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LAZULI FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza amœna</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Two"> Exped. II</abbr>, 1823, 47. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) amœna</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte, American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> -Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 61, <abbr title="plate six, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 5. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla amœna</i>, <abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 64, -230, <abbr title="plates 398 adn 424">pls. cccxcviii and ccccxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza amœna</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 109.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 100, <abbr title="plate 171">pl. clxxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, -283.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, s, 46. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 504.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, 205.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 233.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_100.jpg" - width="250" height="298" - alt="Illustration: Cyanospiza amœna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper parts generally, with the head and neck all round, greenish-blue; -the interscapular region darker. Upper part -of breast pale brownish-chestnut extending along -the sides and separated from the blue of the throat -by a faint white crescent; rest of under parts and -axillars white. A white patch on the middle -wing-coverts, and an obscurely indicated white -band across the ends of the greater coverts. Loral -region black. Length, about 5.50; wing, 3.90; -tail, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Brown above, tinged with blue on rump -and tail; whitish beneath, tinged with buff on the -breast and throat; faint white bands on wings.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains to the Pacific.</p> - -<p>This species is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -cyanea</i>; the bill exactly similar. The -females of the two species are scarcely -distinguishable, except by the faint traces of one or two white bands on the -wings in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i>. Sometimes both the throat and the upper part of the -breast are tinged with pale brownish-buff.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Lazuli Finch was first obtained by Mr. Say, who met with -<!--101.png--><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 85]</span> -it in Long’s expedition. It was observed, though rarely, along the banks of -the Arkansas River during the summer months, as far as the base of the -Rocky Mountains. It was said to frequent the bushy valleys, keeping much -in the grass, after its food, and seldom alighting on either trees or shrubs.</p> - -<p>Townsend, who found this rather a common bird on the Columbia, regarded -it as shy and retiring in its habits, the female being very rarely seen. -It possesses lively and pleasing powers of song, which it pours forth from -the upper branches of low trees. Its nests were usually found placed in -willows along the margins of streams, and were composed of small sticks, -fine grasses, and buffalo-hair.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall found the nest of this bird fastened between the stem and two -branches of a large fern. It was funnel-shaped, being six inches in height -and three in breadth.</p> - -<p>This bird possibly occurs quite rarely, as far east as the Mississippi, as I -have what is said to be its egg taken from a nest near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis. It only -becomes abundant on the plains. Mr. Ridgway found it very generally distributed -throughout his route, inhabiting all the bushy localities in the -fertile districts. He regarded it as, in nearly every respect, the exact -counterpart of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>. The notes of the two birds are so -exactly the same that their song would be undistinguishable but for the fact -that in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i> it is appreciably weaker. He found their nests usually -in the low limbs of trees, near their extremity, and only a few feet from the -ground. Mr. J. A. Allen found this species common in Colorado, more so -among the foot-hills than on the plains, but does not appear to have met -with it in Kansas.</p> - -<p>This species, Mr. Lord states, visits Vancouver Island and British Columbia -early in the summer, arriving at the island in May, and rather later east of -the Cascades. The song of the male is said to be feeble, and only now and -then indulged in, as if to cheer his more sombre partner during incubation. -The nest, he adds, is round and open at the top, composed of various materials -worked together, lined with hair, and placed in a low bush, usually by -the side of a stream.</p> - -<p>The Lazuli Finch was met with in large numbers, and many of their nests -procured, by Mr. Xantus, in the neighborhood of Ft. Tejon, California. Indeed, -it is a very abundant species generally on the Pacific coast, and is found at -least as far north as Puget Sound, during the summer. It arrives at San -Diego, according to Dr. Cooper, about April 22, and remains there until October. -A male bird, kept in a cage over winter, was found to retain its blue -plumage. It is a favorite cage-bird in California, where it is absurdly known -as the Indigo Bird. During the summer months, according to Dr. Cooper, -there is hardly a grove in the more open portions of the State uninhabited by -one or more pairs of this beautiful species. Although the female is very shy -and difficult to obtain, except on the nest, the male is not timid, and frequently -sings his lively notes from the top of some bush or tree, continuing -<!--102.png--><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span> -musical in all weathers and throughout the summer. He describes its song -as unvaried, as rather monotonous, and closely resembling that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>.</p> - -<p>Their nest, he adds, is usually built in a bush, not more than three or four -feet from the ground, formed of fibrous roots, strips of bark, and grass, with a -lining of vegetable down or hair, and securely bound to the surrounding -branches. The eggs, five in number, he describes as white, faintly tinged -with blue. At Santa Barbara he found them freshly laid May 6.</p> - -<p>These birds are never gregarious, though the males come in considerable -flocks in the spring, several days before the females. They travel at night, -arriving at Santa Cruz about April 12. A nest found by Dr. Cooper, May 7, -in a low bush close to a public road, was about three feet from the ground. -It was very strongly built, supported by a triple fork of the branch, and was -composed of blades of grass firmly interwoven, and lined with horsehair and -cobwebs. It measured three inches in height and three and three fourths -in width. The cavity was two inches deep and one and three fourths wide.</p> - -<p>In Arizona Dr. Coues found this bird a summer resident, but not abundant.</p> - -<p>At Puget Sound this bird arrives about May 15. Dr. Suckley states that -in Oregon it was observed returning from the south, in large flocks, in one -instance of several hundred individuals.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Lazuli, when fresh, are of a light blue, which on the least -exposure soon fades into a bluish-white. They are almost exactly oval in -shape, and measure .75 by .60 of an inch. One end is somewhat more -rounded, but the difference is slight.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">VARIED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza versicolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1837, 120.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus <abbr title="Avium">Av.</abbr> 1850, 475.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 148. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis luxuosus</i>, -<span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 41. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza -versicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -503, <abbr title="plate 56, figure">pl. lvi, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 234.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Posterior half of hood, with throat, dark brownish-red; interscapular -region similar, but darker. Forepart of hood, lesser wing-coverts, back of the neck, -and rump, purplish-blue; the latter purest blue; the belly reddish-purple, in places tinged -with blue, more obscure posteriorly. Feathers of wing and tail dark-brown, edged with -dull bluish. Loral region and narrow frontal band black. Feathers on side of rump -white at base. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.38.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Yellowish-brown; paler beneath, and lightest behind. No white on wing. -Tail with a bluish gloss.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern Mexico, and -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); -Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1859, 379); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 214); (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. -I</abbr>, 551; breeding); Guatemala -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17).</p> - -<p>The bill is stouter and more swollen to the end, and the mandible is much -more curved than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>; and its perfectly concave commissure, -without any shallow lobe in the middle, and the much more arched ridge, -<!--103.png--><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span> -would almost separate the two generically. The wing is shorter and more -rounded, the fourth quill longest, then the third, second, and fifth. The first -is only a little longer than the seventh. The tail is decidedly rounded; -rather more so than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>.</p> - -<p>The female is very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amœna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</i>. The former -has whitish bands on the wing; the latter differs in shape of bill, and has -the first quill but little less than the second, or longest; not shorter than -the sixth. In 34,033 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas (June 26), the colors are much -brighter than in any other of the collection. The whole occiput is bright -scarlet, and the forehead nearly pure light blue, neither having scarcely a -tinge of purple.</p> - -<p>Autumnal and winter males have the bright tints very slightly obscured -by grayish-brown tips to the feathers, especially on the back. The female -in autumn is much more brown above and more rusty beneath than in -spring.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful species has only doubtful claims to a place in -our fauna. It is a Mexican species, and may occasionally cross into our -territory. It was met with at Boquillo, in the Mexican State of New Leon, -by Lieutenant Couch. It was procured in Guatemala by Dr. Van Patten -and by Salvin, and is given by Bonaparte as from Peru. It is also found at -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, where it is not rare, and where it breeds.</p> - -<p>This bird is also found at Orizaba, according to Sumichrast, but is quite -rare in the State of Vera Cruz. Its common name is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Prusiano</i>. Its geographical -distribution he was not able satisfactorily to ascertain.</p> - -<p>Among the memoranda of Mr. Xantus made at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, we find -the following in connection with this species: 517, nest and three eggs of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</i>; obtained May 5 on a myrtle hanging down from very -high perpendicular bluffs, off the Trajoles, at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. 1535, nest -and eggs of the same found on a vine ten feet high.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this species were taken by Mr. Boucard at Oaxaca, Mexico, -during the winter months.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza ciris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NONPAREIL; PAINTED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza ciris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academien Handlingar "><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Kong. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand.</abbr> 1750, -278; <abbr title="table eight, figure">tab. vii, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Ibid Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syst. -Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 313.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 68, -<abbr title="plate 24, figure">pl. xxiv, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina -ciris</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc" title="Galerie des Oiseaux One"> Gal. Ois. I</abbr>, -1824, 81, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla ciris</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, -1832, 279; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 517, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza ciris</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, -476.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -108.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 93, <abbr title="plate 169">pl. clxix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza -ciris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 503.—<abbr title="Ibid, Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, -Birds, 17, <abbr title="plate 18, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> -X</abbr>, c, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 14. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla mariposa</i>, <span class="sc">Scopoli</span>, -Annals <abbr title="Historico-Naturales One">Hist. Nat. I</abbr>, 1769, -151. <cite>Painted Finch</cite>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Head and neck all round ultramarine-blue, excepting a narrow stripe -from the chin to the breast, which, with the under parts generally, the eyelids, and the -<!--104.png--><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 88]</span> -rump (which is tinged with purplish), are vermilion-red. Edges of chin, loral region, -greater wing-coverts, inner tertiary, and interscapular region, green; the middle of the -latter glossed with yellow. Tail-feathers, lesser wing-coverts, and outer webs of quills, -purplish-blue. Length, about 5.50 inches; wing, 2.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Clear dark green above; yellowish beneath. <i class="age">Young</i>, like female.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South Atlantic and Gulf States to the Pecos River, Texas; south into Middle -America to Panama; S. Illinois (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 358); -Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1859, 379); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 304); -Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17); -Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, -10); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, 8); -Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 142); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 102); -Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552); -Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 200).</p> - -<p>Tail very slightly emarginated and rounded; second, third, and fourth -quills equal; first rather shorter than the fifth.</p> - -<p>The female is readily distinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i> by the green -instead of dull brown of the back, and the yellow of the under parts.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this species from all parts of its range appear to be quite -identical.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Nonpareil or Painted Bunting of the Southern and Southeastern -States has a somewhat restricted distribution, not being found any -farther to the north on the Atlantic Coast than South Carolina and Georgia, -and probably only in the more southern portions of those States. It has -been traced as far to the west as Texas. It was also met with at Monterey, -Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, and in winter by Mr. Boucard, at Plaza Vicente, -Oaxaca.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found it very common both at Matamoras and at San Antonio, -breeding in both places. Dr. Coues did not meet with it in Columbia, -<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and considers it as confined to the low country, and as rare even there. -It breeds about the city of Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, from which neighborhood I -have received its eggs in considerable numbers, from Dr. Bachman. It is -also found in the lower counties of Georgia, and breeds in the vicinity of -Savannah. It was not met with by Dr. Gerhardt in the northern portion -of that State. Dr. Woodhouse found it quite abundant in all parts of -Texas, where he tells us the sweet warblings of this beautiful and active -little Finch added much to the pleasures of his trip across the prairies. Its -favorite places of resort appeared to be small thickets, and when singing it -selected the highest branches of a bush.</p> - -<p>In the Report on the birds of the Mexican Boundary Survey, Lieutenant -Couch met with this species among the low hedges in the suburbs of -Pesqueria Grande. Mr. J. H. Clark observed that the individuals of this -species diminished as they proceeded westward. The male was almost always -seen alone, flying a long distance for so small a bird. Their nests, he -adds, were built of very fine grass, in low bushes, and resting in the crotch -of the twigs. Males were never seen about the nest, but the females were -so gentle as to allow themselves to be taken off the nest, which was deliberately -done on more than one occasion.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly reports having often listened to the melodious warblings of -<!--105.png--><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 89]</span> -this beautiful Finch in the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, where he found -it very abundant among the thick mesquite-bushes, in the month of July. -It was deservedly a great favorite there, both on account of the beauty of its -plumage and its notes.</p> - -<p>Wilson found this bird one of the most numerous summer birds of Lower -Louisiana, where it was universally known among the French inhabitants as -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Pape</i>. Its gay dress and its docility of manners procured it many admirers. -Wilson also states that he met with these birds in the low countries -of all the Southern States, in the vicinity of the sea and along the -borders of the large rivers, particularly among the rice plantations. He -states that a few were seen near the coast in North Carolina, but they were -more numerous in South Carolina, and still more so in Georgia, especially -the lower parts. At Natchez, on the Mississippi, they were comparatively -scarce, but below Baton Rouge, on the levee, they appeared in great numbers. -Around New Orleans they were warbling from almost every fence. -Their notes very much resemble those of the Indigo Bird, but lack their -energy, and are more feeble and concise.</p> - -<p>Wilson met with these birds very generally in the houses of the French -inhabitants of New Orleans. In the aviary of a wealthy French planter -near Bayou Fourche, he found two pairs of these birds so far reconciled -to their confinement as to have nests and hatch out their eggs. Wilson -was of the opinion that with the pains given to the Canary these birds -would breed with equal facility. Six of them, caught only a few days before -his departure, were taken with him by sea. They soon became reconciled -to their cage, and sang with great sprightliness. They were very fond of -flies, and watched with great eagerness as the passengers caught them for -their benefit, assembling in the front of the cage and stretching their heads -through the wires to receive them.</p> - -<p>These birds, he states, arrive in Louisiana from the South about the middle -of April, and build early in May. They reach Savannah about the 20th -of April. Their nests are usually fixed in orange hedges or in the lower -branches of the trees. He often found them in common bramble and blackberry -bushes. They are formed exteriorly of dry grass intermingled with the -silk of caterpillars, with hair and fine rootlets. Some nests had eggs as late -as the 25th of June, which were probably a second brood. The food of this -bird consists of rice, insects, and various kinds of seeds. They also feed on -the seeds of ripe figs.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this species was detected by Mr. Ridgway in Southern -Illinois between Olney and Mount Carmel, on the 10th of June. It is -therefore presumed to be a rare summer resident in that locality.</p> - -<p>The Nonpareil is possessed of a very pugnacious disposition, and, according -to Mr. Audubon, the bird-dealers of New Orleans take advantage of this -peculiarity in a very ingenious manner to trap them. A male bird is stuffed -and set up in an attitude of defence on the platform of a trap-cage. The -<!--106.png--><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 90]</span> -first male bird of this species that notices it is sure to make an attack upon -it, and is at once trapped. So pertinacious are they that even when thus -imprisoned the captive repeats its attack upon its supposed rival. They -feed almost immediately upon being caught, and usually thrive in confinement, -Audubon mentioning one that had been caged for ten years.</p> - -<p>This bird is very easily made to breed in confinement. Dr. Bachman has -had a single pair thus raise three broods in a season.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .80 by .65 of an inch, and do not at all -resemble the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i>. They have a dull or pearly-white -ground, and are very characteristically marked with blotches and dots -of purplish and reddish brown.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPERMOPHILA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal, Three, November">Zoöl. Jour. III, Nov.</abbr> 1827, 348. -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula falcirostris</i>, -<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr> -Sufficiently distinct from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophilus</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="F. Cuvier"><span class="sc">F. Cuv.</span></abbr> 1822.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila</i>, -<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 148. -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla hypoleuca</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_106.jpg" - width="250" height="199" - alt="Illustration: Spermophila moreleti" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">30524</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very short and very much curved, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i>, almost as deep as -long; the commissure concave, abruptly bent -towards the end. Tarsus about equal to middle -toe; inner toe rather the longer (?), reaching about -to the base of the middle one; hind toe to the -middle of this claw. Wings short, reaching over -the posterior third of the exposed part of the tail; -the tertiaries gradually longer than the secondaries, -neither much shorter than the primaries, which are -graduated, and but little different in length, the -first shorter than the sixth, the second and fourth -equal. The tail is about as long as the wings, -rounded, all the feathers slightly graduated, rather -sharply acuminate and decidedly mucronate. Smallest of American passerine birds.</p> - -<p>The essential characters of this genus are the small, very convex bill, as -high as long; the short broad wings, with the quills differing little in length, -the outer ones graduated; the tail as long as the wings, widened towards the -end, and slightly graduated, with the acuminate and mucronate tip to the -feathers.</p> - -<p>Many species of the genus occur in Middle and South America, although -none not readily distinguishable from the single North American one.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--107.png--><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 91]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</b>, <span class="sc">Pucheran</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LITTLE SEED-EATER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</i>, (<span class="sc">Pucheran</span>,) -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 497.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title=" Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. -Soc.</abbr> 1856, 302.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -506, <abbr title="plate 54, figure">pl. liv, f.</abbr> 2, 3.—<abbr title="Ibid, Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. Bound. -II</abbr>, Birds, 17, <abbr title="plate 16, figure">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> 2, 3. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila moreleti</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, -150.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Journal für Ornithologie Nine">Journ. für. Orn. IX</abbr>, 1861, 4 (with synonomy). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila albigularis</i>, (<span class="sc">Spix</span>,) -<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals of the New York Lyceum, Five, September">Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V, Sept.</abbr> -1851, 124 (Texas. Not of <span class="sc">Spix</span>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -The top and sides of the head, back of the neck, a broad band across the -upper part of the breast extending all round, the middle of the back, the wings and tail, -with the posterior upper coverts, black. The chin, upper throat and neck all round, but -interrupted behind, the rump, with the remaining under and lateral portions of the body, -white; the latter tinged with brownish-yellow. Two bands on the wing, across the -greater and middle coverts, with the concealed bases of all the quills, also white. Length, -about 4 inches; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.90.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Dull yellow; olivaceous above, brownish-yellow beneath. Wings and tail -somewhat as in the male.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rio Grande of Texas; -south to Costa Rica. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Oaxaca -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 378); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1856, 302); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17; -<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -468; nest); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 4); -Vera Cruz, winter, alpine region, breeding -(<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_107.jpg" - width="250" height="250" - alt="Illustration: Spermophila moreleti" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The specimen upon which the preceding description of the male has -been based is the only one in full plumage -we have seen, and was kindly lent -by Mr. P. L. Sclater. It was collected in -Honduras. Some of the feathers of the -back have grayish tips. The specimen -described by Mr. Lawrence as <a name="note3" id="note3"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. albigularis</i>, -though male, is, in most respects, -like the female, except that the wings -and tail are darker, the color of the upper -part grayer, and the interscapular feathers -blotched with black. The black of the -head is strongly indicated, the feathers, -however, all with gray margins. In this -and another, a little further advanced, from San Diego, Mexico, (4096,) there -is a very faint indication of the black pectoral band, and there is no trace -of the whitish of the rump.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This pretty little tropical form of Sparrow can only rest a claim -to be included in our fauna by its occasional presence on the Rio Grande in -Texas. It is found throughout Mexico and Central America.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast found it throughout the State of Vera Cruz, except only -in the elevated or alpine regions. Its common name was <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Frailecito</i>. It was -abundant throughout the hot and the temperate regions as well as the plateau.</p> - -<p>This species was first met with near the Lake of Peten, in Guatemala, by -<!--108.png--><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span> -M. Morelet, and was described from his specimens in the Paris Museum -by Prince Bonaparte. Mr. Salvin found it a not uncommon species about -Dueñas, where it is generally to be found amongst the tall weeds on the -edge of the lake. It was also found at Belize. From a letter of Mr. Salvin, -published in the Ibis of 1859 (p. 468), we quote the following in reference -to the nest of this species, which is all the information we have in relation -to this diminutive Sparrow: “A day or two ago I found two nests of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</i>, and took one rotten dried-up egg from one with a -young one in it. Nothing could be more different than this nest and that -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. bicolor</i>, so well described by Mr. Newton. That of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. moreleti</i>, instead -of the loose domed structure of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. bicolor</i>, with a large side-entrance, composed -entirely of one material, is one of the neatest nests you ever saw,—a -beautiful, open, transparent nest, composed of fine roots and fibres, and lined -with horsehair. It is not placed resting on a branch, but is suspended like -a Reed Warbler’s (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salicaria arundinacea</i>), by several small twigs. The eggs, -too, differ materially.” Mr. Salvin gives no description of these eggs.</p> - -<p>This bird was found a resident during the winter months, and in May also, -at Plaza Vicente, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. This is in the low or -hot lands of that region.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PHONIPARA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, -1850. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia canora</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_108.jpg" - width="250" height="144" - alt="Illustration: Phonipara zena" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Size very small. Wing considerably longer than the tail, but much -rounded; third or fourth quill longest; -first about equal to seventh. Tail very -slightly rounded, the feathers broad. Bill -very short and deep, but the depth through -the base less than the culmen; culmen but -slightly, or not appreciably, curved; bill -much compressed. Feet stout; tarsi longer -than the middle toe; outer toe longer than -the inner, its claw just reaching the base -of the middle claw; hind toe with the claw -very large, and strongly curved. Among the least of American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>The introduction of this genus into the North American fauna is the -result of Mr. Maynard’s indefatigable labors in the exploration of Florida. -The species are principally West Indian, a single race alone belonging to -the continental portion of Middle America.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Sexes very different. Above olive-green, beneath -blackish or whitish. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and breast black, the former with or without -yellow patches. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the yellow and black indicated only, or wanting. -Length, about 4.00.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--109.png--><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Head without any yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. zena.</b> Culmen decidedly curved. Above dull grayish olive-green. -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and lower parts, especially anteriorly, dull black, mixed -with whitish posteriorly. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Head and beneath ashy. Wing, about -2.00; tail, 1.75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Indies (Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Bartholomew, Jamaica, etc.); also Key West, Florida (<span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Head with yellow patches.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pusilla.</b> Culmen perfectly straight. Above rather bright olive-green. -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, a supraloral stripe, a patch on chin, and upper part of throat, -with edge of wing, bright yellow; forehead, lores, and jugulum black. -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the black and yellow only indicated, or wanting.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Whole crown, cheeks, breast, and upper part of abdomen black. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, from Mirador to Panama, and southward -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_12" id="fnanchor_12"></a><a href="#footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Only isolated spots, covering forehead, lore, and base of lower jaw, -and patch on jugulum, black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Indies. (Porto Rico, -Hayti, Jamaica, Cuba, etc.) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_13" id="fnanchor_13"></a><a href="#footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canora.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_14" id="fnanchor_14"></a><a href="#footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></span> -Culmen decidedly curved. Above bright olive-green; -beneath pale ashy, whitish on anal region. A bright yellow broad -crescent across the lower part of the throat, curving upward and -forward, behind and over the auriculars, to above the eye. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Lores, -auriculars, and chin, and a band across the jugulum, black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Chin, -etc., chestnut-brown; no black on jugulum. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena</b>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE BLACK-FACED FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla zena</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 183 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer bicolor bahamensis</i>, -<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina, One, table">Carol. I, tab.</abbr> 37, -Bahamas).—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History Ten">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. X</abbr>, 1865, 254. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 12,) 1766, 324 (same original as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</i>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span> (Jamaica). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Newton</span> (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Tiaris omissa</i>, <span class="sc">Jardine</span>, <abbr title="Annals of Natural History">Ann. Nat. Hist.</abbr> -1847, 332 (Tobago). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara omissa</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara marchi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, November">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. Nov.</abbr> 1863, 297 (Jamaica). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla zena</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">marchi</i>, -<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1867, 43. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Phonipara) -zena</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Ten">Pr. Bost. Soc. X</abbr>, 1865, 254 (Porto Rico).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> <i class="sex">Male adult</i> -(627, Bryant <abbr title="collection">coll.</abbr>; Inagua). Above dull olive-green, the head -and lower parts black, the two colors blending insensibly into each other; feathers of -the middle of the abdomen and crissum edged with whitish. Wing, 2.10; tail, 1.80, -culmen, .35; tarsus, .63; middle toe, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female adult</i> (983, Bryant <abbr title="collection">coll.</abbr>; Inagua). Above dull olive-green, beneath ashy, -whitish on the abdomen and crissum; no black. Wing, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male juv.</i> (981, Bryant <abbr title="collection">coll.</abbr>; Inagua). Like the adult female, but the head anteriorly, -the chin, throat, and jugulum medially, black. Wing, 2.05.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -West Indies (Bahamas; Jamaica, Porto Rico; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Tobago?).</p> - -<p><!--110.png--><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 94]</span> -Quite a large series of this species from the various West Indian Islands -show a considerable variation in the amount of black in male birds; nothing -characteristic of the different islands, however, for, in specimens from each, -individuals are to be found agreeing in every respect with the stages described -above.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-faced Finch of Jamaica and other West India Islands -claims a place in the fauna of the United States as an occasional visitant of -Florida; of how common occurrence on that peninsula we cannot determine. -It was taken there in the spring of 1871 by Mr. Maynard, and is -possibly an accidental rather than a regular visitant. It is found in many -of the West India Islands, though being resident in their several places of -abode, they naturally exhibit certain characteristics as of distinct races. -The eggs of the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix bird differ considerably from those of the Jamaica -one.</p> - -<p>The Messrs. Newton, in their account of the birds of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, mention -this bird as having a Bunting-like song, heard always very early in the -morning. It is said to frequent the curing-houses, hopping on the uncovered -sugar-hogsheads, and making a plentiful meal therefrom. It is very sociable, -and feeds in small flocks, mostly on the ground among the guinea-grass. -The crops of those dissected were usually found to contain small seeds. -They build domed nests in low bushes, thickets of bamboo, or among creepers -against the side of a house, seldom more than four feet from the ground, -composed entirely of dry grass, the interior being lined with finer materials -of the same. The opening is on one side, and is large for the size of the -nest. They breed from the middle of May to the end of July. The eggs -are white, spotted with red, especially at the larger end. The usual number -of eggs is three, very rarely four. Their measurement is .65 by .50 -of an inch.</p> - -<p>In Jamaica Mr. March speaks of it as the most common of the Grass -Finches, of which there are three other species, and as nesting at all seasons of -the year in low trees and bushes. Near homesteads, in building their domed -nests, they make use of shreds, scraps of cloth, bits of cotton, and other trash. -Their eggs, he says, are three and sometimes even six in number; and he -mentions their varying both as to dimensions and coloring, which may -explain the difference between the eggs from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix and Jamaica. Those -from the latter place measure .72 by .50 of an inch, and the markings are -more of a brown than a red color.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hill adds that the Grass Finch very frequently selects a shrub on -which the wasps have built, fixing the entrance close to their cells.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gosse states that the only note of this species is a single harsh guttural -squeak, difficult either to imitate or to describe.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--111.png--><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PYRRHULOXIA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, Conspectus, -1850, 500. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis sinuatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -The bill is very short and much curved, the culmen forming an arc of a -circle of 60 degrees or more, and ending at a right angle with the straight gonys; the -commissure abruptly much angulated anterior to the nostrils in its middle point; the -lower jaw very much wider than the upper, and wider than the gonys is long; anterior -portion of commissure straight. Tarsus longer than middle toe; outer lateral toes longer, -not reaching the base of the middle; wing considerably rounded, first quill longer than -secondaries. Tail much longer than the wing, graduated; the feathers broad, truncate. -Head crested.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_111.jpg" - width="300" height="204" - alt="Illustration: Pyrrhuloxia sinuata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6370</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><i class="color">Color.</i> Gray, with red feathers and patches.</p> - -<p>The essential character of this genus lies in the greatly curved, very short, -and broad bill, something like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i>. In other respects like -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</i>, but with less graduated wing, and longer and broader tail.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS CARDINAL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis sinuatus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte, Proceedings Zoölogical Society London Five"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> -Pr. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. V</abbr>, 1837, 111 (Mexico).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. -N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1851, 116.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations, One Seven">Illust. I, -<span class="muchsmaller">VII</span></abbr>, 1854, 204, <abbr title="plate 33">pl. xxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia -sinuata</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 500.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 508.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, -c. 16.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 236.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head with an elongated, pointed crest, springing from the crown. Upper -parts generally pale ashy-brown; hood, sides of neck, and under parts of body, rather -paler. Long crest-feathers, bill all round including lores and encircling the eye, wing -and tail, dark crimson. Chin and upper part of throat, breast, and median line of the -belly, under tail-coverts, tibia, edge and inner coverts of the wings, bright carmine-red. -Bill yellowish. Length, about 8.50; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.50.</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--112.png--><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 96]</span> -<i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with the under part brownish-yellow; middle of belly and throat only -tinged with red.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of the Rio Grande of Texas and westward; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; Mazatlan, -Mexico.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_112.jpg" - width="250" height="260" - alt="Illustration: Pyrrhuloxia sinuata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The wing is considerably rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest; -the first as long as the secondaries, the -second longer than the seventh. The -tail is long, graduated on the sides, the -outer about half an inch shorter than -the middle. The feathers are very -broad to the end and obliquely truncate. -They are rather broader than in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>. The crest is -narrower and longer, and confined to -the middle of the crown; it extends -back about 1.80 inches from the base -of the bill.</p> - -<p>The carmine of the breast is somewhat -hidden by grayish tips to the -feathers; that of the throat is streaked a little with darker. The exposed -surfaces of the wing-coverts and of secondaries and tertials are like the back. -The tail-feathers are tipped with brownish.</p> - -<p>Specimens from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas are very much smaller than any others, -measuring only, wing, 3.30; tail, 3.80. The crest is dull carmine, instead -of dark wine-purple; the red tinge on wing and tail much fainter, and the -sides, as well as the gray tints everywhere, more brownish; there is none of -that dark burnt-carmine tint to the red of lores and cheeks observable in all -the Texas specimens. <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,758, Camp Grant, Arizona, is like the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas birds in colors, except that the crest is dusky, but the proportions are -those of the Rio Grande series.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Texan Cardinal was originally described as a bird of Mexico -by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte in the Proceedings of the Zoölogical -Society of London. It has since been ascertained to inhabit the southern -central portions of our country, its range of extension northerly bringing it -within the limits of the United States. In Texas, on the Rio Grande, it is -resident throughout the year, or of but limited migration in the coldest -weather. It was not observed by Dr. Coues in Arizona, but is said to occur -in the southern portion of that Territory. It was found breeding at Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus. It is not named by Sumichrast among the birds -of Vera Cruz.</p> - -<p>Its habits are said to be of the same general character with those of our -common Cardinal.</p> - -<p>The specimens from which this bird was first described were procured in -the vicinity of the city of Mexico. The first obtained within the limits of -<!--113.png--><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 97]</span> -the United States were observed by Captain McCown of the U. S. Army, -at Ringgold Barracks, in Texas. Since then it has been procured by several -of the naturalists accompanying the government expeditions. It was obtained -in New Leon, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch; in Texas, by Major -Emory; in Texas and at El Paso, by Lieutenant Parke.</p> - -<p>When first seen, in March, in the State of Tamaulipas, by Lieutenant -Couch, it was in flocks, very shy and difficult of approach. It did not occur -much in open fields, but seemed to prefer the vicinity of fences and bushes. -It was often seen in company with the common Cardinal.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly found this bird quite abundant in the vicinity of El Paso, -but did not observe it elsewhere. It kept generally in flocks of from three -to six, frequenting the hedges and fruit-trees in the vicinity of houses. It -became very restless when approached, flying from branch to branch and -from tree to tree, uttering its peculiar note with great vehemence.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann met with the first specimen of this bird in a dry cañon, a -little to the east of the crossing of San Pedro River. It was perched on a -bush, seemed wearied and lost, and was probably a wanderer. No more were -seen until he reached El Paso. There he found it everywhere among the -hedges and trees, and continued to meet with it occasionally on his road, -until his party left civilization behind. It erects its crest as it moves actively -about in search of food, and utters at intervals a clear, plaintive whistle, -varied by a few detached notes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser considers this species rather a straggler from Mexico than as a -Texan bird. Near Eagle Pass and Piedras Negras he found it abundant, but -it became scarce as soon as he travelled a few miles into Texas. He saw none -north or east of the Leona. He was told that quantities breed near Eagle -Pass, and he saw not a few in cages that had been reared from the nest. -He found it a shy bird, and difficult to shoot. When followed, it flies about -uneasily, perching on the top of some high bush, and erecting its long crest, -uttering a clear, plaintive whistle. Sometimes it would take to the thick -brushwood and creep through the bushes so that it was impossible to get a -shot at it. On the Lower Rio Grande it was of uncommon occurrence. He -noticed a single pair near Matamoras in August, 1864.</p> - -<p>Captain McCown, in his account of this species, published by Cassin, -writes that, so far as seen on the Rio Grande, this handsome species appeared -to have a strong partiality for damp and bushy woods. So far as he observed, -it never ventured far from the river. He was under the impression that this -bird remains in Texas all the year, having met with it so late in the fall and -again so early in the spring, that, if not constantly resident, its migrations -must be very limited. He describes it as a gay, sprightly bird, generally -seen in company with others of the same species, frequently erecting its -crest and calling to its mate or comrades. It is rather shy, and not easily -approached. In its voice and general habits it appeared to him very similar -to the common species.</p> - -<p><!--114.png--><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 98]</span> -The eggs of this species are of an oval shape, one end being only a little -less rounded than the other. Their average measurement is one inch in -length by .80 in breadth. Their ground-color is a dull chalky-white, over -which are distributed well-defined blotches of a light umber-brown, and also -a number of indistinct markings of purple. The spots are pretty uniform -in these colors, but vary greatly in size and distribution. In some eggs they -largely consist of fine dots, in others they are in bold blotches. In some the -brown is more confluent and the effect that of a deeper shade.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CARDINALIS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, -<span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Saggio di una distribuzione <abbr title="metodica">metod.</abbr> dei Animagli Vertebrati</span>, 1831 -(Agassiz). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_114.jpg" - width="300" height="221" - alt="Illustration: Cardinalis virginianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">4030</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill enormously large; culmen very slightly curved, commissure sinuated; -lower jaw broader than the length of the gonys, considerably wider than the upper jaw, -about as deep as the latter. Tarsi longer than middle toe; outer toe rather the longer, -reaching a little beyond the base of the middle one; hind toe not so long. Wings -moderate, reaching over the basal third of the exposed part of the tail. Four outer quills -graduated; the first equal to the secondaries. Tail long, decidedly longer than the wings, -considerably graduated; feathers broad, truncated a little obliquely at the end, the corners -rounded. Colors red. Head crested.</p> - -<p>The essential characters of this genus are the crested head; very large -and thick bill extending far back on the forehead, and only moderately -curved above; tarsus longer than middle toe; much graduated wings, the -first primary equal to the secondary quills; the long tail exceeding the -wings, broad and much graduated at the end.</p> - -<p>Of this genus, only two species are known, one of them being exclusively -South American, the other belonging to North America, but in different regions -modified into representative races. They may be defined as follows.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"> -<!--115.png--><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 99]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"> -<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Bright vermilion-red, more dusky purplish on -upper surface; feathers adjoining base of bill black for greater or less extent. -<i class="sex">Female.</i> Above olivaceous, the wings, tail, and crest reddish; beneath olivaceous-whitish, -slightly tinged on jugulum with red.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus.</b> Culmen nearly straight; commissure with a slight lobe; -upper mandible as deep as the lower, perfectly smooth. Bill red. Black -patch covering whole throat, its posterior outline convex. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining -of wing deep vermilion. Olivaceous-gray above, the wings and tail strongly -tinged with red; crest only dull red, without darker shaft-streaks. Beneath -wholly light ochraceous. No black around bill.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Crest-feathers soft, blended. Rump not lighter red than back.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Black of the lores passing broadly across forehead. Crest brownish-red. -Bill moderate.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Culmen, .75; gonys, .41; depth of bill, .54. Feathers of dorsal -region broadly margined with grayish. Wing, 4.05; tail, 4.50; -crest, 1.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south of -40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Bermudas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Black of the lores not meeting across forehead; crest pure vermilion. -Bill robust.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Culmen, .84; gonys, .47; depth of bill, .70. Feathers of dorsal -region without grayish borders; red beneath more intense; wing, -3.60; tail, 4.20; crest, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico (Mirador; -Yucatan; “Honduras”) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_15" id="fnanchor_15"></a><a href="#footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Culmen, .82; gonys, .47; depth of bill, .65. Feathers of dorsal -region with distinct gray borders; red beneath lighter. Wing, 4.00; -tail, 5.00; crest, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and Arizona; Tres -Marias Islands. (Perhaps all of Western Mexico, north of the Rio -Grande de Santiago.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crest-feathers stiff, compact. Rump decidedly lighter red than the back.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Culmen, .75; gonys, .41; depth of bill, .57. Dorsal feathers -without grayish margins; red as in the last. Wing, 3.40; tail, -3.80; crest, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico; Colima. “Acapulco -et Realejo.”<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_16" id="fnanchor_16"></a><a href="#footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. phœniceus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_17" id="fnanchor_17"></a><a href="#footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></span> -Culmen much arched; commissure arched; upper mandible -not as deep as lower, and with grooves forward from the nostril, parallel -with the curve of the culmen. Bill whitish-brown. Black patch restricted -to the chin, its posterior outline deeply concave.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--116.png--><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 100]</span> -Crest-feathers stiff and compact. No black above, or on lores; crest -pure vermilion; rump light vermilion, much lighter than the back, which -is without gray edges to feathers. Culmen, .75; gonys, .39; height of -bill, .67; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.90; crest, 2.20. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining of wing -buff; above ashy-olivaceous, becoming pure ash on head and neck, -except their under side. Crest-feathers vermilion with black shafts; -no red tinge on wings, and only a slight tinge of it on tail. Forepart -of cheeks and middle of throat white; rest of lower part deep ochraceous. -Black around bill as in the male. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South -America; Venezuela; New Granada.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">REDBIRD; CARDINAL GROSBEAK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes virginiana</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr> -<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1760, 253. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus, Systema One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. I</abbr>, -1766, 300.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 38, <abbr title="plate six, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes cardinalis</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Dictionnaire"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Dict.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Coccothraustes) cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 79. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 519.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 336; -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 514, <abbr title="plate 159">pl. clix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus cardinalis</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 131.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, -198, <abbr title="plate 203">pl. cciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, -501.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 509.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 268. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Grosbec de Virginie</cite>, -<abbr title="Buffon, Planches enluminéz"><span class="sc">Buff.</span> Pl. enl.</abbr> 37.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_116.jpg" - width="250" height="342" - alt="Illustration: Cardinalis virginianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -A flattened crest of feathers on the crown. Bill red. Body generally -bright vermilion-red, darker on the back, rump, and tail. The feathers of the back -and rump bordered with brownish-gray. Narrow -band around the base of the bill, extending to eyes, -with chin and upper part of the throat black.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> of a duller red, and this only on the -wings, tail, and elongated feathers of the crown. -Above light olive; tinged with yellowish on the -head; beneath brownish-yellow, darkest on the -sides and across the breast. Black about the head -only faintly indicated. Length, 8.50; wing, 4.00; -tail, 4.50; culmen, .75; depth of bill, .58; breadth -of upper mandible, .35. (28,286 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mount Carmel, -Southern Illinois.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -More southern portions of United States -to the Missouri. Probably along valley of Rio -Grande to Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>The bill of this species is very large, and -shaped much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</i>. -The central feathers of the crest of the crown are longer than the lateral; -they spring from about the middle of the crown, and extend back about an -inch and a half from the base of the bill. The wings are much rounded, -the fourth longest, the second equal to the seventh, the first as long as the -secondaries. The tail is long, truncate at the end, but graduated on the -sides; the feathers are broad to the end, truncated obliquely at the end.</p> - -<p><!--117.png--><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 101]</span> -Most North American specimens we have seen have the feathers of the back -edged with ashy; the more northern the less brightly colored, and larger. -Mexican skins (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i>) are deeper colored and without the olivaceous. -In all specimens from eastern North America the frontal black is very -distinct.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the Eastern Province of United States, including Florida -and the Bermudas, are all alike in possessing those features distinguishing -the restricted <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i> from the races of Mexico, namely, the wide -black frontal band, and distinct gray edges to dorsal feathers, with small bill. -Specimens from Florida are scarcely smaller, and are not more deeply -colored than some examples from Southern Illinois. Rio Grande skins, -however, are slightly less in size, though identical in other respects.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Cardinal Grosbeak, the Redbird of the Southern States, is -one of our few birds that present the double attraction of a brilliant and -showy plumage with more than usual powers of song. In New England -and the more northern States it is chiefly known by its reputation as a -cage-bird, both its bright plumage and its sweet song giving it a high value. -It is a very rare and only an accidental visitor of Massachusetts, though a -pair was once known to spend the summer and to rear its brood in the -Botanical Gardens of Harvard College in Cambridge. It is by no means a -common bird even in Pennsylvania. In all the Southern States, from Virginia -to Mexico, it is a well-known favorite, frequenting gardens and plantations, -and even breeding within the limits of the larger towns and cities. -A single specimen of this bird was obtained near Dueñas, Guatemala, by -Mr. Salvin.</p> - -<p>The song of this Grosbeak is diversified, pleasant, and mellow, delivered -with energy and ease, and renewed incessantly until its frequent repetitions -somewhat diminish its charms. Its peculiar whistle is not only loud and -clear, resembling the finest notes of the flageolet, but is so sweet and so -varied that by some writers it has been considered equal even to the notes -of the far-famed Nightingale of Europe. It is, however, very far from -being among our best singers; yet, as it is known to remain in full song -more than two thirds of the year, and while thus musical to be constant -and liberal in the utterance of its sweet notes, it is entitled to a conspicuous -place among our singing birds.</p> - -<p>In its cage life the Cardinal soon becomes contented and tame, and will -live many years in confinement. Wilson mentions one instance in which a -Redbird was kept twenty-one years. They sing nearly throughout the year, -or from January to October. In the extreme Southern States they are more -or less resident, and some may be found all the year round. There is another -remarkable peculiarity in this species, and one very rarely to be met -with among birds, which is that the female Cardinal Grosbeak is an excellent -singer, and her notes are very nearly as sweet and as good as those -of her mate.</p> - -<p><!--118.png--><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 102]</span> -This species has been traced as far to the west in its distribution as the -base of the Rocky Mountains, and into Mexico at the southwest. In Mexico -it is also replaced by a very closely allied variety, and at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by -still another. It is given by Mr. Lawrence among the birds occurring near -New York City. He has occasionally met with it in New Jersey and at -Staten Island, and, in one instance, on New York Island, when his attention -was attracted to it by the loudness of its song.</p> - -<p>It is given by Mr. Dresser as common throughout the whole of Texas -during the summer, and almost throughout the year, excepting only where -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. sinuata</i> is found. At Matamoras it was very common, and may be -seen caged in almost every Mexican hut. He found it breeding in great -abundance about San Antonio in April and May.</p> - -<p>Mr. Cassin states that the Cardinal Bird is also known by the name of -Virginia Nightingale. He adds that it inhabits, for the greater part, low and -damp woods in which there is a profuse undergrowth of bushes, and is particularly -partial to the vicinity of watercourses. The male bird is rather -shy and careful of exposing himself.</p> - -<p>Wilson mentions that in the lower parts of the Southern States, in the -neighborhood of settlements, he found them more numerous than elsewhere. -Their clear and lively notes, even in the months of January and February, -were, at that season, almost the only music. Along the roadsides and fences -he found them hovering in small groups, associated with Snowbirds and -various kinds of Sparrows. Even in Pennsylvania they frequent the borders -of creeks and rivulets during the whole year, in sheltered hollows, -covered with holly, laurel, and other evergreens. They are very fond of -Indian corn, a grain that is their favorite food. They are also said to feed -on various kinds of fruit.</p> - -<p>The males of this species, during the breeding season, are described as very -pugnacious, and when confined together in the same cage they fight violently. -The male bird has even been known to destroy its mate. In Florida Mr. -Audubon found these birds mated by the 8th of February. The nest is -built in bushes, among briers, or in low trees, and in various situations, the -middle of a field, near a fence, or in the interior of a thicket, and usually -not far from running water. It has even been placed in the garden close to -the planter’s house. It is loosely built of dry leaves and twigs, with a large -proportion of dry grasses and strips of the bark of grapevines. Within, it is -finished and lined with finer stems of grasses wrought into a circular form. -There are usually two, and in the more Southern States three, broods in a -season.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon adds that they are easily raised from the nest, and have -been known to breed in confinement.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of an oblong-oval shape, with but little difference -at either end. Their ground-color appears to be white, but is generally -so thickly marked with spots of ashy-brown and faint lavender tints as to -<!--119.png--><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 103]</span> -permit but little of its ground to be seen. The eggs vary greatly in size, -ranging from 1.10 inches to .98 of an inch in length, and from .80 to .78 -in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE CARDINAL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis igneus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings, Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia">Pr. Ac. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1859, 305 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated North American Birds, One, 16">Illust. -N. Am. Birds, I, xvi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 238. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen, Bremen">Abh. Nat. Brem.</abbr> 1870, 339.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i>, having, like it, the distinct grayish edges to feathers -of the dorsal region. Red lighter, however, and the top of head, including crest, nearly -pure vermilion, instead of brownish-red. Black of the lores not passing across the forehead, -reaching only to the nostril. Wing, 4.00; tail, 5.00; culmen, .83; depth of bill, -.66; breadth of upper mandible, .38. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,757 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Camp Grant, 60 miles east of -Tucson, Arizona).</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> distinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i> only by more swollen bill, and more -restricted dusky around base of bill. <i class="age">Young</i>: bill deep black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas; Camp Grant, Arizona; Tres Marias Islands (off coast of Mexico, -latitude between 21<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> and 22<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> north). Probably Western Mexico, from Sonora south -to latitude of about 20<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p> - -<p>In the features pointed out above, all specimens from Arizona and Tres -Marias, and of an exceedingly large series collected at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, differ -from those of other regions.</p> - -<p>No specimens are in the collection from Western Mexico as far south as -Colima, but birds from this region will, without doubt, be found referrible -to the present race.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> There appears to be nothing in the habits of this form of Cardinal, -as far as known, to distinguish it from the Virginia bird; the nest and -eggs, too, being almost identical. The latter average about one inch in length, -and .80 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, with a bluish tint. Their -markings are larger, and more of a rusty than an ashy brown, and the purple -spots are fewer and less marked than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i>.</p> - -<p>The memoranda of Mr. John Xantus show that in one instance a nest of -this bird, containing two eggs, was found in a mimosa bush four feet from -the ground; another nest, with one egg, in a like situation; a third, containing -three eggs, was about three feet from the ground; a fourth, with -two eggs, was also found in a mimosa, but only a few inches above the -ground.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--120.png--><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 104]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PIPILO</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -Analyse, 1816 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla erythrophthalma</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_120a.jpg" - width="300" height="194" - alt="Illustration: Pipilo fuscus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5559</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather stout; the culmen gently curved, the gonys nearly straight; -the commissure gently concave, with a decided notch near the end; the lower jaw not so -deep as the upper; not as wide as the gonys is long, but wider than the base of the -upper mandible. Feet large, the tarsus as long as or a little longer than the middle toe; -the outer lateral toe a little the longer, and reaching a little beyond the base of the -middle claw. The hind claw about equal to its toe; the two together about equal to the -outer toe. Claws all stout, compressed, and moderately curved; in some western specimens -the claws much larger. Wings reaching -about to the end of the upper tail-coverts; short -and rounded, though the primaries are considerably -longer than the nearly equal secondaries -and tertials; the outer four quills are graduated, -the first considerably shorter than the second, -and about as long as the secondaries. Tail considerably -longer than the wings, moderately -graduated externally; the feathers rather broad, -most rounded off on the inner webs at the end.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_120b.jpg" - width="250" height="251" - alt="Illustration: Pipilo erythrophthalmus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small">The colors vary; the upper parts are generally -uniform black or brown, sometimes olive; the -under white or brown; no central streaks on -the feathers. The hood sometimes differently -colored.</p> - -<p>In the large number of species or races included in this genus by authors, -there are certain differences of form, such as varying graduation of tail, -length of claw, etc., but scarcely sufficient to warrant its further subdivision. -In coloration, however, we find several different styles, which furnish a convenient -method of arrangement into groups.</p> - -<p><!--121.png--><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 105]</span> -Few genera in birds exhibit such constancy in trifling variations of form -and color, and as these are closely connected with geographical distribution, -it seems reasonable to reduce many of the so-called species to a lower rank. -In the following synopsis, we arrange the whole of North American and -Mexican Pipilos into four sections, with their more positive species, and -in the subsequent discussion of the sections separately we shall give what -appear to be the varieties.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Sides and lower tail-coverts rufous, in sharp contrast with the clear white of -the abdomen. Tail-feathers with whitish patch on end of inner webs.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Head and neck black, sharply defined against the white of breast. Rump -olive or blackish.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Black or dusky olive above.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus.</b> White spots on tips of both rows of wing-coverts, -and on scapulars. No white patch on base of primaries. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, -and United States west of the Missouri. (Five races.)</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <a name="note4" id="note4"></a><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus.</b> No white spots on wing-coverts, nor on -scapulars. A white patch on base of primaries. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of United States. (Two races.)</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Bright olive-green above.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. macronyx.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_18" id="fnanchor_18"></a><a href="#footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span> -Scapulars and wing-coverts (both rows) with -distinct greenish-white spots on tips of outer webs.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorosoma.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_19" id="fnanchor_19"></a><a href="#footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></span> -Scapulars and wing-coverts without trace of -white spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of Mexico. (Perhaps these are two -races of one species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</i>.)</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<!--122.png--><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 106]</span> -<i class="subset">b.</i> Head and neck ashy, paler on jugulum, where the color fades gradually -into the white of breast. Rump and upper tail-coverts bright rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent3">5. <a name="note6" id="note6"></a><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. superciliosa.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_20" id="fnanchor_20"></a><a href="#footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span> -An obsolete whitish superciliary stripe. Greater -wing-coverts obsoletely whitish at tips; no other white markings on -upper parts, and the tail-patches indistinct. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil. (Perhaps not -genuine <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>.)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Sides ashy or tinged with ochraceous; lower tail-coverts ochraceous, not -sharply contrasted with white on the abdomen, or else the abdomen concolor -with the side. Head never black, and upper parts without light markings -(except the wing in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Wings and tail olive-green.</p> - -<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorurus.</b> Whole pileum (except in young) deep rufous, sharply -defined. Whole throat pure white, immaculate, and sharply defined -against the surrounding deep ash; a maxillary and a short supraloral -stripe of white. Anterior parts of body streaked in young. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Western Province of United States.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Wings and tail grayish-brown.</p> - -<p class="indent3">7. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus.</b> A whitish or ochraceous patch covering the throat contrasting -with the adjacent portions, and bounded by dusky specks. -Lores and chin like the throat. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, and United States west -of Rocky Mountains. (Five races.)</p> - -<p class="indent3">8. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. aberti.</b> Throat concolor with the adjacent portions, and without -distinct spots. Lores and chin blackish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Colorado region of -Middle Province, United States. (Only one form known.)</p> - -<p class="p2 center ls"><b class="section">SECTION I.</b></p> - -<p class="center small"><i>Head black.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus.</b></p> - -<p>After a careful study of the very large collection of Black-headed Pipilos -(leaving for the present the consideration of those with olive-green bodies) -in the Smithsonian Museum, we have come finally to the conclusion that all -the species described as having the scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with -white—as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, and even including the differently -colored <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus</i> of Mexico—are probably only geographical races -of one species, representing in the trans-Missouri region the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i> -of the eastern division of the continent. It is true that specimens may -be selected of the four races capable of accurate definition, but the transition -<!--123.png--><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 107]</span> -from one to the other is so gradual that a considerable percentage of the collection -can scarcely be assigned satisfactorily; and even if this were possible, -the differences after all are only such as are caused by a slight change in -the proportion of black, and the varying development of feet and wings.</p> - -<p>Taking <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</i> as it occurs in the central portion of its wide field of -distribution, with wing-spots of average size, we find these spots slightly -bordered, or at least often, with black, and the primaries edged externally -with white only towards the end. The exterior web of lateral tail-feather is -edged mostly with white; the terminal white patches of outer feather about -an inch long; that of inner web usually separated from the outer by a black -shaft-streak. In more northern specimens the legs are more dusky than -usual. The tail is variable, but longer generally than in the other races. -The claws are enormously large in many, but not in all specimens, varying -considerably; and the fourth primary is usually longest, the first equal to -or shorter than the secondaries. This is the race described as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>, -and characterizes the Middle Province, between the Sierra Nevada of California -and the eastern Rocky Mountains, or the great interior basin of the -continent; it occurs also near the head of the Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific slope of California, as we proceed westward, we find a change -in the species, the divergence increasing still more as we proceed northward, -until in Oregon and Washington the extreme of range and alteration -is seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i>. Here the claws are much smaller, the white markings -restricted in extent so as to form quite small spots bordered externally by -black; the spots on the inner webs of tail much smaller, and even bordered -along the shaft with black, and the outer web of the lateral entirely black, -or with only a faint white edging. The concealed white of the head and -neck has disappeared also.</p> - -<p>Proceeding eastward, on the other hand, from our starting-point, we find -another race, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i>, occupying the western slope of the Missouri -Valley and the basin of the Saskatchewan, in which, on the contrary, the -white increases in quantity, and more and more to its eastern limit. The -black borders of the wing-patches disappear, leaving them white externally; -and decided white edgings are seen for the first time at the bases of primaries, -as well as near their ends, the two sometimes confluent. The terminal tail-patches -are larger, the outer web of the exterior feather is entirely white -except toward the very base, and we thus have the opposite extreme to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -oregonus</i>. The wings are longer; the third primary longest; the first usually -longer than the secondaries or the ninth quill.</p> - -<p>Finally, proceeding southward along the table-lands of Mexico, and -especially on their western slope, we find <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus</i> (the first described -of all) colored much like the females of the more northern races, except that -the head and neck are black, in decided contrast to the more olivaceous back. -The wing formula and pattern of markings are much like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, the -claws more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>. Even in specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, from the southern -<!--124.png--><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 108]</span> -portion of its area of distribution, we find a tendency to an ashy or -brownish tinge on the rump, extending more or less along the back; few, if -any indeed, being uniformly black.</p> - -<p>As, however, a general expression can be given to the variations referred -to, and as they have an important geographical relationship, besides a general -diagnosis, we give their characters and distribution in detail.</p> - -<p>The general impression we derive from a study of the series is that the -amount of white on the wing and elsewhere decreases from the Missouri -River to the Pacific, exhibiting its minimum in Oregon and Washington, precisely -as in the small black Woodpeckers; that in the Great Basin the size -of the claws and the length of tail increases considerably; that the northern -forms are entirely black, and the more southern brown or olivaceous, except -on the head.</p> - -<p>The following synopsis will be found to express the principal characteristics -of the species and their varieties, premising that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> is more distinctly -definable than any of the others. We add the character of the green-bodied -Mexican species to complete the series.</p> - - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><a name="note5" id="note5"></a> -1. Wing, 3.65; tail, 4.20. Outer tail-feather with terminal half of inner web -white. Iris bright red, sometimes paler. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United -States. (Florida in winter.) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -2. Wing, 2.90; tail, 3.75. Outer tail-feather with only terminal fourth of -inner web white. Iris white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Florida (resident) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Interscapulars with white streaks.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Outer webs of primaries not edged with white at the base.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -1. Above olive-brown, the head and neck, only, continuous black; back -streaked with black. White spots on wing-coverts not bordered externally -with black. Wing, 3.25; tail, 4.00; hind claw, .44. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of -Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_21" id="fnanchor_21"></a><a href="#footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -2. Above black, tinged with olive on rump, and sometimes on the nape. -White spots as in last. Inner web of lateral tail-feathers with terminal white -spot more than one inch long; outer web broadly edged with white. -Wing, 3.45; tail, 4.10; hind claw, .55. <i class="sex">Female</i> less deep black than male, -with a general slaty-olive cast. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United States, -from Fort Tejon, California, to Upper Rio Grande, and from Fort Crook to -Fort Bridger<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -3. Above almost wholly black, with scarcely any olive tinge, and this only -on rump. White spots restricted, and with a distinct black external border. -White terminal spot on inner web of lateral tail-feather less than one inch -long; outer web almost wholly black. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.90; hind claw, -.39. <i class="sex">Female</i> deep umber-brown, instead of black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of -United States, south to San Francisco; West Humboldt Mountains -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i></span>.</p> - -<!--126.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="indent2"><!--127.png--><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 109]</span> -<i class="subset">b.</i> Outer webs of primaries distinctly edged with white at base.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -4. Above black, except on rump, which is tinged with olivaceous. White -spots very large, without black border. Inner web of lateral tail-feather -with terminal half white, the outer web almost wholly white. Wing, 3.50; -tail, 3.90; hind claw, .39. <i class="sex">Female</i> umber-brown, replacing black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Plains between Rocky Mountains and the Missouri; Saskatchewan Basin -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Interscapulars without white streaks.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -5. Above dusky olive; white spots on scapulars and wing-coverts small, and -without black edge. Tail-patches very restricted (outer only .40 long). -No white on primaries. Wing, 2.85; tail, 3.10. <i class="sex">Female</i> scarcely different. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Socorro Island, off west coast of Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmani</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_22" id="fnanchor_22"></a><a href="#footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></span></p> - -<!--125.png--><!--plate 31--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_31.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="31">XXXI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-1" id="pl_31-1"></a><img src="images/pl_31-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6300.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-2" id="pl_31-2"></a><img src="images/pl_31-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2135.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-3" id="pl_31-3"></a><img src="images/pl_31-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Kansas, 8194.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-4" id="pl_31-4"></a><img src="images/pl_31-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorura</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 2644.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-5" id="pl_31-5"></a><img src="images/pl_31-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Dakota, 1944.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-6" id="pl_31-6"></a><img src="images/pl_31-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-7" id="pl_31-7"></a><img src="images/pl_31-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 6748.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-8" id="pl_31-8"></a><img src="images/pl_31-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo crissalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5559.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-9" id="pl_31-9"></a><img src="images/pl_31-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo megalonyx</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-10" id="pl_31-10"></a><img src="images/pl_31-10.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo mesoleucus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 6829.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-11" id="pl_31-11"></a><img src="images/pl_31-11.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 11" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo albigula</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 12993.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_31-12" id="pl_31-12"></a><img src="images/pl_31-12.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 12" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo oregonus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GROUND ROBIN; TOWHEE; CHEWINK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla erythrophthalma</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 318.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 151; -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 511, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza erythrophthalma</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 874.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Six">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812, 90, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Galerie des Oiseaux"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Gal. Ois.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824, -109, <abbr title="plate 80">pl. lxxx</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, -1850, 487.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -124.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America. Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 167, <abbr title="plate 195">pl. cxcv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -512.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo ater</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 34"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. XXXIV</abbr>, -1819, 292. <cite>Towhee Bird</cite>, -<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One">Car. I</abbr>, 34. <cite>Towhee Bunting</cite>, -<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis, Two, one">Syn. II, <span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, -1783, 199.—<span class="sc">Pennant</span>, -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1785, 359.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_127.jpg" - width="250" height="84" - alt="Illustration:2135 male symbol" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">2135</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts generally, head and neck all round, and upper part of the -breast, glossy black, abruptly defined against -the pure white which extends to the anus, -but is bounded on the sides and under the -wings by light chestnut, which is sometimes -streaked externally with black. Feathers of -throat white in the middle. Under coverts -similar to sides, but paler. Edges of outer six primaries with white at the base and on -the middle of the outer web; inner two tertiaries also edged externally with white. -Tail-feathers black; outer web of the first, with the ends of the first to the third, white, -decreasing from the exterior one. Outermost quill usually shorter than ninth, or even -than secondaries; fourth quill longest, fifth scarcely shorter. Iris red; said to be sometimes -paler, or even white, in winter. Length, 8.75; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.10. Bill black, -legs flesh-color. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the black replaced by a rather rufous brown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the Missouri River; Florida (in winter).</p> - -<p>The tail-feathers are only moderately graduated on the sides; the outer -about .40 of an inch shorter than the middle. The outer tail-feather has -the terminal half white, the outline transverse; the white of the second is -about half as long as that of the first; of the third half that of the second. -The chestnut of the sides reaches forward to the black of the neck, and is -visible when the wings are closed.</p> - -<p><!--128.png--><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 110]</span> -A young bird has the prevailing color reddish-olive above, spotted with -lighter; beneath brownish-white, streaked thickly with brown.</p> - -<p>The description above given may be taken as representing the average of -the species in the Northern and Middle States. Most specimens from the -Mississippi Valley differ in having the two white patches on the primaries -confluent; but this feature is not sufficiently constant to make it worthy of -more than passing notice, for occasionally western specimens have the white -spaces separated, as in the majority of eastern examples, while among the -latter there may, now and then, be found individuals scarcely distinguishable -from the average of western ones.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/i_128.jpg" - width="400" height="168" - alt="2135 male Pipilo erythrophthalmus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2135</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>In Florida, however, there is a local, resident race, quite different from -these two northern styles, which are themselves not enough unlike to be -considered separately. This Florida race differs in much smaller size, very -restricted white on both wing and tail, and in having a yellowish-white instead -of blood-red iris. Further remarks on this Florida race will be found -under its proper heading (<a href="#Page_112">p. 708</a>), as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</i>.</p> - -<p>Specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, as restricted, from Louisiana, as is the case -with most birds from the Lower Mississippi region, exhibit very intense -colors compared with those from more northern portions, or even Atlantic -coast specimens from the same latitude.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Ground Robin, Towhee, Chewink, Charee, or Joreet, as it is -variously called, has an extended distribution throughout the eastern United -States, from Florida and Georgia on the southeast to the Selkirk Settlements -on the northwest, and as far to the west as the edge of the Great Plains, -where it is replaced by other closely allied races. It breeds almost wherever -found, certainly in Georgia, and, I have no doubt, sparingly in Florida.</p> - -<p>This bird was not observed in Texas by Mr. Dresser. It has been found -in Western Maine, where it is given by Mr. Verrill as a summer visitant, -and where it breeds, but is not common. It arrives there the first of May. -It is not given by Mr. Boardman as occurring in Eastern Maine. In Massachusetts -it is a very abundant summer visitant, arriving about the last of -April, and leaving about the middle of October. It nests there the last of -<!--129.png--><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 111]</span> -May, and begins to sit upon the eggs about the first of June. It is slightly -gregarious just as it is preparing to leave, but at all other times is to be met -with only in solitary pairs.</p> - -<p>The Ground Robin is in many respects one of the most strongly characterized -of our North American birds, exhibiting peculiarities in which all the -members of this genus share to a very large degree. They frequent close and -sheltered thickets, where they spend a large proportion of their time on the -ground among the fallen leaves, scratching and searching for worms, larvæ, -and insects. Though generally resident in retired localities, it is far from -being a shy or timid bird. I have known it to show itself in a front yard, -immediately under the windows of a dwelling and near the main street of -the village, where for hours I witnessed its diligent labors in search of food. -The spot was very shady, and unfrequented during the greater part of the -day. It was not disturbed when the members of the family passed in or out.</p> - -<p>The call-note of this bird is very peculiar, and is variously interpreted in -different localities. It has always appeared to me that the Georgian <i class="birdcall">jo-rēēt</i> -was at least as near to its real notes as <i class="birdcall">tow-hēē</i>. Its song consists of a few -simple notes, which very few realize are those of this bird. In singing, the -male is usually to be seen on the top of some low tree. These notes are -uttered in a loud voice, and are not unmusical. Wilson says its song resembles -that of the Yellow-Hammer of Europe, but is more varied and mellow. -Nuttall speaks of its notes as simple, guttural, and monotonous, and of its -voice as clear and sonorous. The song, which he speaks of as quaint and -somewhat pensive, he describes as sounding like <i class="birdcall">t’sh’d-wĭtee-tĕ-tĕ-tĕ-tĕ-tĕ</i>.</p> - -<p>Wilson says this bird is known in Pennsylvania as the “Swamp Robin.” -If so, this is a misnomer. In New England it has no predilection for low -or moist ground; and I have never found it in such situations. Its favorite -haunts are dry uplands, near the edges of woods, or high tracts covered with -a low brushwood, selecting for nesting-places the outer skirts of a wood, -especially one of a southern aspect. The nest is sunk in a depression in -the ground, the upper edges being usually just level with the ground. It is -largely composed of dry leaves and coarse stems as a base, within which is -built a firmer nest of dry bents well arranged, usually with no other lining. -It is generally partially concealed by leaves or a tuft of grass, and is not -easily discovered unless the female is seen about it.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues says these Buntings are chiefly spring and autumnal visitants -near Washington, only a few breeding. They are very abundant from April -25 to May 10, and from the first to the third week of October, and are -partially gregarious. Their migrations are made by day, and are usually in -small companies in the fall, but singly in the spring. Wilson found them in -the middle districts of Virginia, and from thence south to Florida, during -the months of January, February, and March. Their usual food is obtained -among the dry leaves, though they also feed on hard seeds and gravel. They -are not known to commit any depredations upon harvests. They may be -<!--130.png--><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span> -easily accustomed to confinement, and in a few days will become quite tame. -When slightly wounded and captured, they at first make a sturdy resistance, -and bite quite severely. They are much attached to their young, and when -approached evince great anxiety, the female thrusting herself forward to -divert attention by her outcries and her simulated lameness.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of a rounded-oval shape, and have a dull-white -ground, spotted with dots and blotches of a wine-colored brown. -These usually are larger than in the other species, and are mostly congregated -about the larger end, and measure .98 of an inch in length by .80 in -breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-EYED CHEWINK; FLORIDA CHEWINK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo alleni</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, -American Naturalist, <abbr title="Five, August">V, Aug.</abbr> 1871, 366.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, but differing in the following respects: -White spaces on wings and tail much restricted, those on inner webs of lateral tail-feathers -only .50 to .75 long. Size very much smaller, except the bill, which is absolutely larger. -Iris white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. (55,267, Dummits’s Grove, Florida, March, 1869.) Length, 7.75; wing, 3.00; tail, -3.75; bill from nostril, .38; tarsus, .97.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. (55,271, same locality and date.) Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.50; bill from nostril, .37; -tarsus, .91. White on primaries almost absent.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_130.jpg" - width="250" height="136" - alt="Pipilo erythrophthalmus 247 var. alleni" - /> - <p class="center small"><a name="note7" id="note7"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>.<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2135</b>, <b class="specimen-number">247</b>,<br /> - <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This interesting variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i> was found in Florida, -in the spring of 1869, by Mr. C. J. Maynard, and probably represents the -species as resident in that State. It is considerably smaller than the average -(length, 7.75; extent, 10.00; wing, 3.00; tarsus, .95), and has very appreciably -less white on the tail. The outer web of outer feather is only narrowly -edged with white, instead -of being entirely -so to the shaft -(except in one specimen), -and the terminal -white tip, confined -to the inner -web, is only from .50 -to .75 of an inch long, -instead of 1.25 to -1.75, or about the -amount on the second feather of northern specimens, as shown in the -accompanying figures. There is apparently a greater tendency to dusky -streaks and specks in the rufous of the side of the breast or in the adjacent -white. Resident specimens from Georgia are intermediate in size and color -between the northern and Florida races.</p> - -<p><!--131.png--><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span> -The bill of Mr. Maynard’s specimen is about the size of that of more -northern ones; the iris is described by him as pale yellowish-white, much -lighter than usual.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</b>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_23" id="fnanchor_23"></a><a href="#footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></span> - <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-CLAWED TOWHEE BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo megalonyx</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 515, <abbr title="plate 73">pl. lxxiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, -<i>S</i>, 51 (nest).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 242.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_131.jpg" - width="250" height="113" - alt="Illustration: 10284 male symbol" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">10284</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> in amount of white on the wings and scapulars, -though this frequently edged with black, but -without basal white on outer web of primaries. -Outer edge of outer web of external -tail-feather white, sometimes confluent with -that at tip of tail. Concealed white spots on -feathers of side of neck. Claws enormously -large, the hinder longer than its digit; the -hind toe and claw reaching to the middle of the middle claw, which, with its toe, is as -long as or longer than the tarsus. Inner lateral claw reaching nearly to the middle of -middle claw. Length, 7.60; wing, 3.25; hind toe and claw, .90. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the deep -black replaced by dusky slaty-olive.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern coast of California and across through valleys of Gila and Rio Grande; -north through the Great Basin across from Fort Crook, California, to Fort Bridger, -Wyoming.</p> - -<p>This form constitutes so strongly marked a variety as to be worthy of -particular description. The general appearance is that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i>, which -it resembles in the amount of white spotting on the wings. This, however, -does not usually involve the whole outer web at the end, but, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, -has a narrow border of black continued around the white terminally and -sometimes externally. There is not quite so much of a terminal white -blotch on the outer tail-feather, this being but little over an inch in length, -and the outer web of the same feather is never entirely white, though always -with an external white border, which sometimes is confluent with the -<!--132.png--><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 114]</span> -terminal spot, but usually leaves a brown streak near the end never seen in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, which also has the whole outer web white except at the base. -From <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> the species differs in the much greater amount of white on -the wings and the less rounded character of the spots. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oregonus</i>, too, has -the whole outer web of external tail-feather black, and the terminal white -spot of the inner web less than an inch in length. We have never seen in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> any concealed white spotting on the sides of the head.</p> - -<p>The greatest difference between this race and the two others lies in the -stout tarsi and enormously large claws, as described, both the lateral extending -greatly beyond the base of the middle one, the hinder toe and claw -nearly as long as the tarsus. The only North American passerine birds -having any approach to this length of claw are those of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i>.</p> - -<p>This great development of the claws is especially apparent in specimens -from the Southern Sierra Nevada, the maximum being attained in the Fort -Tejon examples; those from as far north as Carson City, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, however, -are scarcely smaller. In most Rocky Mountain Pipilos, the claws are but -little longer than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>.</p> - -<p>In this race the female is not noticeably different from the male, being of -a merely less intense black,—not brown,—and conspicuously different as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>; there is, however, some variation among individuals -in this respect, but none are ever so light as the average in the other races.</p> - -<p>The young bird is dusky-brown above, with a slight rusty tinge, and -obsolete streaks of blackish. White markings as in adult, but tinged with -rusty. Throat and breast rusty-white, broadly streaked with dusky; sides -only tinged with rufous.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> According to Mr. Ridgway’s observations, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i> -replaces in the Rocky Mountain region and in the greater portion of the -Great Basin the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> of the Plains, from their eastern slope eastward -to the Missouri River, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i> of the Northern Sierra Nevada -and Pacific coast. It is most nearly related to the latter. He became -familiar with the habits of this species near Salt Lake City, having already -made like observations of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> at Carson. A short acquaintance -with the former, after a long familiarity with the latter, enabled him to note -a decided difference in the notes of the two birds, yet in their external -appearance they were hardly distinguishable, and he was at first surprised -to find the same bird apparently uttering entirely different notes, the call-note -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i> being very similar to that of the common Catbird. -The song of this species, he adds, has considerable resemblance in style to -that of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, and though lacking its musical -character, is yet far superior to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i>. This bird is also much -less shy than the western one, and is, in fact, quite as unsuspicious as the -eastern bird.</p> - -<p>Nests, with eggs, were found on the ground, among the scrub-oaks of the -hillsides, from about the 20th of May until the middle of June.</p> - -<p><!--133.png--><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 115]</span> -This species has been obtained on the southern coast of California, and -through to the valleys of the Gila and the Rio Grande. In California it -was obtained near San Francisco by Mr. Cutts and Mr. Hepburn; at Santa -Clara by Dr. Cooper; at Monterey by Dr. Canfield; in the Sacramento -Valley by Dr. Heermann; at San Diego by Dr. Hammond; at Fort Tejon -by Mr. Xantus; at Saltillo, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch; in New Mexico -by Captain Pope; and at Fort Thorn by Dr. Henry.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch describes it as a shy, quiet bird, and as found in woody -places.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly met with this bird at Pueblo Creek, New Mexico, January -22, 1854. It first attracted his attention early in the month of January, in -the Aztec Mountains, along Pueblo Creek. There it was often met with, -but generally singly. It inhabited the thickest bushes, and its motions were -so constant and rapid, as it hopped from twig to twig, that they found it -difficult to procure specimens. Its flight was rapid, and near the ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of this species as a common and resident bird in all the -lower districts of California, and to quite a considerable distance among the -mountains. It was also found on the islands of Catalina and San Clemente, -distant sixteen miles from the mainland. Though found in New Mexico, -Dr. Cooper has met with none in the barren districts between the Coast -Range and the Colorado, nor in the valley of the latter.</p> - -<p>Their favorite residence is said to be in thickets and in oak groves, where -they live mostly on the ground, scratching among the dead leaves in the -concealment of the underbrush, and very rarely venturing far from such -shelter. They never fly more than a few yards at a time, and only a few -feet above the ground. In villages, where they are not molested, they soon -become more familiar, take up their abodes in gardens, and build their nests -in the vicinity of houses.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper gives them credit for little musical power. Their song is said -to be only a feeble monotonous trill, from the top of some low bush. When -alarmed, they have a note something like the mew of a cat. On this account -they are popularly known as Catbirds. He adds that the nest is made -on the ground, under a thicket, and that it is constructed of dry leaves, -stalks, and grass, mingled with fine roots. The eggs, four or five in number, -are greenish-white, minutely speckled with reddish-brown, and measure -one inch by .70.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species a very abundant and resident species in -Arizona. It was rather more numerous in the spring and in the fall than at -other times. He found it shy and retiring, and inhabiting the thickest brush. -Its call-note is said to be almost exactly like that of our eastern Catbird. -He describes its song as a rather harsh and monotonous repetition of four or -six syllables, something like that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>. He found -females with mature eggs in their ovaries as early as May 5.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species, collected by Mr. Ridgway near Salt Lake City, -<!--134.png--><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 116]</span> -May 26, was built on the ground, among scrub-oak brush. It is a very slight -structure, composed almost entirely of coarse dry stems of grass, with a few -bits of coarse inner bark, and with a base made up wholly with the latter -material, and having a diameter of about four inches.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this nest, four in number, have an average measurement of .95 -of an inch in length by .73 in breadth. Their ground-color is crystalline-white, -covered very generally with spots and small blotches of purplish and -wine-colored brown, somewhat aggregated at the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</b>, <span class="sc">Bell</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON GROUND ROBIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo oregonus</i>, <span class="sc">Bell</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, -1852, 6 (Oregon).—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, -<abbr title="37, December">XXXVII, Dec.</abbr> 1853, 922.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Orn.</abbr> Delattre, 1854, 22 (same as prec.).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 513.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 64, 120 (British Col.).—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, 200.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 241. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla arctica</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 49, <abbr title="plate 394">pl. cccxciv</abbr>. (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arctica</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -123.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 164, <abbr title="plate 194">pl. cxciv</abbr>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_134a.jpg" - width="250" height="116" - alt="Illustration: 2867 male symbol" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">2867</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper surface generally, with the head and neck all round to the upper -part of the breast, deep black; the rest of lower -parts pure white, except the sides of the body -and under tail-coverts, which are light chestnut-brown; -the latter rather paler. The outer webs of -scapulars (usually edged narrowly with black) and -of the superincumbent feathers of the back, with a -rounded white spot at the end of the outer webs -of the greater and middle coverts; the outer edges of the innermost tertials white; no -white at the base of the primaries. Outer web of the first tail-feather black, occasionally -white on the extreme edge; the outer three with a white tip to the inner web. Outer -quill shorter than ninth, or scarcely equalling the secondaries; fourth quill longest; fifth -scarcely shorter. Length, 8.25; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.00. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the black replaced -by a more brownish tinge. Claws much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coasts of Oregon and Washington Territories, south to San Francisco, California. -Melting eastward and south into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>. West Humboldt Mountains and Northern -Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_134b.jpg" - width="250" height="170" - alt="Illustration: 2867" - /> - <p class="center small">2867</p> -</div> - -<p>Comparing this race with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, we do not find much difference in the -white of the scapular region, except that -the white marks here, as elsewhere on the -wing, are rounded, the extreme end of the -outer web of the feather being black instead -of running out acutely white to the -very tip of the outer webs of the feathers. -This gives rather less extension to the -white. In fact, most of the white marks -are edged externally with black, converting -them into spots. There is no white whatever at the exposed base of the -<!--135.png--><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 117]</span> -outer web of the second to fifth primaries, and there is only a trace of white -near the end, instead of having a conspicuous white edging from base to -near the tip.</p> - -<p>The outer web of the outer tail-feather, instead of being entirely white -for the exposed portion, is only very slightly edged with white; usually -entirely black. The white at the end of the feathers is much more restricted, -and extends only over the three outer feathers; usually not reaching to the -shaft. The relations to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i> have been given under the latter head.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Oregon Ground Robin, so far as known, has a restricted -residence, the western portion of Oregon and Washington Territory during -the summer, and in the more northern portions of California. Its occurrence -in the latter State seems to have escaped the notice of Dr. Cooper, though -he gives it conjecturally, having seen birds which he supposed to be of this -species in the higher Sierra Nevada. In its habits and notes Dr. Cooper -could observe no difference between this species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>, both having -the complaining <i class="birdcall">mew</i>, from which they have obtained the name of Catbird -on that coast.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord found a nest containing six eggs, which he supposed to belong -to a bird of this species, at Fort Colville. It was built on the top of -a stump, round which young shoots had grown like a fringe, completely hiding -it from the sharpest eye. Mr. Hepburn met with it at Victoria.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the Birds of Washington Territory, states -that the song of this species in spring, as it sits on a low bush enjoying the -sunshine, is like the final trill of the Redwing, or the lisping faint notes of -the Cowbird. It is a constant resident of the Territory, but only frequents -the edge of the coast in winter. He also mentions finding it about thirty -miles south of San Francisco in autumn. Dr. Suckley met with it west -of the Cascade Mountains.</p> - -<p>In very many respects, in the opinion of Mr. Ridgway, the Oregon Ground -Robin very closely resembles the common and familiar eastern “Chewink.” -There is noticeable in this western representative a peculiar manner of flight, -and a predilection for bushy places, closely corresponding with those of the -eastern bird. It differs, in the most marked manner, however, in its extreme -shyness, and in the total absence of the agreeable and striking notes of the -Towhee. The notes of this bird are, he states, of the rudest description, -and instead of being familiar and unsuspicious, it is one of the shyest and -most difficult to approach of any of the western birds.</p> - -<p>He found it quite plentiful about Sacramento, where it inhabits the thickets -in company with the western Chat. After crossing the Sierra Nevada it -was found more abundant still in the chaparrals of the sheltered ravines on -the eastern base of those mountains, as well as in the shrubbery of the river -valleys. During the winter it forsakes the former for the latter localities. -Eastward this species was found as far as the West Humboldt Mountains, -where typical examples were obtained.</p> - -<p><!--136.png--><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 118]</span> -At Carson City, early in March, his attention was attracted by the peculiar -notes of this <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>; the bird was sitting on a high rock above the thick -chaparral of the hillside, and sharply defined against the sky. It was readily -distinguishable by the black of its head and breast, in sharp contrast with -the pure white of its lower parts. Every few moments it would raise its head -to utter, in a short trill, its rude song. When approached, it would jerk -its expanded white-tipped tail, and disappear among the bushes. It was -abundant in the chaparrals, on the hillsides, and among the thickets and -buffalo-berry bushes along the rivers. The males were in full song, perching, -as they sang, on a prominent rock or bush.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall met with a nest of this species on the 14th of June. It was -built in the shelter of a low undershrub, in a depression scratched out for its -reception. It was made of a rather copious lining of clean wiry grass, with -some dead leaves beneath, as a foundation. The eggs were four, nearly -hatched, very closely resembling those of the Towhee, thickly spotted over, -but more so at the larger end, with very small round and very numerous -reddish-chocolate spots. The pair showed great solicitude about their nest, -the male, in particular, approaching boldly to scold and lament at the dangerous -intrusion.</p> - -<p>The Oregon Ground Robin Mr. Lord considered a quaint and restless -bird. He found it very abundant from the coast to the summit of the Rocky -Mountains, and also very common on Vancouver Island. It arrives the last -of April and first of May, and frequents dark woods and thick tangled -underbrush. He describes it as stealthy and shy, with a habit of hiding, -but its cry usually betrays its place of concealment. This cry he states to -be like the squall of the Catbird.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend found it abundant on the Columbia, where, as he observed, -it lived mostly on the ground, or on bushes near the ground, rarely ascending -trees. Mr. Audubon gives the measurement of its egg as 1.12 inches in -length and .87 in breadth.</p> - -<p>The egg of this species is more rounded than are those of this genus generally, -and there is but little difference between the two ends. The ground-color -is white, with a greenish tinge, and is very generally and profusely -spotted with fine markings of reddish and purplish-brown. They measure -.95 by .80 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--137.png--><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 119]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARCTIC TOWHEE BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 260. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. -I</abbr>, 1832, 589.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>, -(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 610.—<span class="sc">Bell</span>, -<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1852, 7.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 514.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts generally, with head and neck all round to the upper part of -the breast, black; the rump usually tinged with ashy. Middle of breast and of belly -white; sides chestnut; under tail-coverts similar, but paler. Entire outer webs of -scapulars and of dorsal feathers immediately above them, and of ends of primary and -secondary coverts, to the shaft, with edges of outer webs of three innermost tertials, and -of the second to the fifth primaries, conspicuously white. Whole outer web of the first -and ends of the first to the fourth tail-feathers, white, the amount diminishing not very -rapidly. Outermost quill longer than ninth, sometimes than eighth, nearly always -exceeding the secondaries; third quill longest; fourth scarcely shorter. Length about -8 inches; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.10; hind toe and claw, .74. <i class="sex">Female</i> paler brown instead of -black; the rufous, seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, tinged with ashy.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High central plains of Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Platte; basin of -Missouri River, especially west, including eastern slope of Rocky Mountains; San -Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 492).</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> is similar in form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, which, however, -is readily distinguished by the entire absence of white on the scapulars and -wing-coverts. The amount of white on the tail decreases much less rapidly. -The differences between it and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i> will be found detailed under the -head of the latter species.</p> - -<p>One specimen (8,193) from Fort Leavenworth, with a few white spots only -on the scapulars, may perhaps be considered a hybrid between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>.</p> - -<p>In some specimens the interscapulars are edged externally with white. -The feathers of throat and sides of head show occasional concealed spots -of white about the middle. As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, the bases of the -primaries are white along the outer edge, showing under the primary coverts, -sometimes, but perhaps not generally, confluent with the white towards the -end of the same web.</p> - -<p>The female is of a dull ashy-brown, difficult to describe, but with only a -slight tinge of the rufous seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, which is most distinct -on top of head and back. There is an almost inappreciable ashy -superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p>The young bird resembles in general appearance that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, but is -lighter colored, and with the dusky streaks on the jugulum much narrower. -The brown above is as light as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, but without the reddish -cast seen in the latter, and not blackish, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Saskatchewan or Arctic Ground Finch was first met with by -Sir John Richardson. It was observed by him only on the plains of the -Saskatchewan, where he had no doubt of its breeding, as one specimen was -<!--138.png--><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 120]</span> -killed late in July. It was said to arrive in that region in the end of May, -and to frequent shady and moist clumps of wood. It was generally seen -on the ground. Its habits, so far as they were observed, correspond with -those of the Towhee Bunting, which it closely resembles in external appearance. -It feeds on grubs, and is a solitary and retired, but not a distrustful -bird.</p> - -<p>Besides its occurrence in the Valley of the Saskatchewan, these birds have -often been found on the high central plains of the Upper Missouri, on -the Yellowstone and Platte Rivers. Audubon met with it at Fort Union. -Dr. Hayden obtained it on the Yellowstone, in August; at Fort Lookout, -June 22; at Bijou Hills, from May 1 to the 15th; at Bon Homme Island, -May 9. Dr. Cooper obtained it at Fort Laramie in September. Mr. Allen -found it in Colorado, where it was more abundant on the foothills than on -the plains. He also found this species an abundant inhabitant of the thickets -in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, in its habits strongly resembling -the common birds of the Eastern States. Though its song is also somewhat -similar, its call-note, he adds, is totally different, very nearly resembling that -of the Catbird.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with but few of these birds either in the Indian Territory -or in New Mexico. Mr. Dresser, in November, 1863, when hunting -in the Bandera Hills, noticed several of these birds near the camp, and obtained -several near San Antonio during the winter. None of these birds -appear to have been observed in the Arctic regions beyond the Saskatchewan -Plains.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall met with this species on the western slopes of the Rocky -Mountains, but as he apparently did not appreciate the difference between -this form and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, we cannot determine with certainty to which his -descriptions apply in all cases. He found it, in manners and habits, the -counterpart of our common eastern species, frequenting forests and scratching -among the dead leaves among bushes and thickets. He describes it as -more shy than the common species. If the nest be invaded, the male shows -more boldness, and reiterates his complaints until the cause of his alarm is -removed. He speaks of its warble as quaint and monotonous, and very -similar to the notes of the Towhee,—but the note of our bird, <i class="birdcall">towhee</i>, is -never heard west of the mountains. In its stead this bird is said to have a -note like the mew of a cat.</p> - -<p>The egg of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> is oval in shape, and measures one inch in length -by .70 in breadth. It has a white ground, but is so generally and so thickly -covered with fine dots of umber-brown, intermingled with paler markings -of lavender and neutral tints, that the ground can hardly be distinguished.</p> - - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--139.png--><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 121]</span> -<b class="ls">SECTION II.</b></p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Head and body above brown; throat with a light patch.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of the Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -Grayish-brown above, with a more or less appreciable -rufous tinge on the crown. A patch covering the throat, ochraceous or white, -contrasting with the surrounding portions, and encircled more or less completely, -especially posteriorly, by dusky spots; lores like the chin. Crissum deep -ochraceous, the lower part of abdomen tinged more or less with the same.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> No trace of white tips to middle wing-coverts. Throat ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Crown only faintly tinged with rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -1. Abdomen pale grayish-brown; throat and lores deep reddish-ochraceous; -the deep ochraceous confined posteriorly to lower -tail-coverts. Wing, 3.90; tail, 5.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -2. Abdomen distinctly white centrally, but surrounded by grayish -laterally and anteriorly; throat and lores pale ochraceous; deep -ochraceous of crissum extending forward over lower part of -abdomen. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_24" id="fnanchor_24"></a><a href="#footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Crown very distinctly rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -3. The ochraceous of posterior under parts spreading over whole -lower part of abdomen and flanks. Ochraceous of the throat -palest anteriorly, the chin and lores being almost white; it spreads -over the jugulum also, outside the series of rather scattered dusky -<!--140.png--><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 122]</span> -spots. Whole breast white. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Southern Middle Province of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -4. The ochraceous of under parts confined to crissum and anal -region; ochraceous of the throat palest posteriorly, where it is -nearly white, and confined within the encircling series of rather -coalesced dusky spots. Abdomen, only, white. Wing, 3.80; tail, -4.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Middle coverts distinctly, and greater obsoletely, tipped with white. -Throat white crossed by an ochraceous band.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -5. Crown without a trace of rufous. Dusky spots surrounding the -white gular patch, coalesced posteriorly into a narrow crescent. -Whole breast and abdomen white, somewhat broken anteriorly. -Flanks and lower tail-coverts ochraceous. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.70. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span> -(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i></span><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_25" id="fnanchor_25"></a><a href="#footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</b>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN TOWHEE; CAÑON FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustration One, four">Illust. I, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, -1853, 124, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr> (the figure seems to be of the California -species, the description more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>).—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. & Or.</abbr> -Route, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 89. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria fusca</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="forty">XL</abbr>, -1855, 356. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla crissalis</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom, 1839, 19. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriturus wrangeli</i>, -<span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus">Comp. Rend.</abbr> 43, 1856, 413. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -517.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 51 (nest).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 245.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_141.jpg" - width="300" height="195" - alt="Illustration: Pipilo fuscus, variation crissalis." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, - <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5559</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above dark olive-brown, the crown with a very slight tinge of scarcely -appreciable dark rufous. Under parts with the color somewhat similar, but of a lighter -<!--141.png--><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 123]</span> -shade, and washed with grayish; middle of the belly only whitish; the under tail-coverts -pale rufous, shading into lighter about the vent and sides of lower belly; chin and throat -well-defined pale rufous, margined all round by brown spots, a few of them scattered -within the margin. Eyelids and sides of head, anterior to the eye, rufous like the throat. -One or two feathers on the lower part of the breast with a concealed brown blotch. -Outer primary not edged with white. Fifth quill longest; first shorter than ninth, or -even than secondaries. Bill pale brown, darker above; legs light. Length, 8.50 inches; -wing, 4.00; tail, 4.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab</span>. Coast region of California.</p> - -<p>The bill is sinuated, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. aberti</i>, differing from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>.</p> - -<p>This race is very similar to the original <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i> of Mexico, the original -description of Swainson answering almost exactly. It is, however, considerably -larger; the proportions of wing are similar; and there is no decided indication -of whitish in the middle of the body beneath, such as is always -distinctly appreciable in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>, and still more in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>.</p> - -<p>A young bird differs but little from the adult except in having obsolete -dusky streaks below; the upper parts are uniform.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Brown, or Cañon Finch of California is found nearly -throughout the State of California. Mr. Xantus obtained it at Fort Tejon, -and Mr. Ridgway observed it among the chaparrals on the foothills of the -western slope of the Sierras.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper considers the name of Cañon Finch ill applied to this species, -as it is equally plentiful in level districts, wherever trees and shrubbery -exist. He regards it as one of the most abundant and characteristic -birds of California, residing in all the lower country west of the Sierras, and -extending up the slopes of the Coast Range to the height of three thousand -feet. They are said to have habits very similar to those of all the other -species, living much upon the ground, and seeking their food among the -<!--142.png--><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span> -dead leaves, which they greatly resemble in color. This resemblance Dr. -Cooper regards as a great protection to them from Hawks; their hues also -correspond with those of the earth and the dusky foliage during most of the -year. They are thus less conspicuous in the light, and they venture more -fearlessly forth and feed in open grounds.</p> - -<p>They have but little song, and only utter a few faint chirps and hurried -notes, as they sit perched upon some low bush, in the spring. At San Diego -Dr. Cooper saw the first nest with eggs on April 17, but some birds had laid -much earlier, as he found young hatched by the 20th. He afterwards observed -other nests, all of which were built in bushes, from two to four feet from the -ground, and all but one contained three eggs; the other had four. He has -found them built in low trees, and one in a vine growing over the porch of a -house. The nest is formed of coarse twigs, bark, and grass, is thick and -large, and is lined with fine root-fibres and finer grasses. The eggs are pale -blue, spotted with purplish-brown blotches, mostly small and scattered. He -gives the measurement of the eggs as .90 by .65 of an inch. In the more -northern part of the State they are said to lay four eggs oftener than three. -They are supposed by him to have two broods in a season.</p> - -<p>Colonel McCall has no doubt that they are found throughout California, -as he has met with them from the upper waters of the Sacramento to the -mouth of the Gila; the former having its origin in the extreme north, and -the latter touching the extreme southern boundary of the State. It is most -abundant south of Santa Barbara.</p> - -<p>Colonel McCall states that its habits and manners differ somewhat from -those of the common Towhee and the Arctic Finches. Its flight is more -even and regular, and is without that violent jerking of the tail from side to -side, which gives such a singular appearance of awkwardness to the movements -of the Towhee. It is less shy and suspicious than the Arctic. It is -also much less decidedly a Ground Finch than either of the others. Its favorite -abode he found to be the vicinity of watercourses, where it is generally -to be seen in pairs, though he has, at times, surprised eight or ten -together under the shade of a large bush at noon in a summer day, when he -has had no difficulty in procuring three or four specimens before the party -dispersed. It is at all times a familiar bird, boldly coming into the roads to -feed, and permitting a close approach. If compelled to retreat, it darts suddenly -into the thicket, but returns as soon as the cause of alarm has disappeared. -Near Santa Barbara he found thirty or forty of these birds, in the -month of July, dispersed over an old field of some five acres in extent, contiguous -to a sea-beach, through which flowed a small stream of fresh water. -They were feeding on the ground, sheltered by a rank growth of weeds. -When one was flushed it flew into a neighboring tree instead of seeking -shelter again in the weeds. The young at that time were fully fledged, and -scarcely differed in the color of their plumage from the adults.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann once met with a nest of this bird built in a grapevine overhanging -<!--143.png--><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span> -the Sacramento River. He describes the eggs of this species as -differing entirely from any of this genus he had ever met with, and as having -so great a resemblance to the eggs of the three different species of Blackbirds -inhabiting California that they were liable to be confounded with -them unless marked when taken from the nest.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry, who found this bird very common in the Sacramento Valley, -states that when he first met with it, a strange bird to him, its habit of -scratching among the dry leaves under the bushes, as well as its long tail -and jerking flight from one clump of bushes to another, at once indicated to -him its affinities.</p> - -<p>Among the memoranda made by Mr. Xantus at Fort Tejon are the following -in reference to this species: “474, nest and two eggs, found May 19 -on a small thorn-bush in a very dark thicket, about six feet from the ground; -1,675, nest and one egg, on a thick thorny bush, six feet from the ground; -1,851, nest and two eggs, May 12, on a rose-bush, four feet from the ground, -eggs already incubated.”</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure one inch by .75, have a light ground of -robin-blue, and are spotted and blotched with varying shades of dark and -light purple. In some the color of the blotches is so deep as not to be -distinguishable from black, except in a strong light. The lighter shades -are a faint lavender.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAÑON BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo mesoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 119 (Rocky Mountains).—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 518, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> -X</abbr>, c. <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 15.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 247. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Pipilo fusca</i>, “<span class="sc">Swains.</span>,” <span class="sc">Sclater -& Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1869, 361 (city of Mexico).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above very dull olivaceous-brown, with a grayish tinge; hood dull chestnut, -conspicuously different from the back. Sides like the back, but paler; posteriorly, -and about the vent and under tail-coverts, pale brownish-red. The ashy olive-brown of -the sides scarcely meeting across the breast, the lower portion of which, with the upper -belly, is rather pure white. The loral region, chin, throat, and upper part of the breast, -pale yellowish-rufous, finely spotted on the sides and more coarsely across the breast with -brown; an obscure spot in the middle of the breast; edge of outer primary white. Bill -pale brown; legs flesh-color; first quill about equal to eighth, third and fourth longest. -Length, 8.50 inches; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Upper Rio Grande and across to the Gila River. East to Santa -Caterina, New Leon.</p> - -<p>This race is similar in general appearance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crissalis</i>, but the -olive-brown and rufous are both of a lighter shade. The crown is of a -decided rufous, conspicuously different from the back, instead of nearly the -same tint. The light reddish under the head is wider throughout, and -<!--144.png--><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span> -extends down to the upper part of the breast, blending with the colors of -the breast and belly, instead of being narrower, more sharply defined, and -restricted to the chin and throat; it is palest anteriorly, the chin and lore -being almost white. The isolated larger spot on the breast is more conspicuous; -the breast and belly are quite pure white, shaded with obsolete -brownish blotches, instead of being uniform grayish-brown, with only an -approach to whitish in the very middle. The edges of the wing and tail -feathers are a good deal lighter, the outer web of the first primary being -sharply edged with pure white, instead of obscure grayish-brown. The size -generally is rather smaller, the wings more pointed.</p> - -<p>Compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, we find the tail decidedly longer; the wing -more pointed; the first quill about equal to the eighth, instead of shorter -than the secondaries. The colors generally are paler; the cap of head bright -distinct rufous in strong contrast with the other plumage, instead of being -only very obscurely tinged with that color. The white of belly is purer, and -extends farther forward, displacing the ashy tinge almost to the buff of the -throat.</p> - -<p>If we consider all the brown <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i> as modifications of one primitive -species, it will be well to consider the Arizonan and New Mexican bird as -the central figure around which the others are grouped. The common character -will then be varied in the California race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>, by the absence of -decided rufous on crown, a darker shade of color, and an extension of the -gray of sides over the whole under parts, almost entirely displacing the -white. The wing is more rounded, and the general dimensions larger southward -on the central plains of Mexico; the general tints are almost precisely -as in the California bird, except that the white of belly is very evident; but -the chestnut cap and extended whiteness of belly, together with the pointed -wing of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, are wanting. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. albigula</i> of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas we have -the general characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, with paler colors, more restricted spots -encircling throat, and a tendency to white in its lower part. In this it -approaches <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i> of Southwestern Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits</span>. This little-known form was first obtained by Dr. Kennerly, naturalist -to the Pacific Railroad Expedition on the 35th parallel, under Lieutenant -Whipple. He met with it at Bill Williams Fork, in Arizona, February -5, 1854. It was described by Professor Baird the following June. Dr. Kennerly -furnished at the time no information in regard to its habits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed in Lieutenant Parke’s -expedition, mentions having met with this species in the vicinity of Tucson. -Its habits, so far as he could judge of them from his opportunities, appeared -very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch met with this species at Santa Catalina, Mexico, in -April, 1853, but furnishes no information in reference to its manners. Mr. -J. H. Clark, who obtained a specimen near the Copper Mines of the Mimbres, -states that they were met with in abundance in the deep valleys or -<!--145.png--><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span> -cañons of that region. They were almost always in or about the thick -clumps of bushes, several usually being in company.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, who met with them on a second trip, in June, 1855, near Los -Nogales, in Mexico, speaks of them as not very common in that region. He -found them preferring the dense bushes in the valleys. When approached, -they became very restless, flying from one bush to another, accompanying -their motions with very peculiar notes, which he does not describe.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species abundantly distributed throughout the -warmer portions of New Mexico and Arizona, from the valley of the Rio -Grande to that of the Colorado. He did not observe any at Fort Whipple, -though they were found breeding some twenty-five miles to the southward. -He found them associating freely with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</i>, and inhabiting the same -regions. The two birds have very similar habits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Henry also states that this species is common in New Mexico both -summer and winter, and, so far as he has observed, dwelling almost entirely -among the mountains. It appeared to him very retiring in its habits, and -seemed to prefer the cañons. He has seldom, if ever, observed it far from -shady gorges, where, like its relative of the Eastern States, the Towhee -Bunting, it passes the greater part of its time on the ground, and is generally -accompanied by its congener, the Arctic Finch. When disturbed, it -seeks the thickest cover, though it is by no means shy or difficult to approach. -Its nest is usually constructed in the branches of a thick cedar or dwarf oak, -and he has never known it to produce more than one brood in a season.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that these birds are very abundant in Southern Arizona, -that their habits closely resemble those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. aberti</i>, and that their eggs are -similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE TOWHEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo albigula</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title=" November"><abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> Nov.</abbr> 1859, -305 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustration American Birds, One, plate 15">Illust. -Am. Birds, I, pl. xv</abbr> (“= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i>”).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 248.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, having, like it, a distinctly rufous crown and -white abdomen. Differing, however, in the following respects: The pale ochraceous -gular area is more sharply defined, the buff being confined within the encircling series -of dusky spots; the buff is palest posteriorly, instead of directly the opposite. The -rufous of the crissal region is more restricted, only tingeing the anal region instead of -invading the lower part of the abdomen, the white beneath also is shifted farther back, -covering the abdomen alone, instead of the breast, the whole jugulum being distinctly -ashy, like the sides. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>A very large series of specimens from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas agree in possession -of the characters pointed out above, distinguishing them from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, -to which race the present one is most nearly related.</p> - -<p><!--146.png--><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 128]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The White-throated or Cape Towhee of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas was first -met with by Mr. Xantus in the southern extremity of the peninsula of -Lower California, and described by Professor Baird in 1859. Its close resemblance -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i> suggests an equal similarity as to its habits, in -regard to which we possess no actual knowledge. Mr. Xantus has furnished -us with no memoranda as to the manners of the bird. We have only -the brief mention among his notes to the effect that <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 4,855 is the nest -with four eggs of this <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, found in a wild <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Humulus</i> -thicket; and that <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -5,076 is a nest with eggs of the same, found in a thicket of wild roses in -the garden fence.</p> - -<p>Judging from the large number of the nests and eggs of this species -collected by that gentleman at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, it would seem to be very -abundant in that locality.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this variety measure .95 of an inch in length and .72 in -breadth. They bear a strong resemblance to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, but the -markings are darker and more distinctly defined, standing out with a clear -and striking effect, in marked contrast with the light background. The -ground-color of the egg is a light tint of robin-blue. The markings of dots, -dashes, and lines are all about the larger end, and are of a deep dark shade -of purplish-brown, so dark as, except in a strong light, to be undistinguishable -from black.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center ls"><b class="section">SECTION III.</b></p> - -<p class="center small"><i>Brown; throat without light patch.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ABERT’S TOWHEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Stansbury’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> Great Salt Lake, Zoölogy, June, 1852, 325 (New -Mexico).—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 516, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. xxx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. -xxx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>, c, -15.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -244. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria aberti</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="40">XL</abbr>, 1855, 356.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_146.jpg" - width="250" height="116" - alt="Illustration: 6748 male symbol" - /> - <p class="center smaller"><b class="specimen-number">6748</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General color of upper parts pale brownish yellowish-red; beneath brighter, -and more ochraceous, especially on the under -coverts, palest on the middle of the belly. -Sides of head anterior to eyes, and chin dark -brown. Bill and legs yellowish. Length, 9 -inches; wing, 3.70; tail, 4.85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Base of Rocky Mountains in New -Mexico. Valley of Gila and Colorado.</p> - -<p>This plainly colored bird is perhaps the largest of the North American -Finches, and is without any blotches, spots, or variations of importance from -one color, except on the chin and sides of the head. The bill is similar to -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, but the cutting edge is less concave and more -<!--147.png--><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 129]</span> -sinuated. The tail is more graduated; the claws thicker and stronger. The -wings are short and much rounded; the first quill shorter than the secondaries; -fifth and fourth longest.</p> - -<p>It may be easily distinguished from all the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> by the -blackish lores and chin, as well as by the absence of any colored gular area, -there being, instead, a pinkish rufous tinge prevalent over the whole throat -and jugulum. There are no dusky spots across the throat as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper assigns the base of the Rocky Mountains, in New -Mexico, and the valleys of the Gila and Colorado Rivers, as the habitat of -this species. Dr. Coues speaks of it as one of the most abundant and characteristic -birds of those two valleys, and adds that it ranges northward to -within a few miles of Fort Whipple, but is not found in the adjacent mountains. -It was common at Fort Mohave, and particularly so at Fort Yuma.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly met with it at Camp <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 114, New Mexico, February 6, and -again at Bill Williams Fork, February 12. He states that while travelling -down the Big Sandy Creek and Bill Williams Fork, in the month of February, -he found them very abundant. They confined themselves to the -thick bushes near the water. Generally two or three were seen together. -Their motions were very rapid, and their note was a peculiar, loud, chattering -sound, sharp but not disagreeable. After leaving the Great Colorado he did -not see it again.</p> - -<p>On the borders of the Gila, east of Fort Yuma, Dr. Heermann found this -bird in great abundance. It kept in the close sheltered thickets, where, -secure from intrusion, it sought among the dead leaves for various seeds and -insects and their larvæ, on which it feeds. In its habits it very much resembles -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, or Cañon Finch, diving into the bushes when -alarmed, and repeating, at intervals, a short chirp. After leaving the Gila -River he did not meet with any more, as he followed no longer the course -of any large stream, for the borders of which these birds seem to have a -decided preference.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper regards this species as the almost exact counterpart of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>. The only difference he noticed in habits was in the character -of its loud note of alarm, remarkably similar, however, to that of two very -distinct birds of the same valley, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phainopepla -nitens</i>. Like the Cañon Finch, this species is said to live almost constantly -on the ground, but appears rather more gregarious, especially in -winter.</p> - -<p>About the first of April Dr. Cooper met with many of their nests. They -were generally built in thorny shrubs, and were composed of a flooring of -coarse twigs, or of green herbs, and strongly interwoven with strips of bark, -grass, and leaves. One bird had taken advantage of the recent introduction -of horses into the valley to obtain a lining of horse-hair for its nest. The -eggs were in all cases only three, bluish-white, with brown spots and streaks -in a ring near the large end, quite variable in number, and measuring one -<!--148.png--><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 130]</span> -inch by .70. One of the nests was in a low mesquite-tree, another in a dense -cluster of dead twigs hanging from a cottonwood. The time required for -hatching was twelve or thirteen days, and in a fortnight more the young left -the nest. Dr. Cooper found nests with eggs as late as May 25, and had no -doubt that they raise two or more broods in a season. He adds that the -song of the male, throughout April and May, is precisely like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, -and also reminded him of the notes of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i> and of the eastern -Black-throated Bunting (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>).</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues has kindly supplied me with the following interesting sketch of -this species, as observed by him in Arizona:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="blockquote">“This species appears to have a remarkably restricted geographical distribution. -I never saw it at Fort Whipple, but on the Colorado bottom in the -same latitude, and thence along the river to Fort Yuma, I found it to be one -of the most abundant and characteristic birds of all. At the time I observed -it, in September, it was generally in small flocks, and proved rather difficult -to capture, partly because the dense underbrush it inhabited was almost impenetrable, -and partly on account of its natural timidity. Everything along -the river-bottom is scorched with the heat, and the dry dead twigs constantly -snap at a touch, with such noise that it is almost impossible to force a passage -through the underbrush without alarming all its inmates. The bird -occurs everywhere along the river-side, but is particularly numerous on the -patches of mesquite, and the extensive areas grown up to young willows and -cottonwoods, and the arrowwood (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tessaria borealis</i>). Its ordinary cry of -alarm, if not its call-note, is a loud, clear chirp, very different from the mewing -sound made under similar circumstances by its congener, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>. -The latter, as is well known, is almost exactly like that of a Catbird. -I never heard the song of this bird, which appears to sing only during the -breeding-season, but Dr. Cooper says it resembles that of the western Black -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i>, and I can indorse his observation, that this is curiously like the monotonous -notes of the Black-throated Bunting,—<i class="birdcall">Chip, chip, chee-chee-chee</i>; -the first two syllables deliberately pronounced, the others more rapidly enunciated, -with greater emphasis. The associates of this species seem to be few, -if indeed they be not confined to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i>, a very near ally. The -moult seems to me unusually protracted, as many September specimens were -still in poor plumage.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Excepting my experience with this bird on the Colorado, I only met with -it on the Hassayampa, a small stream a few miles from Fort Whipple, yet in -a somewhat different region, across a slight mountain-ridge, lower and warmer. -Two specimens were secured, adult and young, the first week in August.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues, on his way from Arizona to the Pacific (Ibis, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 261), -mentions that he was often startled by the loud, clear, sharp chirp of this -bird, which, though fringilline in character, is more than usually powerful, -and is its alarm-note. Everywhere in the Colorado Valley this was one of -the most characteristic birds. Fort Yuma seemed to be its head-quarters. It -<!--149.png--><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span> -is, like all its congeners, a retiring species, and keeps perseveringly in the -almost impenetrable undergrowth. It is said to be more decidedly gregarious -than most of the genus, often collecting in flocks of a dozen or more, -wandering restlessly, yet in a cautious manner, through the thickets.</p> - -<p>A nest with eggs, procured at Fort Mohave by Dr. Cooper, is in the Smithsonian -Collection (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 7,276). The egg measures .93 by .70 of an inch, is -obovate in shape, being much rounded at the smaller end. Its ground-color -is a dull white, without any perceptible tinge of blue,—though possibly -bluish when fresh,—with heavy dots and occasional delicate, hair-like, -zigzag markings of black. These markings are wholly confined to the -larger end. One of the eggs has these markings much finer, consisting of -minute dots, more dense, and upon the apex of the larger end. The nest is -loosely built and very bulky. Its external diameter is about six inches, and -its depth three. The cavity is three inches wide and two deep. It is constructed -almost entirely of strips of inner bark, the coarser, ribbon-like -pieces being used on the outer portion, and the finer shreds composing the -lining. Externally are also a few sticks about one quarter of an inch in -diameter.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center ls"><b class="section">SECTION IV.</b></p> - -<p class="center small"><i>Crown rufous; body above, olive-green.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREEN-TAILED BUNTING; BLANDING’S FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla chlorura</i>, (<span class="sc">Townsend</span>,) -<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, -1839, 336 (Young). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia -chlorura</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> -<abbr title="second">2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra chlorura</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 483. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla blandingiana</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia One">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. I</abbr>, -April, 1843, 260. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra blandingiana</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrations, One Three">Illus. I, <span class="muchsmaller">III</span></abbr>, -1853, 70, <abbr title="plate 12">pl. xii</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo rufipileus</i>, <span class="sc">Lafresnaye</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>, -June, 1848, 176.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus, -1850, 487. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria rufipileus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="40">XL</abbr>, 1855, 356. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorura</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>, -1858, 519.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c, -15.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 248.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above dull grayish olive-green. Crown uniform chestnut. Forehead with -superciliary stripe, and sides of the head and neck, the upper part of the breast and sides -of the body, bluish-ash. Chin and upper part of throat abruptly defined white, the former -margined by dusky, above which is a short white maxillary stripe. Under tail-coverts -and sides of body behind brownish-yellow. Tail-feathers generally, and exterior of wings, -bright olive-green, the edge and under surface of the wings bright greenish-yellow; edge -of first primary white. First quill longer than eighth, fourth longest. Length, about 7 -inches; wing, 3.20; tail, 3.65.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of the Middle Province, including the Rocky Mountains and eastern -slope of the Sierra Nevada; north to beyond the 40th parallel; south to Mexico.</p> - -<p>In this species the wing is considerably rounded, the tertials considerably -shorter than the primaries, and not exceeding the secondaries; the fourth -quill longest, the first shorter than the sixth, the second and fifth quills -<!--150.png--><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 132]</span> -considerably longer than the rest. The tail is long and considerably -graduated, the outer feather half an inch shortest; the feathers broad -and obtusely pointed, the corners rounded.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_150a.jpg" - width="250" height="195" - alt="Illustration: Pipilo chlorurus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38493</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The extent of the chestnut -of the crown varies somewhat; -more extended probably in the -males. The region on the side -of the head, adjoining the -nostrils, is whitish; the small -feathers under the eye are -spotted with the same. The -posterior outline of the ash of -the breast is much less sharply -defined than the anterior.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary in the -brightness of the olive above, -which is never as pure as that -of the wings and tail. The olive of the tail, too, is darker than that of the -wings.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_150b.jpg" - width="250" height="181" - alt="Illustration: Pipilo chlorurus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>A very young bird (1,896) has the whole under parts dull white, streaked -and spotted on the sides of the throat and on the breast with dark brown. -The crown and back are also thickly spotted. In 5,734 the ash of the breast -has made its appearance; the middle of the belly is white, spotted; -the chin white, encircled by -spots. The spots above are restricted -to near the head, and -there is a small central patch -of chestnut on the crown.</p> - -<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,896 is the original -“Green-tailed Sparrow” killed -July 12, 1834, by Townsend, -and described in an extract of a -letter to Mr. Audubon, published -page 336 of <abbr title="Volume Five">Vol. V.</abbr> of the Ornithological -Biography.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits</span>. Dr. Kennerly, who procured a specimen of this bird at San Elizario, -Tex., December 16, states that it was obtained with some difficulty. For -several successive days it was found in the same place, occupying a small -clump of very thick weeds. When aroused, which was only accomplished with -some effort, its flight was short, rapid, and decidedly irregular. Its motions -on the ground were very awkward. This species was found by Mr. Ridgway -very generally distributed throughout the fertile mountain portions of -the interior. It was not seen by him in California, and was first met with -in the ravines at the base of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. On the -<!--151.png--><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span> -high mountain-ranges it was a characteristic and the best-known singer, as -well as one of the most abundant of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>, being found in all -bushy places, from the bases to the summits of the mountains. It is exclusively -a summer species, arriving at Carson City about the middle of April. -He describes the usual note of this bird as very peculiar, and, as nearly as -can be described, a sweet laughing utterance of the syllables <i class="birdcall">keek-keek´</i>, a -little resembling the <i class="birdcall">tweet</i> of a Canary, but very musical. This curious note -was generally uttered when anything unusual attracted its attention, such as -the approach of an intruder. Then, with elevated tail and its very conspicuous -red cap raised, it would hop familiarly and unsuspiciously about. He -adds that it is a songster of high merit, in power and variety ranking very -little below the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i>. The song varies in the -modulations greatly with the individual, but the same general style is preserved. -At times it seemed to have a slight resemblance to the song of -Bewick’s Wren, and at others to that of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>, and more rarely, to -be the reproduction of a passage from the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</i>.</p> - -<p>In the early part of July, near Austin, in the cañons of the mountains, he -found these birds breeding in the greatest abundance, and later in the same -month a few of its nests were found on the East Humboldt Mountains. All -of its nests, with hardly an exception, were placed from eighteen inches to -two feet above the ground, among the thick bushes of a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Symphoricarpus</i>, -or “snow-berry,” which grows in great abundance upon the sides of -the cañons of those mountains. The maximum number of eggs was four. -It was also quite a common bird in the Wahsatch Mountains, though less -abundant than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen found this Finch quite numerous in Colorado Territory, and -speaks of its song as very peculiar and very pleasing. It is said to resemble -in no respect the eastern Towhee Finch, with which it is classed, but much -more closely the group of Sparrows, so familiarly represented at the east -by the White-throated, being like them in habits, song, and general aspect. -It was more common among the foot-hills than on the plains. In Utah, -according to Mr. Allen, this Finch begins to appear in numbers about September -20, from its breeding-haunts in the mountains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with this species in Arizona, but only as a spring and autumn -migrant. None remained there in summer to breed, and none were -found there in the winter. In its migrations it passed rapidly by Fort -Whipple, being found there only during the latter part of April and the -beginning of May, and during the month of September. At those seasons -it appeared to him the most silent and retiring of all the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i>. He found -it very difficult to either observe its habits or to capture it. It winters -sparingly at Fort Mohave.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this bird were taken near Lookout Mountain by C. S. McCarthy, -and at Gilmer, in Wyoming Territory, by Mr. Durkee.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed on the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> parallel, -<!--152.png--><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 134]</span> -under Lieutenant Parke, mentions first meeting with this species near Tucson. -They were frequenting, in numbers, the thick undergrowth, and were -seeking seeds and insects on the ground. They seemed inclined to shun -observation, and always kept in the most retired situations. They were -sociable among themselves, going about singly or in pairs, associated with -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</i> and two or three other kinds of Finch. When started -they fly low, diving into the bushes, and soon disappear from sight. Occasionally, -until reaching El Paso, Texas, birds of this species were met with, -mingling with the flocks of migrating <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>. He there procured a pair -apparently just entering upon incubation.</p> - -<p>Instead of being suited by color, like most of the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i>, to inhabit -dark thickets and among dry leaves, this species is clad in a gayer livery, and -seems well adapted for concealment in its summer resorts, and also among -the growing vegetation of the lower country during the rainy season. Dr. -Heermann found a few wintering in the Colorado Valley, and yet more at -San Diego, but they left both places in March. He found them silent and -shy, hiding very closely in the bushes, and feeding altogether on the ground. -The only note he heard, resembled the crowing note of the California Quail.</p> - -<p>Among the memoranda of Mr. Xantus, made near Fort Tejon, are the two -following: “4,839, nest and two eggs (of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus</i>) found in a dry -hedge in Mr. Ritchie’s garden; 5,083, nest and eggs found in a dark garden-hedge.”</p> - -<p>The eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorurus</i> are like those of no other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i> that I have -met with. They are peculiar in shape, being nearly of an exact oval, neither -end being apparently much more rounded than the other. Their ground-color -is white with a bluish tint, over which is profusely diffused a cloud of -fine dottings of a pinkish-drab. These markings are occasionally so fine and -so thickly distributed as to give to the egg the appearance of a uniform -color, or as an unspotted pinkish drab-colored egg. Occasionally the dots -are deeper and larger, and more sparsely diffused.</p> - -<p>In considering the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i> in general we find certain variations -which deserve more than a passing notice. Those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i> are all fringilline in their characters, and -have a marked affinity to eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza, Zonotrichia</i>, and many other -genera of this order. The eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aberti, fuscus, mesoleucus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i> are -also all closely alike, and exhibit a very close resemblance to those of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaii</i>, and even of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteri</i>, while the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorurus</i>, though of a -fringilline character, are unlike either style.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Spizinæ--> -</div><!--end family Fringillidæ, which started in Volume 1--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Alaudidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--153.png--><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 135]</span></p> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALAUDIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Larks.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><span class="sc">Char</span>. First primary very short or wanting. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly, -with the plates nearly of corresponding position and number. Hind claw very long -and nearly straight. Bill short, conical, frontal feathers extending along side of the bill; -the nostrils concealed by a tuft of bristly feathers directed forward. Tertials greatly -elongate beyond the secondaries.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Subfamilies and Genera.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudinæ.</b> Bill stout, short, and conical; nasal fossæ transverse and completely -filled by the thick tuft of bristly feathers, and perforated anteriorly by a circular -nasal opening. (Old and New World.)</p> - -<p class="indent2">Crown with a depressed soft crest of feathers, of normal structure; a spurious -primary; tail deeply emarginate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Crown without a crest, but occiput with an erectile tuft of narrow elongated -feathers on each side. No spurious primary; tail square, or slightly -rounded<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritinæ.</b> Bill broader, more depressed, and straighter at the base; nasal -fossæ longitudinal, large, elongated, the nasal opening rather linear. (Old World.)</p> - -<p>Of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i> only the two genera diagnosed above belong to the -American continent; and one of them is properly only a wanderer from the -Old World, while the other is cosmopolitan.</p> - -<p>The most characteristic feature of the Larks among other oscine families -is seen in the scutellation of the tarsus. The anterior half of this is covered -by divided scales lapping round on the sides, but instead of the two -plates which go one on each side of the posterior half and unite ultimately -behind as an acute ridge, there is but one which laps round on the sides, -and is divided into scales like the anterior ones, but alternating with them. -The posterior edge of the tarsus is as obtuse as the anterior, instead of -being very acute. There is a deep separating groove on the inner side of the -tarsus; and there may be really but one plate divided transversely, the edges -meeting at this place.</p> - -<p>In the elongated hind claw and lengthened tertials, general style of coloration, -mode of life, and manner of nesting, there is a decided approximation -in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i> to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</i>, of the family <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</i>; but in these -the posterior edge of the tarsus is sharp and undivided transversely, the toes -more deeply cleft, the bill more slender, etc.,—their relations being rather -nearer to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> than to the present family.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALAUDA</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N.</abbr> 1735.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very small, less than half the length of the head, conical; nostrils -exposed; rictal bristles quite strong; commissure without notch; tarsus much longer -<!--154.png--><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 136]</span> -than middle toe; lateral toes equal; posterior toe about as long as the middle, its claw -longer than the digit, and nearly straight; claws of anterior toe very small. Wing long, -pointed, the third and fourth (apparently second and third) quills longest, the second and -fifth <a name="note8" id="note8"></a>successively, a little shorter; the first so small as to be almost concealed; tertials -much elongated, reaching about half-way from end of secondaries to tip of primaries; -their ends emarginated; tail rather deeply emarginated, and a little more than half the -length of the wing.</p> - -<p class="center"><b class="species">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. arvensis.</b> Above grayish-brown, beneath whitish, with a buffy tinge across -jugulum and along sides; every feather above with a medial streak of dusky; sides of -throat, sides, and across jugulum streaked with dusky; the outer tail-feathers partly -white. Wing, 4.90; tail, 2.80; culmen, .40; tarsus, .80; hind claw, .50. <abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> Europe; -accidental in Greenland and the Bermudas.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE SKYLARK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</i>, -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Linnæus, Fauna Suecica"><span class="sc">Linn.</span>, -Faun. Sue.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 76. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda vulgaris</i>, -<span class="sc">Leach</span>, <abbr title="Systematic Catalogue of Mammals and Birds in the British Museum">Syst. Cat. Mamm. -and Birds in B. M.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 21. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda cœlipeta</i>, -<abbr title="Pallas, Zoögraphia One"><span class="sc">Pall.</span> Zoögr. I</abbr>, 524. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda segetum</i>, -<span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Vögel Deutschland">Vög. Deutschl.</abbr> -318. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda montana</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Vögel Deutschland 319, teil">Vög. Deutschl. 319, t.</abbr> 20, -<abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda agrestis</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Vögel Deutschland">Vög. Deutschl.</abbr> 320. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda italica</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin, Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, -793.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult.</i> Above grayish umber-brown, beneath white, tinged across the -breast with soft light ochraceous. Every feather above with a medial dusky streak, the -shaft black; wing-feathers and upper tail-coverts bordered with white. Outer tail-feather -mostly white, the next one edged with the same. A plain, light superciliary -stripe; auriculars nearly uniform light brownish; sides of the throat, jugulum, and sides -with short streaks of dusky brown.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> Wing, 4.90; tail, 2.80; culmen, .40; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .55; hind claw, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Above more yellowish-fulvous, the feathers with central spots, instead of medial -stripes of dusky, and bordered terminally with whitish; jugulum washed strongly with -ochraceous, and marked with dusky spots.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Europe; accidental in Greenland and the Bermudas; Aleutian Islands.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The famed Skylark of the Old World can rest a twofold claim -to be included in a complete list of North American birds. One of these is -their occasional occurrence in the Bermudas, and in Greenland. The other -is their probably successful introduction near New York.</p> - -<p>A few years since an attempt was made to introduce these birds, for -which purpose several individuals were set at liberty on Long Island. For a -short time they did well, and succeeded in raising one or more broods, but, -owing probably to the constant persecution of all small birds by the foreign -population of the neighborhood, the experiment nearly failed, and none were -noticed in that vicinity. Within the last year or two, however, several -pairs of these birds have been observed in Westchester County, and also on -Long Island, by parties competent to recognize them, and hopes are now entertained -that these desirable birds have obtained a foothold in this country.</p> - -<p><!--155.png--><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 137]</span> -According to Messrs. Dresser and Sharpe, the Skylark is found throughout -the polar Arctic regions, from the British Islands eastward to Siberia and -Northern China. A smaller subspecies is met with in Southeastern Europe, -which does not present any character by which it can be separated -from it. In Eastern Europe the Lark has been found as far north as the -Faroe Islands, but has not been observed in Iceland. It reaches Christiania -in March, and leaves in October. It has been found breeding in Lapland as -far north as latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and is a common summer visitant in Finland. -Pallas found it abundant throughout Russia and Siberia, and Steller found -it not only in Kamtschatka, but equally in the Kurile Islands and in those -between Asia and America, so that its occurrence in our Alaskan territories -may be regarded as a not improbable event.</p> - -<p>The same writers also state that the Skylark has been twice recorded as -occurring in Greenland and in America; and in another place they state that -“the Skylark occasionally visits Greenland, and has been met with in the -Bermudas.” In the latter place a storm-tried waif was taken by Mr. J. M. -Jones after an easterly gale.</p> - -<p>The Lark is a universal favorite in the Old World, and as a vocalist enjoys -a reputation hardly second even to the far-famed Nightingale. It is an inhabitant -of all the countries of Europe, and is said to be most abundant in -the cultivated districts.</p> - -<p>We only know of its song from caged specimens and from the testimony -of European writers. Yarrell speaks of its notes as cheerful and exhilarating, -fresh as the season of spring, and the admiration of all hearers. Its -voice is described as powerful to an extraordinary degree, and its song -wild and joyous. They sing while they fly, rising, with quivering wings -almost perpendicularly, until they gain so great an elevation that they can -no longer be distinguished; yet, while thus no longer visible, their wild -music continues to be heard as that of some unseen spirits of the air. It is -said that one familiar with their song can readily determine, by their notes, -whether the singer is ascending, stationary, or descending. Occasionally, -when at this great elevation, the Lark will close its wings and drop to the -earth with the rapidity of a stone. At times it will sing while on the -ground, but its most lively strains are poured forth during these flights. -And though this bird will sing while in confinement, and is a favorite cage-bird, -yet in singing they are said to flutter their wings, as if this motion were -almost a necessary accompaniment to their song.</p> - -<p>In regard to the song and its peculiarities writers are not quite in agreement. -The general opinion seems to be that, while in the quality of its -tone it is surpassed by the song of the Nightingale, the Bulfinch, and the -Black-cap, it is unequalled in quantity, sprightliness, variety, and power. -The Lark is in song eight months of the year, and during the summer -months it sings from two in the morning, with very little intermission, until -after sunset.</p> - -<p><!--156.png--><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 138]</span> -Mr. Macgillivray gives an excellent and graphic description of the habits of -this bird, from which we extract a portion descriptive of its song. “It has -been alleged,” he writes, “that the Lark ascends in a spiral manner, but my -observation does not corroborate the statement. In rising it often passes directly -upward, but with the body always horizontal, or nearly so, then moves -in a curve, and continues thus alternately, but without a continued spiral motion. -At first, the motion of the wings is uniformly fluttering; but afterwards -it shoots them out two or three times successively at intervals, and when at -its greatest height exhibits this action more remarkably. When it descends, -the song is not intermitted, but is continued until it approaches the ground, -when it usually darts down headlong, and alights abruptly. Frequently it -resumes its song after alighting, and continues it for a short time, but more -commonly it stops when it has reached the ground. Often a Lark may be -seen hovering over a field, in full song, for a considerable time, at a small -height. On the 4th of May, 1837, I observed a Lark perched on a half-burnt -whin branch, where it remained singing a long time. I have often -seen it perch on a wall, and several times on a hawthorn bush in a hedge; -but it never, I believe, alights on tall trees.</p> - -<p>“The song of the Lark is certainly not musical, for its notes are not finely -modulated, nor its tones mellow; but it is cheerful and cheering in the highest -degree, and protracted beyond all comparison. In a sunny day in April -or May, when the grass-fields have begun to resume their verdure, it is -pleasant to listen to the merry songster that makes the welkin ring with its -sprightly notes; in the sultry month of July, still more pleasant is it to -hear its matin hymn while the dew is yet on the corn; and in winter, should -you chance to hear the well-known voice on high, it reminds you of the -bright days that have gone, and fills you with anticipation of those that are -to come. No doubt much of the pleasure derived from the Lark’s song depends -upon association, but independently of circumstances and associations -the song of the Lark imparts an elasticity to the mind, elevates the spirits, -and suspends for a time the gnawing of corroding care. The carol of the -Lark, like the lively fife, excites pure cheerfulness. In confinement this -bird sings every whit as well as when at large, and when rapidly perambulating -the square bit of faded turf in its cage, it enacts its part with apparently -as much delight as when mounting toward heaven’s gate.”</p> - -<p>This bird succeeds well in cages, and lives to a great age, Yarrell mentioning -one that lived nearly twenty years in confinement. Its natural food is -grain, the seeds of grasses, worms, and various kinds of insects. They begin -to mate in April, and have two broods in a season. Their nest is always -placed on the ground, often sheltered by a tuft of grass, or some other protection. -The nests are woven of coarse grasses and stems of plants, and -are lined with finer materials of the same. The eggs are five in number, -have a grayish-white ground, occasionally a greenish-white, very generally -sprinkled and blotched with markings of dark-gray and an ashy-brown, so -<!--157.png--><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span> -profusely as to conceal the ground. They are oval in shape, slightly more -pointed at one end, and measure .93 of an inch in length by .70 in breadth.</p> - -<p>According to Selby, the young of the first brood are fully fledged by the -end of June, and the second in August. The Lark evinces a very strong -attachment to its young, and many interesting accounts are given by -European writers of its intelligent endeavors to conceal and to protect its -nest,—in one instance constructing an artificial dome of dry grass, where -the natural protection had been cut away by mowers, and in another -attempting to remove the young to a place of greater safety.</p> - -<p>The Lark has, in several instances, been successfully induced to mate and -rear her young in an aviary; and Mr. W. P. Foster, of Hackney, is quoted -by Mr. Yarrell as authority for the statement, that, during the period of producing -the eggs, the female has been heard to sing with a power and a variety -of tone equal to the voice of her mate.</p> - -<p>While his mate is sitting on her eggs, the male Lark, apparently timid at -all other times, is remarkably bold, and drives away other birds that venture -too near their nest. He not only watches over her and seeks to protect her, -but assiduously supplies her with food.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EREMOPHILA</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, -Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>. Sufficiently distinct from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophilus</i>, <span class="sc">Humboldt</span>, [Fishes,] 1805.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, -<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Deutschland">Deutschl.</abbr> Vögel</span>, 1831.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, -1839. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.) (We are unable to find -where the genus is named.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -First primary wanting; bill scarcely higher than broad; nostrils circular, -concealed by a dense tuft of feathers; the nasal fossæ oblique. A pectoral crescent and -cheek-patches of black.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_157.jpg" - width="300" height="203" - alt="Illustration: Eremophila alpestris" - /> - <p class="center small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila alpestris.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanocorypha</i> in having no spurious first primary, -<!--158.png--><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 140]</span> -although the other characters are somewhat similar. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritis</i> of Cabanis, -with the same lack of first primary, has a much stouter bill. The spurious -primary, more depressed bill, and differently constituted nostrils and nasal -fossæ of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</i> are readily distinctive.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_158.jpg" - width="250" height="153" - alt="Illustration: Eremophila alpestris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila alpestris.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The type of this genus is -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr>, -a well-known cosmopolitan -species, though the birds of -the New World have been -distinguished under distinctive -names, as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta, chrysolæma, -peregrina</i>, etc. The -examination and critical comparison -of more than a hundred -specimens from all parts -of North America, however, has convinced us of the identity with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i> -of the several forms mentioned above, though it may be advisable to retain -one or more of them as geographical races.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. alpestris.</b> <i class="age">Adult.</i> -Above pinkish-gray, varying to cinnamon, the pinkish -deepest on nape and lesser wing-coverts; tail black (except two middle feathers), -the outer feather edged with white. Beneath white, the sides pinkish or grayish. -A frontal band and superciliary stripe, the middle of auriculars, chin, and throat -varying from white to deep Naples-yellow; forepart of crown, and “ear-tufts,” a -patch on lores and cheeks, and a broad crescent across the jugulum, deep black; -end of auriculars ashy. <i class="sex">Female</i> and autumnal males, with the pattern less -sharply defined, and the colors more suffused. <i class="age">Young.</i> Brownish-black above, -more or less mixed with clay-color, and sprinkled with whitish dots; wing-feathers -all bordered with whitish. Beneath white. Markings on head and -jugulum just merely indicated by dusky cloudings.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Wing (of adult male), 4.20 to 4.60; tail, 2.90 to 3.16; culmen, .60 to .65.</p> - -<p class="indent3">White frontal band, .25 to .30, wide; the black prefrontal patch, .26 to .35 -wide. The pinkish above of an ashy-lilac shade.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Throat and forehead white, with only a very faint tinge of yellow; -pinkish tinge above more rufous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Interior Northern Plains of -the United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Throat and forehead pale straw-yellow, or strongly tinged with it; -pinkish tinge above varying from ashy-lilacous to purplish-rufous. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern regions of Old and New Worlds -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Wing (adult male), 3.80 to 4.10; tail, 2.75 to 2.90; culmen, .53 to .62.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -White frontal band, .13 to .16 wide; the black prefrontal patch, .35 to .50 -wide. Pinkish above of a deep cinnamon shade. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Desert plains of -South Middle Province of United States, and table-lands of Mexico, south -to Bogota<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i></span>.</p> - -<!--159.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_32.jpg" - width="auto" height="100%" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="32">XXXII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-1" id="pl_32-1"></a><img src="images/pl_32-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53470.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-2" id="pl_32-2"></a><img src="images/pl_32-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta</span>. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wisc.</abbr>, 4330.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-3" id="pl_32-3"></a><img src="images/pl_32-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</span>. Europe.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-4" id="pl_32-4"></a><img src="images/pl_32-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 977.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-5" id="pl_32-5"></a><img src="images/pl_32-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Kansas, 13069.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-6" id="pl_32-6"></a><img src="images/pl_32-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 32446.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-7" id="pl_32-7"></a><img src="images/pl_32-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-8" id="pl_32-8"></a><img src="images/pl_32-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Manzanillo, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 30165.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_32-9" id="pl_32-9"></a><img src="images/pl_32-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Utah, 58624.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--160.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="p2 center"><!--161.png--><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 141]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila alpestris</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE SHORE LARK.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult male</i>; spring. A frontal crescent, curving backward in a broad, -sharply defined, superciliary stripe to the occiput; chin, throat and foreneck, and a crescent -across middle of ear-coverts, whitish, either more or less tinged with yellow, or pure -white. Lower parts, except laterally, white. A broad crescentic patch behind the -frontal whitish crescent, running back on each side of the crown and terminating in an -erectile tuft of narrow elongated feathers on each side of occiput, a patch covering the -lores, nasal tufts, passing beneath the eye, and forming a broad “mustache” on the -cheeks, with a convex outline behind and concave anteriorly, and a broad crescentic patch -across the jugulum, deep black. A crescentic spot of grayish-drab across the ends of the -auriculars. Posterior portion of the crown enclosed laterally between the “ear-tufts,” -occiput, nape, lateral lower parts, lesser and middle wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts, -pinkish-brown; the sides and flanks with obsolete dusky streaks. Back, scapulars, rump, -wings, and two middle tail-feathers, ashy-drab, the feathers darker centrally, forming -rather conspicuous broad streaks on lower part of back; middle and secondary coverts, -secondaries and primaries bordered terminally, quite conspicuously, with white. Tail -(except the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">intermediæ</i>) black; outer web of lateral feather almost entirely white, that -of the next edged with the same.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult female</i>; spring. Similar, but markings rather less sharply defined; a tendency -to streaking of nape and crown; these streaks often displacing the continuous black of -the anterior portion of crown. The “ear-tufts” less developed.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Winter adult.</i> Similar to the spring dress, but the black areas obscured, more or less, -by whitish borders to the feathers; the frontal whitish band less sharply defined. Breast -with numerous more or less distinct deltoid specks of plumbeous, and the pinkish of the -sides much tinged with the same. The dusky streaks above are broader and more conspicuous.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> First plumage, entirely different from the adult. Above dusky, variegated -with whitish dots, sprinkled over the whole surface; these specks terminal on each -feather, and of a deltoid form, becoming more transverse and crescentic on the scapulars -and rump; each feather of the wings broadly bordered with pale brownish, approaching -white on the coverts. The blackish areas are but faintly indicated by a dusky suffusion, -generally very indistinct, across the breast, and over the cheeks; and variegated with -badly defined, more dusky spots; lower parts, including post-ocular stripe, dull white; -sides spotted with dusky.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. alpestris</i>, as restricted, is represented in the collection by three -perfect specimens, in the several stages of plumage described; while there -is also a fine specimen from Astrachan, representing a white-throated race -(“<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bei</i>” on <abbr title="manuscript">MS.</abbr> label) of Central Asia. The series of American specimens -is all that could possibly be desired, there being numerous examples from -nearly the whole northern continent, from the Arctic regions to as far south -as Bogota, and from coast to coast.</p> - -<p>The common Shore Lark of the northern parts of North America appears -to be absolutely identical with the European bird, each of the specimens of -the latter being easily matched from the American series. It therefore -becomes necessary to reduce the name “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</i>” to a synonyme of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>, -<!--162.png--><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 142]</span> -the former not affording characters to distinguish it as even a variety. To -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i> may also be referred the form known as “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>, McCall,” those -specimens from the interior regions which are destitute of any yellow tinge -on the throat. Were this feature a constant one in specimens from the -region which it characterizes, it would be, of course, right to retain the name -in the form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>. As it is, however, quite a large -percentage of the specimens from every locality where <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i> is found -have more or less yellow throats, but it is possible that this mixture of the two -may be the result of irregular migrations, those yellow-throated individuals -being stragglers from their breeding habitat,—more to the eastward and -northward. In its white instead of straw-yellow throat, and more lilaceous -than vinaceous upper parts, this form bears a close resemblance to a race of -the deserts of Western (and Central?) Asia,—the “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bei</i>”<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_26" id="fnanchor_26"></a><a href="#footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></span>; -the latter, -however, has these features more exaggerated than in the one of the central -plains of North America. Breeding throughout the table-lands of Mexico, -and in the Western Province of the United States, north to about the 40th -parallel, is a more strongly marked race, maintaining also more constancy -in its peculiar features; this race is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. chrysolæma</i>, <abbr title="Wagler">Wagl.</abbr>, of which -name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</i>, <abbr title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>, Giraud, are synonymes. This race, which we -propose to call <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. alpestris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i>, differs from both the northern -styles in smaller size and longer bill, and in coloration is the opposite extreme -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>, having the vinaceous tints deeper and browner, -instead of paler and less brown, than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</i> (i. e. typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>). -The black markings are also more extended, in proportion to the other colors, -reducing the white on the forehead to a very narrow band, instead of a broad -spot equalling, or exceeding, the black in width. Specimens from Bogota—about -the southern limit of the genus on this continent—are, perhaps, -referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i>, or at least not very different from it, though described -by Sclater as distinct, under the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_27" id="fnanchor_27"></a><a href="#footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span></p> - - -<p>In fewer words, the variations, with the region, are about as follows. -Starting with North America, north of the United States, we begin with a style -absolutely undistinguishable from that of Europe; this, to which the name -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</i> belongs, visits the Eastern States only in winter, but breeds over the -prairie region of Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. West of the Rocky -Mountains, especially south of about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, specimens referrible to this style -are most numerous in winter, and in a large series a great percentage of the -specimens entirely lack any yellow on the throat, while the pinkish-brown -tints are lighter and less reddish; this style represents, in these peculiar features, -the “var. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bei</i>” of Western Asia (Astrachan), and has been distinguished -by the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>, McCall, though it is doubtful whether McCall’s -description is of a specimen of this style or of one of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i>, being -<!--163.png--><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 143]</span> -taken from a young or immature bird. Breeding south of about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, from -the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and throughout the table-lands of -Mexico,—in winter sometimes resident at the northern limit assigned, and -there mixed with northern-bred individuals,—is a kind which is smaller, -and, generally, with a larger bill; the throat is deeper yellow than in the -northern form, the pinkish tints deepened into cinnamon, and the frontal -band narrower, caused by an encroachment of the black, which, in its several -areas, is extended more in proportion to the other colors. This is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. -chrysolæma</i> of Wagl., and of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>, Giraud, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</i>, Aud., are synonymes, -as already stated.</p> - -<p>Along the coast of Oregon and Washington Territory is a very peculiar -race, represented in the collection by several specimens. These differ essentially -in having the dark streaks above very sharply defined, broad and clear -blackish-brown,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_28" id="fnanchor_28"></a><a href="#footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></span> -while the lower parts are strongly tinged with yellow, even -as deeply so as the throat. Additional specimens from the northwest coast -may establish the existence of a race as distinct as any of those named -above.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, 289.—<abbr title="Forster Philosophical Transactions 62"><span class="sc">Forst.</span> Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 383.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>,—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 121. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys a.</i> <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. -Nat.</abbr> 1870, 341 (synonomy and remarks). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda cornuta</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, -85.—<abbr title="Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. B. A. II.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila c.</i> <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1828, 322.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 403.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">P. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 118 (British <abbr title="Columbia">Col.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, -<abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr>, 195.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 218 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. -Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 251.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 280. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos c.</i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris c.</i> -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris occidentalis</i>, <span class="sc">McCall</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, June, 1851, 218 (Santa Fé).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Stansbury’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr>, 1852, 318.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult.</i> Frontal whitish crescent more than half as broad as the black -patch behind it. Throat and forehead either tinged, more or less strongly, with yellow, -or perfectly white. Pinkish tint above, a soft ashy-vinaceous.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="measurements">Measurements.</i> (56,583 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, North Europe,) wing, 4.40; tail, 2.90; culmen, .60; width -of white frontal crescent, .25; of black, .30. (3,780 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Wisconsin,) wing, 4.20; tail, -3.00; culmen, .60; width of white frontal crescent, .30; of black, .26. (16,768 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, -Hudson’s Bay Ter.,) wing, 4.55; tail, 3.10; culmen, .65; width of white frontal crescent, -.35; of black, .36. (8,491 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Massachusetts,) wing, 4.35; tail, 3.15; culmen, .61; -width of white frontal crescent, .27; of black, 27. (The three perfectly identical in -colors.)</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> On the upper parts the blackish greatly in excess of the whitish markings. -Spots across jugulum distinct.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern Hemisphere; in North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and -the open plains of the interior regions, from Illinois, Wisconsin, etc., to the Pacific, north -of about 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<!--164.png--><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 144]</span> -<abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda chrysolæma</i>, -<abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr> Isis, 1831, -350.—<abbr title="Bonaparte, Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> -1837, 111. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys ch.</i> -<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> -1870, 341. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda minor</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, -16 <abbr title="Species Texas Birds">Sp. Tex. B.</abbr> 1841. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda -rufa</i>, <abbr title="Audubon, Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, -1843, 353, <abbr title="plate 497">pl. ccccxcvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris r.</i>, -<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>. s, 45. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Otocorys peregrina</i>, <abbr title="Sclater, Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> -P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 110, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila p.</i>, -<abbr title="Sclater, Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> -1860, 127.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> <i class="age">Adult.</i> -Frontal crescent less than half as wide as the black. Throat and forehead -deep straw-yellow; pinkish tints above deep cinnamon.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">a.</i> Specimens from California and Mexico, streaks on back, etc., very obsolete; darker -central stripe to middle tail-feathers scarcely observable; white beneath.</p> - -<table class="smaller"> -<tr><td colspan="5" class="center"><i class="measurements">Measurements.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="center">wing</td> - <td class="center">tail</td> - <td class="center" style="width: 9em;">bill</td></tr> -<tr><td class="right">(3,507,</td> - <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Tonila, Mexico,)</td> - <td class="rightm">3.80;</td> - <td class="rightm">2.75;</td> - <td class="rightm">.53—.15—.42.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="right"> (9,115,</td> - <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mexico,)</td> - <td class="rightm">4.10;</td> - <td class="rightm">2.90;</td> - <td class="rightm">.63—.13—.50.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="right"> (3,939,</td> - <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, California,)</td> - <td class="rightm">3.85;</td> - <td class="rightm">2.75;</td> - <td class="rightm">.56—.14—.45.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="right">(58,582,</td> - <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Gt. Salt Lake City,)</td> - <td class="rightm">4.10;</td> - <td class="rightm">2.80;</td> - <td class="rightm">.62—.16—.32.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">b.</i> Specimens from coast of Oregon and Washington Territory. Streaks on back, etc., -very conspicuous; dark central stripe of tail-feathers distinct; yellow beneath.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="measurements">Measurements.</i> (8,734 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Steilacoom,) wing, 3.75; tail, 2.60; bill, .61—.15—.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle America, from the desert regions of the southern Middle Province of -North America, south to Bogota.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Assuming the Shore Lark of the Labrador coast and the rufous -Lark of the Western prairies to be one and the same species, but slightly -modified by differences of locality, climate, or food, we have for this species, -at all times, a wide range, and, during the breeding-season, a very unusual -peculiarity,—their abundant distribution through two widely distant and -essentially different regions.</p> - -<p>During a large portion of the year, or from October to April, these birds -may be found in all parts of the United States. Dr. Woodhouse found them -very common throughout Texas, the Indian Territory, New Mexico, and California. -Mr. Dresser states that he found the western variety—which he -thinks essentially different in several respects from the eastern—in great -numbers, from October to the end of March, in the prairies around San -Antonio. Afterwards, at Galveston, in May and June, 1864, he noticed and -shot several specimens. Although he did not succeed in finding any nests, -he was very sure that they were breeding there. It is common, during winter, -on the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. In Maine -it is comparatively rare. In Arizona, Dr. Coues speaks of the western form -as a permanent resident in all situations adapted to its wants. The same -writer, who also had an opportunity of observing the eastern variety in -Labrador, where he found it very abundant on all the moss-covered islands -around the coast, could notice nothing in their voice, flight, or general manners, -different from their usual habits in their southern migrations, except -that during the breeding-season they do not associate in flocks.</p> - -<p>Richardson states that this Lark arrives in the fur countries in company -with the Lapland Bunting, with which it associates, and, being a shyer bird, -would act as sentinel and give the alarm on the approach of danger. As Mr. -<!--165.png--><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 145]</span> -Dall only obtained a single skin on the Yukon, it probably is not common -there. Dr. Suckley states it to be a very abundant summer resident on the -gravelly prairies near Fort Steilacoom, in Washington Territory. He describes -it as a tame, unsuspicious bird, allowing a man to approach within a few feet -of it. It is essentially a ground bird, rarely alighting on bushes or shrubs.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper adds to this that the Shore Lark is common in the interior, but -he only noticed one on the coast border. In ordinary seasons they seem to -be permanent residents, and in winter to be both more gregarious and more -common. He met with one as late as July 1, on a gravelly plain near -Olympia, scratching out a hollow for its nest under a tussock of grass.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper also found these birds around Fort Mohave in considerable -flocks about the end of February, but all had left the valley by the end of -March. About May 29 he found numbers of them towards the summits of -the Providence range of mountains, west of the valley, and not far from four -thousand feet above it, where they probably had nests. They were also -common in July on the cooler plains towards the ocean, so that they doubtless -breed in many of the southern portions of California, as well as at -Puget Sound and on the Great Plains. Dr. Cooper states that in May or -June the males rise almost perpendicularly into the air, until almost out of -sight, and fly around in an irregular circle, singing a sweet and varied song -for several minutes, when they descend nearly to the spot from which they -started. Their nests were usually found in a small depression of the ground, -often under a tuft of grass or a bush. Mr. Nuttall started a Shore Lark from -her nest, on the plains, near the banks of the Platte. It was in a small depression -on the ground, and was made of bent grass, and lined with coarse -bison-hair. The eggs were olive-white, minutely spotted all over with a -darker tinge.</p> - -<p>According to Audubon, these Larks breed abundantly on the high and -desolate granite tracts that abound along the coast of Labrador. These -rocks are covered with large patches of mosses and lichens. In the midst -of these this bird places her nest, disposed with so much care, and the moss -so much resembling the bird in hue, that the nests are not readily noticed. -When flushed from her nest, she flutters away, feigning lameness so cunningly -as to deceive almost any one not on his guard. The male at once joins -her, and both utter the most soft and plaintive notes of woe. The nest is -embedded in the moss to its edges, and is composed of fine grasses, circularly -disposed and forming a bed about two inches thick. It is lined with the -feathers of the grouse and of other birds. The eggs, deposited early in July, -are four or five in number, and are described by Mr. Audubon as marked -with bluish as well as brown spots.</p> - -<p>About a week before they can fly, the young leave the nest, and follow -their parents over these beds of mosses to be fed. They run nimbly, and -squat closely at the first approach of danger. If observed and pursued, they -open their wings and flutter off with great celerity.</p> - -<p><!--166.png--><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 146]</span> -These birds reach Labrador early in June, when the male birds are very -pugnacious, and engage frequently in very singular fights, in which often -several others besides the first parties join, fluttering, biting, and tumbling -over in the manner of the European House Sparrow. The male is described -as singing sweetly while on the wing, but its song is comparatively short. It -will also sing while on the ground, but less frequently, and with less fulness. -Its call-note is quite mellow, and is at times so altered, in a ventriloquial -manner, as to seem like that of another bird. As soon as the young are -hatched their song ceases. It is said to feed on grass-seeds, the blossoms -of small plants, and insects, often catching the latter on the wing, and -following them to a considerable distance. It also gathers minute crustaceans -on the sea-shore.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species abundant over the arid wastes of the interior, -and, in many localities, it was almost the only bird to be found. In its -habits he could observe no differences between this bird and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>. -He met with their nests and eggs in the Truckee Reservation, June 3. The -nest was embedded in the hard, grassy ground, beneath a small scraggy sage-bush, -on the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">mesa</i>, between the river and the mountains.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord mentions that, having encamped at Cedar Springs on the -Great Plains of the Columbia, where the small stream was the only water -within a long distance, he became interested in watching the movements of -these Larks. As evening approached they came boldly in among the mules -and men, intense thirst overcoming all sense of fear. He found these handsome -little birds very plentiful throughout British Columbia. They were -nesting very early on those sandy plains, even before the snow had left the -ground. He saw young fledglings early in May.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this species was taken at Godhaab, Greenland, in -October, 1835.</p> - -<p>Eggs from Labrador are much larger in size than those from Wisconsin. -Two eggs from the first, one obtained by Mr. Thienemann, the other by Mr. -George Peck, of Burlington, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, measure .93 and .94 of an inch in length by -.71 in breadth; while some from the West are only .83 in length and .63 -in breadth, their greatest length being .90, and their largest breadth .69 of -an inch. In their ground-color and markings, eggs from both localities vary -about alike. The ground-color varies from a purplish-white to a dark gray, -while the spots are in some a brownish-lavender, in others a brown, and, -quite frequently, an olive-brown. In some they are in larger, scattered -blotches; while in others they are in very fine minute dots so thickly and so -uniformly diffused as almost to conceal the ground.</p> -</div><!--end family Alaudidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Icteridæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--167.png--><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 147]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ICTERIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Orioles</span>.</h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Primaries nine. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly; plated behind. Bill long, generally -equal to the head or longer, straight or gently curved, conical, without any notch, the -commissure bending downwards at an obtuse angle at the base. Gonys generally more -than half the culmen, no bristles about the base of bill. Basal joint of the middle toe -free on the inner side; united half-way on the outer. Tail rather long, rounded. Legs -stout.</p> - -<p>This family is strictly confined to the New World, and is closely related -in many of its members to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>. Both have the angulated commissure -and the nine primaries; the bill is, however, usually much longer; -the rictus is completely without bristles, and the tip of the bill without -notch.</p> - -<p>The affinities of some of the genera are still closer to the family of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</i> or Starlings, of which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</i> may be taken as the -type. The latter family, is, however, exclusively Old World, except for the -occurrence of a species in Greenland, and readily distinguished by the constant -presence of a rudimentary outer primary, making ten in all.</p> - -<p>There are three subfamilies of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>,—the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</i>, -and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</i>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_29" id="fnanchor_29"></a><a href="#footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></span> -which may be diagnosed as follows, although it is -difficult to define them with precision:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ.</b> Bill shorter than, or about equal to, the head; thick, conical, both mandibles -about equal in depth; the outlines all more or less straight, the bill not decurved at tip. -Tail rather short, nearly even or slightly rounded. Legs longer than the head, adapted -for walking; claws moderately curved.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ.</b> Bill rather slender, about as long as the head; either straight or decurved. -Lower mandible less thick than the upper; the commissure not sinuated. Tarsi not -longer than the head, nor than middle toe; legs adapted for perching. Claws much -curved.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ.</b> Tail lengthened, considerably or excessively graduated. -Bill as long as,or longer than, the head; the culmen curved towards the end, the tip bent down, the -cutting edges inflexed, the commissure sinuated. Legs longer than the head, fitted for -walking.</p> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Agelainæ--> -<!--168.png--><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 148]</span> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">AGELAINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill stout, conical, and acutely pointed, not longer than the head; the outlines -nearly straight, the tip not decurved. Legs adapted for walking, longer than the head. -Claws not much curved. Tail moderate, shorter than the wings; nearly even.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i>, through <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>, present a close relation -to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> in the comparative shortness and conical shape of the -bill, and, in fact, it is very difficult to express in brief words the distinctions -which evidently exist. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i> may be set aside as readily determinate -by the character of the feet and tail. The peculiar subfamily -characteristics of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> will be found under the generic remarks respecting -it.</p> - -<p>The following diagnosis will serve to define the genera:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Bill shorter than the head. Feathers of head and nostrils as in B.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx.</b> Tail-feathers with rigid stiffened acuminate points. -Middle toe very long, exceeding the head.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus.</b> Tail with the feathers simple; middle toe shorter than -the tarsus or head.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Bill as long as the head. Feathers of crown soft. Nostrils covered by -a scale which is directed more or less downwards.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius.</b> First quill shorter than the second and third. Outer lateral -claws scarcely reaching to the base of middle; claws moderate.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus.</b> First quill longest. Outer lateral claw reaching -nearly to the tip of the middle. Toes and claws all much elongated.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> Bill as long as, or longer than, the head. Feathers of crown with the -shafts prolonged into stiffened bristles. Nostrils covered by a scale which -stands out more or less horizontally.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella.</b> Tail-feathers acute. Middle toe equal to the tarsus.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trupialis.</b> Tail-feathers rounded. Middle toe shorter than the tarsus.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DOLICHONYX</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Journ. III</abbr>, 1827, 351. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza oryzivora</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_168.jpg" - width="250" height="131" - alt="Illustration: Dolichonyx oryzivorus." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">977</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, stout, conical, little more than half the head; the commissure -slightly sinuated; the culmen -nearly straight. Middle toe -considerably longer than the -tarsus (which is about as long -as the head); the inner lateral -toe longest, but not reaching -the base of the middle claw. -Wings long, first quill longest. -Tail-feathers acuminately -pointed at the tip, with the -shaft stiffened and rigid, as in -the Woodpeckers.</p> - -<p>The peculiar characteristic of this genus is found in the rigid scansorial -<!--169.png--><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 149]</span> -tail and the very long middle toe, by means of which it is enabled to grasp -the vertical stems of reeds or other slender plants. The color of the single -species is black, varied with whitish patches on the upper parts.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BOBOLINK; REEDBIRD; RICEBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza oryzivora</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 311.—<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 850.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. -Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 48, <abbr title="plate 12, figure">pl. xii, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina oryzivora</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire">Nouv. Dict.</abbr> <abbr title="25">XXV</abbr>, -1817, 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivora</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 351.—<abbr title="Ibid Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> F. Bor.-Am. -II</abbr>, 1831, 278.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 437.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 139.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 10, <abbr title="plate 211">pl. ccxi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 229.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 522.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 266.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology of California One">Orn. -Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 255.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 335. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus agripennis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 87. <abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 283; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 486, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Nuttall, Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, 1832, -185. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus (Emberizoides) agripennis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828, 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx agripennis</i>, -<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius caudacutus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, 32.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_169.jpg" - width="250%" height="253" - alt="Illustration: Dolichonyx oryzivorus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General color of <i class="sex">male</i> in spring, black; the nape brownish cream-color; a -patch on the side of the breast, the scapulars, -and rump, white, shading into light ash on the -upper tail-coverts and the back below the interscapular -region. The outer primaries sharply -margined with yellowish-white; the tertials less -abruptly; the tail-feathers margined at the tips -with pale brownish-ash. In autumn totally -different, resembling the female.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i>, yellowish beneath; two stripes on the -top of the head, and the upper parts throughout, -except the back of the neck and rump, and -including all the wing-feathers generally, dark -brown, all edged with brownish-yellow, which -becomes whiter near the tips of the quills. The -sides sparsely streaked with dark brown, and a -similar stripe behind the eye. There is a superciliary -and a median band of yellow on the head. Length of male, 7.70; wing, 3.83; -tail, 3.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the high Central Plains. North to Selkirk Settlement, -and Ottawa, Canada; and west to Salt Lake Valley, Utah, and Ruby Valley, Nevada -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Cuba, winter (<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>); -Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, -<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>; -<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>, and in spring); James Island, -Galapagos, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Gould</span>); Sombrero, <abbr title="West Indies">W. I.</abbr> -(<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>); Brazil (<span class="sc">Pelzeln</span>); Yucatan.</p> - -<p>A female bird from Paraguay (<abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr>, 1859) is undistinguishable from the -average of northern ones, except by the smaller size. Specimens from the -western plains differ from those taken near the Atlantic Coast in having -the light areas above paler, and less obscured by the grayish wash so prevalent -in the latter; the ochraceous of the nape being very pale, and at the -same time pure.</p> - -<p><!--170.png--><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 150]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The well-known and familiar Bobolink of North America has, -at different seasons of the year, a remarkably extended distribution. In its -migrations it traverses all of the United States east of the high central plains -to the Atlantic as far to the north as the 54th parallel, which is believed to -be its most northern limit, and which it reaches in June. In the winter it -reaches, in its wandering, the West Indies, Central America, the northern -and even the central portions of South America. Von Pelzeln obtained -Brazilian specimens from Matogrosso and Rio Madeira in November, and -from Marabitanas, April 4th and 13th. Those procured in April were -in their summer or breeding plumage, suggesting the possibility of their -breeding in the high grounds of South America. Sclater received specimens -from Santa Marta and from Bolivia. Other specimens have been reported -as coming from Rio Negro, Rio Napo, in Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, -Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, etc.</p> - -<p>In North America it breeds from the <abbr title="forty-second">42d</abbr> to the 54th parallel, and in -some parts of the country it is very abundant at this season. The most -southern breeding locality hitherto recorded is the forks of the Susquehanna -River, along the west branch of which, especially in the Wyoming Valley, -it was formerly very abundant.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway also observed this bird in Ruby Valley where, among the -wheat-fields, small companies were occasionally seen in August. He was -informed that, near Salt Lake City, these birds are seen in May, and again -late in the summer, when the grain is ripe.</p> - -<p>Of all our unimitative and natural songsters the Bobolink is by far the -most popular and attractive. Always original and peculiarly natural, its -song is exquisitely musical. In the variety of its notes, in the rapidity with -which they are uttered, and in the touching pathos, beauty, and melody of -their tone and expression, its notes are not equalled by those of any other -North American bird. We know of none, among our native feathered songsters, -whose song resembles, or can be compared with it.</p> - -<p>In the earliest approaches of spring, in Louisiana, when small flocks of -male Bobolinks make their first appearance, they are said, by Mr. Audubon, -to sing in concert; and their song thus given is at once exceedingly novel, -interesting, and striking. Uttered with a volubility that even borders upon -the burlesque and the ludicrous, the whole effect is greatly heightened by -the singular and striking manner in which first one singer and then another, -one following the other until all have joined their voices, take up the -note and strike in, after the leader has set the example and given the -signal. In this manner sometimes a party of thirty or forty Bobolinks will -begin, one after the other, until the whole unite in producing an extraordinary -medley, to which no pen can do justice, but which is described -as very pleasant to listen to. All at once the music ceases with a suddenness -not less striking and extraordinary. These concerts are repeated from -time to time, usually as often as the flock alight. This performance may -<!--171.png--><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 151]</span> -also be witnessed early in April, in the vicinity of Washington, the Smithsonian -grounds being a favorite place of resort.</p> - -<p>By the time these birds have reached, in their spring migrations, the 40th -parallel of latitude, they no longer move in large flocks, but have begun to -separate into small parties, and finally into pairs. In New England the -Bobolink treats us to no such concerts as those described by Audubon, -where many voices join in creating their peculiar jingling melody. When -they first appear, usually after the middle of May, they are in small parties, -composed of either sex, absorbed in their courtships and overflowing with -song. When two or three male Bobolinks, decked out in their gayest spring -apparel, are paying their attentions to the same drab-colored female, contrasting -so strikingly in her sober brown dress, their performances are quite -entertaining, each male endeavoring to outsing the other. The female -appears coy and retiring, keeping closely to the ground, but always attended -by the several aspirants for her affection. After a contest, often -quite exciting, the rivalries are adjusted, the rejected suitors are driven -off by their more fortunate competitor, and the happy pair begin to put in -order a new home. It is in these love-quarrels that their song appears to -the greatest advantage. They pour out incessantly their strains of quaint -but charming music, now on the ground, now on the wing, now on the top -of a fence, a low bush, or the swaying stalk of a plant that bends with their -weight. The great length of their song, the immense number of short and -variable notes of which it is composed, the volubility and confused rapidity -with which they are poured forth, the eccentric breaks, in the midst of -which we detect the words “bob-o-link” so distinctly enunciated, unite to -form a general result to which we can find no parallel in any of the musical -performances of our other song-birds. It is at once a unique and a charming -production. Nuttall speaks of their song as monotonous, which is -neither true nor consistent with his own description of it. To other ears -they seem ever wonderfully full of variety, pathos, and beauty.</p> - -<p>When their contests are ended, and the mated pair take possession of their -selected meadow, and prepare to construct their nest and rear their family, -then we may find the male bird hovering in the air over the spot where his -homely partner is brooding over her charge. All this while he is warbling -forth his incessant and happy love-song; or else he is swinging on some -slender stalk or weed that bends under him, ever overflowing with song and -eloquent with melody. As domestic cares and parental responsibilities increase, -his song becomes less and less frequent. After a while it has degenerated -into a few short notes, and at length ceases altogether. The young -in due time assume the development of mature birds, and all wear the sober -plumage of the mother. And now there also appears a surprising change -in the appearance of our gayly attired musician. His showy plumage of -contrasting white and black, so conspicuous and striking, changes with -almost instant rapidity into brown and drab, until he is no longer distinguishable, -either by plumage or note, from his mate or young.</p> - -<p><!--172.png--><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 152]</span> -At the north, where the Bobolinks breed, they are not known to molest the -crops, confining their food almost entirely to insects, or the seeds of valueless -weeds, in the consumption of which they confer benefit, rather than harm. -At the south they are accused of injuring the young wheat as they pass -northward in their spring migrations, and of plundering the rice plantations -on their return. About the middle of August they appear in almost innumerable -flocks among the marshes of the Delaware River. There they are -known as Reedbirds. Two weeks later they begin to swarm among the -rice plantations of South Carolina. There they take the name of Ricebirds. -In October they again pass on southward, and make another halt among the -West India Islands. There they feed upon the seeds of the Guinea-grass, -upon which they become exceedingly fat. In Jamaica they receive a new -appellation, and are called Butterbirds. They are everywhere sought after -by sportsmen, and are shot in immense numbers for the table of the epicure. -More recently it has been ascertained that these birds feed greedily upon -the larvæ of the destructive cotton-worm, and in so doing render an immense -service to the cultivators of Sea Island cotton.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bryant, in his visit to the Bahamas, was eye-witness to the migrations -northward of these birds, as they passed through those islands. He first -noted them on the 6th of May, towards sunset. A number of flocks—he -counted nine—were flying to the westward. On the following day the country -was filled with these birds, and men and boys turned out in large numbers -to shoot them. He examined a quantity of them, and all were males -in full plumage. Numerous flocks continued to arrive that day and the -following, which was Sunday. On Monday, among those that were shot -were many females. On Tuesday but few were to be seen, and on Wednesday -they had entirely disappeared.</p> - -<p>Near Washington, Dr. Coues observed the Bobolink to be only a spring -and autumnal visitant, from May 1st to the 15th distributed abundantly -about orchards and meadows, generally in flocks. In autumn they frequented -in immense flocks the tracts of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zizania aquatica</i>, along the Potomac, -from August 20 to October.</p> - -<p>The Bobolink invariably builds its nest upon the ground, usually in a -meadow, and conceals it so well among the standing grass that it is very -difficult of discovery until the grass is cut. The female is very wary in leaving -or in returning to her nest, always alighting upon the ground, or rising -from it, at a distance from her nest. The male bird, too, if the nest is approached, -seeks to decoy off the intruder by his anxiety over a spot remote -from the object of his solicitude. The nest is of the simplest description, -made usually of a few flexible stems of grasses carefully interwoven into a -shallow and compact nest. The eggs, five or six in number, have a dull -white ground, in some tinged with a light drab, in others with olive. They -are generally spotted and blotched over the entire egg with a rufous-brown, -intermingled with lavender. They are pointed at one end, and measure .90 -by .70 of an inch. They have but one brood in a season.</p> - -<p><!--173.png--><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span> -In some eggs, especially those found in more northern localities, the -ground-color is drab, with a strong tinge of purple. Over this is diffused a -series of obscure lavender-color, and then overlying these are larger and -bolder blotches of wine-colored brown. In a few eggs long and irregular -lines of dark purple, so deep as to be undistinguishable from black, are -added. These eggs are quite pointed at one end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MOLOTHRUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 277; supposed by Cabanis to be meant for -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molobrus</i>. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pecoris</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_173a.jpg" - width="250" height="186" - alt="Illustration: Molothrus pecoris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">32446</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, stout, about two thirds the length of head; the commissure -straight, culmen and gonys slightly -curved, convex, the former broad, -rounded, convex, and running back on -the head in a point. Lateral toes nearly -equal, reaching the base of the middle -one, which is shorter than tarsus; claws -rather small. Tail nearly even; wings -long, pointed, the first quill longest. As -far as known, the species make no nest, -but deposit the eggs in the nests of -other, usually smaller, birds.</p> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> has the bill -intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>. It has the culmen unusually broad between the nostrils, and -it extends back some distance into the forehead. The difference in the -structure of the feet from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i> is very great.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_173b.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Illustration: Molothrus pecoris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris.</i></p> - </div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> resemble some of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> more than any -other of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>. The bill is, -however, more straight, the tip without -notch; the culmen running back -farther on the forehead, the nostrils -being situated fully one third or more -of the total length from its posterior -extremity. This is seldom the case -in the American families. The entire -absence of notch in the bill and -of bristles along the rictus are strong -features. The nostrils are perfectly -free from any overhanging feathers or bristles. The pointed wings, with -the first quill longest, or nearly equal to second, and the tail with its broad -rounded feathers, shorter than the wings, are additional features to be -specially noted.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--174.png--><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 154]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COW BLACKBIRD; COWBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pecoris</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 910 (female).—<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, -443.—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> -Verzeich.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 230, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pecoris</i>, -<abbr title="Wilson, American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, -1810, 145, <abbr title="plate 18, figures">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 1, 2, 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus pecoris</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs.</abbr> -Wilson, 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 88.—<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 493; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 233, 490, -<abbr title="plates 99 and 424">pls. xcix and ccccxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus -(Emberizoides) pecoris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1828, 53.—<abbr title="Ibid, Specchio comparativo, Number"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Specchio comp. No.</abbr> -41.—<abbr title="Nuttall, Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> -Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 178, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 190. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina pecoris</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot, -Nouveau Dictionnaire 25"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. XXV</abbr>, 1819, -22. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius pecoris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium 1927, Number">Syst. Av. 1827, No.</abbr> 20. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>, -<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 277.—<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, -1837.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 436.—<abbr title="Audubon, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 139.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 16, <abbr title="plate 212">pl. ccxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 193.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 524.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, -257.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 339.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 284. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Oriolus fuscus</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. -I</abbr>, 1788, 393. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sturnus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 804 (evidently a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>, -and probably, but not certainly, the present species). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Ph. Ac.</abbr> 1866, 18 (Mira Flores, -<abbr title="lower California">L. Cal.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 260. -“<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus emberizoides</cite>, <span class="sc">Daudin</span>.” -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sturnus junceti</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 326 (same as -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus obscurus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla ambigua</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 484 (young). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus nove-hispaniæ</i>, <abbr title="Brisson Two"><span class="sc">Briss.</span> II</abbr>, 448.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second quill longest; first scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or very -slightly rounded. Male with the head, neck, and anterior half of the breast light -chocolate-brown, rather lighter above; rest of body lustrous black, with a violet-purple -gloss next to the brown, of steel blue on the back, and of green elsewhere. Female light -olivaceous-brown all over, lighter on the head and beneath. Bill and feet black. Length, -8 inches; wing, 4.42; tail, 3.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States from the Atlantic to California; not found immediately on the -coast of the Pacific? Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 213); Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 492); Fort -Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>, 1866, 90); Nevada and Utah (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Mazatlan, -Tehuantepec, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>The young bird of the year is brown above, brownish-white beneath; the -throat immaculate. A maxillary stripe and obscure streaks thickly crowded -across the whole breast and sides. There is a faint indication of a paler -superciliary stripe. The feathers of the upper parts are all margined with -paler. There are also indications of light bands on the wings. These markings -are all obscure, but perfectly appreciable, and their existence in adult -birds of any species may be considered as embryonic, and showing an -inferiority in degree to the species with the under parts perfectly plain.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the west appear to have a rather longer and narrower bill -than those from the east. Summer birds of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and the Rio -Grande are considerably smaller (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, Cassin). Length about 6.50; -wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00. Some winter skins from the same region are equal -in size to the average.</p> - -<p>Birds of this species breeding south of the Rio Grande, as well as those -from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Mazatlan, etc., are very much smaller than those nesting -within the United States; but the transition between the extremes -of size is so gradual that it is almost impossible to strike an average -<!--175.png--><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 155]</span> -of characters for two races. The extremes of size in this species are as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<table summary="size of molothrus pecoris" class="small"> -<tr><td></td> - <td class="center">Wing</td> - <td class="center">tail</td> - <td class="center">culmen</td> - <td class="center">tarsus</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ss"><i class="size">Largest.</i><br />(11,271, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Bridger.)</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />4.60;</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />3.35;</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />.72;</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />1.03.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="ss"><br /><i class="size">Smallest.</i><br />(17,297, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mira Flores, <abbr title="Lower California">L. C.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />3.80;</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />2.65;</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />.60;</td> - <td class="rightm"><br />.84.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Cow Blackbird has a very extended distribution -from the Atlantic to California, and from Texas to Canada, and probably to -regions still farther north. They have not been traced to the Pacific coast, -though abundant on that of the Atlantic. Dr. Cooper thinks that a few -winter in the Colorado Valley, and probably also in the San Joaquin Valley.</p> - -<p>This species is at all times gregarious and polygamous, never mating, and -never exhibiting any signs of either conjugal or parental affections. Like -the Cuckoos of Europe, our Cow Blackbird never constructs a nest of her -own, and never hatches out or attempts to rear her own offspring, but imposes -her eggs upon other birds; and most of these, either unconscious of the -imposition or unable to rid themselves of the alien, sit upon and hatch the -stranger, and in so doing virtually destroy their own offspring,—for the -eggs of the Cowbird are the first hatched, usually two days before the others. -The nursling is much larger in size, filling up a large portion of the nest, -and is insatiable in its appetite, always clamoring to be fed, and receiving -by far the larger share of the food brought to the nest; its foster-companions, -either starved or stifled, soon die, and their dead bodies are removed, it is -supposed, by their parents. They are never found near the nest, as they -would be if the young Cow Blackbird expelled them as does the Cuckoo; -indeed, Mr. Nuttall has seen parent birds removing the dead young to a -distance from the nest, and there dropping them.</p> - -<p>For the most part the Cowbird deposits her egg in the nest of a bird much -smaller than herself, but this is not always the case. I have known of their -eggs having been found in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. neglecta</i>. In each instance they had been incubated. -How the young Cowbird generally fares when hatched in the nests of birds -of equal or larger size, and the fate of the foster-nurslings, is an interesting -subject for investigation. Mr. J. A. Allen saw, in Western Iowa, a female -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus</i> feeding a nearly full grown Cowbird,—a very interesting -fact, and the only evidence we now have that these birds are reared -by birds of superior size.</p> - -<p>It lays also in the nests of the common Catbird, but the egg never remains -there long after the owner of the nest becomes aware of the intrusion. The -list of the birds in whose nests the Cow Blackbird deposits her egg and it is -reared is very large. The most common nurses of these foundlings in New -England are <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis, Empidonax minimus, Geothlypis trichas</i>, and all -our eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireos</i>, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus, solitarius, noveboracensis, gilvus</i>, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</i>. Besides these, I have found their eggs in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila -cærulea, Mniotilta varia, Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Dendroica virens, D.</i> -<!--176.png--><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 156]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ, D. pennsylvanica</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. discolor, Seiurus aurocapillus, Setophaga -ruticilla, Cyanospiza cyanea, Contopus virens</i>, etc. I have also known of -their eggs having been found in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. pusillus</i>, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</i>. Dr. Cooper has found their egg in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria -virens</i>; and Mr. T. H. Jackson of West Chester, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax -acadicus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra</i>.</p> - -<p>Usually not more than a single Cowbird’s egg is found in the same nest, -though it is not uncommon to find two; and in a few instances three and -even four eggs have been met with. In one instance Mr. Trippe mentions -having found in the nest of a Black and White Creeper, besides three eggs -of the owner of the nest, no less than five of the parasite. Mr. H. S. Rodney -reports having found, in Potsdam, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, May 15, 1868, a nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia -leucophrys</i> of two stories, in one of which was buried a Cowbird’s egg, -and in the upper there were two more of the same, with three eggs of the -rightful owners. In the spring of 1869 the same gentleman found a nest of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i> with three Cowbird’s eggs and three of her own.</p> - -<p>Mr. Vickary, of Lynn, found, in the spring of 1860, the nest of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus -aurocapillus</i>, in which, with only one egg of the rightful owner, there were -no less than four of the Cowbird. All five eggs were perfectly fresh, and had -not been set upon. In the summer of the preceding year the same gentleman -found a nest of the Red-eyed Vireo containing three eggs of the Vireo -and four of the Cow Blackbird.</p> - -<p>How the offspring from these eggs may all fare when more than one of -these voracious nurslings are hatched in the same nest, is an interesting -problem, well worthy the attention of some patiently inquiring naturalist to -solve.</p> - -<p>The Cow Blackbird appears in New England with a varying degree of -promptness, sometimes as early as the latter part of March, and as frequently -not until the middle of April. Nuttall states that none are seen in Massachusetts -after the middle of June until the following October, and Allen, -that they are there all the summer. My own observations do not correspond -with the statement of either of these gentlemen. They certainly do become -quite rare in the eastern part of that State after the third week in June, but -that all the females are not gone is proved by the constant finding of freshly -laid eggs up to July 1. I have never been able to find a Cow Blackbird in -Eastern Massachusetts between the first of July and the middle of September. -This I attribute to the absence of sufficient food. In the Cambridge -marshes they remain until all the seeds have been consumed, and only reappear -when the new crop is edible.</p> - -<p>This Blackbird is a general feeder, eating insects, apparently in preference, -and wild seed. They derive their name of Cow Blackbird from their keeping -about that animal, and finding, either from her parasitic insects or her -droppings, opportunities for food. They feed on the ground, and occasionally -scratch for insects. At the South, to a limited extent, they frequent -the rice-fields in company with the Redwinged Blackbird.</p> - -<p><!--177.png--><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span> -Mr. Nuttall states that if a Cow Blackbird’s egg is deposited in a nest alone -it is uniformly forsaken, and he also enumerates the Summer Yellowbird as -one of the nurses of the Cowbird. In both respects I think he is mistaken. -So far from forsaking her nest when one of these eggs is deposited, the Red-eyed -Vireo has been known to commence incubation without having laid -any of her own eggs, and also to forsake her nest when the intrusive egg -has been taken and her own left. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>, I think, invariably covers -up and destroys the Cowbird’s eggs when deposited before her own, and even -when deposited afterwards.</p> - -<p>The Cow Blackbird has no attractions as a singer, and has nothing that -deserves the name of song. His utterances are harsh and unmelodious.</p> - -<p>In September they begin to collect in large flocks, in localities favorable -for their sustenance. The Fresh Pond marshes in Cambridge were once -one of their chosen places of resort, in which they seemed to collect late in -September, as if coming from great distances. There they remained until -late in October, when they passed southward.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway only met with this species in two places, the valley of the -Humboldt in September, and in June in the Truckee Valley. Their eggs -were also obtained in the Wahsatch Mountains, deposited in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella -schistacea</i>, and in Bear River Valley in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman informs me that the Cow Blackbird is a very rare bird in -the neighborhood of Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, so much so that he does not see one of -these birds once in five years, even as a bird of passage.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of a rounded oval, though some are more -oblong than others, and are nearly equally rounded at either end. They -vary from .85 of an inch to an inch in length, and from .65 to .70 in breadth. -Their ground-color is white. In some it is so thickly covered with fine dottings -of ashy and purplish-brown that the ground is not distinguishable. In -others the egg is blotched with bold dashes of purple and wine-colored -brown.</p> - -<p>On the Rio Grande the eggs of the smaller southern race were found in -the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</i>, and in each of the nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo pusillus</i> found -near Camp Grant, Arizona, there was an egg of this species. At Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas, Mr. Xantus found their eggs in nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila melanura</i>. -We have no information in regard to their habits, and can only infer that -they must be substantially the same as those of the northern birds.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i> exhibit a very marked variation in size from -those of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</i>, and have a different appearance, though their colors -are nearly identical. Their ground-color is white, and their markings a -claret-brown. These markings are fewer, smaller, and less generally distributed, -and the ground-color is much more apparent. They measure -.60 by .55 of an inch, and their capacity as compared with the eggs of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</i> is as 33 to 70,—a variation that is constant, and apparently too large -to be accounted for on climatic differences.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--178.png--><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 158]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">AGELAIUS</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, “Analyse, 1816.” (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus phœniceus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_178a.jpg" - width="250" height="161" - alt="Illustration: Agelaius phœniceus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1386</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -First quill shorter than second; claws short; the outer lateral scarcely reaching -the base of the middle. -Culmen depressed at base, -parting the frontal feathers; -length equal to that of the -head, shorter than tarsus. -Both mandibles of equal -thickness and acute at tip, the -edges much curved, the culmen, -gonys, and commissure -nearly straight or slightly -sinuated; the length of bill -about twice its height. Tail -moderate, rounded, or very -slightly graduated. Wings -pointed, reaching to end of -lower tail-coverts. Colors black with red shoulders in North American species. One -West Indian with orange-buff. Females streaked except in two West Indian species.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_178b.jpg" - width="250" height="247" - alt="Illustration: Agelaius phœniceus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The nostrils are small, oblong, overhung by a membranous scale. The -bill is higher than broad at the base. -There is no division between the anterior -tarsal scutellæ and the single plate on -the outside of the tarsus.</p> - -<p>The females of two West Indian -species are uniform black. Of these -the male of one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. assimilis</i> of Cuba, -is undistinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. -phœniceus</i>; and in fact we may without -impropriety consider the former as a -melanite race of the latter, the change -appreciable only in the female. The -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. humeralis</i>, also of Cuba, is smaller, -and black, with the lesser coverts brownish orange-buff.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <i class="sex">Males</i> glossy black without distinct bluish lustre, lesser -wing-coverts bright red. <i class="sex">Females</i> without any red, and either wholly black or -variegated with light streaks, most conspicuous below.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus.</b> Tail rounded. Red of shoulders a bright scarlet tint. -Black of plumage without bluish lustre. <i class="sex">Females</i> with wing-coverts edged -with brownish, or without any light edgings at all.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Female continuous deep black, unvariegated.</p> - -<!--180.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="centerindent small"><!--181.png--><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 159]</span> -<i>Middle wing-coverts wholly buff in male.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Wing, 4.40; tail, 3.80; culmen, .95; tarsus, 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<i class="subset">b.</i> Females striped beneath … -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_30" id="fnanchor_30"></a><a href="#footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 4.90; tail, 3.85; culmen, .96; tarsus, 1.10. <i class="sex">Female.</i> -White stripes on lower parts exceeding the dusky ones in width; -a conspicuous lighter superciliary stripe, and one strongly indicated -on middle of the crown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America, south -to Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Middle wing-coverts black, except at base.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 5.00; tail, 3.90; culmen, .90; tarsus, 1.10. <i class="sex">Female.</i> White -stripes on lower parts narrower than dusky ones; the posterior -portion beneath being almost continuously dusky. No trace of -median stripe on crown, and the superciliary one indistinct. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Pacific Province of United States, south through Western Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Middle wing-coverts wholly white in male.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B. tricolor.</b> Tail square. Red of the shoulders a brownish-scarlet, or -burnt-carmine tint. Black of the plumage (both sexes at all ages) with a -silky bluish lustre. <i class="sex">Female</i> with wing-coverts edged with pure white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Wing, 4.90; tail, 3.70; culmen, .97; tarsus, 1.13. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Like -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i>, but with scarcely any brownish tinge to the -plumage, and the lesser wing-coverts sharply bordered with pure -white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California (only ?).</p> - -<!--179.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_33.jpg" - width="auto" height="100%" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="33">XXXIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-1" id="pl_33-1"></a><img src="images/pl_33-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1386.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-2" id="pl_33-2"></a><img src="images/pl_33-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2174.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-3" id="pl_33-3"></a><img src="images/pl_33-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> shoulder.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-4" id="pl_33-4"></a><img src="images/pl_33-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> shoulder.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-5" id="pl_33-5"></a><img src="images/pl_33-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> shoulder.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-6" id="pl_33-6"></a><img src="images/pl_33-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 2836.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-7" id="pl_33-7"></a><img src="images/pl_33-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5532.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-8" id="pl_33-8"></a><img src="images/pl_33-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5530.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_33-9" id="pl_33-9"></a><img src="images/pl_33-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Kansas, 6557.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SWAMP BLACKBIRD; REDWING BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus phœniceus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> -Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 161.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1788, 386.—<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. -Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 428. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</i>, -“<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr title="Analyse">Anal.</abbr> 1816.”—<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. -Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 280.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 430.—<abbr title="Audubon, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 141.—<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, -1842, 31, <abbr title="plate 216">pl. ccxvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -526.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. -VI</abbr>, 1858, 263.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, -207.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal. -I</abbr>, 1870, 261.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 341.—<cite>Allen</cite>, -Birds <abbr title="Eastern Florida">E. Fla.</abbr> 284. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus phœniceus</i>, -<abbr title="Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 188.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> -1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 68.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, -1831, 348; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 487, <abbr title="plate 67">pl. lxvii</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius phœniceus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1827, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus (Xanthornus) phœniceus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828, 52.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 167, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 179. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus prædatorius</i>, -<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 30, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. -xxx</abbr>. <cite>Redwinged Oriole</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoology Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 255.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail much rounded; the lateral feathers about half an inch shorter. Fourth -quill longest; first about as long as the fifth. Bill large, stout; half as high, or more -than half as high, as long.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> General color uniform lustrous velvet-black, with a greenish reflection. Shoulders -and lesser wing-coverts of a bright crimson or vermilion-red. Middle coverts -brownish-yellow, or buff, and usually paler towards the tips.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Brown above, the feathers edged or streaked with rufous-brown and -<!--182.png--><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 160]</span> -yellowish; beneath white, streaked with brown. Forepart of throat, superciliary, and -median stripe strongly tinged with brownish-yellow. Length of male, 9.50; wing, 5.00; -tail, 4.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States from Atlantic to Pacific; north to Great Slave Lake, Fort Resolution, -Fort Simpson, Fort Rae, etc.; Guatemala (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 19; breeding); Costa Rica -(<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, America, <abbr title="New York Lyceum Nine">N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 104); -Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Boston Proceedings Seven">B. P. VII</abbr>, 1859); -Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 65, 492); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 90; Fort Whipple); -Yucatan.</p> - -<p>There is some variation in the shade of red on the shoulders, which is -sometimes of the color of arterial blood or bright crimson. It never, however, -has the hæmatitic tint of the red in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. tricolor</i>. The middle coverts -are usually uniform brownish-yellow to the very tips; sometimes some of -these middle coverts are tipped at the end with black, but these black tips -are usually of slight extent, and indicate immaturity, or else a transition of -hybridism or race to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. gubernator</i>.</p> - -<p>There is also some variation in the size and proportions of the bill. The -most striking is in a series of three from the Red River Settlement, decidedly -larger than more southern ones (wings, 5.15; tail, 4.40). The bill is about -as long as that of Pennsylvania specimens, but much stouter, the thickness -at the base being considerably more than half the length of the culmen. -One specimen from San Elizario, Texas, has the bill of much the same size -and proportions.</p> - -<p>The male of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. assimilis</i> of Cuba cannot be distinguished from small-sized -males of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i> from the United States, the females, however, as in -nearly all West Indian <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, are uniform though rather dull black. This -we consider as simply a local variation of melanism, not indicating a specific -difference. A young male is similar, but with the lesser coverts red, tipped -with black. On the other extreme, streaked female and young birds from -Lower California, Arizona, and Western Mexico are much lighter than in -eastern birds, the chin, throat, jugulum, and superciliary stripe tinged with -a peculiar peach-blossom pink; not buff, sometimes tinged with orange.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The much abused and persecuted Redwinged Blackbird is found -throughout North America as far north as the 57th parallel, from the Atlantic -to the Pacific; and it breeds more or less abundantly wherever found, -from Florida and Texas to the plains of the Saskatchewan. According to -the observations of Mr. Salvin, it is resident all the year in Guatemala. It -breeds among the reeds at the lake of Dueñas, deferring its incubation until -the month of June. The females congregate in large flocks near the lake, -feeding about the swampy grass on the edge of the water, the males keeping -separate. At Orizaba, Mexico, Sumichrast regarded this species as only a -bird of passage.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific coast, it is only found, in any numbers, in Washington -Territory and in Oregon, about cultivated tracts. Dr. Cooper thinks that -none inhabit the bare and mountainous prairie regions east of the Cascade -Mountains. Small flocks wintered at Vancouver about stables and haystacks. -<!--183.png--><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 161]</span> -Dr. Suckley speaks of them as quite common west of the Cascade -Mountains, arriving from the South in March. In all the marshy places of -the entire West Mr. Ridgway met with this species and their nests in great -abundance. In all respects he found the western birds identical with the -eastern. Their nests were in low bushes in overflowed meadows.</p> - -<p>Donald Gunn found this species common in the Red River Settlements; -and Richardson met with them on the Saskatchewan, where they arrive in -May, but do not breed until the 20th of June.</p> - -<p>In New England this Blackbird is generally migratory, though instances -are on record where a few have been known to remain throughout the winter -in Massachusetts. They are among the earliest to arrive in spring, -coming, in company with the Rusty Grakle, as early as the 10th of March. -Those which remain to breed usually come a month later. They breed -throughout New England, as also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.</p> - -<p>It is equally abundant and resident in Arizona and Texas, and in the adjoining -portions of Mexico. On the Rio Grande, Mr. Dresser found it very -abundant, breeding on the banks of the rivers and streams. In the winter -season these birds are found in immense flocks in the lower parts of Virginia, -both the Carolinas, and all the Gulf States, particularly near the sea-coast -and among old fields of rice and grain. Wilson states that once, passing, in -January, through the lower counties of Virginia, he frequently witnessed -the aerial evolutions of great bodies of these birds. Sometimes they appeared -as if driven about like an enormous black cloud carried before the -wind, varying every moment in shape. Sometimes they rose up suddenly -from the fields with a noise like thunder, while the glittering of innumerable -wings of the brightest vermilion, amid the black cloud, occasioned a very -striking effect. At times the whole congregated multitude would suddenly -alight in some detached grove and commence one general concert, that he -could plainly distinguish at the distance of more than two miles, and when -listened to at a distance of a quarter of a mile, the flow of its cadences was -grand, and even sublime.</p> - -<p>He adds that with the Redwings the whole winter season seems one continued -carnival. They find abundant food in the old fields of rice, buckwheat, -and grain, and much of their time is spent in aerial movements, or -in grand vocal performances.</p> - -<p>Early in March these large assemblies break up. A part separate in -pairs and remain among the Southern swamps. The greater portion, in -smaller flocks, the male bird leading the way, commence their movements -northward. Late in April they have all re-established themselves in their -chosen haunts, have mated, and are preparing to make their nests. In Pennsylvania -this is done in May, in New England early in June, and farther -north a fortnight later. For their nest they invariably select either the -borders of streams or low marshy situations. These they usually place in -low bushes, such as grow in moist situations, among thick bunches of reeds, -<!--184.png--><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 162]</span> -or even on the ground. In one instance, in an island on the marshes of -Essex River, Mr. Maynard found these nests placed in trees twenty feet -from the ground. One nest was built on a slender sapling at the distance of -fourteen feet from the ground. The nest was pensile, like that of the -Baltimore Oriole. It was woven of bleached eel-grass.</p> - -<p>When built in a bush, the outer, basket-like frame of the nest is carefully -and strongly interwoven with, or fastened around, the adjacent twigs, and, -though somewhat rudely put together, is woven firmly and compactly. -Within this is packed a mass of coarse materials, with an inner nest of -sedges and grasses. The outer framework is usually made of rushes and -strong leaves of the iris. The male bird is a very attentive and watchful -parent, constantly on the lookout for the approach of danger, and prompt -to do all in his power to avert it, approaching close to the intruder, and -earnestly remonstrating against the aggression. If the nest is pillaged, -for several days he evinces great distress, and makes frequent lamentations, -but soon prepares to remedy the disaster. So tenacious are they of a selected -locality, that I have known the same pair to build three nests within -as many weeks in the same bush, after having been robbed twice. The -third time the pair succeeded in raising their brood.</p> - -<p>In New England these birds have but one brood in a season. Farther -south they are said to have three or more. In August they begin to collect -in small flocks largely composed of young birds. The latter do not reach -their full plumage until their third summer, but breed in their immature -plumage the summer following their appearance. When the Indian corn is -in the milk, these birds are said to collect in numbers, and to commit great -depredations upon it. As soon, however, as the corn hardens, they desist -from these attacks, and seek other food. In the grain-growing States they -gather in immense swarms and commit great havoc, and although they are -shot in immense numbers, and though their ranks are thinned by the attacks -of hawks, it seems to have but little effect upon the survivors. These -scenes of pillage are, for the most part, confined to the low sections, near -the sea-coast, and only last during a short period, when the corn is in a condition -to be eaten.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, these Blackbirds more than compensate the farmer for -these brief episodes of mischief, by the immense benefits they confer in the -destruction of grub-worms, caterpillars, and various kinds of larvæ, the -secret and deadly enemies of vegetation. During the months of March, -April, May, June, and July, their food is almost wholly insects, and during -that period the amount of their insect food, all of it of the most noxious -kinds, is perfectly enormous. These they both consume themselves and -feed to their young. Wilson estimated the number of insects destroyed -by these birds in a single season, in the United States, at twelve thousand -millions.</p> - -<p>The notes of this bird are very various and indescribable. The most -<!--185.png--><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 163]</span> -common one sounds like <i class="birdcall">con-cur-ee</i>. But there is also an almost endless -mingling of guttural, creaking, or clear utterances that defy description.</p> - -<p>Their eggs vary greatly in size; the largest measures 1.08 inches by .82 of -an inch, the smallest .90 by .65. They average about an inch in length and -.77 of an inch in breadth. They are oval in shape, have a light-bluish -ground, and are marbled, lined, and blotched with markings of light and -dark purple and black. These markings are almost wholly about the larger -end, and are very varying.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CRIMSON-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius gubernator</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -Isis, 1832, <span class="muchsmaller"><abbr title="four">IV</abbr></span>, 281. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 430.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 141.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 29, -<abbr title="plate 215">pl. ccxv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 86.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -529.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 53 -(nest).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, -1870, 263. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zanthornus</i>) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 187.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather shorter than the head, without any longitudinal sulci, but with -faint traces of transverse ones at the base of the lower jaw. Tail rounded. First quill -nearly equal to the fourth.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> Throughout of a lustrous velvety-black, with a greenish reflection. The lesser -coverts rich crimson; the middle coverts brownish-yellow at the base, but the exposed -portion black. Wing, 5.00; tail, 3.90; culmen, .90; tarsus, 1.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Nearly uniform dark slaty-brown; an indistinct superciliary stripe, an indication -of a maxillary stripe, and blended streaks on chin and throat delicate pale peach-blossom -pink, this on the jugulum interrupted by dusky streaks running in longitudinal -series; lesser wing-coverts tinged with dark wine-red. Wings with just appreciable -paler edges to the feathers. Wing, 4.20; tail, 3.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Province of United States, and Western Mexico, to Colima; Western -Nevada (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). ? Xalapa (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, 1859, 365).</p> - -<p>In the female and all the immature stages, the dusky beneath is largely -in excess of the light streaks; the superciliary light stripe is badly defined, -and there is no trace of a median light stripe on the crown. These characters -distinguish this race from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>; while the rounded instead of -square tail, and brown instead of pure white border to middle wing-coverts, -distinguish it from corresponding stages of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Crimson-shouldered Blackbird was first met with by Mr. -Townsend, on the Columbia River, where two specimens were obtained, -which were described by Mr. Audubon, in his Synopsis, in 1839. No information -in regard to its habits, distribution, or nesting, was obtained by either -Mr. Townsend or by his companion, Mr. Nuttall.</p> - -<p>This species, or local race, whichever it is considered, occurs from the Columbia -River south throughout California. It is given doubtingly as also -from the Colorado River, but Dr. Cooper was only able to detect there the -common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>. According to the observations of that careful naturalist, -<!--186.png--><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span> -this species is chiefly found in the warmer interior of California, Santa -Cruz being the only point on the coast where he has met with it. He -found it in scattered pairs, in May, throughout the Coast Range, even to -the summits, where there are small marshes full of rushes, in which they -build. He has not been able to detect any difference between the habits -and notes of this bird and the common Redwing. The fact that specimens -with entirely red shoulders seem limited to the middle of the State, or are -rare along the coast, while most of those on the coast closely resemble the -eastern bird, Dr. Cooper regards as suggestive of its being only a local race, -though said to occur also in Mexico.</p> - -<p>During the summer this species is said to emit a variety of sweet and -liquid notes, delivered from some tree near its favorite marsh. These are -also sometimes mingled with jingling and creaking sounds.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley, in his Report on the Zoölogy of Washington Territory, expresses -the opinion, that, although a specimen of this bird is reported as -having been taken by Townsend on the Columbia, it is very rarely found so -far north, as he never met with it in Washington Territory, and has never -been able to hear of any other specimen having been found there.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, in his Report on the birds observed in the survey of the -35th parallel, states that during the march along Bill Williams Fork, and -along the Great Colorado and the Mohave Rivers, this species was found quite -numerous. They were more abundant still along the creeks and swampy -grounds that were passed as they approached the settlements of California. -Large flocks could there be seen whirling around in graceful curves, like dark -clouds, chattering joyfully as they moved along, or settling as a black veil on -the topmost branches of some tree, indulging loudly in their harsh music.</p> - -<p>In his Report of the birds observed in the survey under Lieutenant Williamson, -Dr. Heermann mentions finding this species abundant, and, in the -fall season, as associated with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. tricolor</i>. Its nest he -found built in the willow bushes and tussocks of grass above the level of -the water, in the marshes. There were but a few pairs together, and in this -respect they differ from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>, which prefers dry situations near -water, and which congregate by thousands while breeding. The nest was -composed of mud and fine roots, and lined with fine grasses. The eggs, four -in number, he describes as pale blue, dashed with spots and lines of black.</p> - -<p>Neither this nor the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i> was detected by Dr. Coues in Arizona.</p> - -<p>These Blackbirds were found by Mr. Ridgway abundant in the marshy -regions of California, but they were rarely met with east of the Sierra Nevada. -A few individuals were collected in Nevada in the valley of the -Truckee. A few pairs were found breeding among the <i class="birdcall">tulé</i> sloughs and -marshes. The nests found in the Truckee Reservations were built in low -bushes in wet meadows.</p> - -<p>A nest procured by Dr. Cooper from the summit of the Coast Range was -built of grass and rushes, and lined with finer grass. The eggs are described -<!--187.png--><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 165]</span> -as pale greenish-white, with large curving streaks and spots of dark brown, -mostly at the large end. They are said to measure one inch by .75 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Eggs of this variety in my cabinet, taken in California by Dr. Heermann, -are of a rounded-oval shape, nearly equally obtuse at either end, and varying -in length from .90 of an inch to an inch, and in breadth from .70 to .80. -Their ground-color is a light blue, fading into a bluish-white, marked only -around the larger end with waving lines of dark brown, much lighter in -shade than the markings of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i> usually are.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED AND WHITE SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus tricolor</i>, “<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,” -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, -<abbr title="One, plate 388">I, pl. ccclxxxviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 186. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -141.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, -1842, 27, <abbr title="plate 214">pl. ccxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, -S, 53 (nest).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 530.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 265.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail nearly even. Second and third quills longest; first a little shorter -than the fourth. Bill slender, not half as high as long.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> General color uniform lustrous velvet-black, with a strong silky-bluish reflection. -Shoulders and lesser wing-coverts brownish-red, of much the color of venous -blood; the median coverts of a well-defined and nearly pure white, with sometimes a -brownish tinge. Wing, 4.90; tail, 3.70; culmen, .97; tarsus, 1.13.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> General color dusky slaty-brown, faintly variegated on head also by lighter -streaks; middle wing-coverts broadly and sharply bordered with pure white. An -obsolete superciliary and maxillary stripe of grayish-white. Beneath grayish-white for -anterior half, with narrow streaks of dusky, this color gradually prevailing posteriorly, -the sides, flanks, and crissum being nearly uniform dusky. Wing, 4.25; tail, 3.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Province of United States, from Columbia River southward, not yet -found out of California and Oregon.</p> - -<p>Immature males sometimes have the white on the wing tinged with -brownish-yellow, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus</i>. The red, however, has the usual -brownish-orange shade so much darker and duller than the brilliantly scarlet -shoulders of the other species, and the black has that soft bluish lustre -peculiar to the species. The relationships generally between the two species -are very close, but the bill, as stated, is slenderer and more sulcate in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>, -the tail much more nearly even; the first primary longer, usually nearly -equal to or longer than the fourth, instead of the fifth.</p> - -<p>Two strong features of coloration distinguish the female and immature -stages of this species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>. They are, first, the soft -bluish gloss of the males, both adult and immature; and secondly, the clear -white and broad, not brown and narrow, borders to the middle wing-coverts.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red and White shouldered Blackbird was seen by Mr. -Ridgway among the <i class="birdcall">tulé</i> in the neighborhood of Sacramento City, where it -was very abundant, associating with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i>, and -the Yellow-headed Blackbird. The conspicuous white stripe on the wings -<!--188.png--><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 166]</span> -of this bird renders it easily recognizable from the other species, where they -are all seen together. Mr. Ridgway is of the opinion that the notes of the -white-shouldered species differ very considerably from those of the two other -Blackbirds.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this a very abundant bird in California. He states -that during the winter of 1852, when hunting in the marshes of Suisan -Valley, he had often, on hearing a dull, rushing, roaring noise, found that it -was produced by a single flock of this species, numbering so many thousands -as to darken the sky for some distance by their masses. In the northern -part of California he met with a breeding-place of this species that occupied -several acres, covered with alder-bushes and willow, and was in the immediate -vicinity of water. The nests, often four or five in the same bush, were -composed of mud and straw, and lined with fine grasses. The eggs he describes -as dark blue, marked with lines and spots of dark umber and a few -light purple dashes. Dr. Heermann, at different times, fell in with several -other breeding-places of this species, similarly situated, but they had all -been abandoned, from which he inferred that each year different grounds -are resorted to by these birds for the purposes of incubation.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly obtained a specimen of this bird on the Colorado River, in -California, December, 1854. Dr. Cooper is of the opinion that it is, nevertheless, -a rare species in that valley. The latter found them the most abundant -species near San Diego and Los Angeles, and not rare at Santa Barbara. -North of the last place they pass more into the interior, and extend up as -far as Klamath Lake and Southern Oregon.</p> - -<p>They are to be seen in considerable flocks even in the breeding-season. -Their song, Dr. Cooper states, is not so loud and is more guttural than are -those of the other species. Their habits are otherwise very similar, and they -associate, in fall and winter, in immense flocks in the interior, though often -also found separate.</p> - -<p>These birds were first obtained by Mr. Nuttall near Santa Barbara, in the -month of April. They were very common there, as well as at Monterey. -He observed no difference in their habits from those of the common Redwing, -except that they occurred in much larger flocks and kept apart from -that species. They were seldom seen, except in the near suburbs of the -towns. At that time California was in the possession of Mexico, and its -inhabitants were largely occupied in the slaughter of wild cattle for the sake -of the hides. Mr. Nuttall found these birds feeding almost exclusively on -the maggots of the flesh-flies generated in the offal thus created. They were -in large whirling flocks, and associated with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothri</i>, the Grakles, the -Redwings, and the Yellow-headed Blackbirds. They kept up an incessant -chatter and a discordant, confused warble, much more harsh and guttural -than even the notes of the Cow Blackbird.</p> - -<p>Two eggs of this species, obtained by Dr. Heermann in California, and -now in my cabinet, measuring an inch in length by .67 of an inch in breadth, -<!--189.png--><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 167]</span> -are more oblong in shape than the preceding, but nearly equally obtuse at -either end. They are similar in ground-color to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>, but are of a -slightly deeper shade of blue, and are marked around one end with a ring -of dark slaty-brown, almost black, lines, and irregular oblong blotches.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XANTHOCEPHALUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 431. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus icterocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_189.jpg" - width="300" height="173" - alt="Illustration: Xanthocephalus icterocephalus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">3912</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill conical, the length about twice the height; the outlines nearly -straight. Claws all very long; much curved; the inner lateral the longest, reaching -beyond the middle of the middle claw. Tail narrow, nearly even, the outer web scarcely -widening to the end. Wings long, much longer than the tail; the first quill longest.</p> - -<p>This genus differs from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i> in much longer and more curved -claws, even tail, and first quill longest, instead of the longest being the -second, third, or fourth. The yellow head and black body are also strong -marks.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus icterocephalus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, -1825, 27, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> -Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 176.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>, -(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 187 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus icterocephalus</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius icterocephalus</i>, -<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 188. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Five, two, February">J. A. N. Sc. V, -<span class="muchsmaller">II</span>, Feb.</abbr> 1826, 222.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1828, 52. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus xanthocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, -1839, 6, <abbr title="plate 388">pl. ccclxxxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius xanthocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, -281.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 140.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 24, <abbr title="plate 213">pl. -ccxiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey, Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. and Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, -86.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, -1858, 361.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 52 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius longipes</i>, -<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 436. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius perspicillatus</i>, “<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>” <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -Isis, 1829. <abbr title="seven"><span class="muchsmaller">VII</span></abbr>, 753. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus perspicillatus</i>, “<abbr title="Lichtenstein in Museum"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> in Mus.</abbr>” -<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, as above. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus perspicillatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 431. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus frenatus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> -Isis, 1843, 59.—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, in Kroyer’s Tidskrift, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vidensk. Meddel.</abbr> for -1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Mexican Birds Two">M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, -18; <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 531.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 267.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--190.png--><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 168]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -First quill nearly as long as the second and third (longest), decidedly longer -than the fourth. Tail rounded, or slightly graduated. General color black, including the -inner surface of wings and axillaries, base of lower mandible all round, feathers adjacent -to nostrils, lores, upper eyelids, and remaining space around the eye. The head and neck -all round; the forepart of the breast, extending some distance down on the median line, -and a somewhat hidden space round the anus, yellow. A conspicuous white patch at the -base of the wing formed by the spurious -feathers, interrupted by the black alula.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_190.jpg" - width="250" height="269" - alt="Illustration: Xanthocephalus icterocephalus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> smaller, browner; the yellow confined -to the under parts and sides of the head, -and a superciliary line. A dusky maxillary -line. No white on the wing. Length of male, -10 inches; wing, 5.60; tail, 4.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western America from Texas, Illinois, -Wisconsin, and North Red River, to California, -south into Mexico; Greenland (<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>); -Cuba (<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal Seven">J. VII</abbr>, 1859, 350); Massachusetts -(<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, D. C. <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> 1870, 122); -Volusia, Florida (<abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr>); Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>The color of the yellow in this species -varies considerably; sometimes being -almost of a lemon-yellow, sometimes of -a rich orange. There is an occasional trace of yellow around the base of the -tarsus. Immature males show every gradation between the colors of the -adult male and female.</p> - -<p>A very young bird (4,332, Dane <abbr title="County, Wisconsin">Co., Wis.</abbr>) is dusky above, with feathers -of the dorsal region broadly tipped with ochraceous, lesser and middle wing-coverts -white tinged with fulvous, dusky below the surface, greater coverts -very broadly tipped with fulvous-white; primary coverts narrowly tipped -with the same. Whole lower parts unvariegated fulvous-white; head all -round plain ochraceous, deepest above.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-headed Blackbird is essentially a prairie bird, and is -found in all favorable localities from Texas on the south to Illinois and -Wisconsin, and thence to the Pacific. A single specimen is recorded as having -been taken in Greenland. This was September 2, 1820, at Nenortalik. -Recently the Smithsonian Museum has received a specimen from New -Smyrna, in Florida. In October, 1869, a specimen of this bird was taken -in Watertown, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, and Mr. Cassin mentions the capture of several -near Philadelphia. These erratic appearances in places so remote from their -centres of reproduction, and from their route in emigration, sufficiently attest -the nomadic character of this species.</p> - -<p>They are found in abundance in all the grassy meadows or rushy marshes of -Illinois and Wisconsin, where they breed in large communities. In swamps -overgrown with tall rushes, and partially overflowed, they construct their -nests just above the water, and build them around the stems of these water-plants, -where they are thickest, in such a manner that it is difficult to -<!--191.png--><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 169]</span> -discover them, except by diligent search, aided by familiarity with their -habits.</p> - -<p>In Texas Mr. Dresser met with a few in the fall, and again in April he -found the prairies covered with these birds. For about a week vast flocks -remained about the town, after which they suddenly disappeared, and no -more were seen.</p> - -<p>In California, Dr. Cooper states that they winter in large numbers in the -middle districts, some wandering to the Colorado Valley and to San Diego. -They nest around Santa Barbara, and thence northward, and are very abundant -about Klamath Lake. They associate with the other Blackbirds, but -always keep in separate companies. They are very gregarious, even in -summer.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that the only song the male attempts consists of a few -hoarse, chuckling notes and comical squeakings, uttered as if it was a great -effort to make any sound at all.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues speaks of it as less numerous in Arizona than at most other -localities where found at all. He speaks of it as a summer resident, but in -this I think he may have been mistaken.</p> - -<p>In Western Iowa Mr. Allen saw a few, during the first week in July, -about the grassy ponds near Boonesboro’. He was told that they breed in -great numbers, north and east of that section, in the meadows of the Skunk -River country. He also reports them as breeding in large numbers in the -Calumet marshes of Northern Illinois.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson found these birds very numerous in the interior of -the fur countries, ranging in summer as far to the north as the 58th parallel, -but not found to the eastward of Lake Winnipeg. They reached the Saskatchewan -by the 20th of May, in greater numbers than the Redwings.</p> - -<p>Through California, as well as in the interior, Mr. Ridgway found the -Yellow-headed Blackbird a very abundant species, even exceeding in numbers -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus</i>, occurring in the marshes filled with rushes. This -species he found more gregarious than the Redwing, and frequently their -nests almost filled the rushes of their breeding-places. Its notes he describes -as harsher than those of any other bird he is acquainted with. Yet they -are by no means disagreeable, while frequently their attempts at a song -were really amusing. Their usual note is a deep <i class="birdcall">cluck</i>, similar to that of -most Blackbirds, but of a rather deeper tone. In its movements upon the -ground its gait is firm and graceful, and it may frequently be seen walking -about over the grassy flats, in small companies, in a manner similar to the -Cow Blackbird, which, in its movements, it greatly resembles. It nests in -the sloughs, among the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tulé</i>, and the maximum number of its eggs is four.</p> - -<p>Mr. W. J. McLaughlin of Centralia, Kansas, writes (American Naturalist, -<abbr title="Three, page">III, p.</abbr> 493) that these birds arrive in that region about the first of May, and -all disappear about the 10th of June. He does not think that any breed -there. During their stay they make themselves very valuable to the farmers -<!--192.png--><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 170]</span> -by destroying the swarms of young grasshoppers. On the writer’s land the -grasshoppers had deposited their eggs by the million. As they began to -hatch, the Yellow-heads found them out, and a flock of about two hundred -attended about two acres each day, roving over the entire lot as wild -pigeons feed, the rear ones flying to the front as the insects were devoured.</p> - -<p>Mr. Clark met with these birds at New Leon, Mexico. They were always -in flocks, mingled with two or three of its congeneric species. They were -found more abundant near the coast than in the interior. There was a roost -of these birds on an island in a lagoon near Fort Brown. Between sunset -and dark these birds could be seen coming from all quarters. For about an -hour they kept up a constant chattering and changing of place. Another -similar roost was on an island near the mouth of the Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly found them very common near Janos and also near Santa -Cruz, in Sonora. At the former place they were seen in the month of April -in large flocks. He describes them as quite domestic in their habits, preferring -the immediate vicinity of the houses, often feeding with the domestic -fowls in the yards.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that these birds collect in flocks of many thousands -with the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>, and on the approach of spring separate into -smaller bands, resorting in May to large marshy districts in the valleys, -where they incubate. Their nests he found attached to the upright stalks -of the reeds, and woven around them, of flexible grasses, differing essentially -from the nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaii</i> in the lightness of their material. The -eggs, always four in number, he describes as having a ground of pale ashy-green, -thickly covered with minute dots of a light umber-brown.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that on the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, during his western tour, he saw -these birds in great abundance, associated with the Cowbird. They kept -wholly on the ground, in companies, the sexes separated by themselves. -They were digging into the earth with their bills in search of insects and -larvæ. They were very active, straddling about with a quaint gait, and now -and then whistling out, with great effort, a chuckling note, sounding like -<i class="birdcall">ko-kuk kie-ait</i>. Their music was inferior even to the harsh notes of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. -pecoris</i>.</p> - -<p>Several nests of this species, procured in the marshes on the banks of -Lake Koskonong, in Southern Wisconsin, were sent me by Mr. Kumlien; -they were all light, neat, and elegant structures, six inches in diameter and -four in height. The cavity had a diameter of three and a depth of two and -a half inches. The base, periphery, and the greater portion of these nests -were made of interwoven grasses and sedges. The grasses were entire, with -their panicles on. They were impacted together in masses. The inner portions -of these nests were made of finer materials of the same. They were -placed in the midst of large, overflowed marshes, and were attached to tall -flags, usually in the midst of clumps of the latter, and these were so close -in their growth that the nests were not easily discovered. They contained, -<!--193.png--><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 171]</span> -usually, from five to six eggs. These are of an oblong-oval shape, and -measure 1.02 inches in length by .70 of an inch in breadth. Their ground-color -is of a pale greenish-white, profusely covered with blotches and finer -dottings of drab, purplish-brown, and umber.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">STURNELLA</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i>, -<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda magna</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_193a.jpg" - width="300" height="191" - alt="Illustration: Sturnella magna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1303</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_193b.jpg" - width="250" height="183" - alt="Illustration: Sturnella magna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Body thick, stout; legs large, toes reaching beyond the tail. Tail short, -even, with narrow acuminate feathers. Bill slender, elongated; length about three times -the height; commissure straight from the basal angle. Culmen flattened basally, extending -backwards and parting the frontal feathers; longer than the head, but shorter -than tarsus. Nostrils linear, covered by an incumbent membranous scale. Inner lateral -toe longer than the outer, -but not reaching to basal -joint of middle; hind toe a -little shorter than the middle, -which is equal to the tarsus. -Hind claw nearly twice as -long as the middle. Feathers -of head stiffened and bristly; -the shafts of those above -extended into a black seta. -Tertials nearly equal to the -primaries. Feathers above all -transversely banded. Beneath -yellow, with a black -pectoral crescent.</p> - -<p>The only species which we can admit is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. magna</i>, though under this -name we group several geographical races. They may be distinguished as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--194.png--><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 172]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. magna.</b> Above brownish, or grayish, spotted and barred with black; -crown divided by a median whitish stripe; side of the head whitish, with a -blackish streak along upper edge of the auriculars. Beneath more or less -yellowish, with a more or less distinct dusky crescent on the jugulum. Sides, -flanks, and crissum whitish, streaked with dusky; lateral tail-feathers partly -white. <i class="age">Adult.</i> Supraloral spot, chin, throat, breast, and abdomen deep gamboge-yellow; -pectoral crescent deep black. <i class="age">Young.</i> The yellow only indicated; -pectoral crescent obsolete. Length, about 9.00 to 10.50 inches. Sexes similar -in color, but female much smaller.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> In spring birds, the lateral stripes of the vertex either continuous black, -or with black largely predominating; the black spots on the back extending -to the tip of the feather, or, if not, the brown tip not barred (except in -winter dress). Yellow of the throat confined between the maxillæ, or -just barely encroaching upon their lower edge. White of sides, flanks, and -crissum strongly tinged with ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Pectoral crescent much more than half an inch wide.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 4.50 to 5.00; culmen, 1.20 to 1.50; tarsus, 1.35 to 1.55; -middle toe, 1.10 to 1.26 (extremes of a series of four adult males). -Lateral stripe of the crown continuously black; black predominating -on back and rump (heavy stripes on ochraceous ground). -Light brown serrations on tertials and tail-feathers reaching nearly -to the shaft (sometimes the terminal ones uninterrupted, isolating -the black bars). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 3.75 to 4.30; culmen, 1.15 to 1.30; tarsus, 1.50 to 1.75; -middle toe, 1.10 to 1.25. (Ten adult males!) Colors similar, but -with a greater predominance of black; black heavily prevailing on -back and rump, and extending to tip of feathers; also predominates -on tertials and tail-feathers. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Central -America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_31" id="fnanchor_31"></a><a href="#footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 4.45; culmen, 1.62; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, 1.20. (One -specimen). Colors exactly as in last. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_32" id="fnanchor_32"></a><a href="#footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Pectoral crescent much less than half an inch wide.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 3.90 to 4.10; culmen, 1.25 to 1.35; tarsus, 1.40 to 1.55; -middle toe, 1.00 to 1.20. (Three adult males.) Colors generally -similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>, but crown decidedly streaked, though black -predominates; ground-color above less reddish than in either of -the preceding, with markings as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>. Pectoral crescent about -.25 in breadth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_33" id="fnanchor_33"></a><a href="#footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> In spring birds, crown about equally streaked with black and grayish; -black spots of back occupying only basal half of feathers, the terminal -portion being grayish-brown, with narrow bars of black; feathers of the -rump with whole exposed portion thus barred. Yellow of the throat -extending over the maxillæ nearly to the angle of the mouth.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 4.40 to 5.05; culmen, 1.18 to 1.40; tarsus, 1.30 to 1.45. -(Six adult males.) A grayish-brown tint prevailing above; lesser -<!--195.png--><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 173]</span> -wing-coverts concolor with the wings (instead of very decidedly -more bluish); black bars of tertials and tail-feathers clean, narrow, -and isolated. White of sides, flanks, and crissum nearly pure. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western United States and Western Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i></span>.</p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, the feathers of the pectoral crescent are generally -black to the base, their roots being grayish-white; one specimen of the -former, however, from North Carolina, has the roots of the feathers yellow, -forbidding the announcement of this as a distinguishing character; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i> -may have the bases of these feathers either yellow or grayish; while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i> -has only the tips of the feathers black, the whole concealed portion -being bright yellow.</p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, there is more of an approach to an orange tint in the yellow -than is usually seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>, but specimens from Georgia have a tint not -distinguishable; in both, however, as well as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i>, there is a deeper -yellow than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, in which the tint is more citreous.</p> - -<p>As regards the bars on tertials and tail, there is considerable variation. -Sometimes in either of the species opposed to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> by this character -there is a tendency to their isolation, seen in the last few toward the ends -of the feathers; but never is there an approach to that regularity seen in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, in which they are isolated uniformly everywhere they occur. Two -specimens only (54,064 California and 10,316 Pembina) in the entire series -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> show a tendency to a blending of these bars on the tail.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Magna</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i>, are most similar in coloration; -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> is most dissimilar compared with any of the others. Though -each possesses peculiar characters, they are only of degree; for in the most -widely different forms (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>) there is not the slightest -departure from the pattern of coloration; it is only a matter of extension or -restriction of the several colors, or a certain one of them, that produces the -differences.</p> - -<p>Each modification of plumage is attended by a still greater one of proportions, -as will be seen from the diagnoses; thus, though <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> is the -largest of the group, it has actually the smallest legs and feet; with nearly -the same general proportions, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i> exceeds it in the latter respects -(especially in the bill), while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, a very much smaller bird than -either, has disproportionally and absolutely larger legs and feet united with -the smallest size otherwise in the whole series. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meridionalis</i> presents no -differences from the last, except in proportions of bill and feet; for while -the latter is the smallest of the series, next to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, it has a bill much -exceeding that of any other.</p> - -<p>The markings of the upper plumage of the young or even winter birds -are different in pattern from those of the adult; the tendency being toward -the peculiar features of the adult <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>; the various species in these -stages being readily distinguishable, however, by the general characters -assigned. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mexicana</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> are both in proportions and colors the -<!--196.png--><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 174]</span> -most widely different in the whole series; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> the -most similar. The relation of the several races to each other is about as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Yellow of throat confined within maxillæ.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Crown with black streaks predominating.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Smallest species, with reddish tints, and maximum amount of black.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Largest bill<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Smallest bill; largest feet<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Next largest species, with less reddish tints, and smaller amount of -black. Bill and feet the standard of comparison<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Crown with the light streaks predominating.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Narrowest pectoral crescent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Yellow of throat covering maxillæ.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Crown with black and light streaks about equal.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Largest species, with grayish tints, and minimum amount of black.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Smallest feet<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEADOW LARK; OLD FIELD LARK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda magna</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1758, 167, <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda magna</i>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, -<abbr title="table">tab.</abbr> 33).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>, (12th <abbr title="editon">ed.</abbr>,) -1766, 289.—<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, -801.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, -1811, 20, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Doughty</span>, -<abbr title="Cabinet One">Cab. I</abbr>, 1830, 85, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. <span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 436.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 535.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 343. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus -ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 290.—<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 802.—<abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, -1790, 323.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> -1825, 130.—<abbr title="Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 165.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 216; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 492, <abbr title="plate 136">pl. cxxxvi</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 282.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 147.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 429.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 148.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 70, -<abbr title="plate 223">pl. ccxxiii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 192.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 288. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella -collaris</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> Analyse, -1816.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Galerie des <abbr title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr></span> -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824, 134, <abbr title="plate 90">pl. xc</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus -collaris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> -1827, 1.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Isis, -1831, 527. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus alaudarius</i>, -<span class="sc">Daudin</span>,” <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -The feathers above dark brown, margined with brownish-white, and with -a terminal blotch of pale reddish-brown. Exposed portions of wings and tail with dark -brown bars, which on the middle tail-feathers are confluent along the shaft. Beneath -yellow, with a black pectoral crescent, the yellow not extending on the side of the -maxilla; sides, crissum, and tibiæ pale reddish-brown, streaked with blackish. A light -median and superciliary stripe, the latter yellow anterior to the eye; a black line behind. -<i class="sex">Female</i> smaller and duller. <i class="age">Young</i> with pectoral crescent replaced by streaks; the yellow -of under surface replaced more or less by ochraceous or pale fulvous. Length, 10.60; -wing, 5.00; tail, 3.70; bill above, 1.35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the high Central Plains, north to Southern British -Provinces. England (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 176).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The eastern form of the Meadow Lark is found in all the eastern -portions of the United States, from Florida to Texas at the south, and from -Nova Scotia to the Missouri at the north. Richardson met with it on the -<!--197.png--><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 175]</span> -Saskatchewan, where it arrives about the first of May. In a large portion -of the United States it is resident, or only partially migratory.</p> - -<p>In Maine this species is not abundant. A few are found in Southern -Maine, even as far to the east as Calais, where it is very rare. It was not -found in Oxford County by Mr. Verrill. In New Hampshire and Vermont, -especially in the southern portions, it is much more abundant. Throughout -Massachusetts it is a common summer visitant, a few remaining all winter, -the greater number coming in March and leaving again in November, at -which time they seem to be somewhat, though only partially, gregarious. -South of Massachusetts it becomes more generally resident, and is only very -partially migratory, where the depth of snow compels them to seek food -elsewhere. Wilson states that he met a few of these birds in the month -of February, during a deep snow, among the heights of the Alleghanies, -near Somerset, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr></p> - -<p>The favorite resorts of this species are old fields, pasture-lands, and meadows, -localities in which they can best procure the insects, largely coleopterous, -and the seeds on which they feed. They are not found in woods or -thickets, or only in very exceptional cases.</p> - -<p>In New England they are shy, retiring birds, and are rarely seen in the -neighborhood of houses; but in Georgia and South Carolina, Wilson found -them swarming among the rice plantations, and running about in the yards -and the out-buildings, in company with the Killdeer Plovers, with little -or no appearance of fear, and as if domesticated.</p> - -<p>In Alabama and West Florida, Mr. Nuttall states, the birds abound during -the winter months, and may be seen in considerable numbers in the salt -marshes, seeking their food and the shelter of the sea-coast. They are then -in loose flocks of from ten to thirty. At this season many are shot and -brought to market. By some their flesh is said to be sweet and good; but -this is denied by Audubon, who states it to be tough and of unpleasant flavor.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sclater records the occurrence of one or more individuals of this -species in England.</p> - -<p>The song of the eastern Meadow Lark is chiefly distinguished for its -sweetness more than any other excellence. When, in spring, at the height -of their love-season, they alight on the post of a fence, a bush, or tree, or -any other high object, they will give utterance to notes that, in sweetness -and tenderness of expression, are surpassed by very few of our birds. But -they are wanting in variety and power, and are frequently varied, but not -improved, by the substitution of chattering call-notes, which are much inferior -in quality. It is noticeable that at the West there is a very great improvement -in the song of this bird as compared with that of their more -eastern kindred, though still very far from equalling, either in volume, -variety, or power, the remarkable song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>.</p> - -<p>In the fall of the year these birds collect in small companies, and feed -together in the same localities, but keeping, individually, somewhat apart.</p> - -<p><!--198.png--><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 176]</span> -In New England these birds mate during the latter part of April, and -construct their nests in May. They always place their nest on the ground, -usually in the shelter of a thick tuft of grass, and build a covered passage -to their hidden nest. This entrance is usually formed of withered grass, -and so well conceals the nest that it can only be detected by flushing the -female from it, or by the anxiety of her mate, who will frequently fly round -the spot in so narrow a circuit as to betray its location.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Meadow Lark vary greatly in size and also in their markings, -though the general character of the latter is the same. The smallest, -from Florida, measure .95 by .68 of an inch. The largest, from Massachusetts, -measure 1.20 inches by .90. They have a white ground, marked and -dotted with irregular reddish-brown spots. Generally these are equally -distributed, but occasionally are chiefly about the larger end. Their shape -is oval, nearly equally rounded at either end.</p> - -<p>The diversity in the characteristics of the eggs of this species has not unfrequently -occasioned remarks, and even suggested conjectures as to specific -differences. They are all, however, reconcilable with differences in the age -of the parents, and are, to some extent, affected by the circumstances under -which they are deposited. The eggs of old, mature birds, deposited in the -early summer, or the first brood, are usually sub-globular or obtusely pointed -at either end, large in size, and irregularly sprinkled over with fine bright -red dots. Younger birds, breeding for the first time, birds that have been -robbed of their eggs, or those depositing a third set, have smaller eggs, sometimes -two thirds of the maximum size, more oblong and more pointed at one -end, and are marked, at the larger end only, with plashes of dark purplish-brown.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN LARK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella neglecta</i>, -<abbr title="Oregon Route; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, Four">Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 86.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 537.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, -S, 54.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 208.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, -1870, 270. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sturnella hippocrepis</i>, -(<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,) <span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1853, 269, Suisun.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers above dark brown, margined with brownish-white, with a terminal -blotch of pale reddish-brown. Exposed portion of wings and tail with transverse -bands, which, in the latter, are completely isolated from each other, narrow and linear. -Beneath yellow, with a black pectoral crescent. The yellow of the throat extending on -the sides of the maxilla. Sides, crissum, and tibiæ very pale reddish-brown, or nearly -white, streaked with blackish. Head with a light median and superciliary stripe, the -latter yellow in front of the eye; a blackish line behind it. The transverse bars on the -feathers above (less so on the tail) with a tendency to become confluent near the exterior -margin. Length, 10 inches; wing, 5.25; tail, 3.25; bill, 1.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western America from high Central Plains to the Pacific; east to Pembina, -and perhaps to Wisconsin, on the north (Iowa, Allen), and Texas on the south; western -Mexico, south to Colima.</p> - -<!--199.png--><!--Plate 34--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_34.jpg" - width="auto" height="100%" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="34">XXXIV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-1" id="pl_34-1"></a><img src="images/pl_34-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella neglecta</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53592.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-2" id="pl_34-2"></a><img src="images/pl_34-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1303.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-3" id="pl_34-3"></a><img src="images/pl_34-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center"><a name="note10" id="note10"></a>3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Bridger, 11282.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-4" id="pl_34-4"></a><img src="images/pl_34-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Louisiana">La.</abbr>, 4286.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-5" id="pl_34-5"></a><img src="images/pl_34-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</span>. - <abbr title="male symbol juvenile">♂ <i class="juvenile">juv.</i></abbr> - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1437.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-6" id="pl_34-6"></a><img src="images/pl_34-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 150.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_34-7" id="pl_34-7"></a><img src="images/pl_34-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</span>. - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3900.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--200.png--><!--blank page--> -<p><!--201.png--><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 177]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The differences of plumage between this species and our eastern -Meadow Lark are so slight that we might hesitate to allow the existence of -any specific distinctness between the two forms, were it not for the very -strongly marked differences between them in other respects. Whether we -regard them as races or as different species, their history diverges as we cross -the Missouri River, though both are found on either bank.</p> - -<p>The existence of this variety was first made known by Messrs. Lewis and -Clark, in their memorable expedition to the Rocky Mountains. They refer -especially to the difference, in the notes, between this bird and the old Field -Lark of the east. It remained unnoticed by our ornithologists until 1844, -when Mr. Audubon included it in the appendix to his seventh volume. He -met with it in his voyage to the Yellowstone, and it would have escaped his -notice had not the attention of his party been called to its curious notes. -In its flight, manners on the ground, or general habits, he could perceive no -difference between it and the common species. None of its nests that he -found were covered over, in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>, and the eggs were -differently marked.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, in his interesting paper on the birds observed in Western -Iowa, while he does not admit any specific difference between these two -forms, presents with impartial exactness the very striking dissimilarity between -them, both in habits and in song. In regard to the diversity in habits -we quote his words:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="blockquote">“At the little village of Denison, where I first noticed it in song, it was -particularly common, and half domestic in its habits, preferring the streets -and grassy lanes, and the immediate vicinity of the village, to the remoter -prairie. Here, wholly unmolested and unsuspicious, it collected its food; -and the males, from their accustomed perches on the housetops, daily warbled -their wild songs for hours together.” These traits of familiarity, so totally -different from anything ever observed in our eastern birds, he does not concede, -however, as establishing necessarily specific difference. Yet he does admit -that its song was so new to him that he did not at first have the slightest -suspicion that its utterer was the western Meadow Lark, as he found it to be. -He adds: “It differs from that of the Meadow Lark in the Eastern States, -in the notes being louder and wilder, and at the same time more liquid, mellower, -and far sweeter. They have a pensiveness and a general character -remarkably in harmony with the half-dreamy wildness of the primitive -prairie, as though the bird had received from its surroundings their peculiar -impress. It differs, too, in the less frequency of the harsh, complaining -chatter so conspicuous in the eastern bird.”</p> - -<p>The value of these marked differences, both in song and character, between -the eastern and western birds, we will not argue, but will only add that they -are none too strikingly presented by Mr. Allen. During the writer’s brief -visit to the Plains he was strongly impressed by the natural, confiding -trustfulness of this species and its wonderful beauty of song, both in -<!--202.png--><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span> -such remarkable contrast with the habits of our eastern birds. At Antelope -Station a pair of these birds had built their nest under the window of the -office, and seemed to enjoy the society of the family, while the depot-master, -familiar with the song and habits of our eastern birds, appreciated the great -differences between the two forms, and called my attention to them.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen also found this Lark everywhere abundant in Colorado, but its -notes appeared to him quite different from those of the representatives of -this species living to the eastward, in the prairie States, being less varied -and ringing, and more guttural.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper says this bird is abundant in California, and resident nearly -throughout the entire State, breeding in the Colorado Valley and in all other -districts not quite waterless. Their songs are lively, sweet, and varied. -They sing at all seasons, early and late, from the ground, from the tree-top, -or in the air, and when unmolested are so tame as to make the house-top -their favorite perch. Even the female has considerable musical power, and -cheers her mate by singing to him while he relieves her by sitting on the -eggs. She also has a harsh, petulant chirp, frequently repeated as if in -anger. He states that they build their nest in a slight depression under a -bunch of grass, and usually more or less arched over and artfully concealed. -The female, when flushed, usually skulks off some distance before she flies. -The eggs he describes as white, with a few large purplish-brown blotches and -dots towards the larger end, and measuring 1.15 inches by .85. They are -very obtuse in shape.</p> - -<p>They feed chiefly on insects, seeds, and grain, do no damage to the crops, -and destroy a vast number of noxious insects.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this bird common everywhere in Oregon and Washington -Territory, some remaining throughout every winter. In 1855 a few -were seen at Fort Dalles as early as March 5. On the 7th he found them -quite abundant on the ploughed fields near Fort Vancouver. Some of these -had probably remained all the winter. In February, 1856, he found them -quite abundant at Fort Steilacoom. At Fort Dalles, by the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, he -obtained young birds nearly fledged.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found it very common during winter near San Antonio, where -a few remain to breed.</p> - -<p>In Arizona, according to Dr. Coues, it is resident, but quite rare.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch found these birds from the Rio Grande to the high -bottoms of the Lower Bolson de Mapimi. Its notes he speaks of as highly -musical, contending even with the Mocking Bird for a supremacy in song.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found the western Meadow Lark one of the most abundant -and characteristic birds of California and all fertile portions of the interior -as far east as the Missouri, and remarks that, although closely resembling the -eastern bird in appearance, its song is totally different, not a note uttered -by it having more than a very distant resemblance to any of the well-known -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i> of the eastern meadows. In the depth of its tone and the charms -<!--203.png--><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 179]</span> -of its articulation its song is hardly excelled, resembling very nearly the -song of the Wood Thrush. Mr. Ridgway describes its modulations as expressed -by the syllables <i class="birdcall">tung-tung-tungah-til’lah-til’lah-tung</i>, each note powerful -and distinct. The difference between the other notes of the two birds -is still greater than in their song, and even in character these are not alike. -In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> the call-note of watchfulness or alarm is a loud, deep-toned -<i class="birdcall">tuck</i>, similar to the <i class="birdcall">chuck</i> of the Blackbird, but much louder and more metallic. -That of sympathy for the young, or anxiety when the nest is approached, is -a loud, liquid <i class="birdcall">tyur</i>, slightly resembling the complaining note of the eastern -Bluebird, and also of the Orchard Oriole. All of its notes are of a power -corresponding to the size of the bird.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway also notices important differences in their flight. That of -the eastern species is carried on by an occasional spasmodic beat or jerk of -the wings, which are then extended, the bird sailing a short distance. The -flight of the western Lark is much more irregular, the bird flitting along by -a trembling flutter of the wings, never assuming these peculiar features.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, collected by Dr. Cooper in Washington Territory, -June 19, 1856, measures 1.20 inches in length and .86 in breadth. It is of -an oblong-oval shape, obtuse; the ground white, sparingly spotted with a -very dark purple, most of the markings being at the larger end. Three eggs -from Arizona, collected by Dr. Palmer, measure 1.10 inches by .80. The -markings are of much lighter shades of lilac, purple, and purplish and reddish-brown. -The markings are more generally diffused, but predominate at -the larger end. An egg from the Yellowstone, collected by Mr. Audubon, is -unusually pointed at one end, measures 1.13 inches by .82. The spots -are a dark purplish-brown, intermingled with smaller and lighter dottings -of reddish-brown. Eggs from California do not vary essentially in their -markings from those of Arizona, and have an average measurement of 1.10 -inches by .85. As a general rule, the mottling of the eggs of the western -bird is finer than that of the eastern.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Agelainæ--> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Icterinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">ICTERINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ICTERUS</b>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Regnum Animale">R. A.</abbr> 1760.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée">Leç. Anat. Comp.</abbr> 1800.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, elongated, as long as the head, generally a little decurved, -and very acute. Tarsi not longer than the middle toe, nor than the head; claws short, -much curved; outer lateral toe a little longer than the inner, reaching a little beyond base -of middle toe. Feet adapted for perching. Tail rounded or graduated. Prevailing colors -yellow or orange, and black.</p> - -<p>The species of this subfamily are all as strikingly characterized by -<!--204.png--><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 180]</span> -diversity and brilliancy of plumage as the others are (with few exceptions) -for their uniform sombre black, scarcely relieved by other colors. Of the -four genera of this subfamily, recognized by Gray, all but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus</i> are well -represented in the United States. This differs from all the rest in having -the culmen widened and much depressed towards the base, where -it advances in a crescent on the forehead, separating the frontal plumes. -In the other genera the culmen advances somewhat on the forehead, but -it is in a narrow acute point, and not dilated.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_204a.jpg" - width="250" height="160" - alt="Illustration: Icterus bullocki." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6721</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>In studying the North American -Orioles we have found it -exceedingly difficult to arrange -them in any sharply defined -sections, as whatever characters -be taken as the basis of classification, -the other features will -not correspond. Thus, species -with the bill of the same proportions -and amount of curvature -differ in the shape and -graduation of the tail, while tails of the same form are accompanied by -entirely dissimilar bills and wings. The bill is sometimes much attenuated -and decurved, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>, -while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i> -it is stouter and straighter. -The tail is usually much graduated; -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. baltimore</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i> it is -only moderately rounded. These -last-mentioned species constitute -the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes</i>. Many of the -species have a naked space round -the eye, very evident in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. vulgaris</i>, -less so in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus. I. vulgaris</i> is peculiar in having the feathers of -the throat pointed and lanceolate, as in the ravens.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_204b.jpg" - width="250" height="156" - alt="Illustration: Icterus bullocki" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>In view of the difficulties attendant upon the definition of subordinate -groups among the United States <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</i>, we propose to consider them all -under the single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>, leaving it for some one with more ingenuity -to establish satisfactory divisions into sub-genera.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_34" id="fnanchor_34"></a><a href="#footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></span></p> - -<p><!--205.png--><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 181]</span> -The colors of the Orioles are chiefly black and yellow, or orange, the wing -sometimes marked with white. The females are generally much duller in -plumage, and the young male usually remains in immature dress till the -third year. In all the North American species the rump is of the same -color with the belly; the chin, throat, and tail, black.</p> - -<p>In the North American Orioles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i> have the tail -but little graduated; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, more so; the others very decidedly graduated. -The bills of the two first mentioned are stout and nearly straight; that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. -melanocephalus</i> quite similar. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. parisorum</i> has the bill more attenuated, -but scarcely more decurved; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i> it is attenuated and decurved, much -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i>; this character is strongest in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>. The much graduated -tail is combined with a slender decurved bill in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i>; -with a straighter one in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</i>; with a thick, nearly straight, one in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>. -The arrangement, according to the graduation of the tail, -would be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki, spurius, parisorum, wagleri, melanocephalus</i>, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>. According to stoutness and curvature of bill, it would be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore, -melanocephalus, bullocki</i>,<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum, spurius wagleri</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>.</p> - -<p>All the species have the rump and under parts yellow or orange. All -have the head entirely black, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i>, in which its sides are orange, -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>, which has an orange crown. All have black on the throat. -In the species with black head and neck, all have the tails black towards the -end, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>.</p> - -<p>The females and young males are so entirely different in colors from the -adult males, and so similar in the different species, that they can best be -distinguished by the details of form and size. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. prosthemelas</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. -melanocephalus</i> are placed, according to the above arrangement, in different -subgenera, yet the young male of the former and the adult male of the latter -are so perfectly similar in colors as to be undistinguishable in this respect, -and require careful examination of points of external structure to be separated -(see description of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. melanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 782).</p> - -<p>The following synopsis may help to distinguish the North American -Orioles and their nearest allies, as far as color is concerned.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ICTERUS.</b> Head all round deep black, sharply defined against the yellow -of the nape; wings black, with or without white markings. Body generally, -including lesser wing-coverts, deep greenish-yellow (intense orange-red in some -South American species).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. vulgaris.</b> Feathers of the throat elongated and lanceolate. Bill longer -than head. Back and scapulars black; greater coverts and tertials with -much white on outer webs; middle wing-coverts white. Rest of plumage, -including lesser coverts, chrome-yellow. Sexes alike. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South -<!--206.png--><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 182]</span> -America. Jamaica? Accidental in southeastern United States? ? Several -races.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. melanocephalus.</b> Feathers of the throat not elongate and lanceolate, -but soft and normal; bill shorter than head. Back and scapulars greenish-yellow. -Rest of plumage, including lesser wing-coverts, gamboge-yellow. -Sexes alike.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wings without any white. Wing, 4.00; tail, 4.00; culmen, .95; -tarsus, .96. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wings with white edgings to greater coverts, secondaries and tertials. -Wing, 4.25; tail, 4.40; culmen, 1.10; tarsus, 1.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern -Mexico and Rio Grande Valley of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XANTHORNUS.</b> Back, scapulars, wings, tail, and throat, black; wings -and tail with, or without, white. Rest of plumage greenish-yellow, gamboge-yellow, -orange, orange-red, or chestnut-rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Head and neck, all round, deep black.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail-feathers wholly black.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. dominicensis.</b> Head, neck, back, scapulars, wings, tail, and -jugulum, deep black; lesser and middle wing-coverts, lining of the -wing, anal region, tibiæ, and rump, deep gamboge-yellow. No -white on wings or tail. Sexes similar (in all the races?).</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Abdomen and sides yellow.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Tail-coverts partially or wholly yellow. Wing, 3.25 to 3.50; -Tail, 3.75 to 4.00; culmen, .80; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South -Mexico to Costa Rica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_35" id="fnanchor_35"></a><a href="#footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Tail-coverts uniform black. Wing, 3.75; tail, 4.50; culmen, -.80; tarsus, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Abdomen and sides black.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Flanks and crissum yellow; upper tail-coverts yellow. Wing, -3.50; tail, 3.50; culmen, .80; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_36" id="fnanchor_36"></a><a href="#footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Flanks black; crissum mostly yellow; upper tail-coverts black. -Wing, 3.75; tail, 4.00; culmen, .93; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto -Rico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_37" id="fnanchor_37"></a><a href="#footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Flanks black; crissum mostly black; upper tail-coverts black. -Wing, 3.75; tail, 3.90; culmen, .80; tarsus, 86. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_38" id="fnanchor_38"></a><a href="#footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--207.png--><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 183]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. spurius.</b> Head, neck, back, scapulars, wings, and tail, deep -black; other portions, including lesser and middle wing-coverts, -lining of wing, and the tail-coverts, above and below, chestnut-rufous; -greater coverts and secondaries edged with dull white, -and tail-feathers margined terminally with the same. <i class="sex">Female</i> -greenish-yellow, darker above. <i class="age">Young male</i> in second year -similar, but with a black patch covering face and throat. Wing, -3.20; tail, 3.20, its graduation, .45; culmen, .73; tarsus, .92. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of United States; south throughout Middle -America, to New Granada.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail-feathers (except the two middle ones) with their basal half -yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. parisorum.</b> Head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, wings, and -terminal half of tail, deep black; rest of plumage, including lesser -and middle wing-coverts, bright lemon-yellow, approaching white -on the middle coverts; greater coverts tipped with white, and -tertials edged with the same; tail-feathers margined terminally -with the same. Sexes very different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico; Rio Grande -Valley and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crown, occiput, nape, and auriculars, orange; frontlet, lores, cheeks, -chin, throat, and jugulum, deep black.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus.</b> Back, scapulars, wings, and tail, and patch covering -jugulum and throat, extending up over lores, around eyes and across -frontlet, deep black. Other portions orange. Sexes very different.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Lesser coverts black; middle coverts white; greater coverts tipped -with white, and secondaries, primaries, and tertials edged with the -same; tail-feathers with narrow white tips. Wing, 3.30; tail, -4.00; culmen, .80; tarsus, .90. Sexes very unlike. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern -border of Western United States (San Bernardino, California, -Camp Grant, Arizona and Rio Grande of Texas), south through -Mexico to Guatemala; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Lesser coverts gamboge-yellow; middle coverts yellow; no white -on wings or tail. Wing, 3.50; tail, 3.90; culmen, .85; tarsus, .90. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada, Venezuela, and Trinidad -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_39" id="fnanchor_39"></a><a href="#footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HYPHANTES.</b> Crown, back, scapulars, wings, and part of tail, deep black; -wing with much white. Other portions orange or yellow. Sexes very different.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">I. baltimore.</b> Head entirely deep black; tail orange, the feathers black at -base; greater coverts broadly tipped with white; secondaries and primaries -skirted with the same. Other portions rich, mellow orange, the rump -as intense as the breast. Wing, about 3.75; tail, 3.50; culmen, .80; tarsus, -.97.</p> - -<p class="indent2">(Specimens from Eastern United States and Middle America with -middle coverts deep orange.)</p> - -<p class="indent2">(Specimens from the Plains of Kansas, Nebraska, etc., with middle -coverts pure white. Some eastern specimens similar.)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. bullocki.</b> Head mainly black, with an orange or yellow superciliary -stripe, and a broader one beneath the eye, cutting off the black of the -throat into a narrow strip; tail orange or yellow, the feathers with black -<!--208.png--><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 184]</span> -at ends; greater coverts with outer webs wholly white, and middle coverts -entirely white, producing a large conspicuous longitudinal patch on the -wing; tertials and secondaries broadly edged with white, and primaries more -narrowly skirted with the same. Other portions rich orange or yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Rump grayish-orange; sides and flanks deep orange; forehead and -auriculars orange; a broad supraloral stripe of the same. Xanthic tints -deep orange, with a reddish tinge on the breast. Wings, 4.00; tail, -3.50; culmen, .80; tarsus, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United -States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Rump black; sides and flanks black; forehead and auriculars black; no -yellow or orange supraloral stripes. Xanthic tint a very intense gamboge, -without any shade of orange. Wing, 4.00; tail, 3.50; culmen, -.75; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_40" id="fnanchor_40"></a><a href="#footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus vulgaris</b>, <span class="sc">Daudin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TROUPIAL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus icterus</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 161. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus vulgaris</i>, “Daudin.”—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Seven">Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 357, <abbr title="plate 499">pl. -ccccxcix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> -Conspectus <abbr title="Avium">Av.</abbr> 1850, 434.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 542.—<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr></abbr> 1867, 46. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le troupiale vulgaire</i>, -<span class="sc">Buffon</span>, -<abbr title="Planches enluminéz">Pl. enl.</abbr> “532” (535, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill curved. Throat and chin with narrow pointed feathers. A naked -space around and behind the eye. Tail-feathers graduated. Head and upper part of -neck all round, and beneath from tail to upper part of breast, interscapular region of -back, wings, and tail, black. Rest of under parts, a collar on the lower hind neck, rump, -and upper tail-coverts, yellow-orange. A broad band on the wing and outer edges of -secondaries, white. Length, 10 inches; wing, 4.50; tail, 4.50; bill above, 1.35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern South America and West Indies? Accidental on the southern coast -of the United States?</p> - -<p>This is the largest Oriole said to be found in the United States, and differs -from the rest in its longer bill, and pointed, elongated feathers on the throat. -The bill is attenuated, and somewhat decurved. The third quill is longest, -the first quill almost the shortest of all the primaries. The outer tail-feather -is about .60 of an inch less than the middle.</p> - -<p>There is only a trace of whitish on the edges of the primaries. The -broad white edges to the secondaries are continuous in the folded wing with -the white on the greater coverts, the lowest row of which, however, is black. -The extreme and concealed base of the tail is white.</p> - -<p>One specimen has the light markings yellow, instead of orange.</p> - -<p>This species is given by Mr. Audubon as North American, on the strength -of occasional stragglers from South America. One of the specimens before -us was received from Mr. Audubon (2,842), and is, possibly, North American, -<!--209.png--><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 185]</span> -although we doubt very much whether the species was ever taken within -our limits, except as escaped from captivity.</p> - -<p>An allied race (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. longirostris</i>) from New Grenada has a longer and more -slender bill, and a paler, lemon-yellow color. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. aurantius</i> of Brazil -lacks the long, pointed, distinct feathers of the throat, and is of an intensely -rich orange-red color, with much the same pattern as the present bird.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Troupial of South America and some of the West -India Islands is probably only an imported species, or an accidental visitant. -It is given by Mr. Audubon in the appendix to his seventh volume, on the -strength of a specimen shot in Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, by his son, John W. The -bird, when first seen, was perched on the point of the lightning-rod of Dr. -Bachman’s house. A few days after others were seen, one of which was -shot, though it fell into the river and was lost. Mr. Audubon was afterwards -informed that small groups of four or five subsequently made their -appearance in the same city and among the islands. If his information was -correct, it precludes the supposition that those which have been procured -are caged birds. Yet the Troupial is so common and so popular a bird in -the cage, that its accidental occurrence is possible in many localities it never -visits of its own accord.</p> - -<p>This bird is common in all the northern countries of South America, -Venezuela, Guiana, Rio Negro, Northern Brazil, etc. Its occurrence in Jamaica -and the West Indies may be only accidental. It is said by Daudin -to be a common species in South America, where it associates in large flocks, -and constructs a large and pensile nest. In confinement it becomes very -easily tamed, is reconciled to a life of imprisonment, and is very fond -of those who feed and care for it. It has a loud, clear, and ringing -whistle, and a great variety of call-notes and single or brief utterances, but -rarely indulges in a continuous song. One kept in confinement several years -answered readily to the name of <i class="name">Troopy</i>, and always promptly responded, -when thus addressed by his mistress, in notes of unmistakable and affectionate -recognition. He was very fond of his liberty, and used his sharp -bill with such effect that it was difficult to keep him in his cage. When at -large he never attempted to escape, but returned upon being called. He, -however, acquired such a mortal antipathy to children, attacked them so -fiercely when at large, and his sharp bill was so dangerous a weapon, that it -was found very necessary to keep him a close prisoner.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure 1.02 inches in length by .88 of an inch -in breadth; they are a rounded, obtuse oval in shape. Their ground-color -is a reddish-drab, and they are very generally blotched with markings of a -deep claret-brown and faint purple, the markings being deeper and larger at -one end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--210.png--><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus melanocephalus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</b>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AUDUBON’S ORIOLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, -Sixteen New Species Texas Birds, 1841 (not paged).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 542.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus melanocephalus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 434 -(not the description of the young). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus melanocephalus</i>, -<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations, One Five">Ill. I, -<span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>, 1854, 137, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr> -(the description, but perhaps not the figure).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill stout; upper and lower outlines very little curved downwards. Tail -much graduated. Head and neck all round (this color extending down on the throat), -tail, and wings black; rest of body, under wing-coverts, and middle and lesser upper -coverts, yellow; more olivaceous on the back. An interrupted band across the ends of -the greater wing-coverts, with the terminal half of the edges of the quills, white. Supposed -female similar, but the colors less vivid. Length, 9.25; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.65; -tarsus, 1.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, southward; Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 38); -Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 132); Vera Cruz (temperate regions; -<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society">M. B. S.</abbr>).</p> - -<p>This bird is perhaps rather a local race (larger as more boreal) of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. -melanocephalus</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_41" id="fnanchor_41"></a><a href="#footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></span> -of Southern Mexico. The differences are indicated in the -foot-note.</p> - -<p>The adult male of this species can be distinguished from the young male -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. prosthemelas</i> only by stouter and less decurved bill, stronger feet, and -black instead of yellow middle wing-coverts.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_35.jpg" - width="auto" height="100%" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="35">XXXV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-1" id="pl_35-1"></a><img src="images/pl_35-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Tamaulipas, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4063.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-2" id="pl_35-2"></a><img src="images/pl_35-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus wagleri</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>, 8089.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-3" id="pl_35-3"></a><img src="images/pl_35-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus cyanocephalus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Nevada, 53596.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-4" id="pl_35-4"></a><img src="images/pl_35-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1322.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-5" id="pl_35-5"></a><img src="images/pl_35-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Garry, 27046.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-6" id="pl_35-6"></a><img src="images/pl_35-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Tamaulipas, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4066.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-7" id="pl_35-7"></a><img src="images/pl_35-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus parisorum</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nuevo Leon, Mexico">N. Leon, Mex.</abbr>, 4056.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_35-8" id="pl_35-8"></a><img src="images/pl_35-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> France, 19020.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This handsome and rather recent addition to our fauna is a -Northern Mexican species, which extends north to the valley of the Rio -Grande and into Texas, from various localities in which it has been procured. -Lt. D. N. Couch, who found this species common from the Lower Rio Grande -to the Sierra Madre, speaks of the strong mutual attachment shown by the -sexes. He describes its song as soft and melancholy, and the notes as resembling -<i class="birdcall">peut-pou-it</i>. The sweetness of its notes renders it a favorite as a -caged bird. In the State of Vera Cruz this bird is given by Sumichrast as -inhabiting the temperate regions, and as there having exclusively their centre -of propagation. They are very common in the district of Orizaba, where they -<!--211.png--><!--Plate 35--> -<!--212.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--213.png--><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 187]</span> -breed. Their common name is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandria</i>, a name also given, without discrimination, -to four or five other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteri</i> common in Vera Cruz. -Mr. Pease, in 1847, observed either this species or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i> at -Jalapa, and in the neighborhood of the city of Mexico, in considerable numbers. -This bird was first described and brought to notice as belonging to -our fauna, by Mr. Giraud, in 1841. Since then, Mr. John H. Clark, zoölogist -on the Mexican Boundary Survey, obtained several specimens from the -Lower Rio Grande. It was first seen by him near Ringgold Barracks. It -was not abundant, and its quiet manners and secluded habits prevented it -from being very conspicuous. It was most frequently observed by him -feeding on the fruit of the hackberry, but whenever approached, while thus -feeding, it always showed signs of uneasiness, and soon after sought refuge -in some place of greater concealment.</p> - -<p>Usually pairs were to be seen keeping close together, apparently preferring -the thick foliage found on the margin of ponds, or in the old bed of the -river. They did not communicate with each other by any note, and Mr. -Clark was struck with their remarkable silence. Their habits seemed to -him very different from those of any other Oriole with which he was acquainted.</p> - -<p>From the papers of Lieutenant Couch, quoted by Mr. Cassin, we learn -that these birds were seen by him, March 3, at Santa Rosalio, eight leagues -from Matamoras. They were in pairs, and both sexes were very shy and -secluded, seeking insects on the prickly pear, or among the low mimosa-trees, -seeming to be never at rest, but ever on the lookout for their favorite -food.</p> - -<p>While at Charco Escondido, farther in the interior of Tamaulipas, Lieutenant -Couch met with a pair of these birds, and having brought down the -male bird with his gun, the female flew to a neighboring tree, apparently -unaware of her loss. She soon, however, observed his fall, and endeavored -to recall him to her side with notes uttered in a strain of such exquisite -sadness that he could scarcely believe them uttered by a bird; and so -greatly did they excite his sympathy, that he almost resolved to desist from -further ornithological collections. He adds that he never heard the lay of -any songster of the feathered tribe expressed more sweetly than that of the -present species. At Monterey he found it a favorite cage-bird. The female -also sings, but her notes are less powerful than those of the male. Generally -the flight of this bird was low and rapid, and it seemed to prefer the shade -of trees. It was observed almost invariably in pairs, and the male and -female showed for each other great tenderness and solicitude.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .90 of an inch in length by .70 in -breadth. Their ground-color is a light drab or a dull purplish-white, scattered -over which are faint markings of a subdued purple, blending imperceptibly -with the ground, and above these markings are dots and irregular -zigzag lines of dark brown, and darker purple, almost running into black.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--214.png--><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 188]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus parisorum</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SCOTT’S ORIOLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus parisorum</i>, -(“<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Academiae Bononiensis">Acad. Bonon.</abbr> 1836.”)—<abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society Five"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> -Pr. Zoöl. Soc. V</abbr>, 1837, 109.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 544, <abbr title="plate 57, figure">pl. lvii, f.</abbr> 1; -<abbr title="Mexican Boundary Two">Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 19, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr> -1.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> 1867, 54.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 276. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus parisorum</i>, -<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 434. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus -melanochrysura</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. -Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 105.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus -scotti</i>, <span class="sc">Couch</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII</abbr>, -April, 1854, 66 (Coahuila).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill attenuated; not much decurved; tail moderately graduated. Head -and neck all round, breast, interscapular region, wings, and tail, black. Under parts -generally, hinder part of back to the tail, middle and lesser upper, and whole of lower -wing-coverts, and base of the tail-feathers, gamboge-yellow; a band across the ends of -the greater coverts, with the edges of the inner secondaries and tertiaries, white. Length, -8.25; extent, 11.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.75; tarsus, .95.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Olivaceous above, the back with obsolete dusky streaks; rump and under -parts yellowish, clouded with gray. Tail brownish-olive on upper surface, more yellow -beneath; wings with two white bands.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of the Rio Grande; south to Guatemala. In Texas, found on the Pecos. -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Oaxaca, winter (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1858, 303); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1860, 251); Vera Cruz, -<abbr title="temperate">temp.</abbr> and alpine (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> -M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p> - -<p>The bill is slender and attenuated, very little decurved, much less so than -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>, slenderer and a little more decurved than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. baltimore</i>. -The tail is moderately graduated, the outer feather .45 of an inch less than -the middle.</p> - -<p>In this species the black feathers of the neck, except below, have a subterminal -bar of yellow; elsewhere it is wanting. The black of the breast -comes a little posterior to the anterior extremity of the folded wing. The -posterior feathers in the yellow patch on the shoulders are tinged with white. -The white in the bar across the ends of the greater coverts is confined -mainly to the terminal quarter of an inch of the outer web. In the full -plumage, there is only a faint trace of white on the edges of the primaries. -The yellow of the base of the tail only extends on the middle feather as far -as the end of the upper tail-coverts; on the three outer, it reaches to within -an inch and a quarter of the end of the tail.</p> - -<p>An immature male has the yellow more tinged with green, the black feathers -of the head and back olivaceous with a black spot.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary much in size; the more northern being the larger.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus wagleri</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_42" id="fnanchor_42"></a><a href="#footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></span> -is an allied species found just south of the Rio Grande -by Lieutenant Couch, but not yet detected within our limits.</p> - -<p><!--215.png--><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 189]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> Notwithstanding the apparent abundance of the species at Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and also in Northern Mexico along our entire border, as far as -New Mexico and Texas, our knowledge of its history still remains quite incomplete. -A single specimen was obtained in Western Texas on the Pecos -River, by Captain Pope, in 1856. Others were obtained by Lieutenant -Couch, April, 1853, at Santa Catarina, in Mexico. They were first seen by -him in the vicinity of Monterey. They were found to be generally of secluded -habits. Their song, consisting of three or four notes, is said to be -both rich and melodious.</p> - -<p>In the State of Vera Cruz, this species is given by Sumichrast as occurring -in both the temperate and the alpine regions. Its common name is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandria -india</i>. They are said by him to occur chiefly in the temperate parts, -where they breed, but not to be exclusively confined there, for they are also -found in the alpine region to the height of at least five thousand feet, near -Orizaba, and on the plateau at even a higher elevation. Dr. Cooper saw a -bird at Fort Mohave, in April, which he supposed to be this bird, but he was -not able to assure himself of the fact, by obtaining it.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus found this species very abundant during his stay at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas, and procured a number of specimens of the birds and of their nests -and eggs. From his brief notes we gather that the nests are open, and are -not pensile. One, found May 22, was built in a bunch of moss hanging -<!--216.png--><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 190]</span> -down from an old cactus. Another was made in a bunch of hops, suspended -from a cactus. A third was placed in a bunch of weeds growing -out from a crevice in a perpendicular rock. Another, found May 29, was -built in a small dead tree, overhung with vines. This nest was about five -feet from the ground. A nest containing four young birds was found placed -in a bunch of moss, hanging out of a crevice in a rock. These instances -serve to show the general character of the position of their nests. Without -being pensile they are usually resting upon pendent branches, and are not -placed at great elevations.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure .90 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth. Their shape -is an oblong-oval, and they are obtuse at either end. Their ground-color is -a dull white, with a purplish or a bluish tint. They are variously marked, -in different eggs, with small blotches and finer dottings of a light purple, -purplish-brown, darker purple, and even black.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ORCHARD ORIOLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus spurius</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 162.—<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 389 -(very inaccurate description; -only identified by the references). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations on Nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. on Nom. -Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 44.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 221; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 485 -<abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 46, <abbr title="plate 219">pl. ccxix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 547.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 346. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus varius</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 390. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ater</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin Systema"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst.</abbr> 1788, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>; -1788, 83. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus castaneus</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, -<abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 181 (same citations as -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">O. varius</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus jugularis</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, -<abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 361 (same citations -as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ater</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes solitaria</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. -“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus nigricollis</i>, -<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</i>, -<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus mutatus</i>, -<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 64, <abbr title="plate four">pl. iv</abbr>, -<abbr title="figures">f.</abbr> 1-4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus affinis</i>, -<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 113 -(small race from Texas). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus s.</i>, -<abbr title="Cassin, Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.</abbr> 1867, 61. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus affinis</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> -Pr.</abbr> 1867, 61.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, attenuated, considerably decurved; tail moderately graduated. -<i class="sex">Male</i>, three years. Head and neck all round, wings, and interscapular region of back, with -tail-feathers, black. Rest of under parts, lower part of back to tail, and lesser upper -wing-coverts, with the lower one, brownish-chestnut. A narrow line across the wing, -and the extreme outer edges of quills, white. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Uniform greenish-yellow beneath, -olivaceous above, and browner in the middle of the back; two white bands on the wings. -Young male of two years like the female, but with a broad black patch from the bill to -the upper part of the breast, this color extending along the base of the bill so as to -involve the eye and all anterior to it to the base of the bill, somewhat as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>. -Length of Pennsylvania male specimens, 7.25; wing, 3.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States from the Atlantic to the high Central Plains, probably throughout -Texas; south to Guatemala. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); -Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 301); -Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20; <abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, -104); Rio Atrato (<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr></abbr> -1860, 140); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 8); Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 331); -Cuba (<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>); Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, 1867, 142); Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>,); -Mazatlan.</p> - -<p>This species varies greatly in size with its geographical distribution.</p> - -<p><!--217.png--><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 191]</span> -Winter specimens from Mexico have the black obscured by brownish -borders to the feathers.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Orchard Oriole is found abundant throughout most of the -United States, from the Atlantic to the Missouri Valley, and on the southwest -to the valley of the Rio Grande. Mr. J. A. Allen met with individuals -of this species as far west as the base of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, -which he regards as the extreme western limit. It is a very rare summer -visitant in New England, though found even as far eastward as Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr> -It was not found in Western Maine by Verrill, nor am I aware of its having -been met with in either New Hampshire or Vermont. Mr. Allen states that -a few pairs breed every season near Springfield, in Western Massachusetts. -I have never met with it in the eastern part of the State, but others have -been more fortunate, and it is probable that a few visit us each season.</p> - -<p>In Texas Mr. Dresser found this species very common at San Antonio -during the summer, arriving there quite early in April. He procured a number -of their nests, all of which were made of light-colored flexible grasses, -and suspended from the upper branches of the mesquite-trees. He also -found them breeding near Houston, and on Galveston Island. He describes -them as much smaller than birds from the Northern States. This smaller -race Mr. Lawrence has regarded as a distinct species, to which he gives the -name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</i>. It has been traced as far to the west as Fort Riley in Kansas, -and Fort Lookout in Nebraska. It winters in Guatemala, where it is -very abundant at that season. Mr. James McLeannan killed it as far south -as Panama.</p> - -<p>Dr. Elliott Coues considers this bird as rare and chiefly migrant in South -Carolina; but Mr. H. S. Rodney (Naturalist, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr>, 1872) found them quite -numerous at Camden, in that State, in the summer of 1871. He met with -five nests between June 28 and July 19, and has no doubt he could have -taken many more, as he counted at least fifteen different pairs. From the -fact that Dr. Coues did not meet with any nest at Columbia, only thirty miles -distant, Mr. Rodney infers that this Oriole is very partial to certain favored -localities, as is also the Baltimore.</p> - -<p>The Orchard Oriole is an active, sprightly, and very lively species, and -possesses a very peculiar and somewhat remarkable song. Its notes are -very rapidly enunciated, and are both hurried and energetic. Some writers -speak of the song as confused, but this attribute is not in the utterance of -the song, the musician manifesting anything but confusion in the rapid and -distinct enunciation of his gushing notes. These may be too quick in their -utterance for the listener to follow, but they are wonderful both for their -rapidity and their harmony. His performance consists of shrill and lively -notes, uttered with an apparent air of great agitation, and they are quite as -distinct and agreeable, though neither so full nor so rich, as are those of the -more celebrated Golden Robin.</p> - -<p>In the Central States, from New York to North Carolina, these birds are -<!--218.png--><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span> -not only very abundant, but very generally diffused. Hardly an orchard -or a garden of any size can be found without them. They seem to prefer -apple-trees for their abode, and for the construction of their nests. These -structures, though essentially different, are, in their style of architecture, -quite as curiously wrought and ingenious as those of the Baltimore. They -are suspended from small twigs, often at the very extremity of the branches. -In Pennsylvania they are usually formed externally of a peculiar kind of long, -tough, and flexible grass. This material is woven through and through in a -very wonderful manner, and with as much neatness and intricacy as if actually -sewed with a needle. They are hemispherical in shape, open at the top, -and generally about four inches in breadth and three deep. The cavity has -a depth and a width of about two inches.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that, having had the curiosity to detach one of these fibres -of dried grass from the nest, he found it thirteen inches in length, and that, -in that distance, it had been hooked through and returned no less than thirty-four -times! In this manner it was passed entirely around the nest. The -nests are occasionally lined with wool or the down of seeds. The external -portions are strongly fastened to several twigs, so that they may be blown -about by the wind without being upset.</p> - -<p>Wilson also remarks that he observed that when these nests are built in -the long pendent branches of the weeping-willow, where they are liable to -much greater motion, though formed of the same materials, they are always -made much deeper and of slighter texture. He regards this as a manifestation -of a remarkable intelligence, almost equivalent to reason. The -willow, owing to the greater density of its foliage, affords better shelter, and -is preferred on that account, and owing to the great sweep, in the wind, of -the branches, the eggs would be liable to be rolled out if the nest were of -the usual depth; hence this adaptation to such positions.</p> - -<p>The food of the Orchard Oriole is almost exclusively insects. Of these -it consumes a large number, and with them it also feeds its young. -Most of these are of the kinds most obnoxious to the husbandman, preying -upon the foliage, destroying the fruit, and otherwise injuring the trees, -and their destroyers render an incalculable amount of benefit to the gardens -they favor with their presence. At the same time they are entirely -innocent of injury to crops of any description, and I cannot find that any -accusations or expressions of suspicion have been raised against them. They -seem to be, therefore, general favorites, and, wherever protected, evince their -appreciation of this good-will by their familiarity and numbers.</p> - -<p>The female sits upon her eggs fourteen days, and the young remain in the -nest about ten days longer. They are supposed to have occasionally two -broods in a season, as nests with eggs are found the last of July. They -are said to arrive in Pennsylvania about the first of May, and to leave before -the middle of September.</p> - -<p>According to Wilson they are easily raised from the nest, and become very -<!--219.png--><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 193]</span> -tame and familiar. One that he kept through the winter, when two months -old whistled with great clearness and vivacity.</p> - -<p>All the nests of this species that I have seen from Georgia, Florida, -Louisiana, or Texas, have no lining, but are wholly made of one material, -a flexible kind of reed or grass.</p> - -<p>The sociability of this species is one of its most marked characteristics. -Audubon says that he has known no less than nine nests in the same enclosure, -and all the birds living together in great harmony.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird, taken in Berlin, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, by Mr. Brandigee, has a diameter -and a height of four inches. Its cavity is three inches in depth, and varies -from three to three and a half in diameter, being widest at the centre, or -half-way between the top and the base. It is entirely homogeneous, having -been elaborately and skilfully woven of long green blades of grass. The -inside is lined with animal wool, bits of yarn, and intermingled with a -wooly substance of entirely vegetable origin. It was built from the extremity -of the branch of an apple-tree.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, from Washington, measures .85 of an inch in -length by .62 in breadth. The ground is a pale bluish-white, blotched with -a pale purple, and dashed, at the larger end, with a few deep markings of -dark purplish-brown. An egg from New Mexico is similar, but measures -.79 of an inch by .54. Both are oblong oval, and pointed at one end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HOODED ORIOLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</i>, -<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, -1827, 436.—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. -V</abbr>, May, 1851, 116 (first introduced into fauna of United States).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrations, One, two">Ill. I, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, -1853, 42, <abbr title="plate 8">pl. viii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 275.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -546. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus cucullatus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, -433.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.</abbr> 1867, 60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Both mandibles much curved. Tail much graduated. Wings, a rather -narrow band across the back, tail, and a patch starting as a narrow frontal band, involving -the eyes, anterior half of cheek, chin, and throat, and ending as a rounded patch on the -upper part of breast, black. Rest of body orange-yellow. Two bands on the wing and -the edges of the quills white. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the black patch of the throat; the upper -parts generally yellowish-green, brown on the back, beneath yellowish. Length, 7.50; -wing, 3.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Lower Rio Grande, southward; Tucson, Arizona (<span class="sc">Dr. Palmer</span>); -Lower California, Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 300); -Guatemala? (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20); Cuba? -(<abbr title="Lawrence Annals Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. VII</abbr>, 1860, 267); -San Bernardino, California (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California">P. Cal.</abbr>, etc. 1861, -122); Vera Cruz hot region (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553); Mazatlan.</p> - -<p>The orange varies greatly in tint and intensity with the individual; -sometimes it is deep orange-red; often clear dull yellow, but more frequently -of an oily orange.</p> - -<p>This species is closely allied to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. aurocapillus</i> of South America, but -<!--220.png--><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 194]</span> -differs in having black, not yellow, shoulders, and in the white markings on -the wings.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Hooded Oriole is essentially a Mexican species, though it -also extends northward into Texas at the Rio Grande, and into Southern -California and Arizona. It was not noticed by Dr. Coues in Arizona, but -Lieutenant Charles Bendire found it breeding near Tucson in the summer -of 1872. It is abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Dr. Cooper found that this -species arrived at San Diego about April 22, where they were not rare for -a fortnight afterwards, and all then retired into the warmer interior valleys, -where he has seen them as far to the north as Los Angeles. While migrating, -they were generally silent.</p> - -<p>Captain McCown found it quite common on the Rio Grande, where it -rears its young. When met with in the woods and far away from the -abodes of men, it seemed shy and disposed to conceal itself. Yet a pair of -these birds were his constant visitors, morning and evening. They came -to the vicinity of his quarters—an unfinished building—at Ringgold Barracks, -and at last became so tame and familiar that they would pass from -some ebony-trees, that stood near by, to the porch, clinging to the shingles -and rafters, frequently in an inverted position, prying into the holes and -crevices, apparently in search of spiders and such insects as could be found -there. From this occupation they would occasionally desist, to watch his -movements. He never could induce them to partake of the food he offered -them.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch found this species common in the states of Tamaulipas -and New Leon. He found their nests generally on or under the tops of -the palm known as the Spanish bayonet.</p> - -<p>This species is given by Mr. Sumichrast as one of the birds of Vera Cruz, -where it is exclusively an inhabitant of the hot region, and where it is rarely -found above an elevation of eighteen hundred feet.</p> - -<p>These birds were found quite abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California, -by Mr. Xantus, by whom a number of their nests and eggs were obtained. -The following brief memoranda in regard to a few of these nests will serve -to show their general position:—“Nest and two eggs, found May 20, about -ten feet from the ground, woven to a small aloe, in a bunch of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia -prosopis</i>. Nest and two eggs, found May 22, on a dry tree overhung with -hops. Nest and one egg, found May 30, on an acacia, about fifteen feet -from the ground. Nest with young, found on an aloe four feet high. -Nest and eggs, found on a moss hanging out of a perpendicular bluff, on -the sea-coast. Nest and eggs found on a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yucca angustifolia</i>, on its stem, -six feet from the ground. Nest and two eggs, found in a convolvulus, -on a perpendicular rock fifty feet high. Nest and three eggs, found on an -acacia, twenty-five feet high.”</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species vary somewhat in shape, some being obtuse and -more spherical, others more pointed and oblong. They vary in length from -<!--221.png--><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 195]</span> -.92 to .88 of an inch, and from .68 to .65 of an inch in breadth. They -have a clear white ground, marbled and blotched with large dashes, dots, and -irregular zigzag lines of purple, brown, and black, chiefly disposed around -the larger end. In those where the spots are more diffused they are blended -with obscure blotches of a faint lavender.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</b>, <span class="sc">Daudin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BALTIMORE ORIOLE; GOLDEN ROBIN; HANG-NEST.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus baltimore</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1766, 162.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, -1808, 23, <abbr title="plate 1">pl. i</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Six"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -VI</abbr>, 1812, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</i>, -<abbr title="Daudin"><span class="sc">Daud.</span></abbr>”—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 66; -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 278, <abbr title="plates 12 and 423">pls. xii. and ccccxxiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 37, <abbr title="plate 217">pl. ccxvii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 548.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, -<abbr title="Exotic Ornithology One">Ex. Orn. I</abbr>, 69, 188 (diagnosis).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -348. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes baltimore</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Galerie des Oiseaux 1">Gal. des Ois. I</abbr>, 1824, 124, <abbr title="plate 87">pl. -lxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius baltimore</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 26. <cite>Le Baltimore</cite>, -<abbr title="Buffon, planches enluminéz"><span class="sc">Buff.</span> pl. enl.</abbr> 506, -<abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes b.</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> -Pr.</abbr> 1867, 62.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail nearly even. Head all round and to middle of back, scapulars, wings, -and upper surface of tail, black; rest of under parts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser -wing-coverts, with terminal portion of tail-feathers (except two innermost), orange-red. -Edges of wing-quills, with a band across the tips of the greater coverts, white. Length, -7.50 inches; wing, 3.75.</p> - -<p class="small">The female much less brilliant in color; the black of the head and back generally -replaced by brownish-yellow, purer on the throat; each feather with a black spot.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -From Atlantic coast to the high Central Plains, and in their borders; south -to Panama. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 365); -Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20); -Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> -<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 10); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> -1861, 7; <abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 104); -Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> -1861, 331); Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 142); -Mosquito Coast (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> & <abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 279); -Vera Cruz (autumn, <abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p> - -<p>A young bird is soft, dull orange beneath, palest on the throat, and tinged -along the sides with olive; above olive, with an orange cast on the rump and -tail, the latter being without any black; centres of dorsal feathers blackish; -wings blackish, with two broad white bands across coverts, and broad edges -of white to the tertials.</p> - -<p>Specimens collected in Western Kansas, by Mr. J. A. Allen, have the -middle wing-coverts pure white instead of deep orange, and, according to -that naturalist, have more slender bills than Eastern birds. Mr. Allen thinks -they form a race peculiar to the plains; but in examining the series of specimens -in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, we have failed to discover -any constancy in this respect. A male (5,356, Farm <abbr title="Island">Isl.</abbr>, May 30) from -Nebraska has the middle wing-coverts pure white,—the lesser, clear orange; -the black throat-stripe is almost separated from the black of the cheeks by -the extension forward of the orange on each side of it, only the tips of the -feathers being black.</p> - -<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 61,192 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mount Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr> (August 12), has the throat-stripe even -more isolated, being connected anteriorly for only about a quarter of an inch -with the black of the jaw; there is also a distinct indication of an orange -<!--222.png--><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 196]</span> -superciliary stripe, mostly concealed, however, by the black tips of the -feathers. The middle coverts, like the lesser, are pure plain orange.</p> - -<p>A male from Cape May, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr> (59,458, May), has the middle coverts white, -and the lesser wholly uniform black. The head, however, is as in typical -specimens.</p> - -<p>In a series of twenty adult spring males from Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, seven have -the middle coverts more or less white. But it is noticed that all these specimens -with white middle coverts have invariably less intense colors than -those with orange shoulders, while in the Kansas specimens the other colors -are of the brightest character.</p> - -<p>A male from Washington (12,317, May 6) is exactly similar.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The familiar Baltimore Oriole, the Golden Robin of the New -England States, is found throughout eastern North America, at various seasons, -from Texas to the British Possessions, and from the Atlantic to the -plains. It is, however, for the most part, not common beyond the Mississippi -River. It has been traced as far to the north as the 55th parallel -of latitude, and probably breeds more or less abundantly in every State -east of the Mississippi River. It is rare in Florida, and is not given by -Mr. Allen as known to that State, but I have received its nest and eggs -from Monticello in West Florida. The Smithsonian Museum embraces -specimens from as far west as Powder River and the Yellowstone.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen (<abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, June, 1872) mentions finding this species -at the base of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, which he regards as its -extreme western limit. In Kansas he found this species, as well as the -Orchard Oriole, abundant, the Baltimore indulging in a dialect so different -from that of its northern relatives as often to puzzle him to make out to -what bird its strange notes belonged. Its colors were also unusually bright -in all the specimens he examined.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman gives it as very rare at Calais, but Professor Verrill thinks -it common in Western Maine. It is abundant throughout the southern -and central portions of Vermont, and New Hampshire, and in all New York. -It is a common summer resident at Hamilton, Ontario, where it arrives the -second week in May. It was found on the plains of the Saskatchewan by -Captain Blakiston.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states it to have been abundant at Matamoras, where it was -breeding, though he was too late for its eggs. He saw none at San Antonio, -but Mr. J. H. Clark was more fortunate. Numbers of them, he states, were -seen nesting in the mesquite-trees on the prairies, at which time they -were very musical, having sometimes as many as three nests in the same -tree. These were all built of fine grass, among the top branches, and interwoven -with the leaves. Dr. Woodhouse found it quite common in the -Indian Territory and in Eastern Texas. Specimens of this species were -taken by Mr. James M. Leannan, at Panama, which is presumed to be the -most southern locality on record for this bird.</p> - -<p><!--223.png--><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span> -The Baltimore Oriole is one of the most common birds nearly throughout -New England. Gay and brilliant in plumage, interesting and lively in manners -and habits, and a vocalist of rare power, with pathos, beauty, and -variety in his notes, this bird has been, and would still be, a great favorite, -but for its transgressions among the pea-vines of our gardens. He makes -his appearance with exemplary punctuality, seeming regardless of the prematureness -or tardiness of the season. Rarely does the 10th of May pass -without the sound of his welcome notes, and rarely, if ever, does he come -sooner.</p> - -<p>Their period of song is not a long one, but soon terminates, as family -cares increase and the tender broods require an undivided attention. -Early in July this Oriole ceases to favor the world with those remarkable -notes that seldom fail to attract attention by their peculiarity, and to excite -admiration by their rich and full-toned melody.</p> - -<p>When the male Baltimores first arrive, they come unaccompanied by their -mates. At this time their notes are unusually loud, and their voices seem -shrill. Their song appears to partake somewhat of the nature of tender -lamentations and complaining. At this period they are very active and -restless, moving rapidly through the branches of the trees, just opening into -leaf and blossom, searching busily for the insects which then form their -principal food. When, a few days after their arrival, they are joined by the -females, the whole character of their song changes, which becomes a lower-toned, -richer, and more pleasing refrain. During their love-season their -resonant and peculiarly mellow whistle resounds in every garden and orchard, -along the highways of our villages, and in the parks and public squares of -our cities.</p> - -<p>Nuttall, generally very felicitous in expressing by verbal equivalents the -notes of various species of our song-birds, describes the notes of its song as -running thus, <i class="birdcall">Tshippe-tshayia-too-too-tshippe-tshippe-too-too</i>, with several other -very similar modifications and variations. But these characters give a very -inadequate idea of their song. It must be heard to be appreciated, and no -description can do justice to its beauties. The notes are of an almost endless -variety, and each individual has his own special variations. The -female, too, has her own peculiar and very pretty notes, which she incessantly -warbles as she weaves her curiously elaborate nest.</p> - -<p>To agriculturists this Oriole renders immense service in the destruction -of vast numbers of highly injurious insects; among the most noteworthy of -these are the common canker-worm and the tent caterpillars, both great -pests to orchards. These benefits far more than compensate for its annoying -attacks on the pods of esculent peas, the only sin that can rightfully be -brought against it, except, perhaps, the acts of theft committed against other -birds, in seizing upon and appropriating to it materials collected by smaller -birds for their nests.</p> - -<p>The Baltimore Orioles are devoted, faithful, and courageous parents, resolutely -<!--224.png--><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 198]</span> -defending their young when in danger, and exposing themselves fearlessly -to danger and to death rather than forsake them. If their young are -taken and caged, the parents follow them, and, if permitted, will continue to -feed them.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway mentions an instance where the female entered her nest -while he was in the act of severing the limb from which it was suspended, -and persisted in remaining there until the nest had been cut off and taken -into the house. One of these birds, reared from the nest by a family in -Worcester, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, became perfectly domesticated, was allowed full liberty, -and even when taken by the married daughter of its mistress, perched on -her finger, through the open grounds to her own house, made no attempt to -escape. It delighted in occasional acts of mischief, especially in putting its -pointed bill through the meshes of the lace curtains, and then opening its -beak, seeming to enjoy the sound produced by tearing the threads.</p> - -<p>In the construction of its nest the Oriole displays great skill and ingenuity. -This structure is a pendulous and nearly cylindrical pouch, suspended -from the extremity of some hanging branch. It is constructed by means of -the interweaving of the natural filaments of several flaxlike plants into a -homogeneous fabric of great strength, and admirably adapted to its purpose. -A nest of this species from West Florida, as well as the one figured by Audubon, -was made entirely of the long moss (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tillandsia usneoides</i>) so abundant -in Southern forests.</p> - -<p>The young birds, before they can fly, climb to the edge of the nest, and -are liable, in sudden tempests, to be thrown out. If uninjured, they are -good climbers, and by means of wings, bill, and claws, are often able to -reach places of safety. In one instance a fledgling, which had broken both -legs, and was placed in a basket to be fed by its parents, managed, by wings -and bill, to raise itself to the rim, and in a few days took its departure.</p> - -<p>The parents feed their young chiefly with caterpillars, which they apparently -swallow and then disgorge for this purpose. In confinement they feed -readily on soaked bread and fruit, and are especially fond of figs. They are -soon reconciled to confinement, become very docile and even playful, sing -readily, and will even come at a given signal and alight on the finger of -their master.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Baltimore are usually five and rarely six in number. -They are of an oblong-oval shape, pointed at one end, and measure .91 of an -inch in length by .60 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, with a slight -roseate tinge when fresh, fading into a bluish shade in time. They are all -variously marked, dotted, and marbled, with spots, blotches, and irregular -waving lines of purplish-brown. These markings are of greatly varying -shades, from a light purple to almost complete blackness, only perceptibly -purplish in a strong light.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--225.png--><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 199]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BULLOCK’S ORIOLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus bullocki</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson Synopsis Mexican Birds,"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> -Syn. Mex. Birds</abbr>, Taylor’s <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, -1827, 436. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius -bullocki</i>, <abbr title="Richardson Report British Association"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> -Rep. Brit. Assoc.</abbr> 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 9, <abbr title="plates 388 and 433">pls. ccclxxxviii and -ccccxxxiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 43, <abbr title="plate 218">pl. -ccxviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 87.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -549.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Caban. J. VI</abbr>, -1858, 259.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> -<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 121.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, 209.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, -<abbr title="Exotic Ornithology One">Ex. Orn. I</abbr>, 1869, 188 (diagnosis).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 273. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius auricollis</i>, -<abbr title="Maximilian Reise Nord-Amerikas One"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span> Reise Nordam. I</abbr>, 1839, 367 -(Fort Pierre, <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes b.</i>, -<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr></abbr> -1867, 62.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 52 -(nest).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail very slightly graduated. Upper part of the head and neck, back, -wings, two central tail-feathers, line from base of bill through the eye to the black of the -nape, and a line from the base of the bill running to a point on the throat, black. Under -parts generally, sides of head and neck, forehead and line over the eye, rest of tail-feathers, -rump, and upper tail-coverts, yellow-orange. A broad band on the wings, -involving the greater and middle coverts, and the outer edges of the quills, white. -Young male with the black replaced by greenish-yellow, that on the throat persistent; -female without this. The first plumage of the young differs from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i> in -being more whitish beneath; lighter olive above, and without dark spots on back; white -of middle and greater coverts connected by white edges of the latter. Length, about -7.50 inches; wing, 3.80.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains to the Pacific; rare on Upper Missouri; south into Mexico. -City of Mexico (<abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr> 1869, 362).</p> - -<p>A closely allied Mexican species is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. abeillei</i> of Lesson, differing principally -in having the sides and rump black.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Bullock’s Oriole, the western counterpart of the eastern Baltimore, -is found throughout the Pacific shore, from the great Central Plains to -the ocean, and from Washington Territory to Mexico. It is not given by -Sumichrast as occurring in Vera Cruz, where its place is taken, as a migrant, -by the Baltimore. It was not noticed by Mr. Dresser on the Rio Grande, -but in Arizona it was found by Dr. Coues to be a common summer resident. -It was there seen to frequent, almost exclusively, the willows and cottonwoods -of the creek-bottoms. To the small twigs of these trees its pensile -nests were usually attached. It is said to arrive in Arizona late in April, -and to remain there nearly through September.</p> - -<p>In the survey of the Mexican boundary Dr. Kennerly met with this -species in passing through Guadaloupe cañon, where it was often seen, but -it was observed at no other point on the route. It seemed to prefer the -low bushes on the hillside to the large trees. In its motions it was quick -and restless, passing rapidly from bush to bush.</p> - -<p>In Washington Territory this species is stated by Dr. Suckley to be more -abundant in the sparsely wooded districts of the eastern base of the Cascade -Mountains than in the Coast Range. He found it exceedingly abundant at -Fort Dalles and along the eastern base of Mt. Adams. They arrive about -<!--226.png--><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 200]</span> -the 15th of May, and were very common among the low oaks of that region. -He speaks of its song as very pleasant, and especially melodious early in the -morning, when the bird is generally perched on the sunny side or top of -an oak.</p> - -<p>At Puget Sound, according to Dr. Cooper, these birds do not arrive until -the beginning of June, and are at no time very common there. He describes -their habits as similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, they being shy and difficult to -discover among the foliage. Their song is more like that of the Baltimore, -loud, clear, and varied.</p> - -<p>In his Report on the birds of California, Dr. Cooper states that these birds -arrive at San Diego, from the south, about March 1; but at Fort Mohave, one -hundred and sixty miles farther north, he saw none until a month later. -Like the Baltimore Oriole, they resort to the open roads, gardens, and -orchards, putting themselves under the protection of man, and repaying him -both by their sweet melody and their usefulness in destroying insects. They -keep chiefly in the trees and rarely descend to the ground, except to collect -materials for their nests. These are suspended from the end of a branch, -and are constructed of fibrous grasses, horse-hairs, strings, bits of rags, wool, -hempen fibres of plants, etc. At times only a single material is used, such -as horse-hair. These nests are neatly and closely interwoven in the form of -a deep bag or purse, and are suspended by the edges from the forks of a -branch, near its end. They have usually a depth of about four or five -inches, and a diameter of about three or three and a half. In most cases -they are largely made of the flaxen fibres of wild hempen plants, and by -strings of this are firmly bound around the ends of the twigs to which -they are suspended. They are lined within with fine, soft vegetable down. -In some nests the inner bark of the silkweed largely predominates.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that the eggs of Bullock’s Oriole are, in number, from -four to six. He describes them as bluish-white, with scattered, winding -streaks and hair-lines of black and reddish-brown near the larger end, -measuring .98 by .60 of an inch. In the southern half of California they -are laid in the first or second week of May. At Santa Cruz, in 1866, he did -not observe any of this species until April 3.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen did not meet with this species in Western Kansas, and it is not -included in his list of birds observed by him near Fort Hays. At Ogden -and Salt Lake City, in Utah, which he reached the first of September, Bullock’s -Oriole had already migrated southward.</p> - -<p>In all the fertile portions of the country west of the plains, Mr. Ridgway -found Bullock’s Oriole—the western representative of the Baltimore—extremely -abundant. In May, when the valley of the Truckee, near Pyramid -Lake, was visited, he observed great numbers feeding upon the buds of the -grease-wood, in company with the Louisiana Tanager and the Black-headed -Grosbeaks. In certain localities there was scarcely a tree that did not contain -one or more nests of these birds, and as many as five have been found in -<!--227.png--><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span> -a single tree. Although constructed in a manner almost precisely similar to -those of the common eastern species, its nest is less frequently pendulous, -being in many cases fixed between the upright twigs near the top of the tree. -It is, however, not unfrequently suspended, like that of the Baltimore, from -the extremity of a drooping branch, though very rarely in so beautiful -a manner. The notes of this Oriole, which are similar to those of the -Baltimore, are neither so distinct, so mellow, nor so strong, and their effect -is quite different from that produced by the splendid mellow whistling of -the eastern species; and the mellow, rolling chatter so characteristic of the -latter is not so full in the western species, and generally ends in a sharp -<i class="birdcall">chow</i>, much like the curious mewing of an <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</i>. He regards Bullock’s -Oriole as altogether a less attractive species.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord found this bird by no means an abundant species in British -Columbia. Those that were seen seemed to prefer the localities where the -scrub-oaks grew, to the pine regions. He found their long, pendulous nests -suspended from points of oak branches, without any attempt at concealment. -He never met with any of these birds north of Fraser’s River, and very -rarely east of the Cascades. A few stragglers visited his quarters at Colville, -arriving late in May and leaving early in September, the males usually preceding -the females three or four days.</p> - -<p>On the Shasta Plains Mr. Lord noticed, in the nesting of this bird, a -singular instance of the readiness with which birds alter their habits under -difficulties. A solitary oak stood by a little patch of water, both removed -by many miles from other objects of the kind. Every available branch and -spray of this tree had one of the woven nests of this brilliant bird hanging -from it, though hardly known to colonize elsewhere in this manner.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues, in an interesting paper on the habits of this species in the -Naturalist for November, 1871, states that its nests, though having a general -resemblance in their style of architecture, differ greatly from one another, -usually for obvious reasons, such as their situation, the time taken for their -construction, and even the taste and skill of the builders. He describes one -nest, built in a pine-tree, in which, in a very ingenious manner, these birds -bent down the long, straight, needle-like leaves of the stiff, terminal branchlets, -and, tying their ends together, made them serve as the upper portion -of the nest, and a means of attachment. This nest was nine inches long -and four in diameter.</p> - -<p>Another nest, described by the same writer, was suspended from the forked -twig of an oak, and draped with its leaves, almost to concealment. It had -an unusual peculiarity of being arched over and roofed in at the top, with a -dome of the same material as the rest of the nest, and a small round hole on -one side, just large enough to admit the birds.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Oriole are slightly larger than those of the Baltimore, and -their ground-color is more of a creamy-white, yet occasionally with a distinctly -bluish tinge. They are marbled and marked with irregular lines and -<!--228.png--><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 202]</span> -tracings of dark umber-brown, deepening almost into black, but never so -deep as in the eggs of the eastern species. These marblings vary constantly -and in a remarkable degree; in some they are almost entirely wanting. They -measure .90 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Icterinæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Quiscalinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">QUISCALINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_228.jpg" - width="250" height="147" - alt="Illustration: Scolecophagus ferrugineus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">16775</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather attenuated, as long as or longer than the head. The culmen curved, -the tip much bent down. The -cutting edges inflected so as -to impart a somewhat tubular -appearance to each mandible. -The commissure sinuated. Tail -longer than the wings, usually -much graduated. Legs longer -than the head, fitted for walking. -Color of males entirely -black with lustrous reflections.</p> - -<p>The bill of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</i> -is very different from -that of the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, and is readily recognized by the tendency to a -rounding inward along the cutting edges, rendering the width in a cross -section of the bill considerably less along the commissure than above or -below. The culmen is more curved than in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i>. All the North -American species have the iris white.</p> - -<p>The only genera in the United States are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus.</b> Tail shorter than the wings; nearly even. Bill shorter than the -head.</p> - -<p><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus.</b> Tail longer than the wings; much graduated. Bill as long as or longer -than the head.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SCOLECOPHAGUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831. -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus ferrugineus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head, rather slender, the edges inflexed as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, which it otherwise greatly resembles; the commissure sinuated. Culmen -rounded, but not flattened. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. Tail even, or slightly -rounded.</p> - -<p>The above characteristics will readily distinguish the genus from its allies. -The form is much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>. The bill, however, is more attenuated, -the culmen curved and slightly sinuated. The bend at the base of the -commissure is shorter. The culmen is angular at the base posterior to the -nostrils, instead of being much flattened, and does not extend so far behind. -The two North American species may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="center small"> -<!--229.png--><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 203]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Species.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ferrugineus.</b> Bill slender; height at base not .4 the total length. Color of male -black, with faint purple reflection over whole body; wings, tail, and abdomen glossed -slightly with green. Autumnal specimens with feathers broadly edged with castaneous -rusty. <i class="sex">Female</i> brownish dusky slate, without gloss; no trace of light superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. cyanocephalus.</b> Bill stout; height at base nearly .5 the total length. Color black, -with green reflections over whole body. Head only glossed with purple. Autumnal -specimens, feathers edged very indistinctly with umber-brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> dusky-brown, -with a soft gloss; a decided light superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p>Cuba possesses a species referred to this genus (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. atroviolaceus</i>), though -it is not strictly congeneric with the two North American ones. It differs -in lacking any distinct membrane above the nostril, and in having the bill -not compressed laterally, as well as in being much stouter. The plumage -has a soft silky lustre; the general color black, with rich purple or violet -lustre. The female similarly colored to the male.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUSTY BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus ferrugineus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 393, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -43.—<abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 176. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula ferruginea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 41, <abbr title="plate 21, figure">pl. xxi, f.</abbr> 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus ferrugineus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 46.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 199.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 315; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 483, <abbr title="plate 147">pl. cxlvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Synopsis, 1839, 146.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 65, <abbr title="plate 222">pl. -ccxxii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Caban. J. -VI</abbr>, 1858, 204. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</i>, -<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 286.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 551.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1861, 225.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 412.—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, -1869, 285 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Oriolus niger</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1788, 393, <abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 4, 5 (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -350.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 291. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus niger</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 423.—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 195. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Oriolus fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema One">Syst. I</abbr>, -1788, 393, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 44 (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus -hudsonius</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 818.—<abbr title="Latham Index"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus noveboracensis</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 818. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus labradorius</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 832.—<abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> -Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 342 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradorus</i>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus ater</i>, -<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire">Nouv. Dict.</abbr>” -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes virescens</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> (Appendix, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus</i> 9). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Turdus</i> <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22 -from Severn River, <span class="sc">Forster</span> <abbr title="Forster Philosophical Transactions 62"> Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 400.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender; shorter than the head; about equal to the hind toe; its height -not quite two fifths the total length. Wing nearly an inch longer than the tail; second -quill longest; first a little shorter than the fourth. Tail slightly graduated; the lateral -feathers about a quarter of an inch shortest. General color black, with purple reflections; -the wings, under tail-coverts, and hinder part of the belly, glossed with green. -In autumn the feathers largely edged with ferruginous or brownish, so as to change the -appearance entirely. Spring female dull, opaque plumbeous or ashy-black; the wings and -tail sometimes with a green lustre. Young like autumnal birds. Length of male, 9.50; -wing, 4.75; tail, 4.00. Female smaller.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -From Atlantic coast to the Missouri. North to Arctic regions. In Alaska on -the Yukon, at Fort Kenai, and Nulato.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_230.jpg" - width="250" height="251" - alt="Illustration: Scolecophagus ferrugineus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Rusty Blackbird is an eastern species, found from the Atlantic -<!--230.png--><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 204]</span> -to the Missouri River, and from Louisiana and Florida to the Arctic -regions. In a large portion of the United States it is only known as a -migratory species, passing rapidly through in early spring, and hardly -making a longer stay in the fall. Richardson states that the summer -range of this bird extends to the -68th parallel, or as far as the woods -extend. It arrives at the Saskatchewan -in the end of April, and at -Great Bear Lake, latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, by -the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of May. They come in pairs, -and for a time frequent the sandy -beaches of secluded lakes, feeding -on coleopterous insects. Later in -the season they are said to make -depredations upon the grain-fields.</p> - -<p>They pass through Massachusetts -from the 8th of March to the first of -April, in irregular companies, none of -which make any stay, but move hurriedly -on. They begin to return early in October, and are found irregularly -throughout that month. They are unsuspicious and easily approached, and -frequent the streams and edges of ponds during their stay.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman states that these birds are common near Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, arriving -there in March, some remaining to breed. In Western Massachusetts, according -to Mr. Allen, they are rather rare, being seen only occasionally in -spring and fall as stragglers, or in small flocks. Mr. Allen gives as their -arrival the last of September, and has seen them as late as November 24. -They also were abundant in Nova Scotia. Dr. Coues states that in South -Carolina they winter from November until March.</p> - -<p>These birds are said to sing during pairing-time, and become nearly silent -while rearing their young, but in the fall resume their song. Nuttall has -heard them sing until the approach of winter. He thinks their notes are -quite agreeable and musical, and much more melodious than those of the -other species.</p> - -<p>During their stay in the vicinity of Boston, they assemble in large numbers, -to roost in the reed marshes on the edges of ponds, and especially in -those of Fresh Pond, Cambridge. They feed during the day chiefly on grasshoppers -and berries, and rarely molest the grain.</p> - -<p>According to Wilson, they reach Pennsylvania early in October, and at -this period make Indian corn their principal food. They leave about the -middle of November. In South Carolina he found them numerous around -the rice plantations, feeding about the hog-pens and wherever they could -procure corn. They are easily domesticated, becoming very familiar in a few -days, and readily reconciled to confinement.</p> - -<p><!--231.png--><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span> -In the District of Columbia, Dr. Coues found the Rusty Grakle an abundant -and strictly gregarious winter resident, arriving there the third week in -October and remaining until April, and found chiefly in swampy localities, -but occasionally also in ploughed fields.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found these birds during the winter months, as far south as -Florida and Lower Louisiana, arriving there in small flocks, coming in company -with the Redwings and Cowbirds, and remaining associated with them -until the spring. At this season they are also found in nearly all the Southern -and Western States. They appear fond of the company of cattle, and -are to be seen with them, both in the pasture and in the farm-yard. They -seem less shy than the other species. They also frequent moist places, -where they feed upon aquatic insects and small snails, for which they search -among the reeds and sedges, climbing them with great agility.</p> - -<p>In their habits they are said to resemble the Redwings, and, being equally -fond of the vicinity of water, they construct their nests in low trees and -bushes in moist places. Their nests are said to be similarly constructed, -but smaller than those of the Redwings. In Labrador Mr. Audubon found -them lined with mosses instead of grasses. In Maine they begin to lay -about the first of June, and in Labrador about the 20th, and raise only one -brood in a season.</p> - -<p>The young, when first able to fly, are of a nearly uniform brown color. -Their nests, according to Audubon, are also occasionally found in marshes -of tall reeds of the <i class="plantname">Typha</i>, to the stalks of which they are firmly attached -by interweaving the leaves of the plant with grasses and fine strips of bark. -A friend of the same writer, residing in New Orleans, found one of these -birds, in full plumage and slightly wounded, near the city. He took it -home, and put it in a cage with some Painted Buntings. It made no attempt -to molest his companions, and they soon became good friends. It -sang during its confinement, but the notes were less sonorous than when -at liberty. It was fed entirely on rice.</p> - -<p>The memoranda of Mr. MacFarlane show that these birds are by no means -uncommon near Fort Anderson. A nest, found June 12, on the branch of a -spruce, next to the trunk, was eight feet from the ground. Another nest, -containing one egg and a young bird, was in the midst of a branch of a pine, -five feet from the ground. The parents endeavored to draw him from their -nest, and to turn his attention to themselves. A third, found June 22, contained -four eggs, and was similarly situated. The eggs contained large -embryos. Mr. MacFarlane states that whenever a nest of this species is -approached, both parents evince great uneasiness, and do all in their power, -by flying from tree to tree in its vicinity, to attract one from the spot. They -are spoken of as moderately abundant at Fort Anderson, and as having been -met with as far east as the Horton River. He was also informed by the -Eskimos that they extend along the banks of the Lower Anderson to the -very borders of the woods.</p> - -<p><!--232.png--><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 206]</span> -Mr. Dall states that these Blackbirds arrive at Nulato about May 20, where -they are tolerably abundant and very tame. They breed later than some -other birds, and had not begun to lay before he left, the last of May. Eggs -were procured at Fort Yukon by Mr. Lockhart, and at Sitka by Mr. Bischoff.</p> - -<p>Besides these localities, this bird was found breeding in the Barren Grounds -of Anderson River in 69<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> north latitude, on the Arctic coast at Fort Kenai, -by Mr. Bischoff, and at Fort Simpson, Fort Rae, and Peel River. It has -been found breeding at Calais by Mr. Boardman, and at Halifax by Mr. -W. G. Winton.</p> - -<p>Eggs sent from Fort Yukon, near the mouth of the Porcupine River, by -Mr. S. Jones, are of a rounded-oval shape, measuring 1.03 inches in length -by .75 in breadth. In size, shape, ground-color, and color of their markings, -they are hardly distinguishable from some eggs of Brewer’s Blackbird, though -generally different. All I have seen from Fort Yukon have a ground-color -of very light green, very thickly covered with blotches and finer dottings of -a mixture of ferruginous and purplish-brown. In some the blotches are -larger and fewer than in others, and in all these the purple shading predominates. -One egg, more nearly spherical than the rest, measures .98 by .82. -None have any waving lines, as in all other Blackbird’s eggs. Two from -near Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, measure 1.02 by .75 of an inch, have a ground of light -green, only sparingly blotched with shades of purplish-brown, varying from -light to very dark hues, but with no traces of lines or marbling.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Boardman, these birds are found during the summer -months about Calais, but they are not common. Only a few remain of -those that come in large flocks in the early spring. They pass along about -the last of April, the greater proportions only tarrying a short time; but in -the fall they stay from five to eight weeks. They nest in the same places -with the Redwing Blackbirds, and their nests are very much alike. In early -summer they have a very pretty note, which is never heard in the fall.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus cyanocephalus</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BREWER’S BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius cyanocephalus</i>, -<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 758. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus -cyanocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 193.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 552.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, -413.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, -53.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 209.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, -278. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Animals in Menageries, Two Centenaries and a Quarter">Anim. in Men. 2¼ cent.</abbr> -1838, 302.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 423.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. and Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. -VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 86. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus breweri</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, -1843, 345, <abbr title="plate 492">pl. ccccxcii</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill stout, quiscaline, the commissure scarcely sinuated; shorter than the -head and the hind toe; the height nearly half length of culmen. Wing nearly an inch -longer than the tail; the second quill longest; the first about equal to the third. Tail -rounded and moderately graduated; the lateral feathers about .35 of an inch shorter. -General color of male black, with lustrous green reflections everywhere except on the -<!--233.png--><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 207]</span> -head and neck, which are glossed with purplish-violet. <i class="sex">Female</i> much duller, of a light -brownish anteriorly; a very faint superciliary stripe. Length about 10 inches; wing, -5.30; tail, 4.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains to the Pacific; south to Mexico. Pembina, <abbr title="Minnesota">Minn.</abbr>; <abbr title="South">S.</abbr> -Illinois (Wabash <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>; <span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>); Matamoras and San Antonio, Texas (breeds; -<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1869, 493); Plateau of Mexico (very abundant, and resident; <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, -<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p> - -<p>Autumnal specimens do not exhibit the broad rusty edges of feathers seen -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ferrugineus</i>.</p> - -<p>The females and immature males differ from the adult males in much the -same points as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ferrugineus</i>, except that the “rusty” markings are less -prominent and more grayish. The differences generally between the two -species are very appreciable. Thus, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. cyanocephalus</i>, the bill, though of -the same length, is much higher and broader at the base, as well as much -less linear in its upper outline; the point, too, is less decurved. The size is -every way larger. The purplish gloss, which in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</i> is found on most -of the body except the wings and tail, is here confined to the head and -neck, the rest of the body being of a richly lustrous and strongly marked -green, more distinct than that on the wings and tail of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</i>. In one -specimen only, from Santa Rosalia, Mexico, is there a trace of purple on -some of the wing and tail feathers.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first given as a bird of our fauna by Mr. Audubon, -in the supplementary pages of the seventh volume of his Birds of -America. He met with it on the prairies around Fort Union, at the junction -of the Yellowstone and the Missouri Rivers, and in the extensive ravines -in that neighborhood, in which were found a few dwarfish trees and tall -rough weeds or grasses, along the margin of scanty rivulets. In these localities -he met with small groups of seven or eight of these birds. They were -in loose flocks, and moved in a silent manner, permitting an approach to -within some fifteen or twenty paces, and uttering a call-note as his party stood -watching their movements. Perceiving it to be a species new to him, he -procured several specimens. He states that they did not evince the pertness -so usual to birds of this family, but seemed rather as if dissatisfied with their -abode. On the ground their gait was easy and brisk. He heard nothing -from them of the nature of a song, only a single <i class="birdcall">cluck</i>, not unlike that of the -Redwing, between which birds and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ferrugineus</i> he was disposed to -place this species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry found this Blackbird common both in California and in -Oregon. He saw large flocks of them at Fort Vancouver, in the last of October. -They were flying from field to field, and gathered into the large -spruces about the fort, in the manner of other Blackbirds when on the point -of migrating.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen found this Blackbird, though less an inhabitant of the marshes -than the Yellow-headed, associating with them in destroying the farmers’ -<!--234.png--><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 208]</span> -ripening corn, and only less destructive because less numerous. It appears -to be an abundant species in all the settled portions of the western region, -extending to the eastward as far as Wisconsin, and even to Southeastern Illinois, -one specimen having been obtained in Wisconsin by Mr. Kumlien, and -others in Wabash <abbr title="County, Illinois">Co., Ill.</abbr>, by Mr. Ridgway.</p> - -<p>In the summer, according to Mr. Ridgway, it retires to the cedar and -piñon mountains to breed, at that time seldom visiting the river valley. -In the winter it resorts in large flocks to the vicinity of corrals and barn-yards, -where it becomes very tame and familiar. On the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of June he -met with the breeding-ground of a colony of these birds, in a grove of -cedars on the side of a cañon, in the mountains, near Pyramid Lake. -Nearly every tree contained a nest, and several had two or three. Each -nest was saddled on a horizontal branch, generally in a thick tuft of foliage, -and well concealed. The majority of these nests contained young, and -when these were disturbed the parents flew about the heads of the intruders, -uttering a soft <i class="birdcall">chuck</i>. The maximum number of eggs or young -was six, the usual number four or five. In notes and manners it seemed -to be an exact counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ferrugineus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found these birds quite abundant at Fort Dalles, but west of -the Cascade Mountains they were quite rare. At Fort Dalles it is a winter -resident, where, in the cold weather, it may frequently be found in flocks in -the vicinity of barn-yards and stables. Dr. Cooper also obtained specimens -of this Grakle at Vancouver, and regards it as a constant resident on the -Columbia River. He saw none at Puget Sound. In their notes and habits -he was not able to trace any difference from the Rusty Blackbird of the -Atlantic States. In winter they kept about the stables in flocks of fifties or -more, and on warm days flew about among the tree-tops, in company with -the Redwings, singing a harsh but pleasant chorus for hours.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states it to be an abundant species everywhere throughout -California, except in the dense forests, and resident throughout the year. -They frequent pastures and follow cattle in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>. -They associate with the other Blackbirds, and are fond of feeding and bathing -along the edges of streams. They have not much song, but the noise -made by a large flock, as they sit sunning themselves in early spring, is said -to be quite pleasing. In this chorus the Redwings frequently assist. At -Santa Cruz he found them more familiar than elsewhere. They frequented -the yards about houses and stables, building in the trees of the gardens, and -collecting daily, after their hunger was satisfied, on the roofs or on neighboring -trees, to sing, for an hour or two, their songs of thanks. He has seen a -pair of these birds pursue and drive away a large hawk threatening some -tame pigeons.</p> - -<p>This species has an extended distribution, having been met with by Mr. -Kennicott as far north as Pembina, and being also abundant as far south as -Northern Mexico. In the Boundary Survey specimens were procured at -<!--235.png--><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span> -Eagle Pass and at Santa <a name="note12" id="note12"></a>Rosalia, where Lieutenant Couch found them living -about the ranches and the cattle-yards.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser, on his arrival at Matamoras, in July, noticed these birds in -the streets of that town, in company with the Long-tailed Grakles <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. macrurus</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>. He was told by the Mexicans that they breed -there, but it was too late to procure their eggs. In the winter vast flocks -frequented the roads near by, as well as the streets of San Antonio and Eagle -Pass. They were as tame as European Sparrows. Their note, when on the -wing, was a low whistle. When congregated in trees, they kept up an incessant -chattering.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found them permanent residents of Arizona, and exceedingly -abundant. It was the typical Blackbird of Fort Whipple, though few probably -breed in the immediate vicinity. Towards the end of September they -become very numerous, and remain so until May, after which few are observed -till the fall. They congregate in immense flocks about the corrals, -and are tame and familiar. Their note, he says, is a harsh, rasping squeak, -varied by a melodious, ringing whistle. I am indebted to this observing -ornithologist for the following sketch of their peculiar characteristics:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Brewer’s Blackbird is resident in Arizona, the most abundant bird of its -family, and one of the most characteristic species of the Territory. It appears -about Fort Whipple in flocks in September; the numbers are augmented -during the following month, and there is little or no diminution -until May, when the flocks disperse to breed.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The nest is placed in the fork of a large bush or tree, sometimes at the -height of twenty or thirty feet, and is a bulky structure, not distantly resembling -a miniature Crow’s nest, but it is comparatively deeper and more compactly -built. A great quantity of short, crooked twigs are brought together -and interlaced to form the basement and outer wall, and with these is -matted a variety of softer material, as weed-stalks, fibrous roots, and dried -grasses. A little mud may be found mixed with the other material, but it -is not plastered on in any quantity, and often seems to be merely what adhered -to the roots or plant-stems that were used. The nest is finished -inside with a quantity of hair. The eggs are altogether different from those -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscali</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelæi</i>, and resemble those of the Yellow-headed and -Rusty Grakles. They vary in number from four to six, and measure barely -an inch in length by about three fourths as much in breadth. The ground-color -is dull olivaceous-gray, sometimes a paler, clearer bluish or greenish -gray, thickly spattered all over with small spots of brown, from very dark -blackish-brown or chocolate to light umber. These markings, none of -great size, are very irregular in outline, though probably never becoming -line-tracery; and they vary indefinitely in number, being sometimes so -crowded that the egg appears of an almost uniform brownish color.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“In this region the Blackbirds play the same part in nature’s economy -that the Yellow-headed Troupial does in some other parts of the West, and -<!--236.png--><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 210]</span> -the Cowbird and Purple Grakle in the East. Like others of their tribe they -are very abundant where found at all, and eminently gregarious, except -whilst breeding. Yet I never saw such innumerable multitudes together as -the Redwinged Blackbird, or even its Californian congener, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. tricolor</i>, shows -in the fall, flocks of fifty or a hundred being oftenest seen. Unlike the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelæi</i>, they show no partiality for swampy places, being lovers of the woods -and fields, and appearing perfectly at home in the clearings about man’s -abode, where their sources of supply are made sure through his bounty or -wastefulness. They are well adapted for terrestrial life by the size and -strength of their feet, and spend much of their time on the ground, betaking -themselves to the trees on alarm. On the ground they habitually run with -nimble steps, when seeking food, only occasionally hopping leisurely, like a -Sparrow, upon both feet at once. Their movements are generally quick, -and their attitudes varied. They run with the head lowered and tail somewhat -elevated and partly spread for a balance, but in walking slowly the -head is held high, and oscillates with every step. The customary attitude -when perching is with the body nearly erect, the tail hanging loosely down, -and the bill pointing upward; but should their attention be attracted, this -negligent posture is changed, the birds sit low and firmly, with elevated and -wide-spread tail rapidly flirted, whilst the bright eye peers down through -the foliage. When a flock comes down to the ground to search for food, -they generally huddle closely together and pass pretty quickly along, each -one striving to be first, and in their eagerness they continually fly up and -re-alight a few paces ahead, so that the flock seems, as it were, to be rolling -over and over. When disturbed at such times, they fly in a dense body to -a neighboring tree, but then almost invariably scatter as they settle among -the boughs. The alarm over, one, more adventurous, flies down again, two -or three follow in his wake, and the rest come trooping after. In their behavior -towards man, they exhibited a curious mixture of heedlessness and -timidity; they would ramble about almost at our feet sometimes, yet the -least unusual sound or movement sent them scurrying into the trees. They -became tamest about the stables, where they would walk almost under the -horses’ feet, like Cowbirds in a farm-yard.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Their hunger satisfied, the Blackbirds would fly into the pine-trees and -remain a long time motionless, though not at all quiet. They were at singing-school,’ -we used to say, and certainly there was room for improvement -in their chorus; but if their notes were not particularly harmonious, they -were sprightly, varied, and on the whole rather agreeable, suggesting the -joviality that Blackbirds always show when their stomachs are full, and the -prospect of further supply is good. Their notes are rapid and emphatic, and, -like the barking of coyotes, give an impression of many more performers -than are really engaged. They have a smart chirp, like the clashing of pebbles, -frequently repeated at intervals, varied with a long-drawn mellow -whistle. Their ordinary note, continually uttered when they are searching -<!--237.png--><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 211]</span> -for food, is intermediate between the guttural <i class="birdcall">chuck</i> of the Redwing and the -metallic <i class="birdcall">chink</i> of the Reedbird.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“In the fall, when food is most abundant, they generally grow fat, and -furnish excellent eating. They are tender, like other small birds, and do -not have the rather unpleasant flavor that the Redwing gains by feeding too -long upon the <i class="plantname">Zizania</i>.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“These are sociable as well as gregarious birds, and allied species are -seen associating with them. At Wilmington, Southern California, where I -found them extremely abundant in November, they were flocking indiscriminately -with the equally plentiful <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</i>.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this Blackbird very common in New Mexico and -Texas, though he was probably in error in supposing that all leave there before -the period of incubation. During the fall they frequent the cattle-yards, -where they obtain abundance of food. They were very familiar, -alighting on the house-tops, and apparently having no cause for fear of man. -Unlike all other writers, he speaks of its song as a soft, clear whistle. -When congregated in spring on the trees, they keep up a continual chattering -for hours, as though revelling in an exuberance of spirits.</p> - -<p>Under the common Spanish name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pajaro prieto</i>, Dr. Berlandier refers -in <abbr title="manuscript">MSS.</abbr> to this species. It is said to inhabit the greater part of Mexico, and -especially the Eastern States. It moves in flocks in company with the -other Blackbirds. It is said to construct a well-made nest about the end of -April, of blades of grass, lining it with horse-hair. The eggs, three or four -in number, are much smaller than those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrurus</i>, obtuse at -one end, and slightly pointed at the other. The ground-color is a pale gray, -with a bluish tint, and although less streaked, bears a great resemblance to -those of the larger Blackbird.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that these birds nest in low trees, often several in one -tree. He describes the nest as large, constructed externally of a rough frame -of twigs, with a thick layer of mud, lined with fine rootlets and grasses. -The eggs are laid from April 10 to May 20, are four or five in number, -have a dull greenish-white ground, with numerous streaks and small blotches -of dark brown. He gives their measurement at one inch by .72. They raise -two and probably three broods in a season.</p> - -<p>Four eggs of this species, from Monterey, collected by Dr. Canfield, have -an average measurement of 1.02 inches by .74. Their ground-color is a -pale white with a greenish tinge. They are marked with great irregularity, -with blotches of a light brown, with fewer blotches of a much darker -shade, and a few dots of the same. In one egg the spots are altogether -of the lighter shade, and are so numerous and confluent as to conceal the -ground-color. In the other they are more scattered, but the lines and -marbling of irregularly shaped and narrow zigzag marking are absent in -nearly all the eggs.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord found this species a rare bird in British Columbia. He saw a -<!--238.png--><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 212]</span> -few on Vancouver Island in the yards where cattle were fed, and a small -number frequented the mule-camp on the Sumas prairie. East of the -Cascades he met none except at Colville, where a small flock had wintered -in a settler’s <a name="note23" id="note23"></a>cow-yard. They appeared to have a great liking for the presence -of those animals, arising from their finding more food and insects -there than elsewhere, walking between their legs, and even perching upon -their backs.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston found this species breeding on the forks of the Saskatchewan, -June 3, 1858, where he obtained its eggs.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">QUISCALUS</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816 (<span class="sc">Gray</span>). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula quiscala</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_238.jpg" - width="300" height="178" - alt="Illustration: Quiscalus purpureus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2104</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as long as the head, the culmen slightly curved, the gonys almost -straight; the edges of the bill inflected and rounded; the commissure quite strongly -sinuated. Outlines of tarsal scutellæ well defined on the sides; tail long, boat-shaped, or -capable of folding so that the two sides can almost be brought together upward, the -feathers conspicuously and decidedly graduated, their inner webs longer than the outer. -Color black.</p> - -<p>The excessive graduation of the long tail, with the perfectly black color, -at once distinguishes this genus from any other in the United States. Two -types may be distinguished: one <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, in which the females are much -like the males, although a little smaller and perhaps with rather less lustre; -the other, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscalus</i>, much larger, with the tail more graduated, the -females considerably smaller, and of a brown or rusty color. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscali</i> -are all from North America or the West Indies (including Trinidad); none -having been positively determined as South American. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscali</i> -are Mexican and Gulf species entirely, while a third group, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Holoquiscali</i>, -is West Indian.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"> -<!--239.png--><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. QUISCALUS.</b> Sexes nearly similar in plumage. Color black; each -species glossed with different shades of bronze, purple, violet, green, etc. Lateral -tail-feathers about .75 the length of central. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States. Proportion -of wing to tail variable.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus.</b> <i class="subset">a.</i> Body uniform brassy-olive without varying tints. Head -and neck steel-blue, more violaceous anteriorly.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -1. Length, 13.50; wing, 5.50 to 5.65; tail, 5.70 to -5.80, its graduation, 1.50; culmen, 1.35 to 1.40. -Vivid blue of the neck all round abruptly -defined against the brassy-olive of the body. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.20; tail, -4.85 to 5.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Interior portions of North America, from Texas -and Louisiana to Saskatchewan and Hudson’s Bay Territory; New -England States; Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Body variegated with purple, green, and blue tints. Head and neck -violaceous-purple, more blue anteriorly.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -2. Length, 12.50; wing, 5.60; tail, 5.30, its graduation, 1.20; culmen, -1.32. Dark purple of neck all round passing over the breast, and -appearing in patches on the lower parts. Wing and tail purplish; tail-coverts -reddish-purple. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.10; tail, 4.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Atlantic -coast of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -3. Length, 11.75; wing, 4.85 to 5.60; tail, 4.60 to 5.50, its graduation, -.90; culmen, 1.38 to 1.66. Dark purple of neck sharply defined against -the dull blackish olive-green of the body. Wings and tail greenish-blue; -tail-coverts violet-blue. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 4.65 to 4.90; tail, 3.80 -to 4.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Florida; resident -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">agelaius</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">B. HOLOQUISCALUS.</b> (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>) Tail shorter than wings; sexes similar. -Color glossy black, but without varying shades of gloss; nearly uniform in each -species. Tail moderately graduated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West India Islands, almost exclusively; -Mexico and South America.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. baritus.</b> Black, with a soft bluish-violet gloss, changing on wings and -tail into bluish-green.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Culmen decidedly curved; base of mandibles on sides, smooth.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -1. Bill robust, commissure sinuated; depth of bill, at base, .54; culmen, -1.33; wing, 6.15; tail, 5.50, its graduation, 1.30. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.20; -tail, 4.70; other measurements in proportion. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baritus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_43" id="fnanchor_43"></a><a href="#footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -2. Bill slender, commissure scarcely sinuated; depth of bill, .43; -culmen, 1.35; wing, 5.40; tail, 5.10, its graduation, 1.20. <i class="sex">Female.</i> -Wing, 4.60; tail, 4.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_44" id="fnanchor_44"></a><a href="#footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Culmen almost straight; base of mandibles on sides corrugated.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -3. Depth of bill, .51; culmen, 1.44; wing, 6.00; tail, 5.50, its graduation, -1.50. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.15; tail, 4.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_45" id="fnanchor_45"></a><a href="#footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -4. Depth of bill, .40; culmen, 1.35; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.50, its graduation, -.85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_46" id="fnanchor_46"></a><a href="#footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></span></p> - -<p class="comchar"> -<!--240.png--><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 214]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. MEGAQUISCALUS.</b> (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>) Tail longer than wings. Sexes very -unlike. Female much smaller, and very different in color, being olivaceous-brown, -lightest beneath. Male without varying shades of color; lateral tail-feather -about .60 the middle, or less.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. major.</b> Culmen strongly decurved terminally; bill robust. <i class="sex">Female</i> -with back, nape, and crown like the wings; abdomen much darker than -throat.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Lustre of the plumage green, passing into violet anteriorly on head and neck.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -1. Length, 15.00; wing, 7.50; tail, 7.70, its graduation, 2.50; culmen, -1.60. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Atlantic and Gulf coast of -United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Lustre, violet passing into green posteriorly.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -2. Length, 14.00; wing, 6.75; tail, 7.20, its graduation, 2.40; culmen, -1.57. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.30; tail, 5.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico. (Mazatlan, -Colima, etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_47" id="fnanchor_47"></a><a href="#footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -3. Length, 18.00; wing, 7.70; tail, 9.20, its graduation, 3.50; culmen, -1.76. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.80; tail, 6.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> From Rio Grande of -Texas, south through Eastern Mexico; Mazatlan (accidental?) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. tenuirostris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_48" id="fnanchor_48"></a><a href="#footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></span> -Culmen scarcely decurved terminally; bill slender. -<i class="sex">Female</i> with back, nape, and crown very different in color from the wings; -abdomen as light as throat.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Lustre purplish-violet, inclining to steel-blue on wing and -upper tail-coverts. Length, 15.00; wing, 7.00; tail, 8.00, its graduation, -3.00. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Crown, nape, and back castaneous-brown; rest of -upper parts brownish-black. A distinct superciliary stripe, with the -whole lower parts as far as flanks and crissum, deep fulvous-ochraceous, -lightest, and inclining to ochraceous-white, on throat and lower part -of abdomen; flanks and crissum blackish-brown. Wing, 5.10; tail, -5.35, its graduation, 1.80; culmen, 1.33; greatest depth of bill, .36. -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Mexico (central?).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</b>, <abbr title="Bartram"><span class="sc">Bartr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CROW BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_241.jpg" - width="250" height="237" - alt="Illustration: Quiscalus purpureus." - /> - <p class="center small">Quiscalus purpureus.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill above, about as long as the head, more than twice as high; the commissure -moderately sinuated and considerably decurved at tip. Tail a little shorter than -the wing, much graduated, the lateral feathers .90 to 1.50 inches shorter. Third quill -<!--241.png--><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 215]</span> -longest; first between fourth and fifth. Color black, variously glossed with metallic -reflections of bronze, purple, violet, blue, and green. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but smaller and -duller, with perhaps more green on -the head. Length, 13.00; wing, 6.00; -bill above, 1.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> From Atlantic to the high -Central Plains.</p> - -<p>Of the Crow Blackbird of the -United States, three well-marked -races are now distinguished in -the species: one, the common -form of the Atlantic States; another -occurring in the Mississippi -Valley, the British Possessions, -and the New England States, and -a third on the Peninsula of Florida. -The comparative diagnoses -of the three will be found on page 809.</p> - -<p class="p2 center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</b>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>.</p> - - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PURPLE GRAKLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula quiscala</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus -Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) -1758, 109 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Monedula purpurea</i>, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>); -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> -12,) 1766, 165.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, -397.—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index One">Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, -191.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. -Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 44, <abbr title="plate 21, figure">pl. xxi, f.</abbr> 4. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes quiscalus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula</i>).—<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 196. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? -? Oriolus ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 387; albino <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? -? Oriolus niger</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -1788, 393. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Gracula -purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>, Travels, 1791, 290. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus versicolor</i>, -<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse? -1816.—<abbr title="Ibid Nouveau Dictionnaire 28"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Nouv. Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1819, 488.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Galerie des Oiseaux 1">Gal. Ois. I</abbr>, 171, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -45.—<abbr title="Ibid American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, -1825, 45, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, -1840, 424.—<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 485.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 194.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 35; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1838, 481 -(not the <abbr title="plate 7">pl. vii</abbr>.).—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 146.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 58 (not the <abbr title="plate 221">pl. ccxxi</abbr>.).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 575. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</i>, <span class="sc">Ord.</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, 1818, 253. -“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>”—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr>, 1866, 403.—<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 133.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 291 (in part). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus nitens</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> -Verz.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 164. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus -purpuratus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Animals in Manageries">Anim. in Menag.</abbr> 1838, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 55. -<cite>Purple Grakle</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, -Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Length about 12.50; wing, 5.50; tail, 4.92; culmen, 1.24; tarsus, 1.28. -Second quill longest, hardly perceptibly (only .07 of an inch) longer than the first and -third, which are equal; projection of primaries beyond secondaries, 1.56; graduation of -tail, .92. General appearance glossy black; whole plumage, however, brightly glossed -with reddish-violet, bronzed purple, steel-blue, and green; the head and neck with purple -prevailing, this being in some individuals more bluish, in others more reddish; where -most blue this is purest anteriorly, becoming more violet on the neck. On other portions -of the body the blue and violet forming an iridescent zone on each feather, the blue first, -the violet terminal; sometimes the head is similarly marked. On the abdomen the blue -<!--242.png--><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 216]</span> -generally predominates, on the rump the violet; wings and tail black, with violet reflection, -more bluish on the latter; the wing-coverts frequently tipped with steel-blue -or violet. Bill, tarsi, and toes pure black; iris sulphur-yellow.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Atlantic States, north to Nova Scotia, west to the Alleghanies.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_242.jpg" - width="250" height="153" - alt="Illustration: Var. purpureus" - /> - <p class="center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This form is more liable to -variation than any other, the arrangement -of the metallic tints -varying with the individual; there -is never, however, an approach -to the sharp definition and symmetrical -pattern of coloration characteristic -of the western race.</p> - -<p>The female is a little less brilliant -than the male, and slightly smaller. The young is entirely uniform -slaty-brown, without gloss.</p> - -<p>An extreme example of this race (22,526, Washington, D. C.?) is almost -wholly of a continuous rich purple, interrupted only on the interscapulars, -where, anteriorly, the purple is overlaid by bright green, the feathers with -terminal transverse bars of bluish. On the lower parts are scattered areas -of a more bluish tint. The purple is richest and of a reddish cast on the -neck, passing gradually into a bluish tint toward the bill; on the rump and -breast the purple has a somewhat bronzy appearance.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Crow Blackbird of the eastern United States exhibits -three well-marked and permanently varying forms, which we present -as races. Yet these variations are so well marked and so constant that they -almost claim the right to be treated as specifically distinct. We shall consider -them by themselves. They are the Purple Grakle, or common Crow -Blackbird, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</i>; the Bronzed Grakle, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. æneus</i>; and the -Florida Grakle, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. aglæus</i>.</p> - -<p>The first of these, the well-known Crow Blackbird of the Atlantic States, -so far as we are now informed, has an area extending from Northern Florida -on the south to Maine, and from the Atlantic to the Alleghanies. Mr. Allen -states that the second form is the typical form of New England, but my observations -do not confirm his statement. Both the eastern and the western -forms occur in Massachusetts, but the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> alone seems to be a summer -resident, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i> occurring only <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in transitu</i>, and, so far as I am now aware, -chiefly in the fall.</p> - -<p>The Crow Blackbirds visit Massachusetts early in March and remain -until the latter part of September, those that are summer residents generally -departing before October. They are not abundant in the eastern part of the -State, and breed in small communities or by solitary pairs.</p> - -<p>In the Central States, especially in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, they are -much more abundant, and render themselves conspicuous and dreaded by -the farmers through the extent of their depredations on the crops. The evil -<!--243.png--><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 217]</span> -deeds of all birds are ever much more noticed and dwelt upon than their -beneficial acts. So it is, to an eminent degree, with the Crow Blackbird. -Very few seem aware of the vast amount of benefit it confers on the farmer, -but all know full well—and are bitterly prejudiced by the knowledge—the -extent of the damages this bird causes.</p> - -<p>They return to Pennsylvania about the middle of March, in large, loose -flocks, at that time frequenting the meadows and ploughed fields, and their -food then consists almost wholly of grubs, worms, etc., of which they destroy -prodigious numbers. In view of these services, and notwithstanding -the havoc they commit on the crops of Indian corn, Wilson states that he -should hesitate whether to consider these birds most as friends or as enemies, -as they are particularly destructive to almost all the noxious worms, grubs, -and caterpillars that infest the farmer’s fields, which, were they to be allowed -to multiply unmolested, would soon consume nine tenths of all the productions -of his labor, and desolate the country with the miseries of famine.</p> - -<p>The depredations committed by these birds are almost wholly upon Indian -corn, at different stages. As soon as its blades appear above the ground, -after it has been planted, these birds descend upon the fields, pull up the -tender plant, and devour the seeds, scattering the green blades around. It is -of little use to attempt to drive them away with the gun. They only fly -from one part of the field to another. And again, as soon as the tender corn -has formed, these flocks, now replenished by the young of the year, once more -swarm in the cornfields, tear off the husks, and devour the tender grains. Wilson -has seen fields of corn in which more than half the corn was thus ruined.</p> - -<p>These birds winter in immense numbers in the lower parts of Virginia, -North and South Carolina, and Georgia, sometimes forming one congregated -multitude of several hundred thousands. On one occasion Wilson met, on -the banks of the Roanoke, on the 20th of January, one of these prodigious -armies of Crow Blackbirds. They rose, he states, from the surrounding -fields with a noise like thunder, and, descending on the length of the road -before him, they covered it and the fences completely with black. When -they again rose, and after a few evolutions descended on the skirts of the -high timbered woods, they produced a most singular and striking effect. -Whole trees, for a considerable extent, from the top to the lowest branches, -seemed as if hung with mourning. Their notes and screaming, he adds, -seemed all the while like the distant sounds of a great cataract, but in a -more musical cadence.</p> - -<p>A writer in the American Naturalist (<abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 326), residing in Newark, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, -notes the advent of a large number of these birds to his village. Two built -their nest inside the spire of a church. Another pair took possession of a -martin-house in the narrator’s garden, forcibly expelling the rightful owners. -These same birds also attempted to plunder the newly constructed nests of -the Robins of their materials. They were, however, successfully resisted, the -Robins driving the Blackbirds away in all cases of contest.</p> - -<p><!--244.png--><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 218]</span> -The Crow Blackbird nests in various situations, sometimes in low bushes, -more frequently in trees, and at various heights. A pair, for several years, -had their nest on the top of a high fir-tree, some sixty feet from the ground, -standing a few feet from my front door. Though narrowly watched by unfriendly -eyes, no one could detect them in any mischief. Not a spear of corn -was molested, and their food was exclusively insects, for which they diligently -searched, turning over chips, pieces of wood, and loose stones. Their -nests are large, coarsely but strongly made of twigs and dry plants, interwoven -with strong stems of grasses. When the Fish Hawks build in their -neighborhood, Wilson states that it is a frequent occurrence for the Grakles -to place their nests in the interstices of those of the former. Sometimes -several pairs make use of the same Hawk’s nest at the same time, -living in singular amity with its owner. Mr. Audubon speaks of finding -these birds generally breeding in the hollows of trees. I have never met -with their nests in these situations, but Mr. William Brewster says he has -found them nesting in this manner in the northern part of Maine. Both, -however, probably refer to the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Grakle exhibit great variations in their ground-color, -varying from a light greenish-white to a deep rusty-brown. The former is -the more common color. The eggs are marked with large dashes and broad, -irregular streaks of black and dark brown, often presenting a singular grotesqueness -in their shapes. Eggs with a deep brown ground are usually -marked chiefly about the larger end with confluent, cloudy blotches of deeper -shades of the same. The eggs measure 1.25 inches by .90.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BRONZED GRAKLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus versicolor</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography, plate 7"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. pl. vii</abbr>; <abbr title="Birds of America, Four, plate 221">Birds Am. IV pl. ccxxi</abbr> (figure, but not -description).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 555 (western specimens).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 352. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus æneus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Acad.</abbr>, June, 1869. 134.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_244.jpg" - width="250" height="139" - alt="Illustration: Var. æneus" - /> - <p class="center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Length, 12.50 to 13.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.26; tarsus, 1.32. -Third and fourth quills longest and -equal; first shorter than fifth; projection -of primaries beyond secondaries, -1.28; graduation of tail, 1.48.</p> - -<p class="small">Metallic tints rich, deep, and uniform. -Head and neck all round rich -silky steel-blue, this strictly confined -to these portions, and abruptly defined -behind, varying in shade from -an intense Prussian blue to brassy-greenish, -the latter tint always, when -present, most apparent on the neck, the head always more violaceous; lores velvety-black. -Entire body, above and below, uniform continuous metallic brassy-olive, varying -<!--245.png--><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 219]</span> -to burnished golden olivaceous-bronze, becoming gradually uniform metallic purplish or -reddish violet on wings and tail, the last more purplish; primaries violet-black; bill, tarsi, -and toes pure black; iris sulphur-yellow.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mississippi region of United States, east to Alleghany Mountains, west to Fort -Bridger; Saskatchewan Region, Hudson’s Bay Territory; Labrador? and Maine (52,382, -Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, G. A. Boardman). More or less abundant in all eastern States north of New -Jersey.</p> - -<p>This species may be readily distinguished from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i> by the -color alone, independently of the differences of proportions.</p> - -<p>The impression received from a casual notice of a specimen of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i> -is that of a uniformly glossy black bird, the metallic tints being much -broken or irregularly distributed, being frequently, or generally, arranged in -successive bands on the feathers over the whole body, producing a peculiar -iridescent effect. In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. æneus</i> nothing of this character is seen; for, -among a very large series of western specimens, not one has the body other -than continuous bronze, the head and neck alone being green or blue, and -this sharply and abruptly defined against the very different tint of the other -portions. These colors, of course, have their extremes of variation, but the -change is only in the shade of the metallic tints, the precise pattern being -strictly retained. In the present species the colors are more vivid and silky -than in the eastern, and the bird is, in fact, a much handsomer one. -(Ridgway.)</p> - -<p>Just after moulting, the plumage is unusually brilliant, the metallic tints -being much more vivid.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Bronzed Blackbird has been so recently separated from the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> that we cannot give, with exactness or certainty, the area over -which it is distributed. It is supposed to occupy the country west of the -Alleghanies as far to the southwest as the Rio Grande and Fort Bridger, extending -to the Missouri plains on the northwest, to the Saskatchewan in the -north, and to Maine and Nova Scotia on the northeast. Subsequent explorations -may somewhat modify this supposed area of distribution. It is at -least known that this form occurs in Texas, in all the States immediately -west of the Alleghanies, and in the New England States, as well as the -vicinity of New York City.</p> - -<p>In regard to its habits, as differing from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>, we are without -any observations sufficiently distinctive to be of value. It reaches -Calais about the first of April, and is a common summer visitant.</p> - -<p>In the fall of 1869, about the 10th of October, several weeks after the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscali</i> which had been spending the summer with us had disappeared, an -unusually large number of these birds, in the bronzed plumage, made their appearance -in the place; they seemed to come all together, but kept in smaller -companies. One of these flocks spent the day, which was lowering and -unpleasant, but not rainy, in my orchard. They kept closely to the ground, -and seemed to be busily engaged in searching for insects. They had a single -<!--246.png--><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 220]</span> -call-note, not loud, and seemingly one of uneasiness and watchfulness against -danger. Yet they were not shy, and permitted a close approach. They -remained but a day, and all were gone the following morning. On the day -after their departure, we found that quite a number of apples had been -bitten into. We had no doubt as to the culprits, though no one saw them -in the act.</p> - -<p>Audubon’s observations relative to the Crow Blackbird are chiefly made -with reference to those seen in Louisiana, where this race is probably the only -one found. The only noticeable peculiarity in his account of these birds is -his statement that the Blackbirds of that State nest in hollow trees, a manner -of breeding now known to be also occasional in the habits of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. -The eggs of this form appear to exhibit apparently even greater variations -than do those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. One egg, measuring 1.10 inches by -.85, has a bright bluish-green ground, plashed and spotted with deep brown -markings. Another has a dull gray ground, sparingly marked with light -brown; the measurement of this is 1.13 inches by .85. A third has a -greenish-white ground, so profusely spotted with a russet-brown that the -ground-color is hardly perceptible. It is larger and more nearly spherical, -measuring 1.16 inches by .90. A fourth is so entirely covered with blotches, -dots, and cloudings of dark cinnamon-brown that the ground can nowhere -be traced.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gideon Lincecum, of Long Point, Texas, writes, in regard to this -species, that, in his neighborhood, they nest in rookeries, often on a large live -oak. They build their nests on the top of large limbs. In favorable situations -four or five nests can be looked into at once. They are at this time -full of song, though never very melodious. The people of Texas shoot them, -believing them to be injurious to their crops; but instead of being an injury -they are an advantage, they destroy so many worms, grasshoppers, caterpillars, -etc. They are migratory, and very gregarious. They all leave Texas in the -winter, and the same birds return in the spring to the same nesting-places. -They lay five eggs in a nest.</p> - -<p>In Southern Illinois, as Mr. Ridgway informs me, these birds are resident -throughout the year, though rather rare during the winter months. They -breed in the greatest abundance, and are very gregarious in the breeding-season. -On a single small island in the Wabash River, covered with tall -willows, Mr. Ridgway found over seventy nests at one time. These were -<a name="note13" id="note13"></a>placed indifferently on horizontal boughs, in forks, or in excavations,—either -natural or made by the large Woodpeckers (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>),—nests in -all these situations being sometimes found in one tree. They prefer the -large elms, cottonwoods, and sycamores of the river-bottoms as trees for -nesting-places, but select rather thinly wooded situations, as old clearings, -etc. In the vicinity of Calais, according to Mr. Boardman, they nest habitually -in hollow stubs in marshy borders of brooks or ponds.</p> - -<p class="p2 center small"> -<!--247.png--><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 221]</span> -<abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA GRAKLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus baritus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 556, <abbr title="plate 32">pl. xxxii</abbr> -(not of <abbr title="Linnæus"><cite>Linn.</cite></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus -aglæus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="American Journal of Science">Am. Jour. Sci.</abbr> -1866, 84.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 44.—<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 135. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i>, <span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 291.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_247.jpg" - width="250" height="149" - alt="Illustration: Var. aglæus" - /> - <p class="center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Length, 10.60; wing, 5.20; tail, 5.12; culmen, 1.40; tarsus, 1.40. Second -and third quills equal and longest; first shorter -than fourth; projection of primaries beyond -secondaries, 1.12; graduation of tail, 1.00.</p> - -<p class="small">Bill very slender and elongated, the tip of -upper mandible abruptly decurved; commissure -very regular.</p> - -<p class="small">Metallic tints very dark. Head and neck -all round well defined violaceous steel-blue, -the head most bluish, the neck more purplish -and with a bronzy cast in front; body uniform -soft, dull, bronzy greenish-black, scarcely lustrous; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail -blackish steel-blue, the wing-coverts tipped with vivid violet-bronze; belly and crissum -glossed with blue.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South Florida.</p> - -<p>This race is quite well marked, though it grades insensibly into the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. It differs from both that and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i> in much smaller size, with -more slender and more decurved bill.</p> - -<p>The arrangement of the colors is much as in the larger western species, -while the tints are most like those of the eastern. All the colors are, however, -darker, but at the same time softer than in either of the others.</p> - -<p>In form this species approaches nearest the western, agreeing with it in -the primaries, slender bill, and more graduated tail, and, indeed, its relations -in every respect appear to be with this rather than the eastern.</p> - -<p>This race was first described from specimens collected at Key Biscayne -by Mr. Wurdemann, in April, 1857, and in 1858, and is the smallest of the -genus within our limits. The wing and tail each are about an inch shorter -than in the other varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. The bill, however, is much longer -and more slender, and the tip considerably more produced and decurved. -The feet are stouter and much coarser, the pads of the toes very scabrous, -as if to assist in holding slippery substances, a feature scarcely seen in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_49" id="fnanchor_49"></a><a href="#footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></span></p> - -<p><!--248.png--><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 222]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This race or species seems to be confined exclusively to the peninsula -of Florida. We have no notes as to any of its peculiarities, nor do we -know that it exhibits any differences of manners or habits from those of its -more northern relatives.</p> - -<p>Of its eggs I have seen but few specimens. These do not exhibit much -variation. The ground-color shades from a light drab to one with a greenish -tinge. They average 1.17 inches in length by .85 in breadth, are more oblong -in shape, and are very strikingly marked with characters in black and -dark brown, resembling Arabic and Turkish letters.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BOAT-TAILED GRAKLE; JACKDAW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, Index <abbr title="American Ornithology Six">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812 (not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula quiscala</i>, -<span class="sc">Ord.</span> <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, 1818, 253 (not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 28">Nouv. -Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1819, 487.—<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 35, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Consp.</abbr> 1850, 424.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 504; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1838, 480, <abbr title="plate 187">pl. clxxxvii</abbr>, -<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 146.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 52, <abbr title="plate 220">pl. ccxx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 555.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, 409.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 295.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, -Ibis, <abbr title="New Series Four">N. S. IV</abbr>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23, 1870, 367 (Biography). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes major</i>, “<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 196.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(1,563.) Form rather lengthened, but robust; bill strong, about the length of -head; wing rather long, second and third quills usually longest, though the first four -quills are frequently nearly equal; tail long, graduated; lateral feathers about 2.50 inches -shorter than the central; legs and feet strong.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult male.</i> Black; head and neck with a fine purple lustre, rather abruptly defined -on the lower part of the neck behind, and succeeded by a fine green lustre which passes -into a purple or steel-blue on the lower back and upper tail-coverts. On the under parts -the purple lustre of the head and neck passes more gradually into green on the abdomen; -under tail-coverts usually purplish-blue, frequently plain black. Smaller wing-coverts -with green lustre; larger coverts greenish-bronze; quills frequently plain black, with a -greenish or bronzed edging and slight lustre. Tail usually with a slight bluish or greenish -lustre, frequently plain black. Bill and feet black. Iris yellow. Total length about 15 -inches; wing, 7.00; tail, 6.50 to 7.00.</p> - -<!--249.png--><!--Plate 36--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_36.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 36" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="36">XXXVI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_36-1" id="pl_36-1"></a><img src="images/pl_36-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrourus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 3948.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_36-2" id="pl_36-2"></a><img src="images/pl_36-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrourus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas, 3949.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_36-3" id="pl_36-3"></a><img src="images/pl_36-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="South Carolina">S. Car.</abbr>, 39005.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_36-4" id="pl_36-4"></a><img src="images/pl_36-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="South Carolina">S. Car.</abbr>, 39003.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--250.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="small"> -<!--251.png--><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 223]</span> -<i class="age">Adult female.</i> Smaller. Upper parts dark brown, lighter on the head and neck behind; -darker and nearly a dull black on the lower part of the back and upper tail-coverts; under -parts lighter, dull yellowish-brown; tibiæ and under tail-coverts darker; wings and tail -dull brownish-black; upper parts frequently with a slight greenish lustre. Total length, -about 12.50; wing, 5.50 to 6.00; tail, 5.50. (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast region of South Atlantic and Gulf States of North America. Galveston -and Houston, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 494).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Boat-tailed Grakle, or Jackdaw, of the Southern States, is -found in all the maritime portions of the States that border both on the -Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from North Carolina to Rio Grande. In -Western Texas it does not seem to be abundant. Lieutenant Couch met -with only a single specimen at Brownsville, in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. macrurus</i>. -Mr. Dresser, when at Houston and at Galveston in May and June, 1864, noticed -several of these birds. Mr. Salvin mentions finding them as far south -as the Keys of the Belize coast.</p> - -<p>We learn from the observations of Mr. Audubon that this species is more -particularly attached to the maritime portions of the country. It rarely -goes farther inland than forty or fifty miles, following the marshy banks of -the larger streams. It occurs in great abundance in the lower portions of -Louisiana, though not found so high up the Mississippi as Natchez. It also -abounds in the Sea Islands on the coast of the Carolinas, and in the lowlands -of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that this species hardly occurs in any abundance north of -the Carolinas, and that it is restricted to a narrow belt along the coast of the -ocean and gulf, from North Carolina throughout our entire shore to Mexico. -He supposed it to stop there, and to be replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</i>. Though -the larger proportion of these birds pass beyond our southern boundaries to -spend the winter, a few, chiefly old males, are resident in North Carolina -throughout the year. In the spring the females are the first to appear. Just -before the mating has taken place, the flocks of these birds are said to execute -sudden and unaccountable evolutions, as if guided by some single commanding -spirit; now hovering uncertain, then dashing impulsive, now veering -in an instant, and at last taking a long, steady flight towards some distant -point. During this period, Dr. Coues further informs us, their voices crack, -and they utter a curious medley of notes from bass to falsetto, a jingling, -unmusical jargon that is indescribable.</p> - -<p>The laying-season is said to be at its height during the latter part of -April. He found in no instance more than six eggs in a nest, nor less -than three. He thinks that they have two, and perhaps three, broods in -a season, as he found it not uncommon to meet with newly fledged birds -in September.</p> - -<p>These birds are eminently gregarious at all seasons of the year, and at -certain seasons assemble in large flocks. They are omnivorous, eating both -insects and grain, and are alternately benefactors and plunderers of the -<!--252.png--><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 224]</span> -planters. In the early season they seek their food among the large salt -marshes of the seaboard, and along the muddy banks of creeks and rivers. -They do great damage to the rice plantations, both when the grain is in the -soft state and afterwards when the ripened grain is stacked. They also feed -very largely upon the small crabs called fiddlers, so common in all the mud -flats, earthworms, various insects, shrimps, and other aquatic forms of the -like character.</p> - -<p>A few of these birds are resident throughout the year, though the -greater part retire farther south during a portion of the winter. They -return in February, in full plumage, when they mate. They resort, by pairs -and in companies, to certain favorite breeding-places, where they begin to -construct their nests. They do not, however, even in Florida, begin to breed -before April. They build a large and clumsy nest, made of very coarse -and miscellaneous materials, chiefly sticks and fragments of dry weeds, -sedges, and strips of bark, lined with finer stems, fibrous roots, and grasses, -and have from three to five eggs.</p> - -<p>It is a very singular but well-established characteristic of this species, -that no sooner is their nest completed and incubation commenced than the -male birds all desert their mates, and, joining one another in flocks, keep -apart from the females, feeding by themselves, until they are joined by the -young birds and their mothers in the fall.</p> - -<p>These facts and this trait of character in this species have been fully confirmed -by the observations of Dr. Bachman of Charleston. In 1832 he -visited a breeding-locality of these birds. On a single Smilax bush he found -more than thirty nests of the Grakles, from three to five feet apart, some -of them not more than fifteen inches above the water, and only females were -seen about the nests, no males making their appearance. Dr. Bachman also -visited colonies of these nests placed upon live-oak trees thirty or forty feet -from the ground, and carefully watched the manners of the old birds, but -has never found any males in the vicinity of their nests after the eggs had -been laid. They always keep at a distance, feeding in flocks in the marshes, -leaving the females to take charge of their nests and young. They have but -one brood in a season.</p> - -<p>As these birds fly, in loose flocks, they continually utter a peculiar cry, -which Mr. Audubon states resembles or may be represented by <i class="birdcall">kirrick, crick, -crick</i>. Their usual notes are harsh, resembling loud, shrill whistles, and are -frequently accompanied with their ordinary cry of <i class="birdcall">crick-crick-cree</i>. In the -love-season these notes are said to be more pleasing, and are changed into -sounds which Audubon states resemble <i class="birdcall">tirit, tirit, titiri-titiri-titirēē</i>, rising -from low to high with great regularity and emphasis. The cry of the young -bird, when just able to fly, he compares to the whistling cry of some kind -of frogs.</p> - -<p>The males are charged by Mr. Audubon with attacking birds of other -species, driving them from their nests and sucking their eggs.</p> - -<p><!--253.png--><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 225]</span> -Dr. Bryant, who found this species the most common bird in the neighborhood -of Lake Monroe, adds that it could be seen at all times running along -the edge of the water, almost in the manner of a Sandpiper. They were -breeding by hundreds in the reeds near the inlet to the lake. On the 6th -of April some of the birds had not commenced laying, though the majority -had hatched, and the young of others were almost fledged.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure 1.25 inches in length by .92 in breadth. -Their ground-color is usually a brownish-drab, in some tinged with olive, in -others with green. Over this are distributed various markings, in lines, zigzags, -and irregular blotches of brown and black.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREAT-TAILED GRAKLE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrourus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Animals in Manageries, Two Centenaries and a Quarter">Anim. in Menag. 2¼ centen.</abbr> 1838, 299, fig. 51, a.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="plate 58">pl. -lviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, -Birds, 20, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A. -N. S.</abbr> 1867, 410. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes macrurus</i>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 196.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(The largest species of this genus.) Form lengthened but robust, bill -strong, longer than the head; wing long, third quill usually longest; tail long, graduated, -outer feathers three to five inches shorter than those in the middle; legs and feet strong.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult male.</i> Black; head, neck, back, and entire under parts with a fine bluish-purple -lustre; lower part of back and the upper tail-coverts, and also the abdomen and under -tail-coverts, frequently with green lustre, though in specimens apparently not fully adult -those parts are sometimes bluish-brown, inclining to dark steel-blue. Wings and tail -with a slight purplish lustre, smaller coverts with bluish-green, and larger coverts with -greenish-bronze lustre. Bill and feet black. Iris yellow. Total length, 17.50 to 20.00; -wing, about 8.00; tail, 8.00 to 10.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Smaller, and generally resembling that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. major</i>, but rather darker colored -above. Entire upper parts dark brown, nearly black, and with a green lustre on the -back; wings and tail dull brownish-black. Under parts light, dull yellowish-brown; -paler on the throat, and with a trace of a narrow dark line from each side of the lower -mandible. Tibiæ and under tail-coverts dark brown. Total length about 13.00; wing, -6.00; tail, 6.50. (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Texas to Panama and Carthagena. Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 300); Guatemala -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis. <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -20, eggs); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, 112); -Carthagena, <abbr title="North">N.</abbr> 9 (<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> <a name="RAS" id="RAS"></a><abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">R. A. -S.</abbr>, 1860, 138); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Nine"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> -Journ. IX</abbr>, 1861, 82; <abbr title="Lawrence Four"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IV</abbr>, 104); Nicaragua -(<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 181); -Rio Grande of Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 493, breeds); -Vera Cruz (from hot to alpine regions; resident. <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, -<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Great-tailed or Central American Grakle is an abundant -species throughout Mexico and Central America, and probably extends to -some distance into South America. In Vera Cruz, Sumichrast states it to -be one of the few birds that are found in nearly equal abundance throughout -the three regions, hot, temperate, and alpine, into which that department is -physically divided. It is abundant everywhere throughout that State, and -also nests there. In the neighborhood of Cordova and Orizaba it lives in -large communities, a single tree being often loaded with the nests.</p> - -<p><!--254.png--><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 226]</span> -On the Rio Grande it extends into Texas, and thus qualifies itself for a -place within our fauna. A few specimens were procured at Eagle Pass and -elsewhere by the Mexican Boundary Survey party. It is more abundant -on the western banks of the Rio Grande, especially at Matamoras. Among -the MS. notes left by Dr. Kennerly is a part of the memoranda of the -late Dr. Berlandier of that place. Under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica elegans</i> the latter -refers to what is evidently this species. He describes it as found in -all parts of the Republic of Mexico, where it is known as <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Uraca</i>, <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pajaro -negro</i>, and, in Acapulco, <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Papate</i>. It is found, he adds, abundantly throughout -the State of Tamaulipas. It lives upon grain, especially corn, devouring -the planted seeds and destroying the crops. It builds its nest in April, -laying its eggs in the same month, and the young birds are hatched out by -the beginning of May. The nests are large, the edges high, and the cavity -correspondingly deep. They are constructed of dry plants and small bits -of cloth, which the birds find about the settlements, and the bottom of the -nest is plastered with clay, which gives it great firmness. This is covered -with grasses and pieces of dry weeds. The eggs are described as large, of a -pale leaden-gray or a rusty color, over which are black marks, stripes, lines, -and spots without order or regularity. They are generally four in number. -The nests are built on the tops of the highest trees, usually the willows -or mesquites.</p> - -<p>Mr. G. C. Taylor, in his notes on the birds of Honduras, states that he -found this Blackbird common, and always to be met with about the villages. -It appeared to be polygamous, the males being generally attended by -several females. A fine male bird, with his accompanying females, frequented -the court-yard of the Railroad House at Comayagua, where Mr. -Taylor was staying. They generally sat on the roof of the house, or among -the upper branches of some orange-trees that grew in the yard. They had -a very peculiar cry, not unlike the noise produced by the sharpening of a -saw, but more prolonged.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin found the bird very abundant in Central America. In one of -his papers relative to the birds of that region, he states that this species, in -Guatemala, plays the part of the European House Sparrow. It seeks the -abode of man, as does that familiar bird, and is generally found frequenting -larger towns as well as villages. Stables are its favorite places of resort, -where it scratches for its food among the ordure of the horses. It will -even perch on the backs of these animals and rid them of their ticks, -occasionally picking up stray grains of corn from their mangers. At Duenas -he found it breeding in large societies, usually selecting the willows that -grow near the lake and the reeds on the banks for its nest. The breeding -season extends over some length of time. In May, young birds and fresh -eggs may be found in nests in the same trees. On the coast, young birds, -nearly capable of flying, were seen in the early part of March. Mr. Salvin -adds that the nests are usually made of grass, and placed among upright -<!--255.png--><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span> -branches, the grass being intwined around each twig, to support the structure. -The eggs in that region were seldom found to exceed three in number.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found the Long-tailed Grakles very common at Matamoras, -where they frequented the streets and yards with no signs of fear. They -were breeding there in great quantities, building a heavy nest of sticks, -lined with roots and grass. They were fond of building in company, and in -the yard of the hotel he counted seven nests in one tree. At Eagle Pass, -and as far east as the Nueces River, he found them not uncommon, but -noticed none farther in the interior of Texas. Their usual note is a loud -and not unmelodious whistle. They have also a very peculiar guttural note, -which he compares to the sound caused by drawing a stick sharply across -the quills of a dried goose-wing.</p> - -<p>Captain McCown states that he observed these Blackbirds building in -large communities at Fort Brown, Texas. Upon a tree standing near the -centre of the parade-ground at that fort, a pair of the birds had built their -nest. Just before the young were able to fly, one of them fell to the ground. -A boy about ten years old discovered and seized the bird, which resisted -stoutly, and uttered loud cries. These soon brought to its rescue a legion of -old birds, which vigorously attacked the boy, till he was glad to drop the bird -and take to flight. Captain McCown then went and picked up the young -bird, when they turned their fury upon him, passing close to his head and -uttering their sharp caw. He placed it upon a tree, and there left it, to the -evident satisfaction of his assailants. These birds, he adds, have a peculiar -cry, something like tearing the dry husk from an ear of corn. From this -the soldiers called them corn-huskers. He often saw other and smaller birds -building in the same tree. They were very familiar, and would frequently -approach to within ten feet of a person.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure 1.32 inches in length by .92 of an inch in breadth, and -exhibit great variations both in ground-color and in the style and character -of their marking. In some the ground-color is of a light grayish-white with -a slight tinge of green or blue; in others it is of a light drab, and again many -have a deep brownish-drab. The markings are principally of a dark brown, -hardly distinguishable from black, distributed in the shape of drops, or -broad irregular narrow plashes, or in waving zigzag lines and markings. Intermingled -with these deeper and bolder markings are suffused cloud-like -colorations of purplish-brown.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Quiscalinæ--> -</div><!--end family Icteridæ--> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Sturnidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--256.png--><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 228]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">STURNIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Starlings.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -General characters of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, but with a rudimentary first primary, -making the total number ten.</p> - -<p>The introduction of this family into the present work is required by the -occurrence of the typical species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</i>, in Greenland, although -it otherwise characterizes the Old World exclusively. There are several -subfamilies, principally African and East Indian (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lamprotornithinæ, Buphaginæ, -Sturninæ</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Graculinæ</i>), some of them of very brilliant plumage.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</i> in many respects constitute a natural stage of transition -from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i> to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</i>, through the Jays.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">STURNUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> -Syst. Nat., I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 167. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. vulgaris</i>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill long, conical, much depressed; the culmen, gonys, and commissure -nearly straight, the latter angulated at base. Wings, twice length of tail; much pointed, -the primaries graduating rapidly from the second, the first being rudimentary, the secondaries -much shorter. Tail nearly even; the feathers acuminate. Tarsi short; about equal -to middle toe; lateral toes equal. Plumage coarse and stiff, each feather distinctly outlined.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_256.jpg" - width="300" height="202" - alt="Illustration: Sturnus vulgaris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">19020</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The bill of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</i> is very similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i>, although less inflected -at the edges. The shorter tarsi, much longer wings, with the innermost -secondaries much less than the primaries, etc., readily distinguish the -two families.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--257.png--><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 229]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE STARLING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, -(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 167; (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 12,) 1766, 290.—<span class="sc">Degland -& Gerbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne">Orn. Europ.</abbr> -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1867, 232.—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers principally lustrous-black, with purple and green reflections, -except at their extremities, which are dull and opaque; brownish above, silvery-white -beneath. Bill yellow in spring, brown in autumn. Legs flesh-color. Length about -8.51; wing, 5.11; tail, 2.81; bill above, 1.11, from nostril, .75; gape, 1.15; tarsus, 1.15; -middle toe and claw, 1.15. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but less brilliant.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Europe and North Africa, most abundant in Holland. One specimen killed in -Greenland, in 1851, and preserved in the Royal Zoölogical Museum of Copenhagen.</p> - -<p>The preceding description will serve to distinguish the Starling from any -North American species, although it is subject to considerable variation. -A second form, scarcely distinguishable as a species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. unicolor</i>, De la -Marmora), of a prevailing black color, without terminal spots, and with the -feathers of the under part elongated, is found in Sardinia and Sicily.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> We give a place to the common Starling of Europe in the fauna -of North America, as an occasional and rare visitant of Greenland. Only a -single instance is on record of its actual capture,—a female taken by Holböll -in 1851, and now in the Royal Museum of Copenhagen.</p> - -<p>The well-known Starling of Europe is handsome in plumage and of graceful -shape. It is numerous, as a species, is very generally distributed, and -therefore very well known. With many it is a great favorite, and is also -familiar as a caged bird. Its sprightly habits, retentive memory, and flexibility -of voice, commend it as an interesting and entertaining pet. It has -been taught to whistle tunes, and even to imitate the human voice, with -facility and correctness. In its natural state it is a very social bird, and -lives in flocks the greater part of the year.</p> - -<p>Mr. Waterton, who was a great admirer of the Starling, sought to induce -these birds to frequent his grounds, and with this view made various cavities -in the walls of an old tower near his residence. His wishes were gratified, -and soon every cavity he had made was taken possession of by a pair, -and many more would have been thus domiciled had provision been made -for them.</p> - -<p>A similar instance is on record in Hamburg, where, within a few years, -a well-known horticulturist induced nearly two hundred pairs of Starlings -to occupy and to breed in wooden boxes put up in his grounds for their -accommodation. His plants had been destroyed by the attacks of hosts of -subterranean larvæ, and the Starlings were invited in the hope that they -would remove this evil, which they did quite effectually.</p> - -<p>Dr. Beverley Morris gives a very interesting account of a female Starling -that he observed building a nest in a hollow tree. The male looked on, but -<!--258.png--><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 230]</span> -took no part, except to drive away other intrusive birds. The female made -on an average three trips a minute, with small twigs and bits of dry grass, -taking sometimes three or four at a time. He estimated that in the space -of six hours she had taken to her nest not less than a thousand sticks.</p> - -<p>The Starling is said to select for its nest suitable places in church-steeples, -the eaves of houses, and holes in walls, especially of old towers and ruins; -occasionally it builds in hollow trees, in cliffs or in high rocks overhanging -the sea, and also in dovecotes. The nests are made of slender twigs, straw, -roots, and dry grasses. The birds incubate sixteen days. The old birds are -devoted to their offspring.</p> - -<p>Almost as soon as the nestlings are able to fly, different families unite to -form large flocks, which may be seen feeding on commons and grass-grounds, -in company with the Rooks and other birds. Their chief food consists of -larvæ, worms, insects in various stages, and, at times, berries and grain. In -confinement they are very fond of raw meat.</p> - -<p>Mr. Yarrell, quoting Dr. Dean of Wells, gives an account of an extraordinary -haunt of Starlings on an estate of a gentleman who had prepared -the place for occupation by Pheasants. It was in a plantation of arbutus -and laurustinus, covering some acres, to which these birds repaired, in the -evening, almost by the million, coming from the low grounds about the -Severn. A similar instance is given by Mr. Ball, of Dublin, of an immense -swarm of several hundred thousand Starlings sleeping every night in a mass -of thorn-trees at the upper end of the Zoölogical Garden in Phœnix Park.</p> - -<p>The Starlings are found throughout Great Britain, even to the Hebrides -and the Orkneys, where they are great favorites, and holes are left in the -walls of the houses for their accommodation. They are common throughout -Norway, Sweden, and the north of Europe, and as far east as the Himalayas -and even Japan. They are also found in all the countries on both -sides of the Mediterranean, and Mr. Gould states that they occur in Africa -as far south as the Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Starling are five in number, of a uniform delicate pale -blue, oval in shape and rounded at one end; they measure 1.20 inches in -length by .88 in breadth.</p> -</div><!--end family Sturnidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Corvidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--259.png--><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CORVIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Crows.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Primaries ten; the first short, generally about half as long as the second (or a -little more); the outer four sinuated on the inner edge. The nasal fossæ and nostrils -usually more or less concealed by narrow, stiffened bristles (or bristly feathers), with -short appressed lateral branches extending to the very tip, all directed forwards (these -bristles occasionally wanting). Tarsi scutellate anteriorly, the sides undivided (except -sometimes below), and separated from the anterior plates by a narrow naked strip, sometimes -filled up with small scales. Basal joint of middle toe united about equally to the -lateral, generally for about half the length. Bill generally notched.</p> - -<p>The preceding characters distinguish the family of Crows quite markedly -from all others. The features of the bristles on the bill, and the separation -of the lateral and anterior scales by a narrow interval, are worthy of particular -attention. The commissure is without the obtusely angular bend -near the base, seen in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>.</p> - -<p>There are two sub-families of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</i> represented in America, one embracing -the true Crows, the other the Jays. They pass very insensibly into each -other, and it is difficult to mark the dividing line. We may, however, distinguish -these, as found in the United States, by the following characters:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ.</b> Bill as long as the head. Tail short, nearly even; wings long and pointed, -longer than tail, and nearly reaching its tip; projecting beyond the under tail-coverts, -which reach the middle of tail. Tip of wing formed by the third, fourth, and fifth quills, -which are longest.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ.</b> Bill usually shorter than head. Tail lengthened, rounded, and generally -longer than the wings, which are short, rounded, and extend scarcely beyond the lower -tail-coverts; these not reaching the middle of the tail. Tip of wing formed by the fourth, -fifth, and sixth quills, which are longest.</p> - -<p>The row of small scales is usually present on both sides of the tarsi in -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</i>, but in the Jays is generally restricted to the inner face.</p> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Corvinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CORVINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Wings long and pointed; longer than the tail, and, when closed, reaching -nearly to its tip, extending far beyond the under tail-coverts; the third, fourth, and fifth -quills forming the tip of the wing.</p> - -<p>The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the three genera of -North American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</i>:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corveæ</i>). Bill compressed, much higher than broad; its tip compressed. -Size large (i. e. over 15 inches long), color black, or mainly black.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Color black throughout; bill much compressed, the culmen much -arched, and the gonys convex; nasal bristles strong<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--260.png--><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 232]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifrageæ.</i>) Bill cylindrical, scarcely or not at all higher than -broad; its tip depressed. Size small (i. e. less than 15 inches long). Color -uniform blue or with ashy on body, and black wings and tail.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Color ashy, with wings and tail mainly black. Culmen convex, -gonys slightly concave. Nostrils covered by the short nasal tuft<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Color uniform blue, brighter on the head; the throat streaked with -whitish. Culmen straight; gonys slightly convex. Nostrils completely -exposed; no nasal tufts<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CORVUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1735. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corax</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_260.jpg" - width="300" height="272" - alt="Illustration: Corvus carnivorus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">12442</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -The nasal feathers lengthened, reaching to or beyond the middle of the -bill. Nostrils large, circular, overhung behind by membrane, the edges rounded elsewhere. -Rictus without bristles. Bill nearly as long as the tarsus, very stout; much -higher than broad at the base; culmen much arched. Wings reaching nearly or quite to -the tip of the tail, the outer four primaries sinuated internally. Tarsi longer than the -middle toe, with a series of small scales on the middle of each side separating the anterior -scutellate portion from the posterior continuous plates. Sides of the head occasionally -with nearly naked patches. Tail graduated or rounded.</p> - -<!--261.png--><!--blank page--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_37.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="37">XXXVII</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end plate--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-1" id="pl_37-1"></a><img src="images/pl_37-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1363.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-2" id="pl_37-2"></a><img src="images/pl_37-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus aglæus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 10342.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-3" id="pl_37-3"></a><img src="images/pl_37-3.jpg" - width="60%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus caurinus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Sitka, 46662.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-4" id="pl_37-4"></a><img src="images/pl_37-4.jpg" - width="60%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Mazatlan, 52802.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-5" id="pl_37-5"></a><img src="images/pl_37-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-6" id="pl_37-6"></a><img src="images/pl_37-6.jpg" - width="60%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 4546.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-7" id="pl_37-7"></a><img src="images/pl_37-7.jpg" - width="60%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ossifragus</span>. D. C., 4515.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-8" id="pl_37-8"></a><img src="images/pl_37-8.jpg" - width="60%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cryptoleucus</span>. Texas, 46798.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_37-9" id="pl_37-9"></a><img src="images/pl_37-9.jpg" - width="60%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus floridanus</span>. <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 10374.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--262.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--263.png--><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 233]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname">RAVENS.</b> Feathers of the chin and throat stiffened, elongated, narrow and -lanceolate, with their outlines very distinct.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. corax</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</b>. Length about 25.00; wing, 17.00; -tail, 10.00; graduation of tail, 1.60 to 2.40. Feathers of the neck -and breast light gray beneath surface. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North -America; Guatemala and Mexico. Rare in Eastern United States.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cryptoleucus.</b> Length about 21.00; wing, 14.00; tail, -8.50; graduation of tail, about 1.25. Feathers of neck and breast -snowy-white beneath surface. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Llano Estacado, or Staked -Plain of Texas; Arizona; Colorado.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname">CROWS.</b> Feathers of chin and throat soft, short, broad, obtuse, and with -their webs blended.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Angle of mouth feathered—North American Crows.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tarsus longer than the bill. First quill not longer than tenth.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus.</b> The gloss of the plumage purplish-violet, and -hardly perceptible on head and neck, middle toe and claw rather -shorter than tarsus, measured from beginning of scutellæ.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Wing, 12.25; tail, 7.20; culmen, 1.85; tarsus, 2.00; middle -toe, 1.45; wing-formula, 4, 3, 5, 6, 2; first quill equal to -tenth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North America generally -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_50" id="fnanchor_50"></a><a href="#footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Wing, 12.50; tail, 7.20; culmen, 2.10; tarsus, 2.30; middle -toe, 1.60. Wing-formula? (moulting). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Florida -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ossifragus.</b> The gloss of plumage violaceous-blue, almost -green on the head, neck, and breast, where very perceptible. -Middle toe and claw longer than tarsus, as above. Wing, 10.50; -tail, 6.50; culmen, 1.55; tarsus, 1.65; middle toe, 1.35. Wing-formula, -4, 3, 5; first quill slightly shorter than tenth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Atlantic Coast of the United States.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tarsus shorter than the bill. First quill longer than tenth.</p> - -<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caurinus.</b> Gloss of the plumage as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i>, but -deeper. Wing, 10.50; tail, 6.40; culmen, 1.95; tarsus, 1.70; middle -toe, 1.25. Wing-formula, 4, 3, 5. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwestern coast -of North America.</p> - -<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_51" id="fnanchor_51"></a><a href="#footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></span> -Plumage highly lustrous, blended. Soft burnished -steel-blue, changing to violet on the crown, and with a -greenish cast on lower parts. Wing, 9.00; tail, 6.50; culmen, -1.60; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, 1.10. Wing-formula, 4, 3, 5. -First quill very much longer than tenth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico -(Mazatlan, etc.).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Angle of mouth naked—West Indian Crows.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tarsus much shorter than the bill.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--264.png--><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span> -7. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. nasicus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_52" id="fnanchor_52"></a><a href="#footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></span> -Nostrils scarcely concealed by the short nasal bristles. -Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers smoky-gray beneath -the surface. Wing, 11.00; tail, 7.75; culmen, 2.45; depth of -bill, .80; tarsus, 1.95; middle toe, 1.50; graduation of tail about -1.00; wing-formula, 4, 3, 5, 6, 2; first quill shortest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent3">8. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucognaphalus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_53" id="fnanchor_53"></a><a href="#footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></span> -Nostrils well concealed by the longer, but -rather scant, nasal bristles. Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers -of the neck all round, breast and sides, pure white below the surface. -Wing, 12.50; tail, 9.00; culmen, 2.45; depth of bill, .95; -tarsus, 2.15; middle toe, 1.50; graduation of tail about 1.25. -Wing-formula, 4, 5, 3, 6, 2; first quill much the shortest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Porto Rico.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tarsus about equal to bill.</p> - -<p class="indent3">9. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. jamaicensis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_54" id="fnanchor_54"></a><a href="#footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></span> -Nostrils just covered by the short but dense -tuft of nasal bristles. Entirely dark sooty-plumbeous, inclining to -black on the head, wings, and tail, where is a very faint violaceous -gloss. Wing, 9.50; tail, 6.50; culmen, 2.00; depth of bill, 1.70; -tarsus, 2.05; middle toe, 1.35; graduation of tail, about .60. -Wing-formula, 5, 4, 3, 6, 2; first shortest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corax</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</b>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AMERICAN RAVEN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>, -Travels in <abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Florida, 1793, 290.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 560, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, -210, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, -225.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, -1864, 121 (British Columbia).—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, -<abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, -1869, 285 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, -1870, 282.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -355. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corax</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Nine">Am. Orn. IX</abbr>, 1825, 136, -<abbr title="plate 75, figure">pl. lxxv. f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. -Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 36.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1828, 56.—<span class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr title="Cabinet of Natural History One">Cab. N. H. I</abbr>, -1830, 270, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. -xxiv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. B. Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 290.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 202.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 476, <abbr title="plate 101">pl. ci</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 150.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV.</abbr> 1842, 78, <abbr title="plate 224">pl. -ccxxiv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, -<i>S</i>, 54.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> -<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 40 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cacalotl</i>, -“<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,” ? <abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> -1837, 115 (perhaps true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cacalotl</i>).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> List, -1838 (probably not of Wagler).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 387.—<span class="sc">Maximilian</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Reise -innere Nord <abbr title="Amerika">Amer.</abbr></span> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841, -289 (does not consider it different from European).—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, -1857, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus lugubris</i>, <span class="sc">Agassiz</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, Two, December">Pr. Bost. -Soc. N. H. II, Dec.</abbr> 1846, 188.—<abbr title="Ibid Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Caban. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 195.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 563, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X.</abbr>, b <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>, -“<span class="sc">Holböll</span>, Kroger <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Tidsskrift">Tidsk.</abbr> -<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1843, 390.”—<span class="sc">Schlegel</span>, note on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--265.png--><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 235]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill longest; third and fifth about equal; second between fifth -and sixth; first nearly equal to the eighth. Length, about 24.00 or 25.00; extent, 50.00 -to 51.00; wing, about 17.00; tail, 10.00. Tail moderately graduated; the outer feather -about 1.60 to 2.40 inches less than the middle. Entirely glossy black, with burnished -violet reflections.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Entire continent of North America. Rare east of the Mississippi. South to -Guatemala.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_265.jpg" - width="250" height="245" - alt="Illustration: Corvus carnivorus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Though easily distinguishable from the European bird, the American Raven -is so nearly related to it as to be beyond doubt referrible to it as a variety. -The differences presented in a very large series of both forms are, however, -very constant and tangible. In the American bird the bill is always longer -and less deep, and the plumage is more highly burnished, while the wings, -especially the secondaries, are perceptibly of a more reddish violet than -the other portions. Though in an immense series of American specimens -many differences of form and size are noted, yet there is nothing sufficiently -characteristic of any particular region to indicate more than one variety. -As a rule, however, specimens -from the high -north exceed in size -those from elsewhere, -and have the bill more -robust, though not so -short as in the European -bird; while those from -the Middle Province and -Mexico to Guatemala -(= “<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">cacalotl</i>,” Baird et -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr>) have the plumage -more brilliant than others, -and frequently the -bill very narrow.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Assuming -that we must consider -as but one species the -two differing forms of -Raven found in North America, we find this bird more or less common -throughout nearly the whole continent. It is much more abundant in some -regions than in others, and, as a general rule, is much more common and -also more generally distributed in the western portion, where also its habits -are remarkably different from the manners of its eastern representative.</p> - -<p>It seems to be more or less common throughout the Arctic regions. -Mr. Kennicott met with Ravens at Lake Winnipeg. Mr. MacFarlane found -them abundant at Lockhart River, at Fort Anderson, and on the Lower -Anderson River. Mr. Ross obtained them at Fort Simpson, Mr. Reid at -<!--266.png--><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 236]</span> -Big Island, Mr. Clarke at Fort Rae, Mr. Lockhart at Fort Resolution, and -Mr. Dall at Nulato, in Alaska.</p> - -<p>Richardson speaks of it as abounding in the fur countries, where it frequents -the barren grounds even in the intense winter cold, and where its -movements are regulated by those of reindeer, musk-oxen, and other animals, -which it follows, to assist in devouring whatever may be killed. -Ravens are seen to collect from various quarters wherever any animal is -slain, in order to feast on the offal, and considerable numbers are in constant -attendance upon the several fishing-stations. He mentions a singular -instance of the disposition of this bird to appropriate glittering objects of -no value to it for food or anything else. A Raven was seen flying off -with something in its claws, pursued by a number of its clamorous companions. -Having been fired at, it dropped the object of contention, which -proved to be the lock of a chest.</p> - -<p>Mr. MacFarlane’s notes in regard to the nesting of these birds describe certain -variations as to position, etc. One nest was on a ledge of a cliff of shale, -and was composed of dry willow sticks, lined with pieces of rabbit skin and -the hair of moose. Both parents were seen,—one on the nest, the other -on a tree,—but both flew away on being approached. A second nest was in -the top crotch of a tall pine on the river-bank. It was made of dry sticks, -and thickly lined with reindeer hair. There were eight eggs in this nest. -A third was in a tall pine, and was forty-five feet from the ground. It was -constructed in a manner precisely similar to the preceding. A fourth was -on the top of a tall pine, and only differed in having been lined with dry -grass, moss, and a few reindeer hairs. The other nests appear to have been -similarly situated and constructed. Nearly all were in high trees, built of -dry sticks, and lined with dry grasses, mosses, and the hair of various quadrupeds. -The maximum number of eggs was eight, their average six.</p> - -<p>Mr. MacFarlane states that the Raven is found throughout the winter in -the Arctic regions, and that, though he has met with it north of latitude 69<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, -he has never known it to breed north of that line. He informs us that it is -seldom that more than a single pair is to be seen at a time, and occasionally -they may be noted singly, flying alone, or feeding on garbage. Sometimes -a dead fox or wolf will attract quite a number to the spot. On one occasion -he observed as many as twenty Ravens amicably associated together around -the carcasses of two wolves that had been poisoned with strychnine. In -many cases he has known the partaking of a poisoned animal prove fatal -to them, as also the eating of bait laid for foxes and wolves.</p> - -<p>According to this same correspondent, one of these birds became almost -domesticated at Fort Anderson, during February and March, 1865. At first it -fed about the fort with a companion; soon after, coming alone, it grew bolder -and bolder, alighted within the square, allowed itself to be closely approached, -where the young dogs soon became familiar with it, and would even frolic -and gambol with it, the Raven joining heartily in the sport in its own way. -<!--267.png--><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 237]</span> -It was never known to attempt to injure even the smallest of the young -dogs, nor did any of the dogs ever offer to annoy it. It at length came to -be considered by all as an inmate of the establishment. While it seemed to -have full confidence in the people of the fort, it kept at a careful distance -from all Indian or Esquimaux visitors.</p> - -<p>Mr. B. R. Ross speaks of Ravens as common as far north as the Arctic -Ocean. They feed on carrion, and act as scavengers to the establishments. -Their sight is remarkably keen, and the sagacity with which they follow the -trapper is wonderful. Early as the hunter may start, these harpies will have -been before him, and torn out the eyes and entrails of each hare. They will -break into marten-traps for the sake of the bait or the captured animal, -thrusting aside or pulling out with their beaks the sticks that compose the -enclosure. Sometimes they are caught in steel traps that are set for foxes, -or eat the strychnine baits laid for the same animals, and slowly succumb to -this powerful poison. Their flesh is so rank that even a fox, unless sorely -pressed by hunger, will not eat it. They pair in April, and usually construct -their nests in the loftiest trees. They have various call-notes, one of -which is like that of the Canada Goose, and another is said by Mr. Ross to -be very liquid and musical.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that these birds were abundant all the year at Nulato, and -indeed everywhere throughout Alaska, but much more common near the -Indian villages and trading-posts than elsewhere. They build on the sandstone -cliffs at Nulato, in cavities that have been occupied for years. They -lay about the 20th of April, and the young are hatched before open water. -He also speaks of them as very intelligent, and states that on several expeditions -made to obtain their eggs, the instant he stopped at the foot of -the bluff the whole colony would arrange themselves on the edge of the -rock in anxious consultation, uttering repeated cries of warning. On one -occasion, where the nest was inaccessible and the party went back unsuccessful, -their departure was announced by significant and joyous croaks -and derisive screeches. Ravens were also found by Mr. Bannister common -all the year on the small islands lying off the northeast point of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Michaels.</p> - -<p>In the Eastern States the Raven is a comparatively rare bird, except in a -few special localities. These are usually mountain-ranges, high precipitous -banks of rivers and lakes and of the ocean, and among wild and lonely -islands. It occurs on the Labrador coast, at Grand Menan in the Bay of -Fundy, the Adirondacks, Lake George, the Hudson River, etc. Mr. Lawrence -speaks of it as quite common on the coast of New Jersey. It is -found among the mountains of Buncombe and other counties in North -Carolina, and Mr. Audubon mentions its occurrence at Table Mountain, in -the district of Pendleton, South Carolina. Dr. Coues found Ravens not rare -at Labrador, where the almost inaccessible cliffs afford them safe and convenient -retreats. They were so excessively wary that it was found impossible -<!--268.png--><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 238]</span> -to shoot them. They descended in pairs to the sea-shore to feed on -dead fish, crabs, and other animal substances thrown up by the sea.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway informs me of the presence of this bird in the heavy forests -of the bottom-lands in Southern Illinois. It is there quite rare, however, -as he has met with but a few pairs. These were resident, and nested in the -tall timber of the Big Creek bottoms, in Richland <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr></p> - -<p>Audubon’s party found it equally impossible to obtain a specimen at Labrador. -One afternoon Mr. Audubon hid himself under a nest several hours, -to no purpose. The old Ravens would not show themselves while he was -within gunshot, though the young clamored for food. As soon as he had -left the spot the female alighted on the nest, fed her young, and was off -again before she could be approached.</p> - -<p>At Grand Menan, where they are not rare, and where they breed among -the high cliffs, I found them so wild that it was almost impossible even to -obtain sight of them. Passing high in the air above our heads, their loud, -hoarse croak attested their alarm at the sight of their enemy, man. They -are looked upon with aversion by the islanders, and are persecuted by them -without mercy. They rob the nests of the Herring Gulls, interfering with -the islanders in this privilege, and are, wrongfully I believe, charged with -destroying young lambs.</p> - -<p>Years afterwards, when I again encountered individuals of this species at -Cheyenne, on the Plains, I could not but notice the immense difference in -their character. There perfect confidence in man took the place of dread. -Unmolested by the people, who regard them as desirable scavengers, valueless -for food and useful in removing nuisances, they were as tame and familiar -as the European Sparrow in the parks of New York or Boston. On one -occasion I found one engaged in eating the remains of a dead cow just outside -the city. It allowed me to approach to within five or six feet, when -with a very stately and dignified stride it moved out of my way, and kept -me at about this distance. I could not compel it to fly to any distance, -even when I hastened my steps.</p> - -<p>In New England these birds are very rare, and their occurrence is only -accidental. One has been shot on the Connecticut, and another on the Merrimack, -in Massachusetts. They are not unfrequently met with in Northern -New York.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific Coast the Raven is common from Sitka to San Diego. -Throughout Washington Territory it is said to be plentiful, more scattered -in the summer, and in the winter congregating about settlements and the -sea-shore. At Vancouver, during the winter, it was observed amicably associating -with the Crows, and on the coast with the Fish Crows, but during -the spring, when the latter had nests, they boldly attacked the Ravens, and -drove them away.</p> - -<p>In California and in all the adjacent regions, Dr. Cooper states, the Raven -is found everywhere in pairs, more numerous than in the Atlantic States, -<!--269.png--><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span> -and abundant even in the most barren desert districts. It follows trains and -herds of cattle, and keeps on the lookout for anything befalling them. It is -omnivorous, eating snakes, lizards, eggs, carrion, and even grain, though the -last very rarely. It is accused of destroying young chickens and lambs.</p> - -<p>In Arizona Dr. Coues speaks of it as resident, and very abundant about -the cattle enclosures, where it congregates in immense numbers during the -autumn and winter. During the severe winter of 1864-65 great numbers -perished of cold and hunger at Fort Whipple. Dr. Coues has favored us -with the following interesting sketch of the habits of this bird as observed -by him in that Territory.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The geographical distribution of the Raven seems to be in great measure -complementary to that of the Crow. On the prairies, in the desert, -among the mountains, of the Western States and Territories, where the -Ravens and their congenial companions, the coyotes, abound, the Crows are -rare or wanting altogether. In travelling westward, I saw no Crows after -leaving the settlements this side of the Plains, while the Ravens were conspicuous, -until in some parts of Southern California Crows reappeared, but -no Ravens amongst them. I saw a fair number of Ravens along the Arkansas -River, and they were frequent in the valley of the Rio Grande; after -crossing the river, while traversing the wild region thence to the Colorado, -they were our inseparable companions; hundreds, if not thousands, of them -lived about Fort Whipple all the year, seemingly attracted from miles -around by probabilities of finding abundant food. Throughout the Western -wilds they hang on the footsteps of man, needy adventurers, claiming their -share of his spoils, disputing with the wolves and vultures for the refuse of -his camp, and polishing the skeletons of the buffalo, with which he sometimes -strews the plain. The more desolate the land, the closer the Raven -follows in the trail of the emigrant, till its dismal croaking sounds ominous -of hardship, and its plumage seems to foreshadow days as dark.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“One accustomed to the shrewdness and prudence of Crows in populous -districts is at first surprised at an apparent familiarity the Raven often -shows in the West. There no one would think of wasting ammunition on -the worthless bird, and it comes to look upon man more as its provider than -as an enemy. Nevertheless, like the rest of its tribe, the Raven is a sagacious -bird, not likely to be twice deceived, and very ready to take a hint; -he always has his wits about him, and keeps a bright lookout when anything -stranger than a coyote is near. This wariness is something altogether different -from the childlike timidity of little birds like Sparrows, that scurry -away in terror from any unusual sight or sound, and unquestionably implies -keen powers of observation coupled with no small degree of reasoning -faculty. Almost every day during the winter of 1864-65 I must have -passed within a few paces of Ravens stalking about the fort; and yet, when -I wanted a specimen, it was not an easy matter to secure one. The birds -assuredly knew the difference between a person going quietly about his business -<!--270.png--><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span> -and one “on mischief bent,” and their intelligent watchfulness rendered -it quite impossible to approach them openly with gun in hand.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Ravens are resident in the region about Fort Whipple, and their apparently -diminished number in summer is simply due to the fact that they are -then spread over a greater surface, are less restless, and better provided for -in the matter of food. In winter, and especially when snow covered the -ground, their numbers at the fort were simply incalculable. They dotted -the ground everywhere during the day, and roosted in crowds on the neighboring -pines by night. One patriarchal tree, that stood somewhat isolated, -was a favorite resting-place for the Ravens and Buzzards, and gradually assumed -a singular appearance, as if it had been whitewashed. This great pine -overlooked a little open space where our beeves were slaughtered, and the -banqueting there was never ended. All night long the wolves howled and -barked as they tugged at the offal, till daylight sent them reluctant to their -rocky fastnesses, when the great dark birds, with a premonitory stretching -of the wings, flapped down to renew the feast. The Ravens and Buzzards -seemed to get along very well together, quarrelling no more with each other -than each species did with its own kind; but in the occasional disputes the -smaller birds seemed to have rather the advantage of the heavier and clumsier -gluttons. This comparative good-fellowship was in striking contrast to -the behavior of Crows towards Turkey Buzzards.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The Raven is not, on the whole, so noisy a bird as the Crow, though he -croaks vigorously on occasion, and his caw may claim to be impressive, if not -agreeable. But the queer sounds that the bird can utter, if he be so minded, -are indescribable; even his ordinary cawing is susceptible of considerable -modulation. A favorite amusement of his, when, his hunger appeased for -the time, he feels particularly comfortable, is to settle snugly on the top of -a pine-tree, and talk to himself. The performance generally begins with a -loud caw, self-asserting, followed by a complacent chuckle; and then comes -a series of comical syllables, so low as to be scarcely audible from the ground -below, as if he were musing aloud, and tickled with his own fancies. Then -he will raise his voice again, and file away at some old saw for a while, finishing -with the inimitable ‘cork-drawing’ for which his tribe is famous.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“A Raven that I had slightly wounded in the wing and captured soon -became quite tame, and developed a variety of amusing traits. Proving -rather obtrusive and inconvenient in my narrow quarters, I undertook to tie -him in a corner with a string round his leg. This he objected to, and it -was astonishing to see the perseverance he showed in untying any number -of knots I might make. It was a task that sometimes took him hours, but -he never rested until it was done. I had no chain light enough for the purpose, -but I finally got the better of him by twisting a wire with the cord. -His intelligence did not reach in that direction more than six inches from -his leg.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser observed the Raven common at San Antonio, frequenting the -<!--271.png--><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 241]</span> -slaughter-houses. In November, in the Baudera Hills, several came to his -camp to feast on the offal of deer. Dr. Woodhouse also found them very -abundant in Texas, the Indian Territory, and New Mexico, and especially -so on the buffalo plains. In the Mexican Boundary Survey, Dr. Kennerly -observed these birds everywhere in Northern Mexico, flocks of them following -the train from point to point. They were not at all shy, but often came -into camp in search of food.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston, having enjoyed unusual opportunities for observing the -habits of the American Raven during his residence in high northern regions, -characterizes the species as anything but solitary. During the day they are -usually met with in pairs, except when drawn together in large numbers -around the carcass of a dead animal. At night, during the winter, they -repair to some chosen resting-place, usually a clump of trees on the edge of -a prairie, and there roost in one immense body. One of these roosting-places -was about a mile from Fort Carlton, and Captain Blakiston’s attention was -first drawn to it by noticing that about sunset all the Ravens, from all quarters, -were flying towards this point. Returning to the fort in the evening by -that quarter, he found a clump of aspen-trees, none of them more than -twenty-five feet high, filled with Ravens, who, at his approach, took wing -and flew round and round. He also noted the wonderful regularity with -which they repaired to their roosting-place in the evening and left it again -in the morning, by pairs, on their day’s hunt. They always left in the morning, -within a minute or two of the same time, earlier and earlier as the days -grew longer, on cold or cloudy mornings a little later, usually just half an -hour before sunrise. In April they all paired off, and their roosting-place -became deserted. During an excursion about one hundred and fifty miles -southwest of Fort Carlton, Captain Blakiston found several nests of Ravens -with eggs, one of which was in a small tree near a lake, and was not more -than fifteen feet above it. It contained six eggs, was about a foot in diameter, -composed of sticks, and was lined with buffalo-hair and pieces of scarlet -cloth, evidently picked up about an Indian camping-ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that while in California he always found the nests -of the Raven placed high on bold precipitous cliffs, secure against danger; -in the vast desolate plains of New Mexico he saw these birds building on -low trees, and even on cactus-plants, less than three feet from the ground, -showing how much circumstances and localities affect the habits of birds -regarding incubation.</p> - -<p>A Raven, probably this species, is abundant on the plateau of Mexico. -The Cerro Colorado, near Tehuacan, is the rendezvous of a large number of -these birds, where, according to Sumichrast, at the time of the flowering of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maguey</i>, they gather in great abundance, to feed on the blossoms of this -plant, which are their favorite food.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman writes me that he has several times collected Ravens’ eggs -at Grand Menan, but always found the nest a hard one to take, as they -<!--272.png--><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span> -usually build it under some high cliff. They make a very large and bulky -nest, and, where not disturbed, use it several years in succession. They -also breed very early. He once took a nest with eight eggs on the 10th -of April, when the snow all around was quite deep. This was sent to -the Smithsonian Institution. Its contents nearly filled a bushel basket. -He does not regard the Ravens as migratory. Though they are apparently -more numerous in winter than in summer, this is probably because they -forsake the woods and come about the open fields and the banks of rivers -for dead fish, and thus are more noticed. They are very shy, sagacious, and -vigilant, so much so that it is almost impossible for one to get a shot at -them. Crows avoid them, and the two are never seen together. The farmers -of Grand Menan accuse them of pecking the eyes out of young lambs, and -always try to destroy them, and they grow less and less numerous every -year. The Ravens, he adds, appear to be on good terms with the Duck -Hawks, as he has known a nest of the former within a few rods of one of -the latter.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, from Anderson River, measures 1.96 inches in -length by 1.32 in breadth. Two from Grand Menan measure, one 2.05 inches -by 1.30, the other 1.95 by 1.25. The ground-color of two of these is a -soiled sea-green, that of the third is a light bluish-green. This is more sparingly -marked with dots, blotches, and cloudings of faint purple and purplish-brown, -chiefly at the larger end. The others are marked over the entire egg -with blotches of varying size and depth of coloring, of a deep purple-brown; -some of the markings are not readily distinguishable from black.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cryptoleucus</b>, <span class="sc">Couch</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-NECKED CROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cryptoleucus</i>, -<span class="sc">Couch</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. VII</abbr>, -April, 1854, 66 (Tamaulipas, Mexico).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 565 -<abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 284.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -The fourth quill is longest; the third and fifth equal; the second longer -than the sixth; the first about equal to the seventh. Glossy black, with violet reflections; -feathers of neck all round, back, and breast, snow-white at the base. Length, -about 21.00; wing, 14.00; tail, 8.50. Feathers of throat lanceolate; bristly feathers -along the base of the bill covering it for nearly two thirds its length.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Rio Grande and Gila. Abundant on the Llano Estacado, and at Eagle -Pass, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 494). Colorado (<span class="sc">Aiken</span>).</p> - -<p>In the white bases to the feathers of the neck, etc., there is a resemblance -in this species to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucognaphalus</i> of Porto Rico; but the latter has -entirely different proportions, blended instead of lanceolate feathers on the -throat, exceedingly short instead of unusually long nasal plumes, and many -other differences, and is in every feature totally distinct.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the distinctive habits or the extent of the distribution of the -<!--273.png--><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 243]</span> -White-necked Raven we have very little knowledge. It was first described -by Lieutenant Couch, in 1854, from specimens obtained by him at Charco -Escondido, Mexico, in May, 1853. Other specimens were afterwards procured -by Dr. Kennerly, at Janos, Mexico, in 1855, and by Mr. Dresser at -Eagle Pass, Texas, in March, 1864. The latter gives no notes as to its -habits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly’s note in regard to it is that it was not very common, and -when seen was generally associated with the larger species of Raven. Lieutenant -Couch merely mentions it as found in small numbers in Eastern -Tamaulipas, generally near ranches.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. H. Clark writes that this species does not seem to possess the -cunning or wariness of its congeners. It was met with, in the greatest -abundance, about watering-places. It was not found habitually in great -flocks, though at the head of the Limpia many were congregated and flying -about the face of an immense rocky mountain wall, where they were -probably nesting. Their note he describes as coarse, and less shrill than -that of the common Crow. He met with the supposed nest in an arborescent -cactus.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues does not appear to have met with this species in Arizona, but -Lieutenant Bendire writes to Professor Baird from Tucson, April 12, 1872, -that it is the most common Crow or Raven there. This he discovered -accidentally, finding that three fourths of the Ravens he shot proved to be -of this species; the others were the Colorado race of the Raven. Specimens -of this Crow were obtained at Fort Buchanan by Dr. Irwin, at Pecos -River by Dr. Anderson, and in the Indian Territory by Mr. McCarthy.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, from Trout Creek, Texas, obtained June 20 by -Charles S. McCarthy, measures 1.75 inches in length by 1.25 in breadth. -The ground-color is a light grayish-green, and is pretty uniformly marked -with fine dottings of mingled purple and brown.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud</span></abbr>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COMMON CROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corone</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 79 -<abbr title="plate 25, figure">pl. xxv, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon</span>. Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 37.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1828, 56.—<abbr title="Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 291.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 209 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corone</i> of<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>). -<span class="sc">Corvus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, -317; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 477, <abbr title="plate 156">pl. clvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839, 150.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, -1842, 87, <abbr title="plate 225">pl. ccxxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 385.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 221.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span></abbr> -Reise, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1839, 140.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title=" Zoölogy California and Oregon Route, Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. & Or. Route, P. R. R. Rep. VI, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 82.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 566, <abbr title="plate 23">pl. xxiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Caban. J. VI</abbr>, -1858, 198.—<span class="sc">Schlegel</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Notice sur les Corbeaux</span>, -10, <abbr title="plate One, figure">pl. I, f.</abbr> 16.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1861, 226.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 357.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297 (in part).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill longest; second shorter than sixth; first shorter than ninth. -Glossy black with violet reflections, even on the belly. Length, 19.00 to 20.00; wing, -13.00 to 13.50; tail about 8.00. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--274.png--><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 244]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; rare in the Middle Province and on -Missouri Plains, and on northwest coast. <abbr title="North East">N. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 494). North -to Great Slave Lake, Fort Rae, and Nelson River, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr></p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i> has no analogue in Europe, though the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. corone</i> somewhat -resembles it. The most important feature of distinction appears to lie -in the structure of the feathers of the head and neck, which in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. corone</i> are -narrow, with the tips distinct, while in the American bird these tips are -blended together and do not maintain their individuality. The feathers on -the fore-neck in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">corone</i> are also <a name="note14" id="note14"></a>lanceolate and distinct, showing the outline -of each one as in the Raven, while in the American Crow they are three -times as broad, rounded, and entirely blended. Mr. Audubon further -remarks that the neck of the European bird is glossed with green and blue, -while that of the American has a decided purplish-brown tinge.</p> - -<p>Prince Maximilian states, in addition, that the note differs in the two -species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Common Crow of North America is found in great abundance -in all the Eastern States, from Texas to Florida, and from the Missouri -to Nova Scotia. A few are found beyond the Great Plains, and they also -extend their migrations, in summer, into high Arctic regions. Richardson -found them as far north as the 55th parallel, but was in error when he stated -that beyond this they do not go. He adds that none approach within five or -six hundred miles of Hudson’s Bay. They were observed at Cross Lake and -at Lake Winnepeg by Mr. Kennicott, at Big Island by Mr. Reid, at Fort -Rae by Mr. Clarke, and at Fort Anderson and on the Lower Anderson River -by Mr. MacFarlane, who also found them breeding even at this high latitude. -They were not seen in Russian America, and Dr. Cooper thinks that the -species does not occur in California, or, if at all, only rarely, but that it is -there replaced by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caurinus</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found the Crow of very rare occurrence in the interior. A -very few were seen in the Truckee meadows, in November, and others at the -Humboldt marshes, in October. These western birds were exceedingly unsuspicious -and familiar, so much so that those seen in the Humboldt marshes -were walking about with all the familiarity of domestic pigeons, only hopping -aside as they were approached. None were seen either in spring or -summer.</p> - -<p>In Western Iowa Mr. Allen states that he saw but very few of this species, -and even in Northern Illinois it was not very common. At the West -this bird is reported to be held in better estimation than at the East, by the -farmers. It is not known to pull corn, and seems to be entirely unsuspicious. -It is regarded generally as a benefactor, and not only deserves, but -receives, good treatment. In Indiana he found it more common.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with a single individual on the Labrador coast. In Nova -Scotia it is much more abundant, and there, as on the Western prairies, being -unmolested by the inhabitants, it is exceedingly unsuspicious, and will permit -<!--275.png--><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 245]</span> -a very near approach before it will fly, and even then will not move -to a distance. In all of the United States east of the Mississippi it is very -abundant. In Texas, between San Antonio and the Mexican frontier, it is -not common; but Mr. Dresser found it very common in the northeast part -of the State during the whole year.</p> - -<p>Probably no one of our birds, so wholly worthless for food, has been more -hunted and destroyed than this species. In certain parts of the country it -is held in great aversion by the farmers, and in some States bounty-laws -have been enacted by legislatures to promote its destruction. Had not -these birds been possessed of an extraordinary intelligence, they must long -since have been exterminated or driven from a large part of the country. -In some sections their numbers have been of late much diminished by the -use of strychnine. During the month of May the Crow is very destructive -in the cornfield, pulling up the grains as soon as they begin to vegetate, and -compelling the farmer to replant perhaps several times. Wilson remarks that -in the State of Delaware these birds collect in immense flocks and commit -great devastation upon crops of standing corn. They also occasionally commit -depredations in the <a name="note11" id="note11"></a>barn-yard, robbing hens’-nests of their eggs, and -even destroying young chickens. They also destroy the eggs and young of -other birds. The mischief they thus do is doubtless very great, and the -ground for the prevalent prejudice against them is quite apparent. Yet it is -equally demonstrable that this bird is surpassed, and probably is equalled, -by no other in the vast amount of the benefits conferred upon agriculturalists. -The evil it perpetrates is very limited, and is confined to but a short -period, but during all the time it is resident the Crow is constantly engaged -in the destruction of injurious insects and rodent quadrupeds. In the early -spring it feeds almost wholly upon the most destructive grubs, and in -extensive districts of Massachusetts, where these birds have been largely -destroyed, the ravages of the May-bugs and the grasshoppers in pasture-lands -have been a natural consequence of so short-sighted a policy.</p> - -<p>The persecutions to which the Crow is subjected have developed in them -a wariness and a distrust that is foreign to their nature. They can only live -by keeping on a constant lookout for dangers, and by learning to distinguish -the weapons that threaten their destruction. As soon as anything is seen -that causes alarm, the signal is at once given, and the warning passed from -one to another.</p> - -<p>In New Jersey and in Pennsylvania, during the winter months, the Crows -assemble in immense flocks, and their movements appear to be regulated by -the guidance of a few chosen leaders. I received from the lips of the late -John Cassin, an ornithologist hardly less remarkable for his outdoor observations -than for his researches in the closet, only a few days before his -death, a very surprising account of the movements of a large army of Crows, -witnessed by himself, in the spring of 1868.</p> - -<p>On a Sunday morning in April, when Philadelphia was enveloped in a -<!--276.png--><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 246]</span> -fog so dense and impenetrable that it was hardly possible to distinguish objects -across its streets, Mr. Cassin’s attention was called to an immense -accumulation of these birds in Independence Square. The whole park he -found, to his utter astonishment, occupied by an immense army of Crows. -They filled all the trees, bending down the overloaded branches, and swarmed -over and covered the ground. The entire space seemed alive with Crows. -They had evidently become bewildered in the fog, and had strangely taken -refuge in this small park in the very heart of Philadelphia. As if aware of -their close proximity to danger, the whole assembly was quiet, orderly, and -silent. A few birds, evidently acting as leaders, moved noiselessly back and -forth through their ranks, as if giving tacit signals. These movements were -followed by the departure of a few scouts, as if sent to make explorations, -but they soon returned unsuccessful. Again were repeated the uneasy -movements of their leaders, passing slowly and cautiously through their -close ranks. After an apparently much longer consultation, another small -party ascended to explore, wheeling round and round in wider and wider -zones. At length, satisfied with their observations, they quietly returned, -and made their report in a manner evidently understood, though not audibly -expressed; for immediately the leaders passed again among the crowd, and, -as if signals were given for a general movement, the whole of this immense -congregation, numbering, Mr. Cassin estimated, hundreds of thousands, rose -slowly and silently, preceded by their scouts, and, moving off in a westerly -direction, were soon lost to view.</p> - -<p>When taken young, the Crow can be easily domesticated, and becomes a -very entertaining, but a very mischievous pet. It is very secretive, hiding -objects of no value to itself, and seems to delight in mischief. It displays -often a wonderful intelligence, appears to understand and to obey certain -directions, and manifests also remarkable quickness of vision. A tame Crow -belonging to a family resident near Boston, and permitted to go at large, -manifested all the attachment of a dog. It especially enjoyed the society -of the children, and played with them in their games of hide and seek, surpassing -them by its readiness in finding the secreted object. It was especially -attached to the mistress of the house, flying to her whenever she -approached, hovering over her head, and alighting on her shoulder.</p> - -<p>In a few instances the Crow has been taught to imitate articulate sounds. -In one of these, in Grafton, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, the Crow not only vociferated a single -monosyllable repeatedly, but at other times enunciated a short sentence of -five syllables.</p> - -<p>A few are resident in Massachusetts during the year, but the greater portion -move south in November and return in March. Those who remain -during the winter are chiefly resident near the sea-shore. The Crow breeds -from April to June, varying with the latitude of its residence. In Massachusetts -it has full-grown young by June 1. It builds, usually in March, a -large rudely constructed nest of sticks, moss, and bark, lined with finer -<!--277.png--><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span> -mosses, and sometimes with hair. The parent birds are very watchful and -vigilant if their nest is in danger, and often expose their lives in their anxiety -for their young. The male bird is attentive to his mate during incubation, -and assists in feeding the young. The young are fed chiefly on insects, -frogs, mice, and similar food.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Crow vary from 1.60 to 1.55 inches in length, and from -1.20 to 1.10 in breadth. In their markings they exhibit surprising variations. -They usually have a ground of a light sea-green, over which are -scattered, more or less thickly, blotches, some of them quite large, of a dark-brown, -almost black, with purplish reflections. These are chiefly about the -larger end. Another quite common variety is of a deeper ground of green, -very uniformly and thickly sprinkled with fine dottings of a sepia-brown. -Others have a ground nearly white, slightly tinged with green, more sparingly -spotted with small blotches of light purplish-brown. A nest found -near Springfield contained eggs having the ground-color on one side a -pinkish-gray, the rest being greenish-white, all spotted with brown. -Another set of eggs from Hudson, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, were of a light bluish-green, -entirely unspotted, resembling large Robin’s eggs; and Dr. Wood mentions -another four, the ground of which was flesh-color, and the spots red.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA CROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -568, <abbr title="plate 67, figure">pl. lxvii, f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, -<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -About the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, but bill and feet larger. Tail less rounded. -Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal; third rather longer than fifth. Color less -violet above. Length, 19.50; wing, 12.00; tail, 7.70; tarsus, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern peninsula of Florida.</p> - -<p>This resident Crow of Florida differs in some marked features from that -of the more northern localities in several characters. Although perhaps -rather smaller, the bill and feet, especially the latter, are very considerably -larger. The nasal feathers extend over the basal two fifths of the bill, -instead of the half. The proportions of the bill are about the same; in -the Florida bird it is rather the longer. The greatest difference is in the -feet. The tarsal joint of the tibia is bare, the feathers scarcely coming -below it, even anteriorly, instead of projecting some distance. The tarsus -is almost a quarter of an inch longer, covered anteriorly by nine scutellæ, -instead of eight. The outer lateral toe is shorter, not reaching the base -of the middle claw. The middle toe and claw are considerably shorter than -the tarsus; the middle claw is shorter than in the northern bird.</p> - -<p>The wing-formula differs somewhat; the third, fourth, and fifth quills are -nearly equal, the third even longer than the fifth, instead of shorter. The -<!--278.png--><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 248]</span> -tail is short and very nearly even, the difference in length of feathers being -less than half an inch, instead of an inch. This, however, may in part be -owing to the absence of the middle pair.</p> - -<p>The colors differ somewhat from those of the common Crow. There is -less violet, and the feathers of the back have almost a brassy gloss on their -margins, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i>.</p> - -<p>The specimen upon which these remarks are based, though apparently -perfectly mature, is changing some of its feathers, such as the inner primaries, -the middle tail-feathers, and the greater coverts. The long primaries -and ten tail-feathers, however, are of full length. It is possible that the -bird is really as large as the northern Crow, although this is hardly probable. -It was killed on the mainland of the extreme southern portion of Florida, -not far from Fort Dallas.</p> - -<p>No comparison of this bird is required with the Fish Crow, which has the -middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus, not shorter, and the proportions -much less.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common resident Crow of Florida exhibits so many peculiarities -differing from the northern species, that Professor Baird, in his -Birds of America, deemed it worthy of mention at least as a race, if not a -distinct species. We have no account of its habits, and do not know if, -in any respects, they differ from those of the common Crow. Dr. J. C. -Cooper, in his brief manuscript notes on the birds of Florida, made in the -spring of 1859, speaks of the Florida Crow as very common, as being quite -maritime in its habits, and as having full-fledged young on the 20th of -April. Three eggs of this race, obtained in Florida in the spring of 1871, -by Mr. Maynard, differ not more from those of the Crow than do those of the -latter occasionally from one another. They measure 1.73 by 1.20 inches; -1.70 by 1.20; and 1.54 by 1.25. Their ground-color is a bright bluish-green, -and they are all more or less marked, over the entire egg, with blotches of a -mingled bronze and brown with violet shadings. The latter tints are more -marked in one egg than in the others, and in this the spots are fewer and -more at one end, the larger end being nearly free from markings. Their -average capacity, as compared with the average of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, is as -5.1 to 4.2.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus caurinus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NORTHWESTERN FISH CROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus caurinus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 569, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 211, -<abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, -1869, 286 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. -Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 41 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 285.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill longest; fifth and third about equal; second longer than sixth; -first shorter than ninth. Color black, glossed with purple. Tail nearly even. Tarsus longer -than middle toe and claw. Length about 16.50; wing about 11.00; tail about 7.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northwestern coast, from Columbia River to Sitka.</p> - -<p><!--279.png--><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 249]</span> -This species is readily distinguished from the eastern Fish Crow by the -larger size; the absence of green gloss on the belly; the tarsi longer than -the middle toe and claw, instead of shorter; and the second quill being -generally shorter than the sixth instead of longer, and considerably shorter -than the culmen, instead of longer.</p> - -<p>It is rather to be compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, with which it agrees in -colors, but from which it differs, essentially, in having the wing and tail -very much shorter, while the bill is considerably longer, and in having the -tarsus shorter than the culmen, instead of longer, as in all the other North -American species. In this last respect it agrees with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i> (see -synopsis, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 829) of Western Mexico; in this, however, the color and proportions -are entirely different.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species appears to be confined to the seaboard of the Pacific, -from Alaska to California inclusive. Smaller than the common Crow, -in its more essential features it closely resembles that bird, while in all its -habits it appears the exact counterpart of the Fish Crow, from which it is -specifically and essentially distinct.</p> - -<p>It is found as far north as Sitka, several specimens having been procured -at that point by Mr. Bischoff.</p> - -<p>In the opinion of Dr. Suckley, the marked differences in the habits of -this species from those of the common Crow, even more than the great difference -in size, sufficiently mark them as entirely distinct. The western -Fish Crow is never wary or suspicious, like the common species, but in its -impudent familiarity with man resembles the English Jackdaw, and hardly -learns to be shy even after having been annoyed with the gun. In Oregon -and Washington Territory, he states, this Crow is very abundant, and is one -of the marked ornithological features of the country. The great abundance -of fish, especially of salmon, in both of these divisions, amply supplies this -species with food. At Puget Sound it is abundant throughout the year. -During the winter it subsists principally upon the refuse food and offal -thrown out by the natives from their lodges. He describes it as cunning, -but very tame and impudent, allowing a very near approach, and retiring but -a short distance when pursued. Like the Raven and the Herring Gull, these -birds are in the habit of carrying clams high into the air and then dropping -them, in order to break the shell. Dr. Suckley observed one fruitlessly trying -to break the shell of a clam by letting it drop on soft ground. In this -effort he persisted perseveringly as long as he was watched.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found a nest of this species at Fort Dalles. It was situated -in a dense willow-thicket, near a lagoon on the Columbia, and contained -three eggs. He describes them as about an inch and a half long, and very -wide in their short diameter, of a dirty green ground with brown spots.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of it as much more gregarious and familiar than the -common Crow, but otherwise resembling that bird in habits, being very sagacious, -feeding upon almost everything animal and vegetable, differing rather -<!--280.png--><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span> -in the tone than in the character of its cries. Its chief dependence for -food being on the sea, it is generally found along the beach, devouring dead -fish and other objects thrown up by the waves. At high tide the birds leave -the shore and resort to dwellings near the sea, where they devour the offal -and any refuse, vegetable or animal. As soon as the tide changes they are -sure to notice it and to return to their favorite feeding-ground. They are -very troublesome to the Indians, stealing their fish exposed for drying, and -other articles of food. From some superstitious awe of them the Indians -never molest these birds, but set their children to watch and drive them -away. They build in trees near the shore, and the young are fledged in May.</p> - -<p>In the southern half of California, Dr. Cooper states, these birds are -rarely seen near the sea, preferring inland districts, and only occasionally -coming to the shores of the bays to feed. During most of the year they -associate in large flocks, feeding in company, and are gregarious even in the -breeding-season, building in close proximity to one another. Frequently -several nests may be found on the same tree. In this respect they are very -unlike the eastern species, which never permit another pair near their nest.</p> - -<p>These birds were found by Dr. Cooper breeding as far south as San Diego, -where they selected for their breeding-places the groves of evergreen oaks -growing in ravines. Their nests were from twelve to forty feet from the -ground. In the north they generally build in spruces. He describes their -nests as strongly built of sticks, coarse on the outside, but finer on the inside, -where they are mingled with roots, grasses, moss, horse-hair, etc., to form a soft -lining. The eggs, four in number, have a ground-color of a dark shade of green, -thickly marked with dark brown and olive. He gives their average measurement -as 1.60 by 1.10 inches. At San Diego they are laid about April 15.</p> - -<p>Where unmolested, these birds have not yet become so shy as in the older -districts, but they soon learn to apprehend the danger of a gun, and to evince -the cunning characteristics of their tribe. They have not, as yet, manifested -any disposition to disturb the growing crops, and the small depredations they -commit are far more than counterbalanced by their destruction of immense -numbers of grubs, grasshoppers, and other injurious insects. They obtain a -large supply of food around the cattle-ranches.</p> - -<p>In northern California they feed largely on fish, and on the Columbia on -clams and oysters.</p> - -<p>For reasons not well understood, they avoid particular districts during the -breeding-season. Dr. Cooper has never noticed one, during this season, on -the coast south of Santa Clara, has never seen one in the Colorado Valley, -nor in the Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p>At Visalia, where an extensive forest of oaks forms an oasis in the great -Tulare plain, he met with large flocks of these birds, with the same gregarious -habits as were observed on the coast.</p> - -<p>During the month of July, 1866, a large number of these Crows came -every evening to roost in an alder-grove near the town of Santa Cruz. They -<!--281.png--><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span> -gathered in long, continuous flocks from the neighboring fields, flying rather -high. All at once they would descend, with zigzag turns, to the low trees, -sportively chasing and pecking at one another, and chattering in the air.</p> - -<p>Mr. John K. Lord, who enjoyed an unusually good opportunity of comparing -the habits of our common Crow with those of this species, has not the -slightest doubt as to their distinctness, though so very like in all essential -respects, as far as color, form of bill, and other details are concerned. The -smaller size of this bird, the difference in voice, and their habit of building -with mud a domed nest, sufficiently demonstrate their difference. This -Crow he found principally near the sea-coast; retiring to the trees at high -tide, following out its ebb and retreating before its flood, they feed on any -marine food they can find. The caw of this species reminded him of the -Jackdaws of Europe. During the breeding-season they abandoned the coast, -from early May resorting by pairs to the interior. Selecting patches of open -prairie, they build their nests in the bushes of the crab-apple or wild thorn, -and something in the manner of the Magpie, arching over the top with -sticks, with two openings for entrance and exit on either side. The inside -is plastered with mud, and lined with a few loose grass-stalks. The eggs he -found generally small, and of a lighter color than those of the common Crow. -After nesting, they return with their young to the sea-coast, and remain in -large flocks. During the breeding-season they feed on small reptiles, freshwater -mollusks, insects, grubs, etc. Mr. Lord noticed them capturing butterflies -flying near their nests. Their eggs range in number from five to seven.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species from Sitka measures 1.62 inches in length by 1.12 -in breadth. It is of an oblong-oval shape, pointed at one end. The ground-color -is a light sea-green, with marks and blotches of olive-brown, of varying -size and different shades.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ossifragus</b>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FISH CROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ossifragus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Five">Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 27, <abbr title="plate 37, figure">pl. xxxvii, f.</abbr> -2.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 39.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828, -57.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 385.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, -1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 216.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, -268; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 479, <abbr title="plate 146">pl. cxlvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839, 151.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 94, <abbr title="plate 226">pl. -ccxxvi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 571, <abbr title="plate 67, figure">pl. lxvii, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -363.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill longest; second rather longer than seventh; first shorter than -the ninth. Glossy black, with green and violet reflections; the gloss of the belly -greenish. Length, about 15.50; wing, 10.50; tail, less than 7.00; tarsus shorter than -the middle toe and claw.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Atlantic coast, from New Jersey to Florida.</p> - -<p>The Fish Crow of the Atlantic States is readily distinguishable from the -common Crow by the much smaller size (16 inches instead of 20; wing, -<!--282.png--><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 252]</span> -about 11 inches instead of 13); the bill is broader at the base and tapers more -rapidly to the end; the middle toe and claw are longer than the scutellate -portion of the tarsus, not shorter, the inner claw not reaching to the base of -the middle one. The tail is less rounded. The gloss on the belly is green -instead of violet; that on the back is mixed with green, not entirely violet.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Fish Crow of Eastern North America has a distribution -restricted to the Southern Atlantic and the Gulf shore. It is found in the -States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, the Carolinas, -Georgia, and Florida, and, according to Audubon, thence to the mouth -of the Mississippi. West of that river it appears to be very rarely met with. -Dr. Würdemann obtained it at Calcasieu, <abbr title="Louisiana">La.</abbr> Mr. Allen, in a list of the -birds of Massachusetts, published in 1864, names this species as an occasional -visitor along the southern coast of that State, but I am not able to -find any corroboration of the statement, and believe it to be a mistake. Dr. -De Kay, in his Report on the birds of New York, states that this Crow is -occasionally seen on the shores of Long Island, but Mr. Lawrence is confident -that it never occurs farther north than Squaw Beach, in New Jersey. -So, too, Mr. Townsend is quoted by both Audubon and Nuttall as authority -for its occurrence on the Columbia River, of which we have no confirmation.</p> - -<p>This species was first described by Wilson, who met with it and observed -its habits on the sea-coast of Georgia. In some respects its habits were -the exact reverse of those of the common Crow, as the former regularly retired -at evening into the interior to roost, and came down to the shores of -the river Savannah, on the first appearance of day, to feed. Its voice first -attracted his notice; there was something in it very different from the utterances -of the Crow, being more hoarse and guttural, and more varied in its -modulations. The mode of flight was also observed to be quite different, -as the Fish Crow occasionally soars about in the manner of the Raven and -of Hawks, without flapping its wings,—a flight which the Crow is never -observed to make, and is probably not able to execute.</p> - -<p>The food was also observed to be unlike, as well as the manner of procuring -it. The favorite haunt of this species seemed to be the banks of the -river, up and down which they soared, and in a very dexterous manner -snatched up with their claws dead fish, or other garbage found floating -on the surface. This Crow was also seen to perch frequently on the back of -cattle, in the manner of the Jackdaw of Europe. It was never seen to -mingle with the common Crows; and never, like the latter, roosts among the -reeds and marshes near the water, but always seeks the shelter of the woods, -in which to pass the night.</p> - -<p>Afterwards, in his journey near the Mississippi, Wilson observed the same -birds frequenting the borders of rivers and ponds, and feeding on the reptiles -found in those waters. They were close attendants upon the cow-yards, -and were more solitary, but much less shy and suspicious, than the common -Crow. This species was also observed by Wilson in Cape May County, New -<!--283.png--><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 253]</span> -Jersey, and in the regions bordering on the Schuylkill and the Delaware, near -Philadelphia, during the shad and herring fishing, or from March till June.</p> - -<p>During the breeding-season they were observed to separate into pairs, and -to build their nests in tall trees near the sea or the river shore. One of their -nests was in a tall wood at Great Egg Harbor, and they were presumed to -have four or five young at a time.</p> - -<p>In the District of Columbia, Dr. Coues found the Fish Crow to be an -abundant resident throughout the year, less wary and suspicious than the -common Crow, and more confined to the borders of rivers. It was generally -confounded with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>.</p> - -<p>The Fish Crow appears to have received, even if it does not merit, an -exemption from the general unpopularity of its race. It is generally believed -to be at least a harmless species, and in its destruction of reptiles and vermin -to be even beneficial. This belief, we apprehend, is for the most part -well founded. Yet Mr. Audubon accuses these Crows of entering gardens -and feeding upon the best fruits. He also states that, near Charleston, they -commit such depredations upon the ripe figs, and become so troublesome -generally in the gardens, that it is often found necessary to station a man -near the fig-trees to shoot and destroy them.</p> - -<p>The Fish Crow is confined either to the maritime districts or to the banks -of rivers branching from them. Audubon states that they ascend the Delaware -to quite a distance, and that some breed in New Jersey every year, but -that all retire to the South on the approach of cold weather. Some go up -the Mississippi to the distance of five hundred miles, but return to the seashore -in the winter. In East Florida, where they were very abundant, Mr. -Audubon found them breeding in February, in South Carolina on the 20th -of March, and in New Jersey a month later. On the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John’s River, during -February, he saw them in flocks of several hundred, but all seemed -mated and to move in pairs, sailing high in the air in the manner of Ravens. -After these aerial excursions the whole body descended to the water’s edge to -feed. When their fishing was over, they would alight in flocks on the live-oaks -near the shore, and there keep up their gabbling, while they plumed -themselves, for hours. They then returned to their fishing-grounds, where they -remained until near sunset, moving into the interior to great distances, to roost -on the loblolly-pines. These retreats were made in silence, but their return -to the sea-shore in the early morning was made with noisy and lively demonstrations. -They were then to be seen among the bays, rivers, salt ponds, and -marshes, searching for small fry, and picking up any garbage they might find.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon also accuses them of robbing other birds of their eggs and -young. This was especially observed on the Florida Keys, where they even -dared to plunder the nests of the Cormorants and White Ibis. They feed -largely on the small crabs called fiddlers, which they pursue and easily capture -in their burrows. He has also seen them attack and pursue small Gulls -and Terns, and attempt to make them disgorge the fish they have caught; but -<!--284.png--><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span> -as the flight of the latter is swifter, they are frequently unsuccessful in these -attempts at robbery. This Crow can catch living fish with considerable -dexterity, but cannot feed while on the wing.</p> - -<p>During the winter and early spring, Mr. Audubon states that these birds -feed on various kinds of berries, especially those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ilex cassina</i> and of -the common holly, and those of the exotic tallow-tree, now so common near -Charleston (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stillingia sebifera</i>). In January and February these trees are -much resorted to by the Crows, who greedily devour their white and oily seeds.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found these birds breeding generally on moderate-sized trees -of the loblolly-pine, building their nests towards the extremities of the -branches, about twenty feet from the ground. The nests are smaller than -those of the Crow, and are built of sticks, lined with dry grasses and moss, -and neatly finished with fine fibrous roots. The eggs are five or six in number, -and resemble those of the Crow, but are smaller.</p> - -<p>Two eggs of this species, from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Simon’s Island, measure, one 1.50 -in length by 1.10 in breadth, the other 1.52 by 1.09. Their ground-color is -a light blue with a slight greenish tinge, marked over the entire egg with -small blotches of a light brown. An egg from Great Egg Harbor, obtained -by Wilson, from the old Peale Museum, and which may be a faded specimen, -has no tinge of blue or green, but a ground of pinkish-gray, marked with -smaller blotches and cloudings of dark drab. It measures 1.46 inches in -length by one inch in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICICORVUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus Avium">Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850, 384. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus columbianus</i>, -<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_284.jpg" - width="250" height="239" - alt="Illustration: Picicorvus columbianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Leaden-gray color, with black wings and tail. Bill longer than the head, -considerably longer than the tarsus, -attenuated, slightly decurved; tip -without notch. Culmen and commissure -curved; gonys straight or -slightly concave, as long as the tarsi. -Nostrils circular, completely covered -by a full tuft of incumbent white -bristly feathers. Tail much shorter -than the wings, nearly even or -slightly rounded. Wings pointed, -reaching to the tip of tail. Third, -fourth, and fifth quills longest. Tarsi -short, scarcely longer than the middle -toe, the hind toe and claw very -large, reaching nearly to the middle -of the middle claw, the lateral toe -little shorter. A row of small scales -on the middle of the sides of tarsus. -Color of the single species leaden-gray, with black wings and tail.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> -<!--285.png--><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 255]</span> - <img src="images/i_285a.jpg" - width="300" height="175" - alt="Illustration: Picicorvus columbianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">4461</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_285b.jpg" - width="300" height="167" - alt="Illustration: Nucifraga caryocatactes" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga caryocatactes.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">9673</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This genus is so similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga</i> as to be hardly separable; the -principal difference being in the slender and more decurved and attenuated -bill, with a slightly concave, instead of convex, culmen, and plain instead -of spotted plumage. The differences of form are expressed by the accompanying -outlines of the generic features of the two. But one species is -known, this being peculiar to Western North America.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CLARKE’S CROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus columbianus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 29, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Obs.</abbr> Wilson, 1824, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 38.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1828, 57.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1832, 218. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga columbiana</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 459, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839, 156.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, -127, <abbr title="plate 235">pl. ccxxxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual, One, second edition">Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 251. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 384.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span>,</abbr> 1837, 83.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 573.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="four"><span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 121 (British Columbia).—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 286.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, -289. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus megonyx</cite>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.”</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--286.png--><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail rounded or moderately graduated, the closed wings reaching nearly to -its tip. Fourth quill longest; second considerably shorter than the sixth. General color -bluish-ash, changing on the nasal feathers, the forehead, sides of head (especially around -the eye), and chin, to white. The wings, including their inner surface, greenish-black, -the secondaries and tertials, except the innermost, broadly tipped with white; tail white, -the inner web of the fifth feather and the whole of the sixth, with the upper tail-coverts, -greenish-black. The axillars plumbeous-black. Bill and feet black. Young similar in -color, without additional markings of any kind. The gonys, however, convex, and the -bill generally more like that of the Jays. Length of male (fresh), 12.00; wing, 7.00; tail, -4.30; tarsus, 1.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -From Rocky Mountains to Pacific. East to Fort Kearney, north to Sitka, -south to Arizona.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Clarke’s Crow was first met with by the parties composing the -celebrated exploring party to the Rocky Mountains under the direction of -Lewis and Clarke. It was described by Wilson in 1811, who was informed -by individuals belonging to the expedition that these birds were -found inhabiting the shores of the Columbia and the adjacent country in -great numbers, frequenting the rivers and sea-shore, and that it seemed to -have all the noisy and gregarious habits of the common Crow of Europe.</p> - -<p>In his account of this species, Mr. Nuttall states that during his journey -westward in the month of July, he first observed individuals of this bird in -a small grove of pines on the borders of Bear River, near where it falls into -Lake Timpanagos. This was at a height of about seven thousand feet -above the sea level, and in the <abbr title="forty-second">42d</abbr> parallel. Their habits appeared to him -to correspond with those of the Nutcrackers of Europe.</p> - -<p>He afterwards saw a considerable flock of the young birds early in August, -in a lofty ravine near the Three Buttes, a remarkable isolated mountain -group about forty miles west of the Lewis River. They appeared somewhat -shy, and were scattered through a grove of aspens, flying, with a slight -chatter, from the tops of bushes and trees, to the ground. He was of the -opinion that this species never descends below the mountain plains, but that -it has a constant predilection for the pine forests.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend afterwards found this species abundant on the Blue Mountains -of Oregon. He describes its flight as very unlike that of a Crow, -being performed in jerks, in the manner of a Woodpecker. At times, when -sitting, it is said to keep up a constant scream, in a very harsh and grating -voice, and in an unvaried and prolonged tone. He states that it breeds in -very high pine-trees, and that he did not meet with it within five hundred -miles of the Columbia River.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species one of the most abundant birds of the -pine forests of the Sierra Nevada. East of this range it was also met with, -though only in smaller numbers, in the cedar and piñon woods of the East -Humboldt Mountains. He adds that it is a bird so curiously striking as -at once to attract attention. It bears but very little resemblance to any -bird of its family, and in its general appearance, flight, and notes approaches -<!--287.png--><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span> -so nearly to the Woodpeckers as to be usually known to the settlers as a -bird of that tribe.</p> - -<p>He further remarks that its flight much resembles that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</i>, -and, as it alights from the top of a tall dead tree, and sits quietly -gazing around, it might readily be mistaken for one of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>. He -describes them as being very active in their movements, now flying from a -tree to the ground to pick up some article of food, now examining the excavations -of an old dead stump or snag, or, on being approached, as flying up -and alighting upon the extreme summit of a tree, out of gunshot. It is a -very noisy bird, and its notes are harsh and discordant, though less so than -are those of the Steller’s Jay, which is generally seen in the same localities. -Its usual note is a harsh guttural <i class="birdcall">churr-churr</i>, generally uttered when two or -more alight on the same tree. Occasionally an individual takes up a peculiar -piping strain, which is immediately answered by all the others in the -neighborhood, thus awakening the echoes of the surrounding solitude with -their discordant cries. In regard to its nest he can give no positive information, -but thinks that they breed in cavities in old dead trees and stumps, -having found a nest in such a situation in the East Humboldt Mountains, -which he thinks belonged to a pair of these birds which were flying about, -and seen to enter this cavity.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry, in his Report on the zoölogy of his route, states that he -found this species rather common along a large portion of it, and was thus -enabled to study its habits at leisure. He found it strictly confined to the -highlands and mountains, never, where he saw it, descending to a lower -altitude than about four thousand feet. On the other hand, while crossing -the Cascade Mountains at the line of perpetual snow, seven thousand feet -above the sea-level, he has seen this bird, in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes -torquatus</i>, flying over the snow-covered peaks three thousand feet above -him.</p> - -<p>He first met with this bird on the spur of the Sierra Nevada, near Lassen’s -Butte, and found it constantly, when in high and timbered regions, -from there to the Columbia. He describes its habits as a compound, in -about equal parts of those of the Jays and of the Woodpeckers. Its cry -he speaks of as particularly harsh and disagreeable, something like that of -Steller’s Jay, but louder and more discordant. It seems to combine the -shrewdness with all the curiosity of the Jays and Crows, and from its -shyness is a very difficult bird to shoot, the Doctor never being able to -get directly within killing distance of one of them, but only obtaining -specimens by concealing himself and waiting for them to approach him. -Apparently from excess of caution, it almost invariably alights on a dry -tree. Even when going to a living tree for its food, it always flies first into -a dry one, if one is near, to reconnoitre, and, if the coast is clear, it begins -to feed. At the first movement of an intruder, without uttering a note, it -puts a safe distance between itself and its enemy.</p> - -<p><!--288.png--><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 258]</span> -The food of this bird, at the time when Dr. Newberry visited its haunts, -consisted exclusively of the seeds of the yellow pine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ponderosa</i>), in dislodging -which from the cones the bird displays great dexterity. Both -Maximilian’s Jay and Steller’s Jay were, at that time, feeding on the same -seeds, but not so exclusively.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley obtained a specimen of this bird as far east as Milk River, in -Nebraska, about two hundred miles east of the Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>In crossing the Cascade Mountains, in 1853, Dr. Cooper found these birds -quite abundant on the banks of the Yakima River, and from thence north -wherever there were trees of the long-leaved pine, the seeds of which were -its principal food. On returning to Vancouver during the severe cold weather -of the following January, these birds appeared there in considerable numbers. -At no other season of the year has he met with them west of the -Cascade Mountains, and believes these migrations westward are only made -in the severest weather. They extend eastward throughout Washington Territory, -as Dr. Cooper has shot them at Fort Laramie, and met with a straggling -pair even as far east as Fort Kearney. Dr. Cooper has never known -these birds to eat anything except seeds and berries. They rarely descend to -the ground, and never frequent river-banks, or other places, for fish or carrion. -They may be seen on the tops of trees extracting seeds from cones, -hanging head downwards, like a Chickadee. Dr. Cooper has observed this -bird pecking at dead bark, in quest of insects. When feeding they are very -shy, flying off, if approached, to a great distance before alighting. They are -not known to visit the Coast Mountains south of San Francisco, but abound -in the Rocky Mountains throughout our limits.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord notes the arrival of this species at Fort Colville, in May, -in large flocks. They were hopping busily from branch to branch, amidst -pine-trees.</p> - -<p>The statement made to Wilson that this species frequents rivers and seashores, -and his inference that its formidable claws indicated that they feed -on living animals, is controverted by Mr. Lord. They never frequent river-banks, -never by any chance eat fish, and never capture any living thing. -Their habits are strictly arboreal, and their food the seeds of pine-trees. -These noisy seed-hunters use their formidable claws to enable them to hang -on to the pine cones while they are extracting the seed, which they are -obliged to get out from under scaly coverings. For this nature has given -them feet and claws that serve the purpose of hands, and a powerful bill, like -a small crowbar. The cone must be steadied when they pry it open, or it -would snap and fall. One foot clasps it, and the powerful claws hold it -firmly. The other foot, encircling a branch, supports the bird in every possible -position, the long grasping claws being equal to any emergency. The -cone is thus fixed, and the seeds are forced out from under the scales. Mr. -Lord collected a large packet of seeds of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Abies douglassi</i> from the crops -of these birds.</p> - -<p><!--289.png--><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span> -On their arrival they assemble in immense flocks, and the noise they -make he describes as a most discordant, continuous, grating clatter, intensified -at times into a perfect shriek. These assemblies last about a week, after -which they separate in pairs.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird was found by Mr. Lord in the top of a lofty pine at least -two hundred feet high,—felled in cutting the boundary line. By chance -he discovered the nest, about which the old birds were hovering, leaving no -doubt of its identity. This nest was very large and composed of fir twigs, -bits of bark, the leaves of the pine, fine root-fibres, with small pieces of -moss, and gray lichens mixed carelessly with the other materials. It was -shallow and round, and presented a large extent of surface beyond the margins -of the hollow containing the eggs. The eggs were in fragments, much -like the eggs of Steller’s Jay in color, but of a lighter shade of bluish-green. -He thinks that their habit is to build in the very tallest pines.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly also met with this Crow west of Albuquerque, in New -Mexico, in the thick pine woods skirting the eastern slope of the Rocky -Mountains, where it was quite abundant. He rarely saw more than two or -three together. None were met with after leaving the mountains.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this crow was obtained at Sitka, by Bischoff.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">GYMNOKITTA</b>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian">Pr. Max.</abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus</i>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reise in das Innere Nord-Amerikas">Reise Nord. Amer.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841, 21. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. cyanocephala</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</i>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> “1850,” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> “1842,” preoccupied in Botany.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_289.jpg" - width="300" height="155" - alt="Illustration: Gymnokitta cyanocephala" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">16247</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill elongated, depressed, shorter than the tarsus, longer than the head, -without notch, similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i> in shape. Culmen nearly straight; commissure -curved; gonys ascending. Nostrils small, oval, entirely exposed, the bristly -feathers at the base of the bill being very minute. Tail short, nearly even, much shorter -than the pointed wings, which cover three fourths of the tail. Tarsi considerably longer -than the middle toe. Color of the single species blue, most intense anteriorly; the throat -streaked with white.</p> - -<p><!--290.png--><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 260]</span> -The bill in this genus is not unlike that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i>, and -conspicuous among <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</i> by its uncovered nostrils.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala</b>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MAXIMILIAN’S JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841, -21.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Voyage dans <abbr title="l'Amerique du Nord, 3">l’Am. du Nord, III</abbr></span>, 1843, 296. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala</i>, “<abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. -Max.</span></abbr> 1850,” <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 382.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One, six">Illust. I, <span class="muchsmaller">VI</span></abbr>, 1854, 165, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 83.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 574.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 193.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 292. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus cyanocephalus</i>, -<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax cassini</i>, <span class="sc">M’Call</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, June, 1851, -216.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_290.jpg" - width="250" height="253" - alt="Illustration: Gymnokitta cyanocephala" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings considerably longer than the tail, and reaching to within an inch of -its tip. Tail nearly even. General -color dull blue, paler on the abdomen, -the middle of which is tinged with -ash; the head and neck of a much -deeper and more intense blue, darker -on the crown. Chin and forepart of -the throat whitish, streaked with blue. -Length, 10.00; wing, 5.90; tail, 4.50; -tarsus, 1.50. Young bird not differing -in markings.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains of Colorado, -to Cascade <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr> of California and -Oregon. Not on the Pacific coast? -South to New Mexico and Arizona.</p> - -<p>The female is appreciably different -from the male, both in size -and plumage, being smaller, and -of a light bluish-ash tint. This -difference is readily appreciable when the birds are seen flying.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Maximilian’s Jay was discovered and first described by that -eminent naturalist, Maximilian, Prince of Wied, in his book of travels in -North America, published in 1841. Mr. Edward Kern, who was connected -with Colonel Fremont’s exploring expedition in 1846, was the first to bring -specimens of this interesting and remarkable bird to the notice of American -naturalists, transmitting them to the Philadelphia Academy. The specimens -procured by its discoverer were met with by him on Maria’s River, -one of the tributaries of the Upper Missouri, in the extreme northern -portion of our northwestern territory, a point much farther north than it -has been met with by any other naturalist. As this species has since been -seen in large numbers in New Mexico, it may be presumed to extend its -movements over quite an extended area of distribution in the region of the -Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p><!--291.png--><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span> -According to the more recent observations of Mr. Ridgway, the Maximilian -Jay inhabits exclusively the nut-pine and cedar woods on the interior -mountain ranges, and is one of the most characteristic birds of those regions. -This species he states to be eminently gregarious, even breeding in colonies, -and in winter congregating in flocks, sometimes of thousands. Ever restless -and in motion, as it moves it is constantly uttering its curious, querulous -notes. It is a very conspicuous bird, and is one well worthy of particular -attention. Its blue color is the only thing suggestive of its affinity to the -Jay. All its habits are different, and its appearance is quite peculiar. It -is as essentially migratory as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes migratoria</i>, its coming and its -going being quite as sudden and uncertain. On one occasion, in visiting a -nut-pine wood, Mr. Ridgway found it full of roving, noisy troops of these -birds, but upon visiting the same locality the next day not one could be -seen.</p> - -<p>He also states that these birds are exceedingly early in their nesting, as -he met with companies of fully fledged young flying about on the 21st -of April. Near Carson City, April 20, 1868, he found these birds abundant -among the scattered cedars and nut-pines on the lower slopes of the hills. -They were in pairs, often three or four pairs in company.</p> - -<p>The notes of this bird are both peculiar and curious. The usual ones are -said to have some resemblance to the querulous wailings of the Screech -Owl; but none, in his opinion, have any resemblance to the cry of the Catbird.</p> - -<p>It flies very swiftly, but with a gentle floating motion, very much in the -manner of the Robin. In its movements among the small cedars, it generally -alighted upon the summit of a tree, and, quietly sitting there, would -look about in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</i>. In flying, it continually -uttered a very peculiar querulous note, resembling very much one -of the notes of the Magpie,—the peculiarly soft note of that bird uttered -during the love-season, or when its nest is approached. In searching among -the cedars, Mr. Ridgway found several of its nests. Nearly all had been -deserted, and there were several families of fully fledged young flying about. -One nest contained four fully feathered young. When these had been taken, -and placed in a hat, they all jumped out, squalling vociferously. These -nests were all saddled upon horizontal branches of cedars, and, except in -their greater bulk, they closely resembled the nest of the eastern Blue Jay.</p> - -<p>In autumn and in winter the large flocks of these birds, as they fly back -and forth over the hills, present a very peculiar appearance. Their flight is -then very swift.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, in November, 1853, frequently saw large flocks of these -birds between the Puebla of Laguna and the Sierra Madre, about a hundred -miles west of Albuquerque, in New Mexico. They were found chiefly frequenting -the watercourses, and when startled would circle around, rising -higher above their heads, uttering their singular cries; then suddenly descending -<!--292.png--><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span> -they would alight in the top of some tree on the adjoining cliffs. -He compares its voice to that of the common Catbird.</p> - -<p>Dr. T. C. Henry also repeatedly noticed these birds in the vicinity of Fort -Webster, in New Mexico. He first met with them near San Miguel, in -July, 1852, where he observed a party of about thirty flitting through the -cedars along the roadside. They were chiefly young birds, and were constantly -alighting on the ground for the purpose of capturing lizards, which -they killed with great readiness, and devoured. After that he repeatedly, -in winter, saw these birds near Fort Webster, and usually in flocks of about -forty or fifty. They evinced great wariness, and were very difficult of approach.</p> - -<p>The flocks would usually alight near the summit of a hill and pass rapidly -down its sides, all the birds keeping quite near to each other, and frequently -alighting on the ground. They appeared to be very social, and kept -up a continual twittering note. This bird, so far as Dr. Henry observed it, -is exclusively a mountain species, and never seen on the plains or bottom-lands, -and was never observed singly, or even in a single pair, but always in -companies.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry met with this species in the basin of the Des Chutes, in -Oregon. He first noticed it in September. Early every morning flocks of -from twenty-five to thirty of these birds came across, in their usual straggling -flight, chattering as they flew to the trees on a hill near the camp, and then, -from tree to tree, they made their way to the stream to drink. He describes -their note, when flying or feeding, as a frequently repeated <i class="birdcall">ca-ca-că</i>. Sometimes, -when made by a straggler separated from mate or flock, it was rather -loud and harsh, but was usually soft and agreeable. When disturbed, their -cry was harsher. They were very shy, and could only be shot by lying in -wait for them. Subsequently he had an opportunity of seeing them feed, -and of watching them carefully as they were eating the berries of the cedars, -and in their habits and cries they seemed closely to resemble Jays. A specimen, -previously killed, was found with its crop filled with the seeds of the -yellow pine.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper has seen specimens of this bird from Washoe, just east of -the California State line, and he was informed by Mr. Clarence King that -they frequent the junipers on mountains near Mariposa.</p> - -<p>From Dr. Coues we learn that this bird is very abundant at Fort Whipple, -where it remains all the year. It breeds in the retired portions of the -neighboring mountains of San Francisco and Bill Williams, the young leaving -the nest in July. As the same birds are ready to fly in April, at Carson -City, it may be that they have two broods in Arizona. During the winter -they collect in immense flocks, and in one instance Dr. Coues estimates -their number at a thousand or more. In a more recent contribution to the -Ibis (April, 1872), Dr. Coues gives a more full account of his observations -in respect to this bird. In regard to geographical range he considers its -<!--293.png--><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 263]</span> -distribution very nearly the same with that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>. Mr. Aiken -has recently met with these birds in Colorado Territory, where, however, -Mr. Allen did not obtain specimens. General McCall found these birds -abundant near Santa Fé, in New Mexico, at an altitude Of seven thousand -feet; and the late Captain Feilner obtained specimens at Fort Crook, in -Northeastern California. Dr. Coues considers its range to be the coniferous -zone of vegetation within the geographical area bounded eastward -by the foot-hills and slopes of the Rocky Mountains; westward by the -Cascade and Coast ranges; northward, perhaps to Sitka, but undetermined; -and somewhat so southward, not traced so far as the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tierra fria</i> -of Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues adds that, like most birds which subsist indifferently on varied -animal or vegetable food, this species is not, strictly speaking, migratory, -as it can find food in winter anywhere except at its loftiest points of -distribution. A descent of a few thousand feet from the mountains thus -answers all the purposes of a southward journey performed by other species, -so far as food is concerned, while its hardy nature enables it to endure the -rigors of winter. According to his observations, this bird feeds principally -upon juniper berries and pine seeds, and also upon acorns and other small -hard fruits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues describes this bird as garrulous and vociferous, with curiously -modulated chattering notes when at ease, and with extremely loud harsh -cries when excited by fear or anger. It is also said to be restless and -impetuous, as if of an unbalanced mind. Its attitudes on the ground, to -which it frequently descends, are essentially Crow-like, and its gait is an -easy walk or run, very different from the leaping manner of progress -made by the Jays. When perching, its usual attitude is stiff and firm. -Its flight resembles that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>. After breeding, these birds -unite in immense flocks, but disperse again in pairs when the breeding-season -commences.</p> - -<p>Nothing, so far, has been published in regard to the character of the -eggs.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Corvinæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Garrulinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">GARRULINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Wings short, rounded; not longer or much shorter than the tail, which is graduated, -sometimes excessively so. Wings reaching not much beyond the lower tail-coverts. -Bristly feathers at base of bill variable. Bill nearly as long as the head, or shorter. -Tarsi longer than the bill or than the middle toe. Outer lateral claws rather shorter than -the inner.</p> - -<p>The preceding diagnosis may perhaps characterize the garruline birds, -as compared with the Crows. The subdivisions of the group are as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--294.png--><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 264]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Nostrils moderate, completely covered by incumbent feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail much longer than the wings; first primary attenuated, falcate.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica.</b> Head without crest.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail about as long as the wings; first primary not falcate.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura.</b> Head with lengthened narrow crest. Wing and tail -blue, banded with black.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta.</b> Head without crest. Above blue, with a gray patch -on the back. No bands on wing and tail.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura.</b> Head without crest. Color above greenish; the -head blue; lateral tail-feathers yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus.</b> Head full and bushy. Bill scarcely half the head, -with white feathers over the nostrils. Plumage dull.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Nostrils very large, naked, uncovered by feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus.</b> Head not crested; tail broad; wings two thirds as -long as the tail.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta.</b> Head with a recurved crest; wings less than half as -long as the tail.</p> - -<p>There is a very close relationship between the Jays and the Titmice, the -chief difference being in size rather than in any other distinguishing feature. -The feathers at the base of the bill, however, in the Jays, are bristly throughout, -with lateral branches reaching to the very tip. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i> these feathers -are inclined to be broader, with the shaft projecting considerably beyond the -basal portion, or the lateral branches are confined to the basal portion, and -extended forwards. There is no naked line of separation between the -scutellæ on the outer side of the tarsi. The basal joint of the middle toe -is united almost or quite to the end to the lateral, instead of half-way. -The first primary is usually less than half the second, instead of rather -more; the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, instead of the -fifth being longer than the fourth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICA</b>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1735 (<span class="sc">Gray</span>).</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, Ornithologia, 1760, and of Cuvier (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus pica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences, Second Series One">J. A. N. Sc. 2d Ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 47.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail very long, forming much more than half the total length; the -feathers much graduated; the lateral scarcely more than half the middle. First primary -falcate, curved, and attenuated. Bill about as high as broad at the base; the culmen and -gonys much curved, and about equal; the bristly feathers reaching nearly to the middle -of the bill. Nostrils nearly circular. Tarsi very long; middle toe scarcely more than -two thirds the length. A patch of naked skin beneath and behind the eye.</p> - -<p>The peculiar characteristic of this genus, in addition to the very long -graduated tail, lies in the attenuated, falcate first primary. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</i>, which -has an equally long or longer tail, has the first primary as in the Jays -generally (besides having the nostrils exposed).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_295.jpg" - width="300" height="163" - alt="Illustration: Pica hudsonica" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">4547</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><!--295.png--><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 265]</span> -A specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i> has the lateral tarsal plates with two or three -transverse divisions on the lower third. This has not been observed by us -to occur in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. hudsonica</i>.</p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. caudata.</b> Head, neck, breast, interscapulars, lining of wing, tail-coverts -and tibiæ, deep black: wings metallic greenish-blue; tail rich metallic green, the -feathers passing through bronze and reddish-violet into violet-blue, at their tips. -Scapulars, abdomen, sides, flanks, and inner webs of primaries, pure white. -Sexes alike; young similar.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Bill and bare space around the eye black.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 7.50; tail, 9.50 or less, its graduation less than half its length, -4.50; culmen, 1.20; tarsus, 1.75; middle toe, 1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudata</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_55" id="fnanchor_55"></a><a href="#footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, over 8.00 (8.50 maximum); tail over 10.00 (13.50, max., its -graduation more than half its length, 7.70); culmen, 1.55; tarsus, 1.75; -middle toe, 1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern and Middle North America, exclusive -of the Atlantic Province of United States and California -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Bill and bare space around the eye yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 7.50; tail, 10.50; its graduation, 5.00; culmen, 1.50; tarsus, -1.75; middle toe, 1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i></span>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--296.png--><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 266]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica caudata</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</b>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MAGPIE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus pica</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, -<abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 72">Phil. Trans. LXXII</abbr>, -1772, 382.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 75, -<abbr title="plate 35">pl. xxxv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 40.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1828, 57.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1832, 219.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 408, <abbr title="plate 357">pl. ccclvii</abbr> -(not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus -hudsonica</i>, <abbr title="Joseph Sabine, Appendix Narrative"><span class="sc">Jos. Sabine</span>, -App. Narr.</abbr> Franklin’s Journey, 1823, 25, 671. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus hudsonica</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 383.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span></abbr> <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Reise Nord -<abbr title="Amerika">Amer.</abbr></span> -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1839, 508.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Cabanis, <abbr title="Journal">Journ.</abbr> 1856, 197.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route">Zoöl. Cal. & Or. Route</abbr>, -<abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Reports Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, -1857, 84.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -576, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, -<abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, -121 (British Columbia).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 213, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, -1869, 286 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, -1872, 39 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 296. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes hudsonicus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second Series One">2d Ser. I</abbr>, -<abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1847, 47. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica melanoleuca</i>, -“<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -157.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 99, <abbr title="plate 227">pl. ccxxvii</abbr>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_296.jpg" - width="250" height="316" - alt="Illustration: Pica nuttalli" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill and naked skin behind the eye black. General color black. The -belly, scapulars, and inner webs of the -primaries white; hind part of back -grayish; exposed portion of the tail-feathers -glossy green, tinged with -purple and violet near the end; wings -glossed with green; the secondaries and -tertials with blue; throat-feathers spotted -with white in younger specimens. -Length, 19.00; wing, 8.50; tail, 13.00. -Young in color and appearance similar -generally to the adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -The northern regions of North -America. The middle and western -Provinces of the United States exclusive -of California; Wisconsin, Michigan, -and Northern Illinois, in winter.</p> - -<p>The American Magpie is almost -exactly similar to the -European, and differs only in -larger size and disproportionably -longer tail. According to Maximilian -and other authors, the -iris of the American bird has a grayish-blue outer ring, wanting in the -European bird, and the voice is quite different. It is, however, difficult -to consider the two birds otherwise than as geographical races of one primitive -stock.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The American Magpie has an extended western distribution -from Arizona on the south to Alaska on the northwest. It has been met -with as far to the east as the Missouri River, and is found from there to the -Pacific. It is abundant at Sitka; it was observed at Ounga, one of the -Shumagin Islands, and was obtained by Bischoff at Kodiak.</p> - -<!--297.png--><!--Plate 38--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_38.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 38" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="38">XXXVIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_38-1" id="pl_38-1"></a><img src="images/pl_38-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53629.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_38-2" id="pl_38-2"></a><img src="images/pl_38-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16247.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_38-3" id="pl_38-3"></a><img src="images/pl_38-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3938.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_38-4" id="pl_38-4"></a><img src="images/pl_38-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</span>. Oregon, 4461.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--298.png--><!--blank page--> -<p><!--299.png--><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 267]</span> -Richardson observed these birds on the Saskatchewan, where a few remain -even in winter, but are much more frequent in summer.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord, the naturalist of the British branch of the Northwest Boundary -Survey, characterizes our Magpie as murderous, because of its cruel persecution -of galled and suffering mules, its picking out the eyes of living animals, -and its destruction of birds. These birds caused so much trouble to the -party, in winter, at Colville, as to become utterly unbearable, and a large -number were destroyed by strychnine. They were then so tame and -impudent that he repeatedly gave them food from his hand without their -showing any evidence of fear. He says they nest in March.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley states that this Magpie is abundant throughout the central -region of Oregon and Washington Territory. He first met with it a hundred -miles west of Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone. It became -more abundant as the mountains were approached, and so continued almost -as far west as the Cascade Mountains, where the dense forests were an -effectual barrier. On Puget Sound he saw none until August, after which, -during the fall, it was tolerably abundant. It breeds throughout the interior. -He obtained a young bird, nearly fledged, about May 5, at Fort -Dalles. At this place a few birds remain throughout the winter, but a -majority retire farther south during the cold weather. One of its cries, he -says, resembles a peculiar call of Steller’s Jay.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway regards this Magpie as one of the most characteristic and -conspicuous birds of the interior region, distinguished both for the elegance -of its form and the beauty of its plumage. While not at all rare in the -fertile mountain cañons, the principal resort of this species is the rich bottom-land -of the rivers. The usual note of the Magpie is a frequently uttered -chatter, very peculiar, and, when once heard, easily recognized. During the -nesting-season it utters a softer and more musical and plaintive note, sounding -something like <i class="birdcall">kay´-e-ehk-kay-e</i>. It generally flies about in small flocks, -and, like others of its family, is very fond of tormenting owls. In the winter, -in company with the Ravens, it resorts to the slaughter-houses to feed on offal. -The young differ but little in plumage from the adult, the metallic colors -being even a little more vivid; the white spotting of the throat is characteristic -of the immature bird.</p> - -<p>The nests were found by Mr. Ridgway in various situations. Some were -in cedars, some in willows, and others in low shrubs. In every instance the -nest was domed, the inner and real nest being enclosed in an immense thorny -covering, which far exceeded it in bulk. In the side of this thorny protection -is a winding passage leading into the nest, possibly designed to conceal the -very long tail of the bird, which, if exposed to view, would endanger its safety.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper first met this bird east of the Cascade Mountains, near the -Yakima, and from there in his journey northward as far as the 49th degree -it was common, as well as in all the open unwooded regions until the -mountains were passed on his return westward.</p> - -<p><!--300.png--><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 268]</span> -Dr. Kennerly met with these birds on the Little Colorado in New Mexico, -in December. He found them in great numbers soon after leaving the -Rio Grande, and from time to time on the march to California. They seemed -to live indifferently in the deep cañons among the hills or in the valleys, -but were only found near water.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry first met with these birds on the banks of one of the -tributaries of the Des Chutes, one hundred miles south of the Columbia, -afterwards on the Columbia, but nowhere in large numbers. He regards -them as much less gregarious in their habits than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli</i>, as all the -birds he noticed were solitary or in pairs, while the Yellow-bills were often -seen in flocks of several hundreds.</p> - -<p>All accounts of this bird agree in representing it as frequently a great -source of annoyance to parties of exploration, especially in its attacks -upon horses worn down and galled by fatigue and privations. In the memorable -narrative of Colonel Pike’s journey in New Mexico, these birds, rendered -bold and voracious by want, are described as assembling around that -miserable party in great numbers, picking the sore backs of their perishing -horses, and snatching at all the food they could reach. The party of Lewis -and Clark, who were the first to add this bird to our fauna, also describe them -as familiar and voracious, penetrating into their tents, snatching the meat -even from their dishes, and frequently, when the hunters were engaged in -dressing their game, seizing the meat suspended within a foot or two of -their heads.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, in his tour across the continent, found these birds so familiar -and greedy as to be easily taken, as they approached the encampment for -food, by the Indian boys, who kept them prisoners. They soon became -reconciled to their confinement, and were continually hopping around and -tugging and struggling for any offal thrown to them.</p> - -<p>Observers have reported this bird from different parts of Arizona and New -Mexico; but Dr. Coues writes me that he never saw it at Fort Whipple, or -elsewhere in the first-named Territory. He found it breeding, however, in -the Raton Mountains, in June, under the following circumstances, recorded -at the time in his journal.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Yesterday, the 8th, we were rolling over smooth prairie, ascending a -little the while, but so gradually that only the change in the flora indicated -the difference in elevation. The flowery verdure was passed, scrubby junipers -came thicker and faster, and pine-clad mountain-tops took shape before us. -We made the pass to-day, rounding along a picturesque ravine, and the -noon halt gave me a chance to see something of the birds. Troops of -beautiful Swallows were on wing, and as their backs turned in their wayward -flight, the violet-green colors betrayed the species. A colony of them -were breeding on the face of a cliff, apparently like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. lunifrons</i>, but the -nests were not accessible. Whilst I was watching their movements, a harsh -scream attracted my attention, and the next moment a beautiful Magpie -<!--301.png--><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 269]</span> -flew swiftly past with quivering wings, and with a flirt of the glittering tail -and a curious evolution dashed into a dense thicket close by. In the hope -of seeing him again, and perhaps of finding his nest, I hurried to the spot -where he had disappeared, and pushed into the underbrush. In a few -moments I stood in a little open space, surrounded on all sides and covered -above with a network of vines interlacing the twigs and foliage so closely -that the sun’s rays hardly struggled through. A pretty shady bower! and -there, sure enough, was the nest, not likely to be overlooked, for it was as -big as a bushel basket,—a globular mass, hung in the top of one of the -taller saplings, about twelve feet from the ground. The mother bird was at -home, and my bustling approach alarmed her; she flew out of the nest with -loud cries of distress, which brought the male to her side in an instant. As -I scrambled up the slender trunk, which swayed with my weight, both birds -kept flying about my head with redoubled outcry, alighting for an instant, -then dashing past again so close that I thought they would peck at me. As -I had no means of preserving the nest, I would not take it down, and contented -myself with such observations as I could make whilst bestriding a -limb altogether too slender for comfort. It was nearly spherical in shape, -seemed to be about eighteen inches in diameter, arched over, with a small -hole on one side. The walls, composed entirely of interlaced twigs bristling -outwardly in every direction, were extremely thick, the space inside being -much less than one would expect, and seemingly hardly enough to accommodate -the bird’s long tail, which I suppose must be held upright. The nest -was lined with a little coarse dried grass, and contained six young ones -nearly ready to fly. Authors state that the American Magpie lays only two -eggs; but I suppose that this particular pair lived too far from scientific -centres to find out what was expected of them. Other birds, noticed to-day, -were Steller’s Jays among the pines and cedars, a flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</i>, -apparently <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</i>, feeding on willow-buds along the rivulet that threaded the -gorge, and some Robins.”</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Magpie are somewhat larger than any I have seen of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>, and are differently marked and colored. Six specimens from -the Sierra Nevada exhibit the following measurements: 1.40 × 0.98, 1.22 -× 1.00, 1.41 × 0.95, 1.28 × 0.95, 1.26 × 0.92, 1.32 × 0.96. Their ground-color -is a grayish-white, or light gray with a yellowish tinge, spotted with -blotches, dottings, and dashes of a purplish or violet brown. In some they -are sparsely distributed, showing plainly the ground, more confluent at the -larger end. In others they are finer, more generally and more thickly distributed. -In others they are much larger and of deeper color, and cover the -whole of the larger end with one large cloud of confluent markings. None -of these closely resembles the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>. The usual number of eggs -in a nest, according to Mr. Ridgway, varies from six to nine, although it is -said that ten are sometimes found.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--302.png--><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 270]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica caudata</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 450, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 152.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds -Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 104, <abbr title="plate 228">pl. ccxxviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 383.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual, One, second edition">Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 236.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 84.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 578, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. xxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 54.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. -Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 295. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes nuttalli</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, 46.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill, and naked skin behind the eye, bright yellow; otherwise similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -hudsonica</i>. Length, 17.00; wing, 8.00; tail. 10.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -California (Sacramento Valley, and southern coast region).</p> - -<p>We cannot look upon the Yellow-billed Magpie otherwise than as a local -race of the common kind, since it is well known that among the Jays many -species have the bill either black or yellow according to sex, age, or locality; -and as the Yellow-billed Magpie occupies a more southern locality than -usual, and one very different from that of the black-billed species, it well -may exhibit a special geographical variation. The great restriction in range -is another argument in favor of its being a simple variety.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-billed Magpie seems to be exclusively a bird of -California, where it is very abundant, and where it replaces almost entirely -the more eastern form. Mr. Ridgway, who met with this variety only in -the valley of the Sacramento, states that he there found it very abundant -among the oaks of that region. It differed from the common Magpie in -being exceedingly gregarious, moving about among the oak groves in small -companies, incessantly chattering as it flew, or as it sat among the branches -of the trees. He saw many of their nests in the tops of the oaks,—indeed, -all were so situated,—yet he never met with the nests of the other species -in a high tree, not even in the river valleys. The young of this Magpie -have the white of the scapulars marked with rusty triangular spots.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this Magpie abundant in the valleys of California, especially -near the middle of the State, except during the spring months, when -none were seen in the Santa Clara Valley, the supposition being that they -had retired eastward to the mountains to build their nests. At Santa Barbara -he found them numerous in April and May, and saw their nests in oak-trees. -The young were already fledged by the 25th of April. The nest, he -states, is composed of a large mass of coarse twigs twisted together in a -spherical form, with a hole in the side. The eggs he saw resembled those -of the other species, and are described as being whitish-green, spotted with -cinereous-gray and olive-brown. They also breed abundantly about Monterey. -They have not been traced to the northern border of the State.</p> - -<p>Their food, Dr. Cooper adds, consists of almost everything animal and -vegetable that they can find, and they come about farms and gardens to pick -up whatever they can meet with. They have a loud call that sounds like -<!--303.png--><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 271]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pait-pait</i>, with a variety of chattering notes, in tone resembling the human -voice, which, indeed, they can be taught to imitate.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species from Monterey, California, is of a rounded oval -shape, a little less obtuse at one end than the other. The ground-color is a -light drab, so closely marked with fine cloudings of an obscure lavender -color as nearly to conceal the ground, and to give the egg the appearance of -an almost uniform violet-brown. It measures 1.20 inches in length by .90 -in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYANURA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 495, Appendix. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cristatus</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851 (not of <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, 1845).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_303.jpg" - width="300" height="224" - alt="Illustration: Cyanura cristata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1423</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Head crested. Wings and tail blue, with transverse black bars; head and -back of the same color. Bill rather slender, somewhat broader than high at the base; -culmen about equal to the head. Nostrils large, nearly circular, concealed by bristles. -Tail about as long as the wings, lengthened, graduated. Hind claw large, longer than -its digit.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Wings and tail deep blue, the latter, with the secondaries -and tertials, sometimes also the greater coverts, barred with black.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Greater coverts, tertials, secondaries, and tail-feathers tipped broadly -with white; lower parts generally, including lateral and under parts of -head, whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. cristata.</b> Head above, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump -and upper tail-coverts, light ashy purplish-blue; a narrow frontal band, -a loral spot, streak behind the eye, and collar round the neck, commencing -under the crest, passing down across the end of the auriculars -and expanding into a crescent across the jugulum, black; throat tinged -with purplish-gray, the breast and sides with smoky-gray; abdomen, -anal region, and crissum pure white. Wing, 5.70; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.25; -tarsus, 1.35; middle toe, .85; crest, 2.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -North America.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--304.png--><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 272]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> No white on wing or tail; lower parts deep blue.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. stelleri.</b> Color deep blue, less intense than on wings and tail, except -dorsal region, which may be deep blue, ashy-brown, or sooty-black. -Head and neck dark grayish-brown, dusky-blue, or deep -black, the throat more grayish.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">a.</i> No white patch over the eye; throat and chin not abruptly -lighter than adjacent parts; secondary coverts not barred with -black.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Whole head, neck, jugulum, and dorsal region plain sooty-black; -no blue streaks on forehead, or else these only faintly -indicated. The blue everywhere of a uniform dull greenish-indigo -shade. Depth of bill, .45; crest, 2.60; wing, 6.00; -tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.35; tarsus, 1.75; middle toe, 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Northwest coast, from Sitka to the Columbia -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Whole head, neck, jugulum, and dorsal region plumbeous-umber; -the forehead conspicuously streaked with blue, and -the crest washed with the same. The blue of two very -different shades, the wings and tail being deep indigo, the -body and tail-coverts greenish cobalt-blue. Depth of bill, -.35; crest, 2.80; wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.25; tarsus, -1.55; middle toe, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sierra Nevada, from Fort Crook -to Fort Tejon<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">b.</i> A patch of silky white over the eye; throat and chin abruptly -lighter than the adjoining parts; secondary coverts barred distinctly -with black.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Whole crest, cheeks, and foreneck deep black; the crest -scarcely tinged with blue; dorsal region light ashy-plumbeous; -forehead conspicuously streaked with milk-white. The blue -contrasted as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>. Depth of bill, .35; crest, 3.00; -wing, 6.10; tail, 6.10; culmen, 1.25; tarsus, 1.65; middle toe, -.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Whole crest, cheeks, and foreneck deep black, the crest -strongly tinged with blue; dorsal region greenish plumbeous-blue. -The blue nearly uniform; forehead conspicuously -streaked with bluish-white. Depth of bill, .35; crest, 2.80; -wing, 5.90; tail, 5.90; culmen, 1.30; tarsus, 1.60; middle toe, -.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Highlands of Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_56" id="fnanchor_56"></a><a href="#footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Whole crest, cheeks, and foreneck deep blue, lores black; -dorsal region deep purplish-blue; forehead conspicuously -streaked with light blue. The blue of a uniform shade—deep -purplish-indigo—throughout. Depth of bill, .40; length -of crest, 2.50; wing, 5.80; tail, 5.80; culmen, 1.30; tarsus, -1.60; middle toe, .95. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southeastern Mexico (Xalapa, -Belize, etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_57" id="fnanchor_57"></a><a href="#footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></span></p> - -<p>The different varieties just indicated under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</i>, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis, macrolopha, diademata</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>, all appear to represent -<!--305.png--><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 273]</span> -well-marked and easily defined races of one primitive species, the gradation -from one form to the other being very regular, and agreeing with the -general variation attendant upon geographical distribution. Thus, beginning -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i>, we have the anterior part of head and body, including -interscapular region, black, without any markings on the head. In -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i> the back is lighter, and a glossy blue shows on the forehead. -In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i> the blue of posterior parts invades the anterior, tingeing them -very decidedly, leaving the head black, with a blue shade to the crest; -the forehead is glossed with bluish-white; the upper eyelids have a white -spot. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i> the blue tinge is deeper, and pervades the entire body, -except the side of the head. The shade of blue is different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i>, -and more like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</i>, intermediate in habitat between -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>, is also intermediate in colors. The tail becomes -rather more even, and the bill more slender, as we proceed from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i> to -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>. The bars on the secondary coverts become darker in the same -progression.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cristatus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> -Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, (10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr>,) 1758, 106; (12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr>,) 1766, 157.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 369.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 2, <abbr title="plate One, figure">pl. I, f.</abbr> -1.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs.</abbr> -Wilson, 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 41.—<span class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr title="Cabinet of Natural History">Cab. N. H.</abbr> -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1832, 62, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 11; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 475, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cristatus</i>, “<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclop.</abbr> -890.”—<abbr title="Ibid Dictionnaire 11"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Dict. XI</abbr>, -477.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828, -58.—<abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. -Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 293.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -Galerie, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824, 160, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 110, <abbr title="plate 231">pl. ccxxxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Caban. J.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, -192. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica cristata</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus cristatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 495.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="of North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 580.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 364.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax cristatus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta cristata</i>, -<span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals and Magazine of Natural History">Ann. Mag. N. H.</abbr> 1845, 261.—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus cristatus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 376.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest about one third longer than the bill. Tail much graduated. General -color above light purplish-blue; wings and tail-feathers ultramarine-blue; the secondaries -and tertials, the greater wing-coverts, and the exposed surface of the tail, sharply banded -with black and broadly tipped with white, except on the central tail-feathers. Beneath -white; tinged with purplish-blue on the throat, and with bluish-brown on the sides. -A black crescent on the forepart of the breast, the horns passing forward and connecting -with a half-collar on the back of the neck. A narrow frontal line and loral region black; -feathers on the base of the bill blue, like the crown. Female rather duller in color, and -a little smaller. Length, 12.25; wing, 5.65; tail, 5.75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America, west to the Missouri. Northeastern Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, -Ibis, 1865, 494). North to Red River and Moose Factory.</p> - -<p>Specimens from north of the United States are larger than more southern -ones. A series of specimens from Florida, brought by Mr. Boardman, are -quite peculiar in some respects, and probably represent a local race resident -there. In these Florida specimens the wing and tail are each an inch or -<!--306.png--><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 274]</span> -more shorter than in Pennsylvania examples, while the bill is not any -smaller. The crest is very short; the white spaces on secondaries and tail-feathers -more restricted.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_306.jpg" - width="250" height="286" - alt="Illustration: Cyanura cristata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Blue -Jay of North America is found -throughout the continent, from -the Atlantic coast to the Missouri -Valley, and from Florida -and Texas to the fur regions -nearly or quite to the 56th -parallel. It was found breeding -near Lake Winnepeg by Donald -Gunn. It was also observed in -these regions by Sir John Richardson. -It was met with by -Captain Blakiston on the forks -of the Saskatchewan, but not -farther west.</p> - -<p>The entire family to which -this Jay belongs, and of which -it is a very conspicuous member, -is nearly cosmopolitan as to distribution, and is distinguished by the -remarkable intelligence of all its members. Its habits are striking, peculiar, -and full of interest, often evincing sagacity, forethought, and intelligence -strongly akin to reason. These traits belong not exclusively to any one -species or generic subdivision, but are common to the whole family.</p> - -<p>When first met with in the wild and unexplored regions of our country, -the Jay appears shy and suspicious of the intruder, man. Yet, curious to a -remarkable degree, he follows the stranger, watches all his movements, hovers -with great pertinacity about his steps, ever keeping at a respectful distance, -even before he has been taught to beware of the deadly gun. Afterwards, -as he becomes better acquainted with man, the Jay conforms his own -conduct to the treatment he receives. Where he is hunted in wanton sport, -because of brilliant plumage, or persecuted because of unjust prejudices and -a bad reputation not deserved, he is shy and wary, shuns, as much as possible, -human society, and, when the hunter intrudes into his retreat, seems to -delight to follow and annoy him, and to give the alarm to all dwellers of -the woods that their foe is approaching.</p> - -<p>In parts of the country, as in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and other Western -States, where the Jay is unmolested and exempt from persecution, we find -him as familiar and confiding as any of the favored birds of the Eastern -States. In the groves of Iowa Mr. Allen found our Blue Jay nearly as -unsuspicious as a Black-capped Titmouse. In Illinois he speaks of them as -very abundant and half domestic. And again, in Indiana, in one of the -<!--307.png--><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 275]</span> -principal streets of Richmond, the same gentleman found the nest of these -birds in a lilac-bush, under the window of a dwelling. In the summer of -1843 I saw a nest of the Jay, filled with young, in a tree standing near the -house of Mr. Audubon, in the city of New York. The habits of no two -species can well be more unlike than are those which persecution on the -one hand and kind treatment on the other have developed in this bird.</p> - -<p>The Blue Jay, wherever found, is more or less resident. This is especially -the case in the more southern portions of its area of reproduction. In -Texas, Dr. Lincecum informs us, this Jay remains both summer and winter. -It is there said to build its nest of mud, a material rarely if ever used in -more northern localities; and when placed not far from dwelling-houses, -it is lined with cotton thread, rags of calico, and the like. They are, he -writes, very intelligent and sensible birds, subsisting on insects, acorns, -etc. He has occasionally known them to destroy bats. In Texas they seem -to seek the protection of man, and to nest near dwellings as a means of -safety against Hawks. They nest but once a year, and lay but four eggs. -In a female dissected by him, he detected one hundred and twelve ova, and -from these data he infers that the natural life of a Jay is about thirty years.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen mentions finding the Blue Jay in Kansas equally at home, -and as vivacious and even more gayly colored than at the North. While -it seemed to have forgotten none of the droll notes and fantastic ways -always to be expected from it, there was added to its manners that familiarity -which characterizes it in the more newly settled portions of the -country, occasionally surprising one with some new expression of feeling -or sentiment, or some unexpected eccentricity in its varied notes, perhaps -developed by the more southern surroundings.</p> - -<p>The Blue Jay is arboreal in its habits. It prefers the shelter and security -of thick covers to more open ground. It is omnivorous, eating either animal -or vegetable food, though with an apparent preference for the former, -feeding upon insects, their eggs and larvæ, and worms, wherever procurable. -It also lays up large stores of acorns and beech mast for food in winter, -when insects cannot be procured in sufficient abundance. Even at this season -it hunts for and devours in large quantities the eggs of the destructive -tent caterpillar.</p> - -<p>The Jay is charged with a propensity to destroy the eggs and young of the -smaller birds, and has even been accused of killing full-grown birds. I am -not able to verify these charges, but they seem to be too generally conceded -to be disputed. These are the only serious grounds of complaint that can -be brought against it, and are more than outweighed, tenfold, by the immense -services it renders to man in the destruction of his enemies. Its depredations -on the garden or the farm are too trivial to be mentioned.</p> - -<p>The Blue Jay is conspicuous as a musician. He exhibits a variety in his -notes, and occasionally a beauty and a harmony in his song, for which few -give him due credit. Wilson compares his position among our singing birds -<!--308.png--><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 276]</span> -to that of the trumpeter in the band. His notes he varies to an almost -infinite extent, at one time screaming with all his might, at another warbling -with all the softness of tone and moderation of the Bluebird, and -again imparting to his voice a grating harshness that is indescribable.</p> - -<p>The power of mimicry possessed by the Jay, though different from, is -hardly surpassed by that of the Mocking-Bird. It especially delights to -imitate the cries of the Sparrow Hawk, and at other times those of the Red-tailed -and Red-shouldered Hawks are given with such similarity that the -small birds fly to a covert, and the inmates of the poultry-yard are in the -greatest alarm. Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, of Cleveland, on whose grounds a -large colony of Jays took up their abode and became very familiar, has given -me a very interesting account of their habits. The following is an extract: -“They soon became so familiar as to feed about our yards and corn-cribs. -At the dawn of every pleasant day throughout the year, the nesting-season -excepted, a stranger in my house might well suppose that all the axles in -the country were screeching aloud for lubrication, hearing the harsh and discordant -utterances of these birds. During the day the poultry might be -frequently seen running into their hiding-places, and the gobbler with his -upturned eye searching the heavens for the enemy, all excited and alarmed -by the mimic utterances of the adapt ventriloquists, the Jays, simulating the -cries of the Red-shouldered and the Red-tailed Hawks. The domestic circle -of the barn-yard evidently never gained any insight into the deception by experience; -for, though the trick was repeated every few hours, the excitement -would always be re-enacted.”</p> - -<p>When reared from the nest, these birds become very tame, and are perfectly -reconciled to confinement. They very soon grow into amusing pets, -learning to imitate the human voice, and to simulate almost every sound that -they hear. Wilson gives an account of one that had been brought up in a -family of a gentleman in South Carolina that displayed great intelligence, -and had all the loquacity of a parrot. This bird could utter several words -with great distinctness, and, whenever called, would immediately answer to -its name with great sociability.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Esteep, of Canton, Ohio, an experienced bird-fancier, assured -Dr. Kirtland that he has invariably found the Blue Jay more ingenious, -cunning, and teachable than any other species of bird he has ever attempted -to instruct.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_39.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 39" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="39">XXXIX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_39-1" id="pl_39-1"></a><img src="images/pl_39-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Oregon, 46040.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_39-2" id="pl_39-2"></a><img src="images/pl_39-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</span>. <i class="variation"><abbr title="variation">var</abbr></i>. frontalis. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Sierra Nevada, 53639.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_39-3" id="pl_39-3"></a><img src="images/pl_39-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura macrolopha</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 41015.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_39-4" id="pl_39-4"></a><img src="images/pl_39-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Xalapa, 16313.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Dr. Kirtland has also informed me of the almost invaluable services rendered -to the farmers in his neighborhood, by the Blue Jays, in the destruction -of caterpillars. When he first settled on his farm, he found every apple -and wild-cherry tree in the vicinity extensively disfigured and denuded of -its leaves by the larvæ of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Clisiocampa americana</i>, or the tent caterpillar. -The evil was so extensive that even the best farmers despaired of counteracting -it. Not long after the Jays colonized upon his place he found they -were feeding their young quite extensively with these larvæ, and so -<!--309.png--><!--plate 39, above--> -<!--310.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--311.png--><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 277]</span> -thoroughly that two or three years afterwards not a worm was to be seen -in that neighborhood; and more recently he has searched for it in vain, in -order to rear cabinet specimens of the moth.</p> - -<p>The Jay builds a strong coarse nest in the branch of some forest or orchard -tree, or even in a low bush. It is formed of twigs rudely but strongly -interwoven, and is lined with dark fibrous roots. The eggs are usually five, -and rarely six in number.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are usually of a rounded-oval shape, obtuse, and -of very equal size at either end. Their ground-color is a brownish-olive, -varying in depth, and occasionally an olive-drab. They are sparingly spotted -with darker olive-brown. In size they vary from 1.05 to 1.20 inches in -length, and in breadth from .82 to .88 of an inch. Their average size is -about 1.15 by .86 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">STELLER’S JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 370.—<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 158.—<span class="sc">Pallas</span>, -<abbr title="Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoog. Rosso-As. I</abbr>, 1811, 393.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Zoölogical Journal Three"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 49.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Supplement, Synopsis">Suppl. Syn.</abbr> 1828, 433.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 453, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus -stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Dictionnaire 12">Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 481.—<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, 44, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 229.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 154.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 107, -<abbr title="plate 230">pl. ccxxx</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana">F. Bor.-Am.</abbr>?). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. -II</abbr>, 1831, 495, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax stelleri</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 40 (Alaska). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta stelleri</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221. <span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, -1857, 85. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus stelleri</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 377. <cite>Steller’s Crow</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, -Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, <abbr title="Species">Sp.</abbr> 139. <abbr title="Latham Synopsis One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Syn. I</abbr>, 387. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura s.</i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 581 (in part). <span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 122 (British Columbia; nest).—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 486 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 298 (in part).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest about one third longer than the bill. Fifth quill longest; second -about equal to the secondary quills. Tail graduated; lateral feathers about .70 of an -inch shortest. Head and neck all round, and forepart of breast, dark brownish-black. -Back and lesser wing-coverts blackish-brown, the scapulars glossed with blue. Under -parts, rump, tail-coverts, and wings greenish-blue; exposed surfaces of lesser quills dark -indigo-blue; tertials and ends of tail-feathers rather obsoletely banded with black. -Feathers of the forehead streaked with greenish-blue. Length, about 13.00; wing, 5.85; -tail, 5.85; tarsus, 1.75 (1,921).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast of North America, from the Columbia River to Sitka; east to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Mary’s Mission, Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Suckley regarded Steller’s Jay as probably the most abundant -bird of its size in all the wooded country between the Rocky Mountains -and the Pacific. He describes it as tame, loquacious, and possessed of the -most impudent curiosity. It is a hardy, tough bird, and a constant winter -resident of Washington Territory. It is remarkable for its varied cries and -<!--312.png--><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 278]</span> -notes, and seems to have one for every emotion or pursuit in which it -is engaged. It also has a great fondness for imitating the notes of other -birds. Dr. Suckley states that frequently when pleasantly excited by the -hope of obtaining a rare bird, in consequence of hearing an unknown note -issuing from some clump of bushes or thicket, he has been not a little disappointed -by finding that it had issued from this Jay. It mimics accurately -the principal cry of the Catbird.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper also found it very common in all the forests on both sides of -the Cascade Mountains. While it seemed to depend chiefly upon the forest -for its food, in the winter it would make visits to the vicinity of houses, and -steal anything eatable it could find within its reach, even potatoes. In -these forages upon the gardens and farm-yards, they are both silent and -watchful, evidently conscious of the peril of their undertaking, and when -discovered they instantly fly off to the concealment of the forests. They -also make visits to the Indian lodges when the owners are absent, and force -their way into them if possible, one of their number keeping watch. In the -forest they do not appear to be shy or timid, but boldly follow those who -intrude upon their domain, screaming, and calling their companions around -them. Hazel-nuts are one of their great articles of winter food; and Dr. -Cooper states that, in order to break the shell, the Jay resorts to the ingenious -expedient of taking them to a branch of a tree, fixing them in a -crotch or cavity, and hammering them with its bill until it can reach the -meat within. Their nest he describes as large, loosely built of sticks, and -placed in a bush or low tree.</p> - -<p>At certain seasons of the year its food consisted almost entirely of the -seeds of the pine, particularly of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. brachyptera</i>, which Dr. Newberry states he -has often seen them extracting from the cones, and with which the stomachs -of those he killed were usually filled. He found these birds ranging as far -north as the line of the British Territory, and from the coast to the Rocky -Mountains.</p> - -<p>In his Western journey Mr. Nuttall met with these birds in the Blue Mountains -of the Oregon, east of Walla-walla. There he found them scarce and -shy. Afterwards he found them abundant in the pine forests of the Columbia, -where their loud trumpeting clangor was heard at all hours of the day, calling -out with a loud voice, <i class="birdcall">djay-djay</i>, or chattering with a variety of other notes, -some of them similar to those of the common Blue Jay. They are more -bold and familiar than our Jay. Watchful as a dog, no sooner does a -stranger show himself in their vicinity than they neglect all other employment -to come round him, following and sometimes scolding at him with great -pertinacity and signs of irritability. At other times, stimulated by curiosity, -they follow for a while in perfect silence, until something seems to arouse -their ire, and then their vociferous cries are poured out with unceasing volubility -till the intruder has passed from their view.</p> - -<p>In the month of May, Mr. Nuttall found a nest of these birds in a small -<!--313.png--><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 279]</span> -sapling of the Douglas fir, on the borders of a dense forest, and, some time -after, a second nest with young, in an elevated branch of another fir, on the -border of a rocky cliff. The first nest contained four eggs, of a pale green, -marked with small olive-brown spots, varied with others inclining to a violet -hue. The parents flew at him with the utmost anger and agitation, almost -deafening him with their cries; and although he took only two of their eggs, -the next day he found they had forsaken their nest. This nest was bulky, -made of interlaced twigs and roots, with a stout layer of mud, and lined -with black rootlets. One of the eggs taken by Mr. Nuttall is in my cabinet, -and is as he describes it, except that the obscure markings of violet have -nearly faded out. It measures 1.20 inches in length, and .90 in breadth, is -oval in shape, and a little more obtuse at one end than at the other.</p> - -<p>This Jay was obtained by Steller at Nootka, on the west coast of Vancouver -Island, in latitude 50<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. It was also found in abundance by Mr. Dall -at Sitka, in British Columbia, where a number of specimens were obtained -by Mr. Bischoff and by Mr. Elliot.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord states that this Jay ever makes its presence known by the -constant utterance of discordant screams. It is continually hopping from -bough to bough, darting down to catch an insect, performing short, erratic -flights, and jerking up and down its crest of bright feathers. Its noisy song -seems to be everywhere. It is the embodiment of restlessness, and, by dint -of sheer impudence, attracts attention even from the hunter. He adds that -it seemed fond of frequenting the haunts of man, and is always plentiful -near Indian lodges or white men’s shanties. It is by no means epicurean -in taste, but readily devours anything, whether seeds or salmon, grasshoppers -or venison. Its nest he found artfully concealed amidst the thick foliage -of a young pine-tree. It was composed of moss, small twigs, lichens, -and fir fronds, and lined with deer’s hair. The average number of eggs laid -appears to be seven.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SIERRA JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</i>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr> All reference to Steller’s Jay as occurring in California, excepting -on the northern Coast Range, relate to this variety.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head, neck, and dorsal region plumbeous-umber, darker on the head, and -posteriorly changing gradually into the light greenish-blue of the rest of the body; wings -and tail deep indigo-blue, the tertials, secondaries, and tail conspicuously marked with -broad and rather distant bars of black; primaries greenish light-blue, like the rump, -abdomen, etc. Whole forehead conspicuously streaked with blue (the streaks forming -two parallel series, where the feathers are not disarranged), and the crest strongly tinged -with blue. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (53,639, Carson City, Nevada, April 30, 1868): wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; -culmen, 1.25; depth of bill, .35; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe, .90; crest, 2.80. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> (53,640, -Carson City, Nevada, April 30, 1868): wing, 5.70; tail, 5.50. <i class="age">Young</i> with the blue of -<!--314.png--><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 280]</span> -the body and head entirely replaced by a sooty grayish; and that of the wings and tail -duller, and less distinctly barred.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole length of the Sierra Nevada, from Fort Crook (where it approaches -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>) to Fort Tejon.</p> - -<p>In the colors of the body, wings, and tail, this well-marked race resembles -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. macrolopha</i> in every respect, except that the greater coverts are not barred -with black; there being the same abrupt contrast between the deep blue of -the wings and tail, and the light greenish-blue of the body, tail-coverts, and -primaries,—seen only in these two forms. The variety is confined to the -mountains of California and Western Nevada, extending along the Sierra -Nevada about the entire length of the State, there being specimens in the -collection from Fort Crook and Fort Tejon, and intermediate localities.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue-fronted Jay, so far as it was observed by Mr. Ridgway, -was found to be exclusively an inhabitant of the pine woods of the Sierra -Nevada, and is, with Clarke’s Nutcracker, one of the most characteristic -birds of that region. In its general habits and manners, it greatly resembles -the eastern Blue Jay, but is rather more shy, while its notes are very -different, and do not possess the variety and flexibility of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</i>, but -are in comparison harsh and discordant. The usual note is a hoarse, deep-toned -monosyllabic squawk. Sometimes it utters a hollow sonorous chatter.</p> - -<p>Near Carson City one of these birds had been winged by a shot, and, in -falling, alighted on the lower branches of a pine-tree. Upon an attempt to -capture it, the bird began to ascend the tree limb by limb, at the same -time uttering a perfect imitation of the cry of the Red-tailed Hawk, evidently -in the hope of frightening away his tormentors. Dr. Newberry regards this -Jay as the western counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cristata</i>. By its more conspicuous -crest, its bold, defiant air, and its excessively harsh and disagreeable cry, it -challenges and secures attention. He found it almost exclusively confined -to the hilly and mountainous districts, choosing in preference those covered -with pines.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found these Jays abundant and resident as far south as -Warner’s Ranch, where, though common, they were for some reason so -unusually wild and vigilant as not to be easily procurable. In feeding, he -observed that they seemed always to begin in the lower branches and -ascend, hopping from twig to twig, to the topmost point, and, while thus -employed, utter a harsh screaming note that can be heard to a considerable -distance.</p> - -<p>This species, Dr. Cooper states, is numerous in the mountains of California, -inhabiting the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, and the Coast -Range as far south, at least, as Santa Cruz. Though showing a decided preference -for the pine forests, they sometimes in winter frequent those of -oaks. They are omnivorous, eating seeds, acorns, nuts, insects, and in winter -even potatoes and dead fish. They are at times bold and prying, and at -others very cautious and suspicious. They soon learn to appreciate a gun, -<!--315.png--><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 281]</span> -and show great sagacity in their movements to avoid its peril. On the -Columbia they lay in May, and in California about a month earlier.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-CRESTED JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta macrolopha</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc.Phila. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 118 (Albuquerque). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Garrulus stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 294, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr> (head-waters of Columbia; -figure of a bird intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura -macrolopha</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 582.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated American Birds, One, seventeen">Illust. Am. B, I, xvii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 300.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest nearly twice the length of the bill. Tail moderately graduated; the -lateral feathers about .60 of an inch shorter than the middle. Fourth and fifth quills -longest; second shorter than the secondaries. Head all round, throat, and forepart of -the breast, black, the crest with a gloss of blue; rest of back dark ashy-brown with a -gloss of greenish. Under parts, rump, tail-coverts, and outer surfaces of primaries, -greenish-blue; greater coverts, secondaries, and tertials, and upper surface of tail-feathers -bright blue, banded with black; forehead streaked with opaque white, passing behind -into pale blue; a white patch over the eye. Chin grayish. Length, 12.50; wing, 5.85; -tail, 5.85; tarsus, 1.70 (8,351).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Central line of Rocky Mountains from northern border of the United States to -table-lands of Mexico; Fort Whipple, Arizona.</p> - -<p>Young birds have the bright blue of body and black of head replaced by -a dull slate; the head unvaried.</p> - -<p>An apparent link between this variety and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i> is represented in -the Smithsonian collection by three specimens from the region towards -the head-waters of the Columbia, where the respective areas of distribution -of the two overlap. In this the anterior parts of the body are nearly as -black as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i> (much darker than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i>), with the short crest; but -the forehead (except in one specimen) is streaked with blue, and there is a -white patch over the eye. As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>, there are no black bars on the -greater wing-coverts. As this is an abundant form, whether permanent race -or hybrid, it may be called <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">annectens</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Long-crested Jay appears to occur throughout the central -range of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Mexico, where it -is replaced by a closely allied species or race, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</i> of Swainson.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this Jay only among the Wahsatch and the -Uintah Mountains. They appeared to be rather common in those regions, -though far from being abundant. In their manners and in their notes -they are described as having been almost an exact counterpart of the -Sierra Nevada form. Their notes, however, are said to be not so loud nor -so coarse as those of the more western species. A nest, found by Mr. Ridgway, -June 25, 1869, in Parley’s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, was in a small -<!--316.png--><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 282]</span> -fir-tree on the edge of a wood. It was saddled on a horizontal branch -about fifteen feet from the ground, and contained six eggs. The base of the -nest was composed of coarse strong sticks, rudely put together. Upon this -was constructed a solid, firm plastering of mud of a uniform concave shape, -lined with fine wiry roots. The external diameter is about nine inches, and -the height of the nest four. The interior is five inches in diameter, and three -in depth.</p> - -<p>The species was first described by Professor Baird, from specimens -obtained by Dr. Kennerly, who writes that he first saw this bird among -the lofty pines of the Sierra Madre in November, 1853. Leaving that -range, he did not meet with it again until his party crossed the Aztec -Mountains, in January, 1854, where it was less abundant than when first -met with. It was, for the most part, found among the cedars on the high -grounds, though occasionally seen among the clumps of large pines that -were scattered along the valley. The party did not meet with it again.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species a common and a resident bird in Arizona. -It was observed to be almost exclusively an inhabitant of pine woods, and was -generally to be met with only in small companies, never congregating in the -manner of Woodhouse’s Jay. He describes it as very shy, vigilant, noisy, -and tyrannical.</p> - -<p>The eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. macrolopha</i> measure 1.30 inches in length and .91 in breadth. -Their ground-color is a light sea-green. They are somewhat sparingly -spotted with fine markings of dark olive-brown, and lighter cloudings of a -purplish or violet brown. They are oblong oval in shape, obtuse at either -end, but more tapering at one end. They appear to be a little larger than -the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>, and the ground-color is brighter, and the markings deeper -and more of an olive hue.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYANOCITTA</b>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, Annals and <abbr title="Magazine of Natural History 15">Mag. N. H. XV</abbr>, 1845, 260. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus californicus</i>, -<span class="sc">Vigors</span>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221. (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Head without crest. Wings and tail blue, without any bands. Back usually -with a gray patch, different from the head. Bill about as broad as high at the base, and -the culmen a little shorter than the head. Nostrils large, nearly circular, and concealed. -Tail nearly equal to the wings, lengthened, graduated, or else shorter and nearly even.</p> - -<p>This genus is readily distinguished from the preceding by the entire -absence of crest and of black bars on the blue of wings and tail. The -species and races hitherto described will be found detailed in the accompanying -synopsis. The characters indicated above are of no very great generic -value, but as the group is a very natural one it will be as well to retain it. -As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</i>, the species are peculiar to the United States and Mexico, -one indeed being apparently confined to the Peninsula of Florida.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_317.jpg" - width="300" height="158" - alt="Illustration: Cyanocitta californica" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">8455</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><!--317.png--><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 283]</span> -It would perhaps be not very far out of the way to consider Sections A -and B as representing in their general characters, respectively, the types -from which their subdivisions have sprung.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail longer than wings. A superciliary stripe of whitish streaks; jugular -and pectoral feathers faintly edged with bluish, posteriorly forming an indistinct -collar, interrupted medially. Ear-coverts dusky, except in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Forehead and nasal tufts hoary white; the superciliary stripe a continuous -wash of the same. Scapulars blue like the wings; dorsal region (the interscapulars) -as light-colored as the lower parts.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floridana.</b> Back and lower parts pale ashy-brown; lower tail-coverts -bright blue. Wing, 4.50; tail, 5.70; bill, 1.20 and .35; tarsus, -1.40; middle toe, .85. Wing-formula, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2, 10; first, -1.80 shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, 1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Florida -(only).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Forehead and nasal tufts bright blue; superciliary stripe composed of -narrow streaks; scapulars ashy like the back; back much darker than the -lower parts.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica.</b></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Lower tail-coverts bright blue, dorsal region not well-defined ashy; -auriculars bluish, beneath continuous pure ash. Superciliary streak -well defined. Wing, 5.15; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.35 and .30; tarsus, -1.40; middle toe, .85. Wing-formula, fourth, fifth, and sixth -equal; 7, 3, 8, 9 = 2; first, 1.80 shorter than longest. Graduation -of tail, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains and Middle Province of -United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Lower tail-coverts pure white; dorsal region well-defined ashy; -auriculars blackish; beneath dull white, approaching ash on breast. -Superciliary streak indistinct. Wing, 5.65; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.20 -and .35; tarsus, 1.42; middle toe, .90. Wing-formula, 5, 6, 7, 4, -8, 3, 9, 10 = 2; first, 2.20 shorter than longest. Graduation -of tail, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Orizaba; City of Mexico) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_58" id="fnanchor_58"></a><a href="#footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -<!--318.png--><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 284]</span> -Superciliary streak sharply defined, conspicuous. Wing, 5.00; -tail, 5.60; bill, 1.20 and .37; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe, .95. Wing-formula, -4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2, 10; first, 2.10 shorter than longest. -Graduation of tail, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of United States; -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail not longer than wings, or considerably shorter. No superciliary -stripe, and no streaks on throat or jugulum. Auriculars blue like the crown.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ultramarina.</b> Lower parts whitish, conspicuously different from the -upper.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Tail nearly, or perfectly even.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Length, 13.00; tail even; bill, 1.50; tail, 7.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_59" id="fnanchor_59"></a><a href="#footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Length, 11.50; tail very slightly rounded (graduation, .25 only); -bill, 1.28 and .35; tail, 50. Above bright blue, dorsal region -obscured slightly with ashy; beneath dull pale ash, becoming -gradually whitish posteriorly, the crissum being pure ash. Lores -blue. Tarsus, 1.45; middle toe, .95. Wing-formula, 5, 4 = 6, 7, -3, 8, 9, 10, 2; first, 2.10 shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, -.25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Lower Rio Grande -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i>Tail considerably rounded.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>, but dorsal region scarcely obscured by ashy. -Lores black. Wing, 7.50; tail, 7.50; bill, 1.30 and .40; tarsus, -1.60; middle toe, .90. Wing-formula, 5, 4, 6, 3 = 7, 8, 9, 2; first, -2.75, shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico -(Orizaba, Mirador, etc.) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_60" id="fnanchor_60"></a><a href="#footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Graduation of the colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i>, but the blue, instead of -being a bright ultramarine, is very much paler and duller, and with -a greenish cast, the whole dorsal region decidedly ashy; ash of the -pectoral region much paler, and throat similar, instead of decidedly -whitish, in contrast; pure white of posterior lower parts covering -whole abdomen instead of being confined to crissum. Wing, 6.20; -tail, 5.70; bill, 1.30 and .40; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, .97. Wing-formula, -fourth, fifth, and sixth equal; 7, 3, 8, 9, 2; first, 2.20, -shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern -Rocky Mountains (Fort Buchanan, and Copper Mines, Arizona) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. unicolor.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_61" id="fnanchor_61"></a><a href="#footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></span> -Lower parts bright blue, like the upper. Entirely -<!--319.png--><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 285]</span> -uniform rich ultramarine-blue; lores black. Wing, 6.70; tail, 6.70; -bill, 1.30 and .50; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe, .95. Wing-formula, 5, 6, -4, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2; first, 2.60 shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, -1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico (Cordova, Mirador, etc.); Guatemala.</p> - -<p>In the first section of this group we see the same indication of variation -from a common type with the region that is so evident in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</i>. Thus, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta woodhousei</i> differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, much as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura macrolopha</i> -does from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i> (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>), in more slender bill and a greater -percentage of blue; this invading the back and under parts, the lower tail-coverts -especially. But here the parallel of modification ends, for the -Mexican representative of the species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sumichrasti</i>) appears to revert -back to the characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, having like it a minimum amount of -blue, though this almost obliterates the superciliary stripe of white. In -this respect there is more resemblance to the case of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fusca</i> and its -three races in the three regions inhabited by these representative forms of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</i>; for, while the Mexican (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fusca</i>) and Californian (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -crissalis</i>) are very much alike, the one from the intervening region (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleuca</i>) -is more different from the two extreme races than they are from each -other.</p> - -<p>In the other section of the genus the relation between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> is a parallel to that between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura macrolopha</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. coronata</i>; -the southern forms (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>) differing principally in the greater -intensity and prevalence or amount of the blue. The relations of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i> to the two above mentioned are yet obscure, owing to the -small material at command,—there being only two specimens of the former, -and none of the latter, in the National Museum at Washington.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta floridana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus floridanus</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>, Travels, 1791, 291.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 444, <abbr title="plate 87">pl. -lxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus floridanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, 11, <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. -I</abbr>, 1832, 230.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 154.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 118, <abbr title="plate 233">pl. ccxxxiii</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus floridanus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 495. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax floridanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta floridana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 377.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 586.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 298. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma floridana</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> -1851, 22. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cyaneus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 12">Nouv. Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 476 (not described). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Garrulus cærulescens</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 12">Nouv. Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 480.—<span class="sc">Ord.</span> <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. -I</abbr>, 1818, 347. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica cærulescens</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 11.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail much graduated; lateral feathers nearly 1.50 inches shortest. Tail an -inch longer than the wings. Above blue, including scapulars; interscapular region and -back brownish-ash, the former lighter. Forehead and sides of the crown, including -the nasal feathers, hoary white. Sides of head and neck blue; the former tinged with -blackish, the latter sending a streaked collar of the same entirely across the breast; region -anterior to this collar dirty white, streaked on the edges of the feathers with blue; rest -<!--320.png--><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 286]</span> -of under parts dirty whitish-brown; under tail-coverts blue, the tibia tinged with the -same. Length, 11.00; wing, 4.50; tail, 5.70; tarsus, 1.45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Florida only, and quite local.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful species appears to be exclusively confined to -the peninsula of Florida, and there is no authentic evidence that it has ever -been found outside of the limits of that State. The statement of Bonaparte, -that these birds are found in the States of Louisiana and Kentucky, has -never been confirmed, and Mr. Audubon, who was for many years a resident -of both States and familiar with the birds of each, was very positive the -statement was without foundation. It has never been observed even in -Georgia or Alabama, and Mr. Nuttall states that it is not found in any part -of West Florida.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen, in his recent paper on the winter birds of East Florida, speaking -of this species, states that it is numerous in the scrub, but does not appear -to frequent the pine woods, the hummocks, or the swamps. He saw none -along the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John’s, except at Blue Springs, but they occur in numbers a -few miles back from the river.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bryant, in his Notes on the birds of Florida, mentions that this species -is tolerably plentiful in the vicinity of Enterprise. He regarded it -as exceedingly interesting on account of its limited geographical distribution. -With no apparent obstacle to its movements, it is yet confined to -a small part of the peninsula of Florida, its area of distribution north and -south not exceeding three degrees of latitude, if so much. He saw none -north of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Augustine, and none south of Jupiter’s Inlet. So far as he -observed them, they were exclusively confined to the growth of scrub-oak, -which in many places is so entangled with creeping plants that it is impossible -to walk through without cutting a path. This growth is generally -found on elevated ridges running parallel to the sea-coast. The most extensive -of these, near Enterprise, is about three miles wide, and eighty feet -above the lake.</p> - -<p>The flight of this species is said by Mr. Audubon to be performed at a -short distance from the ground, and to consist either of a single sailing -sweep, as it passes from one tree to another, or of continuous flappings with -a slightly undulating motion, in the manner of the Canada Jay. Its notes -are described as softer than those of the Blue Jay, and more frequently -uttered. Its motions are also quicker and more abrupt. Its food is said to -consist of snails, which it collects on the ground, insects, and various kinds -of fruits and berries. It is also charged with being very destructive of eggs -and young birds.</p> - -<p>The Florida Jay is said to be easily kept in confinement, feeding readily -on dried or fresh fruit and the kernels of various nuts, and soon appears to -be reconciled to its loss of liberty. It secures its food between its feet, and -breaks it into pieces before swallowing it. In this way it feeds on the acorn -of the live-oak, snails, and the seeds of the sword-palmetto.</p> - -<p><!--321.png--><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 287]</span> -The nest of this Jay is formed of dry sticks, placed across each other, -and, although rounded in form, is so lightly made that the birds may be -seen through its interstices. It is lined with fibrous rootlets. Only one -brood is raised in a season. Audubon’s descriptions of its eggs are inaccurate, -and only applicable to those of the Blue Jay.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon observed a pair of these birds in confinement in New -Orleans. They were fed upon rice and dry fruit. At dessert they were -allowed their liberty, when they would fly to the table, feed on the almonds -given them, and drink claret diluted with water. They attempted to mimic -various sounds, but did so very imperfectly.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that at the approach of winter these birds retire to the -south of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Augustine. He regards their voice as less harsh than that of -the Blue Jay, and states that they have a variety of notes, some of which -are probably imitations, and are said to resemble the song of the Wood -Thrush and the calls of the common Jay.</p> - -<p>An egg of the Florida Jay before me is of a rounded oval shape, being -nearly equally obtuse at either end. The ground-color is a light bluish-gray, -marked almost exclusively at the larger end with a few small spots of a light -rufous-brown. It has no near resemblance to the eggs of the California Jay, -nor to those of any other Jay that I have seen. It measures 1.05 inches -by .80.</p> - -<p>In its flight and action, Dr. Bryant thought the Florida Jay resembled -the Mocking-Bird. It has none of the restless, suspicious manner of the -Blue Jay. He never heard it utter more than a single note, this being -much softer than the usual cry of the Blue Jay; its song he regarded as -rather monotonous. It seldom flies more than a short distance at a time, -and seems to trust for protection to the difficulty of access to its abode. It -also evinces a great partiality for particular localities. Generally only a -single pair is seen at a time, though in one place he has seen three pairs -together. It is not fond of civilization, and is seldom known to frequent -the vicinity of dwellings.</p> - -<p>A nest found by Dr. Bryant on the 15th of April was built in a scrub-oak -about three feet from the ground. It was made of small twigs, compactly -and carefully lined with fibres of the dwarf palmetto, that had apparently -been brought a distance of half a mile. The cavity measured about -five inches in breadth and one and a half in depth. The nest contained -three eggs of a light blue, sparingly sprinkled with rufous, the spots being -larger and more numerous towards the larger end. Another nest, found a -few days later, contained five eggs of a more neutral tint, with the spots -darker, larger, and more evenly distributed.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--322.png--><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 288]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</b>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus californicus</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 21, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</i>, -<span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals ... Magazine 15">Ann. Mag. XV</abbr>, 1845, 342.—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, -<abbr title="One, December">I, Dec.</abbr> 1847, 45.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 377.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 85.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 584.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 55.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 302. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax californicus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, <abbr title="Appendix">Ap.</abbr> -1847, 201. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma californica</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes -Rendus</span>, <abbr title="37, November">XXXVII, Nov.</abbr> 1853, 828; Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Orn.</abbr> Delattre. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 456, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr> (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus -ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 154.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 115, <abbr title="plate 232">pl. ccxxxii</abbr> (not -of <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta superciliosa</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals ... Magazine 15">Ann. Mag. XV</abbr>, 1845, 260 -(type of genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</i>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus palliatus</i>, <span class="sc">Drapiez</span>,” <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Width of bill at base of lower mandible rather more than half the length -of culmen. Lateral tail-feathers about an inch the shortest. Tail an inch longer than -the wings. General color above, including the surface of the wings, bright blue, without -bars. The whole back, including to some extent the scapulars, brownish-ash, very faintly -glossed with blue in the adult. À streaked white superciliary line from a little anterior -to the eye as far as the occiput. Sides of the head and neck blue, the region around and -behind the eye, including lores and most of ear-coverts, black. The blue of the sides of -the neck extends across the forepart of the breast, forming a crescent, interrupted in the -middle. The under parts anterior to the crescent white, the feathers edged with blue; -behind it dull white; the sides tinged with brown. Length, 12.25; wing, 5.00; tail, -6.15; tarsus, 1.55. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2,841.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Province from Columbia River to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; Carson City, Nevada -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_322.jpg" - width="250" height="198" - alt="Illustration: Cyanocitta californica" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Specimens from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas are rather smaller and perhaps whiter -beneath than elsewhere; those from the eastern slope of Sierra Nevada are -very large. Upon a careful -comparison, we find that the -supposed specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i> -in the Smithsonian collection -from Mexico (Orizaba, -etc.) constitute a quite different -form, characterized by very -indistinct superciliary white -and bluish edges to throat -and jugular feathers, and especially -by the lengthened -wings, which average 5.75 -inches instead of 5.00. In -general respects the resemblance, -as suggested by Sclater, is to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, and not to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i>. -The dorsal patch is very distinct.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_40.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 40" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="40">XL</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_40-1" id="pl_40-1"></a><img src="images/pl_40-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 56642.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_40-2" id="pl_40-2"></a><img src="images/pl_40-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> sumichrasti. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Orizaba, 42129.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_40-3" id="pl_40-3"></a><img src="images/pl_40-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta woodhousii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53647.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_40-4" id="pl_40-4"></a><img src="images/pl_40-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta floridana</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 13734.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>One Mexican specimen (8,465 from Real del Monte?), presented by Mr. -<!--323.png--><!--Plate 40--> -<!--324.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--325.png--><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 289]</span> -John Gould, differs again in having the dorsal patch obscured by a bluish -wash; an unusual amount of blue edging to the throat and jugular feathers, -and a dull brownish tinge to the belly. It almost suggests the possibility -of a hybrid form between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The California Jay appears to be a Pacific coast species, occurring -from the Columbia River southward to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, but not -found in the interior at any considerable distance from the coast. Mr. -Ridgway speaks of it as the Valley Jay of California, having been observed -by him in abundance only among the oaks of the Sacramento Valley, the -brushwood of the ravines, and the scattered pines of the foot-hills along the -western base of the Sierra Nevada. It was also quite common, in April, in -the vicinity of Carson City, where he found it breeding. Its notes and -manners, he adds, are very similar to those of the Woodhouse Jay, belonging -to the wooded regions of the interior, but the shrill cries of this species are -even more piercing. There is, moreover, something in its appearance, caused -by the sharp contrast of the bright blue, the light ash, and the pure white -colors, by which it may be distinguished at a glance from the more uniformly -colored <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heerman speaks of it as frequenting to some extent the same districts -as Steller’s Jay, but also found in greater abundance throughout the valleys. -He likewise describes it as noisy, alert, and cunning in its habits, -wild and wary, and yet often seeking the habitations of man, near which -to rear its young, drawn thither by the abundance of food found in such -localities. Their nests, he states, are built in a thick-leaved bush, or on the -lower branches of an oak, at but little height from the ground. They are -constructed of twigs, and are lined with fine rootlets. The eggs, four in -number, are, he says, emerald-green in color, profusely dotted with umber-brown -spots.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry states that he found the trees and the thickets bordering -the streams in the valleys the favorite haunts of the California Jay. As -his party ascended among the evergreen forests of the higher grounds, and -passed northeasterly from the Sacramento Valley, these birds were no -longer met with, and long before reaching the Oregon line they lost sight -of it altogether. Nor did they meet with it again until their return to -California. This Jay, he adds, has all the sprightliness and restlessness of -the family, but is less noisy, and its notes are far more agreeable than those -of Steller’s Jay, by which it is replaced at the north.</p> - -<p>The Smithsonian Museum has a specimen of this species obtained on the -Columbia by Townsend, and Mr. Nuttall mentions that early in October, -on arriving at the forests of the Columbia, near Fort Vancouver, he met -with it in company with Steller’s Jay. They were breeding in the dark -pine woods, and by the 15th of June they were feeding their fully fledged -young. He also states that they were found as far north as Fraser’s River, -migrating to the south at the approach of winter. Without questioning the -<!--326.png--><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 290]</span> -correctness of this statement, it is worthy of mention that these birds have -not been met there by more recent collectors, and that Dr. Newberry nowhere -met with them in Oregon. Dr. Cooper suggests that, since then, the -increased severity of the winters may have driven them permanently farther -south.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall describes its habits as very much like those of the Blue Jay. -It usually flies out to the tops of the tallest pines, jerks its tail, and perches -playfully on some extreme branch, where, as if in anger, it calls <i class="birdcall">woit, woit-woit</i>, -with an occasional recognition note of <i class="birdcall">twee-twee</i>. When pursued, it -retreats to the shade of the loftiest branches. It feeds on insects, acorns, -which it breaks up, and pine seeds. He describes it as a graceful, active, -and shy bird, with a note much less harsh and loud than that of Steller’s -Jay.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper remarks that this species is one of the most common and -conspicuous of the birds of the State of California. They frequent every -locality in which oak-trees are found, even within the limits of large towns, -where they enter gardens and audaciously plunder the fruit. They have all -the usual cunning of their tribe, and when alarmed become very quiet, and -conceal themselves in the thick foliage. They are usually noisy and fearless, -and their odd cries, grotesque actions, and bright plumage make them -general favorites in spite of their depredations. They are also said to have -a talent for mimicry, besides notes to express their various wants and ideas.</p> - -<p>They breed abundantly throughout the western parts of California, and -construct a large and strong nest of twigs, roots, and grass. These are -placed in a low tree or bush. They lay about five eggs, which Dr. Cooper -describes as dark green marked with numerous pale brown blotches and -spots, and measure 1.80 by 1.04 inches. At San Diego he found these eggs -laid as early as April 5.</p> - -<p>This Jay inhabits the Coast Range of mountains to their summit, south -of San Francisco, and the Sierra Nevada as far as the oaks extend, or to an -elevation of from 1,000 to 5,000 feet. Dr. Cooper saw none on the east side -of the Sierra Nevada in latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p> - -<p>He describes their flight as slow and laborious, on account of their short -wings, and states that they never fly far at a time. He also accuses them -of being very destructive to the eggs of smaller birds, hunting for them in -the spring, and watching the movements of other birds with great attention.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus found these birds very abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, being, -like all the other resident species there, much smaller than those occurring -in more northern localities. Their habits are said to be very much the -same.</p> - -<p>This species was taken in winter near Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard.</p> - -<p>Four eggs of this species from different parts of California present the -following measurements: 1.20 × 0.85; 1.10 × 0.80; 1.13 × 0.80; 1.05 × 0.80. -The measurements given by Dr. Cooper we are confident must be a mistake. -<!--327.png--><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 291]</span> -Their ground-color is a bright, but not a dark, emerald-green; and they are -marked and blotched with faint purplish-brown, and deeper spots of dark -umber. These spots are sparingly distributed, and are chiefly about the -larger end. In one they are wholly of a light violet-brown. These eggs are -of a perfectly oval shape.</p> - -<p>Mr. Charles D. Gibbes, of Stockton, writes that he found in a garden in -that city a nest built by a pair of these birds that had become half domesticated. -It was placed in a very thick arbor of honeysuckle. The body of -the nest was composed of clippings from a hedge of osage orange, with thorns -on them half an inch long. These twigs were tied and interlaced with twine -and bits of cotton strings. Within this frame was a layer of fine weeds and -grasses nicely arranged, the whole lined with horse-hair. The nest was -found in May, and contained five eggs. The parents kept a good deal -about the kitchen door, and would steal anything they had an opportunity -to take. They made use of an old nest in the same garden as a receptacle -for their stolen goods; among other things was found a large slice of bread-and-butter.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WOODHOUSE’S JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta woodhousei</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 585, <abbr title="plate 59">pl. lix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, -20, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 304.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Size and general appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>. Bill slender. Graduation -of tail one inch. Blue, with a very obscure ashy patch on the back. Sides of the head -and neck and incomplete pectoral collar, blue; throat streaked with the same. Breast -and belly uniform brownish-ash, glossed with blue; under tail-coverts bright blue. Sides -of head, including lores, black, glossed with blue below; a streaked white superciliary -line. Length, 11.50; wing, 5.35; tail, 6.10; tarsus, 1.60. <i class="age">Young.</i> All the blue, except -that of the wings and tail, replaced by dull ash.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains and Middle Province of United States; north to Idaho and -Wyoming (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); south to Northern Mexico; east to Wyoming and Colorado.</p> - -<p>The bluish wash on the back nearly obscuring the dorsal patch, the -general ashy tinge of the under parts, the decided blue under tail-coverts, -and the longer and much slenderer bill, distinguish this form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, -although probably both are geographical races of the same species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird was first met with by Dr. Woodhouse among the San -Francisco Mountains of New Mexico, and was given by him, in his Report -of the Sitgreaves Expedition, as the California Jay. He states in regard to -it, that wherever he found the piñon, or nut-pine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinus edulis</i>), growing -in New Mexico, this bird was sure to be there in great numbers, feeding -upon the fruit of those trees. Among the men it was known as the piñon -bird. Its notes are said to be harsh and disagreeable. It was extremely -<!--328.png--><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 292]</span> -restless, and was continually in motion, flying from tree to tree, uttering its -well-known cries.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway calls this a very interesting species, and states that it was -found very abundant in the fertile cañons of the West Humboldt Mountains, -as well as in all the extensive nut-pine and cedar woods to the eastward. On -the Toyaba and East Humboldt Mountains, and the extensive piñon woods in -Southern Idaho, it was equally common. In Utah, in the cañons of the -Wahsatch Mountains, it was occasionally seen, though oftener observed in -the valley of the Weber. When unmolested, this bird is, he states, very -unsuspicious, and anything unusual at once excites its curiosity. Often -when at work, in camp, skinning birds, on the edge of bushes, one of them -would approach within a few feet, and quietly watch every movement. At -Unionsville they were quite common in the gardens and around the door-yards -of the town, and were very familiar and unsuspicious. Their cries -greatly resembled those of the California Jay, and consisted of a repetition -of harsh screeching notes.</p> - -<p>This species, according to Dr. Coues, is a resident and a very abundant -species in Arizona, where it is one of the most characteristic species. It -was found in all situations, but seemed to shun dense pine woods, and to -prefer to keep on the open hillsides, among the scrub-oaks, etc. In winter -it collects in rather large flocks, sometimes as many as fifty together. They -are, however, usually seen in small groups of six or seven individuals. -They are said to be a restless, vigilant, shy, and noisy species.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. E. Aiken found this bird a common and resident species in Colorado. -He met with it along the foot of the mountains, in brush thickets, in -which they also breed. The base and periphery of a nest found by him were -composed of dead twigs, intermingled within with fine rootlets and horsehair. -The eggs, four or five in number, are said to be laid about the first of -May. They have a ground-color of a light bluish-green, and marked with -reddish-brown specks, thickest at the larger end. They are of a rounded -oval shape, much more pointed at one end, and rounded at the other, and -average 1.06 inches in length by .80 of an inch in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</i> (not of <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>!), <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 587, <abbr title="plate 60, figure">pl. lx. f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 21, <abbr title="plate 22, figure">pl. xxii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 305. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta -sordida</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Report U. S. Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_41.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 41" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="41">XLI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_41-1" id="pl_41-1"></a><img src="images/pl_41-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</span>. Orizaba, 38209.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_41-2" id="pl_41-2"></a><img src="images/pl_41-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> arizonæ. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 18279.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_41-3" id="pl_41-3"></a><img src="images/pl_41-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nova Scotia, 26940.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_41-4" id="pl_41-4"></a><img src="images/pl_41-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Colorado, 51642.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, thick; half as high as long. Wing considerably longer than the -tail, which is slightly graduated (.50 of an inch). Upper surface (including whole side -of head to the throat) light sky-blue, the whole dorsal region inclining to pure bluish-ashy. -Beneath fine, uniform, pale ash for anterior half (including the throat), this -gradually fading into white on the posterior portions (including whole abdomen), the -<!--329.png--><!--Plate 41--> -<!--330.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--331.png--><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 293]</span> -lower tail-coverts being pure white. Lores blue. Length, 13.00; wing, 6.20; tail, 5.70; -culmen, 1.30; depth of bill, .40; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, .97. Fourth, fifth, and sixth -quills equal and longest, second shorter than ninth; first 2.20 shorter than longest. -(18,279, Fort Buchanan, Arizona, December; Dr. Irwin.) <i class="age">Immature</i> (8,469 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Copper -Mines, Arizona). The blue, except that of the wings and tail, replaced by dull ash; -the blue feathers appearing in scattered patches.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Arizona (Copper Mines, J. H. Clark; and Fort Buchanan, Dr. Irwin, U. S. A.).</p> - -<p>The nearest ally of this race is the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> of Mexico, which, however, -differs in many important respects; the differences between the two -being giving in the synopsis (page 880), it is unnecessary to repeat them -here. In both there is a tendency towards a party-colored bill; each example -of the northern style, and most of those of the southern, having more -or less whitish on the lower mandible.</p> - -<p>Nothing definite is known as to the habits or reproduction of this bird.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ULTRAMARINE JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Four">J. A. N. Sc. IV</abbr>, 1825, 386 (not of <span class="sc">Audubon</span>).—<abbr title="Temminck Planches Coloriées Two"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> -Pl. Col. II</abbr>, 439. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals and Magazine 15">Ann. & Mag. XV</abbr>, 1845, 260.—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second Series One">2d Ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 45.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 588, <abbr title="plate 60, figure">pl. 60, f.</abbr> -2.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds 21, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> -1850, 378. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta couchi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 588.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail rounded, but little graduated; lateral feather about a quarter of an -inch shortest. Wings longer than the tail; when closed, reaching nearly to its middle. -Above and on sides of head and neck bright blue; the lores blackish; the middle of the -back slightly duller, the tips of some of the feathers dark brown. Beneath brownish-ash, -paler on the chin and towards the anal region, which, with the crissum, is white. No -trace of white or black on the sides of the head, nor of any streaks or collar on the -breast. Length, (fresh,) 11.50; wing, 6.00; tail, (dried,) 5.40; tarsus, 1.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South side of valley of Rio Grande, near the coast, and southward.</p> - -<p>This well-marked species is quite different in form from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>, -having a shorter, more even tail, much longer wings, and stouter feet. The -absence of any collar or streaks on the breast and throat, of black or white -on the side of the head, and of decided ash on the back, are very well -marked features. There is also much more green in the blue of the head.</p> - -<p>As suggested in the <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> Report, the birds collected by Lieutenant Couch -at Monterey, Mexico, although agreeing almost exactly with the original description -of Bonaparte, are much smaller, and perhaps entitled to recognition -as a separate form. The tail is nearly two inches less, 5.40 instead of 7.00, -or over.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Ultramarine Jay is a well-marked species, and is specifically -quite distinct from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>. It is found in the valley of the Rio -Grande, and thence southward and eastward in the northern provinces of -<!--332.png--><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 294]</span> -Mexico. Though we know of no specimens having been procured on this -side of the boundary line, their occurrence is quite probable. Lieutenant -Couch met with this species near Monterey, Mexico, and from thence west -to Parras. He describes it as being gregarious and eminently Jay-like -in its habits. They are very noisy and vociferous in their outcries, and -three or four of them suffice to keep a whole forest in an uproar. Near -Guyapuco a large snake (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Georgia obsoleta</i>) was seen pursued by three or four -of this species. The reptile was making every effort to escape from their combined -attacks, and would, no doubt, have been killed by them, had they not -been interfered with. The cause of so much animosity against the snake -was explained when, on opening its stomach, three young of this species, -about two thirds grown, were found.</p> - -<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Sumichrast found what he calls <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -ultramarina</i> in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta nana, “californica</i>” -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sumichrasti</i>), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i>, occurring in the alpine region, and -with the three first named restricted to that locality. The limit of their -extension is about that of the alpine region, that is, from an elevation -of about 4,500 feet to the height of 10,500 feet. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> is also found on -the plateau.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XANTHOURA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Avium">Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850. (Type, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus peruvianus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>”)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Head without crest. Throat black. Lateral tail-feathers bright yellow. Bill -very stout, rather higher than broad; culmen curved from the base. Nostrils rather small, -oval, concealed by a nasal tuft varying in length with species. Tail longer than the -wings; graduated. The wings concave, rounded; the secondaries nearly as long as the -primaries. Legs very stout; hind claw about half the total length of the toe.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_332.jpg" - width="300" height="158" - alt="Illustration: Xanthoura luxuosa" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">4052</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</i> is composed of three so-called species, of different -geographical distribution, and exhibits a progressive change from one to -the other, with variation of latitude that enforces assent to the hypothesis -<!--333.png--><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 295]</span> -of their all belonging to one primitive form. These differences may be -expressed as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -Nasal tufts, patch on side of lower jaw and one -above eye, (both eyelids,) bright blue; remainder of face and throat black. -Back, and upper surface of wings and tail (the four central feathers), green, the -latter tinged with blue at end; the rest of tail-feathers bright yellow. Belly -and crissum varying from bright yellow to green. Forehead yellowish or -whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Nasal tufts short, only covering the nostrils; whole top of head (except -anteriorly) and nape bright blue.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -1. Body beneath, and crissum, green. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and South Texas -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -2. Body beneath, and crissum, yellow, sides more greenish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Guatemala and Honduras<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Nasal tuft elongated, forming an anterior crest, the feathers reaching far -beyond nostrils. Whole top of head pale heavy yellow, glossed behind with -bluish.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -3. Body beneath, and crissum, very bright gamboge-yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Colombia, Ecuador, Bogota, and Bolivia<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</i></span>.</p> - -<p>Thus, starting with the green-bellied <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</i> of the Rio Grande, we come -to the yellow-bellied <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</i>; but intermediate localities show different -proportions of the two colors. The nasal tufts in the first do not -extend beyond the nasal fossæ; and the frontal yellowish is very narrow. -In the second these tufts reach beyond the fossæ, and the frontal yellowish -is more extended. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</i> again the nasal tufts have reached their -maximum, while the frontal yellowish extends over the whole cap, leaving -only a trace of blue on the nape.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura incas</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREEN JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus luxuosus</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> April, 1839, 100. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax luxuosus</i>, <span class="sc">Du Bus</span>, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Esquisses Ornithologiques</span>, <abbr title="four"><span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1848, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1853, <abbr title="One, plate 1">I, pl. i</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 380.—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 224.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 589. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica chloronota</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 750 (young -male; name belongs to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus peruvianus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax cyanicapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 233 (note). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax yncas</i>, “<span class="sc">Boddært</span>,” <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, -<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, April, 1851, 115 (first added here to fauna of United States).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings shorter than the tail, which is much graduated, the lateral feathers -1.25 inches shorter. Above green; beneath yellow, glossed continuously with green; -inside of wings and outer four tail-feathers straw-yellow; rest of tail feathers green, -glossed with blue. Sides of the head, and beneath from the bill to the forepart of the -breast, velvet-black. Crown, nape, and a short maxillary stripe running up to the eye and -involving the upper eyelid, brilliant blue; the nostril-feathers rather darker; the sides of -the forehead whitish. Bill black; feet lead-color. Length, 11.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 5.40; -tarsus, 1.65.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Rio Grande, of Texas, and southward.</p> - -<p><!--334.png--><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 296]</span> -As remarked above, the passage into the yellow-bellied <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</i> is -gradual as we proceed south; and the latter, and perhaps even the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</i>, can -only be considered as fellow races of a common original species.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_334.jpg" - width="250" height="166" - alt="Illustration: Xanthoura luxuosa" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Within the limits of the United States this beautiful species -has thus far been only met with in -Southeastern Texas in the lower valley -of the Rio Grande. It was first -described in 1839, by <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> Lesson, a -French naturalist, from a Mexican -specimen, and in 1851 was first -brought to our notice as a bird of the -United States by Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence -of New York. Specimens of -this bird were obtained by the party -of the Mexican Boundary Survey, -and by Lieutenant Couch on the Rio -Grande, at Matamoras, New Leon, and -San Diego, Mexico. The only note -as to its habits by Lieutenant Couch is to the effect that it eats seeds and -insects.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Berlandier of Matamoras obtained specimens of this bird in -the vicinity of that city, which were found among his collections. Among -his manuscript notes occurs a description of the plumage and habits of -this species, which he had described under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica cervantesii</i>. -In this he states that this bird inhabits the whole eastern coast of Mexico, -but that he has only met with it on the banks of the Rio Bravo del Norte, -in the vicinity of Matamoras. It is said to be both carnivorous and graminivorous, -and comes about the houses in search of the refuse. Although it -can swallow whole grains of corn, before eating it breaks them with its -beak, holding them between its claws, in the manner of birds of prey, and -biting with great force. It is commonly known as <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pajaro verde</i>, or Greenbird.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states that this species was common on the lower Rio Grande -during the winter, but was not found on the Upper Rio Grande or in Texas, -except as a straggler from Mexico.</p> - -<p>This bird, Mr. Sumichrast states, is common throughout the Department -of Vera Cruz, where it is generally known by the name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Verde detoca</i> and -<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Sonaja</i>. It is said to be one of the birds most generally diffused throughout -the whole department. It inhabits both the hot and the temperate -regions, and is found even at the foot of the alpine, to the altitude of nearly -six thousand feet above the sea. It is also said to be abundant in other -parts of Mexico. It was observed to be quite numerous on the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Tierra -templada</i>, or table-lands, and also among the hills that bound the plains of -Perote and Puebla on the east, by Mr. William S. Pease, a naturalist who -<!--335.png--><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 297]</span> -was with General Scott’s army in its campaign in Mexico. Mr. Pease stated -that it lived on the sides of the hills throughout the year, and that its local -name was <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pepe verde</i>.</p> - -<p>Colonel George A. McCall, Inspector-General of the United States Army, -was the first person to collect these birds within our limits. He obtained -them in the forests that border the Rio Grande on the southeastern frontier -of Texas. There he found them all mated in the month of May, and -he felt no doubt that they had their nests in the extensive and almost -impenetrable thickets of mimosa, commonly called chaparral. From the -jealousy and pugnacity which these birds manifested on the approach, or -appearance even, of the large boat-tailed Blackbirds of that country (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus -macrurus</i>), which were nesting in great numbers in the vicinity, Colonel -McCall was satisfied that the Jays were at that time also engaged in the -duties of incubation and rearing their young. In character and temperament -these birds appeared to be very active and lively, though less noisy than -some other species of the family. Their gay plumage was exhibited to great -advantage as they flitted from tree to tree, or dashed boldly in pursuit of -such of their more plainly attired neighbors as ventured to intrude upon -their domain.</p> - -<p>Captain J. P. McCown, also quoted by Mr. Cassin, furnishes some -additional observations in regard to these birds. He states that during the -several years that he was in Texas, he frequently saw these Jays, but never -met with them above Ringgold Barracks, or north of the woods that skirt -the Rio Grande. They seemed to prefer the acacia groves which have -sprung up where the ground has been overflowed. He regards it as a rather -cautious bird. He observed nests high up in the trees above mentioned, -which he supposes belong to this species, though this was never positively -ascertained. He had no doubt that they breed in Texas.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PERISOREUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Saggio di una <abbr title="distribuzione metodica">dist. met.</abbr></span> 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus canadensis?</i>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am.II</abbr>, 1831, 495. (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers lax and full, especially on the back, and of very dull colors, without -any blue. Head without distinct crest. Bill very short; broader than high. Culmen -scarcely half the length of the head; straight to near the tip, then slightly curved; gonys -more curved than culmen. Bill notched at tip. Nostrils round, covered by bristly feathers. -Tail about equal to the wings; graduated. Tarsi rather short; but little longer -than the middle toe. Plumage very soft, and without any lustre.</p> - -<p>The Canada Jay has a near ally in a species of northern Europe and -Siberia,—the Siberian Jay (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. infaustus</i>). In size and proportions the two -are quite identical, there being about the same proportionate length of wing -and tail, and a general correspondence in the minutiæ of external anatomy. -<!--336.png--><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 298]</span> -In colors, however, they differ entirely; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. infaustus</i> having the head -darker than the body, and uniform (instead of the contrary), and in having -the lower primary and lower feathers of the greater coverts, as well as the -greater part of the tail, bright rufous.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Dusky nuchal hood reaching forward to, or in front of, the eyes; plumbeous-black.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Dorsal feathers with white shafts in old and young. Tail-feathers not -distinctly paler at ends.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -1. White frontal patch narrower than length of the bill; blending gradually -with the blackish of the crown. Upper parts umber-brownish. Wing, 5.50; -tail, 5.40; bill, .90 and .30. <i class="age">Young.</i> Entirely plumbeous-brown, feathers of -head above bordered with paler. Beneath paler, whitish brown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Oregon, Washington <a name="note16" id="note16"></a>Territory, British Columbia, etc. -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Dorsal feathers without white shafts in old or young. Tail-feathers -broadly tipped with dull white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -2. White frontal patch much broader than length of bill; abruptly defined, -with a convex outline behind, against the dusky of the occiput. Upper -parts plumbeous, with a slight brownish cast. Wing, 5.25; tail, 5.80; bill, -.95 and .35. <i class="age">Young.</i> Entirely uniform dark plumbeous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Canada, -Maine, and Labrador to the Yukon -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Dusky nuchal hood not reaching to the eyes, but confined to the nape; -bluish-plumbeous.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -3. White frontal patch covering whole crown, melting gradually into the -ashy of the nape; upper parts bluish-ashy. Wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.00 -and .31. <i class="age">Young.</i> Bluish-plumbeous, inclining to ashy-white on the crown -and cheeks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i></span>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_336.jpg" - width="250" height="166" - alt="Illustration: Perisoreus canadensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">18440 8452</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>In the more slender form, longer and narrower bill, and paler tints -with a predominance of -the light colors, of the -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i>, compared -with the typical, or -standard, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>, -we see the peculiar -impression of the -middle region; while -in the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, the -more dusky tints, and -predominance of darker -colors, the influence -of the well-known law -affecting colors in birds of the northwest coast region is seen.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--337.png--><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 299]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CANADA JAY; WHISKEY-JACK; MOOSE-BIRD</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 158.—<span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62"> -Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, -382.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 33, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 42.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 53; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 208, <abbr title="plate 107">pl. cvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> (Saggio, -1831?) <abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1828, 58.—<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 295.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. -I</abbr>, 1832, 232.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 155.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 121, <abbr title="plate 234">pl. ccxxxiv</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, Appendix. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 375.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 219.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 85.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -590.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 226.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 366. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 12">Nouv. Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 479. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuchalis</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827 (Pica <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 14). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus trachyrrhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 296, <abbr title="plate 55">pl. lv</abbr> (young). -“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>,” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_337.jpg" - width="250" height="234" - alt="Illustration: Perisoreus canadensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail graduated; lateral feathers about one inch shortest. Wings a little -shorter than the tail. Head and neck -and forepart of breast white. A -rather sooty plumbeous nuchal patch, -becoming darker behind, from the -middle of the cap to the back, from -which it is separated by an interrupted -whitish collar. Rest of upper -parts dark ashy-plumbeous; the outer -primaries margined, the secondaries, -tertials, and tail-feathers obscurely -tipped with white. Beneath smoky-gray. -Crissum whitish. Bill and feet -black. Length, 10.70; wing, 5.75; -tail, 6.00; tarsus, 1.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Northern America -into the northern part of United -States; British America to Upper -Yukon.</p> - -<p>The young of this species are everywhere of a dull sooty-plumbeous, -lighter on the middle of the belly, and more bluish-plumbeous on the wings -and tail. With increasing age the region about the base of the bill whitens.</p> - -<p>There is a decided bluish cast to the plumbeous of the tail. The white -frontal patch has a convex posterior outline, and is abruptly defined against -the blackish of the occiput and nape.</p> - -<p>All specimens from Canada and the Northeastern United States, to the -interior of British America, are referrible to this variety; in the Yukon -Territory specimens show a tendency to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i> of the northwest coast, -having a narrower whitish frontal patch.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Canada Jay was procured at Fort Simpson by Mr. Kennicott -in August, September, and December, and at the same point by Mr. -Ross in March and April, in the years 1860 and 1861. It was found breeding -<!--338.png--><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 300]</span> -in May at Anderson River Fort by Mr. MacFarlane. It was also procured -at Big Island by Mr. Reid, at Nulato and Unalakleet by Mr. Dall, at -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s by Colonel Bulkley, at Fort Kenai by Bischoff, and at Fort Rae -by Mr. Clarke. From the memoranda of Mr. MacFarlane, we have valuable -information in regard to the nesting and breeding habits of this species. May -24, at Fort Anderson, an Indian lad discovered a nest of this Jay. It was -built in a tree, was composed of hay and feathers, and contained, with two -young birds a few days old, an egg that was perfectly fresh. This bird, Mr. -MacFarlane states, is tolerably numerous in that quarter. During the severe -cold of winter it is not quite so common as at other seasons. It is by no -means a difficult bird to shoot, as it will always venture into close proximity -to man. Flesh or fish are certain to attract numbers of them, and -they also cause great annoyance to the marten-hunter, by eating the bait -placed in the traps used for capturing those animals. None of this species -were observed on the Arctic coast, nor east of Horton River, Fort Anderson -being the most northern point where Mr. MacFarlane saw any, in his journeys -across the barren grounds.</p> - -<p>Other nests found in the same region were usually built in spruce-trees, -on branches near the trunk, well concealed from view, and about ten feet -from the ground. They were constructed of hay and feathers, supported -underneath by a few willow sticks laid crosswise.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall characterizes this species as a very bold and familiar bird, that -will frequently fly down and steal away his dinner from some hungry dog, -if he is not on the alert, or devour the fish hung up in camp by the Indians -to dry. They breed very early, and occupy the same nest year after year. -The nest is very large, and composed entirely of soft materials, moss, hair, -and the like. On the 20th of April, Mr. Dall received a nest of this Jay -containing four half-fledged young, so that they must lay in March. The -bird was abundant everywhere on the Yukon River.</p> - -<p>These birds are known throughout the fur countries by the name of -Whiskey-Jack, not from any supposed predilection for that beverage, but -probably, as Mr. Kennicott has suggested, from a corruption of the Indian -name for these birds, Wiss-ka-chon, which has been contorted into Whiskey-John -and thence into Whiskey-Jack. Richardson observed these birds from -Canada to the fur countries as far as latitude 69<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Throughout that region -it is a constant attendant at the fur-posts and fishing-stations, and becomes -so tame in the winter as to feed from the hand. Yet it is impatient of confinement, -and soon pines away if deprived of its liberty. Its voice is said to -be plaintive and squeaking, though it occasionally makes a low chattering. -It hoards berries, pieces of meat, etc., in hollow trees, or between layers of -bark, by which it is enabled to feed its young while the ground is still -covered with snow.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry found this Jay as far to the south, in California, as the -upper end of the Sacramento Valley, in latitude 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. The fact that the -<!--339.png--><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 301]</span> -isothermal line of this region passes south of Cincinnati, shows that climate -and temperature do not regulate the range of this species. As observed in -the summer months among the forests of Oregon, the Canada Jay appeared -as a rather shy bird, exhibiting none of the familiarity and impudence exhibited -in winter when made bold by hunger.</p> - -<p>Wilson mentions the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence as the southern boundary of this bird, -a few only wintering in Northern New York and Vermont. But this is -inexact. They are found resident throughout the year in a large part of -Maine and in all the highlands of New Hampshire and Vermont. They -are resident at Calais, where they breed in March at about latitude 45<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and -descend in the winter to the southwest corner of Vermont, whence it is -quite probable a few cross into Massachusetts, at Williamstown and Adams, -though none have been detected, that I am aware. Wilson himself states -that he was informed by a gentleman residing near Hudson, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, that these -birds have been observed in that neighborhood in the winter.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with these birds in Labrador. The first he saw were in a -dense spruce forest. These were very shy, alighting only on the tops of the -tallest trees, and flying off with loud harsh screams on his approach. Subsequently, -at Rigolet, he found them abundant and very familiar. One or -more were always to be seen hopping unconcernedly in the garden-patches -around the houses, not in the least disturbed by the near presence of man, -and showing no signs of fear even when very closely approached. He -describes their voice as a harsh, discordant scream.</p> - -<p>Mr. Edward Harris, of Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, informed Mr. Audubon, that -once, when fishing in a canoe in one of the lakes in the interior of Maine, -these Jays were so fearless as to light on one end of his boat while he sat in -the other, and helped themselves to his bait without taking any notice of -him.</p> - -<p>A nest of the Canada Jay, found by Mr. Boardman near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen’s, -New Brunswick, measures four and a half inches in diameter and three -inches in height. The cavity is about three inches wide and two deep. The -nest is woven above a rude platform of sticks and twigs crossed and interlaced, -furnishing a roughly made hemispherical base and periphery. Upon -this an inner and more artistic nest has been wrought, made of a soft felting -of fine mosses closely impacted and lined with feathers. The nest contained -three eggs.</p> - -<p>The egg of the Canada Jay measures 1.20 inches in length, by .82 of an -inch in breadth. They are of an oblong-oval shape, and are more tapering -at the smaller end than are most of the eggs of this family. The ground-color -is of a light gray, with a slightly yellowish tinge over the entire -egg, finely marked, more abundantly about the larger end, with points -and blotches of slate-color and brown, and faint cloudings of an obscure -lilac.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--340.png--><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 302]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ALASKAN GRAY JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 216.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, -1869, 286 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 40 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal. -I</abbr>, 1870, 307.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(8,454 Shoalwater Bay, <abbr title="Western Territory">W. T.</abbr>, March 10, 1854; Dr. J. G. Cooper.) Above -plumbeous-umber, inclining to grayish-plumbeous on wings and tail; shafts of the dorsal -feathers conspicuously white. Whole crown and nape, above the lores and auriculars, -sooty-black; separated from the brown of the back by a whitish tint. Forehead (narrowly), -nasal tufts, lores, whole lateral and under side of head, with jugulum, pure white, rest -of lower parts a duller and more brownish white. Wing, 5.50; tail, 5.30; culmen, .93; -tarsus, 1.20. <i class="age">Young</i> (5,904, Shoalwater Bay). Entirely plumbeous-brown, inclining to -brownish-white beneath. Dorsal feathers with white shafts, and those of the forehead, -crown, and nape, as well as the wing-coverts, with obsolete whitish borders.</p> - -<p>This form, as described above, seems to be peculiar to the northwest coast, -reaching its extreme development in Washington Territory and Oregon. -North of Sitka, and in the Yukon Territory, specimens incline toward the -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>, in broader frontal white, and purer plumbeous colors.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper met with this variety at the mouth of the Columbia -River in March in small scattered flocks, industriously seeking insects and -seeds among the spruce-trees, occasionally whistling in a loud melodious -tone like that of the Cardinal Grosbeak. He also states that the notes of this -bird differ much from the other Jays in being clear and musical, and they -sometimes show a considerable variety of song.</p> - -<p>This Jay, Mr. Lord states, is so familiar and confiding, and so fond of -being near the habitations of man, that the settlers never harm it. In the -cold weather he has seen it hop by the fire, ruffle up its feathers and -warm itself without the least fear, keeping a sharp lookout for crumbs, and -looking so beseechingly with its glittering gray eyes, that no one could -refuse such an appeal for a stray morsel. It winters in British Columbia -and Vancouver Island.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCKY MOUNTAIN GRAY JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(61,084, Henry’s Fork, Wyoming <a name="note17" id="note17"></a>Territory, F. V. Hayden.) Above fine -light bluish-plumbeous, becoming much lighter on the anterior portion of the back; -tertials, secondaries, wing-coverts, primaries, and tail-feathers passing into whitish -terminally, on the latter forming quite broad and distinct tips. A nuchal patch of a -slightly darker tint than the back, and separated from it by the hoary whitish of the -anterior dorsal region. Whole of the head (except the nuchal patch), with the anterior -lower parts, as far as the breast, pure white; rest of lower parts ashy-white, becoming -gradually more ashy posteriorly. Wing, 5.80; tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.00. <i class="age">Young</i> (18,440, -<!--341.png--><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 303]</span> -Fort Benton, April 23, J. A. Mullan). Generally ashy-plumbeous, with a decided bluish -cast to wings and tail; orbital region, lores, forehead, and nasal tufts blackish; crown, a -broad space below the eye from the bill across the auriculars, with the middle of the -abdomen, pale hoary-ashy. Wings and tail as in the adult.</p> - -<p>This race, very different from the two styles found to the westward and -eastward of it, is peculiar to Rocky Mountain regions, and apparently only -occurring south of the northern boundary of the United States. A very -large series of specimens, brought in at various times from numerous localities, -substantiate the constancy of the characters pointed out above.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PSILORHINUS</b>, <span class="sc">Rüppell</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</i>, <span class="sc">Rüppell</span>, <abbr title="Museum Senckenbergianum">Mus. Senck.</abbr> 1837, 188. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica morio</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Color very dull brown above. Bill very stout, compressed, without notch; -higher than broad at the nostrils; culmen curved from the base. Nostrils rounded; the -anterior extremity rounded off into the bill; not covered by bristles, but fully exposed. -Tail rather longer than the wings, graduated; the lateral feather three fourths the -longest; secondaries and tertials nearly as long as the primaries. Legs stout and short, -not equal to the head, and little longer than the bill from base.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_341.jpg" - width="300" height="170" - alt="Illustration: Psilorhinus morio" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">4114</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This genus embraces Jays of large size and very dull plumage. The thick -bill, with the much curved culmen, the moderate tail, and the open nostrils, -may serve to distinguish it from its allies. The nostril is very large, and its -anterior portion is bevelled off to a greater degree than in any genus, except -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</i>. This last-mentioned genus has the same form of bill and of -nostrils, but the head has a long recurved crest; the tail is twice as long as -the wings; the lateral feather nearly half the middle; the lateral tarsal -plates scutellate for the inferior half, etc.</p> - -<p><!--342.png--><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 304]</span> -In the shape of the bill and the shortness of the primaries, compared -with the broad tertials and secondaries, there is much resemblance to -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</i>. The nostrils are, however, uncovered, the legs much stouter -and shorter, being shorter than the head instead of longer; the tail-feathers -are broader, etc.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN JAY.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica morio</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, <abbr title="seven"><span class="muchsmaller">VII</span></abbr>, 751.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Isis, 1831, 527.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Voyage de la Favorite,</span> -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 54 (said to have been killed at San Francisco, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Botta). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus -morio</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, List, genera, 1841, 51.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 381.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> -1851, 226.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 592, <abbr title="plate 68, figure">pl. lxviii, f.</abbr> 1, 2. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica fuliginosa</i>, -<span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Traité d’<abbr title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr></span> 1831, 333.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Rüppell</span>, <abbr title="Museum Senckenbergianum">Mus. Senck.</abbr>, 1837, -<abbr title="plate 11, figure">pl. xi, f.</abbr> 2.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_342.jpg" - width="250" height="280" - alt="Illustration: Psilorhinus morio" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail much graduated; the lateral feathers about two inches shortest. -Second quill equal to the secondaries; third -and fourth longest. General color dark -smoky-brown, becoming almost black on -the head; the breast brownish-gray; nearly -white about the anus; under tail-coverts -tinged with brown; the exposed portion of -the tail with a decided gloss of blue; bill -and feet, in some specimens yellow, in -others black. Length, 16.00; wing, 8.00; -tail. 8.25; tarsus. 1.80.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rio Grande Valley, north-eastern -Mexico, southward. Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, -300); ? Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 22); Honduras -(<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, 113); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> -J.</abbr> 1861, 83); Vera Cruz, hot and temperate -regions (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sumich.</span> Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 554).</p> - -<p>The difference in the color of the -bill appears to be independent of sex. -The feet of the yellow-billed birds -are not of the same pure yellow.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus mexicanus</i> of Rüppell is described as having white tips to -the tail-feathers; of these there is no trace in the adult specimens, male and -female, from the Rio Grande, before us. He speaks of a supposed young -bird sent from Tamaulipas, by Lindheimer, as being without these white -tips.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_42.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 42" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="42">XLII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_42-1" id="pl_42-1"></a><img src="images/pl_42-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</span>. New Leon, New <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4052.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_42-2" id="pl_42-2"></a><img src="images/pl_42-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> New Leon, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4114.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_42-3" id="pl_42-3"></a><img src="images/pl_42-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 12408.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_42-4" id="pl_42-4"></a><img src="images/pl_42-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</span>. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>, Maine, 1920.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>A series of specimens of this species exhibits considerable diversities. -Some skins from Mirador, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, not far from Vera Cruz, perhaps best represent -the species as first described by Wagler. In these the head and neck -are sooty-brown, becoming lighter on the jugulum and on the back. The -wings and tail show a trace of dull bluish. In <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23,915 the under parts -are sooty-gray, the bill and legs black; in 23,916 the colors are similar, -<!--343.png--><!--Plate 42--> -<!--344.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--345.png--><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 305]</span> -with a fulvous tinge on the breast, the bill and feet yellow. In both the -under surface of tail is brown to the end. In 23,917 the under parts, from -breast to crissum inclusive, with the tibiæ, are brownish-white, the tail-feathers -(excepting the two median) tipped with white for over an inch, the -bill and feet black. This one also has an obscure dull bluish wash or -patch along the feathers of the ramus of lower jaw not observed in other -specimens.</p> - -<p>The specimens collected by Lieutenant Couch, and described in the Pacific -Railroad Report are considerably smaller, and exhibit other differences which -may prove of specific importance. In this case they will appropriately bear -Rüppell’s name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mexicanus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is a Mexican species, occasionally extending its movements -as far north as the valley of the Rio Grande, and probably crossing our lines -into Texas, although of this there is as yet no positive evidence.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this species were procured by Lieutenant Couch at Boquillo, -San Diego, and at China, in north-eastern Mexico, and were found by him -living in forests of high trees. It is Jay-like in its habits, being decidedly -gregarious, and having harsh and loud notes. Though making more noise -than any other bird in the neighborhood, if one of their number is brought -down by the discharge of a gun, the noise hushes them at once, and the rest -move off in perfect silence.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast, in his paper on the Distribution of the Birds of Vera -Cruz, states that this species abounds in both the hot and the temperate -regions of that department, and, indeed, the greater portions of Vera Cruz. -He speaks of it as a bird well known and generally detested on account of -its troublesome and noisy habits. It is found everywhere except in the -alpine region, and it does not appear ever to go beyond a vertical elevation -of 4,500 feet. This gentleman has been assured that the bird never makes -any nest of its own, but invariably lays its eggs in those belonging to other -birds. He does not so state, but we infer that he means to convey the idea -that this Jay appropriates the nests of other birds in which to hatch its own -young, not that, like the Cowbird, it leaves its eggs to be brought up by -strangers.</p> - -<p>This Jay was met with by Mr. G. C. Taylor at Taulevi, in Honduras; and -from that place eastward, as far as the Atlantic, he found it very common. -It was generally seen or heard shrieking in the bushes by the roadsides. It -was also found by Mr. Salvin to occur on the eastern road between Quiriqua -and Iguana, on the road to Guatemala.</p> - -<p>Mr. Joseph Leyland found this species common both in Honduras and -the Belize. It occurred in small flocks, which were very noisy, and annoyed -the hunter by always giving the alarm.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Garrulinæ--> -</div><!--end family Corvidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Tyrannidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--346.png--><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 306]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">TYRANNIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">Tyrant Flycatchers.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Primary Characters.</span> Primaries ten. Bill in typical forms broad, triangular, much -depressed, abruptly decurved and notched at tip, with long bristles along gape. Tarsi with -scutellæ extending round the outer face of tarsus from the front to back; sometimes -divided on the outer side. Bill with culmen nearly as long as the head, or shorter; -straight to near the tip, then suddenly bent down into a conspicuous hook, with a notch -behind it; tip of lower jaw also notched. Commissure straight to near the notch; gonys -slightly convex. Nostrils oval or rounded, in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, -and more or less concealed by long bristles which extend from the posterior angle of the -jaws along the base of the bill, becoming smaller, but reaching nearly to the median line -of the forehead. These bristles with lateral branches at the base. Similar bristles are -mixed in the loral feathers and margin the chin. Tarsi short, generally less than middle -toe, completely enveloped by a series of large scales, which meet near the posterior edge -of the inner side, and are separated either by naked skin or by a row of small scales. -Sometimes a second series of rather large plates is seen on the posterior face of the tarsus, -these, however, usually on the upper extremity only. Basal joint of middle toe united -almost throughout to that of the outer toe, but more than half free on the inner side; -outer lateral toe rather the longer. Wings and tail variable; first quill always more than -three fourths the second. The outer primaries sometimes attenuated near the tip.</p> - -<p>The primary characters given above will serve to distinguish the North -American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> from their allies; the essential features consisting in -the peculiarity of the scales of the tarsus and the ten primaries. In the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> there are species as truly “flycatching,” and with a depressed -bristly bill, but the nine (not ten) primaries, and the restriction of the scales -to the anterior face of the tarsus, instead of extending entirely round the -outer side, will readily separate them.</p> - -<p>The relationships of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> are closest to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotingidæ</i>. These -last differ mainly in having the tarsus more or less reticulated, or covered in -part at least with small angular scales, instead of continuous broad ones; -and in the greater adhesion of the toes. The legs are shorter, and the body -broader and more depressed. The bill is less abundantly provided with -bristles, and the species do not appear to be strictly flycatchers, feeding -more on berries and on stationary insects and larvæ, rather than capturing -them on the wing. Two species of this family, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_62" id="fnanchor_62"></a><a href="#footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></span> -and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus major</i>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_63" id="fnanchor_63"></a><a href="#footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></span> -were introduced into the Birds of North America, -from specimens collected by Lieutenant Couch in the valley of the Rio -<!--347.png--><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 307]</span> -Grande, not far from the border of the United States, but as they have not -yet been detected within our limits, we have concluded to omit them in the -present work.</p> - -<p>The bird fauna of America may be said to have one of its chief features -in the great number and variety of its <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i>, the family being strictly -a New World one. Nearly every possible diversity of form is exhibited by -different members; the size, however, usually varying from that of our common -Robin to that of the Kinglet, our smallest bird with exception of the -Humming-Bird. Of the numerous subfamilies, however, only one, the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranninæ</i> proper, belongs to North America, and will be readily distinguished -from other of our land birds by the family characters given at the -head of this article, and which, as drawn up, apply rather to the subfamily -than to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> generally.</p> - -<p>The North American species of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranninæ</i> may, for our present -purposes, be divided into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranni</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</i>. The former are large, -generally with bright color, pointed wings, with attenuated primaries and a -colored crest in the middle of the crown. The others are plainer, smaller, -without colored crest; the primaries not attenuated.</p> - -<p>The genera of our Flycatchers may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname">TYRANNI.</b> Size large; colors generally brilliant; crown with a brightly -colored crest, usually concealed; outer primaries abruptly contracted or attenuated -near the tip; upper scales of tarsus usually continuing round on the outside -and behind. Nest in trees, very bulky, containing much downy material; eggs -white or pinkish, with ovate dots of rich brown, of various shades.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus.</b> Tail excessively forked and lengthened; more than twice -as long as the wings.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus.</b> Tail moderate; nearly even or slightly forked; less than -the wings.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">TYRANNULI.</b> Size generally small; colors usually plain; crown without -any colored crest concealed by the tips of the feathers; primaries normal; scales -of the upper part of the tarsus usually continuing only to the middle of the -outer face, and a second series opposite to them behind.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. Tail lengthened; about equal to the wings, which reach scarcely to its -middle.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus.</b> Tarsus equal to the middle toe, which is decidedly longer -than the hinder one. Tail even or rounded. Throat pale ash, rest of -lower parts yellow generally, the primaries edged with rufous, and -inner webs of tail-feathers with more or less of the same color. Nest -in a cavity of a tree, of loose material; eggs whitish, with intricate -tangled lines and streaks of dark brown, the general effect salmon-color.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis.</b> Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe, which is scarcely -longer than the hind toe. Tail slightly forked. Bill very narrow. No -light orbital ring, nor distinct bands on wings; both mandibles black. -Nest attached to rocks or parts of buildings, very compact and bulky, -containing much mud in its composition; eggs pure white, immaculate, -or with very minute sparse dots near larger end.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. Tail decidedly shorter than the wings, which reach beyond its middle. -Tarsus shorter than the middle toe.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<!--348.png--><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 308]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus.</b> Hind toe much longer than the lateral. Tail considerably -forked. Wings long, pointed; much longer than the tail, reaching beyond -the middle of the latter; first quill about equal to the fourth. Bill -broad. Color olive-gray, and white, sometimes with a yellowish tinge -beneath. Lower mandible pale-colored. Nest saucer-shaped, compact, -and very small, saddled very securely upon a thick branch; eggs cream-colored, -with a zone of lilac and rich brown blotches round the larger end.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. Tail shorter than the wings, as in the last. Tarsus considerably longer -than the middle toe; hind toe much longer than lateral. Tail nearly even, -sometimes slightly rounded, but little shorter than the wings; first primary -much shorter than the fourth.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax.</b> Head moderately crested; tail about even. Bristles of -bill reaching about half-way to tip. Legs stout. A conspicuous light -orbital ring, and distinct bands on the wing. More or less tinged -with sulphur-yellow on lower parts. Nest variously constructed, -deeply cup-shaped, compact or loose, entirely of either grassy or fibrous -and downy material, and fixed to slender twigs or lodged in a crotch -between thick branches; eggs white, immaculate, or with blotches of -brown round larger end.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus.</b> Head decidedly crested. Tail forked. Bristles of bill -reaching nearly to tip. Legs very weak and slender. Beneath more -or less tinged with fulvous or ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus.</b> Head with a full crest. Tarsus but little longer than -the middle toe; hind toe not longer than the lateral. Tail broad, even; -first quill shorter than the fifth. Beneath, with whole crown bright -red (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. obscurus</i>). Female very different, lacking the red, -except posteriorly beneath, and with the breast obsoletely streaked.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MILVULUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 165.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes</i>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Avium <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Naturale, 1850 (in part).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_348.jpg" - width="250" height="178" - alt="Illustration: Milvulus forficatus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</i> (tail abnormal).<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">7374</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head, and nearly equal to the tarsus. Tail nearly -twice as long as the wing, -excessively forked; the -middle feathers scarcely -half the lateral. First -primary abruptly attenuated -at the end, where -it is very narrow and -linear. Head with a -concealed crest of red.</p> - -<p>This group is distinguished -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</i> -by the very -long tail, but the two -species assigned by -authors to North -America, although agreeing in many respects, differ in some parts of their -structure. The peculiarities of coloration are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--349.png--><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 309]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. forficatus.</b> Whitish-ash above; rump black. Tail-feathers rose-white -with black tips; shoulders, axillars, and belly light vermilion. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -America, and open portions of Texas, Indian Territory, etc.; accidental in -New Jersey.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_64" id="fnanchor_64"></a><a href="#footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></span> -Head above and tail black; the latter edged externally -with white. Back ashy. Beneath pure white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, -accidental in Eastern United States.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus tyrannus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Geographical"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>Geog.</abbr> -List, 1838.—<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 38.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 196, <abbr title="plate 52">pl. lii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 168.—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Journ.</abbr> 1861, 251.—<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 237.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 572 (Trinidad; considers <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus, tyrannus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">monachus</i> -as identical). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, 1854, 87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus -savana</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 72, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Tyrant">Mon. Ty.</abbr> Shrikes; -Quarterly <abbr title="Journal, Twenty, January">Jour. XX, Jan.</abbr> 1826, 282. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa savana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 1, -<abbr title="plate One, figure">pl. I, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 387, <abbr title="plate 168">pl. clxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus savanus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, -List, 1841. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus milvulus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual, second edition One">Man., (2d ed.,) I</abbr>, 1840, 307. <cite>Fork-tailed -Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Tyran a queue fourchue</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span> <abbr title="planches enluminéz">pl. enl.</abbr> 571.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Outer four primaries abruptly attenuated at the end, the sides of the attenuated -portion parallel. Second and third quills longest; fourth little shorter, and not -much exceeding the first. Tail very deeply forked; the external feather linear, and twice -as long as the head and body alone. Top and sides of the head glossy black. Rump, -upper tail-coverts, and tail almost black; the outer web of outer tail-feather yellowish-white -for more than the basal half; rest of upper parts ash-gray. Under parts generally -pure white. Wings dark brown; the outer primary and tertials edged with white. -Crown with a concealed patch of yellow. Length, 14.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 10.00; depth -of fork, 7.00. <i class="age">Young.</i> No colored patch on crown; wing-coverts (including the lesser) -and tail-feathers, with their upper coverts, bordered with rusty ochraceous. Black of -head, tail, etc., duller than in adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico to South America. Accidental in the United States. (New Jersey, -Kentucky, and Mississippi, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.)</p> - -<p>This species claims a place in the fauna of the United States on account -of two specimens captured in New Jersey, at long intervals, and one or two -seen by Mr. Audubon in the southwest. It is, however, hardly proper to -include it in our work on so slight a basis, and we only retain it for the -purpose of referring to the notice of it by Mr. Audubon.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Fork-tailed Flycatcher is of purely accidental occurrence in -the United States. Two specimens, taken at long intervals, are said to have -been captured in the United States. One of these was shot by Mr. Audubon, -in June, 1832, near the city of Camden, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr> It was first observed -<!--350.png--><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 310]</span> -flying over a meadow, in pursuit of insects. It afterwards alighted on the -top of a small detached tree, when it was secured. The bird appeared to -have lost its way, was unsuspicious, and paid no attention when approached. -On the wing, it seemed to make use of its long tail whenever it sought to -suddenly turn in pursuit of its prey. On the ground, it vibrated its tail in -the manner of a Sparrow-Hawk.</p> - -<p>When the bird fell to the ground severely wounded, it uttered a sharp -squeak, which it repeated, accompanied by a smart clicking of the bill, when -Mr. Audubon approached it. It lived only a few moments, and from this -specimen he made his drawing.</p> - -<p>Several years previous to this, one of these birds had been shot near -Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, but it was so far decayed when given to Mr. Audubon -that it could not be preserved. It had been obtained among the Barrens -late in October. Near Natchez, <abbr title="Mississippi">Miss.</abbr>, in August, 1822, Mr. Audubon was -confident he saw two others of this species. They were high in the air, and -were twittering in the manner of a Kingbird. He was, however, unable to -secure them.</p> - -<p>Another straggler was obtained near Bridgton, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, early in December. -From this specimen was made the engraving in Bonaparte’s Ornithology. -It was given to Titian Peale by Mr. J. Woodcraft of that place.</p> - -<p>This Flycatcher is a resident in tropical South America from Guiana to La -Plata, and in its habits resembles the swallow-tailed species of our southern -fauna. It is said to be a solitary bird, remaining perched on the limb of -a tree, from which, from time to time, it darts after passing insects; while -standing, it is said to vibrate its long tail in the manner of the European -Wagtail. It also occasionally utters a twitter not unlike the common note -of the Kingbird. Besides insects, this bird also feeds on berries, as the -bird obtained near Bridgton had its stomach distended with the fruit of the -poke-weed.</p> - -<p>This species, according to Sumichrast, is found abundantly in winter in the -savannas of the hot lands of Vera Cruz, and occurs to the height of about -two thousand feet. He is not aware of its being resident.</p> - -<p>Mr. Leyland found this species frequenting Old River and the pine ridges -of Belize. They were also plentiful on the flats near Peten, and were -occasionally found at Comayagua and Omoa, Honduras.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. W. Wyatt met with this Flycatcher in Colombia, South America, -on the savanna in the neighborhood of Aquachica. When at Ocaña, he -used to see them congregated in considerable numbers just before sunset, -whirling round high up in the air, and darting down like rockets to the -ground. He only found it frequenting the open part of the country, and he -never met with it at a greater elevation than five thousand feet.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species obtained by Dr. Baldamus, from Cayenne, exhibits -a strong resemblance to the egg of the common Kingbird. It has a clear -white ground, and is spotted with deep and prominent marking of red and -<!--351.png--><!--Plate 43--> -<!--352.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--353.png--><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 311]</span> -red-brown. They are of an oblong-oval shape, are tapering at one end, and -measure .90 by .68 of an inch.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_43.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="43">XLIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-1" id="pl_43-1"></a><img src="images/pl_43-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 7375.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-2" id="pl_43-2"></a><img src="images/pl_43-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <a name="note19" id="note19"></a><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus verticalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16137.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-3" id="pl_43-3"></a><img src="images/pl_43-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1489.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-4" id="pl_43-4"></a><img src="images/pl_43-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Eastern U. S.">E. U. S.</abbr>, 6482.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-5" id="pl_43-5"></a><img src="images/pl_43-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus vociferans</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 31887.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-6" id="pl_43-6"></a><img src="images/pl_43-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 13719.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-7" id="pl_43-7"></a><img src="images/pl_43-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus couchi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Tamaulipas, 4001.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-8" id="pl_43-8"></a><img src="images/pl_43-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus dominicensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 13737.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_43-9" id="pl_43-9"></a><img src="images/pl_43-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus lawrencii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, 29344.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swain.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SCISSOR-TAIL; SWALLOW-TAIL FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa forficata</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 931.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, -71.—<span class="sc">Stephens</span>, in Shaw’s <abbr title="Zoölogy, Ten, two">Zoöl. X, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 413, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 15, -<abbr title="plate two, figure">pl. ii, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 426, <abbr title="plate 359, figure">pl. ccclix, f.</abbr> 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus forficatus</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, -Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Two">Exped., II</abbr>, 1823, 224.—<span class="sc">Nuttall’s</span> Manual, <abbr title="One, second edition">I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 309. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus -forficatus</i>, “<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.—<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 38.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="of America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 197, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 79.—<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 237.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 169.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl. 7.</abbr>—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c. <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 11. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw, <abbr title="General Zoölogy Birds 13, two">Gen. Zoöl. Birds, XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1826, 135. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Moucherolle -a queue fourchue du Mexique</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span> <abbr title="planches enluminéz">pl. enl.</abbr> 677. <cite>Bird of Paradise</cite> of the -Texans.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_353.jpg" - width="250" height="341" - alt="Illustration: Milvulus forficatus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wing with the outer primary only abruptly attenuated, and narrowly -linear (for about .85 of an inch); the -second but slightly emarginate; second -quill longest; first and third equal. Tail -very deeply forked, the lateral feathers -twice as long as the body, all narrow -and linear or subspatulate. Top and -sides of the head very pale ash; the -back a little darker, and faintly tinged -with light brick-red; under parts nearly -pure white, tinged towards the tail with -light vermilion, rather more rose on the -under wing-coverts; a patch on the side -of the breast and along the fore-arm -dark vermilion-red. Tail-feathers rosy -white, tipped at the end for two or three -inches with black. Rump dark brown, -turning to black on the coverts. Wings -very dark brown; the coverts and quills, -excepting the primaries (and including -the outer of these), edged with whitish. -Crown with a concealed patch of white, -having some orange-red in the centre. -Length, 13.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 8.50; -depth of fork, 5.80.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle America, from Panama -northward; prairies and oak barrens of Texas, Indian Territory, and occasionally Southwest -Missouri and Kansas. Accidental in Eastern States (New Jersey, <span class="sc">Turnbull</span>; District -of Columbia? <span class="sc">Coues</span>); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 204); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 121; <abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. -I.</abbr>); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, 114); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr>, 1861, 252); Vera Cruz, hot and -temperate regions (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 556).</p> - -<p>This exquisitely beautiful and graceful bird is quite abundant on the -prairies of Southern Texas, and is everywhere conspicuous among its kindred -<!--354.png--><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 312]</span> -species. It is usually known as the Scissor-tail from the habit of closing -and opening the long feathers of the tail like the blades of a pair of scissors. -The adult female is very similar, though rather smaller. The young is not -conspicuously different, only lacking the concealed patch of the head.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Swallow-tailed Flycatcher appears to be a common species -from Central Texas to the Rio Grande, and thence throughout Mexico to -Central America, as far south at least as Guatemala. It is also found in -the Indian Territory, where it breeds, specimens of the nest and eggs having -been obtained at the Kioway Agency by Dr. E. Palmer.</p> - -<p>It was found very plentiful at Langui, in Honduras, by Mr. G. C. Taylor, -and also in fewer numbers in other localities. In the evening, just before -roosting time, they were in the habit of assembling on the tops of certain -favorite trees, where they remained until nearly dark. They then all went -off to the woods. He generally met with them on open ground, not much -encumbered by trees or brushwood.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states that he found this very graceful bird quite abundant at -Matamoras and in Western Texas, where it is known by the name of -“Texan Bird of Paradise.” He found it as far east as the river Guadaloupe. -It arrives, he states, in the neighborhood of San Antonio, late in March, and -remains until the middle or latter end of October. It breeds abundantly -near San Antonio, building its nest in a mesquite or other tree, and lays -from three to four eggs, which, as he states, are pure white, blotched with -large spots of a dark red color.</p> - -<p>He adds that these birds are of a quarrelsome and fearless disposition, -rarely brooking intruders near their homes. During the breeding-season -Mr. Dresser has often, when travelling, stopped to admire four or five of -them fighting on the wing. They show their long tail-feathers and the -rich scarlet color under their wings to the fullest advantage. After passing -Guadaloupe River, he saw none of these birds to the eastward, though he -was told they have occasionally been seen on Galveston Island.</p> - -<p>This Flycatcher was met with at Eagle Pass, in Lower Texas, and in -Tamaulipas by Mr. Clark and Lieutenant Couch, in the Mexican Boundary -Survey. None were found occurring west of the valley of the Rio Pecos. -Mr. Clark states that he always saw them either following one another -through the air, or perched upon some solitary twig. In their gyrations the -scissors were always more or less expanded, suggesting the idea of balancers. -Their nests were built of sticks, lined on the inside, though not -very softly, with grass, and were placed almost invariably on dry limbs -of the mesquite. They contained from three to five eggs, and, what was -quite remarkable, more than one pair always seemed to have an interest in -the same nest, over which they were all very watchful, and gave proofs of -their courage by darting at the intruders. He describes their notes as short -and sharp, without much variation, and they can be heard at quite a distance. -The Mexicans imagine that this Flycatcher lives on the brains of other birds.</p> - -<p><!--355.png--><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 313]</span> -Lieutenant Couch describes the Scissor-tail as shy, but of a very lively -disposition. Usually four or more are seen in company, and seem to prefer -the thinly wooded prairies to close thickets. In beauty, Lieutenant Couch -considers it the queen of all the birds found in Northern Tamaulipas. -This superiority is not owing so much to the brilliancy of its plumage, for -in that it is excelled by several species, but to the inimitable grace and -charm of its flight. Rising from the topmost branch of some acacia, it -seems to float, rather than to fly; then descending perpendicularly, it retakes -its position, uttering its usual note. He did not see it west of the Cadereita. -Dr. Kennerly, in his march from the Gulf of Mexico into Western Texas, -frequently met with these Flycatchers along his route. He usually saw them -in the open prairie, or among the mesquite-bushes. When perched, they -were generally on the top of a bush or a tall weed, and their tails were constantly -in motion. When they darted off after some passing insect, they -usually circled around, displaying the singular bifurcation of their tail, but -seldom alighting again on the same bush. It was occasionally seen on the -open prairie, flying for a long distance near the earth, as if in search of -insects.</p> - -<p>In Vera Cruz this species is an inhabitant of the hot lands. A few individuals -ascend, though very rarely, to the height of the city of Orizaba, or -about 3,700 feet.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that he met with this Flycatcher rather common along -the banks of the Red River, near the confluence of the Kiamesha. He -again met them, even more frequently, near the Great Salt River of Arkansas, -in August. They seemed to be preying upon grasshoppers.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse not only found this species abundant in Texas, in the -vicinity of San Antonio, but in the Indian Territory also it was quite common, -particularly near the Cross Timbers. He found them breeding in the -beginning of the month of July, on the Great Prairie. Its nest was built -on the horizontal branch of a small scrub-oak, about six feet from the -ground, and was composed of coarse dry grass and sticks. It contained -four young birds nearly able to fly. On his approach the female flew from -the nest to a bush near by. The male bird flew to a great height above -him, circling round in the air, apparently watching his movements, and at -the same time uttering a coarse scolding chirp.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gideon Lincecum, of Texas, writes that the Scissor-tail Flycatchers -have greatly increased in numbers in that State since 1848. They are -severe hunters of insects, and make great havoc among honey-bees. They -are exclusively prairie birds. He adds that they construct their nests far out -on the top branches of the live-oak or any other lone tree on the prairies. -They seem to be a very playful bird, and delight in shooting rapidly upwards, -cutting the air with their strong wings with such force that the sound -may be heard to the distance of three hundred yards or more. Their notes -are harsh and inharmonious. They leave Texas late in autumn, and return -<!--356.png--><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 314]</span> -again about the first of April. The resounding strokes of their wings and -their oft-repeated cries are heard just before the dawn of day. They usually -have but three eggs.</p> - -<p>A single individual of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</i>, and supposed to be one of this species, -was seen by Mr. C. Drexler, May 6, 1861, but was not obtained, in the -vicinity of Washington. Another bird of this species is mentioned by Mr. -Abbott as having been taken near Trenton, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, April 15, 1872. It was a -male bird in full health and feather. Its stomach was found to be full of -small coleoptera, insects’ eggs, flies, etc.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species vary greatly in size, from .92 by .75 to .80 by .60 -of an inch. They are in shape a rounded oval, and tapering at one end. -The ground-color is white, marked with a few very large dark red spots, -and occasionally of an obscure purple.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">TYRANNUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Leçons <abbr title="Anatomie Comparée">Anat. Comp.</abbr></span> 1799, 1800 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_356.jpg" - width="250" height="216" - alt="Illustration: Tyrannus carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1513</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail nearly even, or moderately forked; rather shorter than the wings; -the feathers broad, and widening -somewhat at the ends. -Wings long and pointed; the -outer primaries rather abruptly -attenuated near the end, the -attenuated portion not linear, -however. Head with a concealed -patch of red on the -crown.</p> - -<p>The species of this -genus are especially characterized -by their long, -attenuated primaries, their -moderately forked or -nearly even tail, and the -concealed colored crest in -the crown. Their affinities -are nearest to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</i>, from which the tail, shorter than the wings, -instead of twice as long, or more, will always serve as a point of distinction. -The attenuation of the primary differs in being less abrupt, and not truly -linear, sloping gradually, and not bounded behind by a notch. We are -unable to appreciate any other differences of importance.</p> - -<p>The character and extent of the attenuation of the primaries, the depth -of the fork of the tail, with the size of the legs and bill, all vary considerably, -and may, perhaps, serve as ground for further subdivisions. The bill, in -particular, varies much in size in the North American species, from that of -<!--357.png--><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 315]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis</i>, where the culmen is but little more than half the head, to -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. dominicensis</i> (genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus</i> of Cabanis), where it is decidedly -longer than the head, and almost as stout as that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurophagus</i>.</p> - -<p>The North American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</i> (with their nearest Mexican -allies) may be arranged by colors, accordingly as they are white beneath or -yellow, in the following manner:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Under parts whitish, without any shade of yellow. A faint grayish-plumbeous -pectoral band.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis.</b> Tail slightly rounded. Bill much shorter than the -head. Above black, shading into dark plumbeous on the back. Tail -abruptly and broadly margined and tipped with pure white. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus.</i>) -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America, north to the British Provinces, and -south to Panama. Rare in the Western Province of North America.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. dominicensis.</b> Tail moderately forked. Bill longer than the -head. Above gray; the tail and wings brownish. The edges and tips -of the tail narrowly margined with soiled white. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus.</i>) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -West Indies, New Granada, Panama, Florida, Georgia, and South -Carolina.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Above ashy-olive, becoming purer ash on the head. Tail brown or black. -Beneath yellow; the chin paler; the breast strongly shaded with olivaceous or -ashy. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail nearly black; the outer edges of the outer webs of the feathers with -the fibres united closely throughout, and colored similarly to the rest of the -feathers; beneath sulphur-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis.</b> Tail slightly forked; external feather with the entire -outer web and the outer half of the shaft abruptly yellowish-white. -Pectoral band pale ashy, lighter than the back. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province -of United States.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. vociferans.</b> Tail nearly even or slightly rounded; external -feather with the shaft brown; the outer edge only of the outer web -obscurely yellowish-white, and all the feathers fading into paler at the -tip. Throat and breast broadly tinged with dark ashy-olive like the -back. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plains and southern Middle Province of United States, -south into Middle America.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail brown, scarcely darker than the wings; outer edges of the outer -webs of the tail-feathers olivaceous like the back, in contrast with the -brown; the fibres loosened externally; shafts of tail-feathers white beneath. -Beneath bright gamboge-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. melancholicus.</b> - -Tail quite deeply forked (.70 of an inch), -brownish-black, the lighter edgings obsolete, and those on wings indistinct. -Throat ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_65" id="fnanchor_65"></a><a href="#footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tail moderately forked (.30 of an inch), grayish-brown, the light edges -conspicuous, as are also those of the wings. Throat white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -America, north to southern boundary of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i></span>.</p> - -<p>In the Birds of North America a supposed new species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. couchi</i>, was -mentioned as coming so close to the boundary line of the United States in -<!--358.png--><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 316]</span> -Texas as to warrant its introduction into our fauna. We have, however, -concluded to give in the present work nothing but what has actually been -found within its prescribed limits.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">KINGBIRD; BEE MARTIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Lanius tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 136. This belongs to the Cuban <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. matutinus</i>, -according to Bonaparte. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa tyrannus</i>, (<span class="sc">Brisson</span>?) <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, -66, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 403; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 420, <abbr title="plate 79">pl. lxxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 204, <abbr title="plate 56">pl. lvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="variation gamma">var. γ</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="delta">δ</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 302. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa rex</i>, <span class="sc">Barton</span>, Fragments <abbr title="Natural History of Pennsylvania">N. H. Penna.</abbr> -1799, 18. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus pipiri</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 73, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Journ. Orn.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1855, 478.—<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 236. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus intrepidus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Galerie <abbr title="Oiseaux 1">Ois. I</abbr></span>, 1824, 214, <abbr title="plate 133">pl. cxxxiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Tyrant Shrikes, Quarterly Journal">Mon. Ty. Shrikes, Quart. Jour.</abbr> -1826, 274. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa animosa</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss der Doubletten"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz. Doubl.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 558. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gobe Mouche -de la Caroline</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux 5">Ois. V</abbr>, 281, <abbr title="enlargement plate">enl. pl.</abbr> 676. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus leucogaster</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, -Shaw, <abbr title="General Zoölogy 13, 2">Gen. Zoöl. XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1826, 132. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 171.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 79.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 64, 113.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, 167.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 128.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 311.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_358.jpg" - width="250" height="239" - alt="Illustration: Tyrannus carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Two, sometimes three, outer primaries abruptly attenuated at the end. -Second quill longest; third little shorter; first rather longer than fourth, or nearly equal. -Tail slightly rounded. Above dark bluish-ash. -The top and sides of the head to beneath the -eyes bluish-black. A concealed crest on the -crown vermilion in the centre, white behind, and -before partially mixed with orange. Lower -parts pure white, tinged with pale bluish-ash on -the sides of the throat and across the breast; -sides of the breast and under the wings similar -to, but rather lighter than, the back. Axillaries -pale grayish-brown tipped with lighter. The -wings dark brown, darkest towards the ends of -the quills; the greater coverts and quills edged -with white, most so on the tertials; the lesser -coverts edged with paler. Upper tail-coverts -and upper surface of the tail glossy black, the -latter very dark brown beneath; all the feathers tipped, and the exterior margined -externally with white, forming a conspicuous terminal band about .25 of an inch broad. -Length, 8.50; wing, 4.65; tail, 3.70; tarsus, .75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to Rocky Mountains. Occasional in various parts of the -Western Province (Washington Territory, Salt Lake Valley, Truckee River, Nevada, -etc.). South to Panama. Oaxaca, lowlands, March (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 302); Honduras -(<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 55); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 120); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 476; -<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.</abbr> 1865, 239, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pipiri</i>”); Panama, (<abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution; Lawrence, Annals New York Lyceum Seven">Mus. S. I.; <span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. -VII</abbr>, 295); Greytown, <abbr title="Nicaragua">Nic.</abbr>? (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. VIII</abbr>, 183); East of San Antonio, Texas -(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 472; breeds); Upper Amazon, Peru, Nauta (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> and <abbr title="Salvin Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Salv.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> -1866, 189); Vera Cruz, hot region, resident (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557).</p> - -<p>The young of the year is similar; the colors duller, the concealed colored -<!--359.png--><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 317]</span> -patch on the crown wanting. The tail more rounded; the primaries not -attenuated.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary in the amount of white margining the wing-feathers; -the upper tail-coverts are also margined sometimes with white.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Kingbird or Bee Martin of North America is -found throughout the continent, from Texas and Florida, on the south, as far -to the north as the 57th parallel of north latitude. Westward, north of the -44th parallel, it is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but south of this -it has not been found west of the Rocky Mountains. It is included by Dr. -Cooper among the birds of California, but I am not aware that it has ever -been taken within the limits of that State. Mr. Allen regards the eastern -slope of the Rocky Mountains its extreme western limit; but Mr. Ridgway -states that this species was met with by him in various portions of the -Great Basin, though always in less abundance than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>. Among -the cottonwoods of the Truckee Valley, in Western Nevada, two or three -pairs were seen in July and August. In the fertile Salt Lake Valley it was -nearly or quite as common as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>, and was also met with in the -fertile “parks” of the Wahsatch Mountains.</p> - -<p>This species not only has this widely extended area, but is also quite -abundant wherever found. It is apparently as abundant throughout Nova -Scotia as it is in the State of Florida. Richardson even found it common on -the banks of the Saskatchewan, where he traced its northern migrations -beyond the 57th parallel of latitude. It was found at the Carlton House -early in May, and retired southward in September. It winters in Central -and South America, and has been received by Mr. Lawrence from Panama.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this species quite plentiful at the eastern base of the -Rocky Mountains, in Washington Territory, and more sparingly at Puget -Sound, where he obtained several specimens. They appeared to shun the -dense forests near Puget Sound, but were moderately plentiful in the groves -of low oaks, and among the cottonwood-trees fringing the lakes on Nisqually -Plains, where, August 5, he obtained a nest with newly fledged young.</p> - -<p>Mr. Joseph Leyland found this species near Omoa, in Honduras, migratory. -They came in flocks of two or three hundred, but remained only a -short time before departing farther south. They flew high, and seemed very -wild. This species was also met with, in May, at Playa Vicente, in the low -lands of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard, and during the winter -months is found throughout Mexico.</p> - -<p>No one of our common birds possesses more strongly marked characteristics -of manners and habits than this species. Its pugnacious disposition -during the breeding-season, the audacious boldness with which it will attack -any birds larger than itself, the persistent tenacity with which it will continue -these attacks, and the reckless courage with which it will maintain its -unequal warfare, are well-known peculiarities of this interesting and familiar -species. Its name, Kingbird, is given it on the supposition that it is superior -<!--360.png--><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 318]</span> -to all other birds in these contests. My own observations lead me to -the conclusion that writers have somewhat exaggerated the quarrelsome disposition -of this bird. I have never, or very rarely, known it to molest or -attack any other birds than those which its own instinct prompts it to drive -away in self-defence, such as Hawks, Owls, Eagles, Crows, Jays, Cuckoos, and -Grakles. These it will always attack and drive off to quite a distance from -their nests. Nothing can be more striking than the intrepidity with which -one of these birds will pounce upon and harass birds vastly larger and more -powerful than itself. The Kingbird is always <a name="note18" id="note18"></a>prompt to perceive the approach -of one of these enemies, and always rushes out to meet it. Mounting -in the air high above, it pounces down upon its back, upon which it will -even rest, furiously pecking at the exposed flanks of its victim, and only -leaving it to descend again and again with the same unrelenting animosity. -In these encounters it always comes off conqueror.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that his jealous affection for his mate and for his nest and -young makes him suspicious of every bird that happens to pass near his residence. -But this is not the case in all instances. A pair of these birds -nested, in the summer of 1871, and peacefully reared their young, in an -apple-tree near my residence, within four feet of the nest of the Baltimore -Oriole, and not more than eight or ten feet from the nest of a Robin, all -in the same tree. The three pairs were on evident terms of amity and -mutual good-will. The male Kingbird kept a sharp lookout for danger -from the topmost bough, and seemed to have all under his special guardianship, -but showed no disposition to molest or annoy them.</p> - -<p>The Purple Martin is said to be the implacable enemy of the Kingbird, and -one of the few birds with which the latter maintains an unequal contest. -Its superiority in flight gives the former great advantages, while its equal -courage and strength render it more than a match. Audubon relates an -instance in which the Kingbird was slain in one of these struggles.</p> - -<p>Wilson also narrates an encounter, of which he was an eyewitness, between -one of this species and a Red-headed Woodpecker, in which the latter, -while clinging on the rail of a fence, seemed to amuse itself with the violence -of the Kingbird, playing bo-peep with it round the rail, while the -latter became greatly irritated, and made repeated but vain attempts to strike -at him.</p> - -<p>The Kingbird feeds almost exclusively upon winged insects, and consumes -a vast number. It is on this account one of our most useful birds, but, -unfortunately for its popularity, it is no respecter of kinds, and destroys -large numbers of bees. In districts where hives of honey-bees abound, the -Kingbird is not in good repute. Wilson suggests that they only destroy the -drones, and rarely, if ever, meddle with the working bees. But this discrimination, -even if real, is not appreciated by the raisers of bees, who -regard this bird as their enemy.</p> - -<p>The Kingbirds arrive in Pennsylvania the latter part of April, and in New -<!--361.png--><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 319]</span> -England early in May, and leave for the South in September. They nest -in May, selecting an upper branch, usually of an isolated tree, and often in -an exposed situation. Their nests are large, broad, and comparatively shallow, -and coarsely, though strongly, made of rude materials, such as twigs, -withered plants, bits of rags, strings, etc. These are lined with fine rootlets, -horse-hair, and fine grasses.</p> - -<p>The Kingbird has no song, but, instead, utters an incessant monotonous -succession of twitterings, which vary in sharpness and loudness with the -emotions that prompt them.</p> - -<p>The flight of the Kingbird when on the hunt for insects is peculiar and -characteristic. It flies slowly over the field, with rapid vibrations of the -wings, in the manner of Hawks, and soars or seems to float in the air in -a manner equally similar. At other times it flies with great rapidity, and -dives about in the air in the manner of a Swallow. It also exhibits great -power and rapidity of flight when rushing forth to encounter a Hawk or -an Eagle.</p> - -<p>As they are known occasionally to plunge into the water, and, emerging -thence, to resume their seat on a high branch, to dry and dress their plumage, -it has been conjectured that they feed on small fish, but this is unsupported -by any positive evidence.</p> - -<p>Though the Kingbird usually builds in trees, it does not always select such -situations. In the summer of 1851, passing over a bridge near the village -of Aylesford, in Nova Scotia, I observed a Kingbird fly from a nest built on -the projecting end of one of the planks of which the bridge was made. So -remarkably exposed a position, open to view, and on a level with and within -a few feet of a highway, must be quite unusual.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird are five, sometimes six, in number, and vary considerably -in size. Their ground-color is white with a more or less decided -roseate tinge, beautifully spotted with blotches and markings of purple, -brown, and red-brown. In some, these are disposed in a confluent crown -around the larger end; in others they are irregularly distributed over the -entire egg. In length they vary from 1.05 to .86 of an inch, and in breadth -from .72 to .70 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus dominicensis</b>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRAY KINGBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois. II</abbr>, 1760, 394, <abbr title="plate 38">pl. xxxviii</abbr>. fig. 2.—<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 172. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> β, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 302. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 392, <abbr title="plate 46">pl. -xlvi.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 201, <abbr title="plate 55">pl. lv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal -für <abbr title="Ornithologie">Ornith.</abbr></span> <abbr title="Three, November">III, Nov.</abbr> 1855, 478. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus griseus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, -1807, 76, <abbr title="plate 46">pl. xlvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Shrikes, Quarterly Journal 20">Mon. Shrikes, Quart. Jour. XX</abbr>, 1826, 276.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> -Consp.</abbr> 1850, 192 (Bonaparte makes two species).—<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 236. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus -matutinus</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> De La Sagra <abbr title="plate 14">pl. xiv</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--362.png--><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 320]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very large and stout. Tail conspicuously forked. Wings long; the -first six quills attenuated abruptly, much longer than the seventh. Tertials much -developed, nearly intermediate in length between the longest primaries and the shortest -secondary. Above, and on the sides of the head and neck, ash-gray, shaded in places -with brown, which forms the middle portion of each feather. Downy portion at the base -of each feather above light ash, then light brown, tipped and edged with darker ash-gray. -The mottled appearance is caused by the brown showing from under the feathers; the -ear-coverts darker. A concealed colored patch on the crown, formed by the base of the -feathers, white before and behind, orange in the middle. Lower parts grayish-white, -tinged with ash across the breast, deepest anteriorly. Sides of the breast similar to, but -lighter than, the back. Under wing-coverts and axillars pale sulphur-yellow. The wings -brown, darker to the tips; the secondaries narrowly, the tertials more broadly, edged with -dull white. Edges of the coverts paler. Alula dark brown. Tail similar in color to the -quills. Upper tail-coverts brown. Bill and feet black. Length, 8.00; wing, 4.65; tail, -4.00; tarsus, .76.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts distinctly bordered with pale -ochraceous; tail-feathers bordered all round with a deeper shade of the same. No -colored patch on the crown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South Carolina coast, accidental; Florida Keys and West Indies; Nicaragua; New -Granada; Santa Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 146, eggs); Carthagena, <abbr title="New Grenada">N. G.</abbr> (<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1860, 143); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 478, breeds; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.</abbr> 1865, 238, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mel. griseus</i>”); -Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. J.</abbr> 169, breeds; <span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 287); <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas (<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1860, 375); Sombrero (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1864, 99, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</i>”); -Greytown, <abbr title="Nicaragua">Nicar.</abbr> (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann.</abbr> 183); <abbr title="Saint">Sta.</abbr> Bartholemy (<abbr title="Sundevall"><span class="sc">Sund.</span></abbr> 1869, 584); Massachusetts -(<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 124).</p> - -<p>This species, though about the same size as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis</i>, is much -more powerfully built, the bill and feet being much stronger, the former -considerably longer than the head, and as large as that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurophagus -sulphuratus</i>, though less compressed.</p> - -<p>Specimens from Nicaragua and New Granada appear to be almost perfectly -identical with those from Florida and the West Indies, differing only -in being just appreciably smaller, which, however, might be expected from -their more southern habitat.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Gray Kingbird—the Pipiry Flycatcher of Audubon, or Gray -Petchary of Jamaica—is, except in Florida, of scarcely more than occasional -occurrence within the limits of the United States. A single specimen has been -taken in Massachusetts. This was shot in Lynn, October 23, 1868, and was -in immature plumage. The bird was shot on a tree near one of the streets -of that city by Mr. Charles Goodall. Mr. Audubon also found these birds -quite common on the Florida Keys, almost every Key, however small, having -its pair. A pair was observed breeding in the college yard at Charleston, -<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, by Dr. Bachman; and for at least three years in succession they regularly -returned each year, and raised two broods in a season. This Flycatcher -is abundant in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Cuba, Jamaica, and in the other West India Islands. -In the first-named locality Mr. Alfred Newton found it one of the -most conspicuous and commonest birds over the entire island. Its favorite -station, he states, was the top of the spearlike unexpanded frond of a tall -<!--363.png--><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 321]</span> -mountain-cabbage tree, from which place, in the breeding-season, it darted -down to attack almost any animal that passed near. Its favorite object of -attack was the Green Heron (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butorides virescens</i>), at which it would make -several well-directed swoops, never leaving it until it had driven it into some -shelter, when, much pleased with its prowess, it would return to its lookout -station and celebrate its victory with cries of triumph. On one occasion -Mr. Newton observed a Gray Kingbird pursue a Green Heron out to sea -for a quarter of a mile and back. It is described as a very clamorous bird, -even when there is apparently no need; taking alarm from the domestic -poultry, its oft-repeated notes were heard every morning before the dawn. -This noise it continued pertinaciously till sundown. Its food consists of -insects, which are caught with great dexterity on the wing. It also feeds -very largely on the black berries of a myrtle-leaved parasite that grows -abundantly on the orange-trees. The nest is often placed under the fronds -or among the spathes of a cocoanut or mountain-cabbage tree, and sometimes -in any ordinary situation. It is described as flat in construction and large -for the size of the bird, being nearly a foot in diameter, composed of a platform -of twigs, in the midst of which is hollowed a cup lined with fine roots. -In <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix the eggs rarely exceeded three in number, and are spoken of as -exceedingly beautiful when fresh, of a delicate creamy white, marked at the -larger end with blotches and spots of pink or orange-brown, often disposed -in a zone. He found their eggs from May till August.</p> - -<p>Mr. Richard Hill, of Spanishtown, Jamaica, in some interesting notes furnished -to Mr. Gosse, states that along the seaside savannas of that island -migrant flocks of these birds swarm early in September. Numbers then -congregate on the trees around the cattle ponds and about the open meadows, -pursuing the swarms of insects which fill the air at sundown. These -throngs are immediately joined by resident birds of this species, which -gather about the same places, and do not return to their usual abodes until -the breeding-season is at hand.</p> - -<p>The Jamaica bird is not exclusively an insect-feeder, but eats very freely -of the sweet wild berries, especially those of the pimento. These ripen in -September, and in groves of these this bird may always be found in -abundance. By the end of September most of the migrant birds have left -the island.</p> - -<p>This is among the earliest to breed of the birds of Jamaica. As early as -January the mated pair is said to be in possession of some lofty tree, -sounding at day-dawn a ceaseless shriek, which is composed of a repetition -of three or four notes, sounding like <i class="birdcall">pē-chēē-ry</i>, according to Mr. Hill, and -from which they derive their local name. In these localities they remain -until autumn, when they quit these haunts and again congregate about the -lowland ponds. In feeding, just before sunset, they usually sit, eight or ten -in a row, on some exposed twig, darting from it in pursuit of their prey, and -returning to it to devour whatever they have caught. They are rapid in -<!--364.png--><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 322]</span> -their movements, ever constantly and hurriedly changing their positions in -flight. As they fly, they are able to check their speed suddenly, and to turn -at the smallest imaginable angle. At times they move off in a straight -line, gliding with motionless wings from one tree to another. When one descends -to pick an insect from the surface of the water, it has the appearance -of tumbling, and, in rising again, ascends with a singular motion of the wings, -as if hurled into the air and endeavoring to recover itself.</p> - -<p>In the manner in which the male of this species will perch on the top of -some lofty tree, and from that vantage-height scream defiance to all around -him, and pursue any large bird that approaches, as described by Mr. Hill, -all the audacity and courage of our Kingbird is exhibited. At the approach -of a Vulture or a Hawk, he starts off in a horizontal line, after rising in -the air to the same height as his adversary, and, hovering over him for -a moment, descends upon the intruder’s back, rising and sinking as he -repeats his attack, and shrieking all the while. In these attacks he is -always triumphant.</p> - -<p>This Flycatcher is also charged by Mr. Hill with seizing upon the Humming-Birds -as they hover over the blossoms in the garden, killing its prey -by repeated blows struck on the branch, and then devouring them.</p> - -<p>The nest, according to Mr. Hill, is seldom found in any other tree than -that of the palm kind. Among the web of fibres around the footstalk of -each branch the nest is woven of cotton-wool and grass. The eggs, he adds, -are four or five, of an ivory color, blotched with deep purple spots, intermingled -with brown specks, the clusters thickening at the greater end. Mr. -Gosse, on the contrary, never found the nest in a palm. One, taken from -an upper limb of a bitterwood-tree that grew close to a friend’s door, at no -great height, was a cup made of the stalks and tendrils of a small passion -flower, the spiral tendrils very prettily arranged around the edge, and very -neatly and thickly lined with black horse-hair. The other, made in a spondias -bush, was a rather loose structure, smaller and less compact, almost entirely -composed of tendrils, with no horse-hair, but a few shining black frond-ribs -of a fern.</p> - -<p>Mr. March states that the migrant birds of this species return to Jamaica -about the last of March, gradually disperse, and, like the resident birds, occupy -their selected trees in solitary pairs, and immediately set about preparing -their nests. At <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Catharine’s the first nest found was on the 14th of -April, and the latest in the middle of July. They seldom build in the tree -in which they perch, but select a lower tree near it. Some make their nests -high, others low, usually at the extremity of a lateral branch. He describes -them as loose structures of twigs and the stems of trailing plants, with the -cup of grass, horse-hair, and vegetable fibre. The eggs are three, rarely -four, of a long oval, with a ground of light cream-color, dashed around the -larger end more or less thickly with blotches of burnt sienna, and with -cloudings of pale bistre underneath.</p> - -<p><!--365.png--><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 323]</span> -Mr. Audubon states that this Flycatcher reaches the Florida Keys about -the first of April. He describes their usual flight as performed by a constant -flutter of the wings, except when in chase, when they exhibit considerable -power and speed. He noticed them pursue larger birds, such as -Herons, Crows, Cuckoos, Grakles, and Hawks, following them quite a distance. -They did not molest the Doves. They built their nests in a manner -similar to the Kingbird, on the horizontal branches of the mangrove, almost -invariably on the western side of the tree and of the island. Some were not -more than two feet above the water, others were twenty feet. On one of the -keys, although of small size, he saw several of their nests, and more than -a dozen of the birds living amicably together.</p> - -<p>Dr. J. G. Cooper, who visited Florida in the spring of 1859, informed me, -by letter, on his return, that when he reached Cape Florida, March 8, none -of this species were to be seen on any of the keys. The first he noticed were -about the first of May, near Fort Dallas on the mainland. As, however, it -rarely appears at this place, he supposes they reached the keys some weeks -sooner. About May 14 he found several pairs at the Cape, and, going up -the coast to New Smyrna, he found them abundant about the marshy islands. -On the first of June, with a companion, he went in a small boat for the express -purpose of finding their nests; and, pushing the boat about among the -islands which almost filled Mosquito Lagoon, he discovered three in one afternoon. -They were all built among the small branches of low dead mangrove-trees, -about ten feet from the ground, formed of a loose, open flooring of -small twigs, with scarcely any lining of a finer material. One contained four -eggs half hatched, another three young and one egg, the third four young -just hatched. He preserved one nest and all the eggs, and presented them -to the National Museum in Washington. The old birds showed no resentment, -and neither came near nor followed him, differing very much in this -respect from the fearless and devoted Kingbird. The only notes this bird -was heard to utter were loud and harsh rattling cries. Dr. Bachman informed -Dr. Cooper that these birds had become quite regular summer visitants -of Charleston, where they continued to breed each season. Dr. Cooper -saw none away from the Florida coast, and thinks that none go inland.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure from 1 to 1.05 inches in length, and from -.70 to .72 of an inch in breadth. They are of an oblong oval shape, variously -marked with large blotches and smaller spots of purple, red-brown, -and a dark purplish-brown. The latter color, in a few cases, is found in -large masses, covering nearly a fifth of the entire surface of the egg; not -inaptly compared by Mr. Gosse to the sinuous outlines of lands, as represented -on a terrestrial globe.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--366.png--><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 324]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus verticalis</b>, <span class="sc">Say</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARKANSAS FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus verticalis</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Two">Exped. II</abbr>, 1823, 60.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual Two">Man. II</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, -306.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 173.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 235.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. -Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 113 (<abbr title="British Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 168.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, -312. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa verticalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 18, <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. -IV</abbr>, 1838, 422, <abbr title="plate 359">pl. ccclix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 199, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes verticalis</i>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 1859, 77.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X.</abbr> <i>S</i>, 37.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -The four exterior quills attenuated very gently at the end, the first most -so; third and fourth quills longest, second and fifth successively a little shorter. Tail -slightly forked; bill shorter than the head. Crown, sides of head above the eyes, nape, -and sides of neck pale lead-color, or ash-gray; a concealed crest on the crown, vermilion -in the centre, and yellowish before and behind. Hind neck and back ash-gray, strongly -tinged with light olivaceous-green, the gray turning to brown on the rump; upper tail-coverts -nearly black, lower dusky; chin and part of ear-coverts dull white; throat and -upper part of breast similar to the head, but lighter, and but slightly contrasted with the -chin; rest of lower parts, with the under wing-coverts and axillars, yellow, deepening to -gamboge on the belly, tinged with olivaceous on the breast. Wing brown, the coverts -with indistinct ashy margins; secondaries and tertials edged with whitish; inner webs of -primaries whitish towards the base. Tail nearly black above and glossy, duller brownish -beneath; without olivaceous edgings. Exterior feather, with the outer web and the -shaft, yellowish-white; inner edge of latter brown. Tips of remaining feathers paler. -Bill and feet dark brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> rather smaller and colors less bright. Length of male, -8.25; wing about 4.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western North America, from the high Central Plains to the Pacific; Colima, -Mexico. Accidental in Eastern States (New Jersey, <span class="sc">Turnbull</span>; Plymton, Maine, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> -1865, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Ten">Pr. Bost. Soc., X</abbr>, 1865, 96).</p> - -<p>The young bird is, in general, quite similar, with the exception of the -usual appearance of immaturity, the colored patch on the crown wanting. -In one specimen the first primary only is attenuated, in others none exhibit -this character.</p> - -<p>A specimen of this bird, shot at Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, is in the museum -of the Philadelphia Academy, but this locality can only be considered as -very exceptional.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Arkansas Flycatcher was first discovered by the party in -Long’s Expedition in 1823, and described by Mr. Say. It is a bird of western -North America, found from the great plains to the Pacific, and only accidentally -occurring east. A single specimen is said to have been shot in -Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, near Philadelphia. It has been met with in Texas as far -east as the river Mimbres, and in Nebraska nearly to the Missouri River. -The specimen from which the first description was made was obtained in the -beginning of July, near the Platte River.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, in his Western tour, first met with this species early in July, -among the scanty wood on the banks of the northwest branch of the Platte -River. He characterizes it as a bold and querulous bird. He found it -<!--367.png--><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 325]</span> -all the way from thence to the forests of the Columbia and the Wahlamet, -and throughout California to latitude 32<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. He speaks of them as remarkably -noisy and quarrelsome with each other, and, like the Kingbird, suffering -nothing of the bird kind to approach them without exhibiting their predilection -for dispute. He describes their note as a discordant, clicking warble, -resembling <i class="birdcall">tsh’k-tsh’k-tshivait</i>,—sounding not unlike the creaking of a rusty -door-hinge, something in the manner of a Kingbird, with a blending of the -notes of the common Purple Grakle.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend mentions finding this bird numerous along the banks of -the Platte, particularly in the vicinity of trees. From that river to the -banks of the Columbia, and as far as the ocean, it was a very common -species. The males were wonderfully belligerent, fighting almost constantly -and with great fury.</p> - -<p>Dr. J. G. Cooper states that in California this is an abundant species, -arriving in that State about the 20th of March. None are known to remain -within the State during the winter. Small parties of males come first, and -are very quarrelsome until each one has selected its mate. This is not done -for several weeks, and the earliest nest with eggs that he has found was on -the 12th of May at Santa Barbara. The nest, built on a branch of a low oak -near the town, was five inches wide, constructed of lichens, twigs, coarse -grass, and wool, lined with hair. It contained four eggs, measuring .94 by -.70 of an inch. He describes them as creamy-white, spotted with purple of -two shades near the larger end.</p> - -<p>These birds are said to be almost an exact counterpart of the Kingbird, -exhibiting the same courage in defence of their nests. Their notes are more -varied and noisy, and they utter them almost constantly during the spring, -often when flying and fighting. They are very destructive to bees, but compensate -for this damage by destroying great quantities of noxious insects. -They leave the State in October. At Puget Sound, early in June, Dr. Cooper -found this species associating with the common Kingbird without any signs -of disagreement, though their similar habits would naturally lead to disputes. -He has even seen them together in parties of four about the period of mating. -They do not approach the coast in Washington Territory.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this species abundant in the central and western portions -of Oregon and Washington Territory. He first noted their arrival from -the South about May 15. The first notification of their presence is given -by the skirmishes and quarrels incident to the love-season. Their battles -are generally fought in the air, and present ludicrous alternations of pursuit -and flight. At Fort Dalles their favorite breeding-places were oak-trees for -the most part.</p> - -<p>Mr. Charles D. Gibbes, of Stockton, informs us that these birds occasionally -build their nests in the shrubbery about the gardens, but more frequently -in large oak-trees, fifteen or twenty feet from the ground. They are constructed -of weeds and grass firmly woven together, and lined with cotton, -<!--368.png--><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 326]</span> -feathers, strings, and other soft materials. They are usually secured to the -limb on which they are placed by a portion of the string. The diameter of -the cavity of the nest is about three inches, depth one and a half. Their -eggs are laid in May and June, and are four, five, or six in number. They -are described as white, marked with dark brown spots on the larger end. -In some the spots, decreasing in size, extend to the smaller end.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy informs me that he has never detected this bird within the limits -of Wisconsin, though he has no doubt that they may occasionally straggle -into its limits, as have many of the birds peculiar to the Missouri region.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway gives it as one of the most abundant and familiar of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> in the Sacramento Valley and the fertile portions of the -Great Basin. He notes their excessively quarrelsome disposition, which far -exceeds that of the eastern Kingbird, for fighting among themselves seems -to be their chief amusement. As many as half a dozen of these birds were -sometimes noticed pitching at one another promiscuously, in their playful -combats; and when a nest was disturbed, the cries of the parents invariably -brought to the vicinity all the birds of this species in the neighborhood, -which, as soon as gathered together, began their aerial battles by attacking -each other without regard apparently to individuals, accompanying the fight -by a shrill twitter, very different from the loud rattling notes of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis</i>. -Indeed, all the notes of the western Kingbird are very conspicuously -different from those of the eastern species, being weaker, and more twittering -in their character. The nesting habits, the construction of the nest, and -appearance of the eggs, are, however, almost perfectly identical.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway gives an interesting account (<abbr title="American Naturalist, August">Am. Nat., Aug.</abbr>, 1869) of a -young bird of this species which became quite domesticated with his party -in the geological survey of the 40th parallel. It had been taken about the -middle of July, fully fledged, from the nest, by some Indians, and was fed -with grasshoppers and flies until able to catch them for itself. When not -in quest of food it remained quietly perched on Mr. Ridgway’s shoulder or -his hat, or would perch on a rope extending from the top of the tent to a -stake. At night it frequently roosted under an umbrella which hung outside -of the tent. If permitted, it would have preferred to keep on its master’s -shoulder, snuggling against his neck. In the morning it was sure to come -fluttering about his head, singling him out from a dozen or more persons who -lay around upon the ground. It had an insatiable appetite, and was ascertained -by actual count to consume one hundred and twenty fat grasshoppers -in a day. It soon learned its own name, Chippy, and always answered to -the call. It followed Mr. Ridgway when on horseback, occasionally leaving -to sport with other birds, but always returning to his shoulder or hat. It -evidently preferred the society of the camp to that of his own race. It -was once, by accident, nearly shot, and ever after held the gun in great dread. -It went with Mr. Ridgway from camp to camp, continuing perfectly tame -and domesticated, until, as was supposed, it fell a prey to a Hawk.</p> - -<p><!--369.png--><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 327]</span> -The eggs of this species are not easily distinguishable from those of the -common Kingbird. They have a ground-color of a crystalline whiteness, -marked with bold dashes of reddish and purplish brown, the latter fewer -and faint. They are oblong in shape, are pointed at one end, and measure -1 inch in length by .70 of an inch in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus vociferans</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus vociferans</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Tyrant Shrikes in Quarterly Journal <abbr title="Science, Twenty, January">Sc. XX, Jan.</abbr> -1826, 273.—<abbr title="Ibid Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 368.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 174, <abbr title="plate 48">pl. -xlviii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Border Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds 8, <abbr title="plate 10">pl. x</abbr>.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 235.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal. -I</abbr>, 1870, 314. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes vociferans</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 77. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus cassini</i>, -<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Natural History Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H. V</abbr>, 1852, 39, <abbr title="plate three">pl. iii</abbr>, fig. 2 (Texas).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill from the forehead about as long as the head. Tail even or slightly -rounded. Outer five primaries attenuated; the first four abruptly and deeply emarginated; -third quill longest, second and fourth a little less, first shorter than the sixth, and -half an inch less than the longest. Head and neck above and on the sides rather dark -bluish-ash; the throat and breast similar, and only a little paler. Rest of upper parts -olive-green tinged with gray, mixed with brown on the rump; the upper tail-coverts and -surface of the tail nearly black; the outer web of the external feather and the tips of all -pale brown. The chin is white, in strong contrast to the dark ash of the throat; the -rest of the under parts bright sulphur-yellow (the sides olivaceous), palest on the under -tail-coverts and inside of wing. A concealed vermilion patch in the crown, bordered by -straw-yellow. Wing-feathers brown, tinged with olive, becoming paler towards the edge. -Length, 8.80; wing, 5.25; tail, 4.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Gila and southern California, eastward to Pecos River, Texas, and into -Mexico, on table-lands; north along the Plains to Fort Laramie, south to Costa Rica. -Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 383); Vera Paz (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 121); <abbr title="Western">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. -N. S.</abbr> 1866, 59); Vera Cruz, hot and <abbr title="temperate">temp.</abbr> regions, and Plateau (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 557.)</p> - -<p>The table of specific characters presented under the generic head will -readily serve to distinguish this species from its near ally, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>. The -white outer web of the exterior tail-feather in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</i>, compared with the -brown web, only edged with whitish of the present bird, is always sufficient -to separate them; while the deep ash of the jugulum, and the much lighter, -more brownish shade of the wings, are entirely peculiar features.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird is abundant in Vera Cruz, where it is known by the -name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Portuguéz</i>. According to Sumichrast, it belongs to the hot and -temperate regions, rather than the alpine. It is also common in the Plateau, -and is found in all parts of Mexico.</p> - -<p>In Arizona Dr. Coues states this bird to be an abundant summer resident, -arriving in that Territory during the third week in April, and remaining -until the latter part of September. It was found in every kind of locality. -He furnishes no information as to its habits.</p> - -<p>During the Mexican Boundary Survey this species was taken on the -<!--370.png--><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 328]</span> -Colorado River, in California, by Dr. A. Schott, and at Los Nogales, Mexico, -by Dr. Kennerly. It was also met with in the Sacramento Valley by Dr. -Heermann; at Fort Thorn, New Mexico, by Dr. Henry; on the Pecos, -Texas, by Captain Pope; and specimens from Mexico have been received -from Mr. Gould. It does not appear to have been observed in Southwestern -Texas by Mr. Dresser.</p> - -<p>This species Dr. Cooper states to be quite common throughout the southern -half of California, and resident throughout the year at least as far north -as Los Angeles. In color they greatly resemble the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>, but are -less lively and not so quarrelsome in their habits. During the early part of -the year they begin to sing by daylight, generally from the top of some high -tree. Their notes are said to be loud and much more musical than those of -the other species, and their song exhibits considerable variety for a bird of -this family. During the middle of the day they are rather quiet, and sit -much of the time on their perch, occasionally catching an insect that comes -very near, but they are supposed by Dr. Cooper to feed mostly in the very -early morning. This observer found them breeding at San Diego as early -as March 28, as well as subsequently. Their nest is said to be much larger -and more firmly built than are those of others of the genus, being five and -a half inches in external diameter and about two and a half in height. The -cavity is three inches wide at the rim. The eggs, which he describes as -white, with large scattered reddish-brown and umber blotches, measure .96 -of an inch in length and .70 in breadth. He found some of these birds in -Santa Clara Valley in May, 1864. They appeared to be smaller and greener -on the back than those from the South. They winter in large numbers at -Santa Clara, in latitude 37<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. - -Dr. Coues found this a very abundant summer resident at Fort Whipple, -breeding there in considerable numbers, and all leaving early in October.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway did not meet with this species anywhere in the Great Basin, -nor in the Sacramento Valley. On the plains it is found as far north as -Cheyenne and Laramie Peak, and in the southern portion of the Western -Provinces extends westward to California.</p> - -<p>Specimens were obtained by Mr. George M. Skinner from Salamá, Vera -Paz, in Central America. It was also taken, in February, near Oaxaca, -Mexico, by Mr. Boucard.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,828), in the Smithsonian Museum, was taken at -Volcan de Colima, June, 1863, by Mr. John Xantus. It is a slight structure -composed chiefly of wiry grass, mixed with bits of wool, and lined with -finer grasses. The eggs are two in number, having a pure-white ground, -freckled on the larger end with purplish-brown and grayish-lilac. These -markings are more sparse and are finer than those of the eggs of any other -species of this genus, so far as I am aware. One of the eggs has a few -blotches of umber on the larger end. They measure, one .93 by .68 of an -inch, the other .93 by .65.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--371.png--><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 329]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus melancholicus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COUCH’S KINGBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus couchi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 175, <abbr title="plate 49, figure">pl. xlix, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> -1862, 235.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill long as the head. Feet stout. Five outer primaries abruptly attenuated -at the end; the third and fourth longest; the first a little longer than the sixth. Tail -considerably forked (depth of fork about .30 of an inch, or more). Head, neck, and -jugulum bluish-ashy, becoming nearly white on the throat, and shaded with yellow on -the breast. Rest of lower parts gamboge-yellow. Rest of upper parts olive-green, -tinged with ash anteriorly. Tail and primaries grayish-brown, the tail not the darker. -Wing-coverts passing externally into pale, the tertials edged with almost white. Crown -with a concealed patch of bright orange-red. Length, 9.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle America (both coasts), from southern border of United States, south to -Guatemala; Tucson, Arizona (<span class="sc">Bendire</span>).</p> - -<p>All specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. melancholicus</i> from regions north of Guatemala are -referrible to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>; all from Costa Rica southward, to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</i>.</p> - -<p>It is only by comparing specimens from near the extreme northern and -southern limits of the range of the species, that differences are readily discernible; -and between these two extremes there is so gradual a transition that -it is impossible to draw a line separating two well-marked varieties, so that it -is necessary to assume an arbitrary geographical line, and determine specimens -from the middle regions by their position, whether to the north or -south of the line established. Specimens from Buenos Ayres, the Parana, -and Brazil, to Peru and New Granada, are identical. Costa Rica specimens -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. satrapa</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>) have the dark tail of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</i> and white throat -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MYIARCHUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fauna Peruana</span>, 1844-46, 152.—<span class="sc">Burmeister</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Thiere Brasiliens, -<abbr title="2">II</abbr>, Vögel</span>, 1856, 469.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsus equal to or not longer than the middle toe, which is decidedly -longer than the hinder one. Bill wider at base than half the culmen. Tail broad, long, -even, or slightly rounded, about equal to the wings, which scarcely reach the middle of the -tail; the first primary shorter than the sixth. Head with elongated lanceolate distinct -feathers. Above brownish-olive, throat ash, belly yellow. Tail and wing feathers varied -with rufous.</p> - -<p>This genus is well marked among the American Flycatchers, and constitutes -what Bonaparte called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ultimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannularum primæ</i>. -The type is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa ferox</i> of Gmelin, (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannulus</i>,) which, as identified -by Cabanis and Burmeister as above, appears to resemble our species -very closely.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_372.jpg" - width="300" height="226" - alt="Illustration: Myiarchus mexicanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1449</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>For an elaborate discussion of the various forms of this exceedingly difficult -<!--372.png--><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 330]</span> -genus, we are indebted to a recent monograph by Dr. Coues, in the -Proceedings of the -Philadelphia Academy, -for June and -July, 1872 (<abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 56-81). -With the same -material for our investigations, -we have -been led, after a very -careful perusal of the -valuable paper mentioned, -and tedious -critical comparison -of the large material -at our command, to -adopt a somewhat -difficult view of the -relationship of the forms characterized. The following synopsis expresses -their affinity as at present understood:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above olivaceous, usually uniform, sometimes darker, -sometimes more ashy, on the head above. Head and jugulum more or less ashy, -though the latter is sometimes very pale. Rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow, -sometimes almost or quite white. Primaries, secondaries, and rectrices usually -more or less edged on either web with rufous; but sometimes entirely destitute -of this color.</p> - - -<p class="center indent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Bill sub-conical; sometimes nearly terete, its depth equal to, or exceeding, -its breadth in the middle portion; its lateral outlines moderately divergent -basally; terminal hook abrupt, strong. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannulus.</b> No trace of rufous edgings on either wings or tail. -Above ashy-olive, the pileum similar, the outer webs of wing-coverts and -secondaries edged with whitish. Head, laterally and beneath, ashy, the -throat and jugulum more whitish; rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow. -Tail slightly rounded.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Pileum and nape umber-brown; upper surface umber-grayish. Bill -dark brown. Wing, 3.50-3.70; tail, 3.60-3.90; culmen, .90-.95; -tarsus, .80-.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South and Central America, from Bolivia and -Southern Brazil to Costa Rica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannulus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_66" id="fnanchor_66"></a><a href="#footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Whole head and neck pure ash, paler on the throat, and darker on the -pileum; upper surface greenish-ash. Bill black. Wing, 3.70; tail, 4.00; -culmen, .82; tarsus, .91. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Ecuador and Guayaquil -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_67" id="fnanchor_67"></a><a href="#footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--373.png--><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 331]</span> -2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. validus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_68" id="fnanchor_68"></a><a href="#footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></span> - All the wing-coverts, tertials, secondaries, primaries, and -rectrices distinctly edged with rufous (the latter on both webs). Above -olivaceous, more ashy anteriorly; the upper tail-coverts more rufescent; -remiges broadly rufous on exterior edges; rectrices with the whole inner -web (except a narrow streak along the shaft) and edge of outer web rufous. -Head beneath, and entire throat and breast, deep ash; rest of lower parts -sulphur-yellow, the junction of the two colors not well defined. Wing, -3.80-4.20; tail, 3.80-4.20; culmen, 1.00; tarsus, .80-91; tail even; -third and fourth quill longest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinitus.</b> Outer webs of primaries distinctly edged with rufous (no -other rufous on wings); inner webs of rectrices broadly, sometimes entirely, -rufous, none on outer webs (except in young). Above olivaceous, varying -from a greenish to an ashy cast, the pileum more brownish. Wing-coverts -(both rows) broadly tipped with brownish ashy-whitish; tertials, secondaries, -and lateral tail-feather broadly edged on outer web with the same. Head -laterally and beneath ashy paler on the throat and jugulum; rest of lower -parts delicate yellow, varying from a rich lemon to a pale sulphur tint. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Continental America.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill dark brown (never black). Upper parts decidedly greenish; ash -of throat and jugulum, and yellow of abdomen, etc., very deep.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Inner webs of rectrices wholly rufous, or with only a narrow -strip of dusky along the shaft. Wing, 3.75-4.25; tail, 3.75-4.20; -culmen, .95-1.00; tarsus, .85-.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -North America; in winter south through Eastern Mexico to -Guatemala (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i> in Nicaragua) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill deep black; upper parts without a greenish, but, instead, an ashy-brownish -cast; ash of throat and jugulum, and yellow of abdomen, -etc., very pale.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Inner webs of rectrices broadly (but not entirely) rufous to the -extreme tip, with a broad dusky stripe next the shaft.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Wing, 4.10-4.50; tail, 4.00-4.70; culmen, 1.10-1.20; -tarsus, 1.00-1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern and Western Mexico -(Tehuantepec, Yucatan, Mazatlan, etc.) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_69" id="fnanchor_69"></a><a href="#footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Wing, 3.60-3.90; tail, 3.50-3.75; culmen, .90-1.00; tarsus, -.80-.85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern South America, and Central America, -from Paraguay to Costa Rica (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i> in Guatemala, -and into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</i> in Tehuantepec) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_70" id="fnanchor_70"></a><a href="#footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -<!--374.png--><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 332]</span> -Inner webs of rectrices almost entirely rufous to near the extreme -tip, the end of the web, however, being brownish-dusky like the -outer.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Wing, 3.35-4.10; tail, 3.35-4.10; culmen, .80-1.00; tarsus, -.80-.91. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, and -Western Mexico (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i> in Tehuantepec, -and in winter migrating into Eastern Mexico) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. stolidus.</b> Colors essentially nearly as the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinitus</i>. -Primaries more or less distinctly edged with rufous, especially on inner -quills; rectrices with inner webs more or less edged with rufous (found -only terminally in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i>). Wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull -ashy-whitish. Above brownish-slaty, with an olivaceous cast, the pileum -more or less appreciably darker. Beneath ashy-white, without distinct -yellow (except in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i>, in which the abdomen, etc., are pale -sulphury yellow). Tail varying in shape from slightly rounded to distinctly -emarginated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Indies.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Beneath entirely white, only faintly, or hardly appreciably, tinged -with sulphur-yellow on the flanks.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Inner web of rectrices broadly edged with rufous for the whole -length. Crown scarcely darker than the back. Tail distinctly -emarginated. Wing, 3.15-3.50; tail, 3.30-3.60; culmen, .85-.95; -tarsus, .80-85. (Bahaman specimens the larger). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Bahamas and Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_71" id="fnanchor_71"></a><a href="#footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Inner web of rectrices not edged with rufous except at extreme -tip, where sometimes also absent. Crown decidedly darker than -the back. Tail slightly rounded. Wing, 3.25-3.50; tail, 3.20-3.60; -culmen, .85-95; tarsus, .85-90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_72" id="fnanchor_72"></a><a href="#footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">Beneath white only on throat and jugulum, the abdomen, etc., being -sulphur-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Inner webs of rectrices more or less distinctly edged with rufous -for whole length. Pileum very much darker than the back. Wing, -3.35-3.50; tail, 3.35-3.65; culmen, .90-.95; tarsus, .80-.85. -Tail faintly doubly-rounded. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti, Jamaica, (and Yucatan?) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_73" id="fnanchor_73"></a><a href="#footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Bill much depressed, its depth only about half its width, in the middle -portion; lateral outlines widely divergent basally; terminal hook weak. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent1">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tristis.</b> Colors very variable, and amount of rufous exceedingly -different in the different races. Inner webs of rectrices seldom edged with -rufous; rufous sometimes entirely absent on both wings and tail, and sometimes -the whole wing and both webs of rectrices distinctly edged with it. -Above ashy-olive, usually with more or less of a greenish cast, the pileum -<!--375.png--><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 333]</span> -decidedly darker (except in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i>); throat and jugulum ashy-white; -rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central and South America, and -Jamaica.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Pileum sooty-brown, decidedly darker than the back; wings and tail -entirely destitute of rufous edgings, except a faint tinge on outer webs -of inner secondaries and rectrices, towards the base. Tail faintly -rounded. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.10; culmen, .80; tarsus, .65. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Jamaica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_74" id="fnanchor_74"></a><a href="#footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Pileum grayish-brown, not appreciably darker than the back; outer -webs of inner secondaries and primaries and rectrices faintly edged -with rufous. Wing, 2.80-3.40; tail, 2,85-3.45; culmen, .85-.90; -tarsus, .75-.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico, from northern boundary, -south to Colima, Tehuantepec, Yucatan, and Salvador -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_75" id="fnanchor_75"></a><a href="#footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Pileum sooty-blackish, decidedly and abruptly darker than the back. -Outer webs of wing-coverts, primaries, secondaries, and rectrices distinctly -edged with rufous. Yellow beneath brighter than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i>. -Wing, 3.20-3.30; tail, 3.15-3.30; culmen, .80-.85; tarsus, .75-.80. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central America from Panama to Guatemala (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> in Tehuantepec, and Orizaba) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_76" id="fnanchor_76"></a><a href="#footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Pileum deep black, abruptly different from the greenish-olive of the -back, and separated from it by a more ashy shade. Wings and tail -wholly destitute of rufous edgings. Yellow beneath brighter than in -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>. Wing, 3.20; tail, 3.20; culmen, .85; tarsus, .78. -Tail about even. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwest South America, from Ecuador -northward (grading into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i> on Isthmus of Panama) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_77" id="fnanchor_77"></a><a href="#footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--376.png--><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 334]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa crinita</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 325.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 75, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. -xiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Verzeichniss <abbr title="der Doubletten">Doubl.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 559.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 176; -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 423, <abbr title="plate 129">pl. cxxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 209, <abbr title="plate 57">pl. lvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Tyrant Shrikes in Quarterly Journal, <abbr title="Twenty, January">XX, Jan.</abbr> 1826, 271.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 302.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 182. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, -Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula crinita</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 189.—<span class="sc">Kaup</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. -Soc.</abbr> 1851, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal für Ornithologie 3" lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journ. für Ornith. III</abbr>, 1855, 479.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 178.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 232.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 131. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax -crinitus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1859, 73 (type, <abbr title="Journal">Journ.</abbr> 1861, 250). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa ludoviciana</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 934.—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index">Ind.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa virginiana cristata</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1760, -412. <cite>Crested Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figure: <span class="sc">Buffon</span> <abbr title="planches enluminéz">pl. enl.</abbr> 569, fig. 1.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_376.jpg" - width="250" height="259" - alt="Illustration: Myiarchus cinerascens" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head with a depressed crest. Third quill longest; fourth and second -successively but little shorter; first a little longer than seventh; much shorter than sixth. -Tail decidedly rounded or even graduated; the -lateral feather about .25 of an inch shorter. -Upper parts dull greenish-olive, with the feathers -of the crown and to some extent of the -back showing their brown centres; upper tail-coverts -turning to pale rusty-brown. Small feathers -at the base of the bill, ceres, sides of the head -as high as the upper eyelid, sides of the neck, -throat, and forepart of the breast, bluish-ashy; -the rest of the lower parts, including axillaries -and lower wing-coverts, bright sulphur-yellow. -A pale ring round the eye. Sides of the breast -and body tinged with olivaceous. The wings -brown; the first and second rows of coverts, -with the secondary and tertial quills, margined -externally with dull white, or on the latter slightly -tinged with olivaceous-yellow. Primaries margined externally for more than half their -length from the base with ferruginous; great portion of the inner webs of all the quills -very pale ferruginous. The two middle tail-feathers light brown, shafts paler; the rest -have the outer web and a narrow line on the inner sides of the shaft brown, pale olivaceous -on the outer edge; the remainder ferruginous to the very tip. Outer web of exterior -feather dull brownish-yellow. Feet black. Bill dark brown above and at the tip -below; paler towards the base. Length, 8.75; wing, 4.25; tail, 4.10; tarsus, .85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the Missouri and south to Eastern Texas (not yet -observed farther west). Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 121); Cuba (<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert.</abbr> 1865, 239; -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 479); ? Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. J.</abbr> 186); Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 329); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 250; <abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 115); San Antonio, Texas -(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 473, rare).</p> - -<p>The female appears to have no brown on the inner web of the quills along -the shaft, or else it is confined chiefly to the outer feathers.</p> - -<p>The young is hardly appreciably different, having merely the wing-coverts -tinged with rusty at the ends.</p> - -<p><!--377.png--><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 335]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Great-crested Flycatcher of eastern North America -has a much more extended northern distribution than has been generally -given it by earlier writers. Wilson speaks of it only as a bird of Pennsylvania. -Audubon mentions their occurring as far as Massachusetts, but as -confined to the mountains, and as entirely unknown farther eastward. Mr. -Nuttall refers to it as nearly unknown in New England, and as never -appearing near the coast.</p> - -<p>It is now known to be a regular though a somewhat rare summer resident, -at least as far to the northeast as <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen, New Brunswick, latitude 45<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> -north, longitude 67<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> west, and as far to the north in Vermont as Randolph, -and Hamilton in Canada, both in about latitude 44<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Mr. Boardman mentions -it as a regular summer visitant, and as breeding near Calais. Professor -Verrill gives it as a rare summer visitant of Western Maine. Mr. -McIlwraith states it to be a common summer resident of Hamilton, Canada -West, where it arrives about the 10th of May, after which its harsh cry -is heard in all parts of the woods. It winters in Central America and -Panama.</p> - -<p>In a letter dated June 17, 1865, Mr. C. S. Paine of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, informed -me that he had, within a few days, found a nest of this Flycatcher. -It was built in the hollow of a decayed apple-tree, in one of its limbs. The -nest was built up from the bottom of the cavity some eight inches, and contained -six eggs. Though not very abundant in that neighborhood, Mr. Paine -had been aware, for several years, of the occurrence of this Flycatcher, but -had never before been able to ascertain its manner of nesting. He has -since informed me that these Flycatchers have continued to occur every -summer, as they always make their presence known by their harsh notes, -which may be heard to quite a distance, and he knows that they breed there -regularly every year. They are shy, and do not come about the buildings, -but are generally seen in the woods and orchards.</p> - -<p>In Eastern Massachusetts they are not common, but scattered pairs have -been met with in Concord, Acton, Newton, Hingham, and in other places.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that the Great-crested Flycatcher reaches Washington -the third week in April, and leaves the last of September. It is a common -summer resident, but is most numerous in the spring and autumn. It is -found on the edge of open woods, and betrays its presence by its peculiar -notes. In the western part of Massachusetts, Mr. Allen gives it as a rare -summer visitant, having been taken by him from May 15 to September 17, -and having been found breeding on Mount Tom by Mr. C. W. Bennett. -It is found abundantly in the Middle and Southern States as far south as -Florida and Texas, and occurs as far to the west as the Missouri River. -Dr. Woodhouse found it very abundant in Texas and in the Indian Territory, -and Mr. Dresser obtained specimens at San Antonio in the month of -April.</p> - -<p>In speaking of the habits of this species, Wilson accuses it of being -<!--378.png--><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 336]</span> -addicted to eating bees equally with the Kingbird; but as this bird is known -to feed largely on berries, and to feed its young to some extent with the -same, the extent of such propensity may well be doubted. It is not so prone -to attack birds larger than itself as is the Kingbird, which Wilson characterizes -as cowardice, but which it would be more charitable to call prudence. -It is said to be harsh, cruel, and vindictive to smaller birds and to weaker -individuals of its own species.</p> - -<p>In its flight it moves with power, steadiness, and swiftness, and when in -pursuit of insects follows its prey with great zeal and perseverance. When -it captures a large insect, it retires to its perch and beats it against the -limb. These birds are not in the least gregarious. They occur in isolated -pairs, and appear to have no interest or sympathy with others than those of -their own household. To each other, however, they are attentive and considerate, -and they are devoted in their solicitude for their young.</p> - -<p>Their usual call-note is a sharp disagreeable squeak, which, once known, is -easily recognized. Besides this it has a monotonous succession of squeaking, -harsh notes, only a little less unpleasant. They raise but one brood in -a season, and remain together in a family group of from six to eight until -they leave, in the middle of September.</p> - -<p>During the early summer this species feeds chiefly upon insects of various -kinds, which it catches with great facility, skill, and assiduity; afterwards, as -if from choice, it chiefly eats ripe berries of various kinds of shrubs and -plants, among which those of the poke-weed and the huckleberry are most -noticeable. It nests altogether in hollows in trees, stumps, or limbs. It -lines the bottoms of these hollows with a great variety of miscellaneous -materials, and in quantities that vary with the size and shape of the place to -be occupied. These beds are composed of loose hay, feathers, the hair of -various small quadrupeds, etc., while the exuviæ of snakes are almost always -to be met with.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four, five, or six in number, are peculiar and noticeably varied -and beautiful in their style of markings, varying also somewhat in shape. -Generally they are nearly spherical, and equally obtuse at either end. -Occasionally they are an oblong oval, one end a very little more tapering -than the other. Their ground-color is a beautiful light buff, rather than a -cream-color, over which are waving lines, marblings, markings, and dots of a -brilliant purple, and others of a more obscure shading. The lines are -variously distributed, generally running from one pole of the egg to the -other with striking effect, as if laid on with the delicate brush of an artist. -In some eggs the whole surface is so closely covered with these intercrossing -and waving lines, blending with the obscure cloudings of lilac, as nearly to -conceal the ground. Usually the buff color is conspicuously apparent, and -sets off the purple lines with great effect.</p> - -<p>An oblong-oval egg from New Jersey measures 1.10 inches in length by -.70 of an inch in breadth. A more nearly spherical egg from Florida measures -<!--379.png--><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 337]</span> -.90 by .75 of an inch. These well represent the two extremes. Their -average is about 1 inch by .75 of an inch.</p> - -<p>The eggs of all the members of this genus have a remarkable similarity, -and can scarcely be mistaken for those of any other group.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</b>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula cinerascens</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum of Natural History, Five, September">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. Hist. V, Sept.</abbr> 1851, 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus -cinerascens</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 133.—<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1871, 84.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. -N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 69. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 179, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 5.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> -X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 37, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus</i>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1859, 303 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill black, the width opposite the nostrils not half the length of culmen. -Head crested. Tail even, the lateral feathers slightly shorter. Second, third, and fourth -quills longest; first rather shorter than the seventh. Above dull grayish-olive; the -centres of the feathers rather darker; the crown, rump, and upper tail-coverts tinged -with brownish. The forehead and sides of the head and neck grayish-ash; the chin, -throat, and forepart of the breast ashy-white; the middle of the breast white; the rest -of the under parts very pale sulphur-yellow; wings and tail brown. Two bands across -the wing, with outer edges of secondaries and tertials, dull white; the outer edges of the -primaries light chestnut-brown (except towards the tip and on the outer feather); the -inner edges tinged with the same. Whole of middle tail-feathers, with the outer webs -(only) and the ends of the others brown; the rest of the inner webs reddish-chestnut, -the outer web of exterior feather yellowish-white. Legs and bill black; lower mandible -brownish at the base. Length about 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.10; tarsus, .90.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of California, to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and across by the valley of Gila and Rio -Grande to Northeastern Mexico. Seen as far north in Texas as San Antonio. Oaxaca -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 384); ? Guatemala -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 129); -Vera Cruz hot regions, resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> -M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 473).</p> - -<p>In a young specimen the crown is more tinged with brown; the upper -tail-coverts and the middle tail-feathers are chestnut, and, in fact, all the -tail-feathers are of this color, except along both sides of the shaft on the -central feathers, and along its outer side in the lateral ones.</p> - -<p>This species is easily distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. crinitus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. cooperi</i> by -the brown tip of the tail; the colors paler than in the former, bill slenderer, -and tarsi longer.</p> - -<p>A variety of this species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_78" id="fnanchor_78"></a><a href="#footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></span>) -is found at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and distinguished -chiefly by the considerably larger and stouter bill.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Ash-throated or Mexican Flycatcher appears to be a common -species, from San Antonio, Texas, its extreme northeastern point, southwesterly -throughout Mexico as far south as Guatemala, and westward to -the Pacific coast. It has been obtained in various parts of California -by Mr. Cutts, Mr. Schott, Dr. Heermann, and others, as also on the Gila -<!--380.png--><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 338]</span> -River. Dr. Kennerly procured specimens at Los Nogales, Mexico, and -others have met with it near the city of Mexico, at Saltillo, and in different -parts of Western Texas. It was found breeding at Cape San Lucas by Mr. -Xantus.</p> - -<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast found this species apparently -confined to the hot region. He did not meet with it anywhere else.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser thinks that this Flycatcher does not reach San Antonio before -the latter part of April. The first that came under his notice was one -that he shot, on the <abbr title="twenty-third">23d</abbr> of that month, on the Medina River. It breeds -near the Medina and the San Antonio Rivers, making its nest in a hollow tree, -or taking possession of a deserted Woodpecker’s hole. Mr. Dresser observed -these birds as far to the east as the Guadaloupe River, where they were common. -Farther east he saw but very few. Their eggs he speaks of as peculiarly -marked with a multitude of purple and brown dashes and lines on a -dull yellowish-brown ground, and very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>.</p> - -<p>In the Mexican Boundary Survey, individuals of this species were taken -by Mr. A. Schott, March 31, on the Colorado Bottom; near the Gila River, -New Mexico, December 31; and also at Eagle Pass, in Texas, date not given. -Mr. J. H. Clark obtained a specimen at Frontera, Texas, where he mentions -finding it in great abundance in damp places, or near the water. In May, -1853, Lieutenant Couch secured several near Saltillo, and notes its occurrence -among mesquite-bushes. In the following June, Dr. Kennerly found -them very abundant at Los Nogales. Where two were found together, they -were generally noticed to be uttering a loud chattering noise.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed in the survey of Lieutenant -Williamson’s route between the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> and the 35th parallels, mentions -finding this species abundant. His specimens were obtained near Posa -Creek. He describes them as of shy and retiring habits, preferring the deep -and shady forests where its insect food abounds. The nests, found in hollows -of trees or in a deserted squirrel’s or Woodpecker’s hole, were composed of -grasses and lined with feathers. The eggs, five in number, he describes as -cream-colored, marked and speckled with purplish-red dashes and faint -blotches of a neutral tint.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found them a common summer resident in Arizona, where they -arrived in the third week in April and remained until the middle of September. -They were seldom found among pine-trees, but appeared to prefer -ravines, hillsides, and creek bottoms. Some wintered as high up in the Colorado -Valley as Fort Mohave. At Fort Whipple young birds were first -observed early in July.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper obtained one of this species at Fort Mohave, January 15, and -is of the opinion that some may habitually winter in the Colorado Valley. -In California they begin to arrive about March 10, and extend their range -through very nearly the whole of the State. He describes their notes as -few, loud, and harsh, but little varied, and uttered from time to time as they -<!--381.png--><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 339]</span> -fly after an insect from an accustomed perch, usually a lower dead limb of -a forest tree. They prefer shady situations, and are said to feed late in the -evening.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this species in all suitable localities, from the Sacramento -Valley eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains. It was most abundant -among the oaks of the plains between the Sacramento River and the -Sierra Nevada; but in the wooded river valleys of the interior, as well as in -the cedar and piñon or mahogany woods on the mountains of the latter -region, it was also more or less frequently met with. In its manners it is -described as a counterpart of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinitus</i>, but its notes, though -generally similar in character, have not that strength which makes the -vociferous screaming whistles of the eastern species so noticeable.</p> - -<p>This species, or a very closely allied race of it (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>) was procured -at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus. It had the peculiarities of a -southern race, stronger feet, stouter bill, and a generally smaller size.</p> - -<p>A few individuals of this species were found by Mr. Grayson inhabiting -the islands of the Three Marias, on the Pacific coast of Mexico. He usually -saw them among low bushes, darting from their perch after flies and other -winged insects. They were very silent, and seldom uttered a note.</p> - -<p>Four eggs of this species from Matamoras, collected by the late Dr. Berlandier, -have the following measurements: .82 by .75, .91 by .71, .95 by .75, -.98 by .75 of an inch. Though having a very close resemblance to the eggs -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinita</i>, there are noticeable certain constant variations. The ground-color -is a little lighter, and has a tinge of pinkish not found in the eggs of -the eastern species. The markings are more in oblong plashes of irregular -shape, and rarely exhibit the waving lines. There are more and larger -blotches of a light purplish-brown. The eggs are a little more spherical in -their general shape, and the markings are less abundant. The eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. -cooperi</i> have a still more roseate tint in the buff of the ground-color, are -marked with smaller blotches of bright purple and much larger ones of -lilac-brown. They measure .92 by .75 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SAYORNIS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> ? Ateneo italiano, 1854.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Comptes Rendus, 1854, Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Orn.</abbr> Delattre.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal für <abbr title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr></span> 1856, 1 (type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Head with a blended depressed moderate crest. Tarsus decidedly longer -than middle toe, which is scarcely longer than the hind toe. Bill rather narrow; width -at base about half the culmen. Tail broad, long, slightly forked; equal to the wings, -which are moderately pointed, and reach to the middle of the tail. First primary shorter -than the sixth.</p> - -<p>This genus agrees with the preceding in the length of the broad tail, but -<!--382.png--><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 340]</span> -has a longer tarsus and a different style of coloration. The species are distinguished -as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nigricans.</b> Sooty black; abdomen and edge of outer web of lateral -tail-feather pure white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower tail-coverts pure white.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Greater wing-coverts paler toward tips of outer webs. Wing, -3.60; tail, 3.45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province, United States, and Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower tail-coverts blackish.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Greater coverts not appreciably paler at ends. Wing, 3.35; tail, -3.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, north of Panama -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_79" id="fnanchor_79"></a><a href="#footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Both rows of wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white; white -edgings of secondaries very conspicuous. Wing, 3.35; tail, 3.30. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada; Venezuela -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_80" id="fnanchor_80"></a><a href="#footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus.</b> Grayish-olive above, and on sides of breast; beneath (including -throat) white, tinged with sulphur-yellow. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province United States; Eastern Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sayus.</b> Brownish-ashy, the tail and upper tail-coverts black; abdomen -and crissum deep ochraceous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, -and whole of Mexico.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK PEWEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis Birds of Mexico, Taylor's Philosophical Magazine One">Syn. Birds Mex. Taylor’s Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 367.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogy of California and Oregon Route, Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. & Or. Route, Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 81. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa -nigricans</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 302, <abbr title="plate 474">pl. cccclxxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, -218, <abbr title="plate 60">pl. lx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 326. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius -nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Tschudi Fauna <abbr title="Peruana">Peruan.</abbr> 1844-46, -153 (Peru). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span> <abbr title="28">XXVIII</abbr>, 1854, notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr> -87.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 183.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 38.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie 4">Cab. Journ. für Ornith. IV</abbr>, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr> 1856, 2 -(type of genus).—<abbr title="Ibid Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. H. II</abbr>, 68. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa semiatra</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of Beechey's Voyage">Zoöl. Beechey -Voy.</abbr> 1839, 17.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_383.jpg" - width="250" height="213" - alt="Illustration: Sayornis nigricans" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">3906</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"> -<!--383.png--><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 341]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings rounded; second, third, and fourth longest; first rather shorter -than sixth. Tarsi with a second row -of scales behind. The head and -neck all round, forepart and sides of -the breast, dark sooty-brown; the -rest of the upper parts similar, but -lighter; faintly tinged with lead-color -towards the tail. The middle of the -breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts -white; some of the latter, -with the shafts and the centre, brown. -The lower wing-coverts grayish-brown, -edged with white. Wings -dark brown; the edges of secondary -coverts rather lighter; of primary -coverts dull white. Edge of the -exterior vane of the first primary and -of secondaries white. Tail dark -brown, with the greater part of the outer vane of the exterior tail-feather white; this -color narrowing from the base to the tip. Bill and feet black. The tail rounded, rather -emarginate; feathers broad; more obliquely truncate than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</i>. The bill slender; -similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>. Length, nearly 7 inches; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -California coast (Umpqua Valley, Oregon, Newberry), and across by valley of -Gila and Upper Rio Grande to New Leon, and south; Mazatlan. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, -383); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 296); Vera Cruz, <abbr title="temperate and alpine">temp. and alp.</abbr> regions, breeding (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. -Soc. I</abbr>, 557); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 60).</p> - -<p>The female appears to differ only in the smaller size. A young bird from -San Francisco has two bands of rusty on the wing; the shoulders and -hinder part of the back tinged with the same.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Within our limits the Black Flycatcher has a distribution very -nearly corresponding with that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens</i>. It is found from -Oregon and California on the Pacific coast, to the valley of the Rio Grande, -and thence south throughout Mexico. It also occurs as a resident in Guatemala. -Specimens in the Smithsonian Museum are from various parts of -Mexico, from New Mexico, and California.</p> - -<p>During his explorations in Northern Mexico, Lieutenant Couch first met -with this species at Cadereita, Mexico, in April, occurring in abundance under -the high banks of the stream which supplies the town with water. Its habits -appeared to him to be much the same with those of the common Phœbe-Bird -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>). Its nest was supposed to be in the bank. Dr. Kennerly, -who found it at Espia, Mexico, could not observe any difference in the habits -from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>. They were both observed in the -same vicinity, feeding alike on insects and having the same movements.</p> - -<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast says that this species is -known by the common name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aguador</i>. It is very common in both the -temperate and the colder regions of that State. It nests within the dwelling-houses -in the city of Orizaba.</p> - -<p><!--384.png--><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 342]</span> -Dr. Kennerly states that after passing the mountains of California, and -descending into the valley of the San Gabriel River, he found these birds -quite abundant on the Pueblo Creek in New Mexico, though he had noticed -none previously. They were generally found perched upon the summit of a -bush, from which they would occasionally make short excursions in search -of prey. At the season in which they were observed, March, they were -rarely found in pairs, from which he inferred they were already hatching.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann speaks of it as abundant throughout all California, and -as constructing its nests in situations similar to those of the common -eastern species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>). It seems to have a marked predilection for the -vicinity of streams and lakes, where it is nearly always to be seen, perched -upon a stake or branch. It occasionally darts into the air for an insect, and -returns to the same place to renew its watch and to repeat these movements. -The nest, composed of mud and mosses and lined with hair, is placed against -the rocks, the rafters of a house or bridge, or against the inside of a large -hollow tree, and the eggs, four or five in number, are pure white, speckled -with red.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this Flycatcher a very abundant and permanent resident -in the valleys of the Gila and Colorado, and the more southern portions of -the Territory of Arizona generally. It was not observed in the immediate -vicinity of Fort Whipple, though it was detected a few miles south of that -locality. As it has been found on the Pacific coast so much farther north -than the latitude of Fort Whipple, he thinks it may yet be met with, -at least as a summer visitant to that place. In his journey from Arizona -to the Pacific, he ascertained that it is common throughout Southern Arizona, -being, among land birds, his most constant companion on the route. -Perched generally in pairs upon the dense verdure that in many places -overhangs the river, it pursued its constant vocation of securing the vagrant -insects around it, constantly uttering its peculiar unmelodious notes. -In all its movements the Pewee of the Eastern States was unmistakably -reproduced. It was rather shy and wary. In Southern Arizona and California -it remains throughout the winter. It seems to delight not only in -river bottoms, but also in deep mountain gorges and precipitous cañons -with small streams flowing through them.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry found this species quite common in Northern California, -and specimens were also obtained as far to the north as the Umpqua Valley -in Oregon. According to Dr. Cooper it is an abundant and resident species in -all the lower parts of California, except the Colorado Valley, where he found -none later than March 25, as they had all evidently passed on farther north. -At San Diego, at that date, the following year (1862), all these birds had -nests and eggs, and were there, as elsewhere, the first birds to build. Their -nest, he states, is formed of an outer wall of mud about five and a quarter -inches wide and three and a half high. It is built like that of the Barn -Swallow, in little pellets, piled successively, as they dry, in the shape of -<!--385.png--><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 343]</span> -a half-cup. They are fastened to a wall, or sometimes placed on a shelf, -beam, or ledge of a rock, but are always under some protecting cover, often -under a bridge. They are lined with fine grass or moss, and horse or cow -hair. The eggs, four or five in number, he describes as pure white, measuring -.74 by .55 of an inch.</p> - -<p>This bird is said to prefer the vicinity of human habitations, and also to -keep about water, on account of the numerous flies they find in such situations. -It will often sit for hours at a time on the end of a barn, or some -other perch, uttering a monotonous but not unpleasant ditty, which resembles, -according to Dr. Cooper, the sound of <i class="birdcall">pittic pittit</i>, alternately repeated, and -quite like the cry of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>, which is its exact counterpart -in habits. It is said to fly only a short distance at a time, turning and -dodging quickly in pursuit of its prey, which it captures with a sharp snap -of the bill.</p> - -<p>This species was met with by Mr. Ridgway only in the vicinity of Sacramento -City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, where it seemed to replace our eastern Pewee, having the -same familiarity and general habits, and with notes not distinguishable from -some belonging to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species, as described by Dr. Cooper and by Dr. Heermann, -are either pure white unspotted, or else white with fine red dots, in this -respect resembling the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>, which present the same variations. -The measurements of those in my cabinet vary from .75 by .56 of an -inch to .78 by .60.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin says that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i> is a resident species at Dueñas, in -Guatemala, where it may always be found at a short distance from the village, -up the stream of the river Guacatate. It also occurs about the lake. -In its actions it is described as a lively and restless species, in this respect -having but little resemblance to the Tyrant Flycatchers. It may always be -found near water, generally sitting on a stone on the margin, from which it -constantly darts to seize a fly or an insect from the surface. His remarks -may, however, refer to the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PEWEE; PHŒBE-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 931.—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, Index, <abbr title="Ornithologicus Two">Orn. II</abbr>, 1790, 483.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 68, <abbr title="plate 40">pl. xl</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. Wilson</abbr>, 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 115.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Synopsis, 68.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 122; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 424, <abbr title="plate 120">pl. cxx</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Synopsis, 1839, 43.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 223, <abbr title="plate 63">pl. lxiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr title="Long">L.</abbr> -Island, 1844, 42. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula fusca</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus -fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 312. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Aulanax fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four">Cab. -Journ. IV</abbr>, 1856, 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa atra</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 946.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 278. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa phœbe</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, Index <abbr title="Ornithologicus Two">Orn. II</abbr>, 1790, 489. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa -nunciola</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 78, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius nunciola</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, -<!--386.png--><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 344]</span> -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa carolinensis fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology Two">Orn. II</abbr>, 1760, 367. <cite>Black-headed -Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Arctic Zoölogy Two">Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 389, 269. <cite>Black-cap Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, Synopsis, -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 353. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidias fuscus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> M. H. II</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1859, 69 (type).—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> -Catal.</abbr> 1862, 234. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 184.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 133.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 1871, 299.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_386.jpg" - width="250" height="207" - alt="Illustration: Sayornis nigricans" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Sides of breast and upper parts dull olive-brown, fading slightly towards -the tail. Top and sides of head dark brown. -A few dull white feathers on the eyelids. -Lower parts dull yellowish-white, mixed -with brown on the chin, and in some individuals -across the breast. Quills brown, the -outer primary, secondaries, and tertials -edged with dull white. In some individuals -the greater coverts faintly edged with dull -white. Tail brown; outer edge of lateral -feather dull white; outer edges of the rest -like the back. Tibiæ brown. Bill and feet -black. Bill slender, edges nearly straight. -Tail rather broad and slightly forked. -Third quill longest; second and fourth -nearly equal; the first shorter than sixth. Length, 7 inches; wing, 3.42; tail, 3.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America; Eastern Mexico to Mirador and Orizaba. Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> -J. IV</abbr>, 1); Xalapa, (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 234); Vera Cruz, winter (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); -San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 773, rare).</p> - -<p>In autumn, and occasionally in early spring, the colors are much clearer -and brighter. Whole lower parts sometimes bright sulphur-yellow; above, -greenish-olive; top and sides of the head tinged with sooty. In the young -of the year the colors are much duller; all the wing-coverts broadly tipped -with light ferruginous, as also the extreme ends of the wings and tail-feathers. -The brown is prevalent on the whole throat and breast; the hind -part of the back, rump, and tail strongly ferruginous.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Pewee, or Phœbe-Bird, a well-known harbinger of early -spring, is a common species throughout the whole of eastern North America, -from the Rio Grande, on the southwest, to the provinces of Nova Scotia -and New Brunswick on the northeast, and as far west as the Missouri River.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found it common both throughout Texas and in the Indian -Territory. It was taken by Sumichrast in the Department of Vera -Cruz, but he was in doubt whether it occurs there as a resident or is only -migratory. It was observed at San Antonio, Texas, but only as a migrant, -by both Dresser and Heermann; but at Houston, in that State, it evidently -remains and breeds, as individuals were seen there in June by Dresser. -Specimens were taken in February at Brownsville, Texas, by Lieutenant -Couch, and afterwards in March on the opposite side of the river,—in -Tamaulipas, Mexico.</p> - -<p>In South Carolina, Dr. Coues found these birds most common in the -months of February and March, and again in October and November. He -had no doubt that some remain and pass the winter, and that others are -<!--387.png--><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 345]</span> -resident in the State during the summer months, but believes the great -majority go farther north to breed.</p> - -<p>In Western Maine it is a common summer visitant, breeding there in considerable -numbers. Professor Verrill states that it is frequently seen there -the first of March, becoming quite common by the first of April. It is also -a summer visitant about Calais, where it breeds, but is rather rare. At -Hamilton, Canada, Mr. McIlwraith reports it as a common summer resident, -arriving about April 15.</p> - -<p>In Pennsylvania this species arrives among the earliest spring visitants, -sometimes as early as the first week in March, and continues in that region -until late in October. Wilson has seen specimens as late as the 12th of -November. He states that in the month of February he met with them -feeding on the smilax berries in the low, swampy woods of North and South -Carolina. They were already chanting their simple, plaintive notes. In -Massachusetts they usually arrive from the 15th to the 25th of March. -In the warm spring of 1870 they were already abundant by the 10th. -They were nesting early in April, and their first brood was ready to fly by -the middle of May. They have two broods in a season, and occasionally -perhaps three, as I have known fresh eggs in the middle of August. They -leave late in October, unless the season be unusually open, when a few linger -into November.</p> - -<p>Their well-known and monotonous, though not unpleasing, note of <i class="birdcall">pē-wēē</i>, -or, as some hear it, <i class="birdcall">phœ-bēē</i>, is uttered with more force and frequency in -early spring than later in the season, though they repeat the note throughout -their residence north. It usually has some favorite situation, in which it -remains all the morning, watching for insects and continually repeating its -simple song. As he sits, he occasionally flirts his tail and darts out after -each passing insect, always returning to the same twig.</p> - -<p>This species is attracted both to the vicinity of water and to the neighborhood -of dwellings, probably for the same reason,—the abundance of insects in -either situation. They are a familiar, confiding, and gentle bird, attached -to localities, and returning to them year after year. They build in sheltered -situations, as under a bridge, under a projecting rock, in the porches of -houses, and in similar situations. I have known them to build on a small -shelf in the porch of a dwelling; against the wall of a railroad-station, within -reach of the passengers; and under a projecting window-sill, in full view -of the family, entirely unmoved by the presence of the latter at mealtime.</p> - -<p>Their nests are constructed of small pellets of mud, placed in layers one -above the other, in semicircular form, covered with mosses, and warmly lined -with fine straw and feathers. When the nest is placed on a flat surface,—a -shelf or a projecting rock,—it is circular in form, and mud is not made -use of. A nest of this description, taken by Mr. Vickary in Lynn, and containing -five eggs, was constructed on a ledge, protected by an overhanging -<!--388.png--><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 346]</span> -rock, only a few feet from the ground. It measured four and a half inches -in diameter and three in height. The cavity was nearly three inches wide -and one and a half deep. Its base was constructed of layers of fine leaves, -strips of bark, roots of plants, and other miscellaneous materials. The -great mass of the nest itself was made up of fine mosses closely interwoven, -and strengthened by an intermixture of firmer plant fibres. The whole was -carefully and softly lined with strips of the inner bark of various deciduous -shrubs, fine roots, and finer grasses. The semicircular nests are usually -placed out of reach of the weather under some projecting shelter.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that they often nest in eaves, and occasionally in an open -well, five or six feet down, among the interstices of the side-walls. Nuttall -has known them to nest in an empty kitchen.</p> - -<p>Their attachment to a locality, when once chosen, is remarkable, and is -often persevered in under the most discouraging circumstances. In one instance, -Nuttall states that a nest was built in the boathouse at Fresh Pond, -Cambridge,—a place so common as to be almost a thoroughfare. Although -with its young brood this nest was torn down by ruffian hands, the female -immediately built a new one in the same spot, and laid five additional eggs. -This was lined with the silvery shreds of a manilla rope, taken from the -loft over the boathouse.</p> - -<p>Besides the common call-note, from which these birds derive their name, -they have, during the love-season, a low twittering song with which they -entertain their mates, but which is heard only when the birds are in company, -and for a brief season.</p> - -<p>The flight of the Pewee is an alternation of soaring and a succession of -light fluttering motions, more rapid when pursuing its prey than in its -ordinary movements. Its crest is usually erected when it is in motion, or on -the lookout for insects.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found these birds in full song in Florida during the winter, -and as lively as in spring, but met with none breeding south of Charleston. -They leave Louisiana in February, and return to it in October. They feed -largely on berries, especially during the winter, and Mr. Maynard found -some in the spring of 1868 with hawthorn berries in their stomachs.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Pewee measure .80 of an inch in length and .60 in breadth. -They are of a rounded oval shape, pointed at one end and much larger at the -other. Their ground-color is a pure bright white, and generally unspotted; -but a certain proportion, one set in every five or six, is distinctly marked -with reddish-brown dots at the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--389.png--><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 347]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis sayus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAY’S PEWEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa saya</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 20, <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>, fig. 3.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, -428, <abbr title="plate 359">pl. ccclix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 217, <abbr title="plate 59">pl. lix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus saya</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 311. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius saya</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1844-49, 249. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ochthœca -sayĭ</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wiegmann Archiv</span>, 1847, <abbr title="one"><span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 255 (not type). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula saya</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 183. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax sayus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Journ. -Orn.</abbr> 1856, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula pallida</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis Birds of Mexico, Number">Syn. Birds Mex. No.</abbr> 15, in Taylor’s -<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 367. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis pallida</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 204. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis -sayus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 185.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 9.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Theromyias saya</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> M. H. II</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1859, 68 (type).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above and on the sides of the head, neck, and breast, grayish-brown, -darker on the crown; region about the eye dusky. The chin, throat, and upper part of -the breast similar to the back, but rather lighter and tinged with the color of the rest of -the lower parts, which are pale cinnamon. Under wing-coverts pale rusty-white. The -wings of a rather deeper tint than the back, with the exterior vanes and tips of the quills -darker. Edges of the greater and secondary coverts, of the outer vane of the outer -primary, and of the secondaries and tertials, dull white. The upper tail-coverts and tail -nearly black. Edge of outer vane of exterior tail-feather white. Bill dark brown, -rather paler beneath. The feet brown. Second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal; -fifth nearly equal to sixth; sixth much shorter than the fifth. Tail broad, emarginate. -Tarsi with a posterior row of scales. Length, 7 inches; wing, 4.30; tail, 3.35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Missouri and central High Plains, westward to the Pacific and south to Mexico. -Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 366); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 199); Vera Cruz, winter? (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. Bost. -Soc. I</abbr>, 557); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 473, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. -N. S.</abbr> 1866, 60).</p> - -<p>The young of the year have the upper parts slightly tinged with ferruginous; -two broad (ferruginous) bands on the wings formed by the tips of the -first and second coverts. The quills and tail rather darker than in an adult -specimen.</p> - -<p>Autumnal specimens are simply more deeply colored than spring examples, -the plumage softer and more blended.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Say’s Flycatcher has an extended distribution throughout western -North America, from Mexico, on the south, to the plains of the Saskatchewan -on the north, and from the Rio Grande and the Missouri to the Pacific -Ocean.</p> - -<p>It was first discovered by Mr. Titian Peale on the Arkansas River, near -the Rocky Mountains, and described by Bonaparte. Mr. Peale noticed a -difference in its voice from that of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>, and found it nesting -in a tree, building a nest of mud and moss, lined with dried grasses. Its -young were ready to fly in July. Richardson obtained individuals of this -species at the Carlton House, May 13. It is not given by Cooper and -Suckley in their Zoölogy of Washington Territory, but Dr. Newberry found -it not uncommon throughout both Oregon and California.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast ascertained the presence of this bird within the Department -<!--390.png--><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 348]</span> -of Vera Cruz, but whether there as resident or as exclusively migratory he -was not able to state. It has also been found in winter throughout Mexico. -Mr. J. H. Clark met with it near Fort Webster, in New Mexico, and describes -it as particularly abundant about the copper mines. One of the shafts near -the fort, and which was partially filled up, served as a sinkhole for the offal -of the town, and around this quite a number of these birds could always be -seen in pursuit of flies and insects attracted to the place. Mr. Clark observed -that their sudden darting from their perch and their instantaneous return -were not always attended with the capture of an insect, but seemed at times -to be done only for amusement or exercise. Mr. Dresser first noticed these -birds in November, when walking in the gardens of the arsenal at San -Antonio. On his journey to Eagle Pass in December, he saw several daily, -generally in pairs. They would perch on a bush by the roadside, occasionally -darting off after some insect, and, as soon as he drew near, would fly off to a -convenient perch some distance ahead, thus keeping in advance for miles. -During the months of January and February they were not uncommon, -but after that he lost sight of them altogether. They seemed to prefer -the open country, as he generally found them on the prairies, and never -in the mesquite thickets. Their stomachs were found to contain small -insects.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse frequently met with these birds in Western Texas and in -New Mexico. They seemed more silent and more shy than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>, but -otherwise similar in their habits.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly met with this species at Bill Williams’s Fork, New Mexico, -February 10, 1854. He states that he found them common in Texas, and as -far to the westward as the Great Colorado River. They built their nests -under the cliffs along the stream, and in notes and in every other respect -closely resembled the common Pewee.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann mentions finding this species abundant in Southern California. -It was more especially plentiful in the fall, at the time of its migration -southward. He also found it in New Mexico, in the northern part of -Texas, near El Paso, and in Sacramento Valley, though somewhat rare. In -migrating, it prefers the deep valleys bordered by high hills, but also occurs -on the open plains, where, perched on the stalk of some dead weed, or on a -prominent rock, it darts forth in pursuit of its prey, to return to the same -point.</p> - -<p>In Arizona, Dr. Coues found this Flycatcher common throughout the Territory. -At Fort Whipple it was a summer resident. It was one of the first -of the migratory birds to make its appearance in spring, arriving early in -March, and remained among the last, staying until October. It winters -in the Colorado Valley and the southern portions of the Territory generally. -He found it frequenting almost exclusively open plains, in stunted chaparral -and sage brush. In some other points of habits it is said to differ remarkably -from our other Flycatchers. It does not habitually frequent cañons, -<!--391.png--><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 349]</span> -rocky gorges, and secluded banks of streams, as does <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>, nor does it -inhabit forests, like other Flycatchers.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper regards this bird as mostly a winter visitor in the southern -and western parts of California, where he has seen none later than March. -In summer it is said to migrate to the great interior plains as far to the -north as latitude 60<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. It arrives from the north at Los Angeles in September, -and perhaps earlier in the northern part of the State, and possibly <a name="note25" id="note25"></a>breeds -there east of the Sierras. Mr. Allen found it common in Colorado Territory, -among the mountains.</p> - -<p>In the arid portions of the Great Basin this species was often seen by Mr. -Ridgway. In its natural state it preferred rocky shores of lakes or rivers, -or similar places in the cañons of the mountains, where it attached its bulky -down-lined nests to the inside of small caves or recesses in the rocks, usually -building them upon a small projecting shelf. Wherever man has erected -a building in those desert wastes,—as at the stage-stations along the road, -or in the mining towns,—it immediately assumed the familiarity of our -eastern Pewee, at once taking possession of any outbuilding or any abandoned -dwelling. Its notes differ widely from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nigricans</i>, the common one consisting of a wailing <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">peer</i>, varied by a tremulous -twitter, and more resembling certain tones of the Wood Pewees (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus -virens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</i>), with others which occasionally call to mind -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens</i>.</p> - -<p>This species has been observed as far to the east as Racine, Wisconsin, -where it was taken by Dr. P. R. Hoy. The specimen was sent to Mr. Cassin, -and its identity fully established. Dr. Palmer found it breeding near -Fort Wingate, in Arizona, June 11, 1869, and Mr. Ridgway obtained its -nests and eggs at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, May 23, 1868. One of these -nests (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 13,588) he describes as a nearly globular mass, more flattened on -top, 3.50 inches in depth by 4.00 in diameter, and composed chiefly of spiders’ -webs, with which is mixed very fine vegetable fibres, of various descriptions. -This composition forms the bulk of the nest, and makes a closely matted -and tenacious, but very soft structure; the neat but rather shallow cavity -is lined solely with the grayish-white down of wild ducks. The nest was -placed on a shelf inside a small cave on the shore of the island, at about -ten or twelve feet from the water.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are rounded at one end and pointed at the other, measure .82 -of an inch in length by .65 in breadth. They are of a uniform chalky white, -and, so far as I am aware, entirely unspotted.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--392.png--><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 350]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CONTOPUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie 3">Journ. für Ornith. III</abbr>, <abbr title="November">Nov.</abbr> 1855, 479. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa virens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_392.jpg" - width="250" height="206" - alt="Illustration: Contopus borealis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">942</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsus very short, but stout; less than the middle toe and scarcely longer -than the hinder; considerably less than the culmen. Bill quite broad at the base; wider -than half the culmen. Tail -moderately forked. Wings -very long and much pointed, -reaching beyond the middle -of the tail; the first primary -about equal to the fourth. All -the primaries slender and rather -acute, but not attenuated. -Head moderately crested. Color -olive above, pale yellowish -beneath, with a darker patch -on the sides of the breast. -Under tail-coverts streaked in -most species. A tuft of cottony-white -feathers on each side of -the rump (concealed in most -species).</p> - -<p>This genus is pre-eminently characterized among North American Flycatchers -by the very short tarsi, and the long and much pointed wings.</p> - -<p>In most other genera, as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayoris, Myiarchus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, a trace of a -cottony tuft may be discovered by careful search on the flanks; but in the -present genus, there is, in addition, the tufts on the rump, not found in the -others. The species are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Cottony patch of white feathers on sides of the rump greatly developed, and -conspicuous. Rictal bristles very short (about one fourth the length of the bill). -Lower parts distinctly and abruptly white medially (somewhat interrupted on -the breast).</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. borealis.</b> First quill longer than the fourth, generally exceeding -the third. Wing, 4.00 to 4.40; tail, 2.90 to 3.00; culmen, .90; -tarsus, .60. Above dark olive-plumbeous, the tertials edged with -whitish; lower parts a lighter shade of the same, laterally and across -the breast (narrowly), the throat and middle line of the abdomen -being abruptly white. Young not different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern parts of -North America, to the north border of United States; on the mountain-ranges, -farther south, on the interior ranges, penetrating through Mexico -to Costa Rica.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Cottony patch on side of rump rudimentary and concealed. Rictal bristles -strong (one half, or more, the length of the bill). Lower parts not distinctly -white medially.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> First primary shorter than fifth, but exceeding the sixth. Tail shorter -than wings.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<!--393.png--><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 351]</span> -2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pertinax.</b> Wing more than 3.50. Grayish-olive, becoming lighter -on the throat (indistinctly) and abdomen (decidedly). No distinct -light bands on the wing. Rictal bristles about half the length of bill.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -The olive of a grayish cast, and not darker on the crown. Wing, -4.45; tail, 3.90; depth of its fork, .35; culmen, .92; tarsus, .70. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, generally north into Arizona (Fort Whipple, <span class="sc">Coues</span>) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i></span>.</p> - - -<p class="indent3"> -The olive of a sooty cast, and darker on the crown. Wing, 3.60; -tail, 3.10; its fork, .20; culmen, .83; tarsus, .61. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa -Rica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_81" id="fnanchor_81"></a><a href="#footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brachytarsus.</b> Wing less than 3.00; colors much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, but wing-bands distinct, breast less grayish, and pileum -decidedly darker than the back. Rictal bristles two thirds as long as -the bill.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 2.65; tail, 2.55; culmen, .60; tarsus, .53. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Panama -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_82" id="fnanchor_82"></a><a href="#footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.55; culmen, .67; tarsus, .53. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Yucatan -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_83" id="fnanchor_83"></a><a href="#footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> First primary shorter than the sixth. Tail variable.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caribæus.</b> Bill much depressed, very long and broad, the sides -more nearly parallel on the basal than on the terminal half; rictal bristles -very strong (two thirds, or more, the length of the bill). Above -olivaceous, generally rather dark, but varying in tint. Beneath whitish, -or dull light-ochraceous, more brownish along the sides and (more -faintly) across the breast. Axillars and lining of the wing deep light-ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail longer than wings; bill moderately depressed; rictal bristles -three fourths as long as the bill.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Dark greenish-olive above; beneath dingy ochrey-yellowish. -Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.90; culmen, .78; tarsus, .58. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_84" id="fnanchor_84"></a><a href="#footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Dark olive-gray above; beneath whitish, with scarcely any -yellowish tinge. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.05; culmen, .70; tarsus, -.59. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_85" id="fnanchor_85"></a><a href="#footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Brownish-olive above; beneath deep dingy ochrey-yellowish. -Wing, 2.85; tail, 2.90; culmen, .66; tarsus, .56. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_86" id="fnanchor_86"></a><a href="#footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail shorter than wing; bill excessively depressed; rictal bristles -only one half as long as the bill.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -<!--394.png--><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 352]</span> -Olive-plumbeous above; beneath dingy white (not interrupted -on the breast); tinged posteriorly with sulphury (not -ochrey) yellow; wing-bands pale ash. Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.65; -culmen, .79; tarsus, .63. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Bahamas -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_87" id="fnanchor_87"></a><a href="#footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> First quill much longer than fifth (sometimes equal to fourth). Tail much -shorter than the wing. Bill much smaller, less depressed, and more triangular; -rictal bristles about one half the bill.</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens.</b> Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, but rather more -olivaceous above, and more distinctly tinged with sulphur-yellow posteriorly -beneath. Lining of the wings, and axillars, without any -ochraceous tinge; lower tail-coverts distinctly grayish centrally.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Whitish of the lower parts not interrupted on the breast. Wing, -3.40; tail, 2.90; culmen, .67; tarsus, .54. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Whitish of medial lower parts interrupted by a grayish wash -across the breast. Wing, 3.40; tail, 2.65 to 2.70; culmen, .70; -tarsus, .54 to .56. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, south -throughout Middle America to Ecuador -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_88" id="fnanchor_88"></a><a href="#footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></span></p> - - -<!--395.png--><!--Plate 44--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_44.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="44">XLIV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-1" id="pl_44-1"></a><img src="images/pl_44-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 38325.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-2" id="pl_44-2"></a><img src="images/pl_44-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 42141.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-3" id="pl_44-3"></a><img src="images/pl_44-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1632.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-4" id="pl_44-4"></a><img src="images/pl_44-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus richardsoni</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Colorado River">Col. R.</abbr>, 2962.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-5" id="pl_44-5"></a><img src="images/pl_44-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 38206.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-6" id="pl_44-6"></a><img src="images/pl_44-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax obscurus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53294.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-7" id="pl_44-7"></a><img src="images/pl_44-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hammondii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53305.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-8" id="pl_44-8"></a><img src="images/pl_44-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax traillii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1025.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-9" id="pl_44-9"></a><img src="images/pl_44-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 41517.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-10" id="pl_44-10"></a><img src="images/pl_44-10.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2649.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-11" id="pl_44-11"></a><img src="images/pl_44-11.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 11" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1825.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-12" id="pl_44-12"></a><img src="images/pl_44-12.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 12" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2330.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_44-13" id="pl_44-13"></a><img src="images/pl_44-13.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 13" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus palescens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Arizona, 40601.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--396.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--397.png--><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 353]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus borealis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> & <abbr title="Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 141, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius borealis</i>, -<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 282.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 422; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 422, <abbr title="plate 174">pl. clxxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 41.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 212, <abbr title="plate 58">pl. lviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus cooperi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 298. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie 3">Journal für Ornithol. III</abbr>, -<abbr title="November">Nov.</abbr> 1855, 479. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa inornata</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 282. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 188.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 169.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, -230.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 135.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 323. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus mesoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 43.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1859, 122, 151. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus nigricans</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. -J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 184.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_397.jpg" - width="250" height="294" - alt="Illustration: Contopus borealis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings long, much pointed; the second quill longest; the first longer than -the third. Tail deeply forked. Tarsi short. The upper parts ashy-brown, showing -darker brown centres of the feathers; this is eminently -the case on the top of the head; the sides of -the head and neck, of the breast and body, resembling -the back, but with the edges of the feathers -tinged with gray, leaving a darker central streak. -The chin, throat, narrow line down the middle of the -breast and body, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts -white, or sometimes with a faint tinge of yellow. -The lower tail-coverts somewhat streaked with brown -in the centre. On each side of the rump, generally -concealed by the wings, is an elongated bunch of -white silky feathers. The wings and tail very dark -brown, the former with the edges of the secondaries -and tertials edged with dull white. The lower wing-coverts -and axillaries grayish-brown. The tips of the -primaries and tail-feathers rather paler. Feet and -upper mandible black, lower mandible brown. The young of the year similar, but the -color duller; edges of wing-feathers dull rusty instead of grayish-white. The feet light -brown. Length, 7.50; wing, 4.33; tail, 3.30; tarsus, .60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern portions of whole of North America, throughout Rocky Mountains, -south through elevated regions of Mexico to Costa Rica. Localities: Oaxaca, high regions, -<abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 301); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 366); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Costa -Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX,</abbr> 115); Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1870, 199); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, -1865, 474, winter).</p> - -<p>There is wonderfully little variation in this species, both in coloration and -size, with different regions; in fact none other than individual can be -observed. Contrary to the usual rule, spring specimens have a more -appreciable sulphur-yellow tinge below.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This still comparatively rare species was first obtained by Richardson -and described by Swainson. The specimen was shot on the Saskatchewan. -No other was taken, and no information was obtained in reference -to its habits. It appears to have been next met with by Mr. John Bethune, -in Cambridge, June 7, 1830, in the woods of Mount Auburn. This and a -<!--398.png--><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 354]</span> -second specimen, obtained soon after, were females, on the point of incubation. -A third female was shot in the following year, June 21. Supposed to -be a new species, it was described by Mr. Nuttall as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus cooperi</i>. All -the specimens procured had their stomachs filled with torn fragments of bees, -wasps, and similar insects.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, who watched the motions of two other living individuals of -this species, states that they appeared tyrannical and quarrelsome even with -each other. Their attacks were always accompanied with a whining, querulous -twitter. The disputes seemed to be about the occupancy of certain territories. -One bird, a female, appeared to confine herself to a small clump of red -cedars, in the midst of a sandy piece of forest. From the tree-tops she kept -a sharp lookout for passing insects, and pursued them, as they appeared, with -great vigor and success, sometimes chasing them to the ground, and returning -to her perch with a mouthful which she devoured at her leisure. When -she resumed her position, she would occasionally quiver her wings and tail, -erect her crest, keeping up a whistling call of <i class="birdcall">pŭ-pŭ</i>, uttered with variations. -Besides this call the male had a short song which sounded like <i class="birdcall">ch’-phe’bēē</i>.</p> - -<p>The nest of this pair Mr. Nuttall discovered in the horizontal branch of a -tall red cedar, fifty feet from the ground. It was made externally of interlaced -dead twigs of the cedar, lined with wiry stems, and dry grasses, and -fragments of lichens. It contained three young, which remained in the nest -twenty-three days, and were fed on beetles and other insects. Before they -left their nests they could fly as well as their parents. The male bird was -very watchful, and would frequently follow Mr. Nuttall half a mile. They -were in no way timid, and allowed him to investigate them and their premises -without any signs of alarm.</p> - -<p>In 1832 the same pair, apparently, took possession of a small juniper, near -the tree they had occupied the year before, in which, at the height of fifteen -feet, they placed their nest. It contained four eggs which, except in their -superior size, were precisely similar to those of the Wood Pewee, yellowish -cream-color, with dark brown and lavender-purple spots, thinly dispersed. -After removing two of these eggs, the others were accidentally rolled out of the -nest. The pair constructed another nest, again in a cedar-tree, at a short distance. -The next year they did not return to that locality. Mr. Nuttall afterwards -met with individuals of this species in the fir woods on the Columbia.</p> - -<p>On the 8th of August, 1832, Mr. Audubon, in company with Mr. Nuttall, -obtained the specimen of this species in Brookline, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, from which his -drawing was made. In the course of his journey farther east, Audubon -found it in Maine, on the Magdeleine Islands, and on the coast of Labrador. -He afterwards met with it in Texas.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman reports the Olive-sided Flycatcher as having of late years -been very abundant during the summer in the dead woods about the lakes -west of Calais, where formerly they were quite uncommon. Mr. Verrill -mentions it as a summer visitant in Oxford County, in the western part of -<!--399.png--><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 355]</span> -the State, but not very common, and as undoubtedly breeding there. It was -never observed there before the 20th of May. It is said to be more abundant -at Lake Umbagog.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts Mr. Allen regards this bird as a not very rare -summer visitant. It arrives about May 12, breeds in high open woods, and -is seldom seen at any distance from them. It leaves about the middle of -September.</p> - -<p>Mr. William Brewster, who resides in Cambridge, in the neighborhood in -which this species was first observed by Mr. Nuttall, informs me that these -birds still continue to be found in that locality. He has himself met with -five or six of their nests, all of which were placed near the extremity of -some long horizontal branch, usually that of a pitch-pine, but on one occasion -in that of an apple-tree. The eggs were laid about the 15th of June, -in only one instance earlier. The females were very restless, and left their -nest long before he had reached it, and, sitting on some dead branch continually -uttered, in a complaining tone, notes resembling the syllables <i class="birdcall">pill-pill-pill</i>, -occasionally varying to <i class="birdcall">pu-pu-pu</i>. The males were fierce and quarrelsome, -and attacked indiscriminately everything that came near their -domain, sometimes seeming even to fall out with their mates, fighting savagely -with them for several seconds. When incubation was at all far -advanced, the birds evinced considerable courage, darting down to within a -few inches of his head, if he approached their nest, at the same time loudly -snapping their bills.</p> - -<p>A nest of this Flycatcher was found in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O. -Welch, in June, 1858. It was built on the top of a dead cedar, and contained -three eggs. It was a flat, shallow structure, five inches in its external -diameter, and with a very imperfectly defined cavity. The greatest depth -was less than half an inch. It was coarsely and loosely built of strips of -the bark and fine twigs of the red cedar, roots, mosses, dry grasses, etc. -The nest was so shallow, that, in climbing to it, two of the eggs were rolled -out and broken.</p> - -<p>Mr. Charles S. Paine has found this bird breeding in Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr> On -one occasion he found its nest on the top of a tall hemlock-tree, but was not -able to get to it.</p> - -<p>In Philadelphia, Mr. Trumbull found this species very rare. It passed -north early in May, and south in September. Near Hamilton, Canada, it is -very rare, none having been seen; and two specimens obtained near Toronto -are all that Mr. McIlwraith is aware of having been taken in Canada West.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy informs me that this species used to be quite common near -Racine, frequenting the edges of thick woods, where they nested. They have -now become quite scarce. Some years since, he found one of their nests, -just abandoned by the young birds, which their parents were engaged in -feeding. It was on the horizontal branch of a maple, and was composed -wholly of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">usneæ</i>.</p> - -<p><!--400.png--><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 356]</span> -In Washington Territory this bird appears to be somewhat more common -than in other portions of the United States. Dr. Suckley obtained a specimen -at Fort Steilacoom, July 10, 1856. It was not very abundant about -Puget Sound, and showed a preference for shady thickets and dense foliage, -where it was not easily shot. Dr. Cooper speaks of it as very common, -arriving early in May and frequenting the borders of woods, where, stationed -on the tops of tall dead trees, it repeats a loud and melancholy cry throughout -the day, during the whole of summer. It frequents small pine groves -along the coast, and also in the interior, and remains until late in September.</p> - -<p>In California Dr. Cooper found this species rather common in the Coast -Range towards Santa Cruz, where they had nests in May; but as these were -built in high inaccessible branches, he was not able to examine them. He -also found it at Lake Tahoe in September.</p> - -<p>This species was only met with by Mr. Ridgway in the pine woods high -up on the East Humboldt, Wahsatch, and Uintah Mountains. There it was -breeding, but was nowhere abundant, not more than two pairs being observed -within an area of several miles. They preferred the rather open pine -woods, and were shot from the highest branches. Their common note was a -mellow <i class="birdcall">puer</i>, much like one of the whistling notes of the Cardinal Grosbeak -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>).</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states it to be not uncommon near San Antonio in the winter -season. Dr. Heermann mentions that two specimens of this species were -obtained, to his knowledge, on the Cosumnes River, in California. It has -been taken in winter, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard, and -has been met with at Jalapa, and even as far south as Guatemala.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this bird was taken, August 29, 1840, at Nenortalik, -Greenland, and sent to Copenhagen.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .86 of an inch in length by .62 in breadth, -and are rounded at one end and sharply tapering at the other. The ground-color -is a rich cream-color with a roseate tint. They are beautifully marked -around the larger end with a ring of confluent spots of lilac, purple, and -red-brown. These vary in number and in the size of this crown, but the -markings are invariably about the larger end, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis & Heine</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEXICAN OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis et Heineanum, Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> et <span class="sc">Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 72.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue of American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, -231.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Philadelphia">Pr. Ac. Phil.</abbr> 1866, 60.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of America, One, plate 8">Illust. B. Am. I, pl. viii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Geological Survey California Ornithology One">Geol. Surv. Calif. Orn. I</abbr>, 324.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 324. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 301; 1859, 43; Ibis, 1859, 122, 440.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Nearly uniformly olive-gray, lighter on the throat and abdominal region, -where is a strong tinge of ochraceous-yellow; feathers of the wings with faintly lighter -<!--401.png--><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 357]</span> -edges. Length about 8.00; wing, 4.45; tail, 3.90; depth of its fork, .35; culmen, .92; -tarsus, .70. Rictal bristles long, about half the bill; lower mandible whitish. <i class="age">Young.</i> -Similar, but with a stronger ochraceous tinge on the abdomen and lining of the wings, -and two distinct ochraceous bands across the wing.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico generally, into southern borders of United States (Fort Whipple, -Arizona; <span class="sc">Dr. Coues</span>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Coues found this species a rare summer resident at Fort -Whipple, where a single specimen was taken August 20, in good plumage. -This was its first introduction into the fauna of the United States. It is one -of several Mexican and peninsular birds found in Upper Arizona, probably -following the course of the valley of the Great Colorado River. No observations -were made in reference to its habits.</p> - -<p>This species is abundant in the Department of Vera Cruz, according to -Mr. Sumichrast, who gives it as confined to the alpine region. He found -both it and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> common in the mountains of Orizaba, between the -height of 3,600 and 7,500 feet.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WOOD PEWEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa virens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 327.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 936.—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, -Index <abbr title="Ornithologicus">Orn.</abbr>—<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823, 563.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 285.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 93; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 425, <abbr title="plate 115">pl. cxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 42.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 231, <abbr title="plate 64">pl. lxiv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr title="Long">L.</abbr> Island, 1844, 43. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa -querula</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 68, <abbr title="plate 39">pl. xxxix</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Wilson</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa -rapax</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 81, <abbr title="plate 13, figure">pl. xiii, f.</abbr> 5. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula virens</i>, <abbr title="Richardson Appendix"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> App.</abbr> -Back’s Voyage.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius virens</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus virens</i>, -<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal für Ornithologie,</span> -<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, Nov. 1855, 479.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 190.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> -1862, 231.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 137.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -The second quill longest; the third a little shorter; the first shorter than -the fourth; the latter nearly .40 longer than the fifth. The primaries more than an inch -longer than the secondaries. The upper parts, sides of the head, neck, and breast, dark -olivaceous-brown, the latter rather paler, the head darker. A narrow white ring round -the eye. The lower parts pale yellowish, deepest on the abdomen; across the breast -tinged with ash. This pale ash sometimes occupies the whole of the breast, and even -occasionally extends up to the chin. It is also sometimes glossed with olivaceous. The -wings and tail dark brown; generally deeper than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>. Two narrow bands -across the wing, the outer edge of first primary and of the secondaries and tertials, dull -white. The edges of the tail-feathers like the back; the outer one scarcely lighter. -Upper mandible black; the lower yellow, but brown at the tip. Length, 6.15; wing, -3.50; tail, 3.05.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the borders of the high Central Plains. Localities: -? Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Mexico (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 441); Cuba? (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 479; -<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.</abbr> 1865, 239); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 248; <abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 115); Coban (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -List); Vera Cruz, alpine region, breeds (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 557); San Antonio, Texas -and Eastern Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, breeds).</p> - -<p><!--402.png--><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 358]</span> -Young birds are duller in plumage; the whitish markings of wing tinged -with ferruginous; the lower mandible more dusky.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Wood Pewee of eastern North America occurs in -abundance from the Atlantic to the great plains, and from Texas to New -Brunswick. It breeds from South Carolina and Texas north. It is found in -Central and Southern Maine, but is not so abundant as it is farther south. -It is found near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephens, <abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, and breeds in that vicinity, but is not -common. It is a summer visitant at Norway, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, but Professor Verrill -states that it is much less common than in Massachusetts, where it arrives -the last of May. At Hamilton, in Canada, Mr. McIlwraith records this -species as abundant in the summer, arriving there the middle of May. I am -not aware of its having been taken north of the 45th parallel of latitude, with -the exception of one at Red River, Minnesota, and another at Fort William -by Mr. Kennicott. It is said by Dr. Coues to be a summer resident of South -Carolina from the middle of April to the middle of October, and Mr. Dresser -states that he found it very common in the wooded river-bottoms near San -Antonio during the summer, not arriving there until late in April or early in -May. Their call-note, he states, is a low prolonged whistle. Their stomachs -were found to contain minute coleopterous insects. Dr. Woodhouse also -speaks of it as common in Texas and in the Indian Territory. In the Department -of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast found this species, as well as the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</i>, common in the mountains of Orizaba, between the height -of 3,600 and 7,500 feet.</p> - -<p>In Pennsylvania, Wilson states that the Wood Pewee is the latest of the -summer birds in arriving, seldom coming before the 12th or 15th of May. -He found it frequenting the shady high-timbered woods, where there is little -underwood and an abundance of dead twigs and branches. It was generally -found in low situations. He adds that it builds its nest on the upper -side of a limb or branch, formed outwardly of moss and lined with various -soft materials, and states that the female lays five white eggs, and that the -brood leave the nest about the middle of June. Probably the last statement -is correct as applied to Pennsylvania, but the intimation as to the color of -the egg and some of the characteristics of the nest is so inaccurate as to -make it doubtful whether Wilson could have ever seen the nest for himself.</p> - -<p>This species, like all its family, is a very expert catcher of insects, even -the most minute, and has a wonderfully quick perception of their near -presence, even when the light of day has nearly gone and in the deep gloom -of thick woods. It takes its station on the end of a low dead limb, from -which it darts out in quest of insects, sometimes for a single individual, -which it seizes with a peculiar snap of its bill; and, frequently meeting insect -after insect, it keeps up a constant snapping sound as it passes on, and finally -returns to its post to resume its watch. During this watch it occasionally is -heard to utter a low twitter, with a quivering movement of the wings and -tail, and more rarely to enunciate a louder but still feeble call-note, sounding -<!--403.png--><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 359]</span> -like <i class="birdcall">pēē-ē</i>. These notes are continued until dark, and are also uttered -throughout the season.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that this species at times displays a tyrannical disposition, -and that it has been observed to chase a harmless Sparrow to the -ground, because it happened to approach his station for collecting insects.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Audubon, some of these birds spend the winter months -in the extreme Southern States, Louisiana and Florida, where they feed upon -berries as well as insects.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts the Wood Pewee is a very abundant species, and may -usually be found in any open woods, or in an orchard of large spreading -trees. In the latter situation it frequently breeds. It usually selects a -lower dead limb of a tree, from ten to thirty feet from the ground, and occasionally, -but more seldom, a living moss-grown branch. It always chooses -one that is covered with small lichens, and saddles its nest upon its upper -surface, so closely assimilated by its own external coating of lichens as not -to be distinguishable from a natural protuberance on the limb. This structure -is extremely beautiful, rivalling even the artistic nests of the Humming-Bird. -It is cup-shaped, and a perfect segment of a sphere in shape. The -periphery of the nest is made of fine root fibres, small lichens, and bits of -cobwebs and other similar materials. The outer sides are entirely covered -with a beautiful coating of mosses and lichens, glued to the materials with -the saliva of the builder. The eggs are usually four in number, measure -.78 of an inch in length and .55 in breadth. They are obtuse at one end -and tapering at the other, have a ground of a rich cream-color, and are -marked about the larger end with a wreath of blended purple, lilac, and red-brown -in large and confluent spots. They hatch about the middle of June, -leave the nest in July, and have but a single brood.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species, taken in Lynn by Mr. Welch, and built on the -dead branch of a forest tree, has a diameter of three and a height of one and -a half inches. The cavity has a depth of one inch, and a diameter, at the -rim, of two and a half inches. The base is flattened by its position. Its -walls are strongly woven of fine dry stems, intermingled with vegetable -down, covered externally with lichens, cemented to the exterior, apparently -by the secretions of the bird. The base is thinner, and made of softer -materials.</p> - -<p>During the winter months this species is present as a migrant in various -parts of Mexico, south to Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--404.png--><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 360]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SHORT-LEGGED PEWEE; WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula richardsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 146, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa richardsoni</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 299, <abbr title="plate 434">pl. ccccxxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula phœbe</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, -1838, 24. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa phœbe</i>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 42.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, -219, <abbr title="plate 61">pl. lxi</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Latham</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus phœbe</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, -319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus atriceps</i>, <span class="sc">D’Orbigny</span> (fide G. R. <span class="sc">Gray</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus richardsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 189.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, -325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus sordidulus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus plebeius</i>, (<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>) -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1862, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus bogotensis</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 459. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula b.</i> <abbr title="Bonaparte Comptes Rendus, page"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Comp. Rend. p.</abbr> 196.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>. Bill broad. Wings very long and much -pointed, considerably exceeding the tail; second quill longest; third a little shorter; first -shorter than fourth, and about midway between distance from second to fifth (.60 of -an inch). Primaries 1.20 inches longer than secondaries. Tail moderately forked. -Above dark olive-brown (the head darker); the entire breast and sides of head, neck, -and body of a paler shade of the same, tingeing strongly also the dull whitish throat and -chin. Abdomen and under tail-coverts dirty pale-yellowish. Quills and tail dark -blackish-brown; the secondaries narrowly, the tertials more broadly edged with whitish. -Two quite indistinct bands of brownish-white across the wings. Lower mandible yellow; -the tip brown. Length, 6.20; wing, 3.65; tail, 3.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High central dry plains to the Pacific; Rio Grande Valley, southward to Mexico; -Labrador (<span class="sc">Audubon</span>). Localities: Orizaba, Guatemala, Coban (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 115); Matamoras, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, breeds); San -Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, one <abbr title="specimen">spec.</abbr>); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 61).</p> - -<p>This species has a very close relationship to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>, agreeing with it in -general shape of wings and in color. The wings are, however, still longer -and more pointed; the primaries exceeding the secondaries by nearly 1.25 -inches. The proportions of the quills are nearly the same in both; the -primaries, too, are similarly a little emarginated or attenuated towards the -end. The tail is rather more deeply forked, the feathers broader. The -bills are similar; the feet are larger and stouter.</p> - -<p>The general colors are almost precisely the same. The outer primary, -however, lacks the decidedly white margin. The under parts are much -darker anteriorly, the entire breast being nearly a uniform olive-brown, but -little paler than the back; the throat, too, in some specimens, being scarcely -paler. There is little or none of the pale sulphur-yellow of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> on the -abdomen, and the under wing-coverts and axillaries are much darker olivaceous. -In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> the middle line of the breast is always paler than the -sides, or at least the connecting space is short.</p> - -<p>The lower mandible is generally yellow; in a few specimens, however, it -is quite dusky, especially on its terminal half.</p> - -<p>The young bird has the darker head and broader light edgings, with the -ferruginous tinge on the wing-markings, usually seen in young of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannulas</i>.</p> - -<p><!--405.png--><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 361]</span> -A large series shows considerable variations; autumnal specimens have a -more appreciable tinge of yellow on the lower parts, while summer individuals -are more grayish.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first obtained by Richardson in the Arctic -regions, and described by Swainson. It was found in the neighborhood of -the Cumberland House, where it frequented moist shady woods by the -banks of rivers and lakes. It was supposed likely to travel in summer as -far as the shores of the Great Slave Lake.</p> - -<p>Since its discovery by Richardson, this Flycatcher has been found to have -a widely extended geographical range, as far to the south as Guatemala, and -even Panama, and northward as far as the 60th parallel of latitude, and from -the great plains to the Pacific.</p> - -<p>During the survey of the Mexican Boundary, specimens of this bird were -obtained by Mr. J. H. Clark in El Paso, Texas, and in the month of May by -Lieutenant Couch in Monterey, Mexico.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found that this bird was very common near Matamoras during -the summer, and that they were breeding there. He also shot one specimen -near San Antonio in May. Its stomach contained small insects. Dr. -Coues thinks this Flycatcher an exceedingly abundant summer resident in the -Territory of Arizona. It arrives there in spring about the first of May, the -latest of the Flycatchers, and is deemed by the Doctor a counterpart of the -eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>. It departs from that Territory about the third week -in September. It is found in all situations, but most especially in open forests.</p> - -<p>This species arrives in California, according to Dr. Cooper, at least a fortnight -earlier than the date of its earliest advent in Arizona as given by Dr. -Coues, or about the 15th of April, and spends its summers in the most -mountainous parts of the State. It is said to perch mainly on the lower -dead limbs, watching for the passing insects, uttering occasionally a plaintive -<i class="birdcall">pe-ah</i>. It is usually very silent, and seems to prefer the dark, solitary -recesses of the forests.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy informs me that this Flycatcher is occasionally found in the -neighborhood of Racine, but that it is rare. It keeps in the deep forest, -and never comes near dwellings in the manner of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>.</p> - -<p>This bird was found breeding at Fort Tejon by Mr. Xantus, at Napa -Valley by Mr. A. J. Grayson, and both in the Sacramento Valley and at -Parley’s Park, among the Wahsatch Mountains, by Mr. Ridgway.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird in the Smithsonian Museum (10,076) from California, -collected by W. Vuille, had been apparently saddled on the limb of a tree, -in the manner of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>, having a broad flattened base, and a general -resemblance to the nests of that species. It differs, however, somewhat in -regard to materials, and most especially in having no lichens attached to the -exterior. It has a diameter of three inches and a height of one and a half. -The cavity is about one inch deep and two wide at the rim. The base and -sides of this nest are largely composed of the exuviæ of chrysalides, intermingled -<!--406.png--><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 362]</span> -with hemp-like fibres of plants, stems, and fine dry grasses. The -rim is firmly wrought of strong wiry stems, and a large portion of the inner -nest is of the same material. The whole is warmly and thoroughly lined -with the soft fine hair of small quadrupeds and with vegetable fibres.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Ridgway, this is the most abundant and generally diffused -of all the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</i> of the Great Basin, as well as of California. It inhabits -every grove of the lowest valleys, as well as the highest aspen copses on -the mountains in the alpine region, and breeds abundantly in all these -places. Resembling the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> in its general habits, its appearance, -and its every motion, it yet differs most widely from it in notes, the common -one being a disagreeable weird squeak, very unlike the sad, wailing, -but not unpleasant one of the eastern Wood Pewee. Mr. Ridgway relates -that having shot a female bird, and taken her nest and eggs, he was surprised, -a few days afterwards, to find the male with another mate, and a new nest -built in precisely the same spot from which the other had been taken. -Upon climbing to the nest, it was found to contain one egg; and the parents -exhibited very unusual distress. When visited two or three days after, it -was found to be deserted and the egg broken.</p> - -<p>The eggs, three in number, measure .69 of an inch in length and .53 in -breadth. They have a ground of beautiful cream-color slightly tinged with -a roseate tint, surrounded at the larger end with a wreath of purple and -reddish-brown spots. A few smaller markings are sparingly distributed, but -nearly all are about the larger end.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EMPIDONAX</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal für Ornithologie</span>, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, Nov. 1855, 480. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula -pusilla</i>.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula</i> of most authors.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_406.jpg" - width="250" height="199" - alt="Illustration: Empidonax acadicus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1225</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsus lengthened, considerably longer than the bill, and exceeding the -middle toe, which is decidedly longer than -the hind toe. Bill variable. Tail very -slightly forked, even, or rounded; a little -shorter only than the wings, which are -considerably rounded; the first primary -much shorter than the fourth. Head -moderately crested. Color olivaceous -above, yellowish beneath; throat generally -gray.</p> - -<p>The lengthened tarsi, the short -toes, the short and rounded wings, -and the plain dull olivaceous of the -plumage, readily distinguish the -species of this genus from any other North American Flycatchers. The -upper plates of the tarsi in a good many species do not encircle the outside, -but meet there a row on the posterior face.</p> - -<p><!--407.png--><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 363]</span> -There are few species of North American birds more difficult to distinguish -than the small Flycatchers, the characters, though constant, being very -slight and almost inappreciable, except to a very acute observer.</p> - -<p>The following synopsis may aid in distinguishing the species:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Inner webs of secondaries edged with pinkish-buff.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Olive-brown above, whitish beneath; tibiæ ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. brunneus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_89" id="fnanchor_89"></a><a href="#footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></span> -Third quill longest, first equal to seventh; tail slightly -rounded. Russet-olive above, the crown, wings, and tail with a reddish-brown -tinge; a yellowish-gray shade across the breast, and a faint -sulphur-yellow tinge to posterior lower parts. Wing-bands broad, -sharply defined, deep ochraceous; lining of wing and tibiæ slightly -tinged with the same. Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.30; bill, .57 and .27; tarsus, -.56; middle toe, .33. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Parana.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. axillaris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_90" id="fnanchor_90"></a><a href="#footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></span> -Third quill longest, first equal to seventh; tail? Dark -grayish-brown above, nearly uniform, breast ochraceous-olive; a just -appreciable tinge of sulphur-yellow on abdomen. Wing-bands narrow, -badly defined, in color nearly like the back; lining of the wing and -tibiæ very deep ochraceous. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.50; bill, .60 and .30; -tarsus, .60; middle toe, .43. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Orizaba.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Olive-green above, yellow beneath; tibiæ greenish.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flavescens.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_91" id="fnanchor_91"></a><a href="#footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></span> -Third, or third and fourth quills longest; first equal to -eighth. Tail decidedly emarginated. Intense greenish-olive above, the -crown with a decided russet tinge; beneath bright lemon-yellow, with -a shade of fulvous-brown across the breast. Wing, 2.35 to 2.70; tail, -2.20 to 2.40; bill, .59 and .30; tarsus, .66; middle toe, .35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa -Rica.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. bairdi.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_92" id="fnanchor_92"></a><a href="#footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></span> -Fourth quill longest, first shorter than eighth. Tail slightly -emarginated. Dull greenish-olive above, nearly uniform; beneath -clear sulphur-yellow, with a greenish-olive shade across the breast. -Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.50; bill, .62 and .29; tarsus, .65; middle toe, .35. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico (<span class="sc">Mirador</span>).</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Inner webs of secondaries edged with yellowish or grayish white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Olive-green above, yellowish beneath.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">§. <i class="age">Young not mottled above.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flaviventris.</b> Bill broad, twice as wide as deep, and the culmen -less than twice the breadth. Outer web of lateral tail-feather dusky, -like the inner. Wing-bands narrow, whitish. Tail square.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Clear olive-green above, sulphur-yellow beneath; wing-bands -sulphur-yellowish; lining of wing clear sulphury-yellow. Wing, -<!--408.png--><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 364]</span> -2.60; tail, 2.35, or less; bill, .57 and .27; tarsus, .66; middle toe, -.37. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America, south through Eastern -Mexico to Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Dull olive-gray above, pale, somewhat ochraceous, yellow beneath; -wing-bands grayish-white; lining of wing strongly tinged with -fulvous. Wing, 2.75; tail, 2.60 to 2.75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province -of North America, south, through Western Mexico, to Colima -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. fulvipectus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_93" id="fnanchor_93"></a><a href="#footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></span> -Bill narrow, the width but little more than the -depth, and the culmen considerably more than twice the breadth at -base. Outer web of lateral tail-feather distinctly whitish, very different -from the dusky of the inner web. Tail deeply emarginated. Colors -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</i>, but wing-bands broad and buffy olive, and -a deep shade of fulvous-olive across the breast. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.90; -bill, .61 and .22; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .37. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> City of Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Grayish or greenish olive above, whitish beneath.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">¶. <i>Tail deeply emarginated.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus.</b> Exact form and proportions of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvipectus</i>, but tarsus -much longer proportionally. Ashy above, with a slight olive tinge; -white beneath with no yellow tinge, and without distinct ashy shade -across breast; sides of breast like the back. Orbital ring, wing-markings, -and outer web of lateral tail-feather pale clear ashy. Wing, -3.00; tail, 2.80; bill, .64 and .24; tarsus, .77; middle toe, .42.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. hammondi.</b> Very similar, but bill much smaller and less elongated. -Color of upper parts the same as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>; but anterior lower parts -nearly uniform ashy, the throat only indistinctly paler, and the posterior -portions distinctly uniform pale sulphur-yellow. Outer web of lateral -tail-feather less distinctly whitish. Wing, 2.85; tail, 2.55; bill, .50 and -.20; tarsus, .64; middle toe, .34.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus.</b> Very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>, but bill much larger, broader, -and the lateral outlines less straight. Outer web of lateral tail-feather -not appreciably paler than the inner; whole throat distinctly whitish; -wing-bands only about half as wide as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.60; bill, .57 and .27; tarsus, .66; middle toe, -.35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, and Eastern -Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">¶. <i>Tail doubly rounded.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_94" id="fnanchor_94"></a><a href="#footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></span><br /> -Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.20; bill, .54 and .25; tarsus, .62; middle toe, -.33. Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, but wing-markings whiter. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Panama.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<!--409.png--><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 365]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. griseipectus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_95" id="fnanchor_95"></a><a href="#footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></span> -Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>, but wing-bands whiter and -narrower, very sharply defined; sides tinged with clear greenish; -jugulum and sides of throat clear ashy. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.40; bill, -.56 and .27; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guayaquil, Ecuador.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">¶. <i>Tail square, or slightly rounded; feathers acute at tips.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. pusillus.</b> Brownish-olive or olive-gray above, wing-bands olive -or gray; beneath whitish, with a grayish shade across the breast, and -a sulphur-yellow tinge posteriorly.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Olive-grayish above, wing-bands much lighter, or whitish-gray. -Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.70; bill, .69 and .26; tarsus, .67; middle toe, -.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of North America, and Middle -and Western Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Brownish-olive above, wing-bands but little lighter. Wing, 2.90; -tail, 2.50; bill, .64 and .27; tarsus, .66; middle toe, .38. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, and Eastern Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">§. <i class="age">Young with upper plumage transversely mottled. Wing-bands with a -pale buff tinge; upper mandible brown.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. acadicus.</b> Grayish-green above, greenish-white beneath; throat -purer white. Wing, 3.10; tail, 2.80; bill, .67 and .30; tarsus, .60; -middle toe, .34. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, and Eastern -Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50; bill, .66 and .30; tarsus, .62; middle toe, -.33. Wing-bands whiter. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Panama -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_96" id="fnanchor_96"></a><a href="#footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></span></p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, as well as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i>, autumnal birds have the plumage -softer and the colors brighter than in spring; the brilliancy of the yellow -shades is especially enhanced. The young of the year resemble the parents, -but there is a greater tendency to light bands on the wings, which with the -other markings of this region show an ochraceous tinge. The lower mandible -is also usually tinged with dusky. In the young of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. acadica</i>, alone, -there are light transverse bars over upper surface, as in the young of some -species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bahamensis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. punensis</i>).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--410.png--><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 366]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LITTLE FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Platyrhynchus pusillus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, May, 1827, 366. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula pusilla</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 144, pl.—<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> Back’s Voyage, 1834-36, 144.—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, 1847, 156. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, -288, <abbr title="plate 434">pl. ccccxxxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 236, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 194. -<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 176.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax trailli</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 327 (Colorado River).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_410.jpg" - width="250" height="268" - alt="Illustration: Empidonax pusillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second, third, and fourth quills longest; first shorter than the sixth. Bill -rather broad; yellow beneath. Tail even. Tarsi -rather long. Above dirty olive-brown, paler and -more tinged with brown towards the tail. Throat -and breast white, tinged with grayish-olive on the -sides, shading across the breast; belly and under -tail-coverts very pale sulphur-yellow. Wings with -two dirty narrow brownish-white bands slightly -tinged with olive; the secondaries and tertials -narrowly and inconspicuously margined with the -same. First primary faintly edged with whitish; -the outer web of first tail-feather paler than the -inner, but not white. Under wing-coverts reddish -ochraceous-yellow. A whitish ring round -the eye. Length, 5.50; wing. 2.80; tail, 2.75. -<i class="age">Young.</i> Wing-bands ochraceous instead of grayish.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains to the Pacific. Fur -countries. Southward into Mexico. Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, -61); Vera Cruz, <abbr title="temperate region">temp. reg.</abbr> resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 557).</p> - -<p>This race represents the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i> in the region west of the Rocky -Mountains. The present bird is paler colored than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i>, the olivaceous above -much more grayish anteriorly, and more brownish posteriorly, the olive -being thus less greenish and less uniform in tint; the brownish shade -across the breast is lighter and more ashy, and the yellow tinge posteriorly -beneath more faint; the wing-bands lighter and more grayish. In color, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> thus approximates somewhat to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus</i>, which, however, is a -very distinct species, and more closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. hammondi</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i> -may be distinguished by much smaller size (the bill especially), the wing-bands -grayish-white instead of olive-gray, and the tail emarginated instead -of appreciably rounded; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i> lays a white egg like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>, while -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i> lay distinctly spotted ones, and build a very different nest.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Professor Baird, in his Birds of North America, assigns to this -species an area of distribution extending from the Great Plains to the -Pacific, southward into Mexico, and north to the fur country. Dr. Hoy cites -it as of Wisconsin in his List of the birds of that State, but without positive -data for this claim; it has, however, since been actually taken, a summer -<!--411.png--><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 367]</span> -resident breeding in Jefferson County, in that State. This is its most eastern -known occurrence. In the Smithsonian Museum are skins from Fort -Steilacoom, Fort Tejon, and Mexico. This species is probably identical with -the Little Tyrant Flycatcher, described by Swainson in the Fauna Boreali -as both from Mexico and from the Arctic regions. Dr. Richardson was not -able to supply anything in regard to its habits. They were first seen by -him at the Carlton House on the 19th of May. For a few days they were -found flitting about among low bushes on the banks of the river, after which -they retired to moist shady woods lying farther north.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway mentions the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. pusillus</i> as the most common of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i> -in the Great Basin, as well as in California and the Rocky Mountains. -It is chiefly, if not entirely, confined to the willows along streams, -but it is as common in the river valleys as in the mountain “parks.” In all -respects it is a counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>; its notes, as well as its manners, -being the same. In Parley’s Park, in the Wahsatch Mountains, at an elevation -of over 7,000 feet, they were breeding abundantly; about nightfall -they became particularly active, chasing each other, with a merry twitter, -through the willow thickets, or, as they perched upon a dry twig, uttered -frequently, with swelling throats and raised crest, their odd but agreeable -enunciation of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pretty dear</i>, as their notes were translated by the people of -the locality.</p> - -<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Mexico, Mr. Sumichrast gives this species -as a summer resident within the temperate region. He found it quite -common around Orizaba in the months of June and July.</p> - -<p>It was also met with on the Mexican Boundary Survey in summer, having -been taken in June at Los Nogales by Dr. Kennerly, and at <a name="note20" id="note20"></a>Rio Nazas, -in Durango, by Lieutenant Couch, the same month.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues mentions it as moderately plentiful as a summer resident in -Arizona. None of this genus were very common at Fort Whipple, but this -one was by far the most characteristic species. It arrives there about the -middle of April, and remains through September.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this species quite abundant in the vicinity of Fort -Steilacoom, where it arrives early in May. It seems to prefer the vicinity -of bushes and low trees at the edges of dense forests. This species, he adds, -is rather less pugnacious than others of the group, and in habits generally -more resembles the Vireo family. Its notes are said to be short but sweet, -and just after sundown on warm summer evenings particularly low, plaintive, -and soothing.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of it as found by him frequenting the dark and gloomy -spruce forests, which it seems to prefer to more open places. He found it -most numerous near the coast, but also saw a few at Puget Sound, where -it arrived about the 25th of April. He speaks of its song as lively but -monotonous. He found it very difficult to get a sight of this bird among -the upper branches of the tall spruces, its color making it almost invisible in -<!--412.png--><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 368]</span> -the shade. One of these birds was observed to keep constantly on the -border of a small pond and to drive away a Kingbird from the place. He -adds that it has a peculiar short and lisping song of three notes, very different -from those of the other species. In the fall the young birds uttered a -very different call-note.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species breeding, June 23, at Parley’s Park, Utah. -One nest was built on the horizontal branch of a willow, over a stream, -about four feet from the ground. It was partly pensile. It was three -inches deep and four in diameter; the cavity was two inches wide and one -and a half deep. Externally the nest was somewhat loosely constructed of -flaxen fibres of plants, soft strips of inner bark and straw, and lined more -firmly with fine roots of plants. This structure was firmly bound around the -smaller branches of the limb. The inner nest was much more compactly interwoven -than the periphery. The eggs, four in number, were of a chalky -whiteness, more pinkish when unblown, finely sprinkled at the larger end -with reddish-brown dots. Length, .77 of an inch; breadth, .51.</p> - -<p>Another nest from the same locality was built in the upright fork of a -wild rose, in the undergrowth of a willow thicket, and about four feet from -the ground. It is a much more compact and homogeneous nest. Its external -portion was almost wholly composed of the interweaving of the fine -inner bark of deciduous shrubs, blended with a few stems of grasses, feathers, -etc., and is lined with a few fine grass stems and fibrous roots. The -eggs, four in number, have a pinkish-white ground, and are spotted at the -larger end with reddish-brown and chestnut spots, in scattered groups.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1870 a son of Mr. Thure Kumlien, of Jefferson <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, -Wisconsin, found the nest and eggs of this species. Both parents were obtained, -and were fully identified by Professor Baird. The nest was placed in -a thick mass of coarse marsh grasses, near the ground, and firmly interwoven -with the tops of the surrounding herbage. The grass and reeds, among which -it was made, grew in the midst of water, and it was discovered by mere accident -in a hunt for rail’s eggs. It was found, June 28, on the edge of Lake -Koskonong. It is a large nest for the bird; its base and sides are made of -masses of soft lichens and mosses, and within this a neat and firm nest is -woven of bits of wool and fine wiry stems of grasses, and lined with -the same. The eggs measure .70 by .54 of an inch, are white with a pinkish -tinge, and are marked with reddish-brown and fainter lilac blotches at -the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--413.png--><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 369]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TRAILL’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa trailli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 236; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 426, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib</span>. Syn.</abbr> 1839, -43.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 234, <abbr title="plate 65">pl. lxv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula trailli</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus trailli</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 323. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax -trailli</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 193.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -140.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third quill longest; second scarcely shorter than fourth; first shorter than -fifth, about .35 shorter than the longest. Primaries about .75 of an inch longer than -secondaries. Tail even. Upper parts dark olive-green; lighter under the wings, and -duller and more tinged with ash on nape and sides of the neck. Centre of the crown-feathers -brown. A pale yellowish-white ring (in some specimens altogether white) round -the eye. Loral feathers mixed with white. Chin and throat white; the breast and sides -of throat light ash tinged with olive, its intensity varying in individuals, the former -sometimes faintly tinged with olive. Sides of the breast much like the back. Middle of -the belly nearly white; sides of the belly, abdomen, and the lower tail-coverts, sulphur-yellow. -The quills and tail-feathers dark brown, as dark (if not more so) as these parts -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>. Two olivaceous yellow-white bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the -first and second coverts, succeeded by a brown one; the edge of the first primary and of -secondaries and tertials a little lighter shade of the same. The outer edge of the tail-feathers -like the back; that of the lateral one rather lighter. Bill above dark brown; -dull brownish beneath. Length, nearly 6.00; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.60. <i class="age">Young</i> with the -wing-bands ochraceous instead of grayish-olive.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States and south to Mexico. Localities: ? Isthmus of Panama -(<abbr title="Lawrence Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> VIII</abbr>, 63); ? San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, breeds); ? Costa -Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 114); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 201). All these localities, except perhaps -the last, are to be questioned, as being more properly in the habitat of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i>.</p> - -<p>This species is most closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus</i>, but differs in larger -size and the proportions of quills. The middle of the back is the same -color in both, but instead of becoming lighter and tinged with ash on the -rump and upper tail-coverts, these parts very rarely differ in color from the -back. The markings on the wings, instead of being dirty white, are -decidedly olivaceous-grayish. The yellow of the lower parts is deeper. -The tail-feathers are rather broad, acuminate, and pointed; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i> they -are narrow and more rounded, while the tail itself is emarginated, instead -of square, as in the present bird. The bill is larger and fuller. The legs are -decidedly shorter in proportion.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Traill’s Flycatcher was first described by Mr. Audubon as a western -bird, procured from Arkansas. In his subsequent reference to this species -he also speaks of it as identical with several birds obtained by Townsend near -the Columbia River, but which our present knowledge as to the distribution -of this species compels us to presume to have been specimens of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax -pusillus</i>, a closely allied species or race. That Traill’s Flycatcher does -occur in Arkansas, on the other hand, is rendered probable by its abundance -in other parts of the country, making this region directly within its range of -<!--414.png--><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 370]</span> -migration. Dr. Woodhouse found it very common both in Texas and in -the Indian Territory. Mr. Dresser found it common during the summer -season near San Antonio, and to the eastward, breeding there, and building a -small hanging nest. He also had its eggs sent to him from Systerdale. The -stomach of the specimen he procured contained minute insects. It is mentioned -by Dr. E. Coues as found in South Carolina, but whether as a migrant -or as a resident is not stated. Dr. William P. Turnbull refers to it as rare near -Philadelphia, and as only a spring and autumnal migrant. Mr. McIlwraith -cites it as a rare summer visitant near Hamilton, Canada West. It is -mentioned by Mr. Boardman as found near Calais, but has not been recorded -as occurring in Nova Scotia, as far as I am aware. In Western Maine, Professor -Verrill found it a regular but not a common summer visitant, arriving -there the third week in May. And Mr. Brewster found it breeding in considerable -abundance near Lake Umbagog in the summer of 1872.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts it has been found to occur very irregularly, and so far -chiefly as a migrant, at least I am not aware that it has been known, except -in a single instance, to breed within the limits of that State. It passes -through the State about the middle of May, is rare some seasons, much more -abundant for a few days in others. Near Springfield Mr. Allen regarded it -as a rather rare summer visitant, arriving from the 10th to the 15th of May, -and also mentioned it as probably breeding. A number have been taken in -Lynn by Mr. Welch, but none have been observed to remain more than -a day or two. Mr. Maynard once met with it on the 1st of June, 1869, in -a swampy thicket. It was very shy, and he heard no note.</p> - -<p>This species was observed by Mr. Paine, at Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, where it was -found to be a not uncommon, though very retiring and shy species. It -was found frequenting shady thickets, on the borders of the mountain -streams, and several of its nests were procured. The bird was thoroughly -identified, specimens of the parents having been sent to Professor Baird for -verification. Mr. Paine was not able to obtain much insight into the manners -and habits of this species, on account of its shyness. The nests were -always placed in low alder-bushes, near running streams, and not more than -three or four feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine has since informed me that Traill’s Flycatcher reaches Central -Vermont from the 20th to the 25th of May, and is one of the last birds to -arrive, coming in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. borealis</i>. They all -leave before the close of September. Mr. Paine has met with a great many -nests of this species, but has only found one containing more than three -eggs. It has a very simple song, consisting of but two notes. It has also a -sort of twitter as it plays with its mate. They are usually found in thickets, -for the most part near water, but not always, and are never seen in tall -woods. They are occasionally seen chasing one another in the open fields.</p> - -<p>Mr. William Brewster informs me that he found Traill’s Flycatcher moderately -common and breeding at the foot of Mount Washington, in the Glen, -<!--415.png--><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 371]</span> -in August, 1869, and in the township of Newry, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, in June, 1871. Their -favorite haunts were the dense alder thickets along the runs and small -streams, over these dark retreats, perched on some tall dead branch, full in -the rays of the noonday sun. The male sang vigorously, occasionally -darting out after some insect, and returning to the same perch. His song -consisted of a single dissyllabic refrain, <i class="birdcall">ke´wing</i>, uttered in a harsh peevish -tone at an interval of about thirty seconds, varied occasionally to <i class="birdcall">ke´wink</i>, -or <i class="birdcall">ki-winch</i>. At each utterance his head is thrown upwards with a sudden -jerk. They were retiring, but not shy, were easily approached, and were -apparently not so restless as most Flycatchers.</p> - -<p>Near Washington, Dr. Coues found Traill’s Flycatcher a rare spring and -fall visitant, a few possibly remaining to breed. They came about the last -of April, and passed south the last of September. Professor Baird frequently -met with them about Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p> - -<p>In Southern Illinois, Mr. Ridgway has found this species a rather common -summer resident, chiefly met with in the open woods. It was found nesting -in Northwestern Massachusetts by Mr. A. Hopkins, in Illinois by Mr. Tolman, -in New Brunswick by Mr. Barnstow, and at Fort Resolution by Messrs. -Kennicott, Ross, and Lockhart.</p> - -<p>I have myself found this species on the banks of the Androscoggin -and Peabody Rivers in Gorham, and met with several of their nests. -They were all in similar situations, and it was quite impossible to obtain -a glimpse of the bird after she had left her nest. The nests were all made -like those of the Indigo-Bird, externally of dry grasses and fine strips of -bark, and lined with finer stems of grasses. The eggs were five in number, -and incubation commenced about the first of June. I have discovered their -nests at the same time among the foot-hills at the base of Mount Washington, -its wooded sides being, at the time, covered with snow to the depth of -several feet.</p> - -<p>Among the memoranda of Mr. Kennicott I find one dated Fort Resolution, -July 9, mentioning the procuring of the parent nest and egg of this species. -The nest was three feet from the ground, in a small spruce among thick low -bushes. The female was shot on the nest, which contained two young and -two eggs. Eggs of this species from Gorham, <abbr title="New Hampshire">N. H.</abbr>, and Coventry and -Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, do not essentially vary in size or shape. They measure -.63 of an inch in length, by .56 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, -with a distinctly roseate tinge. They are oval in shape, a little less obtuse -at one end, and marked almost entirely about the larger end with large and -well-defined spots and blotches of purplish-brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--416.png--><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 372]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAST FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula minima</i>, <span class="sc"><abbr title="William">Wm.</abbr> M.</span> and <span class="sc">S. F. Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">Pr. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, July, 1843, 284.—<abbr title="Ibid Silliman American Journal of Science"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Sillim. Am. Jour. Sc.</abbr> July, 1844.—<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 343, <abbr title="plate 491">pl. ccccxci</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 195.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -141.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second quill longest; third and fourth but little shorter; fifth a little less; -first intermediate between fifth and sixth. Tail even. Above olive-brown, darker on -the head, becoming paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts. The middle of the back -most strongly olivaceous. The nape (in some individuals) and sides of the head tinged -with ash. A ring round the eye and some of the loral feathers white; the chin and -throat white. The sides of the throat and across the breast dull ash, the color on the -latter sometimes nearly obsolete; sides of the breast similar to the back, but of a lighter -tint; middle of the belly very pale yellowish-white, turning to pale sulphur-yellow on -the sides of the belly, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts. Wings brown; two narrow white -bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the first and second coverts, succeeded by one of -brown. The edge of the first primary, and of the secondaries and tertials, white. Tail -rather lighter brown, edged externally like the back. Feathers narrow, not acuminate, -with the ends rather blunt. In autumn the white parts are strongly tinged with yellow. -Length, about 5.00; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50. Young with ochraceous, instead of grayish-white -wing-bands.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to Missouri Plains; Mirador; Orizaba; Belize. Localities: -Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 384); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -441, and <abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr>); Coban, Escuintla, Dueñas (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229); San Antonio, -Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, common, summer).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The distinctness of this species from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</i>, with which it -had been previously confused, was first pointed out by the Messrs. Baird in -1843, but it was some time before the complete differences between the two -species and their distinctive habits and distribution were fully appreciated -and known. This species, one of the commonest birds in the State of -Massachusetts, where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. acadica</i> is nearly or quite unknown, was supposed -by Mr. Nuttall to be the latter species, and under that name is treated -and its history given. Wilson contributed to cause this error. For although -his account of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</i> is in part correct, it is not wholly free from error, -and probably the nest and eggs described as belonging to the latter were -those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</i>. The discovery, by Professor Baird, of the nest and -eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</i>, and their marked difference in all respects from those of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</i>, which had hitherto been attributed to it, at once pointed out -the errors that had prevailed, and permitted the real facts to be appreciated.</p> - -<p>This bird is an abundant species throughout Eastern North America, occurring -as a migrant in all the States between the Atlantic and the Great Plains, -and breeding from the 40th parallel northward over an extent not fully defined, -but probably to within the Arctic Circle. It occurs in great numbers from -Maine to Nebraska, and, unlike all the other species of this genus, is not shy -<!--417.png--><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 373]</span> -or retiring, but frequents the open grounds, visits gardens, is found in the -vicinity of dwellings, and breeds even in the vines that half conceal their -windows and doors.</p> - -<p>This Flycatcher reaches Washington, according to Dr. Coues, the last of -April, and remains about two weeks. It returns in autumn the third week -in August, and remains till the last of September. It is only a spring and -autumnal visitant, none breeding, and is rather common. It frequents the -margins of small streams and brooks.</p> - -<p>I am not aware that the nest of this species has ever been procured farther -south than New York City, yet it is given by Mr. Dresser as having been -found common by him, through the summer, near San Antonio. It is not, -however, mentioned by Dr. Woodhouse, nor by the Mexican Survey, nor was -it met with by Sumichrast in Vera Cruz. It is cited by Dr. Coues as only -a migrant in South Carolina. Near Philadelphia Mr. Turnbull gives it as -a somewhat rare migrant, passing north in April and returning in September, -but adds that a few remain to breed. I did not find it breeding in the vicinity -of Newark, nor, among a very extensive collection of nests and eggs -made in that neighborhood, were there any eggs of this species. It is mentioned -by Mr. Boardman as occurring at Calais, and in the western part of the -State Mr. Verrill found it a very common summer visitant, arriving there -about the middle of May and breeding there in numbers. It is also an exceedingly -frequent summer visitant at Hamilton, Canada West, according -to Mr. McIlwraith. It is found during the winter months near Oaxaca, -Mexico, according to Mr. Boucard, and has been met with throughout Mexico -and south to Guatemala.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts this Flycatcher is one of the most abundant and familiar -species, arriving from about the 20th of April to the 1st of May. It is found -most frequently in orchards, gardens, and open grounds, and very largely on -the edges of woods, remaining until October. They are much addicted to -particular localities, and return to the same spot year after year, if undisturbed. -A pair that had established their hunting-grounds in an open area -north of a dwelling in Roxbury returned to the same spot for several successive -years, and would come regularly to the piazza of the house, where -bits of cotton were exposed for the benefit of such of the whole feathered -tribe as chose to avail themselves of it. Each year they drew nearer and -nearer the house, until at last the nest was made in a clump of honeysuckle -on the corner of the piazza, from which they would sally forth in quest of -insects, entirely unmindful of the near presence of the family. I never -observed the quarrelsome disposition that Nuttall speaks of, nor have I ever -seen them molest other birds, even when the summer Yellow-Birds and the -Chipping Sparrows have nested in the same clump. They are very silent -birds, having no song and no other cry or note than a very feeble, guttural -utterance, given out either as a single sound or as a succession of twitters. -Their nest is a very common receptacle for the eggs of the Cow Blackbird.</p> - -<p><!--418.png--><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 374]</span> -This species was found breeding at Fort Resolution, latitude 62<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, by Mr. -Kennicott, the nest being in an alder-bush, and about five feet from the -ground. It was also found nesting in the same locality by Mr. Ross and by -Mr. Lockhart. Its nest was found at Lake Manitobah by Mr. McTavish, -and at Fort Simpson by Mr. Ross.</p> - -<p>This species has been gradually undergoing certain modifications of habits -and manners in consequence of its contact with civilization and becoming -familiarized to the society of man. In nothing is this made more apparent -than in the construction of its nests. Those made on the edge of woodlands -or in remote orchards are wrought almost entirely of fine deciduous bark, -hempen fibres of vegetables, feathers, dried fragments of insect cocoons, and -other miscellaneous substances felted and impacted together; within this is -a lining of fine strips of vegetable bark, woody fibres, fine lichens, and soft -downy feathers. In some the lining is exclusively of fine pine leaves, in -others with the seeds or pappus of compositaceous plants. The nests are -always quite small, rarely measuring more than three inches in diameter or -two in height. Those made in the vicinity of dwellings indicate their neighborhood -by the variety of miscellaneous and convenient materials, such as -bits of paper, rags, cotton, wool, and the larger and more conspicuous feathers -of the poultry-yard. Where raw cotton was abundantly provided, I have -known this material, strengthened with a few straws and woody fibres, with -a lining of feathers, constitute the whole substance of the nest.</p> - -<p>One nest, constructed in a thick tamarack swamp in Wisconsin, is composed -of a dense, impacted mass of a dirty white vegetable wool, intertwined -at the base with shreds of bark, vegetable stems, and small black -roots. The inner rim and frame of the nest are made of black, shining rootlets, -intermingled with slender leaves and stems of dry sedges, and lined -with the pappus of a small composite plant and a few feathers.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are pure white, never, so far as I am aware, spotted, -of a rounded-oval shape, nearly equally obtuse at either end, and measuring -about .60 of an inch in length by .50 in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SMALL GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Muscicapa acadica</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 947.—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Index Orn. II</abbr>, 1790, -489.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 71 (from <span class="sc">Latham</span>).—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 256; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 429, <abbr title="plate 144">pl. cxliv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 221, <abbr title="plate 62">pl. lxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 208.—<span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr title="Long">L.</abbr> Island, 1844, 40. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa querula</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 77, <abbr title="plate 13, figure">pl. xiii, f.</abbr> 3 (not of <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platyrhynchus virescens</i>, -<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula acadica</i>, <span class="sc">Richardson</span>, ? <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> List, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus acadica</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -197.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 143.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -The second and third quills are longest, and about equal; the fourth a little -shorter; the first about equal to the fifth, and about .35 less than the longest. Tail even. -<!--419.png--><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 375]</span> -The upper parts, with sides of the head and neck, olive-green; the crown very little if -any darker. A yellowish-white ring round the eye. The sides of the body under the -wings like the back, but fainter olive; a tinge of the same across the breast; the chin, -throat, and middle of the belly white; the abdomen, lower tail and wing coverts, and -sides of the body not covered by the wings, pale greenish-yellow. Edges of the first -primary, secondaries, and tertials margined with dull yellowish-white, most broadly on -the latter. Two transverse bands of pale yellowish (sometimes with an ochrey tinge) -across the wings, formed by the tips of the secondary and primary coverts, succeeded by -a brown one. Tail light brown, margined externally like the back. Upper mandible -light brown above; pale yellow beneath. In autumn the lower parts are more yellow. -Length, 5.65; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.75. <i class="age">Young</i> (60,892 Mt. Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, August 11, 1870; -<span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>.) Whole upper surface with indistinct transverse bars of pale ochraceous; -wing-markings light ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the Mississippi; Yucatan. Localities: Cuba (<abbr title="Lawrence Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> -VII</abbr>, 1860, 265; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rept.</abbr> 1865, 240); San Antonio, Texas, summer (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, -Ibis, 1865, 475).</p> - -<p>This species is very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>, but the upper parts are of a -brighter and more uniform olive-green, much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo olivaceus</i>. -The feathers of the crown lack the darker centre. There is less of the -olivaceous-ash across the breast. The bands across the wing are light -yellowish, instead of grayish-olive. There is much more yellow at the -base of the lesser quills. The wings are longer, both proportionally and -absolutely. The primaries exceed the secondaries by nearly an inch, -instead of by only about .70; the proportions of the quills are much the -same.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species belongs to Eastern North America, but its distribution -north and east is not determined with entire certainty. I have never -met with or received any evidence of its breeding northeast of Philadelphia. -Nuttall’s account of this bird so blends what he had ascertained -in regard to the habits of a different species with what he derived from -other writers, that his whole sketch must be passed as unreliable. It is -shy and retiring in its habits, frequenting only lonely places, and would -readily escape notice, so that its presence in New Jersey, New York, and -even New England, may not be uncommon, although we do not know -it. Mr. Lawrence mentions its occurring in the vicinity of New York -City; but I can find no evidence whatever that a single specimen of this -bird has ever been procured in any part of New England, except Mr. -Allen’s mention of finding it near Springfield. That it is found in the -immediate neighborhood of Philadelphia I have positive evidence, having -received its nest and eggs, found in West Philadelphia. Mr. Turnbull -gives it as of frequent occurrence from the beginning of May to the middle -of September. He generally met with it in the most secluded parts of -woods. Mr. McIlwraith calls it a rare summer resident near Hamilton, -Canada West.</p> - -<p>I am informed by Mr. Thomas H. Jackson, an accurate observer, resident -in Westchester, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, that this Flycatcher arrives in that neighborhood early -<!--420.png--><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 376]</span> -in May, constructing its nest about the first of June. This is generally -placed on a drooping limb of a beech or dogwood tree at the height -of from six to ten feet from the ground. It is never saddled on a limb -like that of a Wood Pewee, neither is it pensile like those of the Vireos, -but is built in the fork of a small limb, and securely fastened thereto by a -strip of bark. The nest itself is mostly made of fine strips of bark or weed-stalks, -woven together without much care as to neatness or strength, and so -very slight is the structure that you may often count the eggs in the nest -from below. Occasionally this bird constructs its nest of the blossoms of -the hickory-tree, and when thus made is very neat and pretty.</p> - -<p>The eggs are generally three in number (Mr. Jackson has never known -more in a nest), and they are said to be of a rich cream-color, thinly spotted -near the greater end. The Cow-Bird sometimes imposes on this species -with its parasitic offspring, but not so often as upon other birds.</p> - -<p>Mr. Jackson also informs me that this is quite a common bird in some -localities. In one piece of woodland, half a mile east of West Chester, he -can every season meet with six or eight of their nests, while in another -direction, in a wood apparently similar in every respect, he has never met -with any.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen mentions finding this Flycatcher as a rare summer visitant -in Western Massachusetts, where, as he states, it breeds in swamps and -low moist thickets, which are its exclusive haunts. He characterizes it as one -of the most spirited and tyrannical of this genus. It is said to have a short -quick note, sounding like <i class="birdcall">quequeal</i>, which it utters hurriedly and sharply, -and to have an erect, hawk-like attitude. He adds that it is very quarrelsome -with its own species, a battle ensuing whenever two males meet. -They pursue each other fiercely, with snapping bills and sharp, querulous, -twittering notes. He found it a very shy bird, and difficult to collect, frequenting -exclusively, so far as he was able to observe, thick alder-swamps -and swampy thickets, keeping concealed among the thick bushes, or at a -great distance.</p> - -<p>Wilson’s history of this species is quite brief, and he expressly states that -it is a bird but little known. His account of its nest and eggs is inaccurate, -and refers probably to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, as also the statement that it -extends its migrations as far as Newfoundland. He found it inhabiting -only the deepest solitary parts of the woods, stationed among the lower -branches, uttering at short intervals a sudden, sharp squeak, heard at considerable -distance through the woods. As it flies, it utters a low, querulous -note, which it changes, on alighting, to its usual sharp cry. He adds that -it is a rare and very solitary bird, always haunting the most gloomy, moist, -and unfrequented parts of the forest, feeding on flying insects, devouring -wild bees and huckleberries in their season.</p> - -<p>To this account Audubon furnishes but little additional that is reliable. He -evidently confounded with it the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, repeats Wilson’s description of its -<!--421.png--><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 377]</span> -eggs, and is incorrect as to its northern distribution. He speaks of it as -extremely pugnacious, chasing from its premises every intruder, and when -once mated seldom leaving the vicinity of its nest except in pursuit of -food. His description of the nest applies to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, but not -to that of this species.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway writes me that in Southern Illinois it is the most abundant -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>, breeding in the same woods with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>. It is so -exceedingly similar to that species in manners and general habits that they -are hard to distinguish, and it requires a long acquaintance with the two -in the woods to learn to distinguish them when seen or heard. A close -attention, however, shows that the notes of the two are quite distinct.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser mentions finding this species not uncommon near San Antonio, -Texas, during the summer. Its stomach was found to contain small -insects. Dr. Woodhouse also speaks of it as common in Texas, New -Mexico, and the Indian Territory, but at what season is not mentioned.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy writes me that this bird, quite common about Racine some -twenty-five years ago, has now almost entirely disappeared.</p> - -<p>Near Washington Dr. Coues found this Flycatcher a common summer -resident, the most abundant of the kind, and the only one that breeds there -in any numbers. They arrive the last of April, and remain until the last -of September.</p> - -<p>A beautiful nest of this species was found by Mr. George O. Welch near -Indianapolis, Indiana. It was fully identified, and the parent shot. This -nest has a diameter of four inches, and a height of two. Its base is composed -to a large extent of dried grasses, intermingled with masses of withered -blossoms of different herbaceous plants. Above this is constructed a -somewhat rudely interwoven nest, composed entirely of long, fine, wiry stems -of grasses. The cavity is two inches wide and less than one in depth. The -eggs, three in number, are exceedingly beautiful, and differ from all the -eggs of this genus, having more resemblance to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopi</i>. They -have an elongated oval shape, and are quite pointed at one end. They -measure .78 by .56 of an inch. Their ground is a rich cream-color, tinged -with a reddish-brown shading, and at the larger end the eggs are irregularly -marked with scattered and vivid blotches of red and reddish-brown. The -nest was found on the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of June.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--422.png--><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 378]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc"><abbr title="William">Wm.</abbr> M.</span> and <span class="sc">S. F. Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia One">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. I</abbr>, July, 1843, -283.—<abbr title="Ibid American Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Am. Journ.</abbr> Science, April, 1844.—<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 341, <abbr title="plate 490">pl. -ccccxc.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula pusilla</i> (<span class="sc">Swainson</span>), <span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vidensk. Meddel.</abbr> for 1853, -1854, 82.—<span class="sc">Gloger</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1854, 426. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hypoxanthus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span> (provisional -name for eastern specimens). <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax difficilis</span>, <span class="sc">Baird</span> (provisional name -for western). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1859, 198.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 126.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal; first intermediate between -fifth and sixth. Tail nearly even, slightly rounded. Tarsi long. Above bright olive-green -(back very similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo noveboracensis</i>); crown rather darker. A -broad yellow ring round the eye. The sides of the head, neck, breast and body, and a -band across the breast like the back, but lighter; the rest of the lower parts bright -greenish sulphur-yellow; no white or ashy anywhere on the body. Quills dark brown; -two bands on the wing formed by the tips of the primary and secondary coverts, the -outer edge of the first primary and of the secondaries and tertials pale yellow, or greenish-yellow. -The tail-feathers brown, with the exterior edges like the back. The bill dark -brown above, yellow beneath. The feet black. In the autumn the colors are purer, the -yellow is deeper, and the markings on the wings of an ochrey tint. Length, 5.15; wing, -2.83; tail, 2.45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States, and Eastern Middle America, south to Costa Rica. Localities: -Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 441); Choctun, Dueñas -(<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 114); Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> VIII</abbr>, 63); Vera -Cruz, winter, resident? (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, -475).</p> - -<p>Specimens from the eastern regions of North and Middle America, -though varying slightly among themselves, all agree in the characters which -distinguish them from the western series.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This well-marked species was first obtained in Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, -and described by the Bairds in 1843. It has since remained a comparatively -rare and scattered species, and has been only seldom met with. I found it -breeding in the vicinity of Halifax, and also among the Grand Menan -Islands, and in both cases was so fortunate as to be able to obtain its nest -and eggs. It has been found near Calais by Mr. Boardman, and its nest -also procured. It has also been found breeding near Trenton, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, by -Dr. Slack, and in a not distant locality in the same State by Dr. Abbott.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues observed the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher to be a rather rare -spring and autumnal visitant at Washington. As specimens were taken there -July 28, undoubtedly they occasionally breed there. They appear early in -May, and go south the latter part of September.</p> - -<p>Two specimens of Flycatcher, identified as of this species, are recorded -by Professor Reinhardt as having been taken at Godthaab, Greenland, in -1853.</p> - -<p>Sumichrast met with this species in Vera Cruz, but whether as a resident -<!--423.png--><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 379]</span> -or only as a migrant he could not determine. Mr. Dresser states that it is -common in the summer near San Antonio, arriving there in April. Dr. -Coues met it in its migrations through South Carolina. Dr. Turnbull speaks -of it as rare in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, where it arrives in the -middle of April on its way north. It has been found throughout Eastern -Mexico and Guatemala, and as far south as Panama.</p> - -<p>Mr. Verrill regarded this species as a summer resident in Western Maine, -though he never met with its nest, and at no time very common. Specimens -were procured between the last of May and the middle of June. It -was found, though very rare, by Mr. McIlwraith, at Hamilton, where it was -supposed to be a summer resident. Specimens were taken about the middle -of May.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy detected this species in the summer of 1869, in the vicinity of -Racine, and although he had no doubt that they had a nest in the vicinity, -he was not able to discover it. He was surprised to find that the male of -this species has quite a pretty song. This fact has since been confirmed by -the observations of Mr. Boardman, who has heard this bird give forth quite -a pleasing, though somewhat monotonous trill. This, according to Dr. Hoy, -resembles <i class="birdcall">Pēa-wāyk-pēa-wāyoc</i>, several times repeated in a soft and not unpleasant -call or song.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts Mr. Allen has found this species rather rare. -Those met with have all been taken from May 15 to June 5. Dr. Coues, -in his List of the birds of New England, expresses his conviction that this -species is probably much less rare than collectors have generally supposed. -It harbors very closely in shady woods and thickets, and is very rarely to be -met with anywhere else. In the distance it is not easily distinguished from -other species of this genus, and may have been allowed to go unsought, -mistaken for a much more common species. Mr. Allen has generally met -with quite a number each year in May, sometimes several in a single excursion. -Mr. Maynard took eight specimens in a few hours, May 31, in Eastern -Massachusetts, and Mr. Welch obtained an unusual number in a single season. -Dr. Coues has also met with them near Washington during their breeding-season.</p> - -<p>At Grand Menan I found the nest of this species in a low alder-bush, on -the edge of a thicket, but within a few feet of the shore. The nest was -about two feet from the ground, placed in the fork of the bush, and bearing -a close resemblance to the nest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</i>. It was loosely -made of soft strips of the inner bark of deciduous trees, and lined with -yellow stems of grasses. It was not large for the bird, but the conspicuous -color of the materials at once betrayed the nest as we chanced to land within -a few feet of it. The female immediately slid from it, and was not seen -again, but her mate was undisturbed by our presence. Afterwards other -nests were obtained at Halifax, on the edge of swampy woods, made of -stubble, and placed in low bushes. All the eggs I obtained were white, of a -<!--424.png--><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 380]</span> -slightly more chalky hue than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, and more oblong. Those -procured by Mr. Boardman were sprinkled with minute dots of reddish-brown. -Their measurement is .68 by .52 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax difficilis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 198 (under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flaviventris</i>) <abbr title="plate 76, figure">pl. lxxvi, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, -328.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>, but tail much longer, and colors lighter and duller. -The olive above less green, and the sulphur-yellow beneath less pure, having an ochraceous -cast, this especially marked on the edge of the wing; wing-bands grayish rather -than yellowish white. Measurements, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (58,550, Parley’s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, -Utah, August 5, 1869; <span class="sc">C. King</span>, <span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>): Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.80; wing-formula, 3, -4, 2, 5, 6, 1. <i class="age">Young.</i> Wing-bands ochraceous, instead of grayish-white, with a sulphur-yellow -tinge.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western Province of United States, and Western Mexico. (Mazatlan, Colima, -etc.) Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 62).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Flycatcher is a western form, closely allied to our eastern -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flaviventris</i>. It was met with by Dr. Coues in Arizona, where it was -rather rare, and appeared to be a summer resident. It arrives in that -Territory about the middle of April, and remains there until the latter part -of September. Dr. Coues found it difficult to distinguish this form from -our eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper obtained at Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, specimens of the western types of -this bird, having darker markings on the wing, which, however, he regards -as only indicative of a young plumage, and not of specific distinctness. He -found these birds chiefly frequenting woods of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coniferæ</i>, and very silent, -which, so far as the observation has any value, indicates a marked difference -between the eastern and the western birds.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are also different from any of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. -flaviventris</i> that I have ever seen, and are more like the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i> -than of the other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>. They measure .73 of an inch in -length, by .58 in breadth, have a creamy-white ground, marked at the -larger end with reddish-brown and purplish markings. They are of an -oblong-oval shape. Mr. Ridgway met with this species only once in his -western explorations, when he obtained a pair in a thick pine woods on the -Wahsatch Mountains, in June. They were exceedingly retiring, and frequented -dark woods, whose solitudes were shared besides only by the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus auduboni</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi</i>. Their note was a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pit</i>, much -more like that of some Warblers than like the notes of the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>.</p> - -<p>This species, called by Mr. Grayson “The Lonely Flycatcher,” was found -<!--425.png--><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 381]</span> -by him quite common in the Three Marias, islands off the Pacific coast -of Mexico, as well as on the main coast, and also in California. The -accustomed places of resort of this solitary little bird were, he states, the -most retired and secluded dells of the forest. He there met with it beneath -the canopy of the natural and shady grottos formed by the overlapping -branches, intermingled with innumerable creeping plants, sitting upon some -low twig watching for a passing fly. At other times it might be seen -frequenting some secluded and shady little brook, near the surface of -which it often darted upon the flies that skimmed over the surface of the -water, ever and anon uttering a low and plaintive one-syllabled note.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax obscurus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WRIGHT’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Tyrannula obscura</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis Mexican Birds, in Philosophical Magazine One">Syn. Mex. Birds, in Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 367. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax -obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 200, <abbr title="plate 49, figure">pl. xlix, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds -9, <abbr title="plate 11, figure">pl. xi, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 329. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax -wrighti</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 200 (name proposed in case this should prove not -to be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. obscura</i> of Swainson).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very narrow. Tarsi long. Wing rounded. Second, third, and fourth -quills longest; first shorter than sixth, sometimes than seventh and eighth. Tail rounded. -Above dull brownish-olive, paler on the rump, tinged with gray on the head. Loral -region and space round the eye whitish. Throat and forepart of the breast grayish-white, -slightly tinged with olive across the latter; the rest of the under parts pale -yellowish. Wings and tail brown; the former with two conspicuous bands of brownish-white; -the outer primary edged, the secondaries and tertials edged and tipped with the -same. The outer web of the external tail-feather white, in strong contrast. Length, -5.75; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.55; tarsus, .70. <i class="age">Young.</i> Wing-bands yellowish-gray, or grayish-buff -(not ochraceous); upper parts with a brownish wash; abdomen tinged with dull buff.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains and Middle Province of United States, and table-lands of -Mexico. Localities: La Parada, Mexico (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230); Vera Cruz, winter, -perhaps resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1866, 63).</p> - -<p>The most decided character of this species is seen in the combination -of the narrow bill and the white outer margin of the external tail-feather, -together with the long tarsi. The bill measured across opposite the middle -of the nostrils is less than half its length from the forehead, instead of -being considerably more, as in nearly all the other North American species, -except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>. From this, however, the longer tail, edged externally -with white; the longer bill and tarsus, the more rounded wings, the -paler throat, etc., will distinguish it. Some specimens (spring and summer -individuals) are very pale, showing scarcely any yellow beneath; the -upper parts more tinged with gray. Sometimes there is a decidedly hoary -frontlet.</p> - -<p>A young specimen (53,303, <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Upper Humboldt Valley, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, September -<!--426.png--><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 382]</span> -16, 1868; C. King, R. Ridgway) is remarkable for its pale and unusually -grayish colors. There is nowhere any tinge of yellow, and scarcely any of -brown, the colors being simply clear ash and pure dull white, except the -dusky of wings and tail. In these respects it differs from all others in the -collection; there can be no doubt, however, that it is the same species as -the brownish individuals obtained in the same locality.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Flycatcher appears to have been first described as a Mexican -species by Swainson in 1827. Since then it has been obtained by Sumichrast -in the Department of Vera Cruz, but whether resident or only -migratory he was unable to decide. Specimens were obtained at El Paso, -in Texas, by Mr. C. Wright, on the Mexican Boundary Survey. Dr. Coues -found this bird a summer resident in Arizona, but rare. It arrives there -early in April, and remains until October. Dr. Cooper first observed this -species at Fort Mohave about April 1, and a few afterwards until May 25. -They kept among low bushes, were generally silent, or with only a single -lisping chirp. Occasionally they flew a short distance after insects in the -general manner of this genus. We are indebted to Mr. Ridgway for all the -knowledge we possess in reference to the habits and nesting of this rare -species.</p> - -<p>He met with them in all the aspen groves and thickets of the high -mountain regions, from the Sierra Nevada to the Wahsatch and Uintah -Mountains. The aspen copses at the head of the cañons of the highest -and well-watered ranges of the Great Basin were their favorite resort; but -they were sometimes seen in the “mahogany” woods on the spurs, and -occasionally, even, on the willows in the river valleys. Their common note -was a weird <i class="birdcall">sweer</i>, much like the call of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris pinus</i>, but very often, -especially when the nest was approached, they uttered a soft liquid <i class="birdcall">whit</i>. In -the Toyabe Mountains, where these little Flycatchers were breeding abundantly -in the aspen copses, Mr. Ridgway found them to be so unsuspicious -that several were taken from the nest with his hand; and one which was -shot at and slightly wounded returned to her nest and suffered herself to -be taken off without showing any alarm.</p> - -<p>A nest obtained by Mr. Ridgway near Austin, in Nevada, July 3, 1868, -was built in the crotch of a small aspen, about five feet from the ground. -This nest is a very neat, homogeneous, compact structure, cup-like in shape, -three inches in diameter, and two and a half in height. Its cavity is one -and a half inches in depth, and three inches across the rim. It is composed -almost entirely of strips of soft and bleached fragments of the inner bark -of deciduous trees and shrubs, and hempen fibres of various plants. The -inner nest is a lining made of finer materials of the same, with a few fine -roots and feathers.</p> - -<p>The eggs, three in number, are of a uniform creamy white, unspotted, -and not unlike the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</i>. They measure .73 of an -inch in length, and .60 in breadth.</p> - -<p><!--427.png--><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 383]</span> -The nest and eggs of this species were also found by Mr. C. S. McCarthy, -in Dodge Valley, July 2, 1859. The nest was in a low flowering bush, and -was a few feet from the ground. It was likewise found breeding at Camp -Grant, Arizona, by Dr. Palmer.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hammondi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HAMMOND’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula hammondi</i>, <span class="sc">De Vesey</span> (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>), <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> May, 1858. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hammondi</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 199, <abbr title="plate 76, figure">pl. lxxvi, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 330.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail moderately forked; the feathers acutely pointed. Third quill longest; -second and then fourth a little shorter. First much shorter than fifth, a little longer than -sixth. Bill very slender; dark brown. Above dark olive-green, considerably darker on -the head. Breast and sides of the body light olive-green, the throat grayish-white; the -rest of under parts bright sulphur-yellow. A whitish ring round the eye. Wings and -tail dark brown; the former with two olivaceous gray bands across the coverts; the -latter with the outer edge a little paler than elsewhere, but not at all white. Length, -5.50; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.50; tarsus, .67.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico and Western Province of United States (Clark’s Fork; Fort Laramie; -Fort Tejon, Orizaba, and numerous intermediate points). North to Lesser Slave Lake, -where breeding abundantly (<span class="sc">S. Jones</span>, <abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr>). Localities: Vera Cruz, winter, -perhaps resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 62).</p> - -<p>In this species the olive-green on the sides is scarcely distinguishable -from that on the back, although becoming more yellow on the middle of the -breast. There is a decided ashy shade on the whole head. The only light -edging to the quills is seen on the terminal half of the secondaries. The -upper mandible and feet are black; the tip of the lower (and in one specimen -the whole) dark brown. The fork of the tail measures a quarter of an -inch in depth; the longest quill exceeds the first by .40.</p> - -<p>This species is at once distinguishable from all the North American -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannulas</i>, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, by the extreme narrowness as well as shortness -of the bill. This is only .25 of an inch wide at the posterior angle of the -mouth, and only .19 at the nostrils. Its colors above are those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i>, -while the general effect is much more that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>, although less -brightly olive. The throat is grayish, not of the same yellow with the -belly; the ring round the eye white, not yellow; the olive of the breast -much more continuous and distinct; the bands on the wings dull grayish -instead of clear greenish-yellow. The tail, instead of being nearly even, is -quite deeply forked. The bill is scarcely half as wide, and brownish, not -yellow, beneath. The tarsus has the same peculiar scutellation.</p> - -<p>The differences from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. obscurus</i> are less easily expressed. It is, however, -considerably smaller, and more olivaceous above and below, the tarsi very -much shorter; the most tangible character is seen in the absence of the -<!--428.png--><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 384]</span> -white on the outer web of the external tail-feather, which is only a little -paler brown than elsewhere. The abdomen is much more distinctly yellowish.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, -<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. Xantus, in 1858, and described by him in the Proceedings -of the Philadelphia Academy. It has since been taken in other parts of -California and Mexico. Sumichrast found it in the Department of Vera -Cruz; and Dr. Coues has taken it in Arizona, where he regarded it as a -rather rare summer resident, arriving late in April and remaining until the -third week in October.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper obtained a single specimen of this species at Fort Mohave, -May 20. It closely resembled <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i> in its habits at that time, and -he mistook it for that species. He afterwards met with others, as supposed, -of these birds, on Catalina Island, in June. They kept in low trees, and -uttered a few faint lisping notes. The first of this species arrived at Santa -Cruz, March 13, and they were numerous during the summer, disappearing -in September. April 27, Dr. Cooper found the first nest. It was built on -the horizontal branch of a negundo-tree, about eighteen feet from the -ground. He found four others afterwards, from four to ten feet high, either -on horizontal branches or on forks of small trees. They contained three or -four eggs each, or young. The last one with eggs was found as late as -June 29, probably a second nest of a pair that had been robbed. These -nests were all thick walled, composed externally of dry mosses and downy -buds, with a few strips of bark and leaves, and slender woody fibres, -and often with a few hairs or feathers lining the inside. Externally the -nests were about four inches wide and two and a half high. The cavity -was two inches wide and one and a half deep. The eggs were white with -brown blotches and specks near the larger end, disposed mostly in a circle. -They measured .68 by .52 of an inch.</p> - -<p>These birds, he further states, frequented only the darkest groves along -the river, and had a very few simple call-notes of a monotonous character. -They were so very shy that he could not get near enough to determine -the species, which in all probability was not this species, but the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. pusillus</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. hammondi</i> was met with by Mr. Ridgway only in the East Humboldt -Mountains, where, in September, it was found in the thickest groves -of tall aspens. It seemed to be confined to these localities, and was much -more secluded than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>. Its common note was a soft <i class="birdcall">pit</i>.</p> - -<p>A number of nests and eggs sent, with the parent birds, from Lesser Slave -Lake, by Mr. Strachan Jones, show that its eggs are unspotted creamy-white, -like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>. Indeed, a number of nests -and eggs of the former of these two species, also accompanied by the parent -birds, could not be distinguished, except by their apparently just appreciably -larger size, on the average.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--429.png--><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 385]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MITREPHORUS</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 44. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. phæocercus</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_429.jpg" - width="250" height="206" - alt="Illustration: 40602 female" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">40602</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> - </div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar in general character to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. empidonax</i>, but with fulvous, fulvous-olive -and rufous tints, instead of clear olive, gray, white, -and sulphur-yellow. Head crested; bristles of gape -reaching nearly to tip of bill. Feet very weak.</p> - -<p>The type of this genus (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. phæocercus</i>) -is quite different in form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, -the nearest North American ally, but both -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. pallescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</i> could with little -violence be placed in it. There is no positive -character to separate the latter from -the average of species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, except -it be the color. The crest is not at all conspicuous, nor is there any -appreciable difference of form; while in the form of the bill these species -are much nearer <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i> than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</i>. The legs, however, are -weaker, and the rictal bristles longer.</p> - -<p>There are two forms of the group, as defined by Sclater: one embracing -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. phæocercus</i>, Sclater (Mexico and Guatemala), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. aurantiiventris</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence">Lawr.</abbr> -(Costa Rica); the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. fulvifrons</i>, Giraud, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</i>, Coues. The -differences between the last two, which are probably merely races of one -species, may be expressed as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fulvifrons.</b> Olivaceous above; beneath ochraceous-fulvous; darkest on -the breast, paler on throat and crissum. External edge of outer tail-feathers -whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -Olive of back fulvous; under parts decided ochrey-fulvous. Wing-bands -tinged with ochraceous; wing rather pointed. First quill equal to sixth; -third, longest. Wing, 2.65; tail, 2.40; tarsus, .61. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_97" id="fnanchor_97"></a><a href="#footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -Olive of back grayish; beneath obscurely ochrey-fulvous and much paler; -wing-bands grayish-white; wing rather rounded. First quill shorter than -sixth; fourth longest. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .55. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--430.png--><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 386]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus fulvifrons</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BUFF-BREASTED LEAST FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus pallescens</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Philad. Ac.</abbr> 1866, 63 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Calif. I</abbr>, 334. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus fulvifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of America, One, plate 19">Illust. B. Am. I, pl. xix</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above fulvous-gray, with an ashy cast on the tail and crown; lighter -across the nape. Two grayish-white bands across the wings, and the terminal half of the -secondaries and outer web of lateral tail-feather broadly edged with the same. Whole -lower parts, including the lores and cheeks, and lining of wing, light ochraceous, very -deeply ochraceous across the breast and on the sides, nearly white on the abdomen and -crissum. Upper mandible deep black, lower whitish (“bright orange-yellow” in life); -feet deep black. Wing-formula: second, third, and fourth quills equal and longest, 5, 6, 1. -Tail very slightly emarginated, but lateral feather a little the shortest. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Length, -4.75; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.00; culmen, .54 (measured to concealed base); breadth of bill, -.24; tarsus, .54; middle toe, .28. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Colors paler; deep ochraceous of breast, etc., -less distinct.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern border of Middle Province of United States (Fort Whipple, Arizona).</p> - -<p>The true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fulvifrons</i> of Mexico differs simply in deeper colors, the -shade above being decidedly fulvous, instead of grayish, and the lower parts -much more deeply ochraceous, the abdomen not approaching white; the -wing-markings are also tinged with ochraceous.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, both new to our fauna and previously undescribed, -was taken by Dr. Coues at Fort Whipple. It belongs to a newly established -genus of Flycatchers, recently established by Mr. Sclater, similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>. -So far as known, its members are more or less tropical in their residence. -It is a rare summer resident at Fort Whipple, arriving there early -in May. Nothing is stated in reference to its habits, except that they correspond -with those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PYROCEPHALUS</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> of Beagle, 1838, 44.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_430.jpg" - width="250" height="157" - alt="Illustration: Pyrocephalus rubineus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38206</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsus moderate, very little longer than the middle toe; hind toe not -longer than the lateral. Bill -slender, very narrow at the base. -Tail broad, even, considerably -shorter than the wings (about -four fifths), which reach beyond -the middle of the tail. -First quill shorter than the -fifth. Head with a conspicuous -rounded crest. Sexes dissimilar. -Male with the crown -and lower parts red (except in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>); tail, back, and -wings dark brown.</p> - -<p><!--431.png--><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 387]</span> -The single North American species of this genus is readily distinguished -among other Flycatchers by the bright red of the under parts. The female -is quite different in color from the male, being peculiar in this respect among -North American Flycatchers.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_98" id="fnanchor_98"></a><a href="#footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></span> -Entirely uniform sepia-brown beneath, with a wine-purple -tinge posteriorly and on the forehead. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Peru.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. rubineus.</b> Whole crown, and entire lower parts (except lining of wing), -brilliant scarlet-red; a stripe on side of the head, and entire upper parts, -sepia-brownish. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Whitish anteriorly beneath, more or less reddish -posteriorly; anterior portion with dusky streaks; crown dusky. <i class="age">Young</i> -without any red; feathers above bordered with lighter; streaks beneath -numerous. Length, about 5.50.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -The brown of a dark sepia cast, edges of wing-feathers not appreciably -paler, the red with a slight carmine shade. No whitish on the edge of -outer nor on tips of other tail-feathers. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_99" id="fnanchor_99"></a><a href="#footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Similar to last, but outer web of lateral tail-feather distinctly whitish, -the rest tipped slightly with whitish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South America -(Bogota and Guayaquil) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_100" id="fnanchor_100"></a><a href="#footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -The brown of a decided grayish cast, and edges of wing-feathers very -distinctly paler; red more scarlet (but equally intense). No whitish -tips to tail-feathers, and no white edge to the outer. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -America; north into southern border of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 115. <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations, One, four">Ill. I, -<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1853, 127, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 201.—<span class="sc">Salvadori</span>, <abbr lang="it" xml:lang="it" title=" Atti della Società ... Milano">Atti. Milan.</abbr> -<abbr title="seven">vii</abbr>, 1864.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 38. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula coronata</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, -529. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus nanus</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, Sitgreave’s Report, 1853, 75 (not of <span class="sc">Gould</span>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 45, 56, 366; 1864, 176.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, -1859, 442.—<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 227.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 399 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum, two">Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, 1859, 68.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 333.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head with a full rounded or globular crest. Tail even. Crown and whole -under parts bright carmine-red; rest of upper parts, including the cheeks as far as the -bill, and the lining of the wing, dull grayish-brown; the upper tail-coverts darker; the -tail almost black; greater and middle wing-coverts and edges of secondaries and tertials -<!--432.png--><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 388]</span> -dull white towards the edges. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, without the crest; the crown brown, like -the back; the under parts whitish anteriorly, streaked with brown; behind white, tinged -with red or ochraceous. Length of male about 5.50; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.75. <i class="age">Young</i> -resembling the female, but lacking any trace of red, and with each feather of the upper -parts bordered with whitish, producing a very variegated appearance.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valleys of Rio Grande and Gila southward. Localities: Honduras (<span class="sc">Moore</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 55); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 296); Vera Cruz, hot to alpine regions (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> -M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 201); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 64).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_432.jpg" - width="250" height="203" - alt="Illustration: Pyrocephalus rubineus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Every stage between the youngest plumage described and the adult male -may be found in a large series of immature specimens: the shade of the red -in both sexes frequently varies, it being -sometimes of a slightly rosaceous tint, -and again decidedly inclining to orange; -its amount in the female varies almost -with the individual. The two South -American races (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i> and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</i>; -see synopsis) differ in having the -brown of upper parts, etc., very decidedly -darker; no appreciable light edgings to -wing-feathers, and sometimes an appreciably -more intense red. One of -them (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>) has a distinct white outer edge to lateral tail-feather, and -slight whitish tips to the other; the other has no more than a trace of -these markings.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This brilliant species is a rare summer visitant to Texas, New -Mexico, Arizona, and probably Southern California. It is found throughout -Middle America. It has only within a few years been known as a resident -within our territory, but was first observed in Texas by Captain McCown, of -the United States Army, in 1850, and its claim to a place in our fauna -publicly made by Mr. G. N. Lawrence. Captain McCown, in some notes on -the habits of certain Texan birds, published in the Annals of the <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr> -Lyceum, speaks of this Flycatcher as being seldom seen, and of his having -noticed not more than a dozen in Western Texas. He always found them -near ponds of water, in the vicinity of the Rio Grande, generally on a tree -or a stake near the water. He only met with one nest, and this was inaccessible. -It was built on an acacia over the water.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch, in a letter to Mr. Cassin, states that he first met with -this bird at Charco Escondido, in Tamaulipas, on the 10th of March. The -males had come in advance of the females, as the latter were not observed -until several weeks afterwards. Early in the morning, and again about sunset, -one of these birds came to the artificial lake constructed there for the supply -of water to the inhabitants. It appeared to be of a very quiet and inoffensive -disposition, usually sitting on the upper branches of the trees, occasionally -uttering a low chirp. He subsequently met with these birds in Nueva -<!--433.png--><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 389]</span> -Leon. In their habits they appeared to be in some respects similar to the -smaller northern Flycatchers.</p> - -<p>Dr. Henry also met with these birds in the vicinity of Fort Webster, in -New Mexico; he found them exceedingly rare, and his observations were -confirmatory of their partiality for the neighborhood of water. His first -specimen was obtained on the Rio Mimbres, near Fort Webster, in the -month of March.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with an individual of this Flycatcher near the settlement -of Quihi, in Texas, in the month of May. It was breeding in a thicket. -He did not hear it utter any note.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of Mr. Sumichrast, this bird is very -abundant throughout the entire Department of Vera Cruz, common everywhere, -at all heights, in the hot, the temperate, and the alpine regions. Mr. -Dresser obtained a fine male specimen from the San Pedro River, near San -Antonio, in August. Another, a young male, was obtained September 25. -It was very shy, and made its way through the low bushes like the Hedge -Sparrow of Europe. A third was obtained April 5, after much difficulty. -It was not so shy as the others, but kept more in the open country, always -perching on some elevated place. Its note resembled that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus -forficatus</i>.</p> - -<p>This bird, according to Dr. Coues, is not found as far to the north as Fort -Whipple, among the mountains, though it extends up the valley of the -Colorado to an equally high latitude. It is also said to be common in the -valley of the Gila and in Southern Arizona generally.</p> - -<p>Mr. E. C. Taylor (Ibis, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 86) mentions finding this Flycatcher tolerably -abundant both at Ciudad Bolivar and at Barcelona, but he did not meet -with a specimen on the island of Trinidad. He notes its great resemblance -in habits to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapæ</i> of Europe.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly reports that these birds were often observed by him at -various points on the road, from Boca Grande to Los Nogales. It generally -selected its perch on the topmost branch of some bush or tree, awaiting the -approach of its insect food, and then sallying out to capture it. Sometimes -it poised itself in a graceful manner in the air, while its bright plumage -glistened in the sun like some brightly colored flower.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann procured a specimen of this Flycatcher at Fort Yuma, -where he was informed that it was quite common in spring. He saw other -individuals of this species at Tucson in Sonora. These birds, he states, -station themselves upon the topmost branches of trees, and when pursued -appear quite wild, flying to a considerable distance before again alighting.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper saw at Fort Mohave, May 24, a bird which he had no doubt -was an individual of this species, but he was not able to procure it. It -perched upon the tops of bushes, and would not suffer him to approach within -shooting distance. One has since been taken by Mr. W. W. Holden in -Colorado Valley, <abbr title="latitude">lat.</abbr> 34<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, April 18.</p> - -<p><!--434.png--><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 390]</span> -Mr. Joseph Leyland found this species common on the flats near Peten, -in Guatemala, as also on the pine ridges of Belize. They have, he states, -a singular habit of spinning round and round on the wing, and then -dropping suddenly with wings loose and fluttering as though shot,—apparently -done for amusement. They lay three or four light-colored eggs -in a small nest composed of light grass and lined with cottony materials. -Mr. Xantus found the nest and eggs of this species at San José, Mexico, -May 16, 1861.</p> -</div><!--end family Tyrannidæ--> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Alcedinidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--435.png--><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 391]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALCEDINIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Kingfishers.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"> -<abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Head large; bill long, strong, straight, and sub-pyramidal, usually longer than -the head. Tongue very small. Wings short; legs small; the outer and middle toes -united to their middle. Toes with the usual number of joints (2, 3, 4, 5).</p> - -<p>The gape of the bill in the Kingfishers is large, reaching to beneath the -eyes. The third primary is generally longest; the first decidedly shorter; -the secondaries vary from twelve to fifteen in number, all nearly equal. -The secondaries cover at least three quarters of the wing. The tail is short, -the feathers twelve in number; they are rather narrow, the outer usually -shorter. The lower part of the tibia is bare, leaving the joint and the tarsus -uncovered. The tarsus is covered anteriorly with plates; behind, it is -shagreen-like or granulated. The hind toe is connected with the inner, so -as to form with it and the others a regular sole, which extends unbroken -beneath the middle and outer as far as the latter are united. The inner toe -is much shorter than the outer. The claws are sharp; the middle expanded -on its inner edge, but not pectinated.</p> - -<p>The North American species of Kingfisher belong to the subfamily -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cerylinæ</i>, characterized by the crested head, and the plumage varying with -sex and age. The single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</i> includes two types, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CERYLE</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1828, 316, ch. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo rudis</i> of Africa.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 336. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. alcyon</i>, in part.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill long, straight, and strong, the culmen slightly advancing on the forehead -and sloping to the acute tip; the sides much compressed; the lateral margins rather -dilated at the base, and straight to the tip; the gonys long and ascending. Tail rather -long and broad. Tarsi short and stout.</p> - -<p>This genus is distinguished from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo</i> (confined to the Old -World) by the longer tail, an indented groove on each side the culmen, -inner toe much longer than the hinder instead of equal, etc.</p> - -<p>The two species of North American Kingfishers belong to two different -subgenera of modern systematists, the one to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr>, the other -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i>, Kaup. The characters of these subgenera are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr> (1854). Bill very stout and thick. Tarsus about -equal to the hind toe; much shorter than the inner anterior. Plumage -without metallic gloss; the occipital feathers much elongated, linear, and -distinct. Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. alcyon</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</b>, Kaup (1849). Size smaller and shape more slender than in -<!--436.png--><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 392]</span> -the preceding. Bill long, thin. Tarsi longer than hind toe; almost or quite as -long as the inner anterior. Plumage with a green metallic gloss above; the -occiput with a crest of rather short, indistinct feathers. Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. amazona</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_436.jpg" - width="300" height="172" - alt="Illustration: Ceryle alcyon" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1640</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</i> was established by Boie on the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo rudis</i>, of Linnæus, -an African species. Modern systematists separate the American Kingfishers -from those of the Old World, and if correct in so doing, another generic -name must be selected for the former. If the two American sections be -combined into one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i> of Kaup (type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo amazona</i>) must be -taken as being the older, unless, indeed, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</i> of Swainson (1837) be -admissible. This appears to have been based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</i>, although -including also some Old World species.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BELTED KINGFISHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 180.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 59.—<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 384, <abbr title="plate 77">pl. lxxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. -VI</abbr>, 1858, 102. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1828, 316.—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American">N. Am.</abbr> Oology, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1857, 110, <abbr title="plate four">pl. iv</abbr>, fig. 52 (egg).—<span class="sc">Wood</span>, <abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, 1868, 379 (nesting).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 158.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 167.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Chicago Academy, One, one">Ch. -Ac. I, i</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen 3">Abh. Nat. III</abbr>, 1872, 29 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -125.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 337.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 300. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaceryle alcyon</i>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie, 1, 2"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span> Handb. Sp. Orn. I, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1851, 25, <abbr title="plate 412">pl. ccccxii</abbr>, fig. 3108-9. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida ludoviciana</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 452. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo jaguacate</cite>, <span class="sc">Dumont</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Dictionnaire des science naturelles 1">Dict. Sc. Nat. -I</abbr>, 1816, 455” (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo guacu</cite>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 19">Nouv. Dict. XIX</abbr>, 1818, 406,” -(<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle alcyon</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Two">Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 151.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head with a long crest. Above ashy-blue, without metallic lustre. Beneath, -with a concealed band across the occiput, and a spot anterior to the eye, pure white. -A band across the breast, and the sides of the body under the wings, like the back.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_45.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="45">XLV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-1" id="pl_45-1"></a><img src="images/pl_45-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3906.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-2" id="pl_45-2"></a><img src="images/pl_45-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 957.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-3" id="pl_45-3"></a><img src="images/pl_45-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis sayus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 52286.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-4" id="pl_45-4"></a><img src="images/pl_45-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Puget Sound, 11871.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-5" id="pl_45-5"></a><img src="images/pl_45-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53277.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-6" id="pl_45-6"></a><img src="images/pl_45-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 25207. ½ <abbr title="natural">nat.</abbr> size.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-7" id="pl_45-7"></a><img src="images/pl_45-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1010.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-8" id="pl_45-8"></a><img src="images/pl_45-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center"><a name="note21" id="note21"></a>8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura vauxi</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Puget Sound, 15955.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_45-9" id="pl_45-9"></a><img src="images/pl_45-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle americana</span>, <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 6194. ½ <abbr title="natural">nat.</abbr> size.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--437.png--><!--Plate 45--> -<!--438.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="small"><!--439.png--><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 393]</span> -Primaries white on the basal half, the terminal unspotted. Tail with transverse bands -and spots of white. <i class="sex">Female</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">young</i> with sides of body and a band across the -belly below the pectoral one -light chestnut; the pectoral band -more or less tinged with the -same. Length of adult about -12.75 inches; wing, 6.00.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_439.jpg" - width="250" height="248" - alt="Illustration: Ceryle alcyon" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -The entire continent of -North America to Panama, including -West Indies. Localities: -Honduras (<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1859, 53; <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 116); <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> -Cruz, winter (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -67); Belize (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 131); -York Factory, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Murray</span>, -<abbr title="Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, January">Edinb. Phil. J. Jan.</abbr> 1860); Cuba -(<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab. J.</span> IV</abbr>, 101; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep. -I</abbr>, 1866, 292); Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, -<abbr title="Boston Society Seven">Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859); Jamaica -(<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 81); Orizaba -(<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 253); Panama -(<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, -318 <abbr title="note">n.</abbr>); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab. J.</span></abbr> 1862, -162; <abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 118); Tobago (<abbr title="Jardine Annals Magazine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span> Ann. Mag.</abbr> 19, 80); Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, -Ibis, 1865, 471); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 59); <abbr title="Saint">Sta.</abbr> Bartholemy (<abbr title="Sundevall Öfversigt"><span class="sc">Sund.</span> Ofv.</abbr> -1869, 585).</p> - -<p>This species varies considerably in size with locality, as do so many -others. Western specimens are appreciably larger, especially those from the -northwest coast. According to Nuttall and Audubon, it is the female that -has the transverse band of chestnut across the belly. In this they may be -correct; but several specimens in the Smithsonian collection marked female -(perhaps erroneously) show no indication of the chestnut.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_101" id="fnanchor_101"></a><a href="#footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></span></p> - -<p>Two closely allied but much larger species belong to Middle and South -America. They differ in having the whole body beneath of a reddish -color.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Belted Kingfisher of North America is a widely -distributed species at all times, and in the summer is found in every portion -of North America, to the Arctic Ocean on the north, and from the Atlantic -to the Pacific. It is more or less resident throughout the year, and in -mild and open winters a few have been known to linger throughout New -England, and even in higher latitudes. In 1857 Captain Blakiston found -it remaining on the lower part of the Saskatchewan River until the 7th -of October; and afterwards, in 1859, at Pembina, on the 1st of May, he observed -<!--440.png--><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 394]</span> -them to be present, although the river was not yet open. Those -that have migrated to the south make their reappearance in spring throughout -the continent as soon as, and not unfrequently before, the ice has disappeared -from the rivers and ponds.</p> - -<p>It occurs in extreme northern latitudes. Mr. MacFarlane received skins -from the Eskimos obtained on the Arctic coast, and Mr. Dall found them -breeding at Fort Yukon, where it was quite common on all the small streams -flowing into that river. It was also found by Dr. Richardson frequenting -all the large streams of the fur countries, as far at least as the 67th parallel. -In California a larger race than our Atlantic species is found abundantly -along the coast, and about nearly every stream or lake in which the water -is not turbid and muddy.</p> - -<p>Mr. A. Newton reports this bird as a winter visitant at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, leaving -the island late in April. It frequents mangrove swamps and the mouths -of small streams, sometimes fishing half a mile out at sea. The stomach of -one contained shells of crabs. The occurrence of two specimens of this -species in Ireland is recorded by Mr. Thompson.</p> - -<p>The Kingfisher is an eminently unsocial species. It is never found other -than in solitary pairs, and these are very rarely seen together. They feed -almost entirely upon fish, which they capture by plunging into the water, -and which they always swallow whole on emerging from their bath. Undigested -portions of their food, such as scales, bones, etc., they have the -power of occasionally ejecting from their stomachs. They may usually be -noticed by the side of streams, mill-ponds, and lakes, stationed on some convenient -position that enables them to overlook a deep place suitable for -their purpose, and they rarely make a plunge without accomplishing their -object.</p> - -<p>The cry of the Kingfisher, uttered when he is disturbed, or when moving -from place to place, and occasionally just as he is about to make a plunge, -is loud and harsh, and resembles the noise made by a watchman’s rattle. -This noise he makes repeatedly at all hours, and most especially at night, -during the breeding-season, whenever he returns to the nest with food for -his mate or young.</p> - -<p>They nest in deep holes excavated by themselves in the sides of streams, -ponds, or cliffs, not always in the immediate vicinity of water. These excavations -are often near their accustomed fishing-grounds, in some neighboring -bank, usually not many feet from the ground, always in dry gravel, and -sufficiently high to be in no danger of inundation. They make their -burrow with great industry and rapidity, relieving one another from time -to time, and working incessantly until the result is satisfactorily accomplished. -When digging through a soft fine sand-bank their progress is -surprising, sometimes making a deep excavation in a single night. The -pages of “The American Naturalist” contain several animated controversies -as to the depth, the shape, and the equipments of these passages. -<!--441.png--><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 395]</span> -The result of the evidence thus given seems to be that the holes the -Kingfishers make are not less than four nor more than fifteen feet in -length; that some are perfectly straight, while some, just before their -termination, turn to the right, and others to the left; and that all have, -at or near the terminus, an enlarged space in which the eggs are deposited. -Here the eggs are usually laid on the bare sand, there being very rarely, if -ever, any attempt to construct a nest. The use of hay, dry grass, and feathers, -spoken of by the older writers, does not appear to be confirmed by more -recent testimony. Yet it is quite possible that in certain situations the use -of dry materials may be resorted to to protect the eggs from a too damp -soil.</p> - -<p>The place chosen for the excavation is not always near water. In the -spring of 1855 I found the nest of a Kingfisher in a bank by the side of the -carriage path on Mount Washington, more than a mile from any water. It -was a shallow excavation, made that season, and contained fresh eggs the -latter part of May. The food of the pair was taken near the dam of a sawmill -on Peabody River. In another instance a pair of Kingfishers made -their abode in a sand-bank in the midst of the village of Hingham, within -two rods of the main street, and within a few feet of a dwelling, and not in -the near vicinity of water. Here the confidence they displayed was not -misplaced. They were protected, and their singular habits carefully and -curiously watched. During the day they were cautious, reticent, and rarely -seen, but during the night they seemed to be passing back and forth continually, -the return of each parent being announced by a loud rattling cry. -Later in the season, when the young required constant attention, these nocturnal -noises seemed nearly incessant, and became almost a nuisance to the -family.</p> - -<p>The Kingfisher, having once selected a situation for its nest, is very -tenacious of it, and rarely forsakes it unless compelled to by too great -annoyances. They will submit to be robbed time after time, and still -return to the same spot and renew their attempts. They are devoted to -their young, exhibit great solicitude if their safety is threatened, and will -suffer themselves to be taken from their nest rather than leave it, and -immediately return to it again.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall observed a male bird of this species digging other holes in the -bank near his nest, apparently for amusement or occupation. They were -never more than two feet in length and about eight inches in diameter. He -seemed to abandon them as soon as made, though seen to retire into one to -eat a fish he had captured.</p> - -<p>The eggs are usually six, rarely seven, in number, and are of a beautifully -clear crystal whiteness. They are very nearly spherical in shape, and measure -1.31 by 1.06 inches.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--442.png--><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 396]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle americana</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</b>, <span class="sc">Tschudi</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS KINGFISHER; GREEN KINGFISHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo americana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 451 (in part). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle americana</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, -Annals <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> Lyceum, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1851, 118 (first introduction into the fauna of -United States).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, Illustrations, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1855, 255.—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American Oology One">N. Am. Oology, I</abbr>, -1857, 3, <abbr title="plate four, figure">pl. iv, f.</abbr> 53 (egg).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 159, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. -B. II</abbr>; Birds 7, <abbr title="plate 7">pl. vii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 339. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo viridis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 19">Nouv. Dict. XIX</abbr>, 1818, 413 (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle cabanisi</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie 1"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span> Handb. sp. Orn. -I</abbr>, 27.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 147. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo cabanisi</i>, <span class="sc">Tschudi</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head slightly crested. Upper parts, together with a pectoral and abdominal -band of blotches, glossy green, as also a line on each side the throat. Under parts -generally, a collar on the back of the neck, and a double series of spots on the quills, -white. <i class="sex">Female</i> with a broad band of chestnut across the breast. <i class="age">Young</i> of both sexes -similar to the adult, but white beneath tinged with buff, and marking on breast more -obsolete. Length about 8.00; wing, 3.14.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rio Grande region of Texas and southward. Localities: Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. -Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 358); Bogota (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1853, 130); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 286); -Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 131); Honduras (Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 117); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, -472, breeds); Colorado River (<span class="sc">Coues</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 59); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. -Lyc. IX</abbr>, 118).</p> - -<p>This species is much smaller than the Northern or Belted Kingfisher, and -is easily distinguishable by the diagnostic marks already given. The sexes -appear to differ, like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. alcyon</i>, namely, the female being distinguished -by a rufous pectoral band, which is wanting in the male.</p> - -<p>Tschudi and Cabanis separate the northern from the more southern bird -under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cabanisi</i>; Tschudi retaining the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i> -for specimens resident in eastern South America. The differences are -said to consist in the larger size, longer bill, greater extension of the white -of the throat, and the decided spotting on the wing-coverts and quills of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</i>. Though these differences are readily appreciable, they correspond -so entirely with natural laws, distinguishing northern and southern individuals -of most resident species, that it is only fair to consider them as -merely modifications of a single species.</p> - -<p>Several other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i> proper are found in Tropical America.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as is certainly known, this species is only found within -our fauna as a bird of Texas, where it is occasional, rather than common, and -confined to its western limits. From information received, I am confident -that it will yet become known as at least of rare occurrence in Southern -Florida, and possibly along the whole gulf coast. It was first noticed as a -bird of the United States by Captain McCown, and added to our list by -Mr. Lawrence, in 1851. It has since then been occasionally taken near the -Rio Grande and in all the northeastern portions of Mexico. It is said to -be found nearly throughout Mexico, and to be abundant also in Central -America.</p> - -<p><!--443.png--><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 397]</span> -Mr. Dresser noticed several of these birds at Matamoras, in August, and -afterwards found them common on the Nueces and the Leona Rivers, in -which places they were breeding. In December he saw others near Eagle -Pass. They were nowhere so abundant as the common belted species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that they have been observed on several points on the -Colorado River between Fort Mohave and Fort Yuma,—the only instances -of their occurrence in the United States other than on the Rio Grande. We -have but little information in regard to their habits, but there is no reason -to suppose that they differ in this respect.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin states that this species occurs abundantly everywhere upon -the small streams in the Atlantic coast region, and in the interior of Central -America. It was frequently observed near Dueñas, both on the Guacalate -and on the outlet of Lake Dueñas. And Mr. J. F. Hamilton, in his -Notes on the birds from the province of Santo Paulo, in Brazil, states that -he found this species several times in the vicinity of shallow pools, most -especially those of which the banks were well wooded. Several times he -saw them perched on logs projecting a few feet out of the water. Dr. Burmeister -speaks of this bird (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>) as the most common species -of Kingfisher in Brazil. It is there met with everywhere near the small -brooks, on the overhanging branches, and plunging into the water after its -prey, which consists especially of small fish. It is less shy than other -species, coming quite near to the settlements and being easily shot. Its -nest is found in holes in the banks.</p> - -<p>Mr. E. C. Taylor also mentions finding this species pretty common in the -island of Trinidad, especially among the mangroves in the swamps and -lagoons.</p> - -<p>Eggs marked as those of Kingfishers were found in the collection of the -late Dr. Berlandier, of Matamoras, and are presumed to belong to this -species, though no notes in relation to their parentage, and none referring -to this bird, were found among his papers. Except in size, they closely -resembled eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. alcyon</i>, being of a pure bright crystal-white color, -and measuring 1.06 inches in length by .61 in breadth.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_443.jpg" - width="250" height="143" - alt="Illustration: Sternum of Ceryle alcyon" - /> - <p class="center small">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> -</div><!--end family Alcedinidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Caprimulgidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--444.png--><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 398]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CAPRIMULGIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Goatsuckers.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very short; the gape enormously long and wide, opening to beneath or -behind the eyes. Culmen variable. Toes connected by a movable skin; secondaries -lengthened; plumage soft, sometimes very full and loose, as in the Owls.</p> - -<p>The preceding diagnosis in connection with that of the order will suffice -to separate the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i> from their allies. Their closest relatives are -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, next to which perhaps may be reckoned the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>In defining the subdivisions of this family, we make use of an excellent -monograph of the American species by Dr. Sclater, in Proceedings of the -Zoölogical Society, London, 1866, 123. He establishes three subfamilies as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podarginæ.</b> Claw of middle toe not pectinated; outer toe with five -phalanges. Sternum with two pairs of posterior fissures.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Outer pair of posterior sternal fissures much deeper than inner -pair; tarsus long and naked. Eggs colorless. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podargus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Batrachostomus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægotheles</i>, Old World.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Outer pair of posterior fissures much deeper than inner pair; -tarsus extremely short and feathered. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</i>, New World.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornithinæ.</b> Claw of middle toe not pectinated; outer toe with -five phalanges. Sternum with one pair of shallow posterior fissures. Eggs -colorless. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis</i>, New World.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ.</b> Claw of middle toe pectinated; outer toe with four -phalanges only. Sternum with one pair of shallow posterior fissures. Eggs -colored (colorless in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli</i>, Baird).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glabrirostres.</i> Rictus smooth. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</i>, -New World. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lyncornis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eurystopodus</i>, Old World.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setirostres.</i> Rictus armed with strong bristles. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotornis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrodipteryx</i>, Old World; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis</i>, New World.</p> - -<p>Dr. Sclater is of the opinion that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podargus</i> may ultimately have to be -placed in a different family from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>, with or without the -other genera placed under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podarginæ</i>; of these <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</i>, the sole New -World genus has species in Middle (including Jamaica) and South America. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis caripensis</i>, the single representative of the second subfamily, is -found in Trinidad, Venezuela, and Colombia. It lives in caverns and deep -chasms of the rocks, becoming excessively fat (whence the scientific name), -and is said to feed on fruits. The bill is large and powerful, more like -that of a Hawk than a Goatsucker.</p> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Caprimulginæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CAPRIMULGINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Outer toes with four digits only; claw of middle toe pectinated. Sternum -with one pair only of sternal fissures or notches. Toes scutellate above. Hind toe -directed a little more than half forward, nostrils separated; rather nearer the commissure -than the culmen.</p> - -<p><!--445.png--><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 399]</span> -The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</i> have been divided by Dr. Sclater as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. Glabrirostres.</b> Rictus smooth.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -I. Tarsus stout, longer than middle toe, entirely naked <span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> Tarsus moderate, shorter than middle toe, more or less clothed with -feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<i class="subset">a.</i> Tail short, almost square<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<i class="subset">b.</i> Tail elongated, a little forked<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">B. Setirostres.</b> Rictus bristled.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="primary-subset">Aerial.</b> Tarsi short, more or less clothed.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Wings normal, second and third quills longest.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. Tail moderate, rounded at tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">2. Tail elongated, even at tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">3. Tail very long, forked or bifurcate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Wings abnormal in male; outer six quills nearly equal<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terrestrial.</b> Tarsi elongated, naked.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Bill moderately broad; nasal aperture scarcely prominent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Bill very broad; nasal aperture much projecting (Jamaica)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_445.jpg" - width="300" height="184" - alt="Illustration: Chordeiles popetue" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1605</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Of the genera enumerated above, only two certainly belong to the fauna -of the United States (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>), although there is some -reason to suppose that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</i> should be included, as among the manuscript -drawings of Dr. Berlandier, of birds collected at Matamoras on the -Lower Rio Grande, is one that can be readily referred to no other than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">N. -albicollis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_102" id="fnanchor_102"></a><a href="#footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></span> -The briefest diagnoses of these three genera will be as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles.</b> Gape without bristles; tarsi moderate, partly feathered; tail narrow, -slightly forked; plumage rather compact.</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--446.png--><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 400]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus.</b> Gape with bristles; tarsi moderate, partly feathered; tail broad, considerably -rounded; plumage soft.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus.</b> Gape with bristles; tarsi lengthened, bare; tail broad, rounded; -plumage soft.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CHORDEILES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Fauna <abbr title="Boreali-Americana Two">Bor. Amer. II</abbr>, 1831, 496. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus virginianus</i>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill small, the nostrils depressed; the gape with feeble, inconspicuous -bristles. Wings long, narrow, and pointed; the first quill nearly or quite equal to the -second. Tail rather narrow, slightly forked; plumage quite compact. Habits diurnal -or crepuscular.</p> - -<p>Many species of this genus belong to America, although but two that are -well characterized enter into the fauna of the United States. These are -easily distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue.</b> White patch on primaries extending over the five outer quills, -anterior to their middle portion. No rufous spots on quills, anterior to the -white patch.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Dark mottling predominating on upper parts; lower tail-coverts distinctly -banded.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 8.00; tail, 4.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States -and Northwest coast<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 6.90; tail, 4.00. More rufous mottling on scapulars and -jugulum, and a decided ochraceous tinge below. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West -Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_103" id="fnanchor_103"></a><a href="#footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Light mottling predominating on upper parts; lower tail-coverts -only very indistinctly and sparsely banded.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Size of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. acutipennis.</b> White patch on primaries extending over only four outer -quills, and beyond their middle portion; distinct rufous spots on quills, -anterior to the white patch.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 6.20 to 6.50; tail, 3.90 to 4.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_104" id="fnanchor_104"></a><a href="#footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Wing, 7.00 to 7.30; tail, 4.40 to 4.75; Colors not appreciably -different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, north into southern border of -United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--447.png--><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 401]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NIGHT-HAWK; BULL-BAT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus popetue</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 56, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles -popetue</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 151.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 113 -(<abbr title="British Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr> nesting).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 166.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 122. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus americanus</i>, -<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1812, 65, <abbr title="plate 140, figure">pl. cxl. f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles americanus</i>, <span class="sc">DeKay</span>, <abbr title="New York Zoölogy Two">N. Y. -Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1844, 34, <abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus virginianus</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1760, 477 (in -part only).—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 273, <abbr title="plate 147">pl. cxlvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858.—<span class="sc">Warthausen</span>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 373 (nesting). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus (Chordeiles) virginianus</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor.-Am. II.</abbr> 1831, 62. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles virginianus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="of America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 159, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> and Oregon Route, 79; <abbr title="Report Pacific Railway Survey Six">Rep. P. -R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857. <cite>Long-winged Goatsucker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 337.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_447.jpg" - width="250" height="191" - alt="Illustration: Chordeiles popetue" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Male, above greenish-black, but with little mottling on the head and back. -Wing-coverts varied with -grayish; scapulars with yellowish-rufous. -A nuchal band -of fine gray mottling, behind -which is another coarser one -of rufous spots. A white V-shaped -mark on the throat; -behind this a collar of pale -rufous blotches, and another -on the breast of grayish -mottling. Under parts banded -transversely with dull yellowish -or reddish-white and -brown. Wing-quills quite -uniformly brown. The five -outer primaries with a white -blotch (about half an inch -long) midway between the -tip and carpal joint, not extending on the outer web of the outer quill. Tail with a -terminal white patch, which does not reach the outer edge of the feathers. <i class="sex">Female</i> without -the caudal white patch, the white tail-bands more mottled, the white of the throat -mixed with reddish. Length of male, 9.50; wing, 8.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States and north to Hudson Bay; in winter visits Greater Antilles, -and southward to Central America (Rio Janeiro, <span class="sc">Pelzeln</span>); said to breed in <a name="note22" id="note22"></a>Jamaica. In -Rocky Mountains, replaced by the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</i>. Localities: Trout Lake, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr> -(<span class="sc">Murray</span>, <abbr title="Edinburgh Philosophical Journal">Edinb. Phil. Journ.</abbr> 1860); Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Boston Society Seven">Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859); Guatemala. -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 275); Cuba (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>); Jamaica (<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 285, breeds); -Matamoras (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 471, breeds); Rio Janeiro, January (<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Pelzeln Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens 1"><span class="sc">Pelz.</span>, Orn. Bras. -I</abbr>, 14); Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 203).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Night-Hawk of North America is a very common -species throughout a widely extended area, and within the United States -breeds wherever found. Its range extends from Florida and Texas to the -extreme northern latitudes, and from the Atlantic at least to the great Central -Plains. It has been found as far to the south as Panama.</p> - -<p>At Matamoras Mr. Dresser found this species abundant during the summer -<!--448.png--><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 402]</span> -season, and towards dusk thousands of these birds and of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. texensis</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henryi</i> might be seen flying in towards the river from the prairies, -this one being the least common of the three. In Northern Florida it is -also a common species, and I have rarely received any collection of eggs -from that State without the eggs of this bird being found among them. -They are known there as Bull-bats.</p> - -<p>In many of its habits, as well as in its well-marked generic distinctions, -this species exhibits so many and such well-marked differences from the -Whippoorwill that there seem to be no good reasons for confounding two -birds so very unlike. It is especially much less nocturnal, and has, strictly -speaking, no claim to its common name, as indicating it to be a bird of the -night, which it is not. It is crepuscular, rather than nocturnal, and even -this habit is more due to the flight of the insects upon which it feeds at -morning and at evening than to any organization of the bird rendering it -necessary. It may not unfrequently be seen on the wing, even in bright -sunny weather, at midday, in pursuit of its winged prey. This is especially -noticeable with such birds as are wont to frequent our large cities, which may -be seen throughout all hours of the day sailing high in the air. Generally, -however, it is most lively early in the morning and just before nightfall, -when its supply of insect food is most abundant. But it is never to be -found on the wing after dark. As soon as the twilight deepens into the -shades of night all retire to rest as regularly, if not at quite as early an -hour, as other birds in regard to the diurnal habits of which there is no -question.</p> - -<p>This species appears to be equally abundant throughout the fur countries, -where, Dr. Richardson states, few birds are better known. In the higher -latitudes to which these birds resort the sun does not set during their stay, -and all their pursuit of insects must be made by sunlight.</p> - -<p>In the winter this species leaves the United States, retiring to Mexico, -Central America, and the northern portions of South America. Specimens -from Mexico were in the Rivoli collection. They were taken by Barruel -in Nicaragua, by Salvin in Guatemala, in Jamaica by Gosse, and in Cuba by -both Lembeye and Gundlach.</p> - -<p>The movements, evolutions, and general habits of this species, in the pursuit -of their prey, bear little resemblance to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomi</i>, but -are much more like those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconidæ</i>. They fly high in the air, often -so high as to be hardly visible, and traverse the air, moving backward and -forward in the manner of a Hawk. At times they remain perfectly stationary -for several moments, and then suddenly and rapidly dart off, their wings -causing a very peculiar vibratory sound. As they fly they utter a very loud -and shrill cry which it is almost impossible to describe, but often appearing -to come from close at hand when the bird is high in the air. Richardson -compares this sound to the vibration of a tense cord in a violent gust of -wind.</p> - -<p><!--449.png--><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 403]</span> -In some of the peculiarities of its breeding the Mosquito-Hawk displays -several very marked variations of habit from the Whippoorwill. While -the latter always deposits its eggs under the cover of shady trees and in -thick woods, these birds select an open rock, a barren heath, or an exposed -hillside for their breeding-place. This is not unfrequently in wild spots in the -vicinity of a wood, but is always open to the sun. I have even known the -eggs carelessly dropped on the bare ground in a corner of a potato-field, and -have found the female sitting on her eggs in all the bright glare of a noonday -sun in June, and to all appearance undisturbed by its brilliance. A -more common situation for the eggs is a slight hollow of a bare rock, the -dark weather-beaten shades of which, with its brown and slate-colored -mosses and lichens, resembling both the parent and the egg in their coloring, -are well adapted to screen them from observation or detection.</p> - -<p>The great abundance of insect life of certain kinds in the vicinity of our -large cities has of late years attracted these birds. Each summer their -number in Boston has perceptibly increased, and through June and July, -at almost all hours of the day, most especially in the afternoon, they may -be seen or heard sailing high in the air over its crowded streets. The -modern style of house-building, with flat Mansard roofs, has also added to -the inducements, affording safe and convenient shelter to the birds at night, -and serving also for the deposition of their eggs. In quite a number of instances -in the summers of 1870 and 1871 they were known to lay their -eggs and to rear their young on the flat roofs of houses in the southern and -western sections of the city. I have also been informed by the late Mr. -Turnbull, of Philadelphia, that the flat roofs of large warehouses near the -river in that city are made similar use of.</p> - -<p>If approached when sitting on her eggs, the female will suffer herself to -be almost trodden on before she will leave them, and when she does it is -only to tumble at the feet of the intruder and endeavor to draw him away -from her treasures by well-feigned lameness and pretended disability. Her -imitation of a wounded bird is so perfect as to deceive almost any one not -aware of her cunning devices.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird are always two in number, elliptical in shape, -and equally obtuse at either end. They exhibit marked variations in size, -in ground-color, and in the shades and number of their markings. In certain -characteristics and in their general effect they are alike, and all resemble -oblong-oval dark-colored pebble-stones. Their safety in the exposed -positions in which they are laid is increased by this resemblance to the -stones among which they lie. They vary in length from 1.30 to 1.13 inches, -and in breadth from .84 to .94 of an inch. Their ground is of various -shades of stone-color, in some of a dirty white, in others with a tinge of -yellow or blue, and in yet others a clay-color. The markings are more or -less diffused over the entire egg, and differ more or less with each specimen, -the prevailing colors being varying shades of slate and of yellowish-brown. -<!--450.png--><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 404]</span> -With all these variations the eggs are readily recognizable, and bear no resemblance -to any others except those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</i>. From the -former they are easily distinguished by the greater size, but from the latter -they can only be separated by considerations of locality.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN NIGHT-HAWK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of California and Texas One">Illust. Birds of Cal. & Tex. I</abbr>, 1855, 233.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 153, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 133.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 343.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i>, but the male considerably lighter, with a greater -predominance of the light mottlings, producing a more grayish aspect; the female more -rufous. Wing-patch of the male larger (at least an inch long), and, like the tail-patch, -crossing the whole breadth of the feather.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western Province of North America, except Pacific Coast region. Matamoras -to San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 471); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, -58).</p> - -<p>In examining a large series of Night-Hawks, we find the differences indicated -above, in specimens from the Black Hills, Rocky Mountains, and the -adjacent regions, to be quite decided and constant. Skins, however, from -Washington, Oregon, and California, seem darker even than the typical -eastern. There is no prominent difference beyond the lighter colors of male, -and greater distinctness, extent, and purity of the white or light markings, -and in the white patches of wing and tail, crossing the outer webs of all the -feathers; the general proportions and pattern of coloration being quite the -same. It will therefore seem proper to consider <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henryi</i> as a local race, -characteristic of the region in which it occurs, and as such noteworthy, -but not entitled to independent rank.</p> - -<p>Another race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr>, similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i>, but considerably -smaller (7.50, wing, 7.00), is resident in Cuba and Jamaica. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue</i> is -also said to breed in the latter island, but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i> is probably referred to.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This form, whether we regard it as a good species, or only a -western race of the common Night-Hawk, was first described as a new variety -by Mr. Cassin, in 1855, from specimens procured at Fort Webster, -New Mexico, by Dr. Henry, in honor of whom it was named. Its claim to -be considered a distinct race or species rests chiefly upon its constantly different -colorations.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, who regarded this form not specifically distinct from the Night-Hawk, -states that it is not found near the coast border of California.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly encountered it in abundance in the vicinity of Los Nogales, -in Sonora, in June. Late in the afternoon they came in great numbers -around the camp. They kept circling round and round, and approached the -earth nearer and nearer with the declining sun.</p> - -<p><!--451.png--><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 405]</span> -Mr. Dresser found them very abundant at Matamoras, and as far east as -the Sal Colorado, beyond which he did not meet with any. About dusk, -thousands of these birds might be seen flying in towards the river from the -prairies. At San Antonio, where Mr. Dresser found both <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -texensis</i>, he never procured a single specimen of this bird, nor did Dr. Heermann -ever meet with one there.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues says these birds are abundant throughout the Territory of -Arizona. At Fort Whipple it is a summer resident, arriving in April -and remaining until October, being particularly numerous in August and -September. Mr. Drexler made a large collection of these birds at Fort -Bridger, in Utah, all of which showed such constant differences from eastern -specimens as to indicate in his opinion the propriety of a specific -separation.</p> - -<p>An egg of this bird taken at Fort Crook, California, by Lieutenant Fulner, -measures 1.25 inches in length by .92 of an inch in breadth. While resembling -in general effect an egg of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue</i>, it is lighter in colorings, and -varies from any of that bird I have ever seen. Its ground-color is that of -clay, over which are diffused curious aggregations of small spots and cloudings -of yellowish-brown, mingled with lilac. These markings are quite -small and separate, but are grouped in such close proximity into several -collections as to give them the appearance of large blotches; and the blending -of these two shades is so general as to produce the effect of a color -quite different from either, except upon a close inspection, or an examination -through a magnifying glass.</p> - -<p>This variety was met with at the Forks of the Saskatchewan, in June, -1858, by Captain Blakiston, and specimens were obtained on the Saskatchewan -Plains, by <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> Bourgeau, in the summer of the same year. The latter -also procured its eggs. These are said to have been three in number, described -as light olive, blotched with black more thickly at one end than -the other. No mention of shape is made. This description, incomplete as -it is, indicates a great dissimilarity with eggs of this bird, fully identified in -the Smithsonian collection.</p> - -<p>The western variety was met with by Mr. Ridgway throughout the entire -extent of his route across the Great Basin. It bred everywhere, laying its -eggs on the bare ground, beneath a sage-bush, usually on the foot-hills of -the mountains, or on the mesas. In August and September they congregate -in immense flocks, appearing in the evening. Not the slightest difference -in habits, manners, or notes, was observed between this and the eastern -Night-Hawk.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--452.png--><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 406]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles acutipennis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS NIGHT-HAWK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles brasilianus</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V</abbr>, May, 1851, 114 (not of -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 238. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles sapiti</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus Avium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1849, 63. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles texensis</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum, Six, December">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, Dec.</abbr> 1856, 167.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 154, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 7, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 345. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus texensis</i>, <span class="sc">Warthausen</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 376 (nesting).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Much smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i>, but somewhat similar. White on the -wing extending over only four outer primaries, the bases of which, as well as the remaining -ones, with other quills, have round rufous spots on both webs. Under tail-coverts -and abdomen with a strong yellowish-rufous tinge. Female more rufous and without the -white spot of the tail. Length, 8.75; wing, 7.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Basins of Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado Rivers, and west to Gulf of California; -South as far, at least, as Costa Rica. Localities: Matamoras to San Antonio (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, -Ibis, 1865, 471, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>; <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 58); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> -An. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 120); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 204).</p> - -<p>The markings of this species are quite different from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles -popetue</i>. In average specimens the prevailing color above may be described -as a mixed gray, yellowish-rusty, black, and brown, in varied but very fine -mottlings. The top of the head is rather uniformly brown, with a few -mottlings of grayish-rusty, although the concealed portion of the feathers is -much varied. On the nape is a finely mottled collar of grayish and black, -not very conspicuously defined, and rather interrupted on the median line. -A similar collar is seen on the forepart of the breast. The middle of the -back and the rump exhibit a coarser mottling of the same without any -rufous. The scapulars and wing-coverts are beautifully variegated, much as -in some of the Waders, the pattern very irregular and scarcely capable of -definition. There are, however, a good many large round spots of pale -yellowish-rusty, very conspicuous among the other markings. There is -quite a large blotch of white on the wing, situated considerably nearer the -tip than the carpal joint. It only involves four primaries, and extends -across both outer and inner webs. The four first primaries anterior to the -white blotches, and the remaining ones nearly from their tips, exhibit a -series of large round rufous spots not seen in the other North American -species. The other wing-quills have also similar markings. There is a -large V-shaped white mark on the throat, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i>, though rather -larger proportionally. Posterior to this there are some rather conspicuous -blotches of rufous, behind which is the obscure finely mottled collar of gray -and brown already referred to. The breast and remaining under parts are -dull white transversely banded with brown, with a strong tinge of yellowish-rufous -on the abdomen, about the vent, and on the under tail-coverts. The -tail is dark brown with about eight transverse bars of lighter; the last are -<!--453.png--><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 407]</span> -white, and extend across both vanes; the others less continuous, and yellowish-rufous -beneath as well as above, especially on the inner vane.</p> - -<p>The females are quite similar, but lack the white patch of the tail, have -more numerous rufous spots on quills, and are perhaps more fulvous in -general appearance. Young birds, however, would hardly be recognized as -the same, except when taken with adults, owing to the predominance of a -pale cinnamon shade above, and a decided tinge of the same on all the -white and gray markings. Nearly all the primaries have a border of this -color.</p> - -<p>The variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</i> of South America (see synopsis) is very similar, -differing merely in smaller dimensions.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Texan Night-Hawk occurs in the valley of the Rio Grande -from Texas on the east, through New Mexico, Arizona, Southern California, -and Cape San Lucas. It is found in the northern provinces of Mexico during -the summer months, and thence southward to Central America. It was -found at Dueñas, in Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin, and also at Coban. Mr. -Xantus found it breeding at Cape San Lucas in May.</p> - -<p>This species was first added to our fauna by Mr. Lawrence, in 1851, as a -bird of Texas, supposed to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brasilianus</i>, and in 1856 described by the -same writer as a new species.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Cooper, it makes its first appearance at Fort Mohave by -the 17th of April, and soon after becomes quite numerous, hunting in companies -after sunset, and hiding during the day on the ground under low -bushes. By the 25th of May they had all paired, but continued nearly -silent, making only a low croaking when approached. They flew in the -manner of the common species, but seemed to sail in rather smaller circles. -Dr. Cooper found them as far west as the Coast Mountains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that this species is common in the Colorado Valley, even -farther north than the latitude of Fort Whipple. It was not, however, met -with by him at that port, nor indeed for some fifty miles to the south of it, -and then only in the summer. He adds that it extends from the Rio -Grande Valley westward to the Pacific. It was found abundant at Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Dr. Xantus.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found it very common at Matamoras during the summer season, -and thence to San Antonio and to the eastward of that place. At San -Antonio, in the spring, he first noticed them on the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, when he -saw seven or eight flying about at noonday. A few days later they had become -very numerous. They remained about San Antonio until the end of -September, and soon after disappeared. He noticed none later than the first -week in October.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. H. Clark met with this species at Ringgold Barracks, Texas, in -June. They were to be seen sitting about in the heat of the day, at which -time they could be easily approached. During the hottest days they did not -sally forth in quest of food until late in the evening. On one occasion, near -<!--454.png--><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 408]</span> -El Paso, Mr. Clark saw these birds congregated in such quantities over a -mud-hole from which were issuing myriads of insects, that he felt that the -discharge among them of mustard-seed shot would involve a wanton destruction. -This species is not known, according to his account, to make a swoop -in the manner of the common species. It does not utter the same hoarse -sounds, nor does it ever fly so high.</p> - -<p>Among the notes of the late Dr. Berlandier, of Matamoras, we find references -to this species, to which he gives the common name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pauraque</i>, and -in his collection of eggs are many that unquestionably are those of this -bird, and which are, in all respects but size, in close affinity to the eggs of -the common Night-Hawk. These eggs measure 1.18 inches in length by -.87 of an inch in breadth. Their ground-color, seen through a magnifying -glass, is of clear crystal whiteness, but is so closely covered by overlaying -markings as not to be discernible to the eye. They are marked over the entire -surface with small irregular confluent spots and blotches, which are a blending -of black, umber, and purplish-gray markings. These combinations give -to the egg the appearance of a piece of polished marble of a dark gray color. -They are both smaller and of a lighter color than those of the common -eastern bird.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ANTROSTOMUS</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, - <span class="sc">Icones Avium</span>, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_454.jpg" - width="250" height="169" - alt="Illustration: Antrostomus nuttalli" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very small, with tubular nostrils, and the gape with long, stiff, sometimes -pectinated bristles projecting beyond the end of the bill. Tarsi moderate, partly -feathered above. Tail broad, rounded; -wings broad and rounded; first -quill shorter than third; plumage soft -and lax. Habit nocturnal.</p> - -<p>In what the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i> -really differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus</i> -proper, we are quite unable to -say, as in the many variations -of form of both New and Old -World species of these two divisions -respectively, it is said to -be not difficult to find species in -each, almost identical in form. In the want of suitable material for comparison, -we shall follow Sclater in using <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i> for the New World -species.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"> -<!--455.png--><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 409]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_105" id="fnanchor_105"></a><a href="#footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Bristles of gape with lateral filaments. Light tail-spaces confined to inner -web of feathers.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Dark markings on crown longitudinal. Ochraceous or white gular collar in form -of a narrow band across jugulum.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis.</b> Throat ochraceous, with sparse, narrow, transverse -bars of black; jugular collar more whitish, with broader but more distant -black bars. Crissum barred, and inner webs of primaries with -black prevailing. Wing, 8.90; tail, 6.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Louisianian region of -the Eastern Province of United States (Florida and the Carolinas to -Arkansas). Costa Rica.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Bristles of gape without lateral filaments; light tail-spaces covering both -webs.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Throat black, with sparse, narrow, transverse bars of pale brown. Crissum -barred, and inner webs of primaries with black greatly predominating.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. macromystax.</b> Crown pale brown and whitish very coarsely -mottled with dusky; lower parts clouded with whitish, in conspicuous -contrast with the ground color. Light tail patch restricted to less than -terminal third, and decreasing in breadth toward the middle feathers. -Bristles of gape enormously long and stout; bill compressed, nostrils -large.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -White patch on end of tail confined to three outer feathers, and -decreasing very rapidly in extent to the inner. Wing, 6.60; tail, -5.30; rictal bristles, 1.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Mirador, La Parada) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_106" id="fnanchor_106"></a><a href="#footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -White patch on end of tail, on four outer feathers, and just -appreciably decreasing in extent toward the inner. Wing, 7.00; -tail, 5.50; rictal bristles, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_107" id="fnanchor_107"></a><a href="#footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus.</b> Crown ash, finely mottled or minutely sprinkled with -dusky; lower parts without whitish cloudings. White tail-patch covering -more than terminal half, and decreasing in breadth toward the outer -feather. Bristles of gape moderate, slender; bill weaker, less compressed, -and nostrils smaller. Wing, 6.40; tail, 5.10; rictal bristles, -1.50 or less. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, south to -Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Dark markings of crown transverse. Gular collar pure white, covering -nearly whole throat.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Throat pure white, without any markings. Crissum immaculate; inner -webs of primaries with ochraceous very largely predominating.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. nuttalli.</b> White space of tail occupying about the terminal fourth, -or less, on three feathers, and gradually decreasing inwardly. Wing, -5.75; tail, 3.90; rictal bristles less than 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province -of United States, from the Plains to the Pacific.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--456.png--><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 410]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHUCK-WILL’S WIDOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 1028.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, -273, <abbr title="plate 52">pl. lii</abbr>; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 401.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 151, <abbr title="plate 41">pl. xli</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Warthausen</span>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 368 (nesting). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Icones Avium, 1838?—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrated North American Birds One">Illust. N. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, 1855, 236.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 147.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 300. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 57, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. -xxv</abbr> (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus brachypterus</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw’s <abbr title="Zoölogy Ten One">Zoöl. X, I</abbr>, 1825? 150. -<cite>Short-winged Goatsucker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 434.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_456.jpg" - width="300" height="251" - alt="Illustration: Antrostomus carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6493</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bristles of the bill with lateral filaments. Wing nearly nine inches long. -Top of the head finely mottled reddish-brown, longitudinally streaked with black. The -prevailing shade above and below pale rufous. Terminal two-thirds of the tail-feathers -(except the four central) rufous white; outer webs of all mottled, however, nearly to -the tips. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the white patch on the tail. Length, 12.00; wing, 8.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South Atlantic and Gulf States to Veragua; Cuba in winter. Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J. -IV</abbr>, 6, winter); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 70, breeds); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> -IX</abbr>, 120); Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 303).</p> - -<p>This, according to Sclater, is the largest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomi</i> and the only -species with lateral filaments to the bristles of the mouth.</p> - -<p>The extent of the white spaces on the inner webs of tail-feathers varies -with the individual, but in none does it occupy less than the terminal half.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_46.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="46">XLVI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-1" id="pl_46-1"></a><img src="images/pl_46-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Florida, 17160.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-2" id="pl_46-2"></a><img src="images/pl_46-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 12085.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-3" id="pl_46-3"></a><img src="images/pl_46-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 38324.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-4" id="pl_46-4"></a><img src="images/pl_46-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 38323.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-5" id="pl_46-5"></a><img src="images/pl_46-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles texensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 42189.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-6" id="pl_46-6"></a><img src="images/pl_46-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx ochrocephalus</span>. Colorado.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-7" id="pl_46-7"></a><img src="images/pl_46-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Mexico, 30705.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-8" id="pl_46-8"></a><img src="images/pl_46-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa carpalis</span>. Arizona, 62372.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_46-9" id="pl_46-9"></a><img src="images/pl_46-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus caboti</span>. Nahant, 62373.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. rufus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus rufus</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert and Gmelin from Planches Enluminéz"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span> et <span class="sc">Gmel.</span> ex Pl. Enl.</abbr> 735 (?); -<!--457.png--><!--Plate 46--> -<!--458.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--459.png--><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 411]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus r.</i> <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 136; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. rutilus</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Burmeister Systematische Uebersicht 2"><span class="sc">Burm.</span> Syst. Ueb. II</abbr>, -385) and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. ornatus</i> (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 586, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>), of South America, -appear to be the nearest relatives of this species, agreeing very closely in -coloration; but both have the rictal bristles simple, without lateral filaments, -and would thus seem to be distinct species. In the latter, the white spaces -of the tail are found only on the second and third feathers, instead of on the -outer three, while the former is said to have no such markings at all.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The exact extent of the geographical range of this species is -not very clearly defined. Rarely anywhere a very abundant species, it is -more common throughout Florida than in any other State. It is also found, -more or less frequently, in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, -Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Dr. Woodhouse mentions finding it -common in the Creek and Cherokee countries of the Indian Territory, and -also extending into Texas and New Mexico. Mr. Dresser noticed several -of this species on the Medina River, in Texas, April 28, and afterwards -in May. On the 18th of the same month he again found it very numerous -at New Braunfels, and also, on the 20th, at Bastrop. Dr. Heermann states -that these birds visit the neighborhood of San Antonio in the spring, and -remain there to raise their young.</p> - -<p>James River, Virginia, has been assigned as the extreme northern limit -of its migrations, but I can find no evidence of its occurring so far north, -except as an accidental visitant. Wilson, indeed, claims to have met with -it between Richmond and Petersburg, and also on the Cumberland River. -Dr. Bachman states that it is not a common bird even in the neighborhood -of Charleston. Mr. Audubon, who claimed to be a very close and careful -observer of the habits of this species, states that it is seldom to be met -with beyond the then southern limits of the Choctaw nation, in Mississippi, -or the Carolinas on the Atlantic coast.</p> - -<p>I have been informed by Dr. Kollock that these birds are rather common -at Cheraw, in the northern part of South Carolina. Dr. Bryant found them -quite abundant near Indian River, in Florida, though he makes no mention -of them in his paper on the birds of that State. Mr. Cassin informed me -that Colonel McCall met with this bird in New Mexico. Lembeye includes -it among the birds of Cuba, but in reality refers to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</i>.</p> - -<p>These birds, according to Mr. Audubon, are not residents, but make their -appearance within the United States about the middle of March. They are -nocturnal in their habits, remaining silent and keeping within the shady recesses -of the forests during the daytime. As soon as the sun has disappeared -and the night insects are in motion, this species issues forth from its -retreat, and begins to give utterance to the peculiar cries from which it -receives its trivial name, and which are said to resemble the syllables <i class="birdcall">chuck-wills-wi-dow</i>. -These sounds are said to be repeated with great rapidity, yet -with clearness and power, six or seven times in as many seconds. They are -only uttered for a brief period in the early evening.</p> - -<p><!--460.png--><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 412]</span> -Mr. Audubon states that deep ravines, shady swamps, and extensive pine -groves, are resorted to by this species for safety during the day, and for food -during the night. Their notes are seldom heard in cloudy weather, and -never during rain. They roost in hollow trees, standing as well as prostrate, -which they never leave by day except during incubation. He adds that -whenever he has surprised them in such situations they never attempt to -make their escape by flying out, but draw back to the farthest corner, ruffle -their feathers, open their mouths to the fullest extent, and utter a hissing -sound. When taken to the light, they open and close their eyes in rapid -succession, snap their bills in the manner of a Flycatcher, and attempt to -shuffle off. When given their liberty, they fly straight forward until quite -out of sight, readily passing between the trees in their course.</p> - -<p>The flight of this bird is light, like that of the Whippoorwill, and even -more elevated and graceful. It is performed by easy flapping of the wings, -with occasional sailings and curving sweeps. It sweeps, at night, over -the open fields, ascending, descending, or sailing with graceful motions in -pursuit of night beetles, moths, and other insects, repeatedly passing and -repassing over the same area, and occasionally alighting on the ground to -capture its prey. Occasionally it pauses to alight on a stake or a tall plant, -and again utters its peculiar refrain, and then resumes its search for insects. -And thus it passes pleasant summer nights.</p> - -<p>Like all the birds of this family, the Chuck-will’s Widow makes no nest, -but deposits her eggs on the ground, often among a collection of dry deciduous -leaves, in the forest. These are two in number, and the spot chosen for -them are thickets, and the darker and more solitary portions of woods. Dr. -Bryant, who took several of their eggs in Florida, informed me that they -were in each instance found deposited on beds of dry leaves, but with no -attempt at any nest, and always in thick woods.</p> - -<p>Sometimes, Mr. Audubon thinks, the parent bird scratches a small space -on the ground, among the leaves, before she deposits her eggs. If either -their eggs or their young are meddled with, these birds are sure to take the -alarm and transport them to some distant part of the forest. In this both -parents take part. After this removal Mr. Audubon found it impossible, -even with the aid of a dog, to find them again. On one occasion he actually -witnessed the act of removal of the eggs, and presumed that they also -treat the young in the same manner when they are quite small. The eggs -were carried off in the capacious mouths of these birds, each parent taking -one and flying off, skimming closely to the ground until lost to sight among -the branches and the trees. To what distance they were carried he was -unable to ascertain.</p> - -<p>During the period of incubation they are silent, and do not repeat their -peculiar cries until just before they are preparing to depart on their southern -migrations, in August.</p> - -<p>The food of these birds consists chiefly, if not altogether, of the larger -<!--461.png--><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 413]</span> -nocturnal insects, for swallowing which their mouths are admirably adapted, -opening with a prodigious expansion, and assisted by numerous long bristles, -which prevent the escape of an insect once within their enclosure. In a -single instance the remains of a small bird are said to have been found within -the stomach of one of this species.</p> - -<p>The inner side of each middle claw of the <i class="birdname">Chuck-will’s Widow</i> is deeply -pectinated. The apparent use of this appendage, as in the other species in -which it is found, appears to be as an aid in adjusting the plumage, and -perhaps to assist in removing vermin.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird are never more than two in number. They are -oval in shape, large for the size of the bird, and alike at either end. Their -ground-color is a clear crystal white. They are more or less spotted, and -marked over their entire surface with blotches of varying size, of a dark -purplish-brown, and cloudings of a grayish-lavender color, with smaller occasional -markings of a light raw-umber brown. In shape and markings -they very closely resemble those of the Whippoorwill, differing chiefly in -their much larger size. They measure 1.44 inches in length by 1.06 in -breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHIPPOORWILL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus vociferus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Five">Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 71, <abbr title="plate 41, figures">pl. xli, f.</abbr> 1, 2, 3.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 443; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 405, <abbr title="plate 85">pl. lxxxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 155, <abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> -Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 98. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Two">J. A. N. -Sc. II</abbr>, 1852, 122.—<abbr title="Ibid Illustrations One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 236.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 148.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -119.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 300. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus virginianus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Am. -Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 55, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus clamator</cite>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 10">Nouv. Dict. X</abbr>, 1817, -234” (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus vociferans</i>, <span class="sc">Warthausen</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 369 (nesting).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bristles without lateral filaments. Wing about 6.50 inches long. Top of -the head ashy-brown, longitudinally streaked with black. Terminal half of the tail-feathers -(except the four central) dirty white on both outer and inner webs. Length, -10.00; wing, 6.50. <i class="sex">Female</i> without white on the tail.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the Plains; south to Guatemala (Tehuantepec, Orizaba, -Guatemala). Coban (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 275).</p> - -<p>In this species the bristles at the base of the bill, though stiff and long, -are without the lateral filaments of the Chuck-will’s Widow. The wings are -rather short; the second quill longest; the first intermediate between the -third and fourth. The tail is rounded; the outer feathers about half an -inch shorter than the middle ones.</p> - -<p>The colors of this species are very difficult to describe, although there is -quite a similarity to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis</i>, from which its greatly inferior -size will at once distinguish it. The top of the head is an ashy gray, finely -mottled, with a broad median stripe of black; all the feathers with a narrow -stripe of the same along their centres. The back and rump are somewhat -<!--462.png--><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 414]</span> -similar, though of a different shade. There is a collar of white on the -under side of the neck, posterior to which the upper part of the breast is -finely mottled, somewhat as on the top of the head. The belly is dirty -white, with indistinct transverse bands and mottlings of brown. The wings -are brown; each quill with a series of round rufous spots on both webs, -quite conspicuous on the outer side of the primaries when the wings are -folded. The terminal half of the outer three tail-feathers is of a dirty white.</p> - -<p>The female is smaller; the collar on the throat is tinged with fulvous. -The conspicuous white patch of the tail is wanting, the tips only of the -outer three feathers being of a pale brownish-fulvous.</p> - -<p>Mexican and Guatemalan specimens are identical with those from the -United States.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The well-known Whippoorwill has an extended range throughout -the eastern portion of North America, from the Atlantic to the valley -of the Missouri, and from Southern Florida to about the 50th parallel of -north latitude. Dr. Richardson observed this bird on the northern shores -of Lake Huron, but did not meet with it at any point farther north. It is -found throughout New England and in portions of New Brunswick and -Nova Scotia, but is rare in the latter places, and is not common in the vicinity -of Calais. It breeds from Florida northward. It has not been found as -far west as Texas. It was noticed by Mr. Say at Pembina. It is given by -Dr. Hall, of Montreal, as common in that neighborhood, and by Mr. McIlwraith -as an abundant summer resident around Hamilton, Canada. Dr. -Lembeye names it as a resident Cuban species, and Dr. Gundlach informed -me that he had taken its eggs within that island. I have also received its -eggs from various portions of Florida.</p> - -<p>The Whippoorwill is nowhere a resident species in any portion of the -United States. They make their appearance in the Southern States early -in March, and very gradually proceed northward, entering Pennsylvania -early in April, but not being seen in New York or New England until the -last of that month, and sometimes not until the 10th of May. Mr. Maynard -mentions their first appearance in Massachusetts as from the 19th to the -24th of May, but I have repeatedly known them in full cry near Boston at -least a fortnight earlier than this, and in the western part of the State Mr. -Allen has noted their arrival by the 25th of April. They leave in the latter -part of September. Mr. Allen also observed the abundant presence of -these birds in Western Iowa, where he heard their notes as late as the 20th -of September.</p> - -<p>In its habits the Whippoorwill is very nearly the counterpart of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>. Like that bird, it is exclusively nocturnal, keeping, during the -day, closely within the recesses of dark woods, and remaining perfectly -silent, uttering no note even when disturbed in these retreats. In very -cloudy weather, late in the day, these birds may be seen hunting for insects, -but this is not usual, and they utter no sound until it is quite dark.</p> - -<p><!--463.png--><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 415]</span> -Like the preceding species, this bird receives its common name of Whippoorwill -from its nocturnal cry, which has some slight resemblance to these -three sounds; but the cry is so rapidly enunciated and so incessantly repeated -that a fertile imagination may give various interpretations to the -sounds. They are never uttered when the bird is in motion, but usually at -short intervals, when resting on a fence, or bush, or any other object near the -ground.</p> - -<p>Their flight is noiseless to an incredible degree, and they rarely fly far at -a time. They are usually very shy, and are easily startled if approached. -At night, as soon as the twilight disappears, these birds issue from their retreats, -and fly out into more open spaces in quest of their favorite food. -As many of the nocturnal insects, moths, beetles, and others, are attracted -about dwellings by lights, the Whippoorwill is frequently enticed, in pursuit, -into the same vicinity. For several successive seasons these birds have -appeared nearly every summer evening within my grounds, often within a -few feet of the house. They never suffer a very near approach, but fly as -soon as they notice any movement. Their pursuit of insects is somewhat -different from that narrated of the preceding species, their flights being -usually quite brief, without any perceptible sailing, and more in the manner -of Flycatchers. Their song is given out at intervals throughout the night, -until near the dawn.</p> - -<p>The nocturnal habits of this bird have prevented a general or accurate -knowledge of its true character. Strange as it may seem, in many parts -of the country the Night-Hawk and the Whippoorwill are supposed to be -one and the same bird, even by those not ill informed in other respects. -This was found to be the case in Pennsylvania by Wilson, and is equally -true of many portions of New England, though disputed by Mr. Audubon.</p> - -<p>Like the Chuck-will’s Widow, this species removes its eggs, and also its -young, to a distant and safer locality, if they are visited and handled. Wilson -once, in passing through a piece of wood, came accidentally upon a -young bird of this species. The parent attempted to draw him away by -well-feigned stratagems. Wilson stopped and sketched the bird, and, returning -again, after a short absence, to the same place, in search of a pencil he -had left behind, found that the bird had been spirited away by its vigilant -parent.</p> - -<p>When disturbed by an intrusive approach, the Whippoorwill resorts to -various expedients to divert attention to herself from her offspring. She -flutters about as if wounded and unable to fly, beats the ground with her -wings as if not able to rise from it, and enacts these feints in a manner to -deceive even the most wary, risking her own life to save her offspring.</p> - -<p>The Whippoorwills construct no nest, but deposit their eggs in the thickest -and most shady portions of the woods, among fallen leaves, in hollows -slightly excavated for that purpose, or upon the leaves themselves. For -this purpose elevated and dry places are always selected, often near some -<!--464.png--><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 416]</span> -fallen log. There they deposit two eggs, elliptical in shape. Their young, -when first hatched, are perfectly helpless, and their safety largely depends -upon their great similarity to small pieces of mouldy earth. They grow -rapidly, and are soon able to follow their mother and to partially care for -themselves.</p> - -<p>The egg of the Whippoorwill has a strong family resemblance to those -of both species of European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgi</i>, and is a complete miniature of that -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis</i>. In shape it is oblong and oval, equally obtuse at either -end. Resembling the egg of the Chuck-will’s Widow, it is yet more noticeable -for the purity of its colors and the beauty of their contrast. The ground-color -is a clear and pure shade of cream-white. The whole egg is irregularly -spotted and marbled with lines and patches of purplish-lavender, -mingled with reddish-brown. The former are fainter, and as if partially -obscured, the brown usually much more distinct. The eggs measure 1.25 -inches in length by .88 of an inch in breadth. Wilson’s account of its egg -is wholly inaccurate.</p> - -<p>In the extreme Southern States these eggs are deposited in April, in -Virginia and Pennsylvania about the middle of May, and farther north not -until early in June. The young are hatched and able to care for themselves -during July, but, with the female, rarely leave the woods. The notes of the -male are once more occasionally heard in August. Mr. Allen has heard -them late in September, but I have never happened to notice their cries -later than August.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that the young of these birds, at an early age, run about -with remarkable celerity, and that they utter, at short intervals a <i class="birdcall">pé-ūgh</i>, -in a low mournful tone. Their food appears to consist of various kinds of -nocturnal insects, besides ants, grasshoppers, and other kinds not nocturnal, -frequenting decaying wood and shady thickets.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_464a.jpg" - width="151" height="209" - alt="Illustration: Left foot of Antrostomus vociferus" - /> - <p class="center">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_464b.jpg" - width="226" height="196" - alt="Illustration: Left foot of Nyctibius jamaicensis" - /> - <p class="center">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius jamaicensis</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--465.png--><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 417]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NUTTALL’S WHIPPOORWILL; POOR-WILL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus nuttalli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, <abbr title="plate 495">pl. ccccxcv</abbr>, Appendix. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus -nuttalli</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1852, 123.—<abbr title="Ibid Illustrations One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 237.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogy California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> and Oregon Route, 77; <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 149.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 166.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal. -I</abbr>, 1870, 341.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Rictal bristles without any lateral filaments; wing, about 5.50; the top of the -head hoary gray, with narrow and transverse, not longitudinal bands. Tail above, except -the central feathers, nearly black on the terminal half, the extreme tip only (in the outer -feather of each side) being white for nearly an inch, diminishing on the second and third. -Length, 8.00; wing, 5.50. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the white tip of tail. Audubon describes the -male as follows: “Bill, black; iris, dark hazel; feet, reddish-purple; scales and claws, -darker; general color of upper parts dark brownish-gray, lighter on the head and medial -tail-feathers, which extend half an inch beyond the others, all which are minutely streaked -and sprinkled with brownish-black and ash-gray. Quills and coverts dull cinnamon color, -spotted in bars with brownish-black; tips of former mottled with light and dark brown; -three lateral tail-feathers barred with dark brown and cinnamon, and tipped with white. -Throat brown, annulated with black; a band of white across foreneck; beneath the -latter black, mixed with bars of light yellowish-gray and black lines. Under tail-coverts -dull yellow. Length, 7.25; wing, 5.75; bill, edge, .19; second and third quills nearly -equal. Tail to end of upper feathers, 3.50; tarsus, .63; middle toe, .63; claw, .25; -strongly pectinated.”</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -High Central Plains to the Pacific coast. San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, -1865, 471, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 58); Guanajuata, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, -<abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 1014).</p> - -<p>Nuttall’s Whippoorwill is readily distinguished from the other North American -species by the transverse, not longitudinal, lines on the top of head, the -narrow white tip of tail on both webs, and the inferior size, as well as by -numerous other points of difference.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first described by Mr. Audubon from a specimen -obtained near the Rocky Mountains, but with no information in regard -to any peculiarities of habit. From Mr. Nuttall we learn that these birds -were first observed by him on the 10th of June, amidst the naked granite -hills of the sources of the Upper Platte River, called Sweet-Water. It was -about twilight, and from the clefts of the rocks they were uttering at intervals -a low wailing cry, in the manner of the Whippoorwill, and sounding -like the cry of the young of that species, or <i class="birdcall">pē-cū</i>. Afterwards, on the 7th -of August, when encamped on the high ravine of the insulated mountains -so conspicuous from Lewis River, called the Three Buttes, this bird was -again observed, as it flew from under a stone near the summit of the mountain. -It flew about hawking for insects near their elevated camp, for two -or three hours, but was now silent. On the 16th of June, near the banks -of the Sandy River of the Colorado, Mr. Nuttall again heard its nocturnal -cry, which he says sounded like <i class="birdcall">pēvai</i>.</p> - -<p><!--466.png--><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 418]</span> -Dr. Cooper did not meet with this bird in the Colorado Valley, but he -heard their nocturnal call, which he says sounds like <i class="birdcall">poor-will</i>, on the barren -mountains west of the valley, in May. He has never seen or heard any -west of the Coast Range, nor in the Santa Clara Valley in the spring. They -are, however, said to be common in the hot interior valleys, and remain near -San Francisco as late as November, usually hiding on the ground, and flying -at dusk in short, fitful courses in pursuit of insects. Dr. Cooper adds -that they inhabit the almost bare and barren sage-plains east of the Sierra -Nevada, where their rather sad whistle is heard all night during the spring, -sounding like an echoing answer to the cry of the eastern species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley, in the Report on the Zoölogy of Washington Territory, speaks -of this species as moderately abundant in the interior of that Territory, as -well as of Oregon. East of the Cascade Mountains, at Fort Dalles, they can -be heard on almost any fine night in spring or early summer. Their cries -closely resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</i>, but are more feeble, and not so incessantly -kept up. Dr. Cooper, in the same report, also speaks of finding this -bird common near the Yakima River, in 1853. Two specimens were killed -in the daytime by a whip. Late in the evening he found them flying near -the ground. Dr. Woodhouse, in passing down the Little Colorado River, in -New Mexico, found this bird quite abundant, as also among the San Francisco -Mountains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry met with this species in all the parts of California and -Oregon visited by him. Near the shores of Rhett Lake he met with its -nest containing two young nearly ready to fly. The old bird fluttered off as -if disabled, and by her cries and strange movements induced one of the party -to pursue her. The young resembled those of the eastern species, were of a -gray-brown color, marbled with black, and had large, dark, and soft eyes. -They were quite passive when caught.</p> - -<p>This species was observed by Mr. J. H. Clark near Rio Mimbres, in New -Mexico. From the manner in which it flew, it seemed so similar to the -Woodcock that until a specimen was obtained it was supposed to belong to -that family. He saw none east of the Rio Grande, but met with it as far west -as Santa Cruz. It was nowhere abundant, and was generally solitary. It -was found usually among the tall grass of the valleys, and occasionally on the -plains. It was only once observed to alight upon a bush, but almost invariably, -when started up, it flew down again among the grass at a short distance.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this bird was taken by Dr. Kennerly on the Great -Colorado River. Dr. Heermann met with two specimens among the mountains -bordering the Tejon Valley, and he was informed by Dr. Milhau that a -small species of Whippoorwill was abundant round that fort in the spring -and summer.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann killed one of these birds on the Medina, in Texas; and -during the summer, passing along Devil’s River, he heard their notes every -evening, and judged that the birds were abundant. Mr. Dresser obtained a -<!--467.png--><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 419]</span> -single specimen, shot near the town of San Antonio, where it was of uncommon -occurrence. He received also another specimen from Fort Stockton. -During his stay at Matamoras he did not notice this bird, but was -informed that a kind resembling this species was very common at a rancho -about twenty-five miles distant, on the Monterey road. Dr. Coues found -this species particularly abundant throughout Arizona. At Fort Whipple it -was a summer resident, arriving there late in April and remaining until -October. So numerous was it in some localities, that around the campfires -of the traveller a perfect chorus of their plaintive two-syllabled notes -was continued incessantly through the night, some of the performers being -so near that the sharp click of their mandibles was distinctly audible.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen found this species abundant on the lower parts of the -mountains in Colorado, and heard the notes of scores of them near the -mouth of Ogden Cañon on several occasions after nightfall. Though so -numerous, all efforts to procure specimens were futile, as it did not usually -manifest its presence till after it became too dark for it to be clearly distinguished. -He saw it last, October 7, during a severe snow-storm on the -mountains north of Ogden. It had been quite common during the greater -part of September. He also met with this bird at an elevation of 7,000 -feet. He had previously ascertained its presence throughout Kansas from -Leavenworth to Fort Hays.</p> - -<p>From these varied observations the range of this species may be given as -from the valley of the Rio Grande and the more northern States of Mexico, -throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and the Great Plains nearly to the Pacific, -in California, Oregon, and Washington Territory.</p> - -<p>The egg of this species (13,587) was obtained among the East Humboldt -Mountains, by Mr. Robert Ridgway, July 20, 1868. Its measurement is -1.06 inches in length by .81 of an inch in breadth. It is of a regularly -elliptical form, being equally rounded at either end. Its color is a clear -dead-white, entirely unspotted. The egg was found deposited on the bare -ground beneath a sage-bush, on a foot-slope of the mountains. The nest -was nothing more than a bare spot, apparently worn by the body of the bird. -When found, the male bird was sitting on the egg, and was shot as it flew -from the spot.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin (Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 64) mentions taking, April 20, 1860, on the mountains -of Santa Barbara, Central America, a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>, a female, -with two eggs. This is spoken of as nearly allied to, perhaps identical with, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>. Its eggs are, however, spoken of as white, measuring 1.05 -inches by .80 of an inch, almost exactly the size of the eggs of this species. -Mr. Salvin adds: “I do not quite understand these eggs being white, except -by supposing them to be accidentally so. In other respects, i. e. in form -and texture, they agree with the eggs of other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>. -These eggs, two in number, were on the ground at the foot of a large pine-tree. -There was no nest.”</p> - -<p><!--468.png--><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 420]</span> -In regard to the parentage of the eggs thus discovered, the coloration and -size of which correspond so closely with those of the Poor-will, Mr. Salvin -writes, in a letter dated March 10, 1872: “In respect to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i> -which lays white eggs in Guatemala, I have carefully examined the skin of -the female sent to me with the eggs in question, and represented as their -parent. It certainly is not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. nuttalli</i>, but appears to belong to the species -described by Wagler as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. macromystax</i>. This species is very closely -allied to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>, but appears to be sufficiently distinct, inasmuch as -the rictal bristles are very long, the throat is almost without white feathers, -and the white on the tail is more limited in extent than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>. -The true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i> is frequently found in winter in Guatemala, but is -probably only a migrant. The other species would certainly appear to be a -resident in South Mexico and Guatemala. With respect to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. nuttalli</i>, I -may add that I have recently acquired a skin from Guanajuata, in Mexico. -This is the first instance of the occurrence of the species in Mexico at all, -that I am aware of.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with the Poor-will from the eastern slope of the Sierra -Nevada to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains. He describes its notes as -much like those of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>, except that the first syllable is -left off, the call sounding like simply <i class="birdcall">poor-will</i>, the accent on the last syllable. -It frequents chiefly the dry <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesa</i> and foot-hills of the mountains, and -lives almost entirely on the ground, where its two white unspotted eggs are -deposited beneath some small scraggy sage-bush, without any sign of a nest -whatever. Both sexes incubate.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_468a.jpg" - width="300" height="357" - alt="Illustration: Sternum of Chordeiles virginianus" - /> - <p class="center">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles virginianus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_468b.jpg" - width="300" height="170" - alt="Illustration: Sternum of Nyctibius jamaicensis" - /> - <p class="center">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius jamaicensis</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_468c.jpg" - width="300" height="168" - alt="Illustration: Sternum of Caprimulgus stictomus" - /> - <p class="center">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus stictomus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -</div><!--end subfamily Caprimulginæ--> -</div><!--end family Caprimulgidæ--> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Cypselidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--469.png--><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 421]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYPSELIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Swifts.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very small, without notch, triangular, much broader than high; the culmen -not one sixth the gape. Anterior toes cleft to the base, each with three joints, (in the -typical species,) and covered with skin or feathers; the middle claw without any serrations; -the lateral toes nearly equal to the middle. Bill without bristles, but with minute feathers -extending along the under margin of the nostrils. Tail-feathers ten. Nostrils elongated, -superior, and very close together. Plumage compact. Primaries ten, elongated, falcate.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, or Swifts, are Swallow-like birds, generally of rather dull -plumage and medium size. They were formerly associated with the true -Swallows on account of their small, deeply cleft bill, wide gape, short feet, -and long wings, but are very different in all the essentials of structure, -belonging, indeed, to a different order or suborder. The bill is much smaller -and shorter; the edges greatly inflected; the nostrils superior, instead of -lateral, and without bristles. The wing is more falcate, with ten primaries -instead of nine. The tail has ten feathers instead of twelve. The feet are -weaker, without distinct scutellæ; the hind toe is more or less versatile, the -anterior toes frequently lack the normal number of joints, and there are -other features which clearly justify the wide separation here given, especially -the difference in the vocal organs. Strange as the statement may be, their -nearest relatives are the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i>, or Humming-Birds, notwithstanding -the bills of the two are as opposite in shape as can readily be conceived. -The sternum of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i> is also very different from that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</i>, -as will be shown by the accompanying figure. There are no emarginations -or openings in the posterior edge, which is regularly curved. The -keel rises high, for the attachment of the powerful pectoral muscles. The -manubrium is almost entirely wanting.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_469a.jpg" - width="300" height="355" - alt="Illustration: Chætura pelagica" - /> - <p class="center"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_469b.jpg" - width="300" height="222" - alt="Illustration: Progne subis" - /> - <p class="center"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>In this family, as in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>, we find deviations in certain -forms from the normal number of phalanges to the toes, which serve to -divide it into two sections. In one, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</i>, these are 2, 3, 4, and 5, as -<!--470.png--><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 422]</span> -usual; but in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</i> they are 2, 3, 3, and 3, as shown in the accompanying -cut borrowed from Dr. Sclater’s masterly memoir on the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, -(<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> London, 1865, 593), which also serves as the basis of the -arrangement here presented.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px"> - <img src="images/i_470a.jpg" - width="188" height="225" - alt="Illustration: Left foot of Chætura zonaris." - /> - <p class="center small">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura zonaris</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px"> - <img src="images/i_470b.jpg" - width="250" height="304" - alt="Illustration: Left foot of Panyptila melanoleuca." - /> - <p class="center small">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</i>.</p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ.</b> Tarsi feathered; phalanges of the middle and outer toes three -each (instead of four and five). Hind toe directed either forward or to one -side, not backward.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tarsi feathered; toes bare; hind toe directed forward<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Both tarsi and toes feathered; hind toe lateral<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ.</b> Tarsi bare; phalanges of toes normal (four in middle toe, -five in outer). Hind toe directed backwards, though sometimes versatile.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Tarsi longer than middle toe.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail-feathers spinous.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Shafts of tail-feathers projecting beyond the plumage<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Shafts not projecting, (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephæcetes</i>)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Tail-feathers not spinous<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tarsi shorter than middle toe<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon.</i></p> - -<p>The Swifts are cosmopolite, occurring throughout the globe. All the -genera enumerated above are well represented in the New World, except -the last two, which are exclusively East Indian and Polynesian. Species of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia</i> make the “edible bird’s-nests” which are so much sought after in -China and Japan. These are constructed entirely out of the hardened saliva -of the bird, although formerly supposed to be made of some kind of sea-weed. -All the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i> have the salivary glands highly developed, and use the secretion -to cement together the twigs or other substances of which the nest is constructed, -as well as to attach this to its support. The eggs are always white.</p> - -<p>There are many interesting peculiarities connected with the modification -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, some of which may be briefly adverted to. Those of our -common Chimney Swallow will be referred to in the proper place. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila -sancti-hieronymæ</i> of Guatemala attaches a tube some feet in length to -the under side of an overhanging rock, constructed of the pappus or seed-down -of plants, caught flying in the air. Entrance to this is from below, -and the eggs are laid on a kind of shelf near the top. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura poliura</i> of -Brazil again makes a very similar tube-nest (more contracted below) out of -the seeds of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trixis divaricata</i>, suspends it to a horizontal branch, and covers -<!--471.png--><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 423]</span> -the outside with feathers of various colors. As there is no shelf to receive -the eggs, it is believed that these are cemented against the sides of the -tube, and brooded on by the bird while in an upright position. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon -klecho</i>, of Java, etc., builds a narrow flat platform on a horizontal -branch, of feathers, moss, etc., cemented together, and lays in it a single -egg. The nest is so small that the bird sits on the branch and covers the -egg with the end of her belly.</p> - -<p>Owing to the almost incredible rapidity in flight of the Swifts, and the great -height in the air at which they usually keep themselves, the North American -species are, of all our land birds, the most difficult to procure, only flying -sufficiently near the surface of the ground to be reached by a gun in damp -weather, and then requiring great skill to shoot them. Their nests, too, -are generally situated in inaccessible places, usually high perpendicular -or overhanging mountain-cliffs. Although our four species are sufficiently -abundant, and are frequently seen in flocks of thousands, it is only the common -Chimney Swift that is to be met with at all regularly in museums.</p> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Cypselinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CYPSELINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p>The essential character of this subfamily, as stated already, is to be found -in the feathered tarsus; the reduction of the normal number of phalanges in -the middle toe from 4 to 3, and of the outer toe from 5 to 3, as well as -in the anterior or lateral position of the hind toe, not posterior. Of the -two genera assigned to it by Dr. Sclater, one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus</i>, is enlarged by him so -as to include the small West Indian Palm Swifts, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachornis</i> of Gosse.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PANYPTILA</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Wiegmann">Wiegm.</abbr> Archiv, 1847, <abbr title="One"><span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 345.—<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Burmeister</span>, Thiere <abbr title="Brasiliens">Bras.</abbr> Vögel</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1856, 368. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo cayanensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudoprocne</i>, <span class="sc">Streubel</span>, Isis, 1848, 357. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 300px"> - <img src="images/i_471.jpg" - width="250" height="107" - alt="Illustration: Panyptila melanoleuca" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6018</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail half as long as the wings, moderately forked; the feathers rather -lanceolate, rounded at -tip, the shafts stiffened, -but not projecting. First -primary shorter than the -second. Tarsi, toes, and -claws very thick and -stout; the former shorter -than the middle toe and -claw, which is rather -longer than the lateral -one; middle claw longer -than its digit. Hind toe very short; half versatile, or inserted on the side of the tarsus. -Tarsi and toes feathered to the claws, except on the under surfaces.</p> - -<p><!--472.png--><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 424]</span> -Three species of this genus are described by authors, all of them black, -with white throat, and a patch of the same on each side of rump, and otherwise -varied with this color. The type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cayanensis</i> is much the smallest -(4.70), and has the tail more deeply forked than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanoleuca</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Species.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cayanensis.</b> Glossy intense black; a supraloral spot of white; white -of throat transversely defined posteriorly. Tail deeply forked, the lateral -feathers excessively attenuated and acute.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 4.80; middle tail-feather, 1.20, external, 2.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cayenne -and Brazil<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_108" id="fnanchor_108"></a><a href="#footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 7.30; middle tail-feather, 1.90, external, 3.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guatemala -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-hieronymi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_109" id="fnanchor_109"></a><a href="#footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanoleuca.</b> Lustreless dull black; no supraloral white spot, but -instead a hoary wash; white of throat extending back along middle of -abdomen to the vent. Tail moderately forked, the lateral feathers obtuse. -Wing, 5.75; middle tail-feather, 2.30, outer, 2.85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province -of United States, south to Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus melanoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 118 (San Francisco -Mountains, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1855, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 141, <abbr title="plate 18, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 125 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1865, 607.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b, 36, <abbr title="plate 18, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -<abbr title="Ibid Ten"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> X</abbr>, c, 10.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 347.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings very long; tail forked; tarsi and feet covered with feathers. -Black all over, except the chin, throat, middle of the belly as far as the vent, a patch -on each side of the rump, the edge of the outer primary, and blotches on the inner webs -of the median tail-feathers, near the base, which are white, as is also a band across the -ends of the secondaries. Length, 5.50; wing, 5.50; tail, 2.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and southern Rocky Mountains, to Guatemala. -Localities: Cajon Pass (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, -57); San Diego (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>).</p> - -<p>Although there is no difference in size between Rocky Mountain and -Guatemalan specimens, the only two of the latter in the collection are darker -colored, showing scarcely any indication of the frontal and supraloral whitish -so conspicuous in most northern skins. In the Guatemalan female (30,837, -Dueñas, February 13) the dusky of the lateral, and white of the medial, -portions of the breast blend gradually together, there not being that sharp -<!--473.png--><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 425]</span> -line of junction seen in all the others, including the male from Guatemala -(30,836, Dueñas, Nov.).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_473.jpg" - width="250" height="228" - alt="Illustration: Panyptila melanoleuca" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This new species was first discovered by Dr. Kennerly on Bill -Williams Fork, New Mexico, February 16, 1854. He speaks of it as a -very curious and interesting bird, found by him only among the cañons of -that stream, and not observed -elsewhere during their journey. -Large flocks could be seen at any -time in the vicinity of those -cañons, flying and circling around -very high, and far beyond the -reach of shot. Towards the close -of the day, when the sun had sunk -behind the hills, they occasionally -descended lower. He only met -with them where the walls of the -cañons were very high, and consisted -of almost perpendicular -masses of rock. At times they -were seen to sweep low down, and then to ascend nearly perpendicularly -very near the stones, as if examining them in order to select a place for -their nests. The construction of these had obviously not then commenced. -Dr. Kennerly saw none engaged in the work, nor did he observe any old -nests, unless they build after the manner of the common Cliff Swallow, -which were also abundant in that region. Mr. Möllhausen was of the -opinion that these birds build in the holes and crevices of the cliffs. In -their flight and habits they appeared to closely resemble the common -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann met with this species several times, first in San Fernando -Pass, near Los Angelos, and again near Palm Spring, between the Colorado -desert and Vallicita, at another time near Tucson, and once also in Texas. -He always found them flying at a great height, either far beyond or on the -extreme limit of gunshot range. From the extent of their wings they -seemed formed to live in the air, where they pass most of their time gliding -about in extensive circles, with apparently very little motion of the wings. -During pleasant weather they found their insect prey in the upper air, but, -when cloudy or rainy, they flew nearer the ground in their pursuit. When -on the ground, they were observed to rise with difficulty, owing to the -shortness of their legs and the length of their wings. When they rest, -they always alight on some elevated point whence they can throw themselves -into the air, and take to wing. Numbers were observed flying -about the rocks near Tucson, but none were heard to utter a note. They -were sociable among themselves, gathering in large flocks, but never -mingled with the Swallows. He states that they construct their nests in -<!--474.png--><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 426]</span> -the crevices of rocks, and that their eggs are pure white, and of an elongated -form.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species rather sparingly distributed throughout Arizona, -always in the neighborhood of cliffs and precipices, which it exclusively -inhabits. From Inscription Rock, about one day’s march from -Whipple’s Pass, to the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona, he found these -birds in great numbers, except along the valley of the Colorado Chiquito, -where there were no suitable cliffs for their habitation. He generally found -them congregated in considerable, sometimes in immense, numbers in the -vicinity of huge cliffs and piles of rocks. Their note, he adds, is an often and -quickly repeated twitter, loud and shrill, and quite different from that of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>. He states that they build their nest upon the vertical faces -of precipitous rocks.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with a Swift in the same region referred to by Dr. -Coues, which he called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis saxatilis</i>, which may possibly be the same -species, but of which no specimen was procured. They were breeding in -the crevices of the rocks. The description, however, does not at all correspond.</p> - -<p>This species has lately been met with by Mr. Salvin, in Guatemala, where -it is by no means common, and so very local that its presence might readily -have been overlooked. He found it near Dueñas, in a gorge with precipitous -rocks on the right hand, along the course of the river Guacalate. His -attention was drawn to a noise coming from the rocks, which he at first took -to be bats in some of the cracks. After watching for some time, he saw two -Swifts dart into a crack in the rock twenty feet from the ground, and the -noise became louder than before. Resorting to several expedients, in vain, -to make them fly out, he climbed up part way, and there found one of them -killed by a random shot of his gun. Another discharge of his gun brought -out five or six more, which were immediately pursued by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle serripennis</i>. -He obtained three specimens in all. The spot was evidently their -common roosting-place, and by the noise they made he judged they were -there in large numbers. He found them about the middle of February.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with this species near Fort Mohave, but saw none before -May. On the 7th of June, near the head of Mohave River, he found a few -about some lofty granite cliffs, and succeeded in obtaining one. Their flight -was exceedingly swift and changeable, and they were very difficult to shoot. -He also found them about some high rocky bluffs close to the sea-shore, -twelve miles north of San Diego. They were seen the last of March, but -may have been there for a month previously.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen encountered this little-known Swift near Colorado City, where -it was quite numerous about the high cliffs in the “Garden of the Gods,” -and of which, with great difficulty, he procured four specimens. It was -nesting in inaccessible crevices and weather-beaten holes in the rocks, about -midway up the high vertical cliffs, some of which were not less than three -<!--475.png--><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 427]</span> -hundred feet high. It seemed to be very wary, and flew with great velocity, -rarely descending within reach of the guns.</p> - -<p>The White-throated Swift was met with in great abundance by Mr. Ridgway -at the East Humboldt Mountains, and was seen by him more sparingly -in the Toyabe and Wahsatch. In the former mountains it inhabited the high -limestone cliffs which walled the cañons, congregating in thousands, and -nesting in the chinks or crevices of the rocks, in company with the Violet-green -Swallow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycincta thalassina</i>). It was a very noisy species, having -a vigorous chatter, reminding one somewhat of the notes of young Baltimore -Orioles when being fed by their parents. It was also very pugnacious, a -couple now and then being seen to fasten upon one another high up in the -air, and, clinging together, falling, whirling round and round in their descent, -nearly to the ground, when they would let go each other, and separate. -A couple would often rush by with almost inconceivable velocity, one in -chase of the other. Their flight was usually very high, or, if they occasionally -descended, it was so swiftly that Mr. Ridgway only succeeded in shooting -three specimens, while he found it utterly impossible to reach their nests, -which were in the horizontal fissures in the face of the overhanging cliff.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Cypselinæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Chæturinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CHÆTURINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p>This subfamily is characterized by having the normal number of phalanges -to the middle and outer toes (4 and 5, instead of 3 and 3), the backward -position of the hind toe, and the naked tarsi, which do not even appear to -be scutellate, but covered with a soft skin. Of the two North American -genera, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i> has spinous projections at the end of the tail-feathers, -while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i> the shafts of the tail-feathers, though stiffened, do not -project beyond the plume.</p> - -<p>This subfamily appears to be composed of two definable sections, with -subdivisions as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail forked; spinous points of the feathers not extending far beyond the -webs, or entirely wanting. Feathering of the sides of the forehead extending -forward outside the nostrils nearly to their anterior end.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<i class="subset">a.</i> No trace of spinous points to tail-feathers. Feathering of frontal points -almost completely enclosing the nostrils between them. No light collar -round the neck; sides of the forehead with a hoary suffusion<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Spinous points of tail-feathers distinct. A light collar round the neck.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. Nostril as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i>. Sides of forehead with a hoary suffusion. -Collar chestnut. Wing less than 5.50. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rutila.</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -2. Feathered frontal points narrower, not reaching anterior end of -nostril. Sides of forehead without hoary suffusion. Collar white. -Wing more than 8.00<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne.</i></p> - -<p class="comchar"> -<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail rounded; spinous points of the feathers much elongated and projecting. -Feathering of sides of forehead scarcely reaching beyond posterior end of nostril. -Wing less than 5.50<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--476.png--><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 428]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">NEPHŒCETES</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 142. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo nigra</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_476a.jpg" - width="300" height="119" - alt="Illustration: Nephœcetes niger" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">11871</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail rather less than half the wings; quite deeply forked (less so in the -female); the feathers obtusely acuminate; the shafts scarcely stiffened. First quill -longest. Tarsi and toes completely bare, and covered with naked skin, without distinct -indications of scutellæ. Tarsus rather longer than middle toe; the three anterior toes -about equal, with moderately stout claws. Claw of middle toe much shorter than its -digit. Hind toe not versatile, but truly posterior and opposite, with its claw rather -longer than the middle toe without it. Toes all slender; claws moderate. Nostrils -widely ovate, the feathers margining its entire lower edge.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_476b.jpg" - width="250" height="161" - alt="Illustration: Nephœcetes niger" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The comparative characters of this genus will be found in the diagnostic -tables at the head of the -family. According to -Sclater, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides</i> of -Streubel (<span class="sc">Isis</span>, 1848, -366) with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. fumigatus</i> -as type, may have to be -taken for this genus, as -it was named by Streubel -as an alternative -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne</i>, which -belongs to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>. -Until this question -of synonymy can be -decided positively, we retain <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i>.</p> - -<p>The single North American species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">N. niger</i>, has a singular distribution, -being abundant near Puget Sound in summer, and again found in Jamaica -and Cuba, without having been met with in any intermediate locality, -except in the Province of Huatasco, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> The West India specimens are -rather smaller, but otherwise not distinguishable.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--477.png--><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 429]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK SWIFT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Hirundo niger</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 1025. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus niger</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 1847, 63.—<abbr title="Ibid Illustrated Birds of Jamaica, plate 10"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Illust. B. Jam pl. x</abbr>.—<abbr title="Gundlach and Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Six"><span class="sc">Gundl. & Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI</abbr>, 1858, 268.—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> -P. Z. S.</abbr> 1865, 615. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 142.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, twenty">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, xx.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 349. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus borealis</i>, -<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Nine, November">P. A. N. S. Philad. IX, Nov.</abbr> 1857, 202.—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1865, 615. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo apus dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1760, 514, <abbr title="plate 46, figure">pl. xlvi, f.</abbr> 3.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wing the length of the body. General color rather lustrous dark sooty-brown, -with a greenish gloss, becoming a very little lighter on the breast anteriorly -below, but rather more so on the neck and head above. The feathers on top of the head -edged with light gray, which forms a continuous wash on each side of the forehead -above, and anterior to the usual black crescent in front of the eye. Occasionally some -feathers of the under parts behind are narrowly edged with gray. Bill and feet black. -Length, 6.75; wing, 6.75; tail, 3.00, the depth of its fork about .45 in the male, and -scarcely .15 in the female.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Washington Territory, Oregon, Nevada, and Orizaba (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i>); Cuba and -Jamaica (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</i>), breeds. Vera Cruz; breeds (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 562).</p> - -<p>The tail is considerably more forked in the male than in the female, in -which it is sometimes nearly even, and in the males its depth varies considerably.</p> - -<p>Jamaican specimens (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</i>) are rather smaller, considerably blacker, -and seem to have narrower tail-feathers, even when the other dimensions are -about equal.</p> - -<p>Whether the Puget Sound bird visits the West Indies is not known; but -the difference in size and colors between them and the West Indian birds -would seem to indicate that they select a more directly southern region. -The fact that the Orizaba specimen is most like the Northwest Coast birds -favors this latter supposition.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Swift is of irregular and local occurrence in the West -Indies and in Western North America. Specimens were obtained at Simiahmoo -Bay, Washington Territory, by Dr. Kennerly, in July, 1857. Dr. -Cooper saw a black Swift, which he thinks may have been this species, in -<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pah-Ute Cañon</span>, west of Fort Mohave, May 29, 1861, and again at Santa -Barbara, May, 1863.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gundlach, in his ornithological explorations in Cuba, in 1858, met -with this species among the mountains between Cienfuegos and Trinidad, on -the southern coast of that island, and also in the eastern parts of the Sierra -Maestra. He saw these birds for the first time in the month of May, near -Bayamo, where they commonly arrived every morning about one hour after -sunrise, and flew in a circular direction over the river at a considerable -height, making their evolutions always in the same place, apparently employed -in catching the insects attracted by the proximity of the river. -<!--478.png--><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 430]</span> -In the month of June they came every day towards noon, whenever it -threatened to rain, and sometimes returned again after sunset. When tired -of their exercise they always flew together towards the mountains, where he -had no doubt their breeding-places existed. He states that when one of -these birds flies in chase of another, it emits a soft continued note, not -unlike a song. Having taken many young birds in the month of June, he -supposes that these Swifts breed in April and May.</p> - -<p>It is stated by Sumichrast to have been occasionally met with in the table-lands -of Mexico, and that it is resident and breeds within the State of Vera -Cruz, Mexico.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this bird was known to Gosse to have been taken -near Spanishtown in Jamaica, in 1843, in company with many others. Mr. -March, in his paper on the birds of this island, gives a similar account of -the habits of this species to that of Dr. Gundlach. He states that it was -rarely seen except at early dawn, or in dull and cloudy weather, or after -rain in an afternoon. He has sometimes procured specimens from Healthshire -and the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Catharine Hills. The only place known to him as their -actual resort is a cave in the lower <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Catharine Hills, near the ferry, -where they harbor in the narrow deep galleries and fissures of the limestone -rocks.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord cites this species as among the earliest of the spring visitors -seen by him in British Columbia. On a foggy morning early in June, -the insects being low, these birds were hovering close to the ground, and he -obtained four specimens. He saw no more until the fall of the year, when -they again made their appearance in large numbers, among the many other -birds of that season. He again saw this Swift at Fort Colville.</p> - -<p>Captain Prevost, <abbr title="Royal Navy">R. N.</abbr>, obtained a single specimen of this bird on Vancouver -Island, which Mr. Sclater compared with Gosse’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus niger</i>, -from Jamaica. He, however, is not satisfied as to their identity, and is -inclined to regard the two birds as distinct.</p> - -<p>According to Captain Feilner, this species breeds in the middle of June, -on high rocks on the Klamath River, about eight miles above Judah’s -Cave.</p> - -<p>The Black Swift was seen by Mr. Ridgway, during his western tour, only -once, when, about the middle of June, an assembly of several hundreds -was observed early one morning hovering over the Carson River, below -Fort Churchill, in Nevada. In the immediate vicinity was an immense -rocky cliff, where he supposed they nested. In their flight they much resembled -Chimney-Swallows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>), only they appeared much larger. -They were perfectly silent. On the Truckee River, near Pyramid Lake, -in May of the same year, he found the remains of one which had been -killed by a hawk, but the species was not seen there alive.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--479.png--><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 431]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CHÆTURA</b>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw’s <abbr title="General Zoölogy Birds, 13, two">Gen. Zoöl. Birds, XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1825, 76. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, 971. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus spinicauda.</i>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_479.jpg" - width="250" height="121" - alt="Illustration: Chætura pelagica" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1010</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail very short, scarcely more than two fifths the wings; slightly rounded; -the shafts stiffened and extending -some distance beyond -the feathers in a rigid spine. -First primary longest. Legs -covered by a naked skin, -without scutellæ or feathers. -Tarsus longer than middle -toe. Lateral toes equal, -nearly as long as the middle. -Hind toe scarcely versatile, -or quite posterior; including -claw, less than the middle anterior without it. Toes slender; claws moderate. Feathers -of the base of the bill not extending beyond the beginning of the nostrils.</p> - -<p>By the arrangement of the genera on page 1018, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rutila</i> and large -white-collared species are excluded from the present genus as restricted. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>, as here defined, is a genus of very extensive distribution, species -occurring not only in North and South America, but also in Africa and Asia. -Among the several American members, three styles are distinguishable, -these probably representing only as many species; the several more closely -allied forms being, in all probability, but geographical modifications of these -three types. They may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Plumage with no marked contrast of shades.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica.</b> Nearly uniformly dusky grayish-brown, the throat, however, -very much lighter, and the rump just appreciably so.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Above glossy dusky-brown, hardly appreciably paler on the rump; -abdomen scarcely paler than the back. Wing, 5.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province North America -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Above glossy blackish-dusky, very decidedly paler on the rump; -abdomen very much paler than the back. Wing, 4.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -Province of North America, south to Guatemala (from whence specimens -are much darker, almost black above, and slightly smaller) -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Above glossy black, fading into sooty dusky on the rump; abdomen -like the rump. Wing, 4.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South America (Cayenne, -Tobago)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliura</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_110" id="fnanchor_110"></a><a href="#footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Plumage with marked contrast of shades.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cinereiventris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_111" id="fnanchor_111"></a><a href="#footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></span> -Upper parts, except the rump, glossy, intense blue-black; -rump and lower parts bluish-cinereous, conspicuously different.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--480.png--><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 432]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. spinicauda.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_112" id="fnanchor_112"></a><a href="#footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></span> -Upper parts glossy black, with a white band across the -rump. Below sooty-whitish, with indistinct black marks on the breast, -wing, 3.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cayenne and Brazil.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHIMNEY SWALLOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo pelagica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ, edition"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. ed.</abbr> 10, 1758, 192. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo pelasgia</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. -I</abbr>, 1766, 345.—<abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Five"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 48, <abbr title="plate 39, figure">pl. xxxix, fig.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus pelasgia</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 329; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 419, <abbr title="plate 158">pl. clviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelasgia</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, in -Shaw’s <abbr title="General Zoölogy Birds, 13, 2">Gen. Zoöl. Birds, XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1825, 76.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1840, 164, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. -xliv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 144.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 116.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, Birds <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr> 301. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis pelasgia</i>, “<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>”—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 64.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 241. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne pelasgia</i>, <span class="sc">Streubel</span>, Isis, 1848, 363. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aculeated Swallow</i>, <abbr title="Pennant Arctic Zoölogy Two"><span class="sc">Penn.</span> Arc. -Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 432. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus pelasgius</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Journ.</abbr> 1858.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_480.jpg" - width="250" height="214" - alt="Illustration: Chætura pelagica" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail slightly rounded. Sooty-brown all over, except on the throat, which -becomes considerably lighter from the -breast to the bill. Above with a -greenish tinge; the rump a little -paler. Length, 5.25; wing, 5.10; tail, -2.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to -slopes of Rocky Mountains?</p> - -<p>The etymology of the specific -name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</i>, used by Linnæus, -of this bird, in the twelfth -edition of Systema Naturæ, -has always been a question. -We find that the word in the -tenth edition is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</i>, referring -probably to the supposed -passage over the Caribbean Sea in its annual migrations.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura vauxi</i>, the western representative of this bird, is extremely similar, -but distinguishable by considerably smaller size, much lighter, almost white, -throat, paler rump, and under parts decidedly lighter than the back. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -poliura</i>, which much resembles it, is blacker above, and much darker below. -(See synopsis on page 1027.)</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Chimney Swallow of North America has an extended -range throughout the eastern portions of the continent, from the -Atlantic to the 50th parallel of northern latitude. It was not met with by -Dr. Richardson in the fur regions, but was found by Say at Pembina, on -<!--481.png--><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 433]</span> -the Red River, in what is now the northern part of Minnesota. Its western -range is not well determined, but is presumed to be terminated by the great -plains. It has been found as far west as Bijoux Hill, in Nebraska.</p> - -<p>In its habits, especially during the breeding-season, this Swift presents -many remarkable differences from the European species. While the latter -are shy and retiring, shunning the places frequented by man, and breeding -chiefly in caves or ruined and deserted habitations, their representatives in -eastern North America, like all the Swallow family here, have, immediately -upon the erection of the dwellings of civilized life, manifested their appreciation -of the protection they afford, by an entire change in their habits in -regard to the location of their nests. When the country was first settled, -these birds were known to breed only in the hollow trunks of forest trees. -The chimneys of the dwellings of civilized communities presented sufficient -inducements, in their greater convenience, to tempt this bird to forsake their -primitive breeding-places. The change in this respect has been nearly complete. -And now, in the older portions of the country, they are not known -to resort to hollow trees for any other purpose than as an occasional roosting-place.</p> - -<p>In wild portions of the country, where natural facilities are still afforded -to these Swifts, they are occasionally found breeding within the hollows -of decaying trees. Mr. George A. Boardman, of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen, <abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, writes -that in his neighborhood this bird continues to build in the hollows of -trees. He adds, that in the summer of 1863 he found them building within -a hollow birch. He also met with one of their nests built against a board -in an old winter logging-camp, at a distance from any chimney. Mr. -Ridgway has also met with the nest of this bird inside the trunk of a large -sycamore-tree, and also mentions finding another attached to the planks of -an outbuilding, in the Wabash valley of Southeastern Illinois.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen found this species quite numerous in Kansas, where it -was breeding chiefly in the hollow trees of the forests, which it always -seems naturally to prefer to chimneys, to which it is compelled to resort, in -most of the longer settled districts, or else wholly to abandon the country.</p> - -<p>The Chimney Swallow is known to breed throughout the Central and -Northern States, from Virginia to Canada. Dr. Woodhouse states that he -found this species very abundant throughout the Indian Territory, as also in -Texas, and New Mexico, even to California. It was not, however, taken at -San Antonio by Mr. Dresser, nor in any portion of Texas, and was not procured -by any of the naturalists in the other Western expeditions.</p> - -<p>The Chimney Swallow is crepuscular, rather than nocturnal, in its habits, -preferring to hunt for its insect prey in dull and cloudy weather, or in the -early morning and the latter part of the afternoon. In this it is probably -influenced by the abundance or scarcity of insects, as it is not unfrequently -to be seen hawking for insects in the bright glare of noon. When -they have young, they often continue to feed them until quite late at night. -<!--482.png--><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 434]</span> -They are not, however, to be regarded as nocturnal, as they are only known -to do this during a brief period.</p> - -<p>The nest of this species is a very peculiar and remarkable structure. It -is composed of small twigs of nearly uniform size, wrought and interwoven -into a neat semicircular basket. In selecting the twigs with which they are -to construct their nests, the Swifts break from the tree the ends of living -branches, which they gather with great skill and adroitness while on the -wing. Sweeping upon the coveted twig somewhat as a Hawk rushes on its -prey, it divides it at the desired place, and bears it off to its nest. This is -a well-attested fact, familiar to all who have ever watched these birds in -the early morning as they are at work constructing their nests.</p> - -<p>Each one of these twigs is strongly fastened to its fellows by an adhesive -saliva secreted by the bird, and by the same cement the whole structure is -made to adhere to the side of the chimney in which it is built. This saliva, -as it dries, hardens into a tough glue-like substance, as firm even as the -twigs it unites. In separating nests from the sides of chimneys, I have -known portions of the brick to which it was fastened part sooner than the -cement. When moistened, however, by long-continued rains, the weight of -their contents will sometimes cause these nests to part, and the whole is -precipitated to the bottom. The young birds cling very tenaciously to the -sides of the chimneys with their bills and claws. They not only are often -able, in these accidents, to save themselves from falling, but even at a -very early age can cling to the sides of the chimney and work their way -to the top. They always leave their nest and climb to the upper part of -the chimney several days before they can fly, and are there fed by their -parents.</p> - -<p>Occasionally the young birds fall to the bottom of the chimney, out of the -reach or notice of their parents. I have never been able to induce them to -take any food, although they keep uttering pitiful cries of hunger. In such -cases the young birds placed on the roof near their native chimney soon -manage to climb to its base, and there receive the aid of the old birds.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are four in number, somewhat elliptical in form, though somewhat -less obtuse at one end than the other. They are of a pure white -color, and are never spotted. They vary but little in size or shape, and -measure from .75 to .81 of an inch in length, and from .50 to .55 in breadth.</p> - -<p>In New England the Chimney Swallow raises but one brood in a season. -In Pennsylvania it is said to have two.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--483.png--><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 435]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</b> (<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</b>, (<abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">DeKay</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON CHIMNEY SWIFT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus vauxi</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Eight">J. A. N. Sc. VIII</abbr>, 1839, 148 (Columbia River).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative, -1839. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura vauxi</i>, <span class="sc">DeKay</span>, <abbr title="New York Zoölogy Two">N. Y. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1844, 36.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -145, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 282.—<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, 100 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> x, b, <abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 165.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 351. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis vauxi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="28">XXVIII</abbr>, 1854; notes Delattre, -90.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 250.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route, 78; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">Zoöl. Cal. and Or. Route, 78; P. R. R. -Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Light sooty-brown; rump and under parts paler; lightest on the chin and -throat. Length, 4.50; wing, 4.75; tail, 1.90.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast, from Puget’s Sound to California. West coast to Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, 100); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 204).</p> - -<p>This species bears a very close resemblance to the common Chimney Swallow -of the Eastern States, being only readily distinguishable by its much -smaller size, 4.50 inches instead of 5.25. The wing, too, is nearly an inch -shorter. The tarsus and the middle toe, however, seem absolutely longer. -The rump is a little paler than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>, as well as the under parts, -where the chin and throat are lighter, almost dirty white, and gradually -becoming a little darker behind, although even the hinder part of the belly -is much lighter than the back, even in strong contrast, instead of being of -the same color with it. Guatemalan specimens are much darker.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This western Swift was first discovered by Mr. Townsend on the -Columbia River, where he found it having the primitive habits of the eastern -species, and breeding in hollow trees, forming a nest in a similar manner, and -laying four pure-white eggs. It differs from the common bird in its smaller -size and lighter color. It is said to occur from Puget Sound to California.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with these birds May 4, 1864, in the Coast Range, twelve -miles south of Santa Clara. He was of the opinion that they had nests in -hollow trees at the summit of the mountains, but he was not able to find -any. He did not observe any at Fort Vancouver in the summer of 1853, -nor did he learn whether these birds are found in the central valleys of -California. In 1866 they were observed to make their first appearance at -Santa Cruz on the 4th of May, though as they rarely descended to the town -they might have been on the hills earlier than this. On the 5th of October -he observed five of them, in company with a large flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo bicolor</i>, -spending the morning in hunting insects near the town. They were apparently -delayed in their migration southward by a thick fog and cold south-wind. -They may have been a late brood from the north.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly obtained a single specimen of this species at the Straits of -Fuca, showing that these birds sometimes extend their migrations up to the -49th parallel. Neither Dr. Suckley nor Dr. Cooper was able to find this -Swift anywhere in Washington Territory.</p> - -<p><!--484.png--><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 436]</span> -Dr. Newberry observed this species quite common in California, but could -obtain no specimens, owing to the height at which they flew. He saw nothing -of it in Oregon.</p> - -<p>Two specimens of this species obtained in Mexico by <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> de Saussure are -in the collection of Dr. Sclater.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway saw on the Truckee River, near Pyramid Lake, in May, -1868, what he supposes to have been this species. It was not common, -only a few individuals being observed every evening just before dusk, flying -overhead exactly in the manner of Chimney Swallows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>), which -they also exactly resembled in appearance. They flew so high that specimens -could not be obtained. They were entirely silent, and appeared at no -other time than in the evening, in these respects differing strikingly from -the eastern species.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Chæturinæ--> -</div><!--end family Cypselidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Trochilidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--485.png--><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 437]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">TROCHILIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Humming-Birds.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Least of all birds; sternum very deep; bill subulate, and generally longer than -the head, straight, arched, or upcurved. Tongue composed of two lengthened cylindrical -united tubes, capable of great protrusion, and bifid at tip; nostrils basal, linear, and -covered by an operculum; wings lengthened, pointed; first quill usually longest except -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aithurus</i>, where it is the second; primaries, 10; secondaries, 6; tail of ten feathers. -Tarsi and feet very diminutive, claws very sharp. (<span class="sc">Gould.</span>)</p> - -<p>There is no group of birds so interesting to the ornithologist or to the -casual observer as the Humming-Birds, at once the smallest in size, the most -gorgeously beautiful in color, and almost the most abundant in species, of -any single family of birds. They are strictly confined to the continent and -islands of America, and are most abundant in the Central American and -Andean States, though single species range almost to the Arctic regions on -the north and to Patagonia on the south, as well as from the sea-coast to -the frozen summits of the Andes. Many are very limited in their range; -some confined to particular islands, even though of small dimensions, or to -the summits of certain mountain-peaks.</p> - -<p>The bill of the Humming-Bird is awl-shaped or subulate; thin, and sharp-pointed; -straight or curved; sometimes as long as the head, sometimes -much longer. The mandibles are excavated to the tip for the lodgement of -the tongue, and form a tube by the close apposition of their cutting edges. -There is no indication of stiff bristly feathers at the base of the mouth. -The tongue has some resemblance to that of the Woodpecker in the elongation -of the cornua backwards, so as to pass round the back of the skull, and -then anteriorly to the base of the bill. The tongue itself is of very peculiar -structure, consisting anteriorly of two hollow threads closed at the ends and -united behind. The food of the Humming-Bird consists almost entirely of -insects, which are captured by protruding the tongue in flowers of various -shapes without opening the bill very wide.</p> - -<p>The genera of Humming-Birds are very difficult to define. This is partly -owing to the great number of the species, of which nearly four hundred and -fifty have been recognized by authors, all of them with but few exceptions -diminutive in size and almost requiring a lens for their critical examination, -so that characters for generic separation, distinct enough in other families, are -here overlooked or not fully appreciated. A still greater difficulty, perhaps, is -the great difference in form, especially of the tail, between the male and female, -the young male occupying an intermediate position. The coloration, too, is -almost always very different with sex and age, and usually any generic -characters derived from features other than those of bill, feet, and wing do -not apply to the females at all.</p> - -<p>In the large number of species of Humming-Birds arranged in about one -<!--486.png--><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 438]</span> -hundred and thirty genera, only two subfamilies have been recognized, as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phæthornithinæ.</b> Anterior toes connected at the base. No metallic lustre -to the dull plumage.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ.</b> Anterior toes not connected at the base. Plumage brilliant, -with more or less of metallic lustre, at least in the males.</p> - -<p>The first-mentioned subfamily embraces five genera, and about fifty -species, none of which are found in the United States. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ</i> -count nearly four hundred species and one hundred and twenty-five genera, -and in the absence of any successful attempt to arrange them in subordinate -groups, the difficulties of determination on the part of the tyro may readily -be imagined.</p> - -<p>Of the seven genera accredited to North America, with their ten species, -we cannot pretend to do more than present an artificial analysis, which may -serve to define them as compared with each other, but bear little reference -to the family as a whole. The characters are selected partly from the shape -of tail and partly from color.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> All the North American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> have metallic green -backs, excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>, this color extending over the top of head, -except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i> (metallic red and violet), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i> (bluish-black). The -latter alone has a white stripe through the eye. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</i> alone has the tail -tipped with white in the male. Females of all the species except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i> -have tail tipped with white; all have it rounded. All females lack the metallic -throat. The males of the several genera belonging to North America may be -distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <i>Bill covered with feathers between nostrils.</i></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Top of head green.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Feathers of throat not elongated.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tail rounded or slightly emarginated, the feathers broad, rounded, and -metallic rufous-purple, or greenish-blue. Wing more than 2.50<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tail more or less forked; feathers pointed, narrow, and without rufous -or blue. Wing much less than 2.00<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Throat-feathers elongated laterally into a kind of ruff. Tail-feathers edged -or banded with cinnamon at base.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Tail cuneate, the outer primary attenuated at end. Innermost tail-feather -green above.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Tail dusky at end<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Tail tipped with white<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tail nearly even, and emarginated. Outer primary not attenuated at -end. Innermost tail-feather brown above<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula.</i></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Top of head metallic red or violet.</p> - -<p class="indent1"> -Metallic feathers of side of throat much elongated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <i>Bill bare of feathers between the nostrils.</i></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> Top of head bluish-black; a white line through eye.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Metallic feathers of side of throat not elongated.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tail nearly even, and slightly emarginated. Lateral feathers very -broad and obtuse at end<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica.</i></p> - -<p><!--487.png--><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 439]</span> -We have included <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</i> in the list of United States genera on -exceedingly doubtful evidence of the occurrence of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. mango</i>, which was -said to have been taken at Key West, and sent to Mr. Audubon, who figured -it. The species, however, proves to be one belonging to Brazil, and not the -Jamaican form (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. porphyrura</i>, Gould), which might possibly have straggled -there.</p> - -<p>In reference to the large number of species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i>, it may be well -to remark that many differ by very slight, sometimes quite inappreciable -characters, and are to be looked on as only climatic or geographical varieties. -All those given for the United States are, however, well marked.</p> - -<p>Additional species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> will doubtless yet be detected within -our limits, especially in Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern Texas, where -almost any of the Mexican table-land species may be looked for, such as -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte floresi</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax cyanopogon</i>, etc. South Florida will probably yet -furnish to us the Bahaman <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Doricha evelynæ</i>.</p> - -<p>The following synopsis expresses, perhaps, a more natural arrangement of -the genera:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Nasal operculum entirely covered by the frontal feathers; base of the bill -narrow.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail forked, and unvariegated in the male. Outer primary strongly -bowed, or curved inward at the end.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula.</b> Tail deeply emarginated in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, somewhat doubly rounded in -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, but outer feather not longest; the feathers spatulate; outer primary -very strongly bowed, and very broad at end. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Gorget feathers -linear, much elongated; only their terminal half colored; crown green -like the back. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Similar in form, but the intermediate feathers of tail -longer than the external, instead of shorter.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus.</b> Tail deeply emarginated in the male, the feathers attenuated -toward tips; doubly rounded in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, and broader; outer primary -strongly bowed, but narrow at end. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Gorget feathers broad, short, -squamate; colored blue or crimson to their bases. Crown green like -the back.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte.</b> Tail as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, but the external feather abruptly narrower -than the next, with its edges nearly parallel. Outer primary as -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>. Crown metallic (violet or crimson) like the throat. -<i class="sex">Female</i> like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail rounded or graduated, and variegated in the male. Outer primary -only slightly bowed, and narrow at end, except in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus.</b> Tail graduated in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, the feathers attenuated at ends. -Outer primary abruptly attenuated, the end turned outwards. Gorget -feathers broad, elongated laterally, rose-purple or fire-color; crown -green like the back; tail-feathers edged with rufous. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with tail less -graduated, and the feathers broader at ends. Outer primary broader, -and not attenuated and turned outward at end.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis.</b> Sexes alike in form. Tail rounded; outer primary bowed at -end, rather narrow in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Gorget feathers much elongated, posteriorly -and laterally; tail-feathers tipped with white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Tail rounded, or slightly emarginated, and usually unvariegated in either -<!--488.png--><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 440]</span> -sex; the feathers very broad, and rounded at the ends; primaries normal, -the outer broad to the end, and moderately bowed.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_113" id="fnanchor_113"></a><a href="#footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></span> -Bill cylindrical, considerably curved. Wing very long, -reaching to, or beyond, the tip of the very broad tail. Size large (wing, -2.50, or more). The male dark-colored (green or black) beneath. Sexes -sometimes alike (in West Indies).</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Nasal operculum entirely uncovered; base of bill very broad. Female -with tail-feathers not tipped with white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica.</b> Sexes alike in form. First primary longest, much -bowed toward end. Tail more than two thirds the wing, nearly square -(a little emarginated in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, slightly rounded in the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>), the feathers -very broad, rounded at ends. Color, metallic green above, white or -rufous glossed with green below; a conspicuous white post-ocular -stripe, and an auricular one of black beneath it. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Forehead and -chin black or metallic blue; throat rich metallic green. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Forehead -dull brownish-green; chin and throat white, glossed with green, or -plain ochraceous; tail plain bluish-black or purplish-rufous, the middle -feathers more or less green.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias.</b> Sexes alike in form and color. General form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>, -but tail emarginated, instead of rounded. Color nearly uniform -green, with or without white throat and abdomen. Tail grayish-dusky, -with an obscure subterminal band of black (with basal three fourths -white in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. chionurus</i>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The habits and manners of the whole family of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> are, in -many striking respects, entirely peculiar to themselves, and without any known -correspondence or close resemblance to those of any other kinds of birds, -either in America or elsewhere. This family is found exclusively in America, -<!--489.png--><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 441]</span> -either in the islands or on the continent, and number in all not far from -four hundred species, distributed into various subdivisions and genera, but -all possessing, to a very large degree, the same common peculiarities, of -which the well-known Ruby-throat of eastern North America may be taken -as eminently typical. The habits and peculiarities of this numerous family -have been closely studied, and many valuable facts in relation to them have -been contributed by various naturalists; by none, perhaps, with more intelligent -attention than by the eminent Swiss naturalist, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> H. de Saussure, in -his visit to the West India Islands and Mexico, to whose observations -we are largely indebted.</p> - -<p>On the first visit of this naturalist to a savanna in the island of Jamaica, -he at once noticed what he at first took to be a brilliant green insect, -of rapid flight, approaching him by successive alternations of movements -and pauses, and rapidly gliding among and over the network of interlacing -shrubs. He was surprised by the extraordinary dexterity with which it -avoided the movements of his net, and yet more astonished to find, when he -had captured it, that he had taken a bird, and not an insect.</p> - -<p>He soon satisfied himself that this entire family not only have the form -and aspect of insects, but that they have also the same movements, the -same habits, and the same manner of living, with certain insects. Their -flight is exactly like that of an insect, and in this respect they form a remarkably -exceptional group among birds. When we notice their long wings -in our cabinet specimens, we naturally suppose that they use these instruments -of flight in the same manner with the Swallow or the Swift. Yet -investigation shows that, so very far from this, these wings, comparatively so -very long, vibrate even more rapidly than do those of birds with proportionately -the smallest wings, such as the Grebe, the Loon, and the Penguin, and -that, more than this, they vibrate with an intensity so vastly superior, that -they become wholly invisible in the wonderful rapidity of their movements.</p> - -<p>The altogether exceptional character of their flight is a subject for never-ceasing -astonishment. Until we actually witness it, we should never conceive -it to be possible for a bird to vibrate its wings with so great a rapidity, -and by them to support itself in the air in the same manner with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthraces</i> -and other aerial insects. This feat is rendered all the more surprising by the -extreme narrowness of the wing and the comparative weight of the body, -which is quite considerable, on account of the compactness of the flesh and -bones, and the small size of the birds themselves, whose wings displace but -a small quantity of air. The resistance of the air to the stroke of the wing -of a bird should be, not in proportion to the surface of that wing, but to its -square, or even to its cube, if the movement is very rapid. Hence it follows -that a due proportion being required as between the weight of the body and -the surface of this organ, a small bird cannot keep itself poised in the -air except by means of vibrations more rapid than those of a larger kind. -This is, without doubt, one explanation of the fact that Humming-Birds, in -<!--490.png--><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 442]</span> -their flight, are so insect-like. They pass from bush to bush as if suspended -in the air, and pause over each flower, vibrating their wings, in precisely the -same manner with the Sphinxes, and with the same humming sounds.</p> - -<p>The flight of the Humming-Bird is of two kinds. One of these is used -for a horizontal movement, and is so rapid that one can hardly follow it -with the eye. This is accompanied by a kind of hissing sound. The other -seems to keep the body in the air immovable, in one spot. For the latter -purpose the bird assumes a position nearly vertical, and beats its wings with -great intensity. These organs must vibrate all the more rapidly, because -the immobility of the body requires a shorter stroke, and therefore the more -frequently repeated. The equilibrium of the body is preserved by the alternate -up and down strokes of the wings, no inconsiderable force being required -to keep its immobility, besides that requisite for neutralizing the -weight of the body.</p> - -<p>The Humming-Bird is entirely aerial. They pass with the rapidity of an -arrow, stop, rest for a few seconds on some small branch, and then suddenly -depart with so much rapidity that we cannot trace its flight. They -disappear as if by enchantment. Their life is one of feverish excitement. -They seem to live more intensely than any other being on our globe. From -morning to night they traverse the air in quest of honeyed flowers. They -come like a flash of light, assume a vertical position without any support, -throw their tail forward, expanding it like a fan, vibrating their wings with -such rapidity that they become absolutely invisible, plunging, at the same -time, their thread-like tongues to the bottom of some long corolla, and then -they have gone as suddenly as they came. They are never known to rest -on a branch in order more at their leisure to plunge their tongue into the -flower. Their life is too short for this delay; they are in too great haste; -they can only stop long enough to beat their wings before each flower for a -few seconds, but long enough to reach its bottom and to devour its inhabitants. -When we take into consideration how entirely aerial is their life, and -the prodigious relative force requisite to enable them to keep suspended in -the air during the entire day, almost incessantly, either in rapid motion or -accomplishing the most violent vibrations, we can but be amazed at the -extraordinary powers of flight and endurance they manifest.</p> - -<p>The Humming-Bird enjoys even the most tropical heat, avoids shade, -and is easily overcome by cold. Though some travellers speak of having -met with these birds in the depths of forests, Saussure discredits their -statements, having never found any in such situations. They prefer open -flowery fields, meadows, gardens, and shrubbery, delighting to glitter in -the sun’s rays, and to mingle with the swarm of resplendent insects with -which tropical regions abound, and with the habits of which their own so -well accord. Nearly all live in the open sun, only a very few are more or -less crepuscular and never to be seen except very early in the morning or in -the evening twilight.</p> - -<p><!--491.png--><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 443]</span> -Mr. Salvin is of the opinion that Humming-Birds do not remain long on -the wing at once, but rest frequently, choosing for that purpose a small dead -or leafless twig at the top, or just within the branches of the tree. While -in this position they trim their feathers and clean their bill, all the time -keeping up an incessant jerking of their wings and tail.</p> - -<p>In Mexico, where these birds are very abundant, they are attracted by the -blossoms of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agave americana</i>, and swarm around them like so many -beetles. As they fly, they skim over the fields, rifle the flowers, mingling -with the bees and the butterflies, and during the seasons of bloom, at certain -hours of the day, the fields appear perfectly alive with them. The ear -receives unceasingly the whistling sounds of their flight, and their shrill -cries, resembling in their sharp accent the clash of weapons. Although the -Humming-Bird always migrates at the approach of cold weather, yet it is -often to be found at very considerable elevations. The traveller Bourcier -met with them on the crater of Pichincha, and <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> Saussure obtained specimens -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax lucifer</i> in the Sierra de Cuernavaca, at the height of -more than 9,500 feet.</p> - -<p>While we must accept as a well-established fact that the Humming-Birds -feed on insects, demonstrated long since by naturalists, it is equally true -that they are very fond of the nectar of flowers, and that this, to a certain -extent, constitutes their nourishment. This is shown by the sustenance -which captive Humming-Birds receive from honey and other sweet substances, -food to which a purely insectivorous bird could hardly adapt itself.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding their diminutive size the Humming-Birds are notorious -for their aggressive disposition. They attack with great fury anything that -excites their animosity, and maintain constant warfare with whatever is -obnoxious to them, expressly the Sphinxes or Hawk-Moths. Whenever -one of these inoffensive moths, two or three times the size of a Humming-Bird, -chances to come too early into the garden and encounters one of these -birds, he must give way or meet with certain injury. At sight of the -insect the bird attacks it with his pointed beak with great fury. The -Sphinx, overcome in this unlooked-for attack, beats a retreat, but, soon -returning to the attractive flowers, is again and again assaulted by its infuriated -enemy. Certain destruction awaits these insects if they do not -retire from the field before their delicate wings, lacerated in these attacks, -can no longer support them, and they fall to the ground to perish from other -enemies.</p> - -<p>In other things the Humming-Bird also shows itself all the more impertinent -and aggressive that it is small and weak. It takes offence at everything -that moves near it. It attacks birds much larger than itself, and -is rarely disturbed or molested by those it thus assails. All other birds -must make way. It is possible that in some of these attacks it may be influenced -by an instinctive prompting of advantages to be gained, as in the -case of the spider, in whose nets they are liable to be entangled, and whose -<!--492.png--><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 444]</span> -webs often seriously incommode them. When a Humming-Bird perceives a -spider in the midst of its net, it rarely fails to make an attack, and with -such rapidity that one cannot follow the movement, but in the twinkling of -an eye the spider has disappeared. This is not only done to small spiders, -which doubtless they devour, but also to others too large to be thus eaten.</p> - -<p>Not content with thus chastising small enemies, the Humming-Bird also -contends with others far more powerful, and which give them a good deal -of trouble. They have been known to engage in an unequal contest with the -Sparrow-Hawk, yet rarely without coming off the conquerors. In this strife -they have the advantage of numbers, their diminutive size, and the rapidity -and the irregularity of their own movements. Several unite in these attacks, -and, in rushing upon their powerful enemy, they always aim at his -eyes. The Hawk soon appreciates his inability to contend with these tormenting -little furies, and beats an ignominious retreat.</p> - -<p>Advantage is taken of this aggressive disposition of these birds, by the -hunter, to capture them. In their combats with one another, or in their -rash attacks upon various offensive objects, even upon the person of the -snarer himself, they are made prisoners through their own rashness and -reckless impetuosity.</p> - -<p>In enumerating the prominent characteristics of this remarkable family, -we should not omit to refer to the lavish profusion of colors of every tint -and shade, excelling in lustre and brilliancy even the costliest gems, with -which Nature has adorned their plumage. And not only are nearly all the -birds of this group thus decked out with hues of the most dazzling brightness -and splendor, when alive and resplendent in the tropical sun, but many -also display the most wonderfully varying shades and colors, according to -the position in which they are presented to the eye. The sides of the fibres -of each feather are of a different color from the surface, and change as seen -in a front or an oblique direction, and while living, these birds, by their -movements, can cause these feathers to change very suddenly to very different -hues. Thus the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i> can change in a twinkling the vivid -fire-color of its expanded throat to a light green, and the species known as -the Mexican Star (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cynanthus lucifer</i>) changes from a bright crimson to an -equally brilliant blue.</p> - -<p>The nests and the eggs of the Humming-Birds, though in a few exceptional -cases differing as to the form and position of the former, are similar, so far as -known, in the whole family. The eggs are always two in number, white -and unspotted, oblong in shape, and equally obtuse at either end. The only -differences to be noticed are in the relative variations in size. The nests -are generally saddled upon the upper side of a horizontal branch, are cup-like -in shape, and are largely made up of various kinds of soft vegetable -down, covered by an outward coating of lichens and mosses fastened upon -them by the glue-like saliva of the bird. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i> the soft inner portion -of the nest is composed of the delicate downy covering of the leaf-buds -<!--493.png--><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 445]</span> -of several kinds of oaks. In Georgia the color of this down is of a deep -nankeen hue, but in New England it is nearly always white. At first the nest -is made of this substance alone, and the entire complement of eggs, never -more than two, is sometimes laid before the covering of lichens is put on by -the male bird, who seems to amuse himself with this while his mate is sitting -upon her eggs.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">STELLULA</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction to Trochilidae">Introd. Trochil.</abbr> 1861, 90. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather longer than the head; straight. Wings much developed, reaching -beyond the tail, which is short, nearly even, or slightly rounded, and with the inner-most -feathers abruptly short; the outer feather rather narrower -and more linear than the others, which have a rather -spatulate form. Metallic throat-feathers elongated and rather -linear and loose, not forming a continuous metallic surface. -Central tail-feather without green.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_493.jpg" - width="200" height="181" - alt="Illustration: Stellula calliope" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">17992</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This genus, established by Gould, has a slight resemblance -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</i>, but differs in absence of the -attenuated tip of outer primary. The outer three tail-feathers -are longest and nearly even (the second rather longest), the fourth -and fifth equal and abruptly a little shorter, the latter without any green. -The feathers are rather broad and wider terminally (the outermost least so), -and are obtusely rounded at end. The tail of the female is quite similar. -The absence of green on the tail in the male seems a good character. But -one species is known of the genus.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax</i> is a closely allied genus, in which the tail is considerably -longer. One species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanopogon</i>, will probably be yet detected in New -Mexico.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CALLIOPE HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Z. S.</abbr> 1847, 11 (Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 100.—<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bonaparte Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Rev. Mag. Zoöl.</abbr> 1854, 257.—<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 142">Mon. Troch. III, pl. cxlii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Xantus</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1859, 190.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, 23">Illust. Birds N. A. I, xxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula -calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction Trochilidæ">Introd. Troch.</abbr> 1861, 90.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 363.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male</i> above, except on tail, golden-green, beneath white, the sides glossed -with green, the flanks somewhat with rusty; crissum pure white. Throat-feathers pure -white at base, terminal half violet-red, more reddish than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</i>; the sides of -neck pure white. Tail-feathers brown, edged at base, especially on inner webs, but inconspicuously, -with rufous; the ends paler, as if faded; central feathers like the rest; -under mandible yellow. Length, 2.75; wing, 1.60; tail, 1.00; bill above to base of -feathers, .55. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the metallic gorget (replaced by a few dusky specks), and -the throat-feathers not elongated; no green on sides, and more tinged with rufous beneath. -A white crescent under the eye. Tail more rounded and less emarginate than in the male. -<!--494.png--><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 446]</span> -The outer three feathers green at base, then black, and tipped with white; the fourth -green and black; the fifth green, with a dusky shade at end; all, except central, edged -internally at base with rufous. The under mandible is paler at base than elsewhere, but -not yellowish-white as in the male.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountains of Washington Territory, Oregon, and California, to Northern -Mexico. East to East Humboldt Mountains (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Fort Tejon (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>); Fort -Crook (<span class="sc">Feilner</span>).</p> - -<p>The male bird is easily distinguished from other North American species -by its very small size, the snowy-white bases of the elongated loose throat-feathers, -and by the shape of the tail, as also the absence, at least in the -several males before us, of decided metallic green on the central tail-feathers. -The females resemble those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. heloisæ</i> most closely, but have longer bills -and wings, broader tail-feathers, and their rufous confined to the edges, -instead of crossing the entire basal portion. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i> -are much larger, and have tails marked more as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. heloisæ</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting species was first met with as a Mexican Humming-Bird, -on the high table-lands of that republic, by Signor Floresi. His -specimens were obtained in the neighborhood of the Real del Monte mines. -As it was a comparatively rare bird, and only met with in the winter -months, it was rightly conjectured to be only a migrant in that locality.</p> - -<p>This species is new to the fauna of North America, and was first brought -to the attention of naturalists by Mr. J. K. Lord, one of the British commissioners -on the Northwest Boundary Survey. It is presumed to be a -mountain species, found in the highlands of British Columbia, Washington -Territory, Oregon, California, and Northern Mexico.</p> - -<p>Early in May Mr. Lord was stationed on the Little Spokan River, superintending -the building of a bridge. The snow was still remaining in patches, -and no flowers were in bloom except the brilliant pink <i class="name">Ribes</i>, or flowering -currant. Around the blossoms of this shrub he found congregated quite a -number of Humming-Birds. The bushes seemed to him to literally gleam -with their flashing colors. They were all male birds, and of two species; -and upon obtaining several of both they proved to be, one the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus -rufus</i>, the other the present species, one of the smallest of Humming-Birds, -and in life conspicuous for a frill of minute pinnated feathers, encircling the -throat, of a delicate magenta tint, which can be raised or depressed at will. -A few days after the females arrived, and the species then dispersed in -pairs.</p> - -<p>He afterwards ascertained that they prefer rocky hillsides at great altitudes, -where only pine-trees, rock plants, and an alpine flora are found. He -frequently shot these birds above the line of perpetual snow. Their favorite -resting-place was on the extreme point of a dead pine-tree, where, if undisturbed, -they would sit for hours. The site chosen for the nest was -usually the branch of a young pine, where it was artfully concealed amidst -the fronds at the very end, and rocked like a cradle by every passing breeze.</p> - -<p><!--495.png--><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 447]</span> -Dr. Cooper thinks that he met with this species in August, 1853, on the -summit of the Cascade Mountains, but mistook the specimens for the young -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>.</p> - -<p>Early in June, 1859, Mr. John Feilner found these birds breeding near -Pitt River, California, and obtained their nests.</p> - -<p>This species was obtained by Mr. Ridgway only on the East Humboldt -Mountains, in Eastern Nevada. The two or three specimens shot were -females, obtained in August and September, and at the time mistaken for -the young of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</i>, which was abundant at that locality.</p> - -<p>Dr. W. J. Hoffman writes, in relation to this species, that on the 20th of -July, 1871, being in camp at Big Pines, a place about twenty-seven miles -north of Camp Independence, California, on a mountain stream, the banks -of which are covered with an undergrowth of cottonwood and small bushes, -he frequently saw and heard Humming-Birds flying around him. He at -length discovered a nest, which was perched on a limb directly over the -swift current, where it was sometimes subjected to the spray. The limb -was but half an inch in thickness, and the nest was attached to it by means -of thin fibres of vegetable material and hairs. It contained two eggs. The -parents were taken, and proved to be this species. There were many birds -of the same kind at this point, constantly on the tops of the small pines -in search of insects.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">TROCHILUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, Systema Naturæ, 1748 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_495a.jpg" - width="200" height="138" - alt="Illustration: Trochilus colubris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1101</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Metallic gorget of throat nearly even all round. Tail forked; the feathers -lanceolate, acute, becoming gradually narrower from the -central to the exterior. Inner six -primaries abruptly and considerably -smaller than the outer four, with the -inner web notched at the end.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_495b.jpg" - width="200" height="197" - alt="Illustration: Trochilus colubris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris.</i> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1100</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The female has the outer tail-feathers -lanceolate, as in the -male, though much broader. The outer feathers are -broad to the terminal third, where they become -rapidly pointed, the tip only somewhat rounded; the sides of this attenuated -portion (one or other, or both) broadly and concavely emarginated, which distinguishes -them from the females of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>, in which the -tail is broadly linear to near the end, which is much rounded without any -distinct concavity.</p> - -<p>A peculiarity is observable in the wing of the two species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i> -as restricted, especially in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>, which we have not noticed in other -North American genera. The outer four primaries are of the usual shape, -and diminish gradually in size; the remaining six, however, are abruptly -<!--496.png--><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 448]</span> -much smaller, more linear, and nearly equal in width (about that of inner -web of the fourth), so that the interval between the fifth and fourth is from -two to five times as great as that between the fifth and sixth. The inner -web of these reduced primaries is also emarginated at the end. This character -is even sometimes seen in the females, but to a less extent, and may -serve to distinguish both <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alexandri</i> from other allied species -where other marks are obscured.</p> - -<p>The following diagnosis will serve to distinguish the species found in the -United States:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above and on the sides metallic green. A ruff of -metallic feathers from the bill to the breast, behind which is a whitish collar, -confluent with a narrow abdominal stripe; a white spot behind the eye. Tail-feathers -without light margins.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><br /> -Tail deeply forked (.30 of an inch). Throat bright coppery-red from the -chin. Tail of female rounded, emarginated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -Larger. Tail slightly forked (.10 of an inch). Throat gorget with violet, -steel, green, or blue reflections behind; anteriorly opaque velvety-black. -Tail of female graduated; scarcely emarginated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. alexandri.</i></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 191.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 26, <abbr title="plate 10">pl. -x.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 248, <abbr title="plate 47">pl. xlvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 190, <abbr title="plate 253">pl. -ccliii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 131.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 154.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 111.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, -<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornisyma colubris</i>, <span class="sc">Deville</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue et Magazine de Zoologie">Rev. et Mag. Zool.</abbr> May, 1852 -(habits). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus aureigaster</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span> (alcoholic specimens).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail in the male deeply forked; the feathers all narrow lanceolate-acute. -In the female slightly rounded and emarginate; the feathers broader, though pointed. -Male, uniform metallic green above; a ruby-red gorget (blackish near the bill), with no -conspicuous ruff; a white collar on the jugulum; sides of body greenish; tail-feathers -uniformly brownish-violet. Female, without the red on the throat; the tail rounded -and emarginate, the inner feathers shorter than the outer; the tail-feathers banded with -black, and the outer tipped with white; no rufous or cinnamon on the tail in either sex. -Length, 3.25; wing, 1.60; tail, 1.25; bill, .65. <i class="age">Young</i> males are like the females; the -throat usually spotted, sometimes with red; the tail is, in shape, more like that of the old -male.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the high Central Plains; south to Brazil. Localities: -Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 288); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 129); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, -98; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One">Gundl. Rep. I</abbr>, 1866, 291); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470, breeds); Veragua -(<abbr title="Salvin Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Salv.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 208).</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus aureigaster</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureigula?</i>) of Lawrence, described from an -alcoholic specimen in the Smithsonian collection, differs in having a -green throat, becoming golden towards the chin. It is quite probable, however, -that the difference is the result of immersion in spirits.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_47.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="47">XLVII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-1" id="pl_47-1"></a><img src="images/pl_47-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 44959.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-2" id="pl_47-2"></a><img src="images/pl_47-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2713.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-3" id="pl_47-3"></a><img src="images/pl_47-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-4" id="pl_47-4"></a><img src="images/pl_47-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Oregon, 2896.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-5" id="pl_47-5"></a><img src="images/pl_47-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 10847.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-6" id="pl_47-6"></a><img src="images/pl_47-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 25874.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-7" id="pl_47-7"></a><img src="images/pl_47-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5501.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-8" id="pl_47-8"></a><img src="images/pl_47-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 39397.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_47-9" id="pl_47-9"></a><img src="images/pl_47-9.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 17992.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The red of the throat appears paler in some Mexican and Guatemalan -<!--497.png--><!--Plate 47--> -<!--498.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--499.png--><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 449]</span> -skins; others, however, are not distinguishable from the northern specimens.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is found throughout eastern North America, as far -west as the Missouri Valley, and breeds from Florida and the valley of the -Rio Grande to high northern latitudes. Richardson states that it ranges at -least to the 57th parallel, and probably even farther north. He obtained -specimens on the plains of the Saskatchewan, and Mr. Drummond found -one of its nests near the source of the Elk River. Mr. Dresser found this -bird breeding in Southwestern Texas, and also resident there during the -winter months, and I have received their nests and eggs from Florida and -Georgia. It was found by Mr. Skinner to be abundant in Guatemala during -the winter months, on the southern slope of the great Cordillera, showing -that it chooses for its winter retreat the moderate climate afforded by a region -lying between the elevations of three and four thousand feet, where -it winters in large numbers. Mr. Salvin noted their first arrival in -Guatemala as early as the 24th of August. From that date the number -rapidly increased until the first week in October, when it had become by -far the most common species about Dueñas. It seemed also to be universally -distributed, being equally common at Coban, at San Geronimo, and the -plains of Salamá.</p> - -<p>The birds of this species make their appearance on our southern border -late in March, and slowly move northward in their migrations, reaching -Upper Georgia about the 10th of April, Pennsylvania from the last of -April to about the middle of May, and farther north the last of May or the -first of June. They nest in Massachusetts about the 10th of June, and are -about thirteen days between the full number of eggs and the appearance of -the young. They resent any approach to their nest, and will even make -angry movements around the head of the intruder, uttering a sharp outcry. -Other than this I have never heard them utter any note.</p> - -<p>Attempts to keep in confinement the Humming-Bird have been only partially -successful. They have been known to live, at the best, only a few -months, and soon perish, partly from imperfect nourishment and unsuitable -food, and probably also from insufficient warmth.</p> - -<p>Numerous examinations of stomachs of these birds, taken in a natural -state, demonstrate that minute insects constitute a very large proportion of -their necessary food. These are swallowed whole. The young birds feed -by putting their own bills down the throats of their parents, sucking probably -a prepared sustenance of nectar and fragments of insects. They raise, -I think, but one brood in a season. The young soon learn to take care of -themselves, and appear to remain some time after their parents have left. -They leave New England in September, and have all passed southward beyond -our limits by November.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird, from Dr. Gerhardt, of Georgia, measures 1.75 inches -in its external diameter and 1.50 in height. Its cavity measures 1.00 -<!--500.png--><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 450]</span> -in depth and 1.25 inches in breadth. It is of very homogeneous construction, -the material of which it is made being almost exclusively a substance -of vegetable origin, resembling wool, coarse in fibre, but soft, warm, -and yielding, of a deep buff color. This is strengthened, on the outside, by -various small woody fibres; the whole, on the outer surface, entirely and -compactly covered by a thatching of small lichens, a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parmelia</i>.</p> - -<p>A nest obtained in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O. Welch, in June, 1860, -was built on a horizontal branch of an apple-tree. <a name="note36" id="note36"></a>It measures 1.50 inches -in height, and 2.25 in its external diameter. The cavity is more shallow, -measuring .70 of an inch in depth and 1.00 in diameter. It is equally -homogeneous in its composition, being made of very similar materials. In -this case, however, the soft woolly material of which it is woven is finer in -fibre, softer and more silky, and of the purest white color. It is strengthened -on the base with pieces of bark, and on the sides with fine vegetable -fibres. The whole nest is beautifully covered with a compact coating of -lichens, a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parmelia</i>, but different from those of the Georgian nest.</p> - -<p>The fine silk-like substance of which the nest from Lynn is chiefly composed -is supposed to be the soft down which appears on the young and -unexpanded leaves of the red-oak, immediately before their full development. -The buds of several of the oaks are fitted for a climate liable to -severe winters, by being protected by separate downy scales surrounding -each leaf. In Massachusetts the red-oak is an abundant tree, expands its -leaves at a convenient season for the Humming-Bird, and these soft silky -scales which have fulfilled their mission of protection to the embryo leaves -are turned to a good account by our tiny and watchful architect. The species -in Georgia evidently make use of similar materials from one of the -southern oaks.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure .50 by .35 of an inch, and are of a pure dull white.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri</b>, <abbr title="Bourcier"><span class="sc">Bourc.</span></abbr> & <span class="sc">Mulsant</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-CHINNED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri</i>, <span class="sc">Bourcier & Mulsant</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Lyons 9">Ann. de la Soc. d’Agric. de Lyons, IX</abbr>, 1846, -330.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> <abbr title="second series Two">2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 269.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations North American Birds, One, five">Ill. N. -Am. Birds, I, <span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>, 1854, 141, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Trochilidæ, <abbr title="fourteen, September"><span class="muchsmaller">XIV</span>, Sept.</abbr> 1857, -plate.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 133, <abbr title="plate 44, figure">pl. xliv, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 6, <abbr title="plate 5, figure">pl. -v, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 56.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 353.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>. Tail slightly forked; the chin and upper -part of the throat opaque velvety-black, without metallic reflections, which are confined -to the posterior border of the gorget, and are violet, sometimes changing to steel blue or -green, instead of coppery-red. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the metallic scales; the tail-feathers -tipped with white; the tail graduated, not emarginated; the innermost feather among the -longest. Length of male, 3.30; wing, 1.70; tail, 126; bill, .75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast of California, southward, and east to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains, -Utah.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_501a.jpg" - width="200" height="130" - alt="Illustration: Trochilus alexandri" - /> - <p class="center small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> Trochilus alexandri.</i> <b class="specimen-number">4963</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><!--501.png--><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 451]</span> -The chief characters of this species are to be found in the violet, -steel-blue, or steel-green reflections of the hinder part of the gorget, varying -with the situation of the feathers and the specimen, as distinguished -from the bright fiery or coppery red of the other. The chin and upper -part of the throat extending beneath the eyes -are opaque velvety or greenish black, without -metallic lustre, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i> it is only the -extreme chin which is thus dull in appearance. -The bill is about .10 of an inch longer, the tail -less deeply forked, and tinged with green at the -end.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_501b.jpg" - width="250" height="199" - alt="Illustration: Trochilus alexandri" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>It is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the female of this species from -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>. The size is rather -larger, and the tail rounded, without any -distinct emargination; the middle feathers -being .15 of an inch longer than the lateral -ones, instead of actually shorter. The -color is much the same. The primaries -are also much broader in the present species.</p> - -<p>In both species the outer tail-feathers, -though broader than in the male, are quite -acutely pointed on the terminal third, one -side or the other of which is slightly concave, instead of being linear to near -the end, and rounded without any concavity, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Humming-Bird, originally described as a Mexican species, -is found from the highlands of that republic northward, not only to the -southern borders of the western United States, but as far north as the 58th -parallel. It was first discovered on the table-lands of Mexico, east of the -city, by Signor Floresi, a distinguished naturalist, who devoted himself to -the study of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> of Mexico, but was first added to the fauna of -North America by Dr. Heermann, who detected it, and obtained several -specimens, within the burying-ground of Sacramento City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> There several -pairs remained during the period of incubation, and reared their young, -finding both food and shelter among the flowering plants of that cemetery. -He found several of their nests which were essentially similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. -colubris</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with this species along the Mohave River. He saw the -first on the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of June. He also found one of their nests built in a dark -willow-thicket in the fork of a tree, eight feet from the ground. Those -afterwards found near Santa Barbara were all built near the end of hanging -branches of the sycamore, constructed of white down from willow catkins, -agglutinated by the bird’s saliva, and thus fastened to the branch on which -it rested. These were built in the latter part of April, and early in May -<!--502.png--><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 452]</span> -contained two eggs, exactly resembling those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>, and measuring -.51 by .32 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Afterwards Mr. W. W. Holden obtained a specimen in the Colorado Valley, -March 20.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord, one of the English commissioners of the Northwestern -Boundary Survey, met with this species near his camping-place on the western -slope of the Rocky Mountains. This was near a lake, by the margin of -which, with other trees, grew a number of the black birch. On these trees -he found a sweet gummy sap exuding plentifully from splits in the bark, -and on this sap hosts of insects, large and small, were regaling themselves. -As the sap was very sticky, numbers of the smaller winged insects were -trapped in it. Busily employed in picking off and devouring these captive -insects were several very sombre-looking Humming-Birds, poising themselves -over the flowers, and nipping off, as with delicate forceps, the imprisoned -insects. Upon securing one of these birds, he ascertained that it -belonged to this species. This was pretty satisfactory proof that they are -insect-eaters. Not only on this occasion, but many times afterwards, Mr. -Lord saw this bird pick the insects from the tree; and the stomachs of those -he killed, on being opened, were filled with various kinds of winged insects. -He found this bird lingering around lakes, pools, and swamps, where these -birches grow. They generally build in the birch or alder, selecting the fork -of a branch high up.</p> - -<p>This species bears a very close resemblance in size, appearance, and markings, -to the common eastern species, but is readily distinguishable by the -difference in the color of the chin and the shape of the tail.</p> - -<p>In the spring of 1851, on a trip to Sonora, Mexico, Dr. Heermann found -these birds abundant in the arid country around Guaymas, where amid the -scanty vegetation they had constructed their nests in the month of April. -He also afterwards found them on Dry Creek and the Cosumnes River.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of Mr. Ridgway, this species has quite an -extended distribution in the West. He found it in varying abundance from -the Sacramento Valley, in California, to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains -in Utah.</p> - -<p>At Sacramento it was more abundant than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna</i>, nesting in the -door-yards and in gardens, but particularly in the thick copses of small oaks -in the outskirts of the city. In the Great Basin it associated with the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i> in the western portion, and with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus</i> to the eastward, -nesting everywhere, from the lowest valleys to a height of eight or -nine thousand feet in the mountains.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--503.png--><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 453]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CALYPTE</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction">Introd.</abbr> Trochilidæ, 1861, 87. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmya costæ</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 150px"> - <img src="images/i_503a.jpg" - width="250" height="151" - alt="Illustration: Calypte costæ" - /> - <p class="center small"> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">39399</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <b class="specimen-number">39400</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px"> - <img src="images/i_503b.jpg" - width="200" height="133" - alt="Illustration: Calypte costæ" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill longer than the head, straight or slightly curved; tail rather short. -Outer primary not attenuated at end. Top of head, as well -as throat, with metallic scale-like feathers, a decided and -elongated ruff on each -side the neck.</p> - -<p>The metallic -feathers on top -of head, the attenuated -outer tail-feathers (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -helenæ</i>), and the elongated ruff, distinguish -the males of this genus very readily from -any other in North America.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> No rufous on tail-feathers; tail forked or emarginated.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lateral tail-feather as broad as the others; tail emarginated. Rump and -middle tail-feathers blue.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. helenæ.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_114" id="fnanchor_114"></a><a href="#footnote_114" class="fnanchor"> -</a></span> -Very small (wing, 1.15); metallic hood and ruff of -the male purplish-red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lateral tail-feather abruptly narrower than the others, tail forked. Rump -and middle tail-feathers green.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna.</b> Large (wing, 2.00); outer tail-feather with a double -curve, the end inclining outward. Metallic hood and ruff of the male -purplish-red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. costæ.</b> Small (wing, 1.75); outer tail-feather with a simple -curve, the end inclining inward. Metallic hood and ruff of the male -violet-blue. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern California, Arizona, and Mexico.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Inner webs of tail-feathers mostly rufous, and outer webs edged with the -same. Tail rounded. Lateral tail-feather abruptly narrower than the others.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floresi.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_115" id="fnanchor_115"></a><a href="#footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></span> -Size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna</i>. Hood and ruff of the male crimson. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of Mexico (Bolanos).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--504.png--><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 454]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ANNA HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya anna</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Oiseaux Mouches</span>, 1830, (? <abbr title="plate 124">pl. cxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus anna</i>, <span class="sc">Jardine</span>, -<abbr title="Naturalist's Library">Nat. Lib.</abbr> Humming-Birds, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 93, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 428, <abbr title="plate 428">pl. ccccxxviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 188, <abbr title="plate 252">pl. cclii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 56 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calliphlox -anna</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. III</abbr>, 1846, 3.—<abbr title="Ibid Journal, second series One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Journ. 2d ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 32. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus (Atthis) anna</i>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> Extraheft for 1853, 1854, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 12. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus icterocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 712 (male with forehead covered -with yellow pollen). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis anna</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 137. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte annæ</i>, -<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction">Introd.</abbr> Trochilidæ.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 358.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_504a.jpg" - width="250" height="246" - alt="Illustration: Calypte anna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5501</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <b class="specimen-number">44953</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Largest of North American species of Humming-Bird. Tail deeply forked; -external feather narrow, linear. Top of the head, throat, and a moderate ruff, metallic -crimson-red, with purple reflections. Rest of -upper parts and a band across the breast green. -Tail-feathers purplish-brown, darkest centrally. In -the female the tail is slightly rounded, not emarginate; -the scales of the head and throat are wanting. -Tail barred with black, and tipped with white. -Length, about 3.60; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico and coast region of California.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_504b.jpg" - width="250" height="182" - alt="Illustration: Calypte anna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floresi</i> of the table-lands of -Mexico resembles this species in every -respect except the tail, which is somewhat -like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>. The -only North American species to which the -male of this bird bears any resemblance is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. costæ</i>, which has the same -metallic crown and other generic features. The latter, however, is much -smaller; has the metallic reflections varied, -chiefly violet, instead of nearly uniform purplish-red. -The tail is much less deeply forked, -the depth being only about .10 of an inch, instead -of .32; the outer feather is much narrower. -The females of the two, however, -appear to be distinguishable only by their -relative size. The absence of rufous, and the -rounded, not graduated, tail always separates the female of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</i> from that -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>. The larger size is the chief distinction from the -female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</i>, while the size and less acutely pointed outer tail-feathers -distinguish it from the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>.</p> - -<p>We have never seen any specimens of this bird taken out of California, -nor quoted of late years as occurring in Mexico, although stated by Gould to -belong to the table-lands.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful Humming-Bird is found from the high table-lands -of Mexico throughout the western portions of that region, and through -<!--505.png--><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 455]</span> -all the coast country of California, from the slopes of the Sierra to the -ocean. It was first taken in Mexico, and named in honor of Anna, Duchess -of Rivoli. Mr. Nuttall was the first of our own naturalists to take it within -our territory. He captured a female on its nest near Santa Barbara. This -was described and figured by Audubon. The nest was attached to a small -burnt twig of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Photinia</i>, and was small for the bird, being only 1.25 inches in -breadth. It was somewhat conic in shape, made of the down of willow catkins, -intermixed with their scales, and a few feathers, the latter forming the -lining. It had none of the neatness of the nests of our common species, -and was so rough on the outside that Mr. Nuttall waited several days in -expectation of its being completed, and found the female sitting on two -eggs when he caught her. Dr. Cooper, however, thinks this description -applies much better to the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. alexandri</i>, as all that he has seen of -this species are twice as large, and covered externally with lichens, even -when on branches not covered with these parasites.</p> - -<p><a name="note24" id="note24"></a>Dr. Gambel, in his paper published in 1846 on the birds of California, -describes this as a very abundant species, numbers of which pass the entire -winter in California. At such times he found them inhabiting sheltered -hillsides and plains, where, at all seasons, a few bushy plants were in flower -and furnished them with a scanty subsistence. In the latter part of February -and during March they appeared in greater numbers. About the Pueblo -the vineyards and the gardens were their favorite resort, where they build a -delicate downy nest in small flowering bushes, or in a concealed spot about -a fence. In April and May they may be seen in almost every garden.</p> - -<p>In the wilder portions of the country Dr. Gambel found them attaching -their nest almost exclusively to low horizontal branches of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quercus agrifolia</i>, -or evergreen oak, so common in that region. The nest he describes -as small, only about an inch in depth, and 1.25 inches in diameter, formed in -the most delicate manner of pappus and down of various plants matted into -a soft felt, with spider’s-webs, which he frequently observed them collecting -for the purpose, in the spring, along hedges and fence-rows. The base of -the nest is formed of a few dried male aments of the oak, which, with the -adjoining felt-like matting of pappus, are agglutinated and bound around -the twig with a thick layer of spider’s-webs. The note of this bird, he -states, is a slender <i class="birdcall">chep</i>, frequently repeated. During the breeding-season -they are very pugnacious, darting like meteors among the trees, uttering a -loud and repeated twittering scold. They also have the habit of ascending -to a considerable height, and then of descending with great rapidity, uttering -at the same time a peculiar cry. The glutinous pollen of a tubular flower -upon which these birds feed often adheres to the rigid feathers of the crown, -and causes the bird to seem to have a bright yellow head. Nuttall, who -never obtained the male of this species, but saw them in this condition, supposed -this to be a yellow spot in the crown, and hence his supposed species -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</i>.</p> - -<p><!--506.png--><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 456]</span> -In California, south of San Francisco, this species was also observed, by -Dr. Cooper, to be a constant resident in mild winters, remaining among the -foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, at least fifteen hundred feet above the sea. -There he has found them quite common in February. At that season flowers, -and consequently insects, are more abundant than in the dry summers. -The males are in fine plumage early in January.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that the nests of this species are built at various heights -and positions, often in gardens, and sometimes on dead branches, without -any attempt at concealment except the outside covering of lichens. He -has found them made almost wholly of mosses, with only a lining of -feathers and down of plants. In the neighborhood of San Francisco the -young are sometimes hatched as early as the middle of March. This species -appears to be more hardy than the others, being common along the coast -border, though Dr. Cooper saw none near the summits of the Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p>The notes of the male bird, he states, are like the sound produced by the -filing of a saw or the whetting of a scythe. They enter familiarly into the -city of San Francisco, and even venture into rooms, attracted by the flowers. -They are bold and confident, approach to within a few feet of man, but at -the least motion disappear like a flash.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this species quite common at San Diego in March, -and in its full spring plumage. In September he procured a number of -specimens on a small island in the Cosumnes River. While on the wing -in pursuit of insects, or after alighting on a small branch, he heard them -utter a very weak twitter, continued for a minute or more.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species from Petaluma is about 1.50 inches in diameter, -and 1.00 in height, and bears no resemblance to the one described by Nuttall. -It is made of a commingling of mosses and vegetable down, covered -externally with a fine yellow lichen. The eggs measure .60 by .40 of an -inch, and are about ten per cent larger than those of any other North -American Humming-Bird.</p> - -<p>Another nest of this Humming-Bird, obtained in Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. -Emanuel Samuels, measures 1.75 inches in diameter, and about 1.00 in -height. Its cavity is one inch in diameter at the rim, and half an inch in -depth. Its lining is composed of such soft materials that its limits are not -well defined. The base of the nest is made of feathers, mosses, and lichens -of several varieties of the smaller kinds. The periphery and rim of the nest -are of nearly the same materials. The inner fabric consists of a mass of a -dirty-white vegetable wool, with a lining of the very finest and softest of -feathers, intermingled with down from the seeds of some species of silkweed. -The predominant lichen in the base and sides of the nest is the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ramalina menziesii</i>, which is peculiar to California. The nest contained a -single egg.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--507.png--><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 457]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COSTA’S HUMMING-BIRD; RUFFED HUMMER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya costæ</i>, <span class="sc">Bourcier</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1839, 294 (Lower California).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Lyons 9">Ann. Sc. -Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Lyon,</abbr> 1840, 225, <abbr title="table two">tab. ii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Prevost & Des Murs</span>, Voyage de la -Venus, <abbr title="Zoology One">Zool. I</abbr>, 1855, 194, Atlas, <abbr title="table two, figures">tab. ii, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus costæ</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus -Avium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1850, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis costæ</i>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie">Cab. Jour. für Orn.</abbr> Extraheft, -1853, 1854.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 138, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes ten">P. R. R. x</abbr>, b, -36, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Humming-Birds.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 360.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail very slightly emarginated and rounded; exterior feather very narrow, -and linear. A very long ruff on each side of the throat. Head above and below, with -the ruff, covered with metallic red, purple and violet (sometimes steel green). Remaining -upper parts and sides of the body green. Throat under and between the ruffs, side -of head behind the eye, anal region, and under tail-coverts whitish. Female with the tail -rounded, scarcely emarginate; barred with black, and tipped with white. The metallic -colors of the head wanting. Length, 3.20; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.10; bill, .68.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico, Southern California, and the Colorado Basin, Monterey (<span class="sc">Neboux</span>). Arizona -(<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 57).</p> - -<p>Specimens vary considerably in the color of the ruff, which, however, is -only occasionally green; violet being the prevailing shade. The length of -this appendage varies considerably.</p> - -<p>The female of this species differs much from the male in the absence of -the metallic scales on the head and throat. It has a close resemblance to -the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>, although the bill is smaller and narrower. The tail-feathers -are narrower, more linear, and less acutely pointed at the tip. The -black on the outer tail-feathers, instead of extending very nearly to the -base, is confined to the terminal half, the basal portion being green. All -the tail-feathers are terminated by white, although that on the fourth and -fifth is very narrow. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i> this color is confined to the three outer -ones. The much smaller size will alone distinguish it from the female -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is a Mexican bird, first discovered by Signor Floresi -among the valleys of the Sierra Madre, in that country, throughout the western -portions of which it is said to be an abundant species, as well as -along our southern borders, whence it extends into New Mexico, the Colorado -Valley, Southern California, and Arizona. It was first described by -Bourcier in 1839, and named in honor of the Marquis de Costa, of Chambery.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus found this species exceedingly abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. -It has also been found on the eastern coast of the Gulf of California, at -Guaymas, and Mazatlan, and also on the table-lands of Mexico.</p> - -<p>It was first added to our fauna by Dr. Kennerly, who obtained specimens -near Bill Williams Fork, in New Mexico, February 9, 1854. At that early -season a few flowers had already expanded beneath the genial rays of the -sun, and around them the party rarely failed to find these beautiful birds. -<!--508.png--><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 458]</span> -They had already paired, and were constantly to be seen hovering over the -flowers. Their notes consisted of a rapid chirping sound. As Dr. Kennerly’s -party approached the coast of California, where the valleys abounded with -flowers of every hue, these birds continued flitting before them in great numbers. -Dr. Coues states that this species was not taken at Fort Whipple, though -abundantly distributed throughout the Territory, particularly in its southern -and southwestern portions, and found about fifty miles south of Prescott. -It is presumed to winter within the Territory, and also within the valley of -the Colorado. Dr. Cooper did not observe any at Fort Mohave until March -5, and they were not numerous afterwards. At San Diego, in 1862, when -the spring was unusually backward, he saw none before April 22, and he has -since met with them as far north as San Francisco, where, however, they are -rare. The notes uttered by the male he compares to the highest and sharpest -note that can be drawn from a violin. Nothing more is known as to their -distinctive specific peculiarities.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SELASPHORUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 324. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus rufus</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_508.jpg" - width="250" height="198" - alt="Illustration: Selasphorus rufus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2896</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>As already stated, the characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, as distinguished from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i> (to which it is most nearly related, through the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floresi</i>), consist in -the lack of metallic feathers on the crown, and -in the attenuation of the outer primary, and the -pointed and acuminate cuneate (instead of -forked) tail.</p> - -<p>As distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, the quills -diminish gradually, instead of showing an abrupt -transition between the fourth and fifth, so -characteristic of the two species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, as -restricted. The very attenuated tip of the outer -primary is a character entirely peculiar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>.</p> - -<p>The two North American species, though strictly congeneric, differ from -each other considerably in details of form, as well as in color. They may -be distinguished from each other and from their two Central American -allies as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Feathers of the metallic gorget not elongated laterally.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus.</b> Above continuous metallic green; tail-feathers merely -edged with rufous. Gorget purplish-red.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 1.90; tail, 1.40; bill (from forehead), .66. Gorget rich solferino-purple, -the feathers grayish-white beneath the surface. Outer primary -with its attenuated tip turned outward. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains and -Middle Province of United States, south to Guatemala -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -<!--509.png--><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 459]</span> -Wing, 1.65; tail, 1.20; bill, .41. Gorget dull velvety-crimson, the -feathers ochraceous beneath the surface. Outer primary apparently -with its attenuated tip curved inward. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_116" id="fnanchor_116"></a><a href="#footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Feathers of the metallic gorget much elongated laterally.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus.</b> Above chiefly rufous, overlaid by green (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. scintilla</i>, -which is almost wholly green above); tail-feathers rufous with a shaft-streak -of dusky. Gorget fiery red. Attenuated tip of outer primary curved -inwards.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 1.60; tail, 1.30; bill, .65. Rufous prevailing above; gorget -very brilliant. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of North America, from East -Humboldt Mountains to the Pacific. North to Sitka, south to Mirador -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00 to 1.10; bill, .42. Continuous green above; -gorget not brilliant, but with a dusty appearance. Tail less graduated. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica and Chiriqui -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_117" id="fnanchor_117"></a><a href="#footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUFOUS-BACKED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 497.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 555, <abbr title="plate 372">pl. -ccclxxii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F.-Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 324.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 200, <abbr title="plate 254">pl. ccliv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 134.—<cite>Cooper & Suckley</cite>, -164.—<cite>Dall & Bannister</cite>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).—<cite>Finsch</cite>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen 3">Abh. Nat. -III</abbr>, 1872, 29 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 355. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus collaris</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> -(Bonaparte). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus sitkensis</i>, <span class="sc">Rathke</span> (Bonaparte). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmia sasin</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span> -(Bonaparte).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail strongly cuneate and wedge-shaped. Upper parts, lower tail-coverts, -and breast cinnamon. A trace of metallic green on the crown, which sometimes extends -over the back, never on the belly. Throat coppery red, with a well-developed ruff of -the same; below this a white collar. Tail-feathers cinnamon, edged or streaked at the -end with purplish-brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the rufous of the back covered or replaced with -green; less cinnamon on the breast. Traces only of metallic feathers on the throat. Tail -rufous, banded with black and tipped with white; middle feathers glossed with green at -the end. Tail still cuneate. Length of male, 3.50; wing, 1.55; tail, 1.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -West coast of North America, and across from Gulf of California to the Upper -Rio Grande Valley, and along the table-lands of Mexico, south; in Middle Province east -to East Humboldt Mountains.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--510.png--><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 460]</span> -Specimens from the table-lands of Mexico are smaller than those from -Oregon, and have yellower, less ruby throats.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_510.jpg" - width="250" height="184" - alt="Illustration: Selasphorus rufus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This brilliant species has an extended distribution throughout -the western part of North America, being found from the valley of the Rio -Grande to the Pacific, and from Mexico to -Sitka. It was first discovered near Nootka -Sound, by that distinguished navigator, Captain -Cook, and described by Latham, and has -been met with as far to the south as Real del -Monte, on the table-lands of Mexico, by Mr. -Taylor, whose specimens were described by -Mr. Swainson.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found it very abundant at Arizona, -near Fort Whipple, as it is also along the whole slope of the Rocky -Mountains. It is a summer resident in that Territory, and breeds there abundantly, -arriving at Fort Whipple April 10, and remaining until the middle -of September, being found in all situations, particularly meadows, open -copses, ravines, etc., where flowers are most abundant.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall gives them as common summer residents at Sitka. Bischoff -obtained sixteen specimens. Dr. Suckley says they are very abundant in -the western provinces of both Oregon and Washington Territory, and in -Vancouver Island. They appear to be very hardy, and are one of the earliest -of the migratory birds to arrive in spring. At Fort Steilacoom, latitude -47<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, they appeared April 10. They are supposed to commence their southern -migrations from that region in September,—a move induced by the -scarcity of flowers and lack of means of captivating insects, rather than by -cold. In Washington Territory their incubation commences about the 10th -of May, and is made evident by the fierce and angry battles continually occurring -between the male birds, in which they tilt at each other at full -speed, at the same time keeping up a loud and vociferous squeaking and -buzzing.</p> - -<p>A nest with eggs, of this species, obtained by Dr. Cooper near Fort -Slaughter, May 23, was found in the forked branch of a snowberry-bush. -It was composed principally of fine green moss, lined internally with the -delicate floss of the cottonwood, and externally bordered most artistically -with rock lichens. The female was on the nest, and allowed so near an approach -as almost to admit of being grasped by the hand. The nest was 2.00 -inches in diameter and 1.50 in height. The eggs measured .45 by .33 of an -inch, and were white, as in all the species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that the appearance of this species at the Straits of -Fuca is coincident with the blossoming of the red-flowering currant, which -begins to bloom on the Columbia March 10. The male of this species has -a remarkable habit, when a stranger or a wild animal approaches its nest, of -rising to a great height in the air, and of then darting down perpendicularly -<!--511.png--><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 461]</span> -upon the intruder, producing a hollow rushing sound, like that of the Night-Hawk, -but of a much sharper tone. These sounds are produced by the -wings. In July, when flowers are more abundant among the mountain summits, -they leave the lower country. Dr. Cooper found them abundant in -August at an elevation of nearly six thousand feet, and where ice was -formed at night in their camp.</p> - -<p>In California, Dr. Cooper has not found any of this species remaining in -winter, even at San Diego, where, however, he has known them to arrive as -early as the 5th of February. He also saw several on the <abbr title="twenty-second">22d</abbr> of the same -month feeding among the flowers of the evergreen gooseberry. By the first -of April they were swarming about San Diego. Their young are hatched -before the middle of June. When perching, this species is said to utter a -shrill wiry call, like the highest note of a violin. They also produce a curious -kind of bleating sound. They are among the most noisy and lively of -their race, are very quarrelsome, chase each other away from favorite flowers, -rising into the air until out of sight, chirping as they go in the most excited -manner.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord noticed the arrival of this species at Little Spokan River, in -latitude 49<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, early in May. He found their nests usually in low shrubs and -close to rippling streams. The females of this and other species are said to -arrive about a week later than the males.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann for several successive seasons found many pairs of these -birds breeding in the vicinity of San Francisco.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall compares the appearance of the male birds of this species, -when he approached too near their nests, to an angry coal of brilliant fire, -as they darted upon him, passing within a few inches of his face as they -returned again and again to the attack, making a sound as of a breaking -twig.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse, who found this bird abundant in New Mexico, particularly -in the vicinity of Santa Fé, speaks of the great noise they make for so -small a bird, and of their quarrelsome and pugnacious disposition.</p> - -<p>Mr. R. Brown, in his synopsis of the birds of Vancouver Island, notes the -appearance of this species, from the end of March to the beginning of May, -according to the state of the season. Its nest was built on the tips of low -bushes, or the under branches of trees. This was the only species of Humming-Bird -seen west of the Cascade Mountains.</p> - -<p>The Rufous Hummer was first noticed by Mr. Ridgway in the valley of the -Truckee River, in August, where it was the only species shot, and was extremely -abundant among the sunflowers which ornament the meadows. In -May of the succeeding year, when the same locality was again visited, not -one of this species was to be found, its place being apparently supplied by -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. alexandri</i>, which was quite common, and breeding. Eastward it was -met with as far as the East Humboldt Mountains, where, however, only a -single pair was seen, and one of them shot, in September.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--512.png--><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 462]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROAD-TAILED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus platycercus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 441 (Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</i>, -<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ">Mon. Trochilid.</abbr> or Humming-Birds, <abbr title="Three"><span class="muchsmaller">III</span></abbr>, May, 1852.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 135, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>, figs. 1 and 2.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1868 (Lake Tahoe).—<abbr title="Ibid Ornithology California One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 357. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismia tricolor</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, Colibris, 125 (no date) <abbr title="plate 14">pl. xiv</abbr> -(Brazil).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Trochilide. 1831, 156, <abbr title="plate 60">pl. lx</abbr> (Mexico).—<span class="sc">Jardine</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist's Library Two">Nat. Lib. II</abbr>, 77, -<abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya montana</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr title="Trochilidæ">Trochilid.</abbr> 1831, 161, <abbr title="plate 63">pl. lxiii</abbr>, adult, and 163; -<abbr title="plate 64">pl. lxiv</abbr>, young (Mexico).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_512.jpg" - width="250" height="161" - alt="Illustration: Selasphorus platycercus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">10847</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <b class="specimen-number">10750</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Outer primaries greatly attenuated at the end and turned outward. Outer -tail-feathers nearly linear, but widening a little from the base; its width .20 of an inch. -Tail slightly graduated and emarginate. -<i class="sex">Male</i> above and on the -sides metallic green; chin and -throat light reddish-purple, behind -which, and along the belly -to the tail, is a good deal of white. -Wings and tail dusky purplish; -the tail-feathers, excepting the -internal and external ones, edged -towards the base with light -cinnamon. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the -metallic gorget; the throat-feathers -with dusky centres. The tail -somewhat cuneate, as in the male, -the feathers less pointed; the outer three cinnamon-rufous at base (this extending somewhat -along the outer edges), then black, and broadly tipped with white (much as in the -male <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa</i>), the inner two feathers green, the fourth with black spot at end, and -only edged at base with rufous. The sides and crissum also tinged with cinnamon. -Length, 3.50; wing, 1.92; tail, 1.40. Bill, gape, .80.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Table-lands of Mexico and Rocky Mountains, and Middle Province of United -States, north to Wyoming Territory. Uintah, Wahsatch, and East Humboldt Mountains -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Sierra Nevada (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 288); Guatemala -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 129); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 57).</p> - -<p>A decided character of this species among its North American relatives is -the rufous outer border of the exterior tail-feathers. This rufous in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i> -pervades most of the feathers, instead of being restricted as above. Females -of the two species are not dissimilar: those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus</i> are larger, less -rufous beneath; the tail-feathers broader and less pointed, and with the -inner two (on each side) entirely green to base (the fourth edged with -rufous), instead of being principally rufous, except at tip.</p> - -<p>Specimens from Mirador, Mexico, are undistinguishable from those of -Fort Bridger; those from Guatemala are smaller than the Mexican.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Until recently this Humming-Bird has been presumed to be an -exclusively Mexican and Central American species. Until taken within our -limits, it had been supposed to be confined on the north to the Mexican plateau, -<!--513.png--><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 463]</span> -westward to the city, and thence southward to Guatemala, while throughout -this region it is said to be very generally and very plentifully distributed. -It was first taken, in 1851, by Mr. J. H. Clark, near El Paso, Texas. Subsequently -numerous specimens were seen by Dr. Coues on the summit of -Whipple’s Pass of the Rocky Mountains, in July, feeding among clumps -of wild roses. It was not noticed near Fort Whipple, though the range -of this species is now well known to include New Mexico and Arizona, as -far north, at least, as Fort Bridger in Wyoming. It was found breeding -abundantly in the vicinity of Fort Grant, Arizona, by Dr. Palmer.</p> - -<p>This Humming-Bird was found by Mr. Allen more or less common among -the foot-hills, as well as among the mountains, of Colorado, and extending -several miles out on the plains. On Mount Lincoln, in Colorado, he found -it exceedingly numerous, and though larger and otherwise different from the -eastern Ruby-throat, it might easily be mistaken for it. The shrill whistling -of its wings, he adds, is a peculiarity one is sure to notice. This Humming-Bird -continued to be common on the sides of Mount Lincoln to far above -the timber line, being apparently as much at home among the bright flowers -growing on the highest parts of the mountain as in the valleys.</p> - -<p>At Lake Tahoe, at an elevation of six thousand feet, Dr. Cooper found -the young of this species quite common near the middle of September. -Supposing them to be the more common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>, he only obtained a single -specimen. He thinks that these birds extend their northern migrations as -far as the Blue Mountains, near Snake River, Oregon, and that they are the -ones referred to by Nuttall as seen by him in autumn, and supposed to be -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>.</p> - -<p>The nests of this species procured by Dr. Palmer were large for the size -of the bird, unusually broad and shallow, composed of soft downy pappus -from seeds of plants, and vegetable down, with the outer walls covered with -mosses and lichens. The eggs are not distinguishable from those of the -other species.</p> - -<p>The Rocky Mountain or Broad-tailed Hummer, according to Mr. Ridgway’s -observations, is the most abundant species in the Great Basin, though -he did not see it to recognize it west of the East Humboldt Mountains. It -is essentially a bird of the mountains, since in that region there are few -flowers elsewhere; yet in the gardens of Salt Lake City, an altitude far below -its usual habitat, it was abundant. Its favorite resorts are the flowery -slopes of the higher and well-watered mountain-ranges of the Great Basin -and Rocky Mountain system, at an average elevation of about eight or -nine thousand feet, yet it will be found wherever flowers are abundant. -Mr. Ridgway saw one at an altitude of about twelve thousand feet, in July, -on the East Humboldt Mountains, but it merely passed rapidly by him. In -the Wahsatch Mountains, particularly in the neighborhood of Salt Lake -City, this species was most plentiful. It there nested abundantly in the -scrub-oaks on the hills or slopes of the cañons.</p> - -<p><!--514.png--><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 464]</span> -The male bird is very pugnacious, and was observed to attack and drive -away an <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accipiter fuscus</i>, the Hawk retreating as rapidly as possible. When -the nest is approached, the male often rises high into the air and then sweeps -down almost to the head of the intruder, its swift descent being accompanied -by a very peculiar shrill, screeching buzz, of an extraordinary degree -of loudness to be produced by so small a creature. The same sound Mr. -Ridgway noticed when the bird was passing overhead, in a manner not observed -in any other species, its horizontal flight being by a peculiar undulating -course. The shrill noise made by the male of this species he suggests -may be caused by the curious attenuated and stiffened outer primary. He -noticed a curious piece of ingenuity in nest-making on the part of this species. -The nest in question was fastened upon a dead twig of a small cottonwood-tree; -the loosening bark, which probably had separated after the nest was -finished, had allowed the nest to turn around so as to hang beneath the -branch, thus spilling the eggs upon the ground. The owners, however, built -another nest upon the top of the branch, fastening its sides to that of the -old one, and making the new nest lighter and less bulky, so that the weight -of the older nest kept the other in a permanently upright position.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ATTHIS</b>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Reichenbach Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Cab. Jour. f. Orn.</abbr> extraheft für</span> 1853, 1854. Appendix B. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmya -heloisa</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr title="Delattre"><span class="sc">Del.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_514.jpg" - width="200" height="148" - alt="Illustration: Atthis heloisa" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">25874</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <b class="specimen-number">24618</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Size very diminutive; bill short, scarcely longer than the head. Outer -primary attenuated nearly as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>; the tail graduated, the feathers, however, -not lanceolate-acute, but rounded at end, and tipped with -white in the male.</p> - -<p>This genus seems closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, -agreeing in character of throat, the curious -attenuation of outer primary, and the general -shape of the tail, with its rufous base and edging. -The feathers, however, are not lanceolate -and pointed, either sharply as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>, or obtusely -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i>, but are more equal to near the end, where they round -off. The white tip of the tail in the male seems to be the principal reason -why Mr. Gould removes the single species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, where it was -previously placed by him, and where perhaps it might have not inappropriately -remained.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--515.png--><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 465]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa</b>, <span class="sc">Less. & Del.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HELOISA’S HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmya heloisa</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson & Delattre</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1838, 15 (Xalapa). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mellisuga heloisa</i>, -<span class="sc">Gray & Mitchell</span>, <abbr title="General Birds One">Gen. Birds, I</abbr>, 113. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tryphæna heloisa</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Trochilidæ Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Troch. -Rev. Mag. Zoöl.</abbr> 1854, 257. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus heloisæ</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 141">Mon. Trochil. III, pl. cxli</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> extraheft, 1853, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 12.—<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction Trochilidæ">Introd. Trochil.</abbr> -1861, 89.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, 21, Twelve">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, xxi, <span class="muchsmaller">XII</span></abbr>, plate.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 361.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Above metallic green with golden reflections; beneath white; the sides -of breast glossed with green; the flanks with rufous, which tinges the crissum very faintly; -gorget brilliant violet or light purplish-red, bordered behind by clear white. All the tail-feathers -rufous-cinnamon for basal half; the three outer black centrally and tipped with -white (mixed with reddish on the third); the fourth green, centrally tipped with black; -the central entirely green for the exposed portion, perhaps glossed with blackish at the -end. Length, 2.70; wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00; exposed part of bill above, .45. <i class="sex">Female.</i> -Outer primary not attenuated. Colors similar to male, wanting the metallic gorget; the -feathers spotted with dusky; crissum and flanks more rufous; innermost tail-feathers -entirely green; other feathers as in male, but with the central black encroaching on the -basal rufous; third and fourth feathers tipped with reddish-white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern New Mexico and Texas, to Guatemala.</p> - -<p>The introduction of this species into the fauna of the United States is -based on a female specimen collected by Mr. J. H. Clark at El Paso, Texas, -and for a time supposed to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>, but after a careful examination -by Mr. Lawrence, pronounced to belong to this species. Its range is -southward along the highlands to Guatemala.</p> - -<p>The species is very much like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> in shape, and hardly differs -more than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i> do from each other. The male is easily -distinguished from its allies; the females are closely related to those of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>, differing in much shorter bill (.55 to .65), much less rufous on the -more nearly even tail, with broader feathers, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species claims a place within the fauna of North America, -probably only as an accidental visitor, on the ground of a single specimen,—a -female, taken by Mr. J. H. Clark at El Paso, Texas. It was at first mistaken -for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>. It is a Mexican and Central American species, -ranging throughout the highlands at least as far to the south as Guatemala, -where it was taken by Mr. Salvin.</p> - -<p>It was first discovered on the highlands of Mexico by Mr. Delattre, who -procured his specimens between Jalapa and Quatepu. It is crepuscular in -its habits, collecting its food only in the morning or in the evening. Mr. -Delattre states that the male bird is known to rise very early in the morning, -and is never seen in quest of food later than nine in the forenoon. It -very seldom goes to any distance from its mate or young, seeming to prefer -to frequent the flowers in the edge of forests, but does not disdain those of -the open fields. Mr. Salvin received specimens of this species taken in a -<!--516.png--><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 466]</span> -place called Chimachoyo near Calderas, in the Volcan de Fuego, and other -specimens taken in the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tierra caliente</i>, near Coban, showing that, like many -other species, it is found in very different climates.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HELIOPÆDICA</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Mon. Trochilidæ, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, Introd. Trochil. 1861, 60. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus -melanotus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_516.jpg" - width="250" height="232" - alt="Illustration: Heliopædica xantusi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">17767</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>  <b class="specimen-number">16935</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill longer than head, depressed, broad at its exposed base; the frontal -feathers not advancing forward beyond the beginning of the nostrils, nor so far as those -of the chin. Hind toe shorter than the lateral, -tarsi feathered; outer primary not attenuated. -Tail nearly even, slightly rounded and emarginate, -the feathers broad, the webs nearly even. Metallic -feathers of throat not elongated. Female quite -similar in form.</p> - -<p>This genus is quite peculiar among those -of North America in the exposure of the -base of bill, which is entirely bare between -the lengthened nostrils, instead of covered -by the frontal feathers. This makes the -bill appear very broad, although it really -is more so than in the other genera. The feathers on the chin extend considerably -beyond those of the forehead, instead of to about the same line. -The tail and its feathers are much broader than in the other genera.</p> - -<p>The two known species of this genus may be distinguished by the following -characters:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above metallic green; tail plain black or chestnut, -glossed with green, and without white in either sex. A conspicuous white post-ocular -stripe, and a blackish auricular one beneath it; beneath with more or less -green. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Forehead, chin, and side of head deep black or metallic dark blue; -throat and jugulum brilliant green. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Front dull brownish-green; chin, throat, -and jugulum white or ochraceous, with or without a green gloss.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. melanotis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_118" id="fnanchor_118"></a><a href="#footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></span> - <i class="sex">Male.</i> Belly white, glossed with green; tail black beneath; -base of bill, all round, brilliant blue; white cheek-stripe beginning back of -the eye. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Beneath white glossed with green; tail bluish-black. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guatemala and table-lands of Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. xantusi.</b> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Belly cinnamon; tail beneath purplish-cinnamon; chin -black; white cheek-stripe beginning at the bill. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Beneath plain pale -rufous; tail deep rufous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--517.png--><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 467]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">XANTUS’S HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amazilia xantusi</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Seven">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, April, 1860, 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica -xantusi</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Two, plate 65">Mon. Troch. II, pl. lxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Introduction to the Trochilidæ"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Introd. Troch.</abbr> 61.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds of North America, eleven">Ill. -Birds N. Am. <span class="muchsmaller">XI</span></abbr>, plate.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 365. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica castaneocauda</i>, -<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1860, 145 (female).—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, 22">Illust. Birds N. Am. -I, xxii.</abbr></p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 200px"> - <img src="images/i_517.jpg" - width="250" height="196" - alt="Illustration: Heliopædica xantusi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Above metallic green; the forehead, cheeks, and chin velvety black -(the former with a deep blue gloss). A distinct white stripe from bill, through and -behind the eye. Throat and forepart of breast brilliant -metallic green; rest of under parts cinnamon-rufous; -all the tail-feathers purplish-rufous,—the central -glossed with green above, near the edges, the others -obscurely edged with blackish along ends. Bill red -at base, black at end. Length, 3.50; wing, 2.10; tail, -1.40; exposed portion of bill above, .65. <i class="sex">Female.</i> -Forehead and all under parts light cinnamon beneath, -without any green, or any dusky specks on throat; -white cheek-stripe appreciable, but tinged with rufous. -Tail as in male, but the central feathers entirely green -above, the other, except the outer, with a dusky greenish or purplish spot on each web -near the end. Whole upper mandible apparently dusky; base of lower, red.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>This well-marked and interesting species we owe to Mr. Xantus, together -with many other birds of the west coast. It is sufficiently distinct to require -no comparison other than that given under the general head; it can be separated -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. melanotis</i> in all stages of plumage by the rufous tail.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary sometimes in the intensity of the rufous shade, and, as -stated, it is probable that the forehead, instead of being black, in full plumage -is deep blue, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is a new and well-marked species, and although belonging -to the North American fauna cannot be claimed for the United States, having -thus far been only taken at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and described -by Mr. Lawrence in 1860. Nothing is known as to its specific habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--518.png--><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 468]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">THAUMATIAS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Very similar in general form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>, but the tail emarginated, -instead of rounded, the feathers narrower and less rounded at the ends. The coloration -quite different. Sexes alike, in all the species. Color nearly uniform green, with the -anal region white, the wings and tail dusky. Many species with the whole lower parts, -except laterally, pure white. One species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. chionurus</i>) with the tail white, except the -ends of the feathers and the intermediæ.</p> - -<p>The species are all of rather small size and rather plain appearance, from -the uniformity of their green, or green and white, coloring. They belong to -northern South America, and to Central America north to Guatemala.</p> - -<p>The genus is included in the North American fauna solely upon the -accidental occurrence of one species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. linnæi</i>) in Eastern Massachusetts.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LINNÆUS’S EMERALD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bonaparte Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Rev. et Mag. de Zoöl.</abbr> 1854, 255. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias l.</i> <span class="sc">Gould</span>, -<abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, plate">Monog. Trochilid. pl.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trochilus tobaci</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 498. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trochilus tobagensis</i>, -<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trochilus tobago</i>, <span class="sc">Shaw</span>, <abbr title="General Zoölogy, eight">Gen. Zoöl. viii</abbr>, 350. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya -viridissima</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Histoire Naturelle"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Hist. Nat.</abbr> 257, <abbr title="plate 75">pl. lxxv</abbr>. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">? L’Oiseau-mouche à poitrine verte</i> -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus maculatus</i>), <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> et <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux Doré, tome 1"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Dor. tom. I</abbr>, 87, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Argyrtria -maculata</i>, <span class="sc">Maynard</span>, Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 128 (Cambridge, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>!).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Continuous green, darker above, more brilliant, and of an emerald tint on -the throat and jugulum; crissum, anal region, and middle of the abdomen, white. -Primaries plain dusky. Tail blackish, with a faint reflection of dark blue subterminally, -and of dull green basally, the lateral feathers obscurely tipped with dull dark ashy. -Sexes alike. Wing, about 2.00; bill, .70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern Brazil, Guiana, Tobago, and Bogota (<span class="sc">Gould</span>)?? Accidental in the -eastern United States (Cambridge, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, <span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p> - -<p>This race much resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. albiventris</i>, (<abbr title="Reichenbach"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span></abbr>) <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> (<span class="sc">Gould</span>, -<abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Volume Five, page 301">Monog. Troch., Vol. V, p. ccci</abbr>), of Brazil, but is said to be smaller and with -less white on the abdomen and the under tail-coverts tinged with gray.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The single specimen of this Humming-Bird, referred to by both -Mr. Maynard and Mr. Allen<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_119" id="fnanchor_119"></a><a href="#footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></span> -as having been taken in Massachusetts, is said -to have been shot by Mr. William Brewster in the summer of 1868, in Cambridge, -near Mount Auburn. It was secured by accident, and was presumed -to be, when taken, a female specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>. It was sent to -Mr. Vickary, of Lynn, to be mounted, and the question has been raised if -by chance a South American bird may not have been substituted for the -original. This, however, Mr. Vickary is positive could not have happened. -Nothing distinctive was observed as to its habits. In view, however, of the -possibility of an error, the propriety of including it in our fauna is very -questionable.</p> -</div><!--end family Trochilidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start interim page--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--519.png--><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 469]</span></p> -<hr class="medium" /> - -<p>The three families next in order are those generally known as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</i>, -in their more restricted sense, that is, having the toes arranged in pairs, -two before and two behind. In the present case the anterior toes are the -inner and the middle (the second and third), the posterior being the hinder -and outer (the first and fourth); where, as is sometimes the case, a hind toe is -wanting, it is the first, or the hind toe proper.</p> - -<p>By this definition we exclude the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trogonidæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bucconidæ</i>, and the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galbuilidæ</i>, which likewise have the toes in pairs, but in which they are differently -combined.</p> - -<p>The North American families, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</i>, -are defined as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"> -<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Upper mandible not movable nor hinged. Tarsus with transverse scutellæ. -Bill without a naked skin, or cere, at the base; lower mandible much longer -than deep, the end not truncated.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tongue short, and not extensible; not barbed at the point.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill hooked or curved at tip; not constructed for hammering. No -nasal tufts<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tongue long and cylindrical, and generally capable of great extension; -barbed at the point.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill not hooked, but nearly straight; strong, and constructed for hammering. -Thick nasal tufts at base of the bill (except in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</i>)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Upper mandible movable or hinged. Tarsus without transverse scutellæ. -Bill with a naked skin, or cere, at the base; lower mandible not longer than -deep, its end truncated.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Tongue short and thick, fleshy.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill enormously large, much curved, the upper mandible hooked, both -much arched<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ.</i></p> -</div><!--end interim page--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Cuculidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--520.png--><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 470]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CUCULIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Cuckoos.</span></h2> - - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill compressed, usually more or less lengthened and with decurved culmen. -Rictal bristles few or none. Nostrils exposed, no nasal tufts. Tail long and soft, of -eight to twelve feathers. Toes in pairs, deeply cleft or not united, the outer anterior toe -usually versatile, but directed rather laterally than backward.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</i> form a strongly marked group of birds, easily distinguished -among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</i> by the characters given above. The outer toe is -versatile, but in the American form is more lateral than posterior in the -skin, standing sideways, or even anterior, more frequently than behind.</p> - -<p>Modern systematists divide the family into six or more subfamilies, of -which two only are American, none of these having more than ten tail-feathers. -These may be characterized as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ.</b> Face covered with feathers; bill elongated, more or less -cylindrical, straight or curved. Tail of ten feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill about the length of the head, or not longer; curved. Loral -feathers soft. Legs weak, tarsus shorter than the toes. Arboreal<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill longer than the head; straight. Loral feathers stiff, bristly. Tarsi -much longer than the toes. Terrestrial<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaginæ.</b> Face naked. Bill much compressed, with a sharp crest. -Tail of eight feathers. Bill shorter than and nearly as high as the head<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga.</i></p> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Coccyginæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">COCCYGINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">GEOCOCCYX</b>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 524.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Classification Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 325.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill long and strong, slightly compressed, and at least as long as the head; -head crested; loral feathers, and those at base of bill, stiffened and bristly. Nostrils -elongated, linear. A naked colored skin around and behind the eye; the eyelids ciliated. -Tarsi longer than the toes; very stout. Wings very short and concave; the tertials as -long as the primaries. Tail longer than the head and body; composed of ten narrow, -much graduated feathers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_521.jpg" - width="300" height="256" - alt="Illustration: Geococcyx californianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">12925</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>This remarkable genus is represented in the United States by a single -species, known as the Paisano, Chaparral Cock, or sometimes Road-Runner, -on account of its frequenting public highways. Its very long legs enable -it to run with great rapidity, faster even than a fleet horse. A second -species occurs in Mexico, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx affinis</i> of Hartlaub. This is smaller, -and differently proportioned. In both the feathers above are bronzed brown -<!--521.png--><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 471]</span> -and green; nearly all with opaque white edges; beneath white, with black -streaks on the sides of neck and breast; the feathers with broad white tips; -the principal differences are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. californianus.</b> Bill above, about 2.00; gape nearly straight to near -tip; nostril behind middle of gape. Feathers of throat and upper part of -breast light brownish, with shaft-streaks of black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southwestern -United States, from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and Southern California to Texas.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. affinis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_120" id="fnanchor_120"></a><a href="#footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></span> -Bill above about 1.60; gape gently curved throughout. Nostril -opposite middle of gape. Feathers of throat and breast fulvous-white, -without shaft-streaks, except on the sides, where they are broad and abruptly -defined. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, from Mazatlan to Xalapa.</p> - -<p>This last species is common at Mazatlan, as well as elsewhere in Mexico, -and may yet be found in Arizona.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--522.png--><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 472]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PAISANO; ROAD-RUNNER; CHAPARRAL COCK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera californiana</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr title="Complément Buffon Six">Buff. VI</abbr>, 1829, 420.—<span class="sc">Botta</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Annales du Muséum">Ann. du Mus.</abbr> -1835, 121, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to San Francisco). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx variegata</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1831, 524. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera bottæ</i> (<span class="sc">Blainville</span>), <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, Traité d’<abbr title="Ornithologie One">Orn. I</abbr>, 1831, 145. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diplopterus viaticus</i> (<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1831, 541 (no description). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx viaticus</i>, -<span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 215.—<span class="sc">M’Call</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, July, 1847, 234.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Consp.</abbr> 1850, 97.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp. Zygod. in Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 5.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia">J. -A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1853, 270.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> and Oregon Route, -91, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six">P. R. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, 1857. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera marginata</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>, Isis, 1832, 991; <abbr title="table 26">tab. xxvi</abbr> -(fig. of head and foot). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma longicauda</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 325.—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">Pr. A. N. S. I</abbr>, 1843, 263. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> -series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1849, 215 (not of <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 213, <abbr title="plate 36">pl. xxxvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 324, 1862.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 59 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 73.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 368.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail very long; the lateral feathers much shortest. An erectile crest on -the head. A bare skin around and behind the eye. Legs very long and stout.</p> - -<p class="small">All the feathers of the upper parts and wings of a dull metallic olivaceous-green, -broadly edged with white near the end. There is, however, a tinge of black in the green -along the line of white, which itself is suffused with brown. On the neck the black preponderates. -The sides and under surface of the neck have the white feathers streaked -centrally with black, next to which is a brownish suffusion. The remaining under parts -are whitish, immaculate. Primary quills tipped with white, and with a median band -across the outer webs. Central tail-feathers olive-brown; the others clear dark green, -all edged, and (except the central two) broadly tipped with white. Top of the head -dark blackish-blue. Length, 20 to 23 inches; wing, about 6.50; tail, 12 to 13. Size -generally very variable.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_522.jpg" - width="250" height="193" - alt="Illustration: Geococcyx californianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Texas, New Mexico, and California to Central Mexico. Seen as far -north as Fort Reading, California, and Fort Chadbourne, Texas. Localities: Southeast -Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 466, resident); W. Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 57); -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>); Kioway Agency (<span class="sc">Dr. Palmer</span>).</p> - -<p><!--523.png--><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 473]</span> -There are seemingly no differences of plumage depending on sex, age, or -season.</p> - -<p>In calling this species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</i> we do not feel entirely sure -that we have selected the earliest name. Hartlaub and other authors give -1829 as the date of Lesson’s <abbr title="Volume Six">Vol. VI</abbr>, of complement to Buffon (<abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 420). -A copy of this volume in the Library of Congress bears date of 1834 upon -the titlepage. It is, however, quoted at the date of 1829 by Engelmann, -so that the copy referred to above may possibly be a second edition, or with -a new post-dated titlepage. In this uncertainty, however, we prefer to -retain the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</i>.</p> - -<p>Botta, in his description of the bird (the original of Lesson’s species), -speaks of it as occurring from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to San Francisco. Specimens -from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, brought by Mr. Xantus, are smaller than those of -Upper California, but otherwise apparently identical.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This very remarkable bird, variously named, in Mexico, Texas, -and California, the Paisano, the Road-Runner, the Chaparral Cock, the Ground -Cuckoo, the Prairie Cock, and the Corre-camino, is one of the most curious -and interesting of the recent additions to our ornithological lists. It is found -throughout Northern Mexico, Texas as far north as Port Chadbourne, and in -California as far as Fort Reading. It is also abundant in portions of Arizona -and New Mexico, and is supposed to be resident in all these districts. It -is described as very remarkable for great swiftness of foot, in which it -appears to be equalled by no other North American bird. In Mexico, and -in some parts of the United States, it is not unusual to hunt these birds, -as a matter of amusement, on horseback, and to pursue them with hounds,—a -test of their fleetness in which they are said to often make a longer race -than their pursuers anticipated.</p> - -<p>This bird habitually frequents the ground. When walking or running, its -long tail is borne in an erect position, and often assumes a variety of grotesque -positions. While thus more or less terrestrial in its habits, and sharing with -gallinaceous birds many of their peculiarities, it has no other affinities with -them, but ranks in a very different ornithological division, being classed with -the Cuckoos.</p> - -<p>This bird was first brought to the attention of American naturalists by -Dr. William Gambel, who published a description of it in 1845. Two years -afterwards Colonel McCall published the first satisfactory account that has -been given of its habits and manners of life. He states that though this -bird is zygodactyle, with toes disposed in opposite pairs, yet that the reversibility -of the outer toe favors its use for climbing or perching, as well as for -movements on the ground.</p> - -<p>The food of the Ground Cuckoo consists of coleopterous and almost every -other description of insects, and where snails abound they also are greedily -eaten. These are usually taken either from the ground or a branch, and carried -to a particular spot, where the shell is broken and its contents eaten. -<!--524.png--><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 474]</span> -Piles of these shells are often found thus collected in places frequented by -them. They are also said to be ready and expert in catching their prey in -the air, sometimes springing up to the height of eight or ten feet. In these -performances the wings and tail are expanded for but a moment, the bill is -heard to snap as the insect is seized, and the bird drops again suddenly to -the ground.</p> - -<p>Colonel McCall adds that the general impression that its powers of flight -are very limited is not correct. When suddenly alarmed in open ground, it -rises with a light quick motion, and flies some hundreds of yards continuously -with an ease that attests its ability to maintain even a longer flight. -He has often seen it climb to the top of a straight leafless branch, and there -sit, apparently to enjoy the first rays of the morning sun.</p> - -<p>They are shy and retiring in disposition, wary, vigilant, and cautious, so -that it is generally difficult to approach them on the open ground. When -suddenly surprised and driven to fly a considerable distance for cover, though -they fly with evident ease, they rarely rise higher than six or eight feet from -the ground. In evidence of its wonderful swiftness of foot, Colonel McCall -states that when on one occasion, approaching Limpia Creek, in Texas, with -a small party, he discovered a Chaparral Cock in the open road, about a -hundred yards in advance, for his amusement he put spurs to his horse, and -dashed after the bird with one of the men. It was thus pursued for full four -hundred yards along a smooth and level road, over which with straightened -neck and slightly expanded wings it swiftly glided without seeming to -touch the ground. When at last it sought shelter in the thicket, they had -not gained upon it more than fifty yards.</p> - -<p>Captain McCown kept a young half-grown bird in confinement, but it refused -to eat, and soon died; others, however, have been more fortunate, and -have succeeded in taming them.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that the stomachs of all these birds examined by -him were filled with the grasshoppers and the large black beetles found on -the plains. A nest of this bird was found by him, built on the branches -of the cactus, and constructed of loose sticks put negligently together in -a manner similar to the nests of the Yellow-billed Cuckoos. It contained -two large white and nearly spherical eggs.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel states that these birds devour reptiles as well as other insects, -which is also confirmed by the observations of Mr. Arthur Schott.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch mentions that this bird, called Paisano by the Mexicans, -is also held in high estimation by them on account of its enmity to the rattle-snake, -which it usually succeeds in killing in fair combat. Though by -no means deficient in courage, it is represented as remarkably quiet and -harmless in its habits. The only note he heard from it was a weak scream, -which is seldom uttered. It is unsocial, is never seen in flocks, and rarely -wanders from its restricted locality.</p> - -<p>In regard to their note, Dr. Cooper mentions hearing one at Fort Mohave -<!--525.png--><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 475]</span> -making a low cooing noise like that of a dove, for which it was at first mistaken. -He afterwards heard it cooing harshly and chattering its mandibles -together, at the same time jerking up its tail and erecting its crest.</p> - -<p>Where not molested, Dr. Cooper states that they become quite tame, and -seem to have a preference for towns and houses. At Santa Barbara he -observed one young bird nearly fledged as early as May.</p> - -<p>Mr. A. J. Grayson had one of these birds in confinement, which became -quite tame, and readily fed upon any kind of raw meat, but preferred lizards -and small birds, the latter of which it swallowed, feathers and all. If given -to him alive, he would play with them awhile before swallowing them, as a cat -does with a mouse. They are sometimes tamed, and kept about gardens to kill -mice and insects. Dr. Kennerly also states that when taken alive they soon -become quite tame, and willingly remain about a house, soon destroying all -the mice in the vicinity, which they catch with as much dexterity as a cat.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found this bird abundant throughout the mesquite regions, and -more particularly so near the Rio Grande. He found its eggs near San Antonio -in April and May, and received them even as late as the <abbr title="twenty-third">23d</abbr> of September. -They build a clumsy nest of mesquite twigs, placed at some height -on a bough or in a hollow tree, and lay from two to four pure white eggs. -The stomachs examined by Mr. Dresser were found to contain small snakes, -lizards, and ticks. He had one in a semi-domesticated state at Matamoras, -which became very tame, and was so mischievous that he could not let it -remain in the house. It would steal and hide everything that it could carry -off, and was particularly fond of tearing up letters and upsetting the inkstand. -It was never caged or tied up, and would frequently pay the neighbors a -visit, always returning before evening. He fed it on raw meat and lizards. It -flew with great ease, and was very fond of perching on the house-top. This -bird had a singular antipathy to a tame parrot, and whenever the latter was -let out of the cage, it would get into a rage, and either go to the house-top -or decamp to some of the neighbors.</p> - -<p>The eggs are white, of a rounded oval, equal at either end, and measure -1.60 by 1.22 inches.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">COCCYGUS</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Classification of Birds Two">Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 322.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Head without crest; feathers about base of bill soft; bill nearly as long -as the head, decurved, slender, and attenuated towards the end. Nostrils linear. Wings -lengthened, reaching the middle of the tail; the tertials short. Tail of ten graduated -feathers. Feet weak; tarsi shorter than the middle toe.</p> - -<p>The species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</i> are readily distinguished from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</i> -by their arboreal habits, confining themselves mainly to trees, instead of -living habitually on the ground. The plumage is soft, fine, and compact.</p> - -<p><!--526.png--><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 476]</span> -The American Cuckoos differ from the European (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus</i>) by having -lengthened naked tarsi, instead of very short feathered ones. The nostrils, -too, are elongated instead of rounded. The habits of the two are entirely -different, the American species rearing their own young, instead of laying -the eggs in the nests of other birds, like the European Cuckoo and the -American Cowbird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_526.jpg" - width="300" height="198" - alt="Illustration: Coccygus americanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1541</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The following synopsis will serve to distinguish the North American species -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</i>, with their more nearly related southern allies, all of them -being of a light greenish color above, tinged with ashy towards the head:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail-feathers except two middle ones black, with broad, sharply defined -terminal spaces of white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower mandible yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><a name="note35" id="note35"></a>1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus.</b> Beneath pure white, with an ashy shade across the -jugulum. Inner webs of primaries mostly rufous. Auriculars nearly -concolor with the nape. Length, 12.00; wing, 5.45; tail, 5.64; culmen, -1.00; tarsus, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> United States (very rare in the Western -Province), Jamaica, Porto Rico.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor.</b> Beneath ochraceous, generally paler anteriorly. Inner -webs of primaries without any rufous. Auriculars blackish, conspicuously -different from the nape. Length, 12.00; wing, 5.30; tail, -7.50; graduation of tail, 2.75. Tail-spots about 1.00 long. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -West Indies, and Northern and Eastern South America, Southern -Florida.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower mandible blackish like the upper (pale blue in life).</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. melanocoryphus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_121" id="fnanchor_121"></a><a href="#footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></span> -Colors similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i>, but -upper parts more brown. Wing, 4.50; tail, 5.85; graduation of the -tail, 2.00. Tail-spots about .50 long. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America (Buenos -Ayres, Peru, La Plata, Cayenne, etc.).</p> - - -<p class="comchar"> -<!--527.png--><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 477]</span> -<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail-feathers all grayish-brown, with narrow terminal, obscure spots of -white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Lower mandible blackish like the upper (pale blue in life?).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. erythrophthalmus.</b> No rufous on primaries, except in young (which -have black bill, brown tail-feathers, etc.). Beneath continuous white, -with a faint ashy-buff shade across the jugulum; above grayish-brown. -Bare eyelids bright red in the adult. Length, 11.30; wing, 5.12; tail, -6.24; tarsus, .90; culmen, 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of the United -States, south through eastern Middle America to Bogota.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap</span></abbr>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 170, 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. -Wilson</abbr>, 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 47.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 18, -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>; 520, <abbr title="plate 2">pl. ii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 293, <abbr title="plate 275">pl. cclxxv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 76.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 322.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1868 (Sacramento, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>)—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -83.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 371. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys americanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cureus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, <abbr title="European">Eur.</abbr> Birds, 1842. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Cuculus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 170, 13. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Cuculus dominicus</i>, -<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Systema One">Syst. I</abbr>, 1790, 221 (considered distinct by <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus dominicus</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus carolinensis</i> (<span class="sc">Brisson</span>), <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 13, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. -xxviii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus cinerosus</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Manuel 4">Man. IV</abbr>, 1835, 277. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus pyrrhopterus</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Dictionnaire"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Dict.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> March, 1864, 120 (Jamaica; no -rufous externally on wing). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Coccygus julieni</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, June, -1864, 42, 99 (Sombrero Island; no rufous on wing).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_527.jpg" - width="250" height="199" - alt="Illustration: Coccygus americanus." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper mandible and tip of lower, black; rest of lower mandible and -cutting edges of the upper, yellow. -Upper parts of a metallic greenish-olive, -slightly tinged with ash towards -the bill; beneath white. Tail-feathers -(except the median, which are like -the back) black, tipped with white -for about an inch on the outer feathers, -the external one with the outer edge -almost entirely white. Quills orange-cinnamon; -the terminal portion and -a gloss on the outer webs olive; iris -brown. Length, 12.00; wing, 5.95; -tail, 6.35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the -Missouri plains. California and Nevada -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Mazatlan; Jamaica; -Porto Rico. Localities: ? <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 149, eggs!); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, -154; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep. I</abbr>, 1866, 295); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 279?) Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -J.</abbr> 1862, 167); Lower Rio Grande (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 466, breeds).</p> - -<p>There is considerable variation in the amount of rufous in the quills; -sometimes this shows very distinctly externally, sometimes it is entirely -replaced by the bronzed olive of the back. A greater amount of the rufous -<!--528.png--><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 478]</span> -seems to characterize the more southern and Jamaica specimens, which also -are smaller; northern specimens, however, show similar variations. In the -immature birds the under surface of the tail-feathers is gray, not black, so -that the contrast with the white tips is very indistinct, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, -in which, however, these light tips are much narrower, while the bill is -entirely black.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this bird from regions west of the Missouri, and especially -one from Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico, are appreciably larger than -eastern, with decidedly longer bill. One brought from Mazatlan by Mr. -Xantus is undistinguishable from the long-billed western variety.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is distributed throughout North -America from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to California. -It has been met with in all the principal West India Islands. -I have received specimens of its eggs and nest from Southwestern Texas. -Audubon mentions finding this bird high up on the Mississippi River, on -the upper branches of the Arkansas, and in Upper Canada, as well as in -every State between these limits. Mr. Newton found it breeding in the island -of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Mr. Gosse mentions it as a bird of Jamaica, and Lembeye -gives it among those of Cuba, and Mr. Salvin found it in Central America. -It is known to breed from the West Indies and Florida to Minnesota, and -from New Brunswick to Texas. It does not appear to have been met with -in any of the government expeditions, except by Dr. Woodhouse, who speaks -of it as very common in the Indian Territory, Texas, and New Mexico.</p> - -<p>This species was seen on one occasion, and heard at other times, near Sacramento -City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. Ridgway, in June, 1867. It was there rare, or at -least not common, and found principally in the willow-thickets. It was -again met with in July, of the same year, along the Truckee River, in Nevada, -where, also, it appeared to be very rare.</p> - -<p>Wilson traced it as far north as Lake Ontario, and speaks of finding it -numerous in the Chickasaw and Choctaw nations, and as breeding in the -upper part of Georgia. He seems to have observed very carefully its habits, -and to have enjoyed favorable opportunities for his observations. His account -of their nesting is interesting. He states that, in marked contrast to -the singularly unparental conduct of their European relatives, the American -Cuckoos build their own nest, hatch their own eggs, and rear their own -young, and that in conjugal and parental affection they seem to be surpassed -by no other birds. He adds that they begin to pair early in May, and commence -building about the 10th of that month. He describes their nest as -usually fixed among the horizontal branches of an apple-tree; sometimes in -a solitary thorn, crab, or cedar, in some retired part of the woods. It is constructed -with little art, and scarcely any concavity, of small sticks and -twigs, intermixed with green weeds and blossoms of the maple. On this -almost flat bed the eggs, usually three or four in number, are placed; these -are of a uniform greenish-blue color, and of a size proportionate to that of -<!--529.png--><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 479]</span> -the bird. While the female is sitting, the male is usually not far distant, and -gives the alarm by his notes when any person is approaching. The female -sits so close that you may almost reach her with your hand, and then precipitates -herself to the ground, feigning lameness to draw you away from the spot, -fluttering, trailing her wings, and tumbling over in the manner of the Woodcock -and other birds. Both parents unite in providing food for the young. -This consists chiefly of caterpillars, particularly such as infest apple-trees.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of this species as not abundant anywhere, therein -differing from Wilson’s statements, but more in accordance with my own observations. -They are, as a species, pretty generally distributed, but at the -same time their numbers are materially affected by the character of the -locality, as they are chiefly to be met with on low grounds and in damp -places. Mr. Audubon also describes their nest as simple and flat, composed -of a few dry sticks and grass, formed much like that of the Carolina Dove, -and like it fastened to a horizontal branch, often within reach. He subsequently -states that when in Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, in the early part of June, 1837, -he was invited by Mr. Rhett to visit his grounds in the vicinity of that city, -for the purpose of viewing a nest of this bird. The following is his account -of it: “A nest, which was placed near the centre of a tree of moderate size, -was reached by a son of the gentleman on whose grounds we were. One of -the old birds, which was sitting upon it, left its situation only when within -a few inches of the climber’s hand, and silently glided off to another tree -close by. Two young Cuckoos, nearly able to fly, scrambled off from their -tenement among the branches of the tree, and were caught. The nest was -taken, and carefully handed to me. It still contained three young Cuckoos, -all of different sizes, the smallest apparently just hatched, the next in size -probably several days old, while the largest, covered with pin-feathers, would -have been able to leave the nest in about a week. There were also in the -nest two eggs, one containing a chick, the other fresh or lately laid. The -two young birds which escaped from the nest clung so firmly to the branches -by their feet, that our attempts to dislodge them were of no avail, and we -were obliged to reach them with the hand. On looking at all these birds, -our surprise was great, as no two of them were of the same size, which -clearly showed that they had been hatched at different periods, and I should -suppose the largest to have been fully three weeks older than any of the -rest. Mr. Rhett assured us that he had observed the same in another nest, -placed in a tree within a few paces of his house. He stated that eleven -young Cuckoos had been successively hatched and reared in it by the same -pair of old birds in one season, and that young birds and eggs were to be -seen in it at the same time for many weeks in succession.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that the nest of this bird is usually forsaken by the owner -if the eggs are handled before the commencement of incubation. They are -very tenacious and affectionate towards their young, and sit so close as almost -to allow of being taken off by the hand. They then frequently precipitate -<!--530.png--><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 480]</span> -themselves to the ground, fluttering, tumbling, and feigning lameness, in -the manner of many other affectionate and artful birds, to draw the intruder -away from the vicinity of the brood. At such times, the mother also utters -the most uncouth guttural sounds as she runs along the ground. While the -female is engaged in sitting on her charge, the male takes his station at no -great distance, and gives alarm by his notes, on the approach of an intruder. -When the young are hatched, both unite in the labor of providing them with -food. He subsequently states that these birds hatch several broods in a -season, which he inferred from the fact of his meeting with a nest containing -eggs as late as the 28th of August. He also speaks of finding in one -instance an egg of the Cuckoo laid in the nest of a Catbird, and in another -instance (June 15) an egg in the nest of a Robin. Such instances must, -however, be very rare. No other writer mentions any similar instance, and -none have ever fallen under my observations.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gosse, in his Birds of Jamaica, describes the Yellow-bill as among -the birds of that island, speaks of it as among the regular visitants in spring, -but makes no mention of its breeding there.</p> - -<p>Mr. Edward Newton, in his paper on the birds of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix (Ibis, 1859, -p. 149), gives an interesting account of its breeding in that locality. He adds -his testimony to the general credit given to this species for the conjugal -affection they evince. On one occasion, he says, a male having been shot, -and shrieking as it fell, the female instantly flew to the spot, and fluttered -along the ground in the manner that an old hen Partridge or other bird would -do, to lead astray the pursuer of her young. On June 2, 1858, he shot a -female of this species, having an egg in her ovary nearly ready for exclusion; -it was quite soft, but had its proper color. On the 29th of the same month, -while riding, he saw the white terminal spots of a Cuckoo’s tail projecting -from a small nest on a manchineel that overhung the path. It was built -in a very open situation, and the bird, as he rode underneath, was not more -than a yard above his head. She sat with nearly all her neck and breast outside -the nest, which was only just large enough to contain the eggs. She did not -fly off until after he had tied up the pony hard by, and had almost touched her -with his whip. There were three eggs, laid side by side in a row, <em>along</em> which -the bird had been sitting. The nest was at some distance from the stem of -the tree, and placed loosely on the bough. It was a mere platform of small -sticks laid one across another, with a few finer twigs and a little grass as a -lining; so slightly was it put together, that, on attempting to take it from the -tree, it fell to pieces.</p> - -<p>No writer besides Mr. Audubon makes any mention of, or appears to have -been aware of, the peculiar habits of these birds in hatching out their successive -depositions of eggs, one by one. In this respect they are eccentric, and -do not always exhibit this trait. While I have repeatedly observed facts -exactly corresponding with those noticed by Mr. Audubon in the garden of -Mr. Rhett, at other times I have found in the opening of the season three or -<!--531.png--><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 481]</span> -four eggs laid before incubation commenced, and all hatched before others -were deposited. Then the parents seemed to depend, in no small degree, -upon the warmth of the bodies of the older offspring to compensate to the -younger for their own neglect, as well as for the exposed and insufficient -warmth of the nest. I have repeatedly found in a nest three young and -two eggs, one of the latter nearly fresh, one with the embryo half developed, -while of the young birds one would be just out of the shell, one half fledged, -and one just ready to fly. My attention was first called to these peculiarities -of hatching as early as 1834, by finding, in Cambridge, in a nest with -three young birds, an egg which, instead of proving to be addled, as I anticipated, -was perfectly fresh, and evidently just laid. Subsequent observations -in successive seasons led to the conviction that both this species and the -Black-billed Cuckoo share in these peculiarities, and that it is a general, but -not a universal practice. These facts were communicated to Mr. Audubon, -but not before his attention had been called to the same thing.</p> - -<p>In referring to these peculiarities of the American Cuckoo, Mr. Audubon -finds in them a closely connecting link with the European bird, and Mr. -Darwin, carrying still farther the same idea, finds in them also data for regarding -our birds as only one remove from the vagaries of the European -Cuckoo. At the first glance there may seem to be some plausibility in these -deductions. The mere apology for a nest of our Cuckoos and their alternations -of laying and hatching may, to some extent, be regarded as but one -remove from the total neglect of the European to build any nest, making, -instead, successive depositions in the nests of other birds. But there are -other peculiarities of our Cuckoos to be taken into consideration, totally -variant from the polygamous, unconjugal, and unparental European. Their -devotion to their mates and to their offspring, in which both sexes vie with -each other; their extended breeding-season, varying from one to nearly four -months,—all these characteristics separate them by a long interval from -their namesakes of the Old World.</p> - -<p>If the nests of the Cuckoos are incomplete and insufficient, so are also -those of the most exemplary of parents, the whole tribe of Pigeons, and, -like the latter, our Cuckoos more than atone for such deficiencies by the devoted -fidelity with which they adhere to their post of duty even in the face -of imminent dangers; while, after the first offspring of the season have been -hatched, the warmth of their bodies becomes an additional protection from -the exposure of the bare platform on which they are deposited.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of an oblong-oval shape, equally obtuse -at either end, and measure 1.30 inches in length by 1.00 in breadth. -They vary considerably in size, their minimum breadth being .90 of an -inch, and the length 1.20 inches. Their color is a uniform light bluish-green, -extremely fugitive, and fading even in the closed drawer of a -cabinet.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--532.png--><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 482]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus minor</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MANGROVE CUCKOO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Cuculus minor</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 411. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Coccyzus minor</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie">Cab. -Journal für Orn.</abbr> 1856, 104 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 78.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus -seniculus</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 219. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus seniculus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 558.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 390, <abbr title="plate 169">pl. clxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 303, <abbr title="plate 277">pl. -cclxxvii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds Jamaica, 281.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys -seniculus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus dominicus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 323.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Lower mandible yellow, except at the tip. Body above olivaceous, strongly -tinged with ashy towards and on the head. Beneath pale yellowish-brown, darkest on -the legs and abdomen, becoming lighter to the bill. An elongated spot of dark plumbeous -behind the eye. Inner edges of the quills and under wing-coverts like the belly. Tail-feathers, -except the central, black, with a sharply defined tip of white for about an inch, -this color not extending along the outer web of the quill. Length about 12.00; wing -about 5.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Florida Keys to West Indies. Localities: ? <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 150); -Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, 154; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 295); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 281).</p> - -<p>This species is readily distinguishable by its fulvous under parts, dark ear-coverts, -and lack of rufous on inner webs of quills. It has the yellow bill -and dark tail, with broad white tips, of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, although the white -does not extend along the outer web of the feathers.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Audubon, this species is a regular summer visitor to -Key West and the other Florida keys.</p> - -<p>This species is more especially West Indian, occurring in nearly all the -islands. There are some local variations in color (Porto-Rican being much -redder, Bahaman paler), as well as in size, but in a large series from the same -island there will be found such differences as to warrant us in considering -all as one species. In a very large series before us, we cannot see any -tangible difference, although Cabanis and Sclater recognize a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. nesiotes</i> from -the Antillean West Indies, as distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. seniculus</i> from South -American and the windward West Indies; the former, smaller and paler, -and, according to Cabanis, with the white of tip of tail confined to the inner -web; the latter darker beneath, and larger. These characters I do not find -substantiated, nor have I seen one specimen without white in both webs at -the ends of the tail-feathers.</p> - -<p>As the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i> is the earliest one for at least the South American -race, we retain it in preference to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</i>, as although scarcely <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i> -in this genus, it is so compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piaya</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species claims a place in the fauna of North America as a -resident of the Florida keys. This is the only locality positively known as -its habitat within the limits of the territory of the United States. The -only specimen referred to in the ninth volume of the Pacific Railroad Surveys -was supposed to have been obtained in Florida. Mr. Nuttall, who -<!--533.png--><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 483]</span> -was the first to include the Mangrove Cuckoo among North American birds, -speaks of it as an inhabitant chiefly of Cayenne, and as occasionally visiting -the extreme Southern States. Mr. Audubon, who was the first to meet -with the species within the limits of the United States, only obtained specimens -of it in Florida, near Key West. I have seen a specimen which was -given to Mr. John G. Bell as having been procured in Southern Mississippi. -Mr. Gosse obtained specimens of this bird in Jamaica, though he had no -opportunity of observing its domestic economy. In the month of January -the specimens he dissected had eggs in their ovaries as large as duck-shot. -Dr. Gundlach gives it as a Cuban bird, but does not mention it as -one that breeds on that island. The Newtons met with this species in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Croix, but appear to have regarded it as not a summer resident, but only in -the light of a visitant in the winter.</p> - -<p>Mr. March, referring without doubt to this species, mentions it as a constant -resident in the island of Jamaica, where it is common in the lowlands -during summer. It is said to breed from March to July, building in the -low branches of trees or in shrubs. The nest is described as a structure -composed of a few dry sticks, so loosely put together that it falls to pieces -on any attempt to remove it. Three, rarely four, eggs are laid, which are -of a glaucous-green color, oval, generally round at both ends, and varying -in size from 1.25 inches by .90 to 1.38 inches by 1 inch.</p> - -<p>Of late years no specimens seem to have been obtained in Florida, either -by Maynard or by the many other explorers of the Peninsula; and even -if the earlier notices are correct, we may have to consider it as merely a -straggler from the Bahamas, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara -zena</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula</i>, etc.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, who was the only one of our naturalists who met with -the nest and eggs, discovered them near Key West. He describes the nest -as slightly constructed of dry twigs, and as almost flat, nearly resembling -that of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo. The eggs are the same in number and -form as those of that species, but are somewhat larger. It is said to raise -two broods in one season, and to feed its young on insects until they are -able to provide for themselves. An old bird, caught on its nest, which Mr. -Audubon saw confined in a cage, refused all food and soon pined itself to -death,—thus evincing, in his opinion, the great affection these birds have for -their own eggs. An egg in the Smithsonian Institution collection, given me -by Mr. John G. Bell of New York, is said to have been obtained in Mississippi -with the parent bird. Its color has slightly faded, and, except in -its greater comparative breadth, it is not distinguishable from the eggs of -the Yellow-bill.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--534.png--><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 484]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus erythrophthalmus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus erythrophthalmus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 16, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus erythrophthalmus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, 48.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, <abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. -I</abbr>, 1832, 170; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 523, <abbr title="plate 32">pl. xxxii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 300, <abbr title="plate 276">pl. cclxxvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 77.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 323.—<cite>Samuels</cite>, 85. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys -erythrophthalmus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus dominicus</i>, (<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>) <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> -Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 556 (not of <span class="sc">Latham</span>, which belongs rather to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, on account -of the red quills and white edge of outer tail-feather).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill entirely black. Upper parts generally of a metallic greenish-olive, ashy -towards the base of the bill; beneath pure white, with a brownish-yellow tinge on the -throat. Inner webs of the quills tinged with cinnamon. Under surface of all the tail-feathers -hoary ash-gray. All, except the central on either side, suffused with darker to -the short, bluish-white, and not well-defined tip. A naked red skin round the eye. -Length, about 12.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 6.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States to the Missouri plains, south to Bogota. Localities: Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. -IV</abbr>, 154, nests; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 295); Guatemala (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 276); -Mexico and Bogota (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 323); <abbr title="Isthmus">Isth.</abbr> Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, 62); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 128).</p> - -<p>This species differs from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i> in the black bill, and the -absence of black on the tail-feathers, the white tips of which are much -shorter and less abruptly defined. One specimen (5,253) from the Upper -Missouri has a much stronger tinge of yellowish-cinnamon on the inner -webs of the quills than the others. The sexes are quite similar.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-billed Cuckoo, so closely allied with the common -species in respect to size, appearance, habits, and all its general characteristics, -is also distributed throughout very nearly the same localities, where, -however, it is usually regarded as a much less abundant bird. It is found -throughout the United States as far west as the Missouri plains. Dr. -Woodhouse met with this bird in his expedition down the Zuni and Colorado -Rivers, but states that he saw but very few, either in Texas or in the -Indian Territory. Lembeye, De la Sagra, and Dr. Gundlach include it as a -visitant, in the winter months, to Cuba. Mr. Audubon met with this -Cuckoo in Louisiana only a few times in the course of his various researches, -and never in any Western State except Ohio. He does not seem -to have been aware that it ever breeds south of North Carolina. From -thence to Maine, and even as far north as the Canadas, Nova Scotia, and -Southern Labrador, he gives as its distribution during the breeding-season. -He also regarded it as much more common in low and wooded ground -on the borders of the sea, where it frequents the edges of woods rather than -their interior, and chiefly on the edges of creeks, and in damp places. Mr. -Nuttall appeared to have regarded it as very nearly as common as the Yellow-bill -throughout the United States, and as extending its migrations as far -north as Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. He states that it is found in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -<!--535.png--><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 485]</span> -Domingo and Guiana, and also, on the authority of Mr. Abbott, that it -breeds in Georgia as early as the 1st of April. Mr. Audubon says it was -never met with by Dr. Bachman in South Carolina. It certainly breeds, -however, as far south, at least, as Georgia, as the nest and eggs of this species -were taken at Varnell Station, in the northwestern part of that State, -by the late Dr. Alexander Gerhardt.</p> - -<p>It is not mentioned by either Dr. Gambel or Dr. Heermann as among the -birds of the Pacific Coast, and it does not appear to have been actually -obtained by any of the expeditions to the Pacific beyond the Indian Territory. -Its distribution, therefore, during the breeding-season, would seem to -be from Georgia to Canada, and from Texas to Minnesota, inclusive of all the -intermediate territory. Dr. Newberry frequently saw and heard what he -supposed to have been this species, in the trees bordering Cow Creek, near -Fort Reading, but as he did not secure a specimen, he may have been mistaken. -It has been taken at Devil’s Lake, in Minnesota, and in the Red -River Settlement.</p> - -<p>Wilson describes the nest of this bird as generally built in a cedar, much -in the same manner, and of nearly the same materials, as that of the Yellow-bill; -the eggs are smaller than those of that bird, usually four or five in -number, and of a deeper greenish-blue.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of the nest as built in places similar to those chosen -by the other species, as formed of the same materials, and arranged with quite -as little art. He gives the number of eggs as from four to six, of a greenish-blue, -nearly equal at both ends, but rather smaller than those of the Yellow-bill, -rounder, and of a much deeper tint of green. He gives their measurement -as 1.50 inches in length and .87 of an inch in breadth.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, whose description more nearly corresponds with my own observations, -speaks of this species as usually retiring into the woods to breed, -being less familiar than the former species, and choosing an evergreen bush -or sapling for the site of the nest, which is made of twigs pretty well put -together, but still little more than a concave flooring, and lined with moss -occasionally, and withered catkins of the hickory. The eggs are described -as smaller, and three to five in number, of a bluish-green. The female sits -very close on the nest, admitting a near approach before flying. He also -speaks of this species as being less timorous than the Yellow-billed, and -states that near the nest, with young, he has observed the parent composedly -sit and plume itself for a considerable time without showing any alarm at -his presence.</p> - -<p>In all the instances in which I have observed the nest of this species, I -have invariably found it in retired damp places, usually near the edges of -woods, and built, not in trees, after the manner of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, -but in bushes and in low shrubbery, often not more than two or three feet -from the ground. The nest, without being at all remarkable for its finish, -or the nicety of its arrangement, is much more artistic and elaborate than -<!--536.png--><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 486]</span> -that of the Yellow-bill. It is composed of twigs, roots, fine strips of bark, -and moss, and is sometimes interwoven and partially lined with the soft catkins -of trees and blossoms of plants. The eggs vary from three to six in number, -and are often found to have been deposited, and incubation commenced -on them, at irregular intervals, and to be in various stages of development -in the same nest. I have hardly been able to observe a sufficient number -of their nests to be able to state whether this species carries this irregularity -so far as the Yellow-bill, nor am I aware that it has ever been known to -extend its incubations into so late a period of the season. It is, if anything, -more devoted to its offspring than the Yellow-bill. Both parents are assiduous -in the duties of incubation, and in supplying food to each other and -to their offspring. In one instance, where the female had been shot by a -thoughtless boy, as she flew from the nest, the male bird successfully devoted -himself to the solitary duty of rearing the brood of five. At the time of -the death of the female the nest contained two eggs and three young birds. -The writer was present when the bird was shot, and was unable to interpose -in season to prevent it. Returning to the spot not long afterwards, he found -the widowed male sitting upon the nest, and so unwilling to leave it as -almost to permit himself to be captured by the hand. His fidelity and his -entreaties were not disregarded. His nest, eggs, and young, were left undisturbed; -and, as they were visited from time to time, the young nestlings -were found to thrive under his vigilant care. The eggs were hatched out, -and in time the whole five were reared in safety. This single incident -shows how wide is the interval between these Cuckoos and their European -namesakes.</p> - -<p>The egg resembles that of the other, but is more spherical and of a much -darker shade of green. The color is equally fugitive, and even in a <a name="note26" id="note26"></a>closed -cabinet fades so that the eggs of the two species are undistinguishable, except -in size and shape. This egg averages 1.10 inches in length by .90 of -an inch in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CROTOPHAGA</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, Systema Naturæ, 1756. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as long as the head, very much compressed; the culmen elevated into -a high crest, extending above the level of the forehead. Nostrils exposed, elongated. -Point of bill much decurved. Wings lengthened, extending beyond the base of the tail, -the fourth or fifth quill longest. Tail lengthened, of eight graduated feathers. Toes long, -with well-developed claws.</p> - -<p>The feathers in this genus are entirely black; those on the head and neck -with a peculiar stiffened metallic or scale-like border. The species are not -numerous, and are entirely confined to America.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_537.jpg" - width="300" height="204" - alt="Illustration: Crotophaga ani" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">8639</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i>, two species have heretofore been recognized in the United -<!--537.png--><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 487]</span> -States, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rugirostris</i>. We are, however, satisfied that there is but -one here and in the West Indies, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani</i> (extending to South America). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -major</i> of South America, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sulcirostris</i>, found from Mexico southward, -are the other species, and are easily distinguishable by the following characters -among others:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. major.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_122" id="fnanchor_122"></a><a href="#footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></span> -Length, 17.00; wing, 7.50; outline of culmen abruptly -angulated in the middle. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil and Trinidad.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani.</b> Length, 13.00 to 15.00; wing, 6.00; culmen gently curved from -base. Bill smooth or with a few <a name="note27" id="note27"></a>transverse wrinkles. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northeastern -South America, West Indies, and South Florida.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sulcirostris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_123" id="fnanchor_123"></a><a href="#footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></span> -Length, 12.00; wing, 5.00; culmen gently curved. -Bill with several <a name="note28" id="note28"></a>grooves parallel to culmen. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, -from Yucatan, south to Ecuador.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--538.png--><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 488]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE ANI; THE SAVANNA BLACKBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 154.—<span class="sc">Burmeister</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Thiere Brasiliens">Th. Bras.</abbr> (Vögel.)</span> 1856, -254.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 72, <abbr title="plate 84, figure">pl. lxxxiv, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum, four">Mus. Hein. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, -100. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga minor</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Traité d'Ornithologie"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Traité Orn.</abbr> 1831, 130. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga lævirostra</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Animals in Menageries, Two and a quarter Centuries">An. in Menag. 2¼ Cent.</abbr> 1838, 321. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga rugirostra</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Two and a quarter Centuries">2¼ Cent.</abbr> -1838, 321, fig. 65, bill.—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Burmeister Thiere Brasiliens 2"><span class="sc">Burm.</span> Th. Bras. II</abbr>, 1856, 235.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 71, <abbr title="plate 84, figure">pl. lxxxiv, f.</abbr> 1.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_538.jpg" - width="250" height="184" - alt="Illustration: Crotophaga ani" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill at the nostrils nearly twice as high as broad; the nostrils elliptical, a -little oblique, situated in the middle of the lower half of the upper mandible. Gonys -nearly straight. Indications of -faint transverse wrinkles along the -upper portion of the bill, nearly -perpendicular to the culmen. Legs -stout; tarsus longer than middle -toe, with seven broad scutellæ -anteriorly extending round to the -middle of each side; the remaining -or posterior portion of each -side with a series of quadrangular -plates, corresponding nearly to the -anterior ones, the series meeting -behind in a sharp ridge. The -wings reach over the basal third -of the tail. The primary quills are -broad and acute, the fourth longest; the first about equal to the tertials. The tail is -graduated, the outer about an inch and a half shorter than the middle ones.</p> - -<p class="small">The color generally is black, with steel-blue reflections above, changing sometimes into -violet; duller beneath. The pointed feathers of the head, neck, and breast, with a bronzy -metallic border, appearing also to some extent on the wing-coverts and upper part of -back. Iris brown. Length, 13.20; wing, 6.00; tail, 8.30; tarsus, 1.48.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -West Indies; South Florida. Accidental near Philadelphia. Localities: <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> -Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 148).</p> - -<p>As already remarked, we do not find reason to admit more than one -species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i> in the United States and the West Indies, as in the -great variation in size, and to some extent in shape of bill, there is nothing -constant. The species can hardly be considered more than a straggler in -the United States, although a considerable number of specimens have been -seen or taken within its limits. That in the Smithsonian collection was -killed on the Tortugas; but there is one in the collection of the Philadelphia -Academy, killed near Philadelphia by Mr. John Krider, and presented by -him. Mr. Audubon also possessed a pair said to have been killed near New -Orleans.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, the common Savanna Blackbird of the West India -Islands, is probably only an accidental visitant of the United States, and -may not strictly belong to the avi-fauna of North America.</p> - -<p><!--539.png--><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 489]</span> -It is common throughout the West Indies, and in South America as far south -as Brazil. Gosse states it to be one of the most abundant birds of Jamaica. -In speaking of its breeding habits he mentions that it was universally maintained -by the inhabitants that these birds unite and build in company an -immense nest of basket-work, made by the united labors of the flock. This -is said to be placed on a high tree, where many parents bring forth and educate -a common family. This statement is reiterated by Mr. Hill, who says -that a small flock of about six individuals build but one large and capacious -nest, to which they resort in common, and rear their young together.</p> - -<p>In July Mr. Gosse found the nest of one of these birds in a <a name="note29" id="note29"></a><i lang="es" xml:lang="es">guazuma</i> -tree. It was a large mass of interwoven twigs, and was lined with leaves. -There were eight eggs in the nest, and the shells of many others were scattered -beneath the tree.</p> - -<p>Mr. Newton found these birds very common in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. He mentions -meeting with a nest of this species June 17. It was about five feet from -the ground, on a large tamarind-tree. He speaks of it as a rude collection -of sticks and twigs, large and deep, partly filled with dry leaves, among -which were fourteen eggs, and around the margin were stuck upright a few -dead twigs of tamarind. Five days afterwards he went to the nest, where he -found but nine eggs, two of which he took. Three days later he found but -four eggs in the nest, it having been robbed in the interim; but six days -afterwards the number had again been increased to eight. He never found -the eggs covered up as if intentionally done. The nest was evidently common -property. There were generally two or three birds sitting close to or -on it, and up in the tree perhaps four or five more, who would continue -screeching all the time he was there. Mr. Newton adds that when the egg -is fresh the cretaceous deposit on the shell is very soft and easily scored, -but it soon hardens. It is mentioned in De Sagra’s list as one of the common -birds of Cuba.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. F. Hamilton, in his interesting paper (Ibis, July, 1871) on the -birds of Brazil, mentions finding this species very common at Santo Paulo. -There was scarcely an open piece of ground where there were but few bushes -that had not its flock of these birds. They were especially fond of marshy -ground. They were also often to be seen running about among a herd of -cattle, picking up the insects disturbed by the animals. They seemed utterly -regardless of danger, and would scarcely do more than flit from one bush -to another, even when the numbers of their flock were being greatly thinned. -When concealed in the long grass, they would allow themselves to be almost -trodden on before rising. The Brazilians seldom molest them, as their flesh -is not good to eat.</p> - -<p>This bird is known as the Black Witch in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix,—a name Mr. Newton -supposes to be due to its peculiar call-note, which sounds like <i class="birdcall">que-yuch</i>. Its -familiar habits and its grotesque appearance make it universally known. It -is a favorite object of attack to the Chickaree Flycatcher, in which encounters -<!--540.png--><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 490]</span> -it is apt to lose its presence of mind, and to be forced to make an ignominious -retreat.</p> - -<p>These birds are said to be attracted by collections of cattle and horses, -upon the bodies of which they are often seen to alight, feeding upon the -ticks with which they are infested. They are at once familiar and wary, -permitting a limited acquaintance, but a too near approach sets the whole -flock in motion. It moves in a very peculiar gliding flight. In feeding it -is omnivorous; besides insects of all kinds, such as ticks, grasshoppers, beetles, -etc., it eats berries of various kinds, lizards, and other kinds of food. -It catches insects on the ground by very active jumps, pursues them on the -wing, and with its sharp thin bill digs them out in the earth. They hop -about and over the bodies of cattle, especially when they are lying down, -and when grazing they have been observed clinging to a cow’s tail, picking -insects from it as far down even as its extremity.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hill states that these birds are downward, not upward, climbers. -They enter a tree by alighting on the extremity of some main branch, and -reach its centre by creeping along the stem, and seldom penetrate far among -the leaves.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of a regularly oval shape, equally obtuse at -either end. In color they are of a uniform light-blue, with a very slight -tinge of green. This is usually covered, but not entirely concealed, by a -white cretaceous coating. When fresh, this may readily be rubbed off, but -becomes hard and not easily removed. The eggs vary in size from 1.40 to -1.50 inches in length, and in breadth from 1.10 to 1.15 inches.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Coccyginæ--> -</div><!--end family Cuculidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Picidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--541.png--><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 491]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Woodpeckers.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Outer toe turned backwards permanently, not versatile laterally, the basal -portion of the tongue capable of great protrusion.</p> - -<p>The preceding characters combined appear to express the essential characters -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>. In addition, it may be stated that the tongue itself is -quite small, flat, and short, acute and horny, usually armed along the edges -with recurved hooks. The horns of the hyoid apparatus are generally very -long, and curve round the back of the skull, frequently to the base of the -bill, playing in a sheath, when the tongue is thrown forward out of the -mouth to transfix an insect.</p> - -<p>There are twelve tail-feathers, of which the outer is, however, very small -and rudimentary (lying concealed between the outer and adjacent feathers), -so that only ten are usually counted. The tail is nearly even, or cuneate, -never forked, the shafts very rigid in the true Woodpeckers; soft in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</i>. The outer primary is generally very short, or spurious, -but not wanting. The bill is chisel or wedge shaped, with sharp angles -and ridges and straight culmen; sometimes the culmen is a little curved, -in which case it is smoother, and without the ridges. The tarsi in the North -American forms are covered with large plates anteriorly, posteriorly with -small ones, usually more or less polygonal. The claws are compressed, -much curved, very strong and acute.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i> are found all over the world with the exception of Madagascar, -Australia, the Moluccas, and Polynesia. America is well provided with -them, more than half of the described species belonging to the New World.</p> - -<p>The subfamilies of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i> may be most easily distinguished as follows, -although other characters could readily be given:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ.</b> Tail-feathers pointed, and lanceolate at end; the shafts very -rigid, thickened and elastic.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ.</b> Tail soft and short, about half the length of wing; the feathers -without stiffened shafts, rather narrow, linear, and rounded at end.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ.</b> Tail soft and rather long, about three fourths the length of -wing; the feathers broad, and obtusely rounded at end.</p> - -<p>Of these subfamilies the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i> alone occur north of Mexico. The -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</i>, to which the well-known Wryneck of England (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jynx torquilla</i>) -belongs, are exclusively Old World; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</i> belong principally to -the tropical regions of America, although a few species occur in Africa and -India. One species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumnus micromegas</i>, Sundevall, belongs to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Domingo, -although erroneously assigned to Brazil. This is the giant of the -group, being about the size of the White-bellied Nuthatch (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis</i>) -the other species being mostly very diminutive, varying from three to four -inches in length.</p> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Picinæ--> -<!--542.png--><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 492]</span> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">PICINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p>The diagnosis on the preceding page will serve to distinguish this group -from its allies, without the necessity of going into greater detail. It includes -by far the largest percentage of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>, and in the great variations -of form has been variously subdivided by authors into sections. Professor -Sundevall, in his able monograph,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_124" id="fnanchor_124"></a><a href="#footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></span> -establishes the following four series, referring -all to the single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles.</b> Neck slender, elongated. Nostrils concealed by -bristles. Tail-feathers black or brownish, immaculate.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres.</b> Neck not slender, and shorter. Nostrils concealed -by bristles. Bill stout, cuneate, with the nasal ridges widely distant -from each other.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres.</b> Neck not slender. Nostrils covered, nasal ridges -of bill placed near the culmen (or at least nearer it than the lower -edge of the upper mandible), for the most part obsolete anteriorly.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares.</b> Nostrils open, uncovered by bristly hairs. Neck and -bill various.</p> - -<p>Of these series, the first and second correspond with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ</i>, as given below, -while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colapteæ</i> both belong to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres</i>. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</i> -are not represented in North America, and by only one group, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Celeus</i>, in any -portion of the continent.</p> - -<p>In the following account of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i>, we shall not pretend to discuss -the relationship of the North American species to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i> in general, -referring to Sundevall’s work, and the monographs of Malherbe and Cassin, -for information on the subject. For our present purposes they may be conveniently, -even if artificially, arranged in the following sections:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ.</b> Bill variable in length; the outlines above and below nearly -straight; the ends truncated; a prominent ridge on the side of the -mandible springing from the middle of the base, or a little below, and -running out either on the commissure, or extending parallel to and a -little above it, to the end, sometimes obliterated or confluent with the -lateral bevel of the bill. Nostrils considerably overhung by the lateral -ridge, more or less linear, and concealed by thick bushy tufts of feathers -at the base of the bill. Outer posterior toe generally longer than the -anterior.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ.</b> Bill rather long; the outlines, that of the culmen especially, -decidedly curved. The lateral ridge much nearest the culmen, -and, though quite distinct at the base, disappearing before coming to -the lower edge of the mandible; not overhanging the nostrils, which -are broadly oval, rounded anteriorly, and not concealed by the bristly -feathers at the base. Outer pair of toes nearly equal; the anterior -rather longer.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colapteæ.</b> Bill rather long, much depressed, and the upper outline -<!--543.png--><!--Plate 48--> -<!--544.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--545.png--><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 493]</span> -much curved to the acutely pointed (not truncate) tip. The commissure -considerably curved. Bill without any ridges. The nostrils broadly -oval, and much exposed. Anterior outer toe longest.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_48.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 48" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="48">XLVIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_48-1" id="pl_48-1"></a><img src="images/pl_48-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 12925.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_48-2" id="pl_48-2"></a><img src="images/pl_48-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 8639.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_48-3" id="pl_48-3"></a><img src="images/pl_48-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 1541.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_48-4" id="pl_48-4"></a><img src="images/pl_48-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus minor</span>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_48-5" id="pl_48-5"></a><img src="images/pl_48-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus erythrophthalmus</span>. 27028.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The preceding diagnoses will serve to distinguish the three groups sufficiently -for our present purposes; the bill being strongest in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i> and -best fitted for cutting into trees by its more perfect wedge-shape, with -strengthening ridges, as well as by the lateral bevelling of both mandibles, -which are nearly equal in thickness at the base, and with their outlines -nearly straight. The lateral ridge is prominent, extending to the edge or -end of the bill, and overhangs the nostrils, which are narrow and hidden. -The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colapteæ</i> have the upper mandible more curved -(the commissure likewise), the lower mandible smaller and weaker, the -bill with little or no lateral bevelling. The nostrils are broadly oval and -exposed. In the former, however, there is a distinct lateral ridge visible -for a short distance from the base of the bill; while in the other there -is no ridge at all, and the mandible is greatly curved.</p> - -<p>In all the species of North American Woodpeckers, there is more or less -red on the head in the male, and frequently in the female. The eggs of all -are lustrous polished white, without any markings, and laid in hollow trees, -upon a bed of chips, no material being carried in for the construction of the -nest.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p>With the common characters, as already given, there are several well-marked -generic groups in this section of Woodpeckers which may be arranged -for the United States species as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Posterior outer toe longer than the anterior outer one. (Fourth toe longer -than third.)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lateral ridge starting above the middle of the base of the bill, and -extending to the tip.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus.</b> Lateral ridge above the middle of the lateral profile -of the bill when opposite the end of the nostrils, which are ovate, and -rounded anteriorly. Bill much depressed, very long; gonys very long. -Posterior outer toe considerably longer than the anterior. Primaries -long, attenuated towards the tip. Spurious quill nearly half the second. -Shafts of four middle tail-feathers remarkably stout, of equal size, and -abruptly very much larger than the others; two middle tail-feathers -narrower towards bases than towards end.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_125" id="fnanchor_125"></a><a href="#footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></span> -A pointed occipital crest.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus.</b> Lateral ridge in the middle of the lateral profile opposite the -end of the nostrils, which are ovate and sharp-pointed anteriorly. Bill -moderate, nearly as broad as high.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--546.png--><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 494]</span> -Outer hind toe moderately longer than the outer fore toe. Primaries -broad to the tip, and rounded. Spurious primary not one third the -second quill.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides.</b> Lateral ridge below the middle of the profile, opposite -the end of the ovate acute nostrils, which it greatly overhangs. Bill -greatly depressed; lower mandible deeper than the upper. Inner -hind toe wanting, leaving only three toes. Tufts of nasal bristles very -full and long.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lateral ridge starting below the middle of the base of the bill, and -running as a distinct ridge into the edge of the commissure at about its -middle; the terminal half of the mandible rounded on the sides, although -the truncate tip is distinctly bevelled laterally.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus.</b> Nostrils considerably overhung by the lateral ridge, -very small, linear. Gonys as long as the culmen, from the nostrils. -Tips of tail-feathers elongated and linear, not cuneate. Wings very -long; exposed portion of spurious primary about one fourth that of -second quill.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Posterior outer toe considerably shorter than the anterior outer one. (Fourth -toe shorter than third).</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus.</b> Bill depressed. Lateral ridge above the middle of -the lateral profile near the base. Nostrils elliptical, wide, and rounded -anteriorly. Tail almost as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i>. A pointed occipital crest, -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, and not found in the other genera.</p> - -<p>The arrangement in the preceding diagnosis is perhaps not perfectly -natural, although sufficiently so for our present purpose. Thus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>, -in having the lateral ridge extending to the end of the bill, is like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, -but the nostrils are broader, more open, and not acute anteriorly. The tail-feathers -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i> differ greatly from those of the others in being -abruptly acuminate, the points elongated, narrow, and nearly linear, instead -of being gently cuneate at the ends. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i> belong -to Sundevall’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles</i>, with their long slender neck, and elongated -occipital crest (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopinæ</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr>); the other genera to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres</i>, with -shorter, thicker neck, and no crest (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopinæ</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr>). But no two -genera in the subfamily are more distinct than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CAMPEPHILUS</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, List of Genera? 1840. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. principalis</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapicus</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Mémoires de l'Academie">Mém. Ac.</abbr> de Metz, 1849, 317.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill considerably longer than the head, much depressed, or broader than -high at the base, becoming somewhat compressed near the middle and gradually bevelled -off at the tip. Culmen very slightly curved, gonys as concave, the curve scarcely appreciable; -commissure straight. Culmen with a parallel ridge on each side, starting a -little above the centre of the basal outline of the bill, the ridge projecting outwards and -downwards, and a slight concavity between it and the acute ridge of the culmen. Gonys -considerably more than half the commissure. Nostrils oval below the lateral ridge near -the base of the bill; concealed by the bristly feathers directed forward. Similar feathers -are seen at the sides of the lower jaw and on the chin.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_547.jpg" - width="300" height="337" - alt="Illustration: Campephilus principalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">3869</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><!--547.png--><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 495]</span> -Feet large; outer hind toe much longest; claw of inner fore toe reaching to middle of -outer fore claw; inner hind toe scarcely more than half the outer one; its claw reaching -as far as the base of the inner anterior claw, considerably more than half the outer -anterior toe. Tarsus rather shorter than the inner fore toe. Tail long, cuneate; shafts -of the four middle feathers abruptly much larger than the others, and with a deep groove -running continuously along their under surface; webs of the two middle feathers -deflected, almost against each other, so that the feathers appear narrower at the base -than terminally. Wings long and pointed, the third, fourth, and fifth quills longest; -sixth secondary longest, leaving six “tertials,” instead of three or four as usual; primaries -long, attenuated. Color continuous black, relieved by white patches. Head with a -pointed occipital crest.</p> - -<p>This genus embraces the largest known kind of Woodpecker, and is confined -to America. Of the two species usually assigned to it, only one occurs -within the limits of the United States, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. imperialis</i>, given by Audubon, -and by subsequent authors on his credit, really belonging to Southern Mexico -and Central America. The diagnoses of the species are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"> -<!--548.png--><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 496]</span> -<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Bill ivory-white. Body entirely glossy blue-black. A -scapular stripe, secondaries, ends of inner primaries, and under wing-coverts, -white. Crest scarlet in the male, black in the female.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. principalis.</b> A white stripe on each side of the neck. Bristly -feathers at the base of the bill white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -White neck-stripe not extending to the base of the bill. Black -feathers of crest longer than the scarlet. Wing, 10.00; culmen, 2.60. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Gulf region of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -White stripe reaching the base of the bill. Scarlet feathers of crest -longer than the black. Wing, 9.50; culmen, 2.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_126" id="fnanchor_126"></a><a href="#footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. imperialis.</b> No white stripe on the sides of the neck. More white -on the wings. Bristly feathers at the base of the bill black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South -Mexico; Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus principalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 173.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 20, <abbr title="plate 39, figure">pl. -xxxix, f.</abbr> 6.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 341; -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 525, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 214, <abbr title="plate 256">pl. cclvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus avium picinarum">Consp. -Pic.</abbr> 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopus principalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, -List Genera, 1840.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 83.—<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum, Four, two"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, -100.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468 (breeds in Brazos and Trinity, Texas).—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> -53.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, Birds <abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Florida, 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus (Megapicus) principalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Con. -Zyg. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 7. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus principalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Consp. 1850, 132. <cite>White-billed -Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One">Car. I</abbr>, 16.—<span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth and fifth quills equal; third a little shorter. Bill horn-white. -Body entirely of a glossy blue-black (glossed with green below); a white stripe beginning -half an inch posterior to the commissure, and passing down the sides of the neck, and -extending down each side of the back. Under wing-coverts, and the entire exposed -portion of the secondary quills, with ends of the inner primaries, bristles, and a short -stripe at the base of the bill, white. Crest scarlet, upper surface black. Length, 21.00; -wing, 10.00. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, without any red on the head, and with two spots of white -on the end of the outer tail-feather.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern Atlantic and Gulf States. North to North Carolina and mouth of the -Ohio; west to Arkansas and Eastern Texas. Localities: Brazos and Trinity Rivers, -Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468, breeds).</p> - -<p>In the male the entire crown (with its elongated feathers) is black. The -scarlet commences just above the middle of the eye, and, passing backwards -a short distance, widens behind and bends down as far as the level of the -under edge of the lower jaw. The feathers which spring from the back of -the head are much elongated above; considerably longer than those of -the crown. In the specimen before us the black feathers of the crest do -not reach as far back as the scarlet.</p> - -<p>Reference has already been made to the Cuban variety of the Ivory-billed -<!--549.png--><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 497]</span> -Woodpecker named <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i> by Mr. Cassin, and differing in smaller size; -extension of the white cheek-stripe to the very base of the bill, and the -excess in length of the upper black feathers of the crest over the scarlet. -These features appear to be constant, and characteristic of a local race.</p> - -<p>For the reasons already adduced, we drop <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. imperialis</i> from the list of -North American birds, although given as such by Audubon.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_549.jpg" - width="250" height="344" - alt="Illustration: Campephilus principalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as we have information in regard to the geographical distribution -of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker, it is chiefly restricted in its range -to the extreme Southern States, -and especially to those bordering -on the Gulf of Mexico. Wilson -states that very few, if any, are -ever found north of Virginia, -and not many even in that State. -His first specimen was obtained -near Wilmington, <abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr> It is -not migratory, but is a resident -where found.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, who is more -full than any other writer in his -account of this bird, assigns to it a -more extended distribution. He -states that in descending the -Ohio River he met with it near -the confluence of that river with -the Mississippi, and adds that it -is frequently met with in following -the windings of the latter -river either downwards towards -the sea, or upwards in the direction -of the Missouri. On the Atlantic -he was inclined to make North Carolina the limit of its northern -distribution, though now and then individuals of the species have been -accidentally met with as far north as Maryland. To the westward of the -Mississippi he states that it is found in all the dense forests bordering the -streams which empty into it, from the very declivities of the Rocky Mountains. -The lower parts of the Carolinas, Georgia, North Florida, Alabama, -Louisiana, and Mississippi, are, however, its favorite resorts, and in those -States it constantly resides.</p> - -<p>It was observed by Dr. Woodhouse in the timber on the Arkansas River, -and in Eastern Texas, but quite rarely in both places. It was not, however, -met with in any other of the government expeditions, either to the Pacific, -in the survey of the railroad routes, or in that for the survey of the Mexican -boundary line. It is given as a bird of Cuba by De la Sagra, in his catalogue -<!--550.png--><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 498]</span> -of the birds of that island, as observed by him, October, 1850, and by Dr. -John Gundlach, in his list of the birds that breed in Cuba. It is not mentioned -by Gosse among the birds of Jamaica, nor by the Newtons as found -in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. As it is not a migratory bird, it may be regarded as breeding in -all its localities, except where it is obviously an accidental visitant.</p> - -<p>Wilson, who never met with the nest of this Woodpecker, states, on the -authority of reliable informants, that it breeds in the large-timbered cypress -swamps of the Carolinas. In the trunks of these trees at a considerable -height from the ground, both parents working alternately, these birds dig out -a large and capacious cavity for their eggs and young. Trees thus dug out -have frequently been cut down with both the eggs and the young in them. -The hole was described to Wilson as generally a little winding, to keep out -the rain, and sometimes five feet deep. The eggs were said to be generally -four, sometimes five in number, as large as pullets’, pure white, and equally -thick at both ends. The young make their appearance about the middle or -end of June.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, whose account of the breeding-habits of the Ivory-bill is -given from his own immediate observations, supplies a more minute and detailed -history of its nesting. He states that it breeds earlier in spring than -any other species of its tribe, and that he has observed it boring a hole for -that purpose as early as the beginning of March. This hole he believed to -be always made in the trunk of a live tree, generally an ash or a hackberry, -and at a great height. It pays great regard to the particular situation of the -tree and the inclination of the trunk, both with a view to retirement and to -secure the aperture against rains. To prevent the latter injury, the hole is -generally dug immediately under the protection of a large branch. It is -first bored horizontally a few inches, then directly downward, and not in a -spiral direction, as Wilson was informed. This cavity is sometimes not -more than ten inches in depth, while at other times it reaches nearly three -feet downward into the heart of the tree. The older the bird, the deeper its -hole, in the opinion of Mr. Audubon. The average diameter of the different -nests which Mr. Audubon examined was about seven inches in the inner -parts, although the entrance is only just large enough to admit the bird. -Both birds work most assiduously in making these excavations. Mr. Audubon -states that in two instances where the Woodpeckers saw him watching -them at their labors, while they were digging their nests, they abandoned -them. For the first brood, he states, there are generally six eggs. These are -deposited on a few chips at the bottom of the hole, and are of a pure white -color. The young may be seen creeping out of their holes about a fortnight -before they venture to fly to any other tree. The second brood makes its -appearance about the 15th of August. In Kentucky and Indiana the Ivory-bill -seldom raises more than one brood in a season. Its flight is described -by Audubon as graceful in the extreme, though seldom prolonged to more -than a few hundred yards at a time, except when it has occasion to cross a -<!--551.png--><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 499]</span> -large river. It then flies in deep undulations, opening its wings at first to -their full extent, and nearly closing them to renew their impulse. The -transit from tree to tree is performed by a single sweep, as if the bird had -been swung in a curved line from the one to the other.</p> - -<p>Except during the love-season it never utters a sound when on the wing. -On alighting, or when, in ascending a tree, it leaps against the upper parts -of the trunk, its remarkable voice may be constantly heard in a clear, loud, -and rather plaintive tone, sometimes to the distance of half a mile, and -resembling the false high note of a clarionet. This may be represented by -the monosyllable <i class="birdcall">pait</i> thrice repeated.</p> - -<p>The food of this Woodpecker consists principally of beetles, larvæ, and -large grubs. They are also especially fond of ripe wild grapes, which they -eat with great avidity, hanging by their claws to the vines, often in the -position of a Titmouse. They also eat ripe persimmons, hackberries, and -other fruit, but are not known to disturb standing corn nor the fruits of the -orchard.</p> - -<p>These birds attack decaying trees so energetically as often to cause them -to fall. So great is their strength, that Audubon has known one of them -to detach, at a single blow, a strip of bark eight inches long, and, by beginning -at the top branch of a dead tree, tear off the bark to the extent of -thirty feet in the course of a few hours, all the while sounding its loud -notes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon further states that this species generally moves in pairs, that -the female is the least shy and the most clamorous, and that, except when -digging a hole for the reception of their eggs, they are not known to -excavate living trees, but only those attacked by worms. When wounded, -they seek the nearest tree, and ascend with great rapidity by successive hops. -When taken by the hand, they strike with great violence, and inflict severe -wounds with their bills and claws.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states that these birds were found on the Brazos River, and -also on the Trinity, where they were by no means rare.</p> - -<p>Wilson dwells at some length and with great force upon the great value -of these birds to our forests. They never injure sound trees, only those -diseased and infested with insects. The pine timber of the Southern States -is often destroyed, thousands of acres in a season, by the larvæ of certain insects. -In Wilson’s day this was noticeable in the vicinity of Georgetown, -<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and was attributed by him to the blind destruction of this and other -insect-eating birds.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species (<abbr title="Smithsonian Collection, Number">Smith. Coll., No.</abbr> 16,196) taken near Wilmington, -<abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr>, by Mr. N. Giles, measures 1.35 inches in length by .95 of an -inch in breadth. It is of a highly polished porcelain whiteness, and is much -more oblong in shape and more pointed than are the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus -pileatus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--552.png--><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 500]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1748. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus martius</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_552.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Illustration: Picus villosus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">884</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill equal to the head, or a little longer; the lateral ridges conspicuous, -starting about the middle of the -base of the bill; the basal -elongated oval nostrils nearest -the commissure; the ridges of -the culmen and gonys acute, -and very nearly straight, or -slightly convex towards the -tip; the bill but little broader -than high at the base, becoming -compressed considerably before -the middle. Feet much as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>; the outer posterior -toe longest; the outer -anterior about intermediate -between it and the inner anterior; -the inner posterior -reaching to the base of the claw -of the inner anterior. Tarsus about equal to the inner anterior toe; shorter than the -two other long toes. Wings rather long, reaching to the middle of the tail, rather rounded; -the fourth and fifth quills longest; the quills rather broad and rounded.</p> - -<p>In the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, as characterized above, are contained several subdivisions -more or less entitled to distinct rank, and corresponding with -peculiar patterns of coloration. Thus, taking the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> as the type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -borealis</i> has proportionally much longer primaries; the spurious primary -smaller; the bill is considerably more attenuated, and even concave in its -lateral outlines. The wings are still longer in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. albolarvatus</i>. The species -may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Black above, and white beneath. Wings spotted with white; a black -maxillary stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Two white stripes on the side of the head, one above, and the other -below, the ear-coverts, which are mostly black. First quill shorter than -sixth. Tail-feathers broad and obtuse at ends, the narrowed tips of middle -feathers very short.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DRYOBATES</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>. Middle of back streaked longitudinally and continuously -with white. Maxillary and auricular black stripes not confluent; -the latter running into the black of the nape. Beneath white -without spots. Red of head confined to a narrow nuchal band.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus.</b> Outer tail-feathers immaculate white, great variation -in size with latitude. Length, 7.00 to 10.00.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -All the quills, with middle and greater wing-coverts, with -large white spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern North America -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Innermost quills and some of the coverts entirely black, -or unspotted with white. Remaining spots reduced in size. -<!--553.png--><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 501]</span> -(<abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</i> similar, but much smaller, 7.00, and lower parts -smoky-brown.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and western North America, -and south to Costa Rica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pubescens.</b> Outer tail-feather white, with transverse black -bands; length about 6.25.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -All the quills, with middle and greater wing-coverts, with -large white spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern North America -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Innermost quills and some of the coverts entirely black; -remaining white spots reduced in size. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western North -America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DYCTIOPICUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Whole back banded transversely with black -and white. Beneath white, with black spots on sides. Maxillary -and auricular black stripes confluent at their posterior ends, the latter -not running into the nape. In the males at least half of top of head -red. Length, about 6.50.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris.</b> Anterior portion of the back banded with white; -lores and nasal tufts smoky brown. Black stripes on sides of the -head very much narrower than the white ones, and not connected -with the black of the shoulders. <i class="sex">Male</i> with the whole crown red.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Outer web of lateral tail-feathers barred with black to the -base. White bands on back exceeding the black ones in width; -red of the crown very continuous, on the forehead predominating -over the black and white. (Sometimes the black at -base of inner web of lateral tail-feather divided by white -bars.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern and Eastern Mexico, and Rio Grande -region of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Outer web of lateral tail-feather barred with black only -toward end. Red of crown much broken anteriorly, and in -less amount than the black and white mixed with it. White -bands of the back not wider, generally much narrower than -the black ones.</p> - -<p class="indent5"> -Bill, .90; tarsus, .70. Red of crown extending almost to -the bill. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico, up to Western Arizona -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent5"> -Bill, 1.10; tarsus, .75. Red of crown disappearing about -on a line above the eye. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli.</b> Anterior portion of back not banded with white; lores -and nasal tufts white. Black stripes on side of the head very much -broader than the white ones, and connected by a narrow strip with the -black of the shoulders. <i class="sex">Male</i> with only the nape and occiput red. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California (only).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> One white stripe, only, on side of head, and this occupying whole -auricular region. Tail-feathers narrowed at ends, the points of the middle -ones much elongated. First quill longer than sixth. Bill very small, much -shorter than head.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PHRENOPICUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Back and wings transversely banded with -black and white, and sides spotted with black, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis.</b> Red of male restricted to a concealed narrow -line on each side of the occiput, at the junction of the white and -black. Maxillary black stripe very broad and conspicuous, running -back to the series of black spots on sides of breast. Three outer -<!--554.png--><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 502]</span> -tail-feathers more or less white, with a few bars of black near their -ends, principally on inner webs. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Atlantic States.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Body entirely continuous black; head all round immaculate white. First -quill shorter than sixth.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XENOPICUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. Tail and primaries as in “A,” but much more -lengthened. Bill as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</i>, but more slender.</p> - -<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. albolarvatus.</b> Red of male a narrow transverse occipital -crescent, between the white and the black. Basal half, or more, of -primaries variegated with white, this continuous nearly to the -end of outer webs; inner webs of secondaries with large white -spots toward their base. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, -Pacific Province, United States.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DRYOBATES</b></span>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, 1826. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fide</i> <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> 1854.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopipo</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and and Heine, Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1863, 62.</p> - -<p>According to Cabanis, as above cited, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</i>, as established by Boie in -1826, had the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i> as type, although extended in 1828 to cover a -much wider ground. As a subgeneric name, therefore, it must take preference -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</i> of Bonaparte, which, like all the allied names of this -author, Cabanis rejects at any rate as hybrid and inadmissible.</p> - -<p>The synopsis under the head of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i> will serve to distinguish the -species in brief.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_554.jpg" - width="250" height="281" - alt="Illustration: Picus harrisi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus harrisi.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The small black and white Woodpeckers of North America exhibit great -variations in size and markings, and it -is extremely difficult to say what is a -distinct species and what a mere geographical -race. In none of our birds is -the difference in size between specimens -from a high and a low latitude so great, -and numerous nominal species have been -established on this ground alone. There -is also much variation with locality in -the amount of white spotting on the -wings, as well as the comparative width -of the white and black bars in the banded -species. The under parts, too, vary from -pure white to smoky-brown. To these -variations in what may be considered as -good species is to be added the further perplexities caused by hybridism, -which seems to prevail to an unusual extent among some Woodpeckers, -where the area of distribution of one species is overlapped by a close ally. -This, which can be most satisfactorily demonstrated in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, is also -<!--555.png--><!--Plate 49--> -<!--556.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--557.png--><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 503]</span> -probably the case in the black and white species, and renders the final settlement -of the questions involved very difficult.</p> - -<p>After a careful consideration of the subject, we are not inclined to admit -any species or permanent varieties of the group of four-toed small white -and black Woodpeckers as North or Middle American, other than those mentioned -in the preceding synopsis.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_49.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="49">XLIX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-1" id="pl_49-1"></a><img src="images/pl_49-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 3869.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-2" id="pl_49-2"></a><img src="images/pl_49-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Arkansas.?</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-3" id="pl_49-3"></a><img src="images/pl_49-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 884.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-4" id="pl_49-4"></a><img src="images/pl_49-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-5" id="pl_49-5"></a><img src="images/pl_49-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol juvenile">♂ juv.</abbr> Iowa, 13172.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-6" id="pl_49-6"></a><img src="images/pl_49-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1291.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-7" id="pl_49-7"></a><img src="images/pl_49-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_49-8" id="pl_49-8"></a><img src="images/pl_49-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Georgia, 1878.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HAIRY WOODPECKER; LARGER SAPSUCKER.</b></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</b>.—Northern and Western regions.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus leucomelas</i>, <span class="sc">Boddært</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz">Tabl. Pl. Enl.</abbr> 1783 (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 345, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1, <span class="sc">Gray</span>).—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1863, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates leucomelas</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum, four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 67. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus canadensis</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 437.—? <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 231.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 188, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 177.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, -1842, 235, <abbr title="plate 258">pl. cclviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 137.—<abbr title="Ibid Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -villosus</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">Philos. Trans. LXII,</abbr> 1772, 383.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 84.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1868, 45.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, -<abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences One">Tr. Chicago Ac. Sc. I</abbr>, 1869, 274 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen 3">Abh. Nat. III</abbr>, 1872, 60 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna-Boreali Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F.-Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 305. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -phillipsi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 186, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 177.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 238, <abbr title="plate 259">pl. cclix</abbr> (immature, with yellow crown).—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. -I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 686.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus martinæ</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 181, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 178.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, -240, <abbr title="plate 260">pl. cclx</abbr> (young male, with red feathers on crown).—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus rubricapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 685 (same as preceding). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -septentrionalis</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 684.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</b>.—Middle States.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1758, 175.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, -64, <abbr title="plate 120">pl. cxx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology, ONe">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 150, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 164, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, -244, <abbr title="plate 262">pl. cclxii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 137.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picinarum">Mon. Pic.</abbr> 17.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 84. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus leucomelanus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 18 (young male in summer). <cite>Hairy Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates -villosus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum, four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 2, 66.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</b>.—Southern States.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana">F. B. A.</abbr> 1831, 306.—<span class="sc">Trudeau</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, 1837, -404 (very young male, with crown spotted with yellow).—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, -194, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 259, <abbr title="plate 265">pl. cclxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Nuttal Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d -ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 684.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. -Soc.</abbr> 1859 (Bahamas, winter).—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 302.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above black, with a white band down the middle of the back. All the -middle and larger wing-coverts and all the quills with conspicuous spots of white. Two -white stripes on each side of the head; the upper scarcely confluent behind, the lower -not at all so; two black stripes confluent with the black of the nape. Beneath white. -Three outer tail-feathers with the exposed portions white. Length, 8.00 to 11.00; wing, -4.00 to 5.00; bill, 1.00 to 1.25. <i class="sex">Male</i>, with a nuchal scarlet crescent (wanting in the -female) covering the white, generally continuous, but often interrupted in the middle. -<!--558.png--><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 504]</span> -Immature bird of either sex with more or less of the whole crown spotted with red -or yellow, or both, sometimes the red almost continuous.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America, to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, and (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>) -along the 49th parallel to British Columbia; Sitka; accidental in England.</p> - -<p>In the infinite variation shown by a large number of specimens in the -markings of the wings, so relied on by authors to distinguish the species of -the black and white spotted North American Woodpeckers having a longitudinal -band of white down the back, it will be perhaps our best plan to cut -them rigorously down to two, the old-fashioned and time-honored <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>; since the larger and more perfect the series, the more difficult -it is to draw the line between them and their more western representatives. -The size varies very greatly, and no two are alike in regard to the -extent and number of the white spots. Beginning at one end of the chain, -we find the white to predominate in the more eastern specimens. Thus in -one (20,601) from Canada, and generally from the north, every wing-covert -(except the smallest) and every quill shows externally conspicuous spots or -bands of white; the middle coverts a terminal band and central spot; the -greater coverts two bands on the outer web, and one more basal on the inner; -and every quill is marked with a succession of spots in pairs throughout its -length,—the outer web as bands reaching nearly to the shaft; the inner -as more circular, larger spots. The alula alone is unspotted. This is the -typical marking of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. leucomelas</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i> of authors. The white -markings are all larger respectively than in other forms.</p> - -<p>The next stage is seen in typical or average <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> for the Middle -States. Here the markings are much the same, but the white is more restricted, -and on the outer webs of the feathers forms rounded spots rather -than bands. Some Carlisle specimens have two spots on the middle coverts -as described, others lack the basal one. Another stage is exhibited by a specimen -from Illinois, in which with two spots on the middle coverts there is but -one terminal on the outer web of the greater, and a reduction in number -of spots on the inner webs of innermost secondaries, terminal outer spots -not having the corresponding inner. This form is quite prevalent westward -and on the Upper Missouri, but cannot be considered as strictly geographical, -since a Massachusetts and a Georgia skin agree in the same characters.</p> - -<p>In all this variation there is little diminution in the number of spots -visible externally, nor so far have we seen any from the region east of the -Missouri plains that lack white spots on every covert (except the smallest -ones) and every quill, and with few exceptions on both webs of the latter. -It is therefore this style that we propose to consider as pure <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, -irrespective of variations in the size or shape of the spots, of the amount of -white on tail and back, or of the bird itself. Any deviation from this may be -called a variety. It has the distribution already mentioned, and extends along -the Upper Missouri to British Columbia and Sitka, straggling into Washington -Territory, where, however, it is found with the more typical western form, -<!--559.png--><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 505]</span> -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>. A specimen collected by Mr. Hepburn at Caribou, on the Upper -Fraser, is absolutely undistinguishable from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canadensis</i> in size -and markings.</p> - -<p>We now come to the western race or variety, hardly to be called species, -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> of Audubon. Here the extreme of condition most opposed to -typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i> is shown by the entire absence of white on the exposed surface -of the wing, except on the outer webs of the four or five longest primaries, -where the spots are very small. (We have never seen them entirely -wanting.) The white of the back, too, may be normal in amount, or else -much restricted. Concealed white spots on some of the feathers will be -seen on raising them. The white of tail-feathers sometimes shows black -spots or blotches, especially on the inner web of the second. These features -belong more especially to specimens from the coast region of Oregon and -Washington.</p> - -<p>Proceeding eastward from the Northern Pacific Coast we next find specimens -showing a few white streaks on the greater coverts and next on the -middle coverts. The spots on the secondaries, too, begin to show themselves; -but as a general rule they do not occur on the innermost of the greater -coverts and of the secondaries. This, therefore, may be considered as the -limit of a variety, characterized by the absence at least of spots in these -members of the wing.</p> - -<p>With the variation in spots in the western variety we have, as already -remarked, differences in amount of white on the tail and the back, as well as -in the color of the belly, which is sometimes pure white, sometimes of a -smoky gray; this latter variation not at all parallel with other differences or -with geographical distribution, and equally observable in eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>. -The size, too, varies somewhat, but not to the same extent as on the Atlantic -side. Here, however, we have <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus jardini</i> of Mexico and Central America, -as the small southern race, absolutely undistinguishable from dark-breasted -Oregon specimens, except in size (length, 7.00; wing, 3.90; bill above, .85), -and perhaps a more fulvous tinge on the under parts. The specimens before -me have one or two black spots on the inner web of the next to the outer -tail-feather, as in darker varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>, but these are not symmetrical -or constant in either, and are to be looked on as mere indications of the -general tendency to melanism.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This common and familiar species of Woodpecker has an extended -range throughout eastern North America. Specimens in the Smithsonian -Institution have been collected from almost every portion of North -America east of the Rocky Mountains. Wilson speaks of it as common -throughout the continent from Hudson’s Bay to Carolina and Georgia. Mr. -Audubon, who regarded <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus martinæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. phillipsi</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canadensis</i> as distinct -species, instead of varieties of this Woodpecker, states, in regard to its distribution, -that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> is a constant resident both in the maritime and -inland districts from Texas to New Hampshire, as well as in all the wooded -<!--560.png--><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 506]</span> -tracts intervening between the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi, and -the northern borders of the great lake. He adds that not an individual was -found by him or by his sons in Maine, where he did, however, obtain in great -abundance the variety he called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canadensis</i>. According to Sir John Richardson -it is found as far to the north as the <abbr title="sixty-third">63d</abbr> parallel. It remains all the -year round in the fur countries, and is the most common species up to the -fifty-sixth degree of latitude, north of which it yields in frequency to the -three-toed species. Dr. Woodhouse speaks of it as common in Texas and -in the Indian Territory. Although not crossing the Rocky Mountains in -the United States, it reaches the Pacific Coast of British Columbia, and is -found north as far as Sitka, and perhaps still farther, thus replacing the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>. It is a resident, and not a migratory, species, and wherever found -it also breeds. Several specimens have been killed in England.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of Wilson, this Woodpecker frequents the -orchards and cultivated grounds, and is less wild and more domestic than -most of the species. In May, with its mate, it seeks the retirement of the -woods to breed, selecting a branch already hollowed, or excavating one for -itself. In the former case the nest has been known to be four or five feet -from the opening. When it excavates its own opening, it digs horizontally -six or eight inches into the body of the tree, and then downward -to about twice that distance, carrying up the chips in the bill or scraping -them out with the feet. They not unfrequently breed in orchards, -and have been even known to excavate their holes in the rails of old -fences. The female lays five white eggs, which are usually hatched out -early in June.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon observed these birds, at all seasons, in almost every possible -locality, from the isolated trees of large towns and cities, even to the very -midst of the salt marshes about the mouth of the Mississippi. He found -the excavation for the nest more frequently running obliquely than perpendicularly. -In the Southern States they rear two broods in a season, the first -appearing the last of May, the second usually about the first of August. In -the middle and northern districts they rarely raise more than one. Those -which Mr. Audubon observed to raise more than one brood in a season made -use of the same excavation for both, and not unfrequently within a few yards -of a house. The eggs of the first brood he found usually six in number, and -of the second four. Where they have but one brood, the number varies from -four to six, and in two instances he has found seven. The measure given by -him is one inch in length by .69 of an inch in breadth. They are elliptical -or almost equally rounded at both ends, smooth, pure white, and translucent. -The young remain in the nest until well able to fly.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that the Hairy Woodpecker becomes, during the winter -months, a very common bird in all parts of the Southern States, coming -to the farm-yards with the downy species to glean the grains of corn left by -the cattle. At this season their visits to the corn-cribs are extremely frequent. -<!--561.png--><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 507]</span> -They may also be seen clinging to the stalks of the sugar-cane, boring -them, and evidently enjoying the sweet juices of that plant.</p> - -<p>Their flight is short and rapid, resembling that of other allied species. -They are not social, never more than the members of one family being seen -together. They feed chiefly on insects and their larvæ, often seizing the -former on the wing. In the autumn they occasionally eat berries, seeds, -and small fruit. Their notes are sharp and loud, uttered in monosyllables, -at times with great frequency.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, taken in Roxbury, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, is of a pure crystal whiteness, -oblong in shape, and equally rounded at either end, measuring 1.01 -inches in length by .72 of an inch in breadth. Another, from Georgia, is -more rounded at one end, and measures 1.02 inches in length and .75 of an -inch in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HARRIS’S WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 191, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 178.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 242, <abbr title="plate 261">pl. cclxi</abbr> (dark-bellied variety).—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 627.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 87.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> 17.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Association">Pr. R. Art. Ass.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 111 (nesting).—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52 (Oregon).—<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, -<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1869, 562 (Alpine regions of Vera Cruz).—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1868, 47.—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> 1862, 175.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 200.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, 159.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 375. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus inornatus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus">Bon. -Consp.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Trichopicus) harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates -harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 68 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</i>, 69.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus jardini</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Rev. -Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1845, 374 (Mexico).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1862, 175. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus hyloscopus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & -Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 69 (white-bellied form).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>; the innermost of the greater wing-coverts and -of the secondary quills without any white spots externally; varying from this to the -entire absence of exposed white on wing except on the outer web of longest primaries. -Belly varying from pure white to smoky or fulvous gray, white of tail-feathers very -rarely blotched with black. Average length, in north, 9.00; wing, 5.00; exposed part of -culmen, 1.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</i> much smaller. Length, 7.00; wing, 3.90; culmen, .85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of Western United States, west of the Missouri plains, extending into -Mexico and Central America, where it passes into the smallest and darkest southern extreme, -known as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. jardini</i>. Localities: West Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52); -Vera Cruz, Alpine regions (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1869, 562).</p> - -<p>In the preceding article we have given some general remarks on Harris’s -Woodpecker, and shown why we cannot consider it a well-defined species. -If the specimens from the extreme west were constant in themselves, and the -variations, as with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</i>, occurred along the line of contact with -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>, we might refer to hybrids many of the intermediate forms; but as -scarcely any two are alike, even on the Pacific coast, such a view is inadmissible. -As, however, in the extreme limits of variation, there is yet a -<!--562.png--><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 508]</span> -difference from eastern specimens, and this is characteristic of a large area -of country, it may be proper to recognize the form by the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. jardini</i> appears to be nothing more than the most southern race -of this dark western form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, and shows the smallest, as well as -the darkest, extreme to which the species attains. In Southern Mexico -typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> and this form grade insensibly together. The minimum -of size and maximum darkness of colors are reached in Costa Rica.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This variety was first described by Mr. Audubon from specimens -obtained by Mr. Townsend on the Columbia River. No information was -obtained in regard to its habits, which, it may be presumed, do not vary very -essentially from those of the more familiar <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>. In regard -to its geographical distribution, it has been found in more or less abundance -from Nebraska to the Pacific, and from Mexico to British America. It is -known to occur in Texas on the Rio Grande, in New Mexico, in Arizona, -Nebraska, California, Oregon, and Washington Territory.</p> - -<p>This indicates a very general distribution throughout Western North -America from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, and -from New Mexico and Texas probably to the limits of the forests in the -northwest. It seems to take the place of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> in the far west. Dr. -Heermann, in his notes on the birds of California (Journal of Philadelphia -Academy, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 270), says it is not a common bird, although it is occasionally -met with in that State. Dr. Gambel, however, states that it occupies, on the -western coast, the same place that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> does on the Atlantic, but -seems to have a greater partiality for the pine woods. Dr. Woodhouse did -not meet with it in the expedition to the Zuñi and Colorado. Dr. Newberry -speaks of it (U. S. <abbr title="Pacific Boundary Report Survey Six">P. B. R. Survey, VI</abbr>,—Zoölogy, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 89) as not uncommon -in the wooded districts of Northern California and Oregon. Dr. Kennerly, -in his report on the birds obtained by Lieutenant Whipple’s party, states -that Harris’s Woodpecker was found along the Little Colorado River in the -month of December, wherever the cottonwood trees grew (U. S. <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> -Survey, <abbr title="Ten, Part Six">X, Pt. VI</abbr>, 21). It is not mentioned by Dr. Heermann in his Report -on the birds of Lieutenant Parke’s explorations near the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> parallel. The -same writer, in his Report on the birds of Lieutenant Williamson’s party, -speaks of this bird as having been occasionally observed during the survey, -but as a somewhat rare species, though procured in Northern California and -at Tejon Pass. Dr. Suckley speaks of it as quite abundant at Fort Dalles, -where he found it among the true pines, and at Fort Steilacoom, among the -firs (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. douglasi</i>), and as a winter resident in both localities (Natural History -of Washington Territory, Zoölogy, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 159). Dr. Cooper states that -Harris’s Woodpecker is the most abundant species in Washington Territory, -being found on both sides of the Cascade Mountains, frequenting the lower -parts of the great coniferous trees. He found it a constant resident in May, -burrowing out a nest in a dead tree, sometimes only four feet from the -ground. He describes its cries and habits as so exactly like those of the -<!--563.png--><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 509]</span> -larger Sapsucker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>) of the Atlantic States, that, were there not -constant and unchangeable differences in plumage, it would be taken for -the same species. He furnishes no description of the eggs, but it is quite -probable that there is no appreciable difference between them and those of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues mentions this species as one of the most common and characteristic -birds in the vicinity of Fort Whipple. Dr. Heermann speaks of its having clear -trumpet-like notes that betray its locality and render it an easy bird to shoot.</p> - -<p>In California Dr. Cooper found this chiefly a northern bird, frequenting -the forests of all kinds up to the summits of the Sierra Nevada, and also -resident as far south as Santa Barbara, descending, in winter, to the eastern -branches of the Colorado and to Tejon Pass. He found it more common -in the higher Coast Range near Santa Cruz, and still more so toward the -Columbia River. Its cry, he adds, is louder than that of most of the small -Woodpeckers, and it is rather shy, especially when it imagines itself pursued. -It feeds at times on fruits and berries, and sometimes it visits gardens. -It is known as one of the “Sapsuckers,” but does more good than harm in -the orchard, destroying both insects and their larvæ.</p> - -<p>Mr. John K. Lord states that this Woodpecker is by far the most abundant -species in the district through which his party passed. He found it on Vancouver’s -Island, and along the entire course of the boundary-line, south through -Oregon and California, and north to Fort Simpson. A few remained at Colville -during the winter, but the greater number retired to the coast and returned in -April and May. In the latter month they mate, and bore out a hole in a dead -tree. They use no lining for the nest, but lay the eggs on the bare wood. Their -favorite haunts are the stumps of trees growing round swamps or prairie-land.</p> - -<p>This Woodpecker was met with by Mr. Ridgway in all wooded portions -of the Great Basin, but was most abundant among the pines on the mountains. -In all respects, it is a perfect counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> of the -east.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">DOWNY WOODPECKER; LESSER SAPSUCKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 15.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 65, <abbr title="plate 121">pl. -cxxi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 153, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -23.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 81; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 539, <abbr title="plate 112">pl. cxii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 249, -<abbr title="plate 263">pl. cclxiii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 89.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picinarum">Mon. Pic.</abbr> 17.—<abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span class="sc">Malb.</span> -Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 119, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> 1863, 20.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 334.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 44.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chicago Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 274 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 60 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 89.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 304. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -(Dendrocopus) pubescens</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 307. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Trichopicus) pubescens</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Zyg. Ateneo Italiano</abbr>, 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus medianus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, -308. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus meridionalis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 308 (small southern race). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -leconti</i>, <span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Four">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IV</abbr>, 1848, 489, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr> (Georgia; three-toed specimen, -first toe wanting. Type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates pubescens</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1863, 63.</p> - -<!--564.png--><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 510]</span> -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -A miniature of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>. Above black, with a white band down the -back. Two white stripes on the side of the head; the lower of opposite sides always -separated behind, the upper sometimes confluent on the nape. Two stripes of black -on the side of the head, the lower not running into the forehead. Beneath white; all -the middle and greater coverts and all the quills with white spots, the larger coverts -with two series each; tertiaries or inner secondaries all banded with white. Two outer -tail-feathers white, with two bands of black at end; third white at tip and externally, -crissum sometimes spotted with black. Length, about 6.25; wing, 3.75. <i class="sex">Male</i> with red, -terminating the white feathers on the nape. <i class="age">Young</i> with whole top of head red.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States, towards the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, into -British Columbia and the Humboldt Mountains, and north to the limits of the woods; -along whole Yukon River; perhaps to the Pacific, north of the 49th parallel; Kodiak. -Localities: San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468). Accidental in England.</p> - -<p>The remarks already made on the variation of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i> apply equally -well here; all the differences in size and markings with locality being almost -exactly reproduced. The western variety, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gairdneri</i>, is equally uncertain -in characters as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>, and as little entitled to specific distinction. As -in the previous instance, we shall call typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> those specimens in -which all the middle and greater coverts and all the quills including the -innermost secondaries are spotted with white, while those in which any of -these feathers, whether all the coverts, as in Oregon birds, or only a few of -them, are unspotted, may be called <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</i>.</p> - -<p>Of typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> in the Eastern States there are minor variations, but -not of much account. Thus the forehead itself, apart from the white nasal -tufts, is sometimes white, connecting with the white superciliary stripe; -more frequently, however, the whole forehead is black. Northern specimens -are larger and have larger white spots, and not unfrequently the black cheek-stripe -is invaded anteriorly by white, which, however, is appreciable at the -base of the feathers. The black bars on the tail are much restricted in -specimens from the Yukon. Southern specimens are smaller and darker, -with smaller spots on the wings.</p> - -<p>In all the changes of the two species, there is no difficulty in distinguishing -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pubescens</i> from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> by the black bars on outer tail-feathers of -the former, and their absence in the latter. The crissum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> is sometimes -somewhat spotted with blackish. The white markings on the coverts -are larger in proportion, and there are almost always two series of white -spots on the greater coverts, as in northern varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>, not one, as -in most of those from the Middle States.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, like the Hairy Woodpecker, is a resident rather -than a migratory species, and breeds wherever it is met with. It also seems -to have very nearly the same geographical distribution with that species. Dr. -Woodhouse found it common throughout the Indian Territory, Texas, and -New Mexico. It does not, however, appear to have been collected by any -of the parties engaged in the Pacific Railroad surveys, nor by that upon -the survey of the Mexican boundary. Of seventeen specimens given by -<!--565.png--><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 511]</span> -Professor Baird in 1858 as in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, -six are from Pennsylvania, two from Massachusetts, two from Missouri, -one from Bonhomme Island in Nebraska, and the rest from Fort Leavenworth, -Salt Creek, Fort Riley, and Platte River in Kansas. It is quite -common throughout the coast region of Alaska, exclusive of the Aleutians, -and throughout the entire valley of the Yukon. Wilson makes no mention -of its geographical distribution, probably because he found it everywhere -common, to the extent of his own investigations. Audubon speaks of it as -very generally distributed from the lower parts of Louisiana to Labrador, -and as far westward as he travelled.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson states that this species is a constant inhabitant of the -fur countries up to the 58th parallel. It seeks its food principally on the -maple, elm, and ash, and, north of latitude 54<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, where these trees are not -found, on the aspen and birch.</p> - -<p>According to Wilson, these birds select a suitable place for the excavation -of their nest, about the middle of May. An apple, pear, or cherry tree, often -in the near neighborhood of a farm-house, is generally fixed upon for this -purpose. The work of excavation is begun by the male, who cuts a hole in the -solid wood as circular as if described with a pair of compasses. He is occasionally -relieved by the female, both parties working with the most indefatigable -diligence. The direction of the hole, when made in the body of -the tree, is downward by an angle of forty degrees for the distance of six or -eight inches, and then directly downward for ten or twelve more. Within, -the excavation is roomy, capacious, and as smooth as if polished by the hand -of the most finished workman. The entrance is, however, left only just -large enough to admit the bodies of the birds. During their labor they even -take the pains to carry their chips to a distance, to prevent suspicion. -This operation sometimes occupies the chief part of a week. The eggs are -generally six in number, pure white, and laid on the smooth bottom of the -cavity. The male supplies the female with food while she is sitting. The -young generally leave the nest about the last of June.</p> - -<p>The same writer also gives an interesting account of the impudent coolness -of the House Wren, who, coveting the well-built home of this Woodpecker, and -unable to excavate such an apartment for itself, waits until the poor Woodpeckers -have completed their work, and then attacks them with violence and -drives them off from the nest they have been at so much pains to prepare. He -states that he saw a striking example of this, where the Woodpeckers, after -commencing in a cherry-tree, within a few yards of the house, and having -made considerable progress, were turned out by the Wren. They began again -on a pear-tree in the garden, a few yards off, when, after digging out a most -complete apartment, and laying one egg, they were once more assaulted by -the same impertinent intruder, and finally forced to abandon the place.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon gives substantially the same account of their nesting, only -he assigns an earlier period, the middle of April, for its commencement, and -<!--566.png--><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 512]</span> -describes the entrance to the excavation as often being at right angles to the -trunk for a few inches before it descends. He states that in the Southern -and Middle States two broods are raised in a season, farther north seldom -more than one.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, speaks of this Woodpecker as being one -of the most common and familiar, in Vermont, of the family. They are to be -met with in his neighborhood at all seasons of the year, though he is of the -opinion that many of them go south to spend the winter. They deposit their -eggs about the first of June in the very snug little excavations they prepare. -The male bird will sometimes prepare a separate apartment for himself, apart -from his mate. Mr. Paine has taken the male in such a hole by himself, and -without any nest or eggs, evidently only prepared for shelter.</p> - -<p>This Woodpecker has a single note or cry, sounding like <i class="birdcall">chink</i>, which it -frequently repeats. When it flies, and often when it alights, this cry is -more shrill and prolonged. They are very industrious, and are constantly -employed in search of insects, chiefly in orchards and the more open -groves. The orchard is its favorite resort, and it is particularly fond of boring -the bark of apple-trees for insects. This fact, and the erroneous impression -that it taps the trees for the sap, has given to these birds the common -name of Sapsuckers, and has caused an unjust prejudice against them. -So far from doing any injury to the trees, they are of great and unmixed -benefit. Wilson, who was at great pains to investigate the matter, declares -that he invariably found that those trees that were thus marked by the -Woodpecker were uniformly the most thriving and the most productive. -“Here, then,” adds Wilson, “is a whole species—I may say genus—of -birds, which Providence seems to have formed for the protection of our fruit -and forest trees from the ravages of vermin, which every day destroy millions -of those noxious insects that would otherwise blast the hopes of the -husbandman, and even promote the fertility of the tree, and in return -are proscribed by those who ought to have been their protectors.”</p> - -<p>The egg of this species is nearly spherical, pure white, and measures .83 by -.72 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GAIRDNER’S WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus gairdneri</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 317.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 180.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. -IV</abbr>, 1842, 252 (not figured).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 91, <abbr title="plate 85, figures">pl. lxxxv, f.</abbr> 2, 3.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1866, 17.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 44.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 159.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 334.—<abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Picidæ, I</abbr>, 123.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, -201.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 377.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 111. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus meridionalis</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 690 (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>).—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, 1847, 55, 105. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus turati</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ One">Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 125, <abbr title="table">tab.</abbr> 29 -(small race, 5.50, from Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, nearest <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates turati</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & -Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 65. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates homorus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, -2, 1863, 65 (larger, more spotted style).</p> - -<!--567.png--><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 513]</span> -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> in size and markings, but with less white on the wings. -Varies from entire absence of exposed white spots on the middle and greater wing-coverts -and innermost secondaries, with small spots on the quills, to spots on most of their -feathers, but absent on some, and the spots generally larger.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast of United States to Rocky Mountains. Darkest and with least -white in Western Oregon and Washington.</p> - -<p>In the preceding article we have given the comparative characters of this -form, which we can only consider as a variety, and not very permanent or -strongly marked at that.</p> - -<p>As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, this race varies much in the color of the under parts, -which are sometimes pure white, sometimes smoky-brown. It is suggested -that this is partly due to a soiling derived from inhabiting charred trees. -It is, at any rate, of no specific value.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Gairdner’s Woodpecker is the western representative and counterpart -of the Downy Woodpecker of the east, resembling it in size and -general habits, and only differing from it in certain exceptional characteristics -already mentioned. It is found throughout western North America, -probably from Mexico to the British Possessions, and from the eastern base -of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with it in California, chiefly in the northern parts of the -State, but did not observe any south of the Santa Clara Valley. Dr. Coues -saw none in Arizona, or possibly a single specimen not positively ascertained.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found one of its nests near Santa Clara, on the 24th of May, -containing young. It had been burrowed in a small and partly rotten tree, -and was about five feet from the ground. From the fact that they were -found breeding so far south he infers that among the mountains they probably -occur much farther to the south, as do most other northern birds. He -found them frequenting chiefly the smaller trees in the vicinity of the evergreen -woods, where they were to be seen at all seasons industriously tapping -the bark to obtain insects.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry mentions finding them very common in Oregon, and also -in Northern California. In Washington Territory, Dr. Suckley found them -extremely common on the Lower Columbia, especially among the willow-trees -lining its banks. They were resident throughout the winter, and in these -situations were very abundant. In January, 1856, he found them so abundant -among the willows growing on the islands in the delta of the Willamette, -that he readily obtained eight specimens in the space of an hour. At -that season they were very unwary, giving little heed to the presence of man, -not even allowing the near discharge of a gun to interfere with their busy -search for food.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann speaks of it as neither common nor especially rare. He -obtained several specimens among the mountains of Northern California.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord met with these Woodpeckers abundantly in the Northwestern -<!--568.png--><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 514]</span> -Boundary Survey. They differed slightly in their habits from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>, -generally hunting for insects on the maples, alders, and stunted oaks, rather -than on the pine-trees. Specimens were taken on Vancouver Island, Sumass -Prairie, Colville, and the west slope of the Rocky Mountains at an altitude -of seven thousand feet above the sea-level.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this Woodpecker to be unaccountably rare in the -Sierra Nevada and all portions of the Great Basin, as well as in the Wahsatch -and Uintah Mountains, even in places where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> was at all -times abundant. Indeed, he only met with it on two or three occasions, in -the fall: first in the Upper Humboldt Valley, in September, where it was -rare in the thickets along the streams; and again in the Wahsatch Mountains, -where but a single brood of young was met with in August.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species from Oregon, obtained by Mr. Ricksecker, is larger -than that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, but similar in shape, being very nearly spherical. -It measures .96 of an inch in length by .85 in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DYCTIOPICUS</b></span>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Ateneo Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis & <abbr title="Heine">Hein.</abbr></span> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Four">Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 74. (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Small species, banded above transversely with black or brown and white.</p> - -<p>Of this group there are two sections,—one with the central tail-feathers -entirely black, from Mexico and the United States (three species); the other -with their feathers like the lateral black, banded or spotted with white -(three species from southern South America). The northern section is characterized -as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> All the larger coverts and quills with white spots becoming -transverse bands on innermost secondaries. Cheeks black with a supra-orbital and a -malar stripe of white. Back banded alternately with black and white, but not on upper -tail-coverts, nor four central tail-feathers. Beneath whitish, sides with elongated black -spots; flanks and crissum transversely barred. Tail-feathers, except as mentioned, with -spots or <a name="note30" id="note30"></a>transverse bars of black. Head of male with red patch above (restricted in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>), each feather with a white spot below the red. <i class="sex">Female</i> without red.</p> - -<p>The characters of the species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, with its varieties, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, will -be found under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--569.png--><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 515]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</b>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 511 (Mexico).—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 138.—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> -P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 307.—<abbr title="Sundevall Conspectus"><span class="sc">Sund.</span> Consp.</abbr> 18.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 94, <abbr title="plate 41, figure">pl. xli, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Ibid Report of the Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> -Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, 4, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 333.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1863, 195.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 48.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>c</i>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 18.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 379. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Dyctiopicus) scalaris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo -scalaris</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus.</abbr> 74. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus gracilis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 90 -(Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus parvus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabot</span>, Boston <abbr title="Journal of Natural History Five">Jour. N. H. V</abbr>, 1845, 90 (Sisal, Yucatan). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus orizabæ</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 196 (Orizaba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus bogotus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. -A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 196; <abbr title="Journal Academy Natural Sciences Five">Jour. A. N. S. V</abbr>, 1863, 460, <abbr title="plate 52, figure">pl. lii, f.</abbr> 1 (<abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus bairdi</i> -(<abbr title="Sclater manuscript"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> MSS.</abbr>), <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ One">Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 118, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="planche 27, figures">t. xxvii, f.</abbr> 7, 8.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 333, (?) <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -64, 177 (city of <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>).—<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 76.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> -1863, 196.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52 (perhaps <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>).—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, -1865, 468. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Texas and New Mexico, to Arizona; south through Eastern Mexico -to Yucatan. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="manuscript">MSS.</abbr> <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Arizona; -Western Mexico and Tres Marias.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Back banded transversely with black and white from nape to rump (not -upper tail-coverts). Quills and coverts with spots of white; forming bands on the -secondaries. Two white stripes on sides of head. Top of head red, spotted with white. -Nasal tufts brown. Beneath brownish-white, with black spots on sides, becoming bands -behind. Outer tail-feathers more or less banded. Length, about 6.50; wing, 3.50 to -4.50; tail, about 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Guatemala, Mexico, and adjacent southern parts of United States. Localities: -Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 367); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 357); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -136); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 333); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> -Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 205).</p> - -<p>In the above diagnosis we have endeavored to express the average of -characters belonging to a Woodpecker to which many names, based on -trifling geographical variations, have been assigned, but which legitimately -can be only considered as one species. This is among the smallest of the -North American Woodpeckers, and in all its variations the wings are long, -reaching as far as the short feathers of the tail. The upper parts generally -are black, on the back, rump, and exposed feathers of the wings banded -transversely with white, the black bands rather the narrower; the quills and -larger coverts spotted with the same on both webs, becoming bands on the -innermost secondaries. The upper tail-coverts and two inner tail-feathers -on either side are black. The white bands of the back extend all the way -up to the neck, without any interscapular interruption. The under parts -are of a pale smoky brownish-white, almost with a lilac tinge; on the sides -of the breast and belly are a few scattered small but elongated spots. The -posterior parts of the sides under the wing and the under tail-coverts are -obscurely banded transversely with black. The top of the head, extending -from a narrow sooty frontlet at the base of the bill to a short, broad nuchal -crest, is crimson in the male, each feather with a white spot between the -<!--570.png--><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 516]</span> -crimson and the dark brown base of the feathers. The brown nasal tuft is -scarcely different from the feathers of the forehead.</p> - -<p>In a large series of specimens of this species, from a wide area of distribution, -considerable differences are appreciable in size, but fewer in coloration than -might be expected. Yucatan birds are the least (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus parvus</i>, Cabot; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vagatus</i>, -Cassin), the wing measuring 3.30 inches. Those from Southern Mexico -are but little larger (wing, 3.60). In Northern Mexico the wing is nearly -4 inches; in New Mexico it is 4.30. The markings vary but little. The black -and white bands on the back are about of equal width, but sometimes one, -sometimes the other, appears the larger; the more eastern have, perhaps, the -most white. The pattern on the tail is quite constant. Thus, assuming the -three outer feathers to be white, banded with black, the outermost may be -said to have seven transverse bars of black, of which the terminal four -(sometimes five) are distinct and perfect, the basal three (or two) confluent -into one on the inner web (the extreme base of the feather white). The -next feather has, perhaps, the same number of dark bands, but here only -two (sometimes three) are continuous and complete; the innermost united -together, the outer showing as scallops. The third feather has no continuous -bands (or only one), all the inner portions being fused; the outer mere scallops, -sometimes an oblique edging; generally, however, the interspaces of -the dark bands are more or less distinctly traceable through their dusky suffusion, -especially on the inner web of the outer feather. The number of free -bands thus varies slightly, but the general pattern is the same. This condition -prevails in nearly all the specimens before us from Yucatan and Mexico -(in only one specimen from Arizona, and one or two from Texas), and is -probably the typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> of Wagler.</p> - -<p>In specimens from the Rio Grande and across to Arizona the seven bands -of the outer feather are frequently continuous and complete on both webs -to the base, a slight suffusion only indicating the tendency to union in the -inner web. The other feathers are much as described, except that the white -interspaces of the black scallops penetrate deeper towards the shaft. This -is perhaps the race to which the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bairdi</i> has been applied. We do -not find, however, any decided reduction in the amount of red on the anterior -portion of the head, as stated for this species (perhaps it is less continuous -towards the front), except in immature birds; young females possibly -losing the immature red of the crown, as with typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.</p> - -<p>A third type of tail-marking is seen in specimens from the Pacific coast, -and from the Tres Marias especially; also in some skins from Southwestern -Arizona. Here the extreme forehead is black, with white spots; the red of -the crown not so continuous anteriorly even as in the last-mentioned race. -The general pattern of tail is as described, and the bars on the inner webs -are also confluent towards the base, but we have only two or three transverse -bars at the end of the outer feathers; the rest of outer web entirely -white, this color also invading the inner. The second feather is similarly -<!--571.png--><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 517]</span> -marked, sometimes with only one spot on outer web; the third has the -black scallops restricted. This may be called <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>, as most specimens -in the Smithsonian collection were furnished by Colonel Grayson. -The size is equal to the largest typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.</p> - -<p>We next come to the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas bird, described by Mr. Xantus as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -lucasanus</i>. Here the bill and feet become disproportionally larger and more -robust than in any described; the black bands of the back larger than the -white, perhaps fewer in number. The continuous red of the head also appears -restricted to a stripe above and behind the eye and on the occiput, although -there are some scattered feathers as far forward as above the eyes. -The specimens are, however, not in very good plumage, and this marking -cannot be very well defined; the red may really be as continuous forward as -in the last variety. The nasal tufts are brown, as in the typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>. -The outer three tail-feathers in most specimens show still more white, with -one or two indistinct terminal bands only on the outer two; one or two -additional spots, especially on inner web, and the sub-basal patch of inner -web greatly reduced. Specimens vary here in this respect, as in other races -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, but the average is as described.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding the decided difference between typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i>, -the discovery of the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i> makes it possible to consider both -as extremes of one species. To <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, however, it is but one step farther; -a restriction of the red to the posterior half of the top of head, the white -instead of brown nasal feathers, and the whiter under parts being the only -positive characters. The markings of the tail are almost identical with those -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i>. The anterior portion of the back is, however, not banded, as -in the several varieties described. For this reason it may therefore be questioned -whether, if <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> are one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i> should not belong -to the same series.</p> - -<p>We thus find that the amount of black on the tail is greatest in Southern -and Southeastern Mexican specimens, and farther north it begins to -diminish; in Western Mexico it is still more reduced, while at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas the white is as great in amount as in the Upper Californian <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -nuttalli</i>.</p> - -<p>The characters given above for the different varieties or races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -scalaris</i>, as far as they relate to the tail, may be expressed in the following -table, illustrated by the accompanying diagram, showing the markings of -outer tail-feather in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Outer tail-feathers with seven distinct transverse black bands.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -These bands confluent on inner web near the base -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Bands distinct on inner web -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Bands on outer tail-feather distinct on outer webs at end only, obsolete -or wanting towards base (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tarsus, .68. Bill and legs as in average -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Tarsus, .78. Bill and legs very stout -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i></span>.</p> - -<p><!--572.png--><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 518]</span></p> - -<table> - <tr><td class="center"> - <div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px"> - <img src="images/i_572a.jpg" - width="150" height="500" - alt="Tail-feather picus scalaris"/> - </div></td> - <td class="center"> - <div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px"> - <img src="images/i_572b.jpg" - width="150" height="451" - alt="Tail-feather picus nuttalli"/> - </div> - </td></tr> - <tr><td class="center">Outermost tail-feather of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris.</i><br /><b class="specimen-number">6105</b></td> - <td class="center">Outermost tail-feather of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli.</i><br /><b class="specimen-number">4482</b> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species belongs to our southern and southwestern fauna, -entering our borders from Mexico, occurring from the valley of the Rio -Grande to Southeastern California, and the slopes of -the Rocky Mountains south of the 35th parallel. -It is found throughout Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala.</p> - -<p>Dr. Samuel Cabot obtained a single specimen of -this bird at Yucatan, which he described under the -name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. parvus</i>, in the Boston Journal of Natural -History, <abbr title="Five, page">V, p.</abbr> 92. It was procured early in December, -1841, in the neighborhood of Ticul, Yucatan. -Dr. Kennerly considered it a not uncommon species -in the vicinity of Boca Grande; especially wherever -there were large trees. The same naturalist, in his -Report on the birds of Lieutenant Whipple’s expedition, -states that he very often saw this bird near -San Antonio, Texas, as well as during the march -several hundred miles west of that place, but that, -after leaving the Rio Grande, he did not meet with it until he reached the -head-waters of Bill Williams Fork. From thence to the Great Colorado -River he saw it frequently, wherever there was any timber; but it was -very shy, alighting on the tops of the leafless cotton-wood trees, and keeping -a vigilant lookout.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds of Lieutenant J. G. Parke’s -expedition, states that he observed this Woodpecker in the southernmost -portion of California, and found it more and more abundant as he advanced -towards Texas, where it was quite common. The same naturalist, in his -Report on the birds of Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, remarks that he -procured this bird first at Vallicita, but found it abounding in the woods -about Fort Yuma. He considered the species as new to the California -fauna, though frequently seen in Texas, several of the expeditions having -collected it.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse, in his Report on the birds of Sitgreaves’s expedition to -the Zuñi and the Colorado speaks of finding this beautiful little Woodpecker -abundant in Texas, east of the Pecos River. During his stay in San Antonio -and its vicinity, he became quite familiar with it. It was to be seen, -at all times, flying from tree to tree, and lighting on the trunk of the mesquites -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Algarobia</i>), closely searching for its insect-food. In its habits and -notes, he states, it much resembles the common Hairy Woodpecker. Dr. -Woodhouse elsewhere remarks that he did not meet with this bird west of -the Rio San Pedro, in Texas. In regard to its breeding-habits, so far as I am -aware, they are inferred rather than known. It is quite probable they are -not unlike those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, which it so closely resembles. The -eggs in the collection of the Smithsonian were obtained with the collections -<!--573.png--><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 519]</span> -of the late Dr. Berlandier of Matamoras, in the province of Tamaulipas, -Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that this Woodpecker is abundant in the Colorado Valley, -and that they are sometimes seen on the bushes covering the neighboring -mountains. In habits he regards them the exact counterpart of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>, -to which they are allied.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found them resident and very common throughout all Texas -and Northeastern Mexico. It breeds abundantly about San Antonio, boring -into any tree it finds most suitable for its purposes.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues regards Fort Whipple as about the northern limit of this species -in Arizona. It is not very common, is only a summer resident, and breeds -sparingly there. Farther south, throughout the Territory, and in the Colorado -Valley, he found it abundant. It does not cross the Colorado Desert -into California, and is there replaced by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>. It extends south into -Central America. A bird shot by Dr. Coues, June 5, appeared to be incubating; -young birds were taken just fledged July 10. The nest was in the -top of a live-oak tree. Malherbe, who speaks of this Woodpecker as exclusively -Mexican, states that he has been informed that it is abundant in -that country, where it may be seen at all times, climbing over the trunks -and branches of trees. It is said to be very familiar and unwary, living commonly -in gardens and orchards through the greater part of the year, and -many of them nesting there, though in regard to their manner of nesting he -has no information.</p> - -<p>The egg of this Woodpecker in shape is most similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, -being of an oblong-oval. It is larger than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, and not of so clear -a white color. It measures exactly one inch in length by .75 of an inch in -breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</b>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CAPE WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus lucasanus</i>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1859, 298, 302.—<span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ One">Mon. Picidæ, I</abbr>, -166.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 195.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 381.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General appearance that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>. Bill stout, as long -as or longer than the head. Above black, banded transversely with white on the back -and scapulars to the nape, the white narrower band, the rump and inner tail-feathers entirely -black; quills with a row of white spots on each web; the outer square, the inner -rounded, these spots on the tertials becoming transversely quadrangular. Beneath brownish-white, -with rounded black spots on the sides of the breast, passing behind on the flanks -and under tail-coverts into transverse bars. Greater inner wing-coverts transversely -barred. Outer two tail-feathers white, with one, sometimes two terminal bars, next to -which are one or two bars on the inner web only; third feather black, the outer web -mostly white, with traces of a terminal black bar; sometimes there is a greater predominance -of black on the inner web. Two white stripes on side of head, one starting -above, the other below the eye, with a tendency to meet behind and form a whitish -<!--574.png--><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 520]</span> -collar on the nape. Male with the entire top of the head streaked with red, becoming -more conspicuous behind; each red streak with a white spot at base. Feathers covering -the nostrils smoky-brown. Length, 7.15; extent, 12.15; wing, 4.00; bill above, 1.00; -middle toe and claw, .80; tarsus, .76.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>Of the distinctness of this bird as a species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> I -had at one time no doubt; but the discovery that the otherwise typical -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> from Mazatlan and Western Mexico generally have the same markings -on the tail has induced me to consider it as a kind of connecting link. -I have, however, thought it best to give a detailed description for comparison. -Of about the same size with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, the bill and feet are much -larger. The legs, indeed, are nearly, if not quite, as large as those of -male <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> from Pennsylvania; the bill, however, is somewhat less. -The relations to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris</i> are seen in the dorsal bands extending to the -nape, the smoky-brown feathers of the nostrils, the red on the whole top -of head (scattering anteriorly), the brownish shade beneath, the width of -the white cheek-bands, etc. On the other hand, it has the black bands of -the back rather wider than the white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, and the white outer -tail-feathers even less banded with black. The two outer are entirely white, -with one terminal black bar; one or two spots on the outer web; and two -or three bands on the inner, with a sub-basal patch on the inner web, even -smaller than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>. It is rarely that even two continuous transverse -bands can be seen to cross both webs of the tail. The bill and feet are -much larger.</p> - -<p>The following measurements taken from the largest specimens before us -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</i>, and one of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, will illustrate what has been said of -the size of bill and feet of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lucasanus</i>.</p> - -<table summary="measurement of bill and feet"> -<tr class="t"><td class="l r"></td> - <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus.</i></td> - <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lucasanus.</i></td> - <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli.</i></td> - <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"></td> - <td class="center l r b">884 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="center r b"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 12939</td> - <td class="center r b"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 4482</td> - <td class="center r b"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 6105</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Bill from forehead,</td> - <td class="rightspace r">1.26</td> - <td class="rightspace r">1.10</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.90</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.99</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Tarsus,</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.76</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.76</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.70</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.68</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Middle toe and claw,</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.87</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.84</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.75</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.65</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Claw alone,</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.39</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.34</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.32</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.31</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Outer hind toe and claw,</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.95</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.84</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.79</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.80</td></tr> -<tr class="b"><td class="leftspace l r">Claw alone,</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.40</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.32</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.31</td> - <td class="rightspace r">.31</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Nothing distinctive is known of the habits of this race.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--575.png--><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 521]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</b>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NUTTALL’S WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">Pr. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, April, 1843, 259 (Los Angeles, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 93.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus avium picinarum">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 19.—<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 100.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 195.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 50.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, -378. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, (<span class="sc">Wagler</span>) <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second series, One, December">2d ser. I, Dec.</abbr> 1847, 55, -<abbr title="plate 9, figures">pl. ix, f.</abbr> 2, 3 (not of <span class="sc">Wagler</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus wilsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1849, 529.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> -Consp.</abbr> 1850, 138. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Trichopicus) wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten. -Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Back black, banded transversely with white, but not on upper tail-coverts, -nor as far forward as the neck. Greater and middle coverts and quills with spots or -bands of white. Crown black, with white spots, sometimes wanting. On the nape a -patch of white, behind this unbanded black. Occiput and nape crimson in the male. -Tufts of feathers at the base of the bill white. Sides of the head black, with two white -stripes, one above the eye and passing down on the side of the neck, the other below -and cut off behind by black. Under parts smoky yellowish-white, spotted on the sides -of the breast, and banded on flank and crissum with black. Predominant character of -the outer tail-feather white, with two or three interrupted bands towards end; none at -base. Length, about 7.00; wing, 4.50. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the top of the head uniform black, -or sometimes spotted with white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast region of California.</p> - -<p>Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest; second intermediate -between the seventh and eighth. General color above black, barred -transversely with white on the back, rump, and flanks; the upper surface -of tail and tail-coverts, and a broad patch on the upper part of the back about -half an inch long, pure black. The white bands measure about .12 of an -inch, the black about twice as much. The top of the head is black, each -feather with a short streak of white; on the extreme occiput and the nape -is a transverse patch of crimson, each feather having a white spot just below -the crimson. The crimson patch is usually as far from the base of the bill -above as this is from its point. The sides of the head may be described as -black; a white stripe commences on the upper edge of the eye, and, passing -backwards, margins the crimson, and extends on down the side of the neck -to a patch of white, apparently connected with its fellow on the opposite -side by white spots. Another narrow white stripe commences at the -nostrils, (the bristles of which are whitish,) and passes as far as the occiput, -where it ceases in the middle of the black of the cheeks. There are thus -two white streaks on the side of the head bordering a black one passing -through the eye. The under parts generally are white, with a dirty yellow -tinge. The sides of the breast and body are faintly streaked with black; -the flanks barred with the same. The under coverts are barred with black.</p> - -<p>The three outer tail-feathers are yellowish-white, with two or three interrupted -bars of black on the posterior or terminal fourth, and a concealed -patch of black on the inner web near the end. Only the terminal band is -<!--576.png--><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 522]</span> -continuous across, sometimes the others; always interrupted along the -shaft, and even reduced to rounded spots of black on one or both webs. No -distinct bands are visible on raising the crissum. The black patch on inner -web of outer tail-feather near the base increases on the second and third, -on the latter leaving the end only with an oblique white patch. The bands -on the under surface have a tendency to a transversely cordate and interrupted, -rather than a continuous, linear arrangement.</p> - -<p>Young birds have the whole top of head red, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris</i>, with or -without white at the base of the red. The white nasal tufts and other -characters will, however, distinguish them.</p> - -<p>This bird, though widely different in appearance from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, may nevertheless, -without any violence, be regarded as but one extreme of a species -of which the lighter examples of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i>) are the other, the transition -towards <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i> being through <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>, and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i>, -each in that succession showing a nearer approach to the distinctive -features of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>. We have not seen any intermediate specimens, however. -The pure white instead of smoky-brown nasal tufts, and their greater -development, are the only characters which show a marked difference from -the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>; but the other differences are nothing more than -an extension of the black markings and restriction of the red in the male, -the result of a melanistic tendency in the Pacific region.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered by Dr. Gambel near Los Angeles, -<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and described by him in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia -Academy. Afterwards, in his paper on the birds of California, published in -the Academy’s Journal, mistaking it for the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris</i> of Wagler, he furnished -a fuller description of the bird and its habits, and gave with it illustrations -of both sexes. So far as now known, it appears to be confined to -the regions in California and Oregon west of the Coast Range, extending as -far south as San Diego, representing, in its distribution on the Pacific, the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis</i> of the Atlantic States. One specimen in the Smithsonian collections -was obtained on Umpqua River, in Oregon Territory; the others at -Santa Clara, San Francisco, Petaluma, Bodega, and Yreka, in California. Dr. -Woodhouse says, in his Report on the birds of the Zuñi and Colorado expedition, -that he has only seen this bird in California, from which region he -has examined numerous specimens. Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds -of Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, states that this Woodpecker is occasionally -found in the mountains of Northern California, but that it is much -more abundant in the valleys. Dr. Gambel found it abundant in California -at all seasons. He describes it as having the usual habits of Woodpeckers, -familiarly examining the fence-rails and orchard-trees for its insect-fare. -He found it breeding at Santa Barbara, and on the 1st of May discovered a -nest containing young in the dead stump of an oak, about fifteen feet from -the ground. The hole for entrance was remarkably small, but inside appeared -large and deep. The parents were constantly bringing insects and larvæ.</p> - -<p><!--577.png--><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 523]</span> -Dr. Cooper states that this Woodpecker is quite abundant towards the -coast of California, and among the foothills west of the Sierra Nevada. It -frequents the oaks and the smaller trees almost exclusively, avoiding the -coniferous forests. It is very industrious, and not easily frightened, when -engaged in hammering on the bark of trees allowing a very near approach. -At other times, when pursued, it becomes more wary and suspicious. April -20, 1862, Dr. Cooper discovered a nest of this bird near San Diego. It was -in a rotten stump, and was only about four feet from the ground. He captured -the female on her nest, which contained five eggs of a pure pearly -whiteness.</p> - -<p>These birds are said to remain throughout the year in the valleys, and to -migrate very little, if at all. Dr. Cooper has not observed it west of the -Coast Range, except near Santa Barbara, nor has he seen any around gardens -or orchards. None have been observed north or east of the State. East of -the mountains it is replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus mentions finding a nest containing two eggs in a hole in the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cereus giganteus</i>, about fifteen feet from the ground. The excavation made -by the bird was about a foot and a half deep and six inches wide.</p> - -<p>This Woodpecker Mr. Ridgway saw only in the Sacramento Valley, where, -in June, it appeared to be a common species among the oaks of the plains. -He did not learn anything of its habits, but describes its notes as very -peculiar, the usual one being a prolonged querulous rattling call, unlike -that of any other bird known to him.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PHRENOPICUS</b></span>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Vol. Zygod. Ateneo Ital.</abbr> 1854. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1863, 70. Same type.</p> - -<p>This subgenus is closely related in external form to the preceding, differing -in rather longer and more pointed wings and tail, the latter especially, -and a very small, short bill. The first quill (excluding the spurious one) is -considerably longer than the sixth, not shorter. The tail-feathers are much -attenuated at end. The most marked differences in coloration of the type -species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis</i>, consists in the absence of the post-ocular black patch, -leaving the whole auricular region white, and in the restriction of the red -to a very narrow line on each side, usually concealed.</p> - -<p>Some authors place <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus stricklandi</i> of Mexico (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xylocopus -stricklandi</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine">Cab. and Hein.</abbr>) in this section, to which it may indeed belong as -far as the wing is concerned, but the markings are entirely different.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--578.png--><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 524]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</b>, <span class="sc">Vieill.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 66, <abbr title="plate 122">pl. cxxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Stephens</span>, in Shaw’s -<abbr title="General Zoölogy Nine">Gen. Zoöl. IX</abbr>, 1817, 174.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 96.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> -1863, 201.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1868, 50.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 305.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> -1866, 21. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Threnopipo borealis</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 70. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus querulus</i>, -<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 103, <abbr title="plate 15, figure">pl. xv, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 21.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Isis, 1829, 510.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 12, <abbr title="plate 389">pl. ccclxxxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, -1842, 254, <abbr title="plate 264">pl. cclxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 137.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863 (southernmost -race). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Phrenopicus) querulus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus leucotis</i>, -<span class="sc">Illiger</span> (fide Lichtenstein in letter to Wagler; perhaps only a catalogue name).—<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> -Verzeich.</abbr> 1823, 12, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 81. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus vieilloti</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill (not counting the spurious) longest. First nearer tip of fifth -than of sixth, intermediate between the two. Upper parts, with top and sides of the -head, black. Back, rump, and scapulars banded transversely with white; quills spotted -with white on both webs; middle and greater coverts spotted. Bristles of bill, under -parts generally, and a silky patch on the side of the head, white. Sides of breast and -body streaked with black. First and second outer tail-feathers white, barred with black -on inner web. Outer web of the third mostly white. A short, very inconspicuous -narrow streak of silky scarlet on the side of the head a short distance behind the eye, -along the junction of the white and black (this is wanting in the female); a narrow short -line of white just above the eye. Length, about 7.25; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.25.</p> - -<p class="small">Hab. Southern States, becoming very rare north to Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>This species differs from the other banded Woodpeckers, as stated in the -diagnosis, in having a large patch of white behind the eye, including the -ears and sides of head, and not traversed by a black post-ocular stripe. The -bands of the back, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>, do not reach the nape, nor extend over -the upper tail-covert. The white patch occupies almost exactly the same -area as the black one in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>; the white space covered by the supra-orbital -and malar stripes, and the white patch on side of nape, of the latter -species being here black.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Cassin, southern specimens which he distinguishes as -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. querulus</i> from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis</i> of Pennsylvania, differ in smaller number of -transverse bars on the back, and shorter quills, and in fewer white spots on -the wing-coverts and outer primaries. The black band on the back of neck -is wider. This therefore exhibits the same tendency to melanism, in more -southern specimens, that has been already indicated for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-cockaded Woodpecker has a restricted distribution to the -Southeastern Atlantic States, being rarely met with so far north as Pennsylvania. -Georgia and Florida are the only localities represented in the Smithsonian -collection, though other Southern States not named have furnished -specimens. It has been met with as far to the west as Eastern Texas and the -Indian Territory, where Dr. Woodhouse speaks of having found them common. -<!--579.png--><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 525]</span> -(Report of an Expedition down the Zuñi and Colorado Rivers, -Zoölogy, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 89.) Wilson only met with it in the pine woods of North Carolina, -Georgia, and South Carolina, and does not appear to have been acquainted -with its habits. Audubon speaks of it as being found abundantly -from Texas to New Jersey, and as far inland as Tennessee, and as nowhere -more numerous than in the pine barrens of Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. -He found these birds mated in Florida as early as January, and -engaged in preparing a breeding-place in February. The nest, he states, is -not unfrequently bored in a decayed stump about thirty feet high. The eggs -he describes as smooth and pure white, and as usually four in number, -though he has found as many as six in a nest. The young crawl out of their -holes before they are able to fly, and wait on the branches to receive the food -brought by their parents until they are able to shift for themselves. During -the breeding-season the call of these birds is more than usually lively and -petulant, and is reiterated through the pine woods where it is chiefly -found.</p> - -<p>Wilson compares the common call-notes of these birds to the querulous -cries of young birds. His attention was first directed to them by this -peculiarity. He characterizes the species as restless, active, and clamorous.</p> - -<p>Though almost exclusively a Southern species, and principally found south -of North Carolina, individuals have been known to wander much farther -north. Mr. G. N. Lawrence obtained a specimen of this bird in Hoboken, -<abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, opposite New York City.</p> - -<p>In quickness of motion this Woodpecker is said to be equalled by very -few of the family. Mr. Audubon states that it glides upwards and sideways, -along the trunks and branches, on the lower as well as the upper sides of -the latter, moving with great celerity, and occasionally uttering a short, shrill, -clear cry, that can be heard at a considerable distance. Mr. Audubon kept -a wounded one several days. It soon cut its way out of a cage, and ascended -the wall of the room as it would a tree, seizing such spiders and -insects as it was able to find. Other than this it would take no food, and -was set at liberty.</p> - -<p>In the stomach of one dissected were found small ants and a few minute -coleopterous insects. In Florida it mates in January and nests in February. -In the winter it seeks shelter in holes, as also in stormy weather. Mr. -Audubon states that it occasionally feeds on grain and on small fruits. -Some go to the ground to search for those that have fallen from trees. They -are always found in pairs, and during the breeding-season are very pugnacious.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species obtained near Wilmington, <abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr>, by Mr. N. Giles, -measures .95 by .70 of an inch. It is pure white, appeared less glossy than -the eggs of most Woodpeckers, and was of a more elliptical shape. Another -egg of this bird sent to me by Mr. Samuel Pasco of Monticello, <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, -measures .98 by .70 of an inch, being even more oblong in shape, and corresponds -<!--580.png--><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 526]</span> -also in the absence of that brilliant polish so common in most -Woodpeckers.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XENOPICUS</b></span>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 83. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 74. (Same type.)</p> - -<p>This section of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i> is not appreciably different in form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -villosus</i>, which may be taken as the American type of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>. The -plumage appears softer, however, and the uniformly black body with white -head and white patch at base of primaries will readily distinguish it from -any allied group.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Five, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct.</abbr> 1850, 106 (California). <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> -Consp. Zyg. At. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> -<abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, <abbr title="Two, January">II, Jan.</abbr> 1853, 257, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. and Oreg.</abbr> Route, -9, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six">Rep. P. R. R. VI</abbr>, 1857. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Xenopicus) albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 96.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 202.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. Art. Ins. IV</abbr>, -1864, 112 (<abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Colville; nesting).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 160.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America Nine">N. Am. IX</abbr>, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 29.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology of California One">Orn. -Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 382. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus albolarvatus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, -74. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title=" Illustrated Birds of America, One, plate 29">Illust. Birds Am. I, pl. xxix</abbr>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_580.jpg" - width="250" height="194" - alt="Illustration: Picus albolarvatus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth and fifth quills equal and longest; tip of first equidistant between -sixth and seventh. Entirely bluish-black, -excepting the head and neck, and the outer -edges of the primaries (except outermost), -and the concealed bases of all the quills, -which are white. Length, about 9.00; -wing, 5.25. Male with a narrow crescent -of red on the occiput.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cascade Mountains of Oregon and -southward into California. Sierra Nevada.</p> - - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This very plainly marked -Woodpecker, formerly considered very -rare, is now known to be abundant in -the mountains of Northern California and Nevada, as also in the mountain-ranges -of Washington Territory and Oregon. Dr. Cooper found it quite -common near the summits of the Sierra Nevada, latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, in September, -1863, and procured three specimens. Three years previously he had met -with it at Fort Dalles, Columbia River. He thinks that its chief range of -distribution will be found to be between those two points. He also found -it as far north as Fort Colville, in the northern part of Washington Territory, -latitude 49<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. He characterizes it as a rather silent bird.</p> - -<p><!--581.png--><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 527]</span> -Dr. Newberry only met with this bird among the Cascade Mountains, in -Oregon, where he did not find it common.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. G. Bell, who first discovered this species, in the vicinity of Sutter’s -Mills, in California, on the American River, represents it as frequenting the -higher branches of the pines, keeping almost out of gunshot range. Active -and restless in its movements, it uttered at rare intervals a sharp and clear -note, while busily pursuing its search for food.</p> - -<p>Mr. John K. Lord states that the only place in which he saw this very -rare bird was in the open timbered country about the Colville Valley and -Spokan River. He has observed that this Woodpecker almost invariably -haunts woods of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinus ponderosa</i>, and never retires into the thick damp -forest. It arrives in small numbers at Colville, in April, and disappears -again in October and November, or as soon as the snow begins to fall. Although -he did not succeed in obtaining its eggs, he saw a pair nesting in the -month of May in a hole bored in the branch of a very tall pine-tree. It -seldom flies far, but darts from tree to tree with a short jerking flight, and -always, while flying, utters a sharp, clear, chirping cry. Mr. Ridgway found -it to be common in the pine forests of the Sierra Nevada, in the region of -the Donner Lake Pass. It was first observed in July, at an altitude of about -five thousand feet, on the western slope of that range, where it was seen playing -about the tops of the tallest dead pines. On various occasions, at all seasons, -it was afterwards found to be quite plentiful on the eastern slope, in the -neighborhood of Carson City, Nevada. Its habits and manners are described -as much like those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>, but it is of a livelier and more restless -disposition. Its notes have some resemblance to those of that species, but -are of a more rattling character. It is easily recognized, when seen, by its -strikingly peculiar plumage.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--582.png--><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 528]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICOIDES</b>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lacépède"><span class="sc">Lacep.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lacépède Mémoires de l'Institut"><span class="sc">Lacep.</span> Mem. Inst.</abbr> 1799. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus tridactylus</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</i>, <abbr title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr> Shaw, <abbr title="General Zoölogy">Gen. Zoöl.</abbr> 1815.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 311.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_582.jpg" - width="250" height="207" - alt="Illustration: Picoides arcticus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">39143</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill about as long as the head, very much depressed at the base; the -outlines nearly straight; the lateral -ridge at its base much nearer the -commissure than the culmen, so as -to bring the large, rather linear nostrils -close to the edge of the commissure. -The gonys very long, equal to -the distance from the nostrils to the -tip of the bill. Feet with only -three toes, the first or inner hinder -one being wanting; the outer -lateral a little longer than the -inner, but slightly exceeded by the -hind toe, which is about equal to -the tarsus. Wings very long, -reaching beyond the middle of the -tail, the tip of the first quill -between those of sixth and seventh. -Color black above, with a broad patch of yellow on the crown; white beneath, transversely -banded on the sides. Quills, but not wing-coverts, with round spots. Lateral -tail-feathers white, without bands on exposed portion, except in European specimens.</p> - -<p>The peculiarities of this genus consist in the absence of the inner hind -toe and the great depression of the bill. The figure above fails to represent -the median ridge of the bill as viewed from above.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> The American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</i> agree in being black above -and white beneath; the crown with a square yellow patch in the male; a white stripe -behind the eye, and another from the loral region beneath the eye; the quills (but not -the coverts) spotted with white; the sides banded transversely with black. The diagnostic -characters (including the European species) are as <span style="white-space:nowrap;">follows:—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus.</b> Dorsal region without white markings; no supraloral white -stripe or streak, nor nuchal band of white. Four middle tail-feathers wholly -black; the next pair with the basal half black; the outer two pairs almost -wholly white, without any dark bars. Entire sides heavily banded with -black; crissum immaculate; sides of the breast continuously black. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. -Crown with a patch of yellow, varying from lemon, through gamboge, to -orange, and not surrounded by any whitish markings or suffusion. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. -Crown lustrous black, without any yellow, and destitute of white streaks -or other markings. Wing, 4.85 to 5.25; tail, 3.60; culmen, 1.40 to 1.55. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern parts of North America. In winter just within the -northern border of the United States, but farther south on high mountain-ranges.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--583.png--><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 529]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tridactylus.</b> Dorsal region with white markings, of various amount -and direction; a more or less distinct supraloral white streak or stripe, and -a more or less apparent nuchal band of the same. Four to six middle tail-feathers -entirely black; when six, the remainder are white, with distinct -black bars to their ends; when four, they are white without any black bars, -except occasionally a few toward the base. Sides always with black streaks -or markings, but they are sometimes very sparse; crissum banded with -black, or immaculate; sides of the breast not continuously black. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. -Crown with a patch of gamboge, amber, or sulphur-yellow, surrounded by -a whitish suffusion or markings. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Crown without any yellow, but distinctly -streaked, speckled, or suffused with whitish (very seldom plain black).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Six middle tail-feathers wholly black. Europe and Asia.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Sides and crissum heavily barred with black (black bars about as -wide as the white ones).</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Back usually transversely spotted with white; occasionally -longitudinally striped with the same in Scandinavian examples. -Wing, 4.80 to 5.10; tail, 3.80 to 4.00; culmen, 1.20 to 1.35. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_127" id="fnanchor_127"></a><a href="#footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Sides and crissum almost free from black bars; black bars on the -outer tail-feathers very much narrower than the white.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Back always (?) striped longitudinally with white. Wing, -4.70 to 4.75; tail, 3.65 to 3.90; culmen, 1.20 to 1.35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Siberia and Northern Russia -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_128" id="fnanchor_128"></a><a href="#footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Four middle tail-feathers, only, wholly black. North America.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Sides heavily barred with black, but crissum without bars, except -beneath the surface. Three outer tail-feathers without black bars, -except sometimes on the basal portion of the inner webs. Wing, -4.40 to 5.10; tail, 3.40 to 3.70; culmen, 1.10 to 1.25.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Back transversely spotted or barred with white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Hudson’s Bay region; south in winter to northern border of -Eastern United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"> -Back longitudinally striped with white at all seasons. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Rocky Mountains; north to Alaska -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</i></span>.</p> -<!--I AN HERE--> -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--584.png--><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 530]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus,</b> <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Apternus) arcticus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 313. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus arcticus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 139.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of the California and Oregon Route">Zoöl. Cal. and Oreg. Route</abbr>, 91, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">Rep. -P. R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus arcticus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 182.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Six">Amer. -VI</abbr>, 1842, 266, <abbr title="plate 268">pl. cclxviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 691.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus One">Consp. I</abbr>, 1866, 15. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, 14, <abbr title="plate 14, figure">pl. xiv, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 198, <abbr title="plate 132">pl. cxxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia arctica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides -arcticus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Genera of Birds">Gen.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 98.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> -Woolwich, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 112 (Cascade Mountains).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy of Sciences">Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc.</abbr> 1868 (Lake -Tahoe and Sierra Nevada).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 94.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 384.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_584.jpg" - width="250" height="220" - alt="Illustration: Picoides arcticus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above entirely uniform glossy bluish-black; a square patch on the middle -of the crown saffron-yellow, and a few -white spots on the outer edges of both -webs of the primary and secondary -quills. Beneath white, on the sides of -whole body, axillars, and inner wing-coverts -banded transversely with black. -Crissum white, with a few spots anteriorly. -A narrow concealed white -line from the eye a short distance backwards, -and a white stripe from the -extreme forehead (meeting anteriorly) -under the eye, and down the sides of -the neck, bordered below by a narrow -stripe of black. Bristly feathers of the -base of the bill brown; sometimes a -few gray intermixed. Exposed portion -of two outer tail-feathers (first and -second) white; the third obliquely white at end, tipped with black. Sometimes these -feathers with a narrow black tip.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern North America; south to northern borders of United States in winter. -Massachusetts (<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr>, 1870, 129). Sierra Nevada, south to 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Lake -Tahoe (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>); Carson City (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>This species differs from the other American three-toed Woodpeckers -chiefly in having the back entirely black. The white line from the eye is -usually almost imperceptible, if not wanting entirely. Specimens vary very -little; one from Slave Lake has a longer bill than usual, and the top of -head more orange. The size of the vertex patch varies; sometimes the -frontal whitish is inappreciable. None of the females before me have any -white spots in the black of head, as in that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i>.</p> - -<p>The variations in this species are very slight, being chiefly in the shade of -the yellow patch on the crown, which varies from a sulphur tint to a rich -orange. Sometimes there is the faintest trace of a whitish post-ocular -streak, but usually this is wholly absent. Western and Eastern examples -appear to be identical.</p> - -<!--585.png--><!--Plate 50--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_50.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="50">L.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-1" id="pl_50-1"></a><img src="images/pl_50-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nova Scotia, 26923.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-2" id="pl_50-2"></a><img src="images/pl_50-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides americanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> New Brunswick, 39143.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-3" id="pl_50-3"></a><img src="images/pl_50-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 4482.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-4" id="pl_50-4"></a><img src="images/pl_50-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 46804.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-5" id="pl_50-5"></a><img src="images/pl_50-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas, 9933.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-6" id="pl_50-6"></a><img src="images/pl_50-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5400.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-7" id="pl_50-7"></a><img src="images/pl_50-7.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16066.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_50-8" id="pl_50-8"></a><img src="images/pl_50-8.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--586.png--><!--blank page--> -<p><!--587.png--><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 531]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species has a well-defined and extended distribution, from -the Pacific to the Atlantic, and from the northern portions of the United -States to the extreme Arctic regions. In the United States it has been found -as far south as Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio, but rarely; and, so far as -I am aware, it is a winter visitant only to any but the extreme northern portions -of the Union, except along the line of the Rocky Mountains and the -Sierra Nevada. Audubon says it occurs in Northern Massachusetts, and in -all portions of Maine that are covered by forests of tall trees, where it constantly -resides. He saw a few in the Great Pine Forest of Pennsylvania, -and Dr. Bachman noticed several in the neighborhood of Niagara Falls, -and was of the opinion that it breeds in the northern part of New York. -The same writer describes the nesting-place of the Arctic Woodpecker as -generally bored in the body of a sound tree, near its first large branches. -He observed no particular choice as to the timber, having seen it in oaks, -pines, etc. The nest, like that of most of this family, is worked out by both -sexes, and requires fully a week for its completion. Its usual depth is -from twenty to twenty-four inches. It is smooth and broad at the bottom, -although so narrow at its entrance as to appear scarcely sufficient to enable -one of the birds to enter it. The eggs are from four to six, rather rounded -and pure white. Only one brood is raised in the season. The young follow -their parents until the autumn. In the southern districts where these -Woodpeckers are found, their numbers are greatly increased in the winter -by accessions from the North.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this species quite numerous, in September, in the vicinity -of Lake Tahoe and the summits of the Sierra Nevada, above an altitude of -six thousand feet. From thence this bird has a northern range chiefly on -the east side of these mountains and of the Cascade Range. None were -seen near the Lower Columbia. At the lake they were quite fearless, coming -close to the hotel, and industriously rapping the trees in the evening and -in the early morning. Farther north Dr. Cooper found them very wild, -owing probably to their having been hunted by the Indians for their skins, -which they consider very valuable. He noticed their burrows in low pine-trees -near the lake, where he had no doubt they also raise their young. Dr. -Cooper has always found them very silent birds, though in the spring they -probably have more variety of calls. The only note he heard was a shrill, -harsh, rattling cry, quite distinct from that of any other Woodpecker.</p> - -<p>The flight of this Woodpecker is described as rapid, gliding, and greatly -undulated. Occasionally it will fly to quite a distance before it alights, -uttering, from time to time, a loud shrill note.</p> - -<p>Professor Verrill says this bird is very common in Western Maine, in -the spring, fall, and winter, or from the middle of October to the middle or -end of March. It is not known to occur there in the summer. Near Calais -a few are seen, and it is supposed to breed, but is not common. In Massachusetts -it is only a rare and accidental visitant, occurring usually late in -<!--588.png--><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 532]</span> -winter or in March. Two were taken near Salem in November. It is also -a rare winter visitant near Hamilton in Canada.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with but a single individual of this species during his -Western explorations. This was shot in February, near Carson City, Nevada; -it was busily engaged in pecking upon the trunk of a large pine, and was -perfectly silent.</p> - -<p>Mr. John K. Lord obtained a single specimen of this bird on the summit -of the Cascade Mountains. It was late in September, and getting cold; the -bird was flying restlessly from tree to tree, but not searching for insects. -Both when on the wing and when clinging to a tree, it was continually -uttering a shrill, plaintive cry. Its favorite tree is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinus contorta</i>, which -grows at great altitudes. It is found chiefly on hill-tops, while in the valleys -and lower plains it is replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides hirsutus</i>.</p> - -<p>Eggs of this species were obtained by Professor Agassiz on the northern -shore of Lake Superior. They were slightly ovate, nearly spherical, rounded -at one end and abruptly pointed at the other, of a crystal whiteness, and -measured .91 of an inch in length by .70 in breadth.</p> - -<p>An egg received from Mr. Krieghoff is small in proportion to the size -of the bird, nearly spherical in form, and of a uniform dull-white color. It -measures .92 of an inch in length by .76 in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</b>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE WHITE-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus hirsutus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 68, <abbr title="plate 124">pl. cxxiv</abbr> (European specimen).—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 27 (mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</i>).—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, -184, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, <abbr title="plate 269">pl. cclxix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) -1840, 622. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus hirsutus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides hirsutus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -98.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 95. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus undulatus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 69 (based -on <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches enluminéz">Pl. enl.</abbr> 553, fictitious species?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus undatus</i>, <abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus undosus</i>, <abbr title="Cuvier"><span class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Regnum Animale">R. A.</abbr> -1829, 451 (all based on same figure). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia undulata</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. -IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 28. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor. Am.</abbr> 1831, 311, <abbr title="plate 56">pl. lvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides -americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vögel Deutschlands</span>, 1831, 195.—<span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Picidæ, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -176, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>, 36.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue British Museum Three">Cat. Br. Mus. III</abbr>, 3, 4, 1868, 30. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus -americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Classification Two">Class. II</abbr>, 1837, 306. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus avium picinarum">Consp. Av. Picin.</abbr> 1866, 15. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides dorsalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 100, <abbr title="plate 85, figure">pl. -lxxxv, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870 (under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. americanus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia dorsalis</i>, -<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus dorsalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1866, 14.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Black above. The back markings of white, transverse in summer, and -longitudinal in winter; these extend to the rump, which is sometimes almost wholly -white. A white line from behind the eye, widening on the nape, and a broader one -under the eye from the loral region, but not extending on the forehead; occiput and sides -of head uniform black. Quills, but not coverts, spotted on both webs with white, seen on -inner webs of inner secondaries. Under parts, including crissum, white; the sides, including -axillars and lining of wing, banded transversely with black. Exposed portion of outer -three tail-feathers white; that of third much less, and sometimes with a narrow tip of -black. Upper tail-coverts sometimes tipped with white, and occasionally, but very rarely, -<!--589.png--><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 533]</span> -banded with the same. Top of the head spotted, streaked, or suffused with white; the -crown of the male with a yellow patch. Nasal bristles black, mixed with gray. Female -with the whole top of head usually spotted with white, very rarely entirely black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Arctic regions of North America; southward in the Rocky Mountains to Fort -Buchanan; northern border of the Eastern United States, in winter (Massachusetts, -<span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p> - -<p>This species varies considerably in its markings, especially in the amount -of white above. The head is sometimes more coarsely spotted with white -than in the average; very rarely are the white spots wanting, leaving merely -the broad malar and interrupted post-ocular stripe. The rictal black stripe -is sometimes much obscured by white. In typical specimens from the Hudson -Bay and Labrador Provinces, which seem to be darkest, the feathers of -the centre of the back have three transverse bars of white (one of them -terminal), rather narrower than the intermediate black bars; the basal white -ones disappearing both anteriorly and posteriorly, leaving but two. In -specimens from the Mackenzie River district there is a greater development -of white; the white bands being broader than the black, and sometimes -extending along the shafts so as to reduce the black bars to pairs of spots. -The next step is the disappearance of these spots on one side or the other, or -on both, leaving the end of the feathers entirely white, especially anteriorly, -where the back may have a longitudinal stripe of white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>. -Usually, however, in this extreme, the upper tail-coverts remain banded -transversely. In all the specimens from the Rocky Mountains of the United -States, especially Laramie Peak, this white back, unbarred except on the -rump, is a constant character, and added to it we have a broad nuchal patch -of white running into that of the back and connected with the white post-ocular -stripe. The bands, too, on the sides of the body, are less distinct. It -was to this state of plumage that the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. dorsalis</i> was applied, in -1858, and although in view of the connecting links it may not be entitled to -consideration as a distinct race, this tendency to a permanence of the longitudinal -direction of the white markings above seems to be especially characteristic -of the Rocky Mountain region, appearing only in winter birds from -elsewhere. This same character prevails in all the Rocky Mountain specimens -from more northern regions, including those from Fort Liard, and in -only one not found in that region, namely, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,905, collected at Nulato by -Mr. Dall. Here the middle of the back is very white, although the nuchal -band is less distinct. Other specimens from that locality and the Yukon -River generally, as also from Kodiak, distinctly show the transverse bars.</p> - -<p>In one specimen (29,126) from the Mackenzie River, all the upper tail-coverts -are banded decidedly with white, and the wing-coverts spotted with -the same. Even the central tail-feathers show white scallops. The back is, -however, banded transversely very distinctly, not longitudinally.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. americanus</i> in all stages of color is distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> by the -white along the middle of the back, the absence of distinct frontal white -<!--590.png--><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 534]</span> -and black bands, more numerous spots of white on the head, etc. The inner -webs of inner secondaries are banded with white, not uniform black. The -maxillary black stripe is rather larger than the rictal white one, not smaller. -The size is decidedly smaller. Females almost always have the top of head -spotted with white instead of uniform black, which is the rule in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>.</p> - -<p>It is probable that the difference in the amount of white on the upper -parts of this species is to some extent due to age and season, the winter -specimens and the young showing it to the greatest degree. Still, however, -there is a decided geographical relationship, as already indicated.</p> - -<p>This race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tridactylus</i> can be easily distinguished from the European -form of Northern and Alpine Europe by the tail-feathers; of these, the outer -three are white (the rest black) as far as exposed, without any bands; the -tip of the third being white only at the end. The supra-ocular white stripe -is very narrow and scarcely appreciable; the crissum white and unbanded. -The back is banded transversely in one variety, striped longitudinally in the -other. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tridactylus</i> the outer two feathers on each side are white, -banded with black; the outer with the bands regular and equal from base; -the second black, except one or two terminal bands. The crissum is well -banded with black; the back striped longitudinally with white; the supra-ocular -white stripe almost as broad as the infra-ocular. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crisoleucus</i>, of -Siberia, is similar to the last, but differs in white crissum, and from both -species in the almost entire absence of dark bands on the sides, showing the -Arctic maximum of white.</p> - -<p>We follow Sundevall in using the specific name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i>, Brehm, for this -species, as being the first legitimately belonging to it. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. hirsutus</i> of Vieillot, -usually adopted, is based on a European bird, and agrees with it, though -referred by the author to the American. The name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</i>, Vieillot, -selected by Cabanis, is based on Buffon’s figure (<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches enluminéz">Pl. enl.</abbr> 553) of a bird said -to be from Cayenne, with four toes; the whole top of the head red from base -of bill to end of occiput, with the edges of the dorsal feathers narrowly -white, and with the three lateral tail-feathers regularly banded with black, -tipped with red; the fourth, banded white and black on outer web, tipped -with black. None of those features belong to the bird of Arctic America, -and the markings answer, if to either, better to the European.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This rare and interesting species, so far as has been ascertained, -is nowhere a common or well-known bird. It is probably exclusively of -Arctic residence, and only occasionally or very rarely is found so far south as -Massachusetts. In the winter of 1836 I found a specimen exposed for sale -in the Boston market, which was sent in alcohol to Mr. Audubon. Two -specimens have been taken in Lynn, by Mr. Welch, in 1868. They occur, -also, in Southern Wisconsin in the winter, where Mr. Kumlien has several -times, in successive winters, obtained single individuals.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson states that this bird is to be met with in all the -forests of spruce and fir lying between Lake Superior and the Arctic Sea, and -<!--591.png--><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 535]</span> -that it is the most common Woodpecker north of Great Slave Lake, whence -it has frequently been sent to the Smithsonian Institution. It is said to -greatly resemble <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> in habits, except that it seeks its food principally -upon decaying trees of the pine tribe, in which it frequently makes -holes large enough to bury itself. It is not migratory.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPHYROPICUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. Ateneo Italiano</abbr>, May, 1854. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. thyroideus</i>) preoccupied -in crustaceans.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 101. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius</i>,) <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. -N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52 (anatomy).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 80. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. varius</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_591.jpg" - width="250" height="183" - alt="Illustration: Sphyropicus nuchalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">20511</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> </p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, but the lateral ridge, which is very prominent, running -out distinctly to the commissure -at about its middle, -beyond which the bill is -rounded without any angles -at all. The culmen and -gonys are very nearly -straight, but slightly convex, -the bill tapering rapidly -to a point; the lateral -outline concave to very -near the slightly bevelled -tip. Outer pair of toes -longest; the hinder exterior -rather longest; the -inner posterior toe very -short, less than the inner -anterior without its claw. -Wings long and pointed; the third, excluding the spurious, longest. Tail-feathers very -broad, abruptly acuminate, with a very long linear tip. Tongue scarcely extensible.</p> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i>, instituted in 1858, proves to be so strongly marked -in its characters that Dr. Coues proposes to make it the type of a distinct -subfamily, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicinæ</i> (<abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Acad.</abbr> 1866, 52). In addition to the peculiarities -already indicated, there is a remarkable feature in the tongue, which, -according to Dr. Coues, Dr. Hoy, Dr. Bryant, and others, is incapable of protrusion -much beyond the tip of the bill, or not more than the third of an -inch. Dr. Coues states that the apo-hyal and cerato-hyal elements of the -hyoid bone do not reach back much beyond the tympano-maxillary articulation, -instead of extending round, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, over the occiput to the top of the -cranium, or even curving into an osseous groove around the orbit. The basihyals -supporting the tongue are shorter and differently shaped. The tongue -itself is short and flattened, with a superior longitudinal median groove and -a corresponding inferior ridge; the tip is broad and flattened and obtusely -<!--592.png--><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 536]</span> -rounded, and with numerous long and soft bristly hairs. This is, of course, -very different from the long, extensile, acutely pointed tongue of other -Woodpeckers, with its tip armed with a few strong, sharp, short, recurved -barbs.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hoy and Dr. Coues maintain that the food of these Woodpeckers consists -mainly of the cambium or soft inner bark of trees, which is cut out -in patches sometimes of several inches in extent, and usually producing -square holes in the bark, not rounded ones. As may be supposed, such proceedings -are very injurious to the trees, and justly call down the vengeance -of their proprietors. This diet is varied with insects and fruits, when they -can be had, but it is believed that cambium is their principal sustenance.</p> - -<p>This strongly marked genus appears to be composed of two sections and -three well-defined species; the first being characterized by having the back -variegated with whitish, and the jugulum with a sharply defined crescentic -patch of black, though the latter is sometimes concealed by red, when the -whole head and neck are of the latter color, and the sharply defined striped -pattern of the cephalic regions, seen in the normal plumage, obliterated. -Comparing the extreme conditions of plumage to be seen in this type, as in -the females of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> and of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</i>, the differences appear wide indeed, and -few would entertain for a moment a suspicion of their specific identity; yet -upon carefully examining a sufficiently large series of specimens, we find -these extremes to be connected by an unbroken transition, and are thus led -to view these different conditions as manifestations of a peculiar law principally -affecting a certain color, which leads us irresistibly to the conclusion -that the group which at first seemed to compose a section of the genus is in -reality only an association of forms of specific identity. Beginning with the -birds of the Atlantic region (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>), we find in this series the minimum -amount of red; indeed, many adult females occur which lack this color entirely, -having not only the whole throat white, but the entire pileum glossy-black; -usually, however, the latter is crimson. In adult males from this -region the front and crown are always crimson, sharply defined, and bordered -laterally and posteriorly with glossy-black; and below the black occipital -band is another of dirty white; the crimson of the throat is wholly confined -between the continuous broad, black malar stripes, and there is no -tinge of red on the auriculars; there is a broad, sharply defined stripe of -white beginning with the nasal tufts, passing beneath the black loral and -auricular stripe, and continuing downward into the yellowish of the abdomen, -giving the large, glossy-black pectoral area a sharply defined outline; -the dirty whitish nuchal band is continued forward beneath the black occipital -crescent to above the middle of the eye. The pattern just described -will be found in ninety-nine out of a hundred specimens from the Eastern -Province of North America (also the West Indies and whole of Mexico); -but a single adult male, from Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,071, W. M. Baird), has -the whitish nuchal band distinctly tinged with red, though differing in -<!--593.png--><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 537]</span> -this respect only, while an adult female, from Washington, D. C. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,260, -C. Drexler), has the lower part of the throat much mixed with red.</p> - -<p>Taking next the specimens from the Rocky Mountains and Middle Province -of the United States (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nuchalis</i>), we find that <em>all</em> the specimens possess -<em>both</em> these additional amounts of the red, there being always a red, instead -of dirty-white, nuchal crescent, while in the female the lower part of -the throat is always more or less red; in addition, the male has the red of -the throat reaching laterally to the white stripe, thus interrupting the black -malar one, which is always unbroken in the eastern form; and in addition, -the auriculars are frequently mixed with red. Proceeding towards the Columbia -River, we find the red increasing, or escaping the limits to which it is -confined in the normal pattern, staining the white and black areas in different -places, and tingeing the whitish which borders the black pectoral area.</p> - -<p>Lastly, in the series from the Pacific coast (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ruber</i>), we find the whole -normal pattern rendered scarcely definable—sometimes entirely obliterated—by -the extension of the red, which covers continuously the whole head, -neck, and breast; but nearly always the normal pattern may be traced, the -feathers of the normally black areas being dusky beneath the surface, and -those of the usual white stripes very white for the concealed portion. -Usually, in this form, the red of the breast covers only the black pectoral -area; but in extreme specimens it reaches back to the middle of the body -beneath, and stains the white spots of the back.</p> - -<p>With the increase of the red as we proceed westward, there is also a decrease -in the amount of white above; thus, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> the whole back is -irregularly spotted with dirty white and black,—the former predominating, -the latter most conspicuous as a medial, broken broad stripe,—and the -lateral tail-feathers are much variegated by white spots. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> the -back is mostly unbroken glossy-black, with two parallel <em>narrow</em> stripes of -white converging at their lower ends; and the lateral tail-feather is almost -wholly black, having merely a narrow white border toward the end. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ruber</i> -is most like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>, but has the white still more restricted.</p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> the bill is dark brown, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> it is deep black, and in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</i> -wax-brown. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> the yellow of the lower parts is deepest, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> -just appreciable.</p> - - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Wing with a white patch on the middle and greater coverts. Markings -along the sides with a longitudinal tendency.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius.</b> Back variegated medially with brownish-white; secondaries -with transverse rows of white spots.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="identifying-characteristic">White and black stripes on side of head sharply defined, as is also -the black pectoral crescent. Red confined to isolated patches,—two -large ones, one on the crown and one on the throat; when there is -more, only a tinge on the auriculars, and a crescent on nape.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Crown sometimes glossy black without a trace of red on the female; -no tinge of scarlet on the nape. Red of the throat entirely confined -<!--594.png--><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 538]</span> -within the broad, continuous black maxillary stripe. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the -throat wholly white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America, south -in winter into West Indies, and over whole of Mexico, to Guatemala -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Crown always red in adult. A nuchal crescent of scarlet in both -sexes. Red of the throat not confined by the black maxillary stripe, -which is interrupted by it in the middle, allowing the red to touch the -white stripe; a tinge of red on the auriculars. <i class="sex">Female</i> always with -more or less red on lower part of the throat. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains -and Middle Province of United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="identifying-characteristic">White and black stripes on side of head obsolete, as is also the black -pectoral crescent, caused by being overspread by a continuous red -wash extending over whole head, neck, and breast.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Whole head, neck, and breast red, with the light and dark stripes of -the normal pattern only faintly traceable. Sexes similar. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -Province of United States, north to British Columbia -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. williamsoni.</b> Back unvariegated; secondaries without bands of -white spots.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Whole crown and upper parts (except lower part of rump and -upper tail-coverts, and wing-patch), a stripe on side of head, a broader -one on side of the throat, and the whole jugulum and sides of the -breast, unbroken glossy-black; abdomen bright lemon-yellow. <i class="sex">Male</i> -with a narrow stripe of scarlet on middle of the throat. <i class="sex">Female</i> with -it white. <i class="age">Young</i> like the adult. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United -States.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Wing without a white patch. Markings on sides regularly transverse.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. thyroideus.</b> Head all round light brown; abdomen bright lemon-yellow; -rump and upper tail-coverts white. Entire upper surface, with -sides, regularly and continuously barred with black and white, in nearly -equal amount; the black bars usually coalesced on the jugulum into a more -or less extensive patch. <i class="sex">Male</i> with the throat tinged medially with scarlet. -<i class="sex">Female</i> without any red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States.</p> - -<!--595.png--><!--Plate 51--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_51.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="51">LI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_51-1" id="pl_51-1"></a><img src="images/pl_51-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_51-2" id="pl_51-2"></a><img src="images/pl_51-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2107.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_51-3" id="pl_51-3"></a><img src="images/pl_51-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 10769.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_51-4" id="pl_51-4"></a><img src="images/pl_51-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Wyoming, 10783.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_51-5" id="pl_51-5"></a><img src="images/pl_51-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus williamsoni</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16090.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_51-6" id="pl_51-6"></a><img src="images/pl_51-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus ruber</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6038.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--596.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--597.png--><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 539]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One">L. Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 176.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique">Ois. Am.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 63, <abbr title="plate 118, 119">pl. cxviii, -cxix.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 147, <abbr title="plate 9, figure">pl. ix, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 16.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 519; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 537, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 190.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of American Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, -1842, 263, <abbr title="plate 267">pl. cclxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 138.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span> Cab. Jour. -VI</abbr>, 1858, 416 (refers to peculiar tongue).—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 270 (Jamaica).—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, -Ibis, 1860, 308 (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix).—<span class="sc">Taylor</span>, Ibis, 1860, 119 (Honduras).—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 33.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Dendrocopus) varius</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, -1831, 309. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus varius</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus -varius</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus.</abbr> 80. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus atrothorax</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><span class="sc">Lesson</span>, Traité d’Ornithologie</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1831, 229.—<span class="sc">Pucheran</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique 7">Rev. Zoöl. VII</abbr>, 1835, 21. (Refers it to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius</i>.) -<cite>Yellow-bellied Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 103.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 367 (Xalapa).—<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 335 (Orizaba).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Ibis, 1859, 136 (Guatemala).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1860, 119 (Honduras).—<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> Journal, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, -1856, 102.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, Repertorium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1866, 294 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> -1859 (Bahamas).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1865, 91 (Anatomy of tongue.)—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468 (breeds -in Texas).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 96.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 306.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_597.jpg" - width="250" height="290" - alt="Illustration: Sphyropicus varius" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third quill longest; second a little shorter; first between fourth and fifth -considerably shorter. General color above black, -much variegated with white. Feathers of the -back and rump brownish-white, spotted with -black. Crown crimson, bordered by black on -the sides of the head and nape. A streak from -above the eye, and a broad stripe from the -bristles of the bill, passing below the eye, and -into the yellowish of the belly, enclosing a black -post-ocular one, and a stripe along the edges of -the wing-coverts, white. A triangular broad -patch of scarlet on the chin, bordered on each -side by black stripes from the lower mandible -which meet behind, and extend into a large -quadrate spot on the breast. Rest of under parts -yellowish-white, or yellow, streaked and banded -on the sides with black. Inner web of inner -tail-feather white, spotted with black. Outer -feathers black, edged and spotted with white. -Quills spotted with white. Length, 8.25; wing, about 4.75; tail, 3.30. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the -red of the throat replaced by white. Immature bird without black on the breast, or red -on top of the head, as in every intermediate stage to the perfect plumage.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Atlantic coast to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains; Greenland; -West Indies; whole of Mexico, to Guatemala. Localities: ? Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, -305); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 335); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 367); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. -Lyc. IX</abbr>, 205); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 136); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 119); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -J. IV</abbr>, 102); (<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 294); Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, -1859; <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1867, 65); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 270); <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 308); -<abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468; breeds).</p> - -<p>There is an occasional variation in the markings of the tail-feathers. -Thus, in <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 782, from Carlisle, the innermost one is entirely black, while -<!--598.png--><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 540]</span> -in 4,631, from the Upper Missouri, the outer web of the same feather has -nearly, and in 2,107, from Carlisle, it has quite, as much white as the inner -web. The outer webs do not appear to vary so much.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the whole of Mexico, including even the west coast, are -referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>; they are probably winter migrants from the eastern -United States.</p> - -<p>A female, from Washington, D. C. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,260, C. Drexler), has the lower -half of the throat much mixed with red, as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>; but there is no -trace of this color on the nape. A male from Carlisle (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,071, W. M. -Baird) has the nape distinctly tinged with red, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>, but the black -malar stripe is uninterrupted. Similar specimens have been taken in New -England, by Messrs. Brewster and Henshaw.</p> - -<p>Many females occur with the entire pileum glossy-black, there being no -trace of red, though there are sometimes specks of white.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-bellied Woodpecker is found throughout the United -States, from the Gulf of Mexico on the south and the Atlantic on the east -to the Rocky Mountains, and is met with as far to the north as the 61st -parallel of latitude. Sir John Richardson found it common in the fur countries, -being the only Woodpecker that visits those regions in flocks. He -observed the Yellow-bellied Woodpecker on the north shore of Lake Huron -on the 14th of April, in 1825, and in 1827 it made its first appearance for -the season, on the plains of the Saskatchewan, on the 14th of May. Swainson -received specimens of this Woodpecker from Mexico. De la Sagra and -Dr. Gundlach both give it in their list of Cuban birds, though not as breeding -on that island. Gosse obtained several specimens in the months of -December, January, and February, in Jamaica, where he regarded it as only -a winter migrant from the northern continent. It is not given by the Newtons -among the birds of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, but appears in Sclater’s list of the birds -of Central America, on the authority of Mr. George M. Skinner. Two -specimens have been taken in Greenland.</p> - -<p>Wilson, in his account of its breeding habits, speaks of it as a resident -bird from Cayenne to Hudson’s Bay, as being common in the States of Kentucky -and Ohio, and as having been found in the neighborhood of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis. -He describes the habits of this species as similar to those of the Hairy and -Downy Woodpeckers, with which it generally associates. The only nest of -this bird which Wilson ever met with was in the body of an old pear-tree, -about ten or eleven feet from the ground. The hole was almost exactly circular, -small for the size of the bird, so that it crept in and out with difficulty; -but the excavation suddenly widened, descending by a small angle, and then -running downward about fifteen inches. On the smooth solid wood lay four -white eggs. This was about the 25th of May.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, on the other hand, speaks of this species as returning to -Louisiana and the other Southern States only about the beginning of October, -remaining there during the winter, and again taking its departure before -<!--599.png--><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 541]</span> -the beginning of April, after which period he never observed it in those districts. -A few only, according to the same authority, breed in Kentucky, but -the greater number migrate to the more northern parts of the Union. He -describes it, in its habits, as preferring the interior of the forest during the -spring and summer, seldom showing itself near the habitation of man at -those seasons. It generally, he adds, bores its nest at a considerable height, -and usually in the trunk of an undecayed tree, immediately beneath a large -branch, and on its southern side. The hole is worked out by the male as well -as the female, in the manner followed by the other species, and to the depth -of from fifteen to twenty-four inches. The aperture is just large enough to -admit the birds, but the whole widens gradually towards the bottom, where -it is large and roomy. The eggs, which are from four to six, and pure white, -with a slight blush, are deposited on the chips without any nest. The -young seldom leave the hole until they are fully fledged.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon elsewhere speaks of having found this species extremely -abundant in the upper parts of the State of Maine and in the Provinces of -Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; but he saw none in Newfoundland or -Labrador.</p> - -<p>For my specimens of the eggs of this species and valuable information as -to its habits, I am indebted to Mr. Charles S. Paine, of East Bethel, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, -in which State it seems to be quite abundant. In a letter written in the -summer of 1860, he furnishes the results of his observations relative to their -habits, so far as they have fallen under his notice.</p> - -<p>The Yellow-bellied Woodpeckers reach the central and northern parts of -that State about the 10th of April. They soon make their presence known -there by their loud and continued drumming, rather than tapping, on the -trunks and larger branches of decaying trees. Of this drumming they seem -to be peculiarly fond, especially where they can produce a loud ringing -sound. Sometimes, when Mr. Paine had been engaged in the process of preparing -maple sugar, he had left a few empty wooden buckets hanging on the -branches of trees, until needed for use. Upon these the bird will drum, -apparently with the greatest delight. At times they would experiment upon -the tin pails, but, being unable to obtain good standing-ground, they did not -follow it up. On such occasions their drumming did not appear to be -done in the pursuit of worms or food, but was very evidently for their own -entertainment, or in a spirit of rivalry one with another, as if seeking to -please their mates. When two male birds meet, they pursue each other -through the woods with great clamor. They have a loud, distinct, and lively -note, but their favorite music appears to be this drumming. They mate and -commence the excavation of their nests the last week in April. Their eggs -are usually deposited, in this section, somewhere between the 20th of May -and the first of June. The excavations for their nests are usually made in -the tops of large decaying trees. He adds that he found four or five of -these nests that year. The eggs of one of these he was able to obtain without -<!--600.png--><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 542]</span> -much trouble, the others had hatched. When the young leave their -nests they usually keep together, and often four or five may be seen playing -about the bark of the same tree while waiting for their parents to bring -them their food.</p> - -<p>This species is far more abundant at the West than it is in the New England -States. In the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts -it is very rarely met with. It is commonly known as the Sap-Sucker, and -much better deserves that name than do other species to which this term is -also applied. Owing to the peculiar formation of its tongue and the muscles -connected with it, it feeds less readily upon insects, and they form a smaller -proportion of its food. In the spring of the year these birds prey largely -upon the inner bark of trees, and where they exist in great numbers often do -a great deal of mischief. In April, 1868, I visited gardens in Racine, in company -with Dr. Hoy, where these Woodpeckers had every successive spring -committed their ravages, and was eyewitness to their performance. Their -punctures were unlike those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, being much deeper, penetrating -the inner bark, and, being repeated in close proximity, becomes entirely -stripped off after a while, often resulting in the girdling and complete destruction -of the tree. In one garden of some considerable size, all the mountain-ash -and white-pine trees had thus been killed. In prairie countries, -where trees are a deficiency and their cultivation both important and attended -with difficulty, these birds prove a great pest, and in a few hours may -destroy the labor of many years. These habits, so well known to most of -our Western farmers, appear to have entirely escaped the notice of our older -ornithologists.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found these birds near San Antonio at all seasons of the year, -but rather rare. He shot a couple near the Medina River, and Dr. Heermann -also procured the eggs in that neighborhood.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway says that in Southern Illinois this Woodpecker is only a -winter resident, coming from the north in September or October, and departing -in April. It is the only one of the eight species of Woodpeckers of -that section which does not breed there, and also the only one which is not -resident.</p> - -<p>Specimens of its eggs from Vermont measure .95 by .70 of an inch. They -are of an oval shape, a little less rounded at one end than at the other.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE RED-NAPED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 103, <abbr title="plate 35">pl. xxxv</abbr>, figs. 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus -nuchalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Ibid">Ib.</abbr> 921.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1866, 53.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. -Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 204.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 390. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius occidentalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 1866, 34. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus nuchalis</i>, -<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span></abbr> 82.</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--601.png--><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 543]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Markings, generally, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>. A red nuchal crescent. Belly yellowish-white. -The red of the throat extending over and obliterating the black stripe from the -lower mandible, except on the side of the jaw. Post-ocular black patch tinged with red. -Secondaries with little or no white on outer webs. Tail-feathers black, scarcely varied; -the innermost with inner web, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>. Female similar, but with the chin white; -the throat red, bordered, as in male, by a black stripe from the bill to the black pectoral -patch. Length, 8.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 3.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Province of United States. Localities: Fort Mohave (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. -Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 53).</p> - -<p>This bird, first indicated as a simple variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>, is yet as decidedly -distinct and constant in its markings as a large number of what are considered -to be valid species. The principal differences from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> have been -mentioned above: they consist mainly in the greater development of red, as -seen in wider throat-patch; nuchal crescent; tinge on cheek; a greater -amount of black, shown in unspotted outer webs of secondaries and blacker -tail, and in the paler colors below. The most striking peculiarity is in the -half-red throat of the female, which is entirely white in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>. The light -markings of the back are more distinctly arranged in two lines enclosing a -median of black, which show no concealed white spots as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>. The -breast is much paler, only slightly tinged with yellow, instead of the rich -color to which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i> owes its trivial name.</p> - -<p>Young birds vary in color to the same excessive degree as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This form, closely allied to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>, was at first known only -from the southern Rocky Mountains. Afterwards a large number of specimens -were obtained by Mr. C. Drexler at Fort Bridger, in Utah.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper procured a female specimen of this species at Fort Mohave, on -the 20th of February, 1861, which had probably wandered in a storm from -the mountains, and which was the only one he met with. Dr. Heermann -states, also, that they were not rare at Fort Yuma. Dr. Cooper’s bird was -silent and inactive, as if exhausted by a long flight. He also saw these birds -rather common as he crossed the mountains near latitude 48<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> in September, -1860, and noticed a great similarity in their habits to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>. -They chiefly frequented small deciduous trees, fed in the usual manner of -other Woodpeckers, and had also a shrill, unvaried call or note of alarm.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this Woodpecker an abundant and a permanent resident -in Arizona. Its distinctness as a species he did not question. Everywhere -common, it seemed to prefer live cottonwood-trees and willows. Two specimens -of this race have been taken in New England,—one in New Hampshire -by Mr. William Brewster, the other in Cambridge by Mr. Henshaw.</p> - -<p>The Red-naped Woodpecker was found by Mr. Ridgway to be one of the -most abundant and characteristic species of the Wahsatch and Uintah -Mountains. It was also found, in greater or less numbers, throughout the -Great Basin, in the region of his route, and was even obtained on the eastern -Sierra Nevada, where, however, only one specimen was seen. Its favorite -resort, during summer, was the aspen groves in the mountains, at an altitude -<!--602.png--><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 544]</span> -averaging about seven thousand feet; and even when pine woods were near -the aspens were invariably chosen as nesting-places. Its excavations were -always in living trees, and the abandoned ones were taken possession of by -Purple Martins and White-bellied Swallows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta -bicolor</i>) as nesting-places. In winter it was found among the cottonwoods -and willows of the river valleys. Its habits, manners, and notes are described -as almost perfectly similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE RED-BREASTED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus ruber</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 429.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 151.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. -Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 179, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 261, <abbr title="plate 266">pl. cclxvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes ruber</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, <abbr title="Proceedings British Association">Pr. Br. Assoc.</abbr> for 1835.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 115. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus ruber</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten. -Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 67. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus -ruber</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 104.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 160.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> -51.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 392. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus ruber</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. -IV</abbr>, 1863, 82.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill longest; third intermediate between fourth and fifth. Bill -brown wax-color. Head and neck all round, and breast, carmine-red. Above black, -central line of back from nape to rump spotted with whitish; rump, wing-coverts, and -inner web of the inner tail-feathers white, the latter with a series of round black spots. -Belly sulphur-yellow, streaked with brown on the sides. Narrow space around and a -little in front of the eye black. A yellowish stripe from the nostrils, a short distance -below and behind the eye. Length, about 8.50; wing, 5.00; tail, 3.40. Sexes similar.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific slopes of the United States.</p> - -<p>As stated in the remarks before the synopsis on page 1133, there is every -reason for considering this as merely a geographical race of a species, of -which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> are the other forms. The differences from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> -consist merely in an excessive amount of red, this obliterating the normal -pattern of the cephalic portions; and in an increased amount of black, or a -manifestation of the melanistic tendency so often distinguishing birds of the -Pacific coast region from their eastern co-specific representatives.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nuchalis</i> is exactly intermediate in all respects between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ruber</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. -varius</i>,—the extremes,—while each of the latter is connected with the intermediate -race by specimens combining the characters of both races.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The geographical distribution of this form seems to be restricted -to the Pacific coast region.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper only met with these birds three times in Washington Territory. -This was in spring and fall. He speaks of them as being very shy, silent, -and retiring, remaining among the dense tops of the dark forest trees. -Whether it resides and breeds in the Territory he had no means of determining. -Dr. Suckley saw but one specimen, and regarded it as confined, for -the most part, to the close vicinity of the coast.</p> - -<p><!--603.png--><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 545]</span> -Mr. Audubon assigns to it the same distribution, but is only able to give -the information in regard to its habits which he derived from the observations -of Mr. Nuttall, which, however, do not correspond with those of Dr. -Cooper. Mr. Nuttall states that this species, seen in the forests of the Columbia -and the Blue Mountains, has most of the habits of the common Red-headed -species. He concedes that it is less familiar, and that it keeps generally -among the tall fir-trees, in the dead trunks of which it burrows out a -hole for a nest, sometimes at a great elevation. On approaching one that -was feeding its young in one of these situations, it uttered a loud reverberating -<i class="birdcall">t’rr</i>, and seemed angry and solicitous at his approach. He adds that -this species also inhabits California, as well as the northwest coast up to -Nootka, and that it is found eastward as far as the central chain of the -Rocky Mountains. An egg taken from a nest which contained four was -1.25 in length and .75 of an inch in breadth. It was smooth, equally -rounded at both ends, though somewhat elongated, and pure white.</p> - -<p>We are confident that there must be some mistake in this statement. -The disproportion between the length and the breadth is unprecedented. -Even in the most oblong egg there is rarely so much as twenty-five per cent -difference.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Birds of California, speaks of it as rather a northern bird, -having seen none south of Santa Clara, and there only in the mountains of -the Coast Range in early spring.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this form not at all rare in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, -and occasionally met a stray one among the valleys. Their call-note -was similar to the cry of a child in distress, and was very disagreeable. -In their quick, restless motions, and their untiring diligence in quest of food, -they resemble the rest of the Woodpecker family.</p> - -<p>It was noticed by Mr. Ridgway only on the Sierra Nevada, and he is not -certain that he saw it on the eastern slope of that range.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus williamsoni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WILLIAMSON’S WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus williamsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> California and Oregon Route, 89, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Reports Six">P. R. R. Repts. -VI</abbr>, 1857, <abbr title="plate 34">pl. xxxiv</abbr>, fig. 1.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes rubrigularis</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -Annals and <abbr title="Magazine of Natural History, third">Mag. N. H. 3d</abbr> series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 1858, 127.—<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1858, 2, <abbr title="plate 131">pl. cxxxi</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus williamsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 105, <abbr title="plate 34, figure">pl. xxxiv, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> -1866, 54.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 204.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 393. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus -williamsoni</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 1863, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes williamsoni</i>, -<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue British Museum">Catal. Br. Mus.</abbr> 1868, 116.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Rich black; middle line of belly yellow; central line of chin and throat -above red. A large patch on the wing, rump, and upper tail-coverts, a line from the forehead -beneath the eye, and another from its upper border, white. Tail entirely black. Exposed -<!--604.png--><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 546]</span> -surface of quills without any white, except on the outer primaries. Female with -the chin white instead of red. Length, 9.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains to the Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada. Localities: West -Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54).</p> - -<p>Head and neck all round, sides of breast and body, upper parts generally, -wings, and tail, glossy greenish-black. A well-defined white stripe from the -nostrils (including the bristly nasal feathers) passing backwards under the -eye; another, nearly parallel, starting at the upper part of the eye, and nearly -meeting its fellow on the occiput. Chin and throat red along their central -line. A large patch on the wing, including the exposed portions of the -middle and greater coverts, white, although the anterior lesser coverts are -black. The inner face of the wings, excepting the smaller coverts, is black, -banded transversely on the inner primaries with white; the sides of body -behind and under tail-coverts white, with broadly V-shaped bands of black, -which color on the latter occupies the whole central portion of the feathers. -Rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; back with a few indistinct -and concealed spots of the same. Quills black; the margins of exterior -primaries spotted with white, the inner margins only of the remaining quills -with similar but larger and more transverse blotches. Middle of the body, -from the breast to the vent, sulphur-yellow, with the exception of the -type which had been preserved in alcohol (which sometimes extracts the -red of feathers). We have seen no specimen (except young birds, marked -female), in a considerable number, without red on the chin, and are inclined -to think that both sexes exhibit this character. Young birds from the Rocky -Mountains are very similar to the adult, but have the throat marked white, -and the inner web of innermost tail-feather banded with the same color. -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 16,090, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> ad. (Fort Crook, California), has a single crimson feather in -the middle of the forehead.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This comparatively new species of Woodpecker was first discovered -by Dr. Newberry in the pine forest on the eastern border of the -upper Klamath Lake. Its habits appeared to him to be very similar to those -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gairdneri</i>, which inhabit the same region. The individual -he procured was creeping up the trunk of a large yellow pine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. brachyptera</i>), -searching for insects in the bark. Its cry was very like that of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>. Although killed by the first fire, a second discharge was required -to detach it from the limb to which it clung fast.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Coues, it is resident and not uncommon in the Territory -of Arizona, occurring exclusively among the pine-trees. It is said to range -from both slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, from as far north -at least as Oregon. Fort Whipple is supposed to be about its southern -limit. Dr. Coues states that this species possesses the anatomical peculiarities -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>, and that its habits entirely correspond. Mr. Allen found -it abundant on the sides of Mount Lincoln, in Colorado Territory.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with a straggler of this species in the valley of the Colorado, -<!--605.png--><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 547]</span> -shot on the 12th of March, 1861. In September, 1863, he found them -rather common near the summit of the Sierra Nevada, latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, where he -shot two. It has since been met with at Laramie Peak, and near the mouth -of the Klamath River.</p> - -<p>It was found by Mr. Ridgway on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, -and again on the Wahsatch Mountains; in both regions inhabiting the pine -forests exclusively, and in neither place at all common. It occurred so seldom -that Mr. Ridgway could learn but little concerning the peculiarities of -its habits, etc. Its common note is a plaintive wailing squeal, much like -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i> (common to all the members of the genus), but other notes -were heard which were quite peculiar.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus thyroideus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN-HEADED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus thyroideus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1851, 349 (California).—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second series Two">2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 270.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes thyroideus</i>, -<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1854, 201, <abbr title="plate 32">pl. xxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus thyroideus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. -Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus thyroideus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 106—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrations Birds of North America, Two, plate">Ill. Birds N. Am. II, pl.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54.—<span class="sc">Cass.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1863, 204.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 52.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Birds of America, One, plate 35">B. Am. I, pl. xxxv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 394. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Picus nataliæ</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie">Cab. Journ. f. Ornith.</abbr> 1854, 171.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -About the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. varius</i>. Head dark ashy-brown; general color ashy-brown; -head and neck scarcely marked; middle line of belly sulphur-yellow; rump and -upper coverts pure white; rest of body apparently encircled by narrow transverse and -continuous bands (crossing the wings and tail) of black, the outer spaces becoming whiter -behind; a large round black patch on the breast. No red on top of the head. Male with -reddish chin. Length, about 9.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cascade and Coast Ranges of California and Oregon; Sierra Nevada, Wahsatch, -and Rocky Mountains. Localities: West Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54).</p> - -<p>In addition to the characters already assigned, the crown of the head is -indistinctly streaked or spotted with black. The under coverts are barred -with black. The tail-feathers are black, the inner and outer barred transversely -with white on both webs; the shafts, however, entirely black. The -quills are all spotted with white on both webs.</p> - -<p>The jugular black patch shows more or less indication of the transverse -bands, and is sometimes wanting, leaving the bands distinct. In one specimen -(38,285 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Laramie Peak) it is remarkably large and almost unbroken, -while the black malar stripe is decidedly indicated; on the back the black -bars much exceed in width the light ones, which are nearly white. The -generic rictal white stripe is usually inappreciable, as also the black maxillary -one, although both can be detected in some specimens.</p> - -<p>A young bird is not appreciably different from the adult.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper regards this bird as quite a rare species. He has -never met with it, and doubts if it is ever found so far south as San Francisco. -<!--606.png--><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 548]</span> -Mr. J. G. Bell, of New York, was the first to meet with this bird in -the Lower Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann procured specimens among the southern mines, near the -Colorado River, where they were especially frequenting the pine-trees in -search of their food. He saw none of them alight on an oak, though those -trees were abundant in that locality. It has since been met with near Fort -Crook, and Dr. Cooper thinks it probable they may be more common in the -mountains of Eastern Oregon and in those of Central Utah.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues says that it is resident, but very rare, in Arizona. It frequents -pine-trees by preference. Its range is said to include both slopes of the Rocky -Mountains, from Oregon to the Rio Grande, and probably to Sonora.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this rare Woodpecker on the Sierra Nevada and -Wahsatch Mountains, where it inhabited the same woods with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. williamsoni</i>; -it appeared to have the same manners and notes as that species, but it -was so seldom met with that nothing satisfactory could be learned concerning -its habits. Its conspicuously barred coloration gives it much the appearance -of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</i>, when flying.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HYLOTOMUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Mémoires de l'Academie de">Mém. Ac.</abbr> Metz, 1849, 322. (Not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, 1831.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Zygod. in Aten. Ital.</abbr> May, 1854. (Not of <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylatomus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 107. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pileatus</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phlæotomus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span></abbr> 1863. (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill a little longer than the head; considerably depressed, or broader than -high at the base; shaped much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, except shorter, and without the -bristly feathers directed forwards at the base of the lower jaw. Gonys about half the -length of the commissure. Tarsus shorter than any toe, except the inner posterior. -Outer posterior toe shorter than the outer anterior, and a little longer than the inner -anterior. Inner posterior very short, not half the outer anterior; about half the inner -anterior one. Tail long, graduated; the longer feathers much incurved at the tip. Wing -longer than the tail, reaching to the middle of the exposed surface of tail; considerably -graduated, though pointed; the fourth and fifth quills longest. Color uniform black. -Head with pointed occipital crest. A stripe from nasal tufts beneath the eye and down -side of neck, throat, lining of wing, and basal portion of under surface of quills, white; -some species with the abdomen and sides barred black and brownish-white; others with -a white scapular stripe in addition. Male with whole crown and crest and maxillary -patch red; female with only the crest red.</p> - -<p>This genus is similar in general appearance and size to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, but -differs essentially in many respects; the differences being, however, mostly -those which distinguish all other Woodpeckers from the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, -which is unique in the peculiar structure of the tail-feathers, the great -graduation of the tertials (sixth, instead of third or fourth, longest), and very -long gonys with the flat tuft of hair like feathers at its base. The less development -of the outer hind toe in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>, which is about exactly intermediate -<!--607.png--><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 549]</span> -between the outer and inner anterior, the outer largest, instead of being -longest, and having the outer anterior intermediate between it and the -inner, the shorter bill, the gonys fully half the length of the commissure, -are additional distinctive features.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_607.jpg" - width="300" height="249" - alt="Illustration: Hylotomus pileatus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1723</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i> there are several species in tropical America, all differing, -however, in transversely banded lower parts, while some have a broad white -scapular stripe; in these features of coloration (but in these only, for the head -pattern is always much as in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. pileatus</i>) they resemble closely species -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. guatemalensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. albirostris</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. malherbei</i>, etc.,) found in -the same region; one (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. scapularis</i>, of Mexico) even has a whitish ivory-like -bill. They may all be distinguished from the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, -however, by the generic differences.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--608.png--><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 550]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK WOODCOCK; LOG-COCK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus System Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I.</abbr> 1766, 173.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 58, -<abbr title="plate 110">pl. cx.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 27, <abbr title="plate 29, figure">pl. xxix, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 74; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 533, <abbr title="plate 111">pl. cxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, -266, <abbr title="plate 257">pl. cclvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span> Cab. Jour. VI.</abbr> 1858, 352.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -(Dryotomus) pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 304. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List, -1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Avium"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850, 132. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano One"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital. I.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 332.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 59. <cite>Pileated -Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>.—<span class="sc">Latham.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -107.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. Art. Inst. IV</abbr>, 212.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 161.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, -1865, 469 (<abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Texas, but not Rio Grande).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 396. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceophloeus -pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1862, 176. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotoma</i>, preoccupied by Latreille!!) <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum, Four, two"><span class="sc">Cab. & -Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1863.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 99.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 302.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_608.jpg" - width="250" height="229" - alt="Illustration: Hylotomus pileatus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth and fifth quills equal and longest; third intermediate between sixth -and seventh. Bill blue-black; more horn-color beneath. General color of body, wings, -and tail dull greenish-black. -A narrow white streak from -just above the eye to the occiput; -a wider one from the -nostril feathers (inclusive), -under the eye and along the -side of the head and neck; -sides of the breast (concealed -by the wing), axillaries, and -under wing-coverts, and concealed -bases of all the quills, -with chin and beneath the -head, white, tinged with sulphur-yellow. -Entire crown -from the base of the bill to -a well-developed occipital -crest, as also a patch on the -ramus of the lower jaw, -scarlet-red. A few faint -white crescents on the sides -of the body and on the abdomen. -Longer primaries generally tipped with white. Length, about 18.00; wing, 9.50. -<i class="sex">Female</i> without the red on the cheek, and the anterior half of that on the top of the -head replaced by black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Wooded parts of North America from Atlantic to Pacific. Localities: E. Texas -(not Rio Grande!), (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 469, breeds).</p> - -<p>Specimens of this species from Fort Liard in the Northern Rocky Mountains, -and from Puget Sound region, are nearly four inches longer than those -from the Southern Atlantic States, and are scarcely exceeded in size by the -Ivory-billed Woodpecker.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the northwest coast region (Columbia River, British -<!--609.png--><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 551]</span> -Columbia, etc.) have no trace of the white spots on ends of outer primaries, -always found in eastern specimens.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> No member of this large family has a wider distribution than -the Pileated Woodpecker, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the extremest -limits of the northern forests, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. -It seems to be a resident everywhere but in its extreme northern localities, -rather than a migratory species. There are specimens in the Smithsonian -collection from Nelson River, on the north, to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Johns River, Florida, on -the south, and from Pennsylvania on the east to the Rio Grande and the Columbia -on the west. Sir John Richardson (<cite>Fauna Boreali-Americana</cite>, <abbr title="Two, page">II, p.</abbr> -304) speaks of it as resident all the year in the interior of the fur countries, -up to the <abbr title="sixty-second">62d</abbr> or <abbr title="sixty-third">63d</abbr> parallels, rarely appearing near Hudson’s Bay, but frequenting -the gloomiest recesses of the forests that skirt the Rocky Mountains. -Dr. Woodhouse, in his Report on the natural history of the expedition -down the Zuñi and the Colorado Rivers, speaks of this Woodpecker as -having been found abundant in the Indian Territory, Texas, and New -Mexico. Neither Dr. Gambel nor Dr. Heermann give it in their lists of the -birds of California, nor does Dr. Newberry mention meeting with it in his -Report of the zoölogy of his route. Dr. Suckley, however, speaks of the -Log-Cock as abundant in the vicinity of Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory, -during summer, and Dr. Cooper also mentions it as an abundant and -constant resident in the forests of the Territory. I have occasionally met -with it in the wilder portions of New Hampshire and Maine, but have nowhere -been so fortunate as to observe its nest or its breeding-habits. It has -always seemed a very shy bird, difficult of approach, always keeping at a -safe distance, and ever greeting your attempts for a nearer view with a loud, -cackling cry, not unlike a derisive laugh.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of Wilson, their eggs are deposited in the -hole of a tree dug out by themselves, no other materials being used but the -soft chips of rotten wood. The female lays six eggs, of a snowy whiteness, -and they are said to raise two broods in a season.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that it almost always breeds in the interior of the -forest, and frequently on trees placed in deep swamps over the water, appearing -to give a preference to the southern side of the tree, on which side -the hole is usually found to which they retreat in the winter and during -stormy weather. The hole is sometimes bored perpendicularly, but occasionally -in the form of that of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. The usual depth -is from twelve to eighteen inches, the breadth from two and a half to three, -and at the bottom five or six. He believed they raise but a single brood -in a season. The young follow their parents a long while, sometimes until -the return of spring.</p> - -<p>Rev. Dr. Bachman gives an interesting account of a pair of Pileated -Woodpeckers building a nest in an old elm-tree in a swamp, and occupying -it the first year. Early the next spring two Bluebirds took possession of -<!--610.png--><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 552]</span> -it, and there had young. Before they were half grown the Woodpeckers -returned to the place, and, despite the cries and reiterated attacks of the -Bluebirds, took out the young and carried them away to some distance. -Next, the nest itself was disposed of, the hole cleaned and enlarged, and -there they raised their brood. The tree was large, but so situated that Dr. -Bachman could reach the nest from the branches of another. The hole was -eighteen inches deep, and he could touch the bottom with his hand. The -eggs, six in number, were laid on fragments of chips expressly left by the -birds, and were large, white, and translucent. Before the Woodpeckers began -to sit, he robbed them of their eggs to see if they would lay a second time. -They waited a few days as if undecided, and then he heard the female at -work again, deepening the hole and making it broader at the bottom. She -soon recommenced laying, this time depositing five eggs. He suffered her -to bring out her young, both birds alternately incubating, and each visiting -the other at intervals, looking in at the hole to see if all were right and well -there, and flying off afterwards in search of food. When the young were -old enough, he took them home and endeavored to raise them. Three -died, refusing all food. With two he was more successful. But even these -he found untamable and destructive and troublesome pets, which he was at -last glad to release.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, who observed this species in Washington Territory, discovered -a pair early in April on Whitby’s Island, burrowing out a hole for their -nest in a dead trunk, about thirty feet from the ground. They worked alternately, -and were very watchful, keeping perfectly silent while they heard any -noise near by. He found the place by noticing chips on the bushes below, -and after watching silently for some time, one of them began to work, now -and then protruding its bill full of chips, and, after cautiously looking round, -dropping them.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, the Pileated Woodpecker -is very rare in Vermont, and extremely shy. It is difficult to approach one -nearer than from fifteen to twenty rods, except by surprise. He adds that -in only a single instance has he been able to shoot one. This fell with a -broken wing. Before he could reach it, the bird commenced climbing a tree, -and nearly escaped. When overtaken, it fought furiously, and wounded Mr. -Paine severely in the hand, setting up at the same time a loud outcry, not -unlike that of a domestic hen. He has never met with its nest, although he -has several times seen the young when just able to leave it. The elder -Mr. Paine states that, some fifty years previous, this species was abundant in -Vermont, and not at all timid, and is of the opinion that their present shyness -is all that exempts them from extermination.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found this Woodpecker resident and quite numerous in Texas -near all the large rivers, where the timber is heavy. A few were seen on -the Medina, and their eggs obtained there, but they were not abundant in -that district. On the Colorado and Brazos Rivers these birds were very common, -<!--611.png--><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 553]</span> -and Mr. Dresser found several nests in huge cottonwood-trees, but had -no means of getting to them.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord assigns to this species a wide western range, being common -both east and west of the Cascades, and on the west slope of the Rocky -Mountains. He met with it north as far as Fort Rupert in Vancouver -Island, and south through Oregon and California. He found them at Colville -during the winter. He states that they nest in May, generally in a -tall dead pine-tree, at a great height.</p> - -<p>For my first specimens of the eggs of this species I am under obligations -to Dr. Cornelius Kollock, of Cheraw, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr> They were obtained by him -from excavations made in large trees at the height of about twenty-five feet -from the ground, and in localities at no great distance from the inhabited -parts of the country.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species from South Carolina and Florida are of a very -brilliant crystalline whiteness, of a rounded-oval shape, and measure 1.25 -inches in length by 1.02 in breadth. Northern specimens are probably -larger.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CENTUREÆ</b>.</p> - -<p>The United States genera of this section are very similar to each other, -and may be most easily distinguished by color, as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus.</b> Back and wings banded transversely with black and white. Crown more -or less red; rest of head with under parts grayish, and with red or yellow tinge on the -middle of the abdomen. Rump white.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes.</b> Upper parts uniform black, without bands, with or without a white -rump; variable beneath, but without transverse bands.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CENTURUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Classification of Birds Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 310. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus</i>, <abbr title="Malherbe Mémoires Académie de Metz"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Mém. Acad. Metz</abbr>, 1849, 360. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus</i>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill about the length of the head, or a little longer; decidedly compressed, -except at the extreme base. A lateral ridge starting a little below the culmen at the base -of the bill, and angular for half the length of the bill, then becoming obsolete, though -traceable nearly to the tip. Culmen considerably curved from the base; gonys nearly -straight. Nostrils very broad, elliptical; situated about midway on the side of the mandible, -near the base; partly concealed. Outer pairs of toes unequal, the anterior toe -longest. Wings long, broad; third to fifth primaries equal and longest. Tail-feathers -rather narrow, stiffened.</p> - -<p>The species are all banded above transversely with black and white; the -rump white. The head and under parts are brown, or grayish, the latter -sometimes much the lighter. The belly with a red or yellow tinge. The -under tail-coverts with V-shaped dark marks. The North American species -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</i> may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"> -<!--612.png--><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 554]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus.</b> Middle of belly reddish; whole crown and nape red in male. -Nape, only, red in female.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Forehead reddish; beneath soiled ashy-white; abdomen pinkish-red; -crissum with sagittate marks of dusky. Wing, 5.25; tail, 3.80; bill, -1.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United States -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Forehead smoky-white; beneath smoky-olive, middle of abdomen carmine-red; -crissum with broad transverse bars of dusky. Wing, 4.50; -tail, 2.60; bill, 1.08. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central America; Venezuela -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_129" id="fnanchor_129"></a><a href="#footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. aurifrons.</b> Middle of belly yellowish; red of crown, in male, confined -to an ovoid vertical patch. Nape and forehead gamboge-yellow; white of -rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate. <i class="sex">Female</i> without any red on the -crown.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Inner webs of middle tail-feathers unvariegated black. Lower parts -dirty ashy-whitish, abdomen dilute gamboge-yellow. Wing, 5.20; tail, -3.60; bill, 1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico, north to the Rio Grande -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Inner webs of middle tail-feathers spotted with white. Lower parts -smoky-olive, belly bright orange-yellow. Wing, 4.70; tail, 2.80; bill, -1.16. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_130" id="fnanchor_130"></a><a href="#footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. uropygialis.</b> Middle of the belly yellowish. Nape and forehead soft -smoky grayish-brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> without red or yellow on head. White of -rump and upper tail-coverts with transverse dusky bars. Inner webs of -middle tail-feathers spotted with white. Wing, 5.30; tail, 3.70; bill, 1.35. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico, north into Colorado, region of Middle Province of -United States.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_52.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 52" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="52">LII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_52-1" id="pl_52-1"></a><img src="images/pl_52-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 868.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_52-2" id="pl_52-2"></a><img src="images/pl_52-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 6128.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_52-3" id="pl_52-3"></a><img src="images/pl_52-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 6121.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_52-4" id="pl_52-4"></a><img src="images/pl_52-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> 6118.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_52-5" id="pl_52-5"></a><img src="images/pl_52-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_52-6" id="pl_52-6"></a><img src="images/pl_52-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate detail " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus carolinus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 174.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 113, <abbr title="plate 7, figure">pl. vii, -f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 169, <abbr title="plate 415">pl. ccccxv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 270, -<abbr title="plate 270">pl. cclxx.</abbr>—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 418.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Sw. Bp.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, <abbr title="Avium">Av.</abbr> 1850, 119.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 109.—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -Jour.</abbr> 1862, 324.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 469 (resident in Texas).—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> -1862, 342.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 99.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 306. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> -Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 310 (error). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus griseus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 52, <abbr title="plate 116">pl. -cxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus erythrauchen</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, 1827. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus zebra</i>, <span class="sc">Boddært</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz">Tabl. pl. enl</abbr>. (Gray, genera).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal, and longest; second, or outermost, -and seventh about equal. Top of the head and nape crimson-red. Forehead whitish, -strongly tinged with light red, a shade of which is also seen on the cheek, still stronger on -the middle of the belly. Under parts brownish-white, with a faint wash of yellowish on -the belly. Back, rump, and wing-coverts banded black and white; upper tail-covert white, -with occasional blotches. Tail-feathers black; first transversely banded with white; second -less so; all the rest with whitish tips. Inner feathers banded with white on the -<!--613.png--><!--Plate 52--> -<!--614.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--615.png--><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 555]</span> -inner web; the outer web with a stripe of white along the middle. Length, 9.75; wing, -about 5.00. Female with the crown ashy; forehead pale red; nape bright red.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_615a.jpg" - width="250" height="178" - alt="Illustration: Centurus carolinus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">865</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America, -from Atlantic coast to the -eastern slope of the Rocky -Mountains. Localities: -Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, -469, resident).</p> - -<p>Specimens vary considerably -in size (with -latitude), and in the -tinge of reddish on -chin, breast, etc. The -width of the dorsal -bands differs in different -specimens. The -rump is banded; upper -tail-coverts are generally immaculate, but are sometimes dashed with -black. Specimens from the Mississippi Valley are generally more brightly -colored than those from the Atlantic -States, the lower parts more strongly -tinged with red. Florida examples are -smaller than northern ones, the black bars -broader, the lower parts deeper ashy and -strongly tinged with red, but of a more -purplish shade than in western ones.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_615b.jpg" - width="250" height="294" - alt="Illustration: Centurus carolinus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-bellied Woodpecker -is distributed throughout North -America, from the Atlantic Coast to -the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. -It is, however, much more abundant -in the more southern and western -portions. In the collections of the -Smithsonian Institution none are recorded -from farther north than Pennsylvania -on the east and Nebraska Territory on the west, while others were -obtained as far south as Florida. Nor am I aware that it is found, except -very rarely, north of Pennsylvania on the Atlantic coast. I have never met -with it in Eastern Massachusetts, although Mr. Audubon speaks of it as breeding -from Maryland to Nova Scotia. Dr. Woodhouse found it common in the -Indian Territory and in Texas. Wilson speaks of having found it abundant -in Upper Canada, and in the northern parts of the State of New York. He -also refers to its inhabiting the whole Atlantic States as far as Georgia and -the southern extremity of Florida. Its absence in Eastern Massachusetts -was noticed by Mr. Nuttall. It is not given by Thompson or Paine as -<!--616.png--><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 556]</span> -one of the birds of Vermont, nor does Lieutenant Bland mention it as one -of the birds of Nova Scotia, and it is not included by Sir John Richardson -in the <cite>Fauna Boreali-Americana</cite>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of it as generally more confined to the interior of -forests than the Hairy Woodpecker, especially during the breeding-season. -He further states that he never met with its nest in Louisiana or South -Carolina, but that it was not rare in Kentucky, and that, from the State of -Maryland to Nova Scotia, it breeds in all convenient places, usually more in -the woods than out of them. He also states that he has found the nests in -orchards in Pennsylvania, generally not far from the junction of a branch -with the trunk. He describes the hole as bored in the ordinary manner. -The eggs are seldom more than four in number, and measure 1.06 inches in -length and .75 of an inch in breadth. They are of an elliptical form, smooth, -pure white, and translucent. They are not known to raise more than one -brood in a season.</p> - -<p>Wilson speaks of this species as more shy and less domestic than the Red-headed -or any of the other spotted Woodpeckers, and also as more solitary. -He adds that it prefers the largest high-timbered woods and the tallest decayed -trees of the forest, seldom appearing near the ground, on the fences, -or in orchards or open fields. In regard to their nesting, he says that the -pair, in conjunction, dig out a circular cavity for the nest in the lower -side of some lofty branch that makes a considerable angle with the horizon. -Sometimes they excavate this in the solid wood, but more generally in a -hollow limb, some fifteen inches above where it becomes solid. This is -usually done early in April. The female lays five eggs, of a pure white, or -almost semi-transparent. The young generally make their appearance -towards the latter part of May. Wilson was of the opinion that they produced -two broods in a season.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found this bird resident and abundant in Texas. It is also -equally abundant in Louisiana and in Florida, and Mr. Ridgway considers -it very common in Southern Illinois. Neither Mr. Boardman nor Mr. -Verrill have found it in Maine. Mr. McIlwraith has, however, taken three -specimens at Hamilton, Canada West, May 3, near Chatham. Mr. Allen -gives it as a summer visitant in Western Massachusetts, having seen one on -the 13th of May, 1863. It has also been taken several times in Connecticut, -by Professor Emmons, who met with it, during the breeding-season, in -the extreme western part of the State. Mr. Lawrence has found it near -New York City, and Mr. Turnbull in Eastern Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>The eggs vary from an oblong to a somewhat rounded oval shape, are of a -bright crystalline whiteness, and their measurements average 1.02 inches in -length by .88 of an inch in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--617.png--><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 557]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus aurifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 512.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</i>, -<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> 1862, 323.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 399. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Animals in Manageries">Anim. in Menag.</abbr> 1838 (2½ centenaries), 354.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 110, <abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Ten">P. R. Rep. X</abbr>, c, 18.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, -1865, 469 (resident in Texas).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Mexican Boundary Survey Two">Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, 5, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus elegans</i>, -<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lycem Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 116. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus santacruzi</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, -<abbr title="Annals New York Lycem Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1851, 123 (not of<abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus ornatus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> -1839, 102.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth and fifth quills nearly equal; third a little shorter; longer than the -fourth. Back banded transversely with black and white; rump and upper tail-coverts -pure white. Crown with a subquadrate spot of crimson, about half an inch wide and -long; and separated from the gamboge-yellow at the base of the bill by dirty white, -from the orbit and occiput by brownish-ash. Nape half-way round the neck orange-yellow. -Under part generally, and sides of head, dirty white. Middle of belly gamboge-yellow. -Tail-feathers all entirely black, except the outer, which has some obscure bars -of white. Length about 9.50; wing, 5.00. Female without the red of the crown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rio Grande region of the United States, south into Mexico. Probably Arizona. -Localities: Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 252); Texas, south of San Antonio (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, -Ibis, 1865, 469, resident).</p> - -<p>Young birds are not different from adults, except in showing indication of -dark shaft-lines beneath, becoming broader behind on the sides. The yellow -of the nape extends over the whole side of the head.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful Woodpecker is abundant throughout the valley -of the Rio Grande, from Eagle Pass to its mouth; how far to the west within -our boundaries it occurs, I am not able to state. It is common throughout -Mexico, and was found in the Guatemalan collection of Van Patten, though -not mentioned by Sclater and Salvin. Dr. Woodhouse, in his Report on the -zoölogy of Captain Sitgreaves’s expedition, speaks of finding it quite abundant -in the neighborhood of San Antonio, Texas. He adds that west of the -Rio San Pedro he did not meet with it. He speaks of it as having a loud, -sharp cry, which it utters as it flies from tree to tree. He observed it mostly -on the trunks of the mesquite (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Algarobia</i>), diligently searching in the usual -manner of Woodpeckers. In the Report upon the birds of the Mexican -Boundary Survey, it is mentioned by Mr. Clark as abundant on the Lower -Rio Grande, as very shy, and as keeping chiefly about the mesquite. Lieutenant -Couch speaks of it as very common throughout Tamaulipas.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found the Yellow-bellied Woodpecker plentiful from the -Rio Grande to San Antonio, and as far north and east as the Guadaloupe, -after which he lost sight of it. Wherever the mesquite-trees were large, -there it was sure to be found, and very sparingly elsewhere. Near San -Antonio it is quite common, but not so much so as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus</i>. At -Eagle Pass, however, it was the more abundant of the two. He found it -<!--618.png--><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 558]</span> -breeding near San Antonio, boring for its nest-hole into a mesquite-tree. -Mr. Dresser was informed by Dr. Heermann, who has seen many of their -nests, that he never found them in any other tree.</p> - -<p>These birds were found breeding by Dr. Berlandier, and his collection. contained -quite a number of their eggs. Nothing was found among his papers -in relation to their habits or their manner of breeding. Their eggs, procured -by him, are of an oblong-oval shape, and measure 1.05 inches in length by -.85 of an inch in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GILA WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 120 (Bill Williams -River, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>)—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="Three, plate 36">III, pl. xxxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1862, 330.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, -<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 54.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b <abbr title="plate 36">pl. xxxvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>, c, 17. -<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <a name="ARI" id="ARI"></a><abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. Avi.</abbr> 1866, 54 (<abbr title="South">S.</abbr> Arizona).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 399. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus -hypopolius</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Pucheran</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue et Magazine">Rev. et Mag.</abbr> 1853, 163 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Centurus) hypopolius</i>, -<span class="sc">Wagler</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus kaupii</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, 1855.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> <a name="BrMex" id="BrMex"></a><abbr title="British Museum">Br. Mex.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus -sulfureiventer</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Handbuch</span>, Picinæ, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1854, 410, figs. 4411, 4412.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third, fourth, and fifth quills longest, and about equal. Back, rump, and -upper tail-coverts transversely barred with black and white, purest on the two latter. -Head and neck all round pale dirty-brown, or brownish-ash, darkest above. A small -subquadrate patch of red on the middle of the crown, separated from the bill by dirty -white. Middle of the abdomen gamboge-yellow; under tail-coverts and anal region -strongly barred with black. First and second outer tail-feathers banded black and white, -as is also the inner web of the inner tail-feather; the outer web of the latter with a -white stripe. Length, about 9.00; wing, 5.00. Female with the head uniform brownish-ash, -without any red or yellow.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Lower Colorado River of the West, to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. South to Mazatlan. -Localities: W. Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered by Dr. Kennerly in his route -along the 35th parallel, and described by Professor Baird, in 1854. The -Doctor encountered it almost continually during the entire march along the -Big Sandy, Bill Williams Fork, and the Great Colorado; but it was so very -shy that he had great difficulty in procuring specimens. Seated in the top of -the tree, it was ever on guard; and, upon the approach of danger, flew away, -accompanying its flight with the utterance of very peculiar notes. Its flight -was in an undulating line, like that of other birds of this class.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this Woodpecker abundant on the banks of the -Gila River among the mesquite-trees. The giant cactus, often forty feet -high, which grows abundantly on the arid hillsides throughout that whole -section of country, was frequently found filled with holes bored out by -this bird. The pith of the plant is extracted until a chamber of suitable -size is obtained, when the juice exuding from the wounded surface hardens, -and forms a smooth dry coating to the cavity, thus making a convenient -<!--619.png--><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 559]</span> -place for the purposes of incubation. At Tucson, in Arizona, he found it -frequenting the cornfields, where it might be seen alighting on the old hedge-posts -in search of insects. Its note, he adds, resembles very much that of -the Red-headed Woodpecker. He afterwards met with this bird in California, -in considerable numbers, on the Colorado. Besides its ordinary notes, -resembling those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</i>, it varies them with a soft -plaintive cry, as if hurt or wounded. He found their stomachs filled with -the white gelatinous berry of a parasitic plant which grows abundantly on -the mesquite-trees, and the fruit of which forms the principal food of many -species of birds during the fall.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues gives this bird as rare and probably accidental in the immediate -vicinity of Fort Whipple, but as a common bird in the valleys of the Gila -and of the Lower Colorado, where it has the local name of <i lang="en" xml:lang="en">Suwarrow</i>, or -<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Saguaro</i>, on account of its partiality for the large cactuses, with the juice of -which plant its plumage is often found stained.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this Woodpecker abundant in winter at Fort Mohave, -when they feed chiefly on the berries of the mistletoe, and are very shy. -He rarely saw them pecking at the trees, but they seemed to depend for a -living on insects, which were numerous on the foliage during the spring. -They have a loud note of alarm, strikingly similar to that of the <a name="note31" id="note31"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phainopepla -nitens</i>, which associated with them in the mistletoe-boughs.</p> - -<p>About the 25th of March he found them preparing their nests in burrows -near the dead tops of trees, none of them, so far as he saw, being accessible. -By the last of May they had entirely deserted the mistletoe, and were probably -feeding their young on insects.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MELANERPES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus erythrocephalus</i>.)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus</i> (Section 3), <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Mémoires Academie de"> Mém. Ac.</abbr></span> Metz, 1849, 365.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus torquatus</i>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill about equal to the head; broader than high at the base, but becoming -compressed immediately anterior to the commencement of the gonys. Culmen and -gonys with a moderately decided angular ridge; both decidedly curved from the very -base. A rather prominent acute ridge commences at the base of the mandible, a little -below the ridge of the culmen, and proceeds but a short distance anterior to the nostrils -(about one third of the way), when it sinks down, and the bill is then smooth. The -lateral outlines are gently concave from the basal two thirds; then gently convex to the -tip, which does not exhibit any abrupt bevelling. Nostrils open, broadly oval; not concealed -by the feathers, nor entirely basal. Fork of chin less than half lower jaw. The -outer pair of toes equal. Wings long, broad; lengthened. Tail-feathers broad, with -lengthened points.</p> - -<p class="small">The species all have the back black, without any spots or streaks anywhere.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_620.jpg" - width="300" height="221" - alt="Illustration: Melanerpes erythrocephalus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">883</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> </p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>Dr. Coues places <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. torquatus</i> in a new genus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</i>, characterized -by a peculiar texture of the under part and nuchal collar, in which the -<!--620.png--><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 560]</span> -fibres are disconnected on their terminal portion, enlarged and stiffened, -almost bristle-like; otherwise the characters are much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</i>. It -should, however, be noted, that the feathers of the red portion of the head in -the other species have the same texture.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Sexes similar. <i class="age">Young</i> very different from the adult.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. torquatus.</b> Feathers of the lower parts, as well as of frontal, lateral, -and under portions of the head, with the fibres bristle-like. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</i>, -<span class="sc">Coues</span>.) Upper parts wholly uniform, continuous, very metallic blackish-green. -<i class="age">Adult.</i> Forehead, lores, cheeks, and chin deep crimson, of a burnt-carmine -tint; jugulum, breast, and a ring entirely around the nape, grayish-white; -abdomen light carmine. Back glossed with purplish-bronze. <i class="age">Young</i> -without the red of the head, and lacking the grayish nuchal collar; abdomen -only tinged with red, no purple or bronze tints above. Wing, 6.70; tail, -4.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of the United States, from the Black Hills -to the Pacific.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. erythrocephalus.</b> Feathers generally soft, blended; those of the whole -head and neck with stiffened and bristle-like fibres in the adult. Secondaries, -rump, and upper tail-coverts, with whole lower parts from the neck, continuous -pure white. Two lateral tail-feathers tipped with white. <i class="age">Adult.</i> -Whole head and neck bright venous-crimson or blood-red, with a black -convex posterior border across the jugulum; back, wings, and tail glossy -blue-black. <i class="age">Young.</i> Head and neck grayish, streaked with dusky; back -and scapulars grayish, spotted with black; secondaries with two or three -black bands; breast tinged with grayish, and with sparse dusky streaks. -Wing, 5.90; tail, 3.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of the United States, west -to the Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Sexes dissimilar; young like the adult.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus.</b> Forehead and a broad crescent across the middle of the -throat (the two areas connected by a narrow strip across the lore), white, -more or less tinged with sulphur-yellow. Rump, upper tail-coverts, abdomen, -<!--621.png--><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 561]</span> -sides, and crissum, with patch on base of primaries, pure white, -the sides and breast with black streaks. Other portions glossy blue-black.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Whole crown and nape carmine. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the occiput and nape -alone red.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>More than the anterior half of the pectoral band immaculate.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"> -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the white frontal, black coronal, and red occipital bands -of about equal width. Forehead and throat only slightly tinged -with sulphur-yellow. Wing, 5.80; tail, 3.90; bill, 1.27. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Pacific Province of United States, and Northern and Western -Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the white frontal band only about half as wide as the -black coronal, which is only about half as wide as the red occipital, -band or patch. Forehead and throat bright sulphur-yellow. -Wing, 5.40; tail, 3.65; bill, 1.23. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Lower California -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i>Nearly the whole of the black pectoral band variegated with white streaks.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Relative width of the white, black, and red areas on the crown as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i>. Wing, 5.50; tail, 3.75; bill, 1.22. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, -south of Orizaba and Mirador -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_131" id="fnanchor_131"></a><a href="#footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Nape, only, red (as in females of preceding races); <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> without -any red.</p> - -<p class="indent2"> -Whole breast streaked, the black and white being in about equal -amount. Wing, 5.70; tail, 3.90; bill, 1.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada -… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_132" id="fnanchor_132"></a><a href="#footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEWIS’S WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus torquatus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 31, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -82.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 176, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 280, <abbr title="plate 272">pl. -cclxxii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 115.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phil.</abbr> <abbr title="second series Two">2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 270.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. & Or.</abbr> -Route, 90, in <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">P. R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 115.—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, 161.—<span class="sc">Cassin.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 327.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, -112 (nesting).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 406. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus montanus</i>, <span class="sc">Ord.</span> in Guthrie’s -<abbr title="Geography Second American edition Two">Geog. 2d Am. ed. II</abbr>, 1815, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus lewisii</i>, <span class="sc">Drapiez.</span> (Gray.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus torquatus</i>, -<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers on the under parts bristle-like. Fourth quill longest; then third -and fifth. Above dark glossy-green. Breast, lower part of the neck, and a narrow collar -all round, hoary grayish-white. Around the base of the bill and sides of the head to -<!--622.png--><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 562]</span> -behind the eyes, dark crimson. Belly blood-red, streaked finely with hoary whitish. -Wings and tail entirely uniform dark glossy-green. Female similar. Length about 10.50; -wing, 6.50. Young without the nuchal collar, and the red of head replaced by black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western America from Black Hills to Pacific.</p> - -<p>The peculiarities in the feathers of the under parts have already been adverted -to. This structure appears to be essentially connected with the red -feathers, since these have the same texture in the other species of the genus, -wherever the color occurs. The remark may perhaps apply generally to the -red feathers of most, if not all, Woodpeckers, and may be connected with -some chemical or physical condition yet to be determined.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Lewis’s Woodpecker would seem to have a distribution throughout -the Pacific Coast, from the sea-shore to the mountains, and from Puget -Sound to the Gulf of California, and extending to the eastern border of the -Great Plains, within the limits of the United States. They were first observed -by Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, in their memorable journey to the -Pacific. Subsequently Mr. Nuttall met with them in his westward journey, -in the central chain of the Rocky Mountains. This was in the month of -July. Among the cedar and pine woods of Bear River, on the edge of Upper -California, he found them inhabiting the decayed trunks of the pine-trees, -and already feeding their young. Afterwards, at the close of August, he met -them in flocks on the plains, sixty miles up the Wahlamet. He describes -them as very unlike Woodpeckers in their habits, perching in dense flocks, -like Starlings, neither climbing branches nor tapping in the manner of their -tribe, but darting after insects and devouring berries, like Thrushes. He saw -them but seldom, either in the dense forests of the Columbia or in any settled -part of California.</p> - -<p>Townsend speaks of their arriving about the first of May on Bear River -and the Columbia. Both sexes incubate, according to his observations.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel first observed this Woodpecker in a belt of oak timber near -the Mission of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Gabriel, in California, and states that it was abundant. -He also describes its habits as peculiar, and unlike the generality of Woodpeckers. -Dr. Heermann, too, speaks of finding it in all the parts of California -which he visited. Dr. Newberry, in his Notes on the zoölogy of -Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, refers to it as most unlike the California -Woodpecker in the region it occupies and in its retiring habits. He -describes it as seeming to choose, for its favorite haunts, the evergreen -forests upon the rocky declivities of the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. -He first observed it in Northern California, but subsequently noticed it in -the mountains all the way to the Columbia. Though often seen in low elevations, -it was evidently alpine in its preferences, and was found most frequently -near the line of perpetual snow; and when crossing the snow lines, -in the mountain-passes, it was often observed flying far above the party. He -describes it as being always shy, and difficult to shoot.</p> - -<p>Dr. S. W. Woodhouse describes this species as being common in the Indian -<!--623.png--><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 563]</span> -Territory and in New Mexico; while Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the -zoölogy of Washington Territory, speaks of it as being common, during -summer, in all the interior districts, but seldom or never approaching the -coast. It arrives at Puget Sound early in May, and some even remain, during -mild winters, in the Territory. According to his account, it burrows -holes for its nests at all heights from the ground, but commonly in dead -trees. The eggs are described as pure white, and, when fresh, translucent, -like those of all the Woodpecker tribe, and hardly distinguishable in size -and general appearance from those of the Golden-winged Woodpecker -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>). Its harsh call is rarely uttered in summer, when it -seems to seek concealment for itself and nest. The flocks of young, which -in fall associate together to the number of eight or ten, are more noisy. Dr. -Suckley, in the same Report (page 162), speaks of this Woodpecker as being -very abundant throughout the more open portions of the timbered region of -the northwest coast, preferring oak openings and groves. At Fort Dalles, on -the Columbia, they are extremely numerous, not only breeding there during -summer, but also found as winter residents. Their breeding-places are generally -holes in oak and other trees, which, from the appearance of all he -examined, seemed to have been excavated for the purpose. At Puget Sound -this species was found less frequently than at Fort Dalles, on the Columbia. -At the latter place they were constant winter residents. Dr. Suckley also -speaks of them as being semi-gregarious in their habits.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord thinks that this Woodpecker is not to be met with west of the -Cascade Mountains, but says it is very often found between the Cascades and -the Rocky Mountains, where it frequents the open timber. The habits and -modes of flight of this bird, he states, are not the least like a Woodpecker’s. -It flies with a heavy flapping motion, much like a Jay, feeds a good deal on -the ground, and chases insects on the wing like a Shrike or a Kingbird. -Whilst mating they assemble in large numbers, and keep up a continual, -loud, chattering noise. They arrive at Colville in April, begin nesting in -May, and leave again in October. The nest is in a hole in a dead pine-tree, -usually at a considerable height from the ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues says this bird is very common at Fort Whipple, in Arizona, -where it remained in moult until November.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen found this the most numerous of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i> in Colorado -Territory. He also states that it differs considerably in its habits from -all the other Woodpeckers. He frequently noticed it rising high into the -air almost vertically, and to a great height, apparently in pursuit of insects, -and descending again as abruptly, to repeat the same manœuvre. It was -met with by Mr. Ridgway in the Sacramento Valley, along the eastern base -of the Sierra Nevada, and in the East Humboldt Mountains. In the first-mentioned -locality it was the most abundant Woodpecker, and inhabited the -scattered oaks of the plains. In the second region it was very abundant—perhaps -more so than any other species—among the scattered pines along -<!--624.png--><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 564]</span> -the very base of the eastern slope; and in the last-mentioned place was observed -on a few occasions among the tall aspens bordering the streams in -the lower portions of the cañons. In its habits it is described as approaching -most closely to our common Red-headed Woodpecker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. erythrocephalus</i>), -but possessing many very distinctive peculiarities. In the character -of its notes it quite closely approximates to our common Redhead, but -they are weaker and of a more twittering character; and in its lively playful -disposition it even exceeds it. It has a very peculiar and characteristic -habit of ascending high into the air, and taking a strange, floating flight, -seemingly laborious, as if struggling against the wind, and then descending -in broad circles to the trees.</p> - -<p>The eggs are more spherical than are usually those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>, -are of a beautiful crystalline whiteness, and measure 1.10 inches in length -and .92 of an inch in breadth.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus erythrocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 174.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, -60, <abbr title="plate 112, 113">pl. cxii, cxiii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1810, 142, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>, fig. 1.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. -Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 14.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Isis, 1829, 518 (young).—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 141; -<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 536, <abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 274, <abbr title="plate 271">pl. cclxxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, -1858, 419. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 316.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 115.—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Jounrnal Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. Ac. Nat. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second series One">2d ser. I</abbr>, 1847, -55.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 113.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 340.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 102.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 402.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 307. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus obscurus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, -1788, 429 (young).—<cite>Red-headed Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Kalm</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <cite>White-rumped -Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head and neck all round crimson-red, margined by a narrow crescent of -black on the upper part of the breast. Back, primary quills, and tail bluish-black. Under -parts generally, a broad band across the middle of the wing, and the rump, white. The -female is not different. Length, about 9.75; wing, 5.50. Bill bluish-white, darker terminally; -iris chestnut; feet olive-gray. Young without any red, the head and neck being -grayish streaked with dusky; breast with an ashy tinge, and streaked sparsely with -dusky; secondaries with two or three bands of black; dorsal region clouded with grayish.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States to base of Rocky Mountains, sometimes straggling -westward to coast of California (<span class="sc">Gambel</span>). Salt Lake City, Utah (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). Other -<a name="note33" id="note33"></a>localities: Nueces to Brazos, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 469, breeds).</p> - -<p>Western specimens frequently have the abdomen strongly tinged with -salmon-red, or orange-red, and are generally more deeply colored than -eastern.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-headed Woodpecker is one of the most familiar birds -of this family, and ranges over a wide extent of territory. Excepting where -it has been exterminated by the persecutions of indiscriminate destroyers, it -is everywhere a very abundant species. Once common, it is now rarely met -<!--625.png--><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 565]</span> -with in the neighborhood of Boston, though in the western part of Massachusetts -it is still to be found. In the collections of the Smithsonian Institution -are specimens from Pennsylvania, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, -Missouri, Louisiana, the Indian Territory, etc. Sir John Richardson speaks -of it as ranging in summer as far north as the northern shores of Lake -Huron. He also remarks that in the Hudson Bay Museum there is a specimen -from the banks of the Columbia River. Dr. Gambel, in his paper on -the birds of California, states that he saw many of them in a belt of oak timber -near the Mission of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Gabriel. As, however, Dr. Heermann did not -meet with it in California, and as no other collector has obtained specimens -in that State, this is probably a mistake. With the exception of Dr. Woodhouse, -who speaks of having found this species in the Indian Territory and -in Texas, it is not mentioned by any of the government exploring parties. -It may therefore be assigned a range extending, in summer, as far north as -Labrador, and westward to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. -Throughout the year it is a permanent resident only of the more southern -States, where it is, however, much less abundant in summer than it is in -Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Wilson, at the time of his writing (1808), speaks of finding several of the -nests of this Woodpecker within the boundaries of the then city of Philadelphia, -two of them being in buttonwood-trees and one in the decayed -limb of an elm. The parent birds made regular excursions to the woods -beyond the Schuylkill, and preserved a silence and circumspection in visiting -their nest entirely unlike their habits in their wilder places of residence. -The species is altogether migratory, visiting the Middle and Northern States -early in May and leaving in October. It begins the construction of its nest -almost immediately after its first appearance, as with other members of its -family, by excavations made in the trunk or larger limbs of trees, depositing -six white eggs on the bare wood. The cavities for their nests are made -almost exclusively in dead wood, rarely, if ever, in the living portion of the -tree. In Texas, Louisiana, Kentucky, and the Carolinas, they have two -broods in a season, but farther north than this they rarely raise more than -one. Their eggs are usually six in number, and, like all the eggs of this -family, are pure white and translucent when fresh. They vary a little in -their shape, but are usually slightly more oval and less spherical than those -of several other species. Mr. Nuttall speaks of the eggs of this bird as -being said to be marked at the larger end with reddish spots. I have never -met with any thus marked, and as Mr. Nuttall does not give it as from his -own observations I have no doubt that it is a mistake. Mr. Paine, of -Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, writes that he has only seen a single specimen of this -Woodpecker in that part of Vermont, while on the western side of the -Green Mountains they are said to be very common. He adds that it is a -tradition among his older neighbors that these Woodpeckers were formerly -everywhere known throughout all portions of the State.</p> - -<p><!--626.png--><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 566]</span> -Mr. Ridgway saw a single individual of this species in the outskirts of -Salt Lake City, in July, 1869.</p> - -<p>Their eggs vary both in size and in shape, from a spherical to an oblong-oval, -the latter being the more usual. Their length varies from 1.10 to 1.15 -inches, and their breadth from .80 to .90 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus formicivorus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Mexico">Birds Mex.</abbr> in <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 439 (Mexico).—<span class="sc">Vigors</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom, 1839, 23 (Monterey).—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, <abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr> 1840. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes -formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 115.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phil.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1853, 270.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Two">Illust. II</abbr>, 1853, 11, <abbr title="plate 2">pl. ii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of the California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> & Oregon -Route, 90, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">P. R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1868, 114.—<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, -<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1865, 562 (correcting an error of Saussure).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. -A. N. S.</abbr> 63, 328.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, 58 (nesting).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Report on Mexican Boundary Survey Two">Rep. M. Bound. -II</abbr>, Birds, 6.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proccedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 305 (Oaxaca).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, 137 (Honduras).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -Jour.</abbr> 1862, 322 (Costa Rica).—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology of California One">Orn. -Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 403. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus melanopogon</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>, <abbr title="Plate">Pl.</abbr> Color. <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, (1829? <abbr title="plate 451">pl. ccccli</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -Isis, 1829, <abbr title="five">v</abbr>, 515.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 51.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_626.jpg" - width="250" height="246" - alt="Illustration: Melanerpes formicivorus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Fourth quill longest, third a little shorter. Above and on the anterior half -of the body, glossy bluish or greenish black; the top of the head and a short occipital -crest red. A white patch on the forehead, -connecting with a broad crescentic -collar on the upper part of the neck -by a narrow isthmus, white tinged with -sulphur-yellow. Belly, rump, bases of -primaries, and inner edges of the outer -quills, white. Tail-feathers uniform -black. Female with the red confined -to the occipital crest, the rest replaced -by greenish-black; the three patches -white, black, and red, very sharply defined, -and about equal. Length about -9.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Coast region of the -United States and south; in Northern -Mexico, eastward almost to the Gulf -of Mexico; also on the Upper Rio -Grande; south to Costa Rica. Localities: -Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 305); -Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 307); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 137); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 341); -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1862, 322); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55).</p> - -<p>In most specimens one or two red feathers may be detected in the black -of the breast just behind the sulphur-yellow crescent. The white of the -breast is streaked with black; the posterior portion of the black of the -breast and anterior belly streaked with white. The white of the wing only -shows externally as a patch at the base of the primaries.</p> - -<!--627.png--><!--Plate 53--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_53.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 53" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="53">LIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_53-1" id="pl_53-1"></a><img src="images/pl_53-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5495.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_53-2" id="pl_53-2"></a><img src="images/pl_53-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 25035.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_53-3" id="pl_53-3"></a><img src="images/pl_53-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 25947.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_53-4" id="pl_53-4"></a><img src="images/pl_53-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 25949.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--628.png--><!--blank page--> -<p><!--629.png--><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 567]</span> -Dr. Coues calls attention to extraordinary differences in the color of the -iris, which varies from white to red, blue, yellow, ochraceous, or brown. A -mixture of blue, he thinks, indicates immaturity, and a reddish tinge the -full spring coloration.</p> - -<p>The male of this species has a white forehead extending a little backwards -of the anterior edge of the eye, the rest of the top of head to the nape being -red. The female has the white forehead, and a quadrate occipito-nuchal red -patch, a black band about as broad as the white one separating the latter -from the occipital red. The length of the two anterior bands together is -decidedly greater than that of the posterior red. In both sexes the jugulum -is entirely and continuously black. Anteriorly (generally with a red spot in -its anterior edge) and on the feathers of its posterior border only are these -elongated white spots, on each side the shaft, the feathers of the breast being -streaked centrally with black. The inner webs of the secondaries have an -elongated continuous patch of white along their internal edge, with a very -slight, almost inappreciable, border of black; this white only very rarely converted -partly or entirely into quadrate spots, and that never on the innermost -quills marked with white. Specimens from California are very similar -to those from the Rocky Mountains and the Rio Grande Valley, except, -perhaps, in being larger, with longer and straighter bill.</p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. flavigula</i> from Bogota, the male has the head marked with the red, -black, and white (the red much less in extent, however) of the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. -formicivorus</i>, while the female has no red whatever. All, or nearly all, the -feathers of the jugulum have the two white spots, and (as pointed out by -Reichenbach) the white of the inner webs of the inner quills is entirely converted -into a series of non-confluent quadrate spots. The black streaks on -the sides and behind appear to be of greater magnitude, and more uniformly -distributed. In both species all the tail-feathers are perfectly black.</p> - -<p>A Guatemalan bird, received from Mr. Salvin as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i>,—and indeed -all specimens from Orizaba and Mirador to Costa Rica,—agrees in the -main with the northern bird, except that all the black feathers of the jugulum -have white spots, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. flavigula</i>. The outermost tail-feather of Mr. -Salvin’s specimen has two narrow transverse whitish bands, and a spot indicating -a third, as well as a light tip. The white markings on the inner -quills are more like the northern bird, though on the outermost ones there -is the same tendency to form spots as in a few northern specimens (as -6,149 from Los Nogales, &c.). The bill is very different from either in being -shorter, broader, much stouter, and the culmen more decurved.</p> - -<p>These peculiarities, which are constant, appear to indicate a decided or -strongly marked variety, as a series of almost a hundred specimens of -the northern bird from many localities exhibit none of the characters -mentioned, while all of an equally large series from Central America agree -in possessing them.</p> - -<p>A series of Jalapan specimens from the cabinet of Mr. Lawrence show a -<!--630.png--><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 568]</span> -close relationship to skins from the Rio Grande, and do not approach the -Guatemalan bird in the peculiar characters just referred to, except in the -shortness and curvature of the bill. In one specimen there is an approach -to the Bogotan in a moderate degree of barring on the white inner edgings -of the tertials; in the rest, however, they are continuously white.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This handsome Woodpecker, distinguished both by the remarkable -beauty of its plumage and the peculiarity of its provident habits, has a -widely extended area of distribution, covering the Pacific Coast, from Oregon -throughout Mexico. In Central America it is replaced by the variety -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i>, and in New Grenada by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i>, while at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas we find another local form, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. angustifrons</i>. So far as we have the -means of ascertaining their habits, we find no mention of any essential differences -in this respect among these races.</p> - -<p>Suckley and Cooper did not meet with this bird in Washington Territory, -and Mr. Lord met with it in abundance on his journey from Yreka to the -boundary line of British Columbia. Mr. Dresser did not observe it at San -Antonio. Mr. Clark met with it at the Coppermines, in New Mexico, in great -numbers, and feeding principally among the oaks. Lieutenant Couch found -it in the recesses of the Sierra Madre quite common and very tame, resorting -to high trees in search of its food. He did not meet with it east of the -Sierra Madre. Dr. Kennerly first observed it in the vicinity of Santa Cruz, -where it was very frequent on the mountain-slopes, always preferring the -tallest trees, but very shy, and it was with difficulty that a specimen -could be procured. Mr. Nuttall, who first added this bird to our fauna, -speaks of it as very plentiful in the forests around Santa Barbara. Between -that region and the Pueblo de los Angeles, Dr. Gambel met with it in great -abundance, although neither writer makes mention of any peculiarities of -habit. Mr. Emanuel Samuels met with it in and around Petaluma, where -he obtained the eggs.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry, in his Report on the zoölogy of Lieutenant Williamson’s -route (<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> Reports, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>), states that the range of this species extends to -the Columbia, and perhaps above, to the westward of the Cascade Range, -though more common in California than in Oregon. It was not found in -the Des Chutes Basin, nor in the Cascade Mountains.</p> - -<p>In the list of the birds of Guatemala given by Mr. Salvin in the Ibis, this -Woodpecker is mentioned (<abbr title="One, page">I, p.</abbr> 137) as being found in the Central Region, -at Calderas, on the Volcan de Fuego, in forests of evergreen oaks, where it -feeds on acorns.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann describes it as among the noisiest as well as the most abundant -of the Woodpeckers of California. He speaks of it as catching insects -on the wing, after the manner of a Flycatcher, and mentions its very extraordinary -habit of digging small holes in the bark of the pine and the oak, -in which it stores acorns for its food in winter. He adds that one of these -acorns is placed in each hole, and is so tightly fitted or driven in that it is -<!--631.png--><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 569]</span> -with difficulty extracted. Thus, the bark of a large pine forty or fifty feet -high will present the appearance of being closely studded with brass nails, -the heads only being visible. These acorns are thus stored in large quantities, -and serve not only the Woodpecker, but trespassers as well. Dr. Heermann -speaks of the nest as being excavated in the body of the tree to a -depth varying from six inches to two feet, the eggs being four or five in -number, and pure white.</p> - -<p>These very remarkable and, for a Woodpecker, somewhat anomalous -habits, first mentioned among American writers by Dr. Heermann, have -given rise to various conflicting statements and theories in regard to the -design of these collections of acorns. Some have even ventured to discredit -the facts, but these are too well authenticated to be questioned. Too many -naturalists whose accuracy cannot be doubted have been eyewitnesses to -these performances. Among these is Mr. J. K. Lord, who, however, was -constrained to confess his utter inability to explain why the birds did so. -He was never able to find an acorn that seemed to have been eaten, nor a -trace of vegetable matter in their stomachs, and at the close of his investigations -he frankly admitted this storing of acorns to be a mystery for which -he could offer no satisfactory explanation.</p> - -<p>M. H. de Saussure, the Swiss naturalist, in an interesting paper published -in 1858 in the <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bibliothèque Universelle</cite> of Geneva, furnishes some very -interesting observations on the habits of a Woodpecker, which he supposed -to be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanoides</i> of Mexico, of storing collections of acorns in -the hollow stems of the maguay plants. Sumichrast, who accompanied -Saussure in his excursion, while recognizing the entire truth of the interesting -facts he narrates, is confident that the credit of all this instinctive forethought -belongs not to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, but to the Mexican race of this species. -Saussure’s article being too long to quote in full, we give an abstract.</p> - -<p>The slopes of a volcanic mountain, Pizarro, near Perote, in Mexico, are -covered with immense beds of the maguay (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agave americana</i>), with larger -growths of yuccas, but without any other large shrubs or trees. Saussure -was surprised to find this silent and dismal wilderness swarming with -Woodpeckers. A circumstance so unusual as this large congregation of birds, -by nature so solitary, in a spot so unattractive, prompted him to investigate -the mystery. The birds were seen to fly first to the stalks of the -maguay, to attack them with their beaks, and then to pass to the yuccas, -and there repeat their labors. These stalks, upon examination, were all -found to be riddled with holes, placed irregularly one above another, and -communicating with the hollow cavity within. On cutting open one of -these stalks, he found it filled with acorns.</p> - -<p>As is well known, this plant, after flowering, dies, its stalk remains, its outer -covering hardens into a flinty texture, and its centre becomes hollow. This -convenient cavity is used by the Woodpecker as a storehouse for provisions -that are unusual food for the tribe. The central cavity of the stalk is only -<!--632.png--><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 570]</span> -large enough to receive one acorn at a time. They are packed in, one above -the other, until the cavity is full. How did these Woodpeckers first learn -to thus use these storehouses, by nature closed against them? The intelligent -instinct that enabled this bird to solve this problem Saussure regarded -as not the least surprising feature. With its beak it pierces a small round -hole through the lower portion into the central cavity, and thrusts in acorns -until the hollow is filled to the level of the hole. It then makes a second -opening higher up, and fills the space below in a like manner, and so proceeds -until the entire stalk is full. Sometimes the space is too small to receive -the acorns, and they have to be forced in by blows from its beak. In -other stalks there are no cavities, and then the Woodpecker creates one for -each acorn, forcing it into the centre of the pith.</p> - -<p>The labor necessary to enable the bird to accomplish all this is very considerable, -and great industry is required to collect its stores; but, once collected, -the storehouse is a very safe and convenient one. Mount Pizarro is -in the midst of a barren desert of sand and volcanic <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">débris</i>. There are no -oak-trees nearer than the Cordilleras, thirty miles distant, and therefore the -collecting and storing of each acorn required a flight of sixty miles.</p> - -<p>This, reasons Saussure, is obviously an instinctive preparation, on the -part of these birds, to provide the means of supporting life during the arid -winter months, when no rain falls and everything is parched. His observations -were made in April, the last of the winter months; and he found -the Woodpeckers withdrawing food from their depositories, and satisfied -himself that the birds were eating the acorn itself, and not the diminutive -maggots a few of them contained.</p> - -<p>The ingenuity with which the bird managed to get at the contents of each -acorn was also quite striking. Its feet being unfit for grasping the acorn, it -digs a hole into the dry bark of the yuccas, just large enough to receive the -small end of the acorn, which it inserts, making use of its bill to split it -open, as with a wedge. The trunks of the yuccas were all found riddled -with these holes.</p> - -<p>There are several remarkable features to be noticed in the facts observed -by Saussure,—the provident instinct which prompts this bird to lay by -stores of provisions for the winter; the great distance traversed to collect -a kind of food so unusual for its race; and its seeking, in a spot so remote -from its natural abode, a storehouse so remarkable. Can instinct alone -teach, or have experience and reason taught, these birds, that, better far than -the bark of trees, or cracks in rocks, or cavities dug in the earth, or any -other known hiding-place, are these hidden cavities within the hollow stems -of distant plants? What first taught them how to break through the flinty -coverings of these retreats? By what revelation could these birds have -been informed that within these dry and closed stalks they could, by searching, -find suitable places, protected from moisture, for preserving their stores -in a state most favorable for their long preservation, safe from gnawing -<!--633.png--><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 571]</span> -rats, and from those acorn-eating birds whose bills are not strong or sharp -enough to cut through their tough enclosures? - -M. Sumichrast, who afterwards enjoyed unusual opportunities for observing -the habits of these Woodpeckers in the State of Vera Cruz, states that -they dwell exclusively in oak woods, and that near Potrero, as well as in -the alpine regions, trunks of oak-trees are found pierced with small holes in -circular lines around their circumference. Into each of these holes these -birds drive the acorns by repeated blows of their beaks, so as to fix them -firmly. At other times they make their collection of acorns in openings between -the raised bark of dry trees and the trunks. This writer states that -he has sought in vain to explain such performances satisfactorily. The -localities in which these birds reside, in Mexico, teem at all seasons with -insects; and it seems absurd, therefore, to suppose that they can be in quest -of the small, almost microscopic, larvæ contained in the acorns.</p> - -<p>Dr. C. T. Jackson sought to account for these interesting performances on -the ingenious hypothesis that the acorns thus stored are always infested with -larvæ, and never sound ones; that they are driven into the tree cup-end foremost, -so as to securely imprison the maggot and prevent its escape, and thus -enable the Woodpecker to devour it at its leisure. This would argue a wonderful -degree of intelligence and forethought, on the part of the Woodpecker, -and more than it is entitled to; for the facts do not sustain this hypothesis. -The acorns are not put into the tree with the cup-end in, but invariably -the reverse, so far as we have noticed; and the acorns, so far from -being wormy, are, in nine cases out of ten, sound ones. Besides, this theory -affords no explanation of the large collections of loose acorns made by these -birds in hollow trees, or in the stalks of the maguay plants. Nor can we -understand why, if so intelligent, they make so little use of these acorns, as -seems to be the almost universal testimony of California naturalists. And, -as still further demonstrating the incorrectness of this hypothesis, we have -recently been informed by Dr. Canfield of Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, that occasionally -these Woodpeckers, following an instinct so blind that they do not distinguish -between an acorn and a pebble, are known to fill up the holes they -have drilled with so much labor, not only with acorns, but occasionally with -stones. In time the bark and the wood grow over these, and after a few -years they are left a long way from the surface. These trees are usually the -sugar-pine of California, a wood much used for lumber. Occasionally one -of these trees is cut, the log taken to mill without its being known that it is -thus charged with rounded pieces of flint or agate, and the saws that come -in contact with them are broken.</p> - -<p>Without venturing to present an explanation of facts that have appeared -so contradictory and unsatisfactory to other naturalists, such as we can claim -to be either comprehensive or entirely satisfactory, we cannot discredit the -positive averments of such observers as Saussure and Salvin. We believe -that these Woodpeckers do eat the acorns, when they can do no better. -<!--634.png--><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 572]</span> -And when we are confronted with the fact, which we do not feel at liberty -to altogether disregard, that in very large regions this bird seems to labor in -vain, and makes no use of the treasures it has thus heaped together, we -can only attempt an explanation. This Woodpecker is found over an immense -area. It everywhere has the same instinctive promptings to provide, -not “for a rainy day,” but for the exact opposite,—for a long interval -during which no rain falls, for nearly two hundred days at a time, in all the -low and hot lands of Mexico and Central America. There these accumulations -become a necessity, there we are informed they do eat the acorns, and, -more than this, many other birds and beasts derive the means of self-preservation -in times of famine from the provident labors of this bird. That in -Oregon, in California, and in the mountains of Mexico and elsewhere, -where better and more natural food offers throughout the year, it is rarely -known to eat the acorns it has thus labored to save, only seems to prove that -it acts under the influences of an undiscriminating instinct that prompts it -to gather in its stores whether it needs them or not.</p> - -<p>It may be, too, that writers have too hastily inferred that these birds never -eat the acorns, because they have been unable to obtain complete evidence -of the fact. We have recently received from C. W. Plass, <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr>, some interesting -facts, which, if they do not prove that these birds in the winter visit -their stores and eat their acorns, render it highly probable. Mr. Plass resides -near Napa City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, near which city, and on the edge of the pine -forests, he has recently constructed a house. The gable-ends of this dwelling -the California Woodpeckers have found a very convenient storehouse for -their acorns, and Mr. Plass has very considerately permitted them to do so -unmolested. The window in the gable slides up upon pullies its whole -length, to admit of a passage to the upper verandah, and the open space in -the wall admits of the nuts falling down into the upper hall, and this frequently -happens when the birds attempt to extricate them from the outside. -Nearly all these nuts are found to be sound, and contain no worm, while -those that fall outside are empty shells. Empty shells have also been -noticed by Mr. Plass under the trees, indicating that the acorns have been -eaten.</p> - -<p>The Smithsonian Institution has received specimens of the American race -of this Woodpecker, collected at Belize by Dr. Berendt, and accompanied -by illustrations of their work in the way of implantation of acorns in the -bark of trees.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Woodpecker, obtained by Mr. Emanuel Samuels near -Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural -History, are undistinguishable from the eggs of other Woodpeckers in form -or color, except that they are somewhat oblong, and measure 1.12 inches in -length by .90 of an inch in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"> -<!--635.png--><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 573]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE NARROW-FRONTED WOODPECKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 405.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i>, the size is smaller. The light frontal bar is -much narrower; in the female scarcely more than half the black one behind it, and not -reaching anything like as far back as the anterior border of the eye, instead of exceeding -this limit. The light frontal and the black bars together are only about two thirds the -length of the occipital red, instead of exceeding it in length; the red patch reaches forward -nearly or quite to the posterior border of the eye, instead of falling a considerable -distance behind it, and being much broader posteriorly. The frontal band too is gamboge-yellow, -much like the throat, and not white; the connection with the yellow throat-patch -much broader. The white upper tail-coverts show a tendency to a black edge. Length, -8.00; wing, 5.20; tail, 3.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>As the differences mentioned are constant, we consider the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas -bird as forming at least a permanent variety, and indicate it as above. A -single specimen from the Sierra Madre, of Colima, is very similar.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> We have no information as to the habits of this singular race -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i>, found at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. John Xantus. It -will be an interesting matter for investigation to ascertain to what extent -the totally different character of the region in which this bird is met with -from those in which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i> is found, may have modified its -habits and its manner of life.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">COLAPTEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p>This section, formerly embracing but one genus additional to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, has -recently had three more added to it by Bonaparte. The only United States -representative, however, is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">COLAPTES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1827, 353. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus auratus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicos</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Mémoires Académie">Mém. Acad.</abbr> Metz, 1849, 358. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. campestris.</i>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, depressed at the base, then compressed. Culmen much -curved, gonys straight; both with acute ridges, and coming to quite a sharp point with -the commissure at the end; the bill, consequently, not truncate at the end. No ridges -on the bill. Nostrils basal, median, oval, and exposed. Gonys very short; about half -the culmen. Feet large; the anterior outer toe considerably longer than the posterior. -Tail long, exceeding the secondaries; the feathers suddenly acuminate, with elongated -points.</p> - -<p><!--636.png--><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 574]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_636.jpg" - width="300" height="220" - alt="Illustration: Colaptes auratus." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1341</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>There are four well-marked representatives of the typical genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i> -belonging to Middle and North America, three of them found within the -limits of the United States, in addition to what has been called a hybrid -between two of them. The common and distinctive characters of these four -are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Head and neck ashy or brown, unvaried except by a -black or red malar patch in the male. Back and wings brown, banded transversely -with black; rump and upper tail-coverts white. Beneath whitish, with -circular black spots, and bands on crissum; a black pectoral crescent. Shafts and -under surfaces of quills and tail-feathers either yellow or red.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Mustache red; throat ash; no red nuchal crescent.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Under surface and shafts of wings and tail red.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanoides.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_133" id="fnanchor_133"></a><a href="#footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></span> -Hood bright cinnamon-rufous; feathers of -mustache black below surface. Upper parts barred with black and -whitish-brown, the two colors of about equal width. Shafts, etc., dull -brick-red. Rump spotted with black; black terminal zone of under -surface of tail narrow, badly defined. Wing, 6.15; tail, 4.90; bill, 1.77. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico and Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_134" id="fnanchor_134"></a><a href="#footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></span> -Hood ashy-olivaceous, more rufescent anteriorly, -light cinnamon on lores and around eyes; feathers of mustache light -ash below surface. Upper parts umber-brown, barred with black, the -black only about one fourth as wide as the brown. Shafts, etc., fine -salmon-red, or pinkish orange-red. Rump unspotted; black terminal -<!--637.png--><!--Plate 54--> -<!--638.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--639.png--><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 575]</span> -zone of tail broad, sharply defined. Wing, 6.70; tail, 5.00; bill, 1.60. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and Western Province of United States, south into -Eastern Mexico to Mirador and Orizaba, and Jalapa.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Under surface and shafts of wings and tail gamboge-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. chrysoides.</b> Hood uniform light cinnamon; upper parts raw -umber with sparse, very narrow and distant, bars of black. Rump -immaculate; black terminal zone of tail occupying nearly the terminal -half, and very sharply defined. Wing, 5.90; tail, 5.70; bill, 1.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Colorado and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas region of Southern Middle Province of -United States.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Mustache black; a red nuchal crescent. Throat pinkish, hood ashy.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus.</b> Shafts, etc., gamboge-yellow; upper parts olivaceous-brown, -with narrow bars of black, about half as wide as the brown.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Rump immaculate; black terminal zone of under surface of tail -broad, more than half an inch wide on outer feather. Edges of -tail-feathers narrowly edged, but not indented, with whitish. -Outer web of lateral feathers without spots of dusky. Wing, -6.10; tail, 4.80; bill, 1.58. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North -America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"> -Rump spotted with black; black terminal zone of tail narrow, -consisting on outer feather of an irregular spot less than a quarter -of an inch wide. Edges of all the tail-feathers indented with -whitish bars; outer web of lateral feathers with quadrate spots of -dusky along the edge. Wing, 5.75; tail, 4.75; bill, 1.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Cuba<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_135" id="fnanchor_135"></a><a href="#footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_54.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 54" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="54">LIV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_54-1" id="pl_54-1"></a><img src="images/pl_54-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Arizona, 107.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_54-2" id="pl_54-2"></a><img src="images/pl_54-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_54-3" id="pl_54-3"></a><img src="images/pl_54-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 5214.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_54-4" id="pl_54-4"></a><img src="images/pl_54-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 38303.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_54-5" id="pl_54-5"></a><img src="images/pl_54-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6138.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLICKER; YELLOW-SHAFTED WOODPECKER; HIGH-HOLDER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus auratus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat., I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 112. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus auratus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. 1</abbr>, -(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 12,) 1766, 174.—<span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62"> -Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 383.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. -Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 66, <abbr title="plate 123">pl. cxxiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1810, 45, <abbr title="plate three, figure">pl. iii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 84.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 191; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 540, <abbr title="plate 37">pl. xxxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 282, <abbr title="plate 273">pl. cclxxiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 71. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Zoölogical Journal Three"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Zoöl. -Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 353.—<abbr title="Ibid Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 314.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 113.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 118.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, -420.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, one specimen only seen).—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> -1862, 344.—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 120.—<span class="sc">Fowler</span>, <abbr title="American Naturalist Three">Am. Nat. III</abbr>, 1869, 422.—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chicago Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 105.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. -Fla.</abbr> 307.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Shafts and under surfaces of wing and tail feathers gamboge-yellow. Male -with a black patch on each side of the cheek. A red crescent on the nape. Throat and -stripe beneath the eye pale lilac-brown. Back glossed with olivaceous-green. Female -without the black cheek-patch.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Additional Characters.</span> A crescentic patch on the breast and rounded spots on the -belly black. Back and wing-coverts with interrupted transverse bands of black. Neck -above and on the sides ashy. Beneath pale pinkish-brown, tinged with yellow on the -<!--640.png--><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 576]</span> -abdomen, each feather with a heart-shaped spot of black near the end. Rump white. -Length, 12.50; wing, 6.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -All of eastern North America to the eastern slopes of Rocky Mountains; -farther north, extending across along the Yukon as far at least as Nulato, perhaps to -the Pacific. Greenland (<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>). Localities: San Antonio, Texas, only one specimen -(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470).</p> - -<p>Specimens vary considerably in size and proportions; the more northern -ones are much the larger. The spots vary in number and in size; they -may be circular, or transversely or longitudinally oval. Western specimens -appear paler. In a Selkirk Settlement specimen the belly is tinged with -pale sulphur-yellow, the back with olivaceous-green.</p> - -<p>This species, in general pattern of coloration, resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>, -although the colors are very different. Thus the shafts of the quills, with -their under surfaces, are gamboge-yellow, instead of orange-red. There is a -conspicuous nuchal crescent of crimson wanting, or but slightly indicated, in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>. The cheek-patch is pure black, widening and abruptly truncate -behind, instead of bright crimson, pointed or rounded behind. The shade -of the upper parts is olivaceous-green, instead of purplish-brown. The top -of the head and the nape are more ashy. The chin, throat, neck, and sides of -the head, are pale purplish or lilac brown, instead of bluish-ash; the space -above, below, and around the eye of the same color, instead of having -reddish-brown above and ashy below.</p> - -<p>The young of this species is sufficiently like the adult to be readily recognizable. -Sometimes the entire crown is faintly tipped with red, as characteristic -of young Woodpeckers.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Golden-winged Woodpecker is altogether the most common -and the most widely distributed of the North American representatives -of the genus. According to Sir John Richardson, it visits the fur -countries in the summer, extending its migrations as far to the north as the -Great Slave Lake, and resorting in great numbers to the plains of the Saskatchewan. -It was found by Dr. Woodhouse very abundant in Texas and -the Indian Territory, and it is given by Reinhardt as occurring in Greenland. -Mr. McFarlane found it breeding at Fort Anderson; Mr. Ross at Fort Rae, -Fort Resolution, and Fort Simpson; and Mr. Kennicott at Fort Yukon. All -this testimony demonstrates a distribution throughout the entire eastern -portion of North America, from the Gulf of Mexico almost to the Arctic -Ocean, and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>In the more northern portions of the continent this bird is only a summer -visitant, but in the Southern and Middle, and to some extent in the -New England States, it is a permanent resident. Wilson speaks of seeing -them exposed for sale in the markets of Philadelphia during each month of -a very rigorous winter. Wilson’s observations of their habits during breeding, -made in Pennsylvania, were that early in April they begin to prepare -their nest. This is built in the hollow body or branch of a tree, sometimes, -<!--641.png--><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 577]</span> -though not always, at a considerable height from the ground. He adds that -he has frequently known them to fix on the trunk of an old apple-tree, at a -height not more than six feet from the root. He also mentions as quite surprising -the sagacity of this bird in discovering, under a sound bark, a hollow -limb or trunk of a tree, and its perseverance in perforating it for purposes of -incubation. The male and female alternately relieve and encourage each other -by mutual caresses, renewing their labors for several days, till the object is -attained, and the place rendered sufficiently capacious, convenient, and secure. -They are often so extremely intent upon their work as to be heard at their -labor till a very late hour in the night. Wilson mentions one instance where -he knew a pair to dig first five inches straight forward, and then downward -more than twice that distance, into a solid black-oak. They carry in no -materials for their nest, the soft chips and dust of the wood serving for this -purpose. The female lays six white eggs, almost transparent, very thick at the -greater end, and tapering suddenly to the other. The young soon leave the -nest, climbing to the higher branches, where they are fed by their parents.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Audubon this Woodpecker rears two broods in a season, -the usual number of eggs being six. In one instance, however, Mr. MacCulloch, -quoted by Audubon, speaks of having found a nest in a rotten stump, -which contained no less than eighteen young birds, of various ages, and at -least two eggs not quite hatched. It is not improbable that, in cases where -the number of eggs exceeds seven or eight, more females than one have contributed -to the number. In one instance, upon sawing off the decayed top -of an old tree, in which these birds had a nest, twelve eggs were found. -These were not molested, but, on visiting the place a few days after, I found -the excavation to have been deepened from eighteen to twenty-four inches.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, writing in October, 1860, furnishes some -interesting observations made in regard to these birds in the central part of -that State. He says, “This Woodpecker is very common, and makes its appearance -about the 20th of April. Between the 1st and the 15th of May it -usually commences boring a hole for the nest, and deposits its eggs the last -of May or the first of June.” He found three nests that year, all of which -were in old stumps on the banks of a small stream. Each nest contained -<em>seven</em> eggs. The boy who took them out was able to do so without any cutting, -and found them at the depth of his elbow. In another nest there were -but three eggs when first discovered. The limb was cut down nearly to a -level with the eggs, which were taken. The next day the nest had been -deepened a whole foot and another egg deposited. Mr. Paine has never -known them go into thick woods to breed, but they seem rather to prefer -the edges of woods. He has never known one to breed in an old cavity, -but in one instance a pair selected a partially decayed stump for their operations. -When they are disturbed, they sometimes fly around their nests, uttering -shrill, squeaking notes, occasionally intermixing with them guttural or -gurgling tones.</p> - -<p><!--642.png--><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 578]</span> -It is probably true that they usually excavate their own burrow, but this -is not an invariable rule. In the fall of 1870 a pair of these Woodpeckers -took shelter in my barn, remaining there during the winter. Although there -were abundant means of entrance and of egress, they wrought for themselves -other passages out and in through the most solid part of the sides of the -building. Early in the spring they took possession of a large cavity in an -old apple-tree, directly on the path between the barn and the house, where -they reared their family. They were very shy, and rarely permitted themselves -to be seen. The nest contained six young, each of which had been -hatched at successive intervals, leaving the nest one after the other. The -youngest was nearly a fortnight later to depart than the first. Just before -leaving the nest, the oldest bird climbed to the opening of the cavity, filling -the whole space, and uttering a loud hissing sound whenever the nest was -approached. As soon as they could use their wings, even partially, they -were removed, one by one, to a more retired part of the grounds, where they -were fed by their parents.</p> - -<p>Throughout Massachusetts, this bird, generally known as the Pigeon -Woodpecker, is one of the most common and familiar birds. They abound -in old orchards and groves, and manifest more apparent confidence in man -than the treatment they receive at his hands seems to justify. Their nests -are usually constructed at the distance of only a few feet from the ground, -and though Wilson, Audubon, and Nuttall agree upon six as the average -of their eggs, they frequently exceed this number. Mr. Audubon gives as -the measurement of the eggs of this species 1.08 inches in length and .88 -of an inch in breadth. Their length varies from 1.05 to 1.15 inches, and -their breadth from .91 to .85 of an inch. Their average measurement -is 1.09 by .88 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Synopsis Mexican Birds, in Philosophical Magazine One">Syn. Mex. Birds, in Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 440.—<abbr title="Ibid Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> F. Bor. Am. -II</abbr>, 1831, 315.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. & Or.</abbr> Route, 91; <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six">P. R. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, 1857.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 120.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 420, mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute One, four">Proc. R. Art. Inst. I, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 112.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 163.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 309 (Oaxaca).—<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 344.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San -Antonio, rare).—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 56.—<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, -1869, 562 (alpine district, Vera Cruz).—<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 121.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Chicago Academy One">Pr. Chicago Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 408. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus mexicanus</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 174, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 295, -<abbr title="plate 274">pl. cclxxiv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 72. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes collaris</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Four">Zoöl. Jour. IV</abbr>, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr> -1829, 353.—<abbr title="Ibid Zoölogy Beechey's Voyage"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Zoöl. Beechey’s Voy.</abbr> 1839, 24, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus rubricatus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -Isis, 1829, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, May, 516. (“Lichtenstein <abbr title="Musei Zoologici Berolinensis">Mus. Berol.</abbr>”) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes rubricatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society Five"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Pr. -Zoöl. Soc. V</abbr>, 1837, 108.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 114. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus cafer</i>, -<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 431.—<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Index Ornith. II</abbr>, 1790, 242. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus -lathami</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 85 (Cape of Good Hope?).</p> - -<p class="small"> -<!--643.png--><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 579]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Shafts and under surfaces of wing and tail feathers orange-red. Male with a -red patch on each side the cheek; nape without red crescent; sometimes very faint -indications laterally. Throat and stripe -beneath the eye bluish-ash. Back -glossed with purplish-brown. Female -without the red cheek-patch. Length, -about 13.00; wing, over 6.50.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_643.jpg" - width="250" height="251" - alt="Illustration: Colaptes mexicanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Additional Characters.</span> Spots on -the belly, a crescent on the breast, and -interrupted transverse bands on the -back, black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western North America from -Pacific to the Black Hills; north to -Sitka on the coast. Localities: -Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 305); -Vera Cruz, alpine regions (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, -<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1869. 562); San -Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865. -470); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1866, 56).</p> - - -<p>The female is similar in every -way, perhaps a little smaller, but lacks the red mustache. This is, however, -indicated by a brown tinge over an area corresponding with that of the red -of the male.</p> - -<p>In the present specimen (1,886) there is a slight indication of an interrupted -nuchal red band, as in the common Flicker, in some crimson fibres -to some of the feathers about as far behind the eye as this is from the bill. -A large proportion of males before us exhibit the same characteristic, some -more, some less, although it generally requires careful examination for its -detection. It may possibly be a characteristic of the not fully mature bird, -although it occurs in two out of three male specimens.</p> - -<p>There is a little variation in the size of the pectoral crescent and spots; -the latter are sometimes rounded or oblong cordate, instead of circular. -The bill varies as much as three or four tenths of an inch. The rump, -usually immaculate, sometimes has a few black streaks. The extent of the -red whisker varies a little. In skins from Oregon and Washington the color -of the back is as described; in those from California and New Mexico it is -of a grayer cast. There is little, if any, variation in the shade of red in the -whiskers and quill-feathers. The head is washed on the forehead with -rufous, passing into ashy on the nape.</p> - -<p>There is not only some difference in the size of this species, in the same -locality, but, as a general rule, the more southern specimens are smaller.</p> - -<p>This species is distinct from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanoides</i> of Lafresnaye, though -somewhat resembling it. It is, however, a smaller bird; the red of the -cheeks is deeper; the whole upper part of the head and neck uniform reddish-cinnamon -without any ash, in marked contrast to that on the sides of the -<!--644.png--><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 580]</span> -head. The back is strongly glossed with reddish-brown, and the black -transverse bars are much more distinct, closer and broader, three or four on -each feather, instead of two only. The rump and upper tail-coverts are -closely barred, the centre of the former only clearer white, but even here -each feather has a cordate spot of white. The spots on the flanks posteriorly -exhibit a tendency to become transverse bars.</p> - -<p>Specimens from Mount Orizaba, Mexico, are very similar to those from -Oregon in color, presenting no appreciable difference. The size is, however, -much less, a male measuring 10.50, wing 6.00, tail 4.60 inches, instead of -12.75, 6.75, and 5.25 respectively. While, however, the feet are smaller -(tarsus 1.00 instead of 1.15), the bill is fully as large, or even larger.</p> - -<p>Most young birds of this species have a tinge of red on top of the head, -and frequently a decided nuchal crescent of red; but these are only embryonic -features, and disappear with maturity.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, the counterpart in so many respects of the Golden-winged -Woodpecker, appears to take the place of that species from the slopes -of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, throughout western North America. -Dr. Woodhouse speaks of finding it abundant along the banks of the Rio -Grande. And in the fine collection belonging to the Smithsonian Institution -are specimens from the Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom, and Fort Vancouver, -in Washington Territory, from the Columbia River, from various -points in California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, -Mexico, etc. Dr. Gambel, in his Paper on the birds of California, first met -with the Red-shafted Woodpecker soon after leaving New Mexico, and it -continued to California, where he found it very abundant. He describes it -as a remarkably shy bird, and adds that he always saw it on the margins of -small creeks, where nothing grew larger than a willow-bush. Dr. Heermann -also found it abundant in California. Dr. Newberry, in his Report on the -zoölogy of Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, speaks of the Red-shafted -Flicker as rather a common bird in all parts of California and Oregon which -his party visited. He describes many of its habits as identical with those of -the Golden Flicker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus</i>), but regards it as much the shyer bird. Dr. -Cooper also mentions the fact of the great abundance of this bird along the -western coast, equalling that of its closely allied cousin on the eastern side -of the Mississippi. It also resembles, he adds, that bird so exactly in -habits and notes that the description of one will apply with exactness to the -other. It is a constant resident in Washington Territory, or at least west -of the Cascade Mountains. He observed it already burrowing out holes -for its nests in April, at the Straits of Fuca. About June 1 he found a -nest containing seven young, nearly fledged, which already showed in the -male the distinguishing red mustache. Dr. Suckley, in the same report, -also says that it is extremely common in the timbered districts of Washington -Territory, and adds that its habits, voice, calls, etc., are precisely similar -to those of the Yellow-Hammer of the Eastern States. Mr. Nuttall, as -<!--645.png--><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 581]</span> -quoted by Mr. Audubon, states that he first came upon this bird in the narrow -belt of forest which borders Laramie’s Fork of the Platte, and adds -that he scarcely lost sight of it from that time until he reached the shores -of the Pacific. Its manners, in all respects, are so entirely similar to those -of the common species that the same description applies to both. He also -regards it as the shyer bird of the two, and less frequently seen on the -ground. They burrow in the oak and pine trees, and lay white eggs, after -the manner of the whole family, and these eggs are in no wise distinguishable -from those of the Golden-wing.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report upon the birds of California, refers to this as a -common species, and found in every part of the State except the bare plains. -It even frequents the low bushes, where no trees are to be seen for miles. -In the middle wooded districts, and towards the north, it is much more -abundant than elsewhere.</p> - -<p>Their nesting-holes are at all heights from the ground, and are usually -about one foot in depth. In the southern part of the State their eggs are -laid in April, but farther north, at the Columbia, in May.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper attributes their shyness in certain localities to their being -hunted so much by the Indians for their bright feathers. Generally he -found them quite tame, so that their interesting habits may be watched -without difficulty. He regards them as an exact counterpart of the eastern -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i>, living largely on insects and ants, which they collect without much -trouble, and do not depend upon hard work, like other Woodpeckers, for their -food. During the season they also feed largely on berries. Their curved -bill is not well adapted for hammering sound wood for insects, and they only -dig into decayed trees in search of their food. Like the eastern species, the -young of these birds, when their nest is approached, make a curious hissing -noise. They may be seen chasing each other round the trunk of trees, as -if in sport, uttering, at the same time, loud cries like <i class="birdcall">whittoo, whittoo, whittoo</i>. -Dr. Kennerly found these birds from the Big Sandy to the Great Colorado, -but they were so shy that he could not obtain a specimen. They were seen -on the barren hills among the large cacti, in which they nest. Their extreme -shyness was fully explained afterwards by finding how closely they are -hunted by the Indians for the sake of their feathers, of which head-dresses -are made.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states that this bird is found as far east as San Antonio, where, -however, it is of uncommon occurrence. In December he noticed several -near the Nueces River, and in February and March obtained others near -Piedras Negras.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues gives it as abundant and resident in Arizona, where it is found -in all situations. Its tongue, he states, is capable of protrusion to an extent -far beyond that of any other North American Woodpecker.</p> - -<p>This bird, in some parts of California, is known as the Yellow-Hammer, a -name given in some parts of New England to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>. Mr. -<!--646.png--><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 582]</span> -C. W. Plass, of Napa City, writes me that this Woodpecker “makes himself -too much at home with us to be agreeable. He drills large holes though the -weather-boards of the house, and shelters himself at night between them and -the inner wall. He does, not nest there, but simply makes of such situations -his winter home. We have had to shoot them, for we find it is of no use to -shut up one hole, as they will at once make another by its side.”</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen mentions finding this species, in the absence of suitable -trees on the Plains, making excavations in sand-banks.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Ridgway, the Red-shafted Flicker does not differ from -the Yellow-shafted species of the east in the slightest particular, as regards -habits, manners, and notes. It is, however, more shy than the eastern species, -probably from the fact that it is pursued by the Indians, who prize its -quill and tail-feathers as ornaments with which to adorn their dress.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are hardly distinguishable from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i>, but range -of a very slightly superior size. They average 1.12 inches in length by .89 -of an inch in breadth. Their greatest length is 1.15 inches, their least 1.10, -and their breadth ranges from .87 to .90.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HYBRID FLICKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes ayresii</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 348, <abbr title="plate 494">pl. ccccxciv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 122. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 422 -(mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picas hybridus aurato-mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> -1866, 721.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Yellow shafts or feathers on wing and tail combined with red, or red spotted -cheek-patches. Orange-red shafts combined with a well-defined nuchal red crescent, and -pinkish throat. Ash-colored throat combined with black cheek-patch or yellow shafts. -Shafts and feathers intermediate between gamboge-yellow and dark orange-red.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Upper Missouri and Yellowstone; Black Hills.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_55.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 55" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="55">LV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_55-1" id="pl_55-1"></a><img src="images/pl_55-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 2122.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_55-2" id="pl_55-2"></a><img src="images/pl_55-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_55-3" id="pl_55-3"></a><img src="images/pl_55-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_55-4" id="pl_55-4"></a><img src="images/pl_55-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The general distribution of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>, as already indicated, is -from the Pacific coast of the United States, eastward to the Black Hills and -the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone; that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus</i> from the Atlantic -Coast to about the eastern limits of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>. But little variation -is seen in the two species up to the region mentioned; slight differences in -shade of color, size, and frequency of spots, etc., being all. Where they -come together, however, or overlap, a most remarkable race is seen, in which -no two specimens, nay, scarcely the two sides of the same bird, are alike, -the characters of the two species becoming mixed up in the most extraordinary -manner. Thus, the shafts show every shade from orange-red to pure -yellow; yellow shafts combine with red cheek-patch (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ayresii</i> of Audubon); -a red nape, with orange-red shafts; cheek-patches red with black -feathers intermixed, or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versa</i>; perhaps the feathers red at base and black -<!--647.png--><!--Plate 55--> -<!--648.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--649.png--><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 583]</span> -at tip, or black at base and red at tip, etc. As the subject has been presented -in sufficient detail in the Birds of North America, as quoted above, -it need not be repeated here, except to say that collections received since -1858 only substantiate what has there been stated.</p> - -<p>To the race thus noted, the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i> was given, not as of a variety, -since it is not entitled to this rank, but as of a heterogeneous mixture, caused -by the breeding together of two different species, and requiring some appellation. -Whether the presumed hybrids are fertile, and breed with each other or -with full-blooded parents, has not yet been ascertained; perhaps not, since -the area in which they occur is limited, and it is only occasionally that -individuals of the kind referred to have been found beyond the bounds mentioned. -It is very rarely, however, that pure breeds occur in the district of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>, a taint being generally appreciable in all.</p> - -<p>The conditions in the present instance appear different from those adverted -to under the head of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>, where the question is not one of hybridism -between two strongly marked and distinct species, but of the gradual change, -between the Atlantic and the Pacific, from one pattern of coloration to another.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</b>, <abbr title="Malherbe"><span class="sc">Malh.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CAPE FLICKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus chrysoides</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Revue et Magazine Zoölogique 4"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Rev. et Mag. Zoöl. IV</abbr>, 1852, 553.—<abbr title="Ibid Monograph Picidæ Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mon. Pic. II</abbr>, 261, -<abbr title="table">tab.</abbr> 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 125.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated">Ill.</abbr> Birds -<abbr title="North America Six">N. Am. VI</abbr>, plate.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave).—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. -A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1866, 56 (Arizona).—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 344.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated American Birds, One, plate 26">Illust. Am. B. I, pl. -xxvi.</abbr>—<cite>Cooper</cite>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 410. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus chrysoides</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 72.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Markings generally as in other species. Top of head rufous-brown; chin, -throat, and sides of head ash-gray. Shafts of quills and tail-feathers, with their under -surfaces in great part, gamboge-yellow; no nuchal red. Malar patch of male red; wanting -in the female. Length, 11.50; wing, 5.75; tail, 4.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Colorado and Gila River, north to Fort Mohave, south to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Localities: -Fort Mohave (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1866, 56).</p> - -<p>This interesting species is intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> in -having the yellow shafts and quills of the former; a red malar patch, an -ashy throat, and no nuchal crescent, as in the latter. To <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanoides</i> the -relationship is still closer, since both have the rufous-brown head above. A -hybrid between this last species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i> would in some varieties come -very near <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</i>, but as it does not belong to the region of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</i>, -and there is no transition from one species to the other in any specimens, as -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>, there is no occasion to take this view of the species.</p> - -<p>Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas specimens, where the species is exceedingly abundant, are -considerably smaller than those from Arizona, and appear to be more strongly -<!--650.png--><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 584]</span> -marked with black above and below; otherwise there seems to be no difference -of special importance.</p> - -<p>As neither <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus</i> nor <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> has the top of the head rufous-brown, -(though slightly indicated anteriorly in the latter), this character has not -been noted in the hybrids between the two (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>), and its presence in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</i> will serve to distinguish it from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This comparatively new form of Woodpecker was first described -in 1852 by Malherbe, from a California specimen in the Paris -Museum, which had been at first supposed to be a female or immature -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ayresii</i>. What Dr. Cooper thinks may have been this species was met with -by Dr. Heermann among the mountains bordering upon the Cosumnes -River, in California, where it was rare, and only two specimens were taken. -In February, 1861, other specimens of this bird were taken at Fort Mohave -by Dr. Cooper. They were feeding on larvæ and insects among the poplar-trees, -and were very shy and wary. The bird is supposed to winter in the -Colorado Valley, and wherever found has been met with in valleys, and not -on mountains. It is an abundant and characteristic member of the Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas fauna.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Cooper these birds were already mated at Fort Mohave -after February 20. They had the same habits, flight, and cries as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -mexicanus</i>. They appeared to be migratory, having come from the south.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus, in his brief notes on the birds of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, makes mention -of finding this bird breeding, May 19, in a dead <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cereus giganteus</i>. The -nest was a large cavity about fifteen feet from the ground, and contained -only one egg. The parent bird was also secured. In another instance -two eggs were found in a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cereus giganteus</i>, at the distance of forty feet from -the ground. The eggs were not noticeably different from those of the -common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Picinæ--> -</div><!--end family Picidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Psittacidæ--> -<p class="p4"> -<!--651.png--><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 585]</span></p> -<h2> -<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PSITTACIDÆ</span>.—<span class="sc">The Parrots.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill greatly hooked; the maxilla movable and with a cere at the base. Nostrils -in the base of the bill. Feet scansorial, covered with granulated scales.</p> - -<p>The above diagnosis characterizes briefly a family of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</i> having -representatives throughout the greater part of the world, except Europe, and -embracing about three hundred and fifty species, according to the late -enumeration of Finsch,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_136" id="fnanchor_136"></a><a href="#footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></span> -of which one hundred and forty-two, or nearly one -half, are American (seventy Brazilian alone). The subfamilies are as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stringopinæ.</b> Appearance owl-like; face somewhat veiled or with a -facial disk, as in the Owls.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plyctolophinæ.</b> Head with an erectile crest, of variable shape.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ.</b> Head plain. Tail long, or lengthened, wedge-shaped or -graduated.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ.</b> Head plain. Tail short or moderate, straight or rounded.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Five">V.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichoglossinæ.</b> Tip of tongue papillose. Bill compressed; tip of -maxilla internally smooth, not crenate; gonys obliquely ascending.</p> - -<p>Of these, <abbr title="Numbers Three and Four">Nos. III and IV</abbr> alone are represented in the New World, and -only the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</i> occur in the United States, with one species.</p> - - -<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Sittacinæ--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">SITTACINÆ</span></b>.</p> - -<p>The lengthened cuneate tail, as already stated, distinguishes this group -from the American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ</i> with short, square, or rounded tail. The -genera are distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace.</b> Culmen flattened. Face naked, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha</i>. Tail -as long as or longer than wings.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus.</b> Culmen rounded. Face entirely feathered, except a curve around -the eye. Tail shorter than wings.</p> - -<p>Of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace</i>, which embraces eighteen species, two come sufficiently -near to the southern borders of the United States to render it not impossible -that they may yet be found to cross the border. Of one of these, indeed, -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha</i>,) there is a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia -Academy of Natural Sciences, presented by J. W. Audubon as shot on the -Rio Grande of Texas; and another (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. militaris</i>) is common at Mazatlan, and -perhaps even at Guaymas. There is considerable reason for doubt as to the -authenticity of the alleged locality of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha</i>, but for the -<!--652.png--><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 586]</span> -purpose of identification, should either species present itself, we give -diagnoses in the accompanying foot-note.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_137" id="fnanchor_137"></a><a href="#footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CONURUS</b>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus</i>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Psittacorum">Consp. Psittac.</abbr> 4, 1830.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Nova Acta <abbr title="Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie 10">K. L. C. Acad. X</abbr>, 1830.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail long, conical, and pointed; bill stout; cheeks feathered, but in some -species leaving a naked ring round the eye; cere feathered to the base of the bill.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_652.jpg" - width="300" height="193" - alt="Illustration: Conurus carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1228</b></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The preceding diagnosis, though not very full, will serve to indicate the -essential characteristics of the genus among the Middle American forms -with long pointed tails, the most prominent feature consisting in the densely -feathered, not naked, cheeks. But one species belongs to the United States, -<!--653.png--><!--Plate 56--> -<!--654.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--655.png--><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 587]</span> -though three others are found in Mexico, and many more in South and -Central America. A few species occur in the West Indies.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_56.jpg" - width="100%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="56">LVI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_56-1" id="pl_56-1"></a><img src="images/pl_56-1.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</span>. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="Michigan">Mich.</abbr>, 1228.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_56-2" id="pl_56-2"></a><img src="images/pl_56-2.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</span>. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>, <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 54812.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_56-3" id="pl_56-3"></a><img src="images/pl_56-3.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>, 30705.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_56-4" id="pl_56-4"></a><img src="images/pl_56-4.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1723.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_56-5" id="pl_56-5"></a><img src="images/pl_56-5.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Selkirk Settlement, 51863.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a name="pl_56-6" id="pl_56-6"></a><img src="images/pl_56-6.jpg" - width="80%" height="auto" - alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus thyroideus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16098.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PARAKEET; CAROLINA PARROT; ILLINOIS PARROT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittaca carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Ornithologie Two">Ornith. II</abbr>, 1762, 138. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systems Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. -Nat. I</abbr>, 1758, 97; 1766, 141 (nec <span class="sc">Scopoli</span>).—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 89, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. -xxvi</abbr>, fig. 1.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 135, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. xxvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>, -Nova Acta <abbr title="Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie">K. L. C.</abbr> 1830.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Prince Maximilian Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie 5"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span> Cabanis Journ. für Orn. -V</abbr>, March, 1857, 97.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 57.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Papageien">Papagei.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1857, -478.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 347.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 308. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839, 189.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 306, <abbr title="plate 278">pl. cclxxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus ludovicianus</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin Systema One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. I</abbr>, 1788, 347. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus thalassinus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot [Tableau] encyclopédique et méthodique"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ency. Meth.</abbr> 1377. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus -ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray.</span> <abbr title="Catalogue British Museuam Psittacidæ">Catal. Br. Mus. Psittac.</abbr> 1859, 36 (makes distinct species from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>). <cite>Carolina parrot</cite>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina, One, table 11">Car. I, tab. xi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis One">Syn. I</abbr>, 227.—<span class="sc">Pennant</span>, -<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 242. <cite>Orange-headed parrot</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis One">Syn. I</abbr>, 304.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_655.jpg" - width="250" height="313" - alt="Illustration: Conurus carolinensis." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis.</i></p> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head and neck all round gamboge-yellow; the forehead, from above the -eyes, with the sides of the head, pale -brick-red. Body generally with tail -green, with a yellowish tinge beneath. -Outer webs of primaries bluish-green, -yellow at the base; secondary coverts -edged with yellowish. Edge of wing -yellow, tinged with red; tibiæ yellow. -Bill white. Legs flesh-color. Length, -about 13.00; wing, 7.50; tail, 7.10. -Young with head and neck green. -Female with head and neck green; the -forehead, lores, and suffusion round the -eyes, dark red, and without the yellow -of tibiæ and edge of wing. Size considerably -less.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern and Southwestern -States and Mississippi Valley; north to -the Great Lakes and Wisconsin.</p> - -<p>This species was once very -abundant in the United States -east of the Rocky Mountains, being -known throughout the Southern -States, and the entire valley of the Mississippi, north to the Great -Lakes. Stragglers even penetrated to Pennsylvania, and one case of their -reaching Albany, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, is on record. Now, however, they are greatly -restricted. In Florida they are yet abundant, but, according to Dr. Coues, -they are scarcely entitled to a place in the fauna of South Carolina. In -Western Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory, they are still found -in considerable numbers, straggling over the adjacent States, but now seldom -<!--656.png--><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 588]</span> -go north of the mouth of the Ohio. We have seen no note of their occurrence -south of the United States, and in view of their very limited area and -rapid diminution in numbers, there is little doubt but that their total extinction -is only a matter of years, perhaps to be consummated within the lifetime -of persons now living. It is a question whether both sexes are similarly colored, -as in most American Parrots, or whether the female, as just stated, -lacks the yellow of the head. Several female birds killed in Florida in -March agree in the characters indicated above for that sex; but the material -at our command is not sufficient to decide whether all females are similarly -marked, or whether the plumage described is that of the bird of the second -year generally. There is no trace whatever of yellow on the head.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In determining the geographical distribution of the Carolina -Parrot, a distinction should be made between its accidental occurrence and -its usual and habitual residence. Strictly speaking, this species, though of -roving habits, is not migratory. Its movements are irregular, and dependent -upon the abundance or the scarcity of its food. Where it breeds, it is usually -a permanent resident. An exceptional visit to a place cannot be taken -as certain evidence that it will reappear in that locality.</p> - -<p>When Wilson wrote, it inhabited the interior of Louisiana and the country -lying upon the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and their tributary -waters, even beyond the Illinois River, to the neighborhood of Lake Michigan, -in latitude 42<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> north. The same writer insisted that, contrary to the -generally received opinion, it was at that time resident in all those places. -Eastward of the great range of the Alleghanies it has been very seldom seen -north of the State of Maryland, though straggling parties have been occasionally -observed among the valleys of the Juniata. Barton states that a -very large flock of these birds was observed in January, 1780, about twenty-five -miles northwest of Albany.</p> - -<p>The occurrence of this species in midwinter so far to the north, and its -constant residence west of the Alleghanies throughout the year in colder -regions, justify the conclusion of its being a very hardy bird. In evidence -of this, Wilson mentions the fact of his having seen a number of them, in -the month of February, on the banks of the Ohio, in a snow-storm, flying -about like Pigeons, and in full cry.</p> - -<p>The very evident preference which the Carolina Parakeet evinces for western -localities, though in the same parallel of latitude with those east of the -Alleghanies, which it rarely or never visits, is attributed by the same attentive -observer to certain peculiar features of the country to which it is particularly -and strongly attached. These are the low, rich alluvial bottoms -along the borders of creeks, covered with a gigantic growth of buttonwood, -deep and impenetrable swamps of the cypress, and those peculiar salines—or, -as they are called, salt-licks—so frequent throughout that region, all of -which are regularly visited by the Parakeets. The great abundance of the -seeds of the cockle-bur (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthium strumarium</i>) is also given as a still greater -<!--657.png--><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 589]</span> -inducement for their frequenting the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi, -where these plants are found in the greatest abundance. The seeds of the -cypress-trees are another powerful attraction, while the abundance of the -mast of the beech, on which it feeds freely, may explain their occasional -visits to more northern regions, and even to places where they were before -unknown.</p> - -<p>In descending the Ohio in the month of February, Wilson met the first -flock of Parakeets at the mouth of the Little Scioto. He was informed by -an old inhabitant of Marietta that they were sometimes, though rarely, seen -there. He afterwards observed flocks of them at the mouth of the Great -and Little Miami, and in the neighborhood of the numerous creeks which -discharge themselves into the Ohio. At Big Bone Lick, near the mouth of -the Kentucky River, he met them in great numbers. They came screaming -through the woods, about an hour after sunrise, to drink the salt water, of -which, he says, they are remarkably fond.</p> - -<p>Audubon, writing in 1842, speaks of the Parakeets as then very rapidly -diminishing in number. In some regions where twenty-five years before -they had been very plentiful, at that time scarcely any were to be seen. At -one period, he adds, they could be procured as far up the tributary water of -the Ohio as the Great Kanawha, the Scioto, the head of the Miami, the -mouth of the Maumee at its junction with Lake Erie, and sometimes as far -northeast as Lake Ontario. At the time of his writing very few were to be -found higher than Cincinnati, and he estimated that along the Mississippi -there was not half the number that had existed there fifteen years before.</p> - -<p>According to Nuttall, this species constantly inhabits and breeds in the -Southern States, and is so hardy as to make its appearance commonly, in the -depth of winter, along the wooded banks of the Ohio, the interior of Alabama, -and the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri, around <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, and -other places, when nearly all the other birds have migrated.</p> - -<p>Its present habitat seems to be the Southern and Southwestern States, as -far west as the Missouri. They occur high up that river, although none were -seen or collected much farther west than its banks. In the enumeration of -the localities from which the specimens in the Smithsonian collection were -derived, Florida, Cairo, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Riley, Kansas, Nebraska, -and Bald Island, Missouri River, and Michigan are given.</p> - -<p>In regard to the manner of nesting, breeding-habits, number of eggs in a -nest, and the localities in which it breeds, I know nothing from my own -personal observations, nor are writers generally better informed, with the -single exception of Mr. Audubon. Wilson states that all his informants -agreed that these birds breed in hollow trees. Several affirmed to him that -they had seen their nests. Some described these as made with the use of no -additional materials, others spoke of their employing certain substances to -line the hollows they occupied. Some represented the eggs as white, others -as speckled. One man assured him that in the hollow of a large beech-tree, -<!--658.png--><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 590]</span> -which he had cut down, he found the broken fragments of upwards of -twenty Parakeet’s eggs, which he described as of a greenish-yellow color. He -described the nest as formed of small twigs glued to each other and to the -side of the tree in the manner of the Chimney-Swallow! From all these -contradictory accounts Wilson was only able to gather, with certainty, that -they build in companies and in hollow trees. The numerous dissections -which he made in the months of March, April, May, and June led him to -infer that they commence incubation late in spring or very early in summer.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, who speaks from his own observations, describes their nests, -or the places in which they deposit their eggs, as simply the bottom of such -cavities in trees as those to which they usually retire at night. Many -females, he thinks, deposit their eggs together; and he expresses the opinion -that the number of eggs which each individual lays is two, although he -was not able absolutely to assure himself of this. He describes them as -nearly round, and of a light greenish-white. An egg of this species from -Louisiana is of a rounded oval shape, equally obtuse at either end, and of a -uniform dull-white color. It measures 1.40 by 1.10 inches.</p> -</div><!--end subfamily Sittacinæ--> -</div><!--end family Pisttacidæ, continued in Volume 3--> - - <div class="multifootnote"> - - <p class="p2 footnote"> <a name="footnote_1" id="footnote_1"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_1"><span class="muchsmaller">[1]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pinetorum</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings of Zoological Society">Pr. Z. - S.</abbr> 1863, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 189. (“<span xml:lang="la" lang="la">Similis <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusillæ</i>, ex <abbr title="America Septentrionali">Amer. Sept.</abbr> et - Mexico, sed coloribus clarioribus et rostro robustiore - differt.</span>”)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_2" id="footnote_2"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_2"><span class="muchsmaller">[2]</span></a> - <i class="plumage">Winter plumage.</i> Rusty prevailing above, but hoary whitish - edges to feathers still in strong contrast; streaks beneath with - a rufous suffusion externally, but still with the black in - excess.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_3" id="footnote_3"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_3"><span class="muchsmaller">[3]</span></a> - <i class="plumage">Winter plumage.</i> Gray above more olivaceous, the black - streaks more subdued by a rufous suffusion; streaks beneath with - the rufous predominating, sometimes without any black.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_4" id="footnote_4"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_4"><span class="muchsmaller">[4]</span></a> - <i class="plumage">Winter plumage.</i> Above rusty-olive, with little or no ashy, - the black streaks broad and distinct. Streaks beneath with the - black and rusty in about equal amount.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_5" id="footnote_5"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_5"><span class="muchsmaller">[5]</span></a> - In summer the streaks beneath are entirely intense black; in - winter they have a slight rufous external suffusion.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_6" id="footnote_6"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_6"><span class="muchsmaller">[6]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, <span - class="sc">Ridgway</span>. Mexican Song Sparrow. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Melospiza - pectoralis</i>, <span class="sc">von Müller</span>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> (Type, - 60,046, Puebla, Mexico, <span class="sc">A. Boucard</span>.) - Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, but ground-color above olive-brown; - inner webs of interscapulars pale ashy, but not in strong - contrast. Crown and wings rusty-brown, the former with broad - black streaks, and divided by a just appreciable paler line; back - with broad black streaks without any rufous suffusion. - Superciliary stripe pure light ash, becoming white anterior to - the eye; two broad, dark-brown stripes on side of head,—one - from the eye back along upper edge of auriculars, the other back - from the rictus, along their lower border. Lower parts pure - white, the flanks and crissum distinctly ochraceous; markings - beneath broad and heavy, entirely pure deep black; those on the - jugulum deltoid, on the sides linear. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.85; - bill, .37 and .24; tarsus, .85; middle toe without claw, .68. - This may possibly be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. pectoralis</i> of von Müller. The - description cited above, however, does not agree with the - specimen under consideration. The pectoral spots are expressly - stated to be brown, not even a black shaft-streak being - mentioned, whereas the pure black spots of the specimen before us - render it peculiar in this respect, being, in fact, its chief - characteristic.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_7" id="footnote_7"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_7"><span class="muchsmaller">[7]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia boucardi</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. - Z. S.</abbr> 1867, 1, <abbr title="plate One">pl. I</abbr>, La Puebla, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> (scarcely definable as - distinct from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_8" id="footnote_8"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_8"><span class="muchsmaller">[8]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa botterii</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Cat. Am. - B.</abbr> 1862, 116 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia b.</i> <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 214), Orizaba. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus mexicana</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. - N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1867, 474 (Colima).</p> - - <p class="footnote">This form can scarcely be defined separately - from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. The type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>, <span - class="sc">Lawr.</span>, is undistinguishable from Orizaba - specimens. A specimen in the worn summer plumage (44,752<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, - Mirador, July) differs in having the streaks above almost wholly - black, with scarcely any rufous edge; the crown is almost - uniformly blackish. The feathers are very much worn, however, and - the specimen is without doubt referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botteri</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa notosticta</i> of <span - class="sc">Sclater</span> (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1868, 322) we have not seen; - it appears to differ in some important respects from the forms - diagnosed above, and may, possibly, be a good species. Its place - in our system appears to be with section “A,” but it differs from - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</i> in the median stripe on the - crown, and the black streaks in the rufous of the lateral - portion, the blacker streaks of the dorsal region, and some other - less important points of coloration. The size appears to be - larger than in any of the forms given in our synopsis (wing, - 2.70; tail, 3.00). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> States of Puebla and Mexico, - <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_9" id="footnote_9"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_9"><span class="muchsmaller">[9]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella obscura</i>, <span class="sc">Verrill</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Natural History Society, Nine, December">Pr. - Bost. N. H. Soc. IX, Dec.</abbr> 1862, 143 (Anticosti). (Type in Museum - <abbr title="Comparative Zoölogy">Comp. Zoöl.</abbr>, Cambridge.)</p> - - <p class="footnote">“Size somewhat smaller than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. - iliaca</i>. Legs and wings a little shorter in proportion. Claws - less elongated. Bill somewhat shorter, thicker, and less acute. - Color above rufous-brown, becoming bright rufous on the rump and - exposed portion of the tail, but a shade darker than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. - iliaca</i>; head uniform brown, with a slight tinge of ash; - feathers of the back centred with a streak of darker brown. Wings - nearly the same color as the back, with no white bands; outer - webs of the quills rufous, inner webs dark brown; secondary - coverts rufous, with dark brown centres; primary coverts uniform - brown. Beneath dull white, with the throat and breast thickly - covered with elongated triangular spots and streaks of dark - reddish-brown; sides streaked with rufous-brown; middle of - abdomen with a few small triangular spots of dark brown; under - tail-coverts brownish-white, with a few small spots of bright - rufous; tibiæ dark brown. The auriculars are tinged with - reddish-brown. Bristles at the base of the bill are numerous, - extending over the nostrils. Tail rather long, broad, and nearly - even. Third quill longest; second and fourth equal, and but - slightly shorter; first intermediate between the fifth and sixth, - and one fourth of an inch shorter than the third.</p> - - <p class="footnote">“Length, 6.75; extent of wings, 10.75; wing, - 3.35; tarsus, 1 inch.</p> - - <p class="footnote">“This species differs greatly in color from - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>. It is darker in all parts; the feathers of the - back are rufous-brown, centred with darker, instead of ash - centred with brownish-red; the two white bands on the wing are - wanting; the breast and throat are thickly streaked with - elongated spots of dark reddish-brown, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i> - the spots are less numerous, shorter and broader, and bright - rufous, and the central part of the throat is nearly free from - spots; the under tail-coverts are brownish-white, with rufous - spots, instead of nearly pure white.”</p> - - <p class="footnote">There are some features in this bird, as - described by Mr. Verrill, which seem to characterize it as - different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>, although it is barely possible - that it is this bird in immature dress. The streaked back at once - separates it from all our species excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i>. - Nothing is said of its habits. One specimen was killed in - Anticosti, July 1; the other, August 8. The true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i> - was found on the island, which fact renders it still more - probable that this is its young.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_10" id="footnote_10"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_10"><span class="muchsmaller">[10]</span></a> - Atlantic Monthly, <abbr title="23">XXIII</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 707.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_11" id="footnote_11"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_11"><span class="muchsmaller">[11]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza leclancheri.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza leclancheri</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lafresnaye Magazin de Zoölogie"><span - class="sc">Lafr.</span> Mag. Zoöl.</abbr> 1841, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.—<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoologique"><span - class="sc">Less.</span> R. Z.</abbr> 1842, 74.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_12" id="footnote_12"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_12"><span class="muchsmaller">[12]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tiaris pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. - Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 438. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara pusilla</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 159.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_13" id="footnote_13"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_13"><span class="muchsmaller">[13]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza olivacea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. - Nat. I</abbr>, 309. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara olivacea</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 159.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_14" id="footnote_14"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_14"><span class="muchsmaller">[14]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia canora</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. - I</abbr>, 858. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara canora</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span - class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_15" id="footnote_15"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_15"><span class="muchsmaller">[15]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i>, <span - class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_16" id="footnote_16"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_16"><span class="muchsmaller">[16]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? - Cardinalis carneus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoologique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> R. Z.</abbr> 1842, - 209.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. I</abbr>, 501.</p> - - <p class="footnote">According to the locality quoted (“Acapulco - et Realejo”) this name is the one to be applied to the variety - diagnosed in the synopsis; it is difficult, however, to make - anything out of the description, as it is evidently taken from a - female or immature bird. If the locality quoted be correct, this - form ranges along the Pacific Coast, probably from latitude 20<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> - south, as far at least as Nicaragua. North of 20<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and on the - Tres Marias Islands, it is replaced by <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</i>, and on - the Atlantic coast, from Tampico south to Honduras, is - represented by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote">In the very long, stiff crest-feathers, and - light red rump, this variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i> closely - approximates to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. phœniceus</i>, but in other respects is - very distinct.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_17" id="footnote_17"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_17"><span class="muchsmaller">[17]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis phœniceus</i>, (<span class="sc">Gould</span>,) - <abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1837, <abbr title="page 111; Conspectus One">p. 111; Consp. I</abbr>, - 501.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Exotic Ornithology, Part Eight">Ex. Orn. - Pt. VIII</abbr>, 1868, <abbr title="plate 63">pl. lxiii</abbr>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_18" id="footnote_18"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_18"><span class="muchsmaller">[18]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo macronyx</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. - Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 434. Real del Monte, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Animals in Menageries"><span - class="sc">Ib.</span> Anim. in Men.</abbr> 1838, 347.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span - class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 487.—<span class="sc">Sclater - & Salvin</span>, 1869, 361. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo virescens</i>, <span - class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> - 1863, 228, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Prevailing - color above olive-green; the head and neck all round black, - abruptly contrasted below with the white under parts; above - passing insensibly into the green of the back; feathers of - interscapular region obscurely dusky medially; sides and crissum - rufous. Scapulars and greater and middle coverts with outer webs - pale greenish-yellow at ends; these blotches faintly margined - externally with olive-green. Edge of wing yellow; outer primary - edged with whitish, edges of other primaries and of secondaries - uniform olive-green. Fifth quill longest, fourth and sixth - scarcely shorter; first shorter than ninth. Legs stout, claws - much curved. Tail wanting in the single specimen before us (a - male from the city of Mexico, belonging to Mr. G. N. - Lawrence).</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i class="dimensions">Dimensions</i> (prepared specimen): Wing, - 3.70. Exposed portion of first primary, 2.30; of second, 2.73; of - longest (measured from exposed base of first primary), 2.85. - Bill: Length from forehead, .75; from nostril, .45. Legs: Tarsus, - 1.14; middle claw, .38; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, - .52.</p> - - <p class="footnote">In describing this species, Swainson mentions - an accompanying specimen as similar, but without any white spots - on wings, suggesting that it may be the female. A specimen in the - plumage from Oaxaca is characterized as follows.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_19" id="footnote_19"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_19"><span class="muchsmaller">[19]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorosoma</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. 50,225 - <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Oaxaca. Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. macronyx</i> in color, but without - any trace of white markings on the wings. Outer tail-feathers - with an obscurely defined greenish-white patch about an inch - long, at the end of inner web; similar, but successively smaller - patches on the second and third feathers, all whiter on upper - than lower surface. Fifth quill longest; first shorter than - ninth.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i class="dimensions">Dimensions</i> (prepared specimen): Total - length, 8.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80. Bill: Length from forehead, - .73; from nostril, .43. Legs: Tarsus, 1.24; middle toe and claw, - 1.10; claw alone, .36; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .50. - <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 60,050, Mexico, is similar, in all essential respects.</p> - - <p class="footnote">From the analogies of the black Pipilos, - it is reasonable to consider these two birds as distinct species, - or at least varieties, especially as the specimen before us of - that with unspotted wings is marked male. The general appearance - is otherwise much the same, the unspotted bird rather smaller, - and without the dusky interscapular markings described in - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</i>. Should <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 50,225 represent a distinct species, - it may be called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorosoma</i>, and distinguished as - above. (60,050, Mexico, <span class="sc">Boucard</span>.)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_20" id="footnote_20"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_20"><span class="muchsmaller">[20]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo lateralis</i> (<abbr title="Natterer"><span class="sc">Natt.</span></abbr>). - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza lateralis</i>, <abbr title="Natterer Museum Vindobona, Manuscript"><span class="sc">Natt.</span> Mus. - Vind. MSS.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza lat.</i> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Burmeister Thiere Brasiliens 3"><span class="sc">Burm.</span> Th. - Bras. III</abbr>, <abbr title="Aves">Av.</abbr> 2, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 215. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo superciliosa</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Animals in Menageries"><span - class="sc">Swains.</span> An. Menag.</abbr> 311, 95, fig. 59.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_21" id="footnote_21"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_21"><span class="muchsmaller">[21]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Philos. Mag.</abbr>, 1827.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_22" id="footnote_22"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_22"><span class="muchsmaller">[22]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo carmani</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="manuscript">MSS.</abbr>; <span - class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Ten">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. X</abbr>, 7. (Specimens in - collection made by Colonel A. J. Grayson.)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_23" id="footnote_23"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_23"><span class="muchsmaller">[23]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>. <abbr title="Specific Characters"><span - class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Similar to the female of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</i>, but rather more olivaceous; only the head - and neck all round black; shading above insensibly into the back. - The white markings mostly edged narrowly externally with black, - and clouded with rusty; the nape-feathers faintly, the - interscapular broadly, streaked centrally with blackish; lower - back and rump, with outer edges of quill and tail feathers, - olivaceous-brown. A narrow shaft-streak in white at end of tail. - Fourth quill longest; fifth scarcely shorter; first about equal - to secondaries. Claws moderate; perhaps larger than in - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>. Length of skin, 7.80; wing, 3.15; tail, - 4.20; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe and claw, .96; claw alone, .34; - hind toe and claw, .81; claw alone, .45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico - (Oaxaca; Real del Monte, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Philos. Mag.</abbr>, 1827).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> It is a serious question whether this - comparatively little known Mexican species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i> is - not to be considered as identical with some or all of the species - of the United States, with spotted wing-coverts, notwithstanding - the difference in the color of the body. It appears, however, to - be constant in the olivaceous character of the back,—no - reference being made to Mexican specimens entirely black - above,—and as such it may be considered a permanent - geographical race.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_24" id="footnote_24"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_24"><span class="muchsmaller">[24]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, - 1827, 434 (Temiscaltepec).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> - <abbr title="Animals in Manageries">Anim. in Menag.</abbr> 1838, 347.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> - Consp.</abbr> 1851, 487.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> - 1856, 304 (Cordova). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Kieneria fusca</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span - class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Comptes Rendus 40">C. R. XL</abbr>, 1855, 356.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Above dull - olive-brown; the top of head having the central portion of - feathers tinged (inconspicuously and obscurely) with rufous. Chin - and throat pale rufous, bordered by dusky streaks; a single dusky - spot in lower part of jugulum. Belly and flanks behind, anal - region and crissum, rather darker rufous. Sides grayish-olive, - lighter than the back, tingeing the breast, and leaving only a - small patch in the centre of under parts white, shading into the - surrounding ashy-brown. Fourth and fifth quills longest; first - shorter than ninth, or than secondaries.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i class="dimensions">Dimensions</i> (prepared specimen): Total - length, 7.75; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.20; exposed portion of first - primary, 2.30; of longest (measured from exposed base of first - primary), 3.03. Bill: Length from forehead, .65; from nostril, - .40. Legs: Tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; hind toe and - claw, .68; claw alone, .36. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Highlands of Mexico.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The specimen described is from the city of - Mexico, and belongs to Mr. G. N. Lawrence; others before us are - from Temiscaltepec (the original locality of Swainson’s type), - Guadalaxara, and Tepic.</p> - - <p class="footnote">While admitting the strong probability that - the different brown <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i> with rufous throat bordered by - black spots, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i>, and probably even - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i>, are geographical modifications of the same - original type, the large collection before us vindicates the - action of those who have referred the California species to that - described by Swainson as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>, and who have - distinguished the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i> from both. The original - description of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> agrees almost exactly with - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>, both actually scarcely separable; while the - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, intermediate in geographical position, is - decidedly different from either. The relationships of these - different forms will be found expressed in the general diagnosis - already given.</p> - - <p class="footnote">Two descriptions given by Swainson, copied - below, of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, differ somewhat from each other, - and may not have been taken from the same specimen. The - identification of either with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i> would be a - difficult matter; while the first one expresses the peculiar - characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i> more nearly than any other. The - statement of “white beneath,” without any qualification, applies - better to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i> than to others, but the “pale rufous - tinge” observable in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> is very - different from the abruptly defined chestnut cap of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, <span - class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 434. “Gray, - beneath paler; throat obscure fulvous, with brown spots; vent - ferruginous. Length, 8.00; bill, .70; wings, 3.50; tail, 4.00; - tarsi, .90; hind toe and claw, .70.” <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table land; - Temiscaltepec.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, <span - class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Animals in Menageries">Anim. in Men.</abbr> 1838, 347. - “Grayish-brown above; beneath white; chin and throat fulvous, - with dusky spots; under tail-coverts fulvous; tail - blackish-brown, unspotted. Bill and legs pale, the latter - smaller, and the claws more curved than in any other known - species; crown with a pale rufous tinge. Length, 7.50; wings, - 3.50; tail, 4.00; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw the same; - hinder toe, .65. Rather smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</i>.”</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_25" id="footnote_25"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_25"><span class="muchsmaller">[25]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo albicollis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. Above - uniform olivaceous-brown; the cap not differently colored. Lores, - chin, and throat white, the two last bordered and defined by - dusky spots; jugulum and breast white, the former clouded with - olivaceous, and with a dusky blotch in middle; middle of throat - crossed by an olivaceous band which curves round on each side - under the ear-coverts; sides grayish. Flanks behind, anal region, - and crissum, rufous. Middle wing-coverts with a whitish bar - across their tips. Fourth and fifth quills longest; first shorter - than ninth and secondaries. Length, 7.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.70. - Bill and legs light. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central Mexico.</p> - - <p class="footnote">This “species” may fairly be considered as - one extreme of the series of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crissalis</i> is the - other; and differs from the rest merely in a greater amount of - white, and the absence of rufous tinge on top of head. The - fulvous of throat is concentrated in a band across its middle - portion, leaving chin and lower throat white; this, however, is - foreshadowed in the paler chin of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, and the - whitish lower throat of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i>. The uniformity of - coloring above is nearly equalled by that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crissalis</i>. - The whitish band across the middle wing-coverts is the most - positive character.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_26" id="footnote_26"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_26"><span class="muchsmaller">[26]</span></a> - The name in manuscript on the label of a specimen in the Schlüter collection, from Astrachan.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_27" id="footnote_27"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_27"><span class="muchsmaller">[27]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys peregrina</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. - S.</abbr> 1855, 110, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila per.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1862, 127.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_28" id="footnote_28"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_28"><span class="muchsmaller">[28]</span></a> - A specimen from Cleveland, Ohio (7,429 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, April 1, Dr. Kirtland), - and one from Washington, D. C. (28,246 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr>), have nearly as - distinct streaks above, but the white of lower parts is without - any tinge of yellow.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_29" id="footnote_29"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_29"><span class="muchsmaller">[29]</span></a> - It is an interesting fact in regard to the species of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, that, as a general rule, female birds of West - Indian representatives of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i> and - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</i> are usually, or perhaps universally, uniformly - black, where the continental are brown, either concolored or - streaked. We know of no exception to the first part of this - statement as to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nesopsar</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>. The smaller North - American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i> have the females duller, but - not otherwise very different from the males, except in size. The - females of the large <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, all continental, are much - smaller than the males, and totally different. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> - all the species in which the female is very different in color - from the male are Northern Mexican or continental North American - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pustulatus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>, etc.). Most West Indian - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> also exhibit no difference in the sexes, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthomus</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonanæ</i>, etc.; in one alone (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopteryx</i>) is the - difference appreciable. The South American species have the - females pretty generally similar to the males, but smaller, as is - the case in the entire family.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_30" id="footnote_30"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_30"><span class="muchsmaller">[30]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius assimilis</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach Cabanis Journal Nine"><span class="sc">Gundl. - Cabanis</span>, Journal, IX</abbr>, 12 (nest).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span - class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Boston Journal, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 1853, 316.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_31" id="footnote_31"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_31"><span class="muchsmaller">[31]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis, 1861, 179.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_32" id="footnote_32"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_32"><span class="muchsmaller">[32]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella meridionalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis, 1861, 179.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_33" id="footnote_33"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_33"><span class="muchsmaller">[33]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella hippocrepis</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, - Ibis, 1832, 281.—<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. - <a name="note9" id="note9"></a>Lyc.</abbr> 1860.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_34" id="footnote_34"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_34"><span class="muchsmaller">[34]</span></a> - An attempt at division into subgenera is as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>, bill stout, conical, the - culmen and gonys nearly straight. Tail graduated. Species: - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</i>, bill slender, slightly - decurved. Tail graduated. Species: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes</i>, bill stout, conical; the - culmen and gonys straight. Tail slightly rounded. Species: - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote">We do not find, however, that these subgenera - are very tangible, excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes</i>, which is rather - well marked by square tail and straight outlines of the bill, as - indicated above. The differences are really so minute, and the - characters so variable with the species, that it seems entirely - unnecessary to subdivide the genus.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_35" id="footnote_35"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_35"><span class="muchsmaller">[35]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus - prosthemelas</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Jardine's Contributions to Ornithology">Jard. Cont. - Orn.</abbr> 1850, 120, <abbr title="plate 62">pl. lxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus p.</i> <span - class="sc">Cassin</span>, Icteridæ, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, 56. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus lessoni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. - I</abbr>, 432, 1850.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_36" id="footnote_36"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_36"><span class="muchsmaller">[36]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus - dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 163, - 1766. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus d.</i> <span class="sc">Cassin.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. - N. S.</abbr> 1867, 58. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus flavigaster</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 5"><span - class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. V</abbr></span>, 317, 1816. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus - viridis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 5"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. V</abbr>, 321, - 1816?</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_37" id="footnote_37"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_37"><span class="muchsmaller">[37]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i>, <span - class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1866, 254. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus - portoricensis</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> - 1867, 58. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ater</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> S. N. - I</abbr>, 830, 1788? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus jugularis</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span - class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 351, 1790?</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_38" id="footnote_38"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_38"><span class="muchsmaller">[38]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus - hypomelas</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. I</abbr>, 433, - 1850.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, - 59.</p> - - <p class="footnote">There seems to be no reason for not referring - all the above forms to one species, the differences being merely - in the relative amount of black and yellow. The greater - predominance of the former color we should expect in specimens - from the West Indies, where in this family the melanistic - tendency is so marked.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_39" id="footnote_39"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_39"><span class="muchsmaller">[39]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus - auricapillus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1847, - 382.—<abbr title="Ibid Journal Academy of Natural Sciences One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Journ. A. N. S. I</abbr>, <abbr title="plate 16, figure">pl. - xvi, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, - 60.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_40" id="footnote_40"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_40"><span class="muchsmaller">[40]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus - abeillei</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 101. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes a.</i> <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> - 1867, 62. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Oriolus costototl</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> - Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 385, 1788.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The only essential difference from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. - bullocki</i> is in the greater amount of black, it being merely - more extended, while the pattern is the same.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_41" id="footnote_41"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_41"><span class="muchsmaller">[41]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus melanocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius melanocephalus</i>, <span - class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 756. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus - melanocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, - Genera.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> - 1858, 97.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> - 1867, 53.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, - 543. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus melanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span - class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 434 (description of young - only). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Icterus graduacauda</i>, <span - class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 105.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Similar to - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. auduboni</i>, but without any white whatever on the wing. - Head and neck all round, wings, scapulars, and tail, uniform pure - black. Rest of body, including inside of wing and tibia and the - lesser wing-coverts, orange-yellow; clouded with olivaceous-green - on the back, less so on the rump. Bill and legs plumbeous, the - former whitish at base. Length, 7.70; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80. - <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Warm parts of Mexico.</p> - - <p class="footnote">Very like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>, but smaller, - the bill much stouter, shorter, and the culmen more curved. The - third quill is longest; the fourth, fifth, and second - successively a little shorter; the first and seventh about equal. - The black of the head and neck comes farther behind and on the - sides than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>. The wings are totally destitute of - the white edges of quills and coverts as seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>, - and the middle coverts are black instead of pure yellow. The - tail, too, is entirely black.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_42" id="footnote_42"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_42"><span class="muchsmaller">[42]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus wagleri</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. - Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1857, 7.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. - Am.</abbr> 1858, 545, <abbr title="plate 57, figure">pl. lvii, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Boundary Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> - Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 19, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span - class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.</abbr> 1867, 55. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius - flavigaster</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 756 - (not of <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus - dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 432 - (not of <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>).</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Bill much - attenuated and considerably decurved. Tail considerably - graduated. Head and neck all round, back (the color extending - above over the whole interscapular region), wings, and tail, - including the whole of the lower coverts and the tips of the - upper, black. Lesser and middle upper, with lower wing-coverts, - hinder part of back, rump, and under parts generally (except - tail-coverts), orange-yellow. Length, 9.50; extent, 12.00; wing, - 4.50; tail, 4.25; tarsus, 1.15.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i class="age">Young or female.</i> Above - yellowish-green; more yellow on head; throat black; sides of neck - and body beneath dull yellow. Wings dark brown, the coverts edged - with white; middle tail-feathers brownish-black; outer - yellowish-green. Length about 8 inches.</p> - - <p class="footnote">Younger birds are entirely dull olive-green - above; beneath greenish-yellow.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande - Valley; south to Guatemala. Oaxaca, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr> and March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 381); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20); Vera Cruz, hot region, - resident (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, - 552).</p> - - <p class="footnote">A close ally, and perhaps only a race, of - this species, is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. prosthemelas</i>, <abbr title="Strickland"><span - class="sc">Strickl.</span></abbr>, which differs in smaller size, and in - having the lower tail-coverts yellow instead of black (see - synoptical table, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 778).</p> - - <p class="footnote"><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This fine - species appears to be an abundant bird from Northern Mexico - throughout that republic and Central America to Costa Rica. I am - not aware that any specimens have been procured actually within - our territory. It was met with at Saltillo, in the state of - Coahuila, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, where only a single - specimen was obtained. It was taken at the rancho of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ojo - Caliente</i>, or Hot Springs. It was quite shy and difficult of - approach. Like all the other Orioles, it appeared to be quite - fond of the palm-tree known as the Spanish bayonet. It is given - by Sumichrast as occurring in the department of Vera Cruz, where - it appears to be confined to the hot region. It is quite common - in the district of Cordova, to the height of about three thousand - feet.</p> - - <p class="footnote">Mr. Salvin states this to be the only - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> found by him about Dueñas, where it was not - uncommon. In a letter written by this naturalist, published in - the Ibis of October, 1859, he mentions having taken the nest and - eggs of this species. The structure, though of the same - character,—a hanging nest,—is very different from - that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. gularis</i>, the common species on the Yzabal road. - The nest has none of the depth of the other, but is comparatively - shallow.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_43" id="footnote_43"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_43"><span class="muchsmaller">[43]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus baritus</i> (<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>), <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"><span - class="sc">Cass.</span> Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.</abbr>, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 405. - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, - 165, 1766). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. crassirostris</i>, <span - class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_44" id="footnote_44"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_44"><span class="muchsmaller">[44]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus brachypterus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr. - A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 406.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_45" id="footnote_45"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_45"><span class="muchsmaller">[45]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus gundlachi</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr. A. - N. S.</abbr> 1866, 406.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_46" id="footnote_46"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_46"><span class="muchsmaller">[46]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus niger</i> (<span class="sc">Boddaert</span>), <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"> - <span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 407. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus - niger</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz, page">Tab. Pl. Enl. p.</abbr> 31, - 1783.</p> - - <p class="footnote">None of the continental forms are in the - collection, and therefore their relationship to each other and to - the West Indian species cannot be here given. They are: (1) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. - lugubris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> (Cabinet - Cyclopædia, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 299, 1838.—<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr. - A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 408). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> <abbr title="South America">S. Am.</abbr>, Trinidad. (2) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. - mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, - 408). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico. Besides these are the two following, - whose habitats are unknown: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. inflexirostris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span - class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Cabinet Cyclopædia">Cab. Cyc.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 300, 1838), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. - rectirostris</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> - 1866, 409).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_47" id="footnote_47"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_47"><span class="muchsmaller">[47]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus palustris</i> (<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>), - <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. S., Phila.</abbr>, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> - 411. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scaphidurus pal.</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine"><span class="sc">Swains.</span> - Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, 437).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_48" id="footnote_48"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_48"><span class="muchsmaller">[48]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus tenuirostris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> - Cabinet Cyclopædia, 1838, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 299.—<span - class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 411. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. - assimilis</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, - 141, from Bogota, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. peruvianus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Cabinet Cyclopædia"><span - class="sc">Swains.</span> Cab. Cyc.</abbr> 1838, 354, of Peru, are not - in the collection; they are probably referrible to the - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</i> type.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_49" id="footnote_49"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_49"><span class="muchsmaller">[49]</span></a> - A series of twenty-nine specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i> from - Florida, has been kindly furnished for examination by Mr. C. J. - Maynard, chiefly from the northern and middle portions of the - State, and consequently intermediate between the varieties - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. In color, however, they are - nearly all essentially, most of them typically, like the former; - but in size and proportions they scarcely differ from more - northern specimens of the latter. Their common and nearly - constant features of coloration are, uniform soft dark greenish - body, with blue tinge on belly, and bluish-green tail-coverts and - tail, violet head, more blue anteriorly and more bronzy on the - foreneck, and with this color abruptly defined posteriorly - against the peculiar uniform blackish dull green of the body; the - wing-coverts usually tipped with vivid violet and green spots. - One male is a typical example of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>, - distinguished by the blending of the similar metallic tints on - the body and head, the broken tints on the body arranged in - transverse bars on the back, more purple tail-coverts, and lack - of the vivid metallic tips to the wing-coverts. There are also - four nearly typical specimens of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i>, these - probably from farther south on the peninsula, but with the - characteristics of the race less exaggerated than in the types - from the keys. The measurements of this series are as - follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> (one specimen). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. - Wing, 5.30; tail, 4.65; culmen, 1.38.</p> - - <p class="footnote">Intermediate specimens. Typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i> - in colors, but like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> in size. (16 males, and 17 - females). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Wing, 4.85 to 5.50; tail, 4.60 to 5.50; culmen, 1.25 - to 1.50. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Wing, 4.65 to 4.90; tail, 3.80 to 4.50; culmen, 1.10 - to 1.30.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i> (four specimens). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Wing, - 5.30 to 5.60; tail, 5.00 to 5.30; culmen, 1.38 to 1.40.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_50" id="footnote_50"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_50"><span class="muchsmaller">[50]</span></a> - The measurements given are of a California specimen, in order the - better to show the great distinction to be made between this - species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</i>, which is probably not found in - California, being a more northern species, and having the coast - of Washington Territory, or perhaps Oregon, as about its southern - limit.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_51" id="footnote_51"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_51"><span class="muchsmaller">[51]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ, page"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> Syst. Nat. p.</abbr> - 375. This species is perfectly distinct from all the others. The - plumage has a silky blended character, and very high lustre, - almost exactly as in the larger Grakles (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</i>, - etc.).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_52" id="footnote_52"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_52"><span class="muchsmaller">[52]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. nasicus</i>, <abbr title="Temminck Planches Coloriées"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> Pl. Col.</abbr> - 413.—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Revista y catalogo des las Aves Cubanas">Rev. y Catal. de las - Aves de Cuba.</abbr>, 1865, 290. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</i>, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><abbr title="Lembeye"><span - class="sc">Lemb.</span></abbr> Aves de Cuba</span>, 1830, 65. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> - Cuba.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_53" id="footnote_53"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_53"><span class="muchsmaller">[53]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucognaphalus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Daudin Traité d'Ornithologie 2"><span class="sc">Daud.</span> Tr. - d’Orn. II</abbr>, 231.—<span class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> - 1857, 232.—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> - 1866, <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>, 94. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico and Santo Domingo.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_54" id="footnote_54"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_54"><span class="muchsmaller">[54]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. jamaicensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, - 367.—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> - 209.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1860, - 146.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 385.—<span - class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 232.—<span - class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 300.—<span - class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1866, <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>, 94. - <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica and Santo Domingo.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minutus</i> of Cuba we have not - seen; it seems, however, to be rather nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. - ossifragus</i>, and possesses more lengthened nasal plumes than - the three West Indian species diagnosed above. Its synonomy is as - follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus minutus</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach Cabanis Journal"><span - class="sc">Gundl.</span> Cab. J.</abbr> 1856, 20, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 97.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span - class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Revista y Catalogo des las Aves Cubanas">Rev. y Catal. de las Aves de Cuba.</abbr> - <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_55" id="footnote_55"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_55"><span class="muchsmaller">[55]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica caudata</i>, <abbr title="Fleming British Animals, page"><span class="sc">Flem.</span> Brit. An. p.</abbr> - 87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus pica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Fauna Suecica"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> <a - name="note15" id="note15"></a>Faun. Suec.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 31. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica melanoleuca</i>, - <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 26"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> N. D. XXVI</abbr>, 121. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica - albiventris</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Fauna Française, page"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Faun. Franc. p.</abbr> - 119, <abbr title="plate">t.</abbr> 55, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica european</i> (<abbr title="Cuvier"><span - class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1822, - 551. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica rusticorum</i>, <span class="sc">Leach</span>, - <abbr title="Systematic Catalogue Mammals and Birds in British Museum, page">Syst. Cat. Mamm. and Birds in Brit. Mus. p.</abbr> 18.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_56" id="footnote_56"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_56"><span class="muchsmaller">[56]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura diademata</i> (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>), - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus diadematus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> - Consp.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 377. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta <abbr title="diademata">diad.</abbr></i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 143. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. - galeata</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>, from Bogota, we have - not seen.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_57" id="footnote_57"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_57"><span class="muchsmaller">[57]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Swains.</span> Phil. - Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 437.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_58" id="footnote_58"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_58"><span class="muchsmaller">[58]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sumichrasti</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, - <abbr title="Report of U. S. Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr> All Mexican <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocittas</i> - with a whitish superciliary streak, blue edgings to jugular - feathers, etc., are to be referred to this strongly marked race. - A very conspicuous character of this variety is the strong “hook” - to the upper mandible; the tip beyond the notch being much - elongated, or unusually “produced.” In the collection is a - specimen (60,058 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Mexico, A. <span class="sc">Boucard</span>) - which we have referred to this race, but which differs in such an - important respect from all other specimens of the several races - referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, as extended, that it may belong - to a distinct form. Having the precise aspect of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i> in regard to its upper plumage, it lacks, - however, any trace of the blue edgings and pectoral collar, the - whole lower parts being continuously uninterrupted dull white, - purer posteriorly. The appearance is such as to cause a suspicion - that it may be a link between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i> and one of the - races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i>. It measures: wing, 5.50; tail, 6.00; - graduation of tail, .70.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_59" id="footnote_59"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_59"><span class="muchsmaller">[59]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>) - <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus - ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Journal Academy of Natural Sciences Four"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> J. A. N. S. IV</abbr>, - 1825, 386 (not of Audubon).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_60" id="footnote_60"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_60"><span class="muchsmaller">[60]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</i>, (<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>) (not - of <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>, which is - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Cat. Am. - B.</abbr> 1862, 143. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus sordidus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine"><span - class="sc">Swains.</span> Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 437.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_61" id="footnote_61"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_61"><span class="muchsmaller">[61]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta unicolor</i>, (<span class="sc">Du Bus</span>) - <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 378.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax - unicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Du Bus</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bulletins de l'Académie Bruxelles, 14, part 2, page">Bull. Acad. Brux. - XIV, pt. 2, p.</abbr> 103.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_62" id="footnote_62"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_62"><span class="muchsmaller">[62]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platypsaris affinis</i>, <span - class="sc">Elliot</span>, Ibis, 1859, 394, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus aglaiæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds - <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 164, <abbr title="plate 47, figure">pl. xlvii, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Ibid Report of Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span - class="sc">Ib.</span> Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds, 7, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr> - 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus aglaiæ</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, - <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Two">Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 85 (Xalapa).—<abbr title="Ibid Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> - Journ.</abbr> 1861, 252.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> - 1864, 176 (City <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico, Jalapa, - Nicaragua (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Catalogue, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 240); - Yucatan (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_63" id="footnote_63"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_63"><span class="muchsmaller">[63]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus major.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bathmidurus major</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Ornithologische Notizen"><span - class="sc">Cab.</span> Orn. Nat.</abbr> 1847, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 246.—<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Two"><span - class="sc">Cab. et Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 89.—<span - class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 165, <abbr title="plate 47, figure">pl. xlvii, f.</abbr> 2 - <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Report of Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds, - 7, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus major</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 78; 1864, 176 (City of - <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_64" id="footnote_64"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_64"><span class="muchsmaller">[64]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus - violentus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 35, page"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> N. D. <span class="muchsmaller">XXXV</span>, p.</abbr> 89. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus v.</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> - 1862, 237), is the South American race of this species. It is - exceedingly similar, but differs slightly, though constantly, in - certain characters. We have not at present the means of comparing - the two.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_65" id="footnote_65"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_65"><span class="muchsmaller">[65]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus melancholicus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, - <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 35">Nouv. Dict. <span class="muchsmaller">XXXV</span></abbr>, 1819, 84.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, - <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 176.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, - <abbr title="Catalogue American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1862, 235. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America. A more - northern race scarcely distinguishable (Panama, Costa Rica, - etc.), separated as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. satrapa</i>, <abbr title="Lichentenstein"><span - class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr></p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_66" id="footnote_66"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_66"><span class="muchsmaller">[66]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tyrannulus</i> (<abbr title="Müller"><span class="sc">Müll.</span></abbr>), - <span class="sc">Coues</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa tyrannulus</i>, <abbr title="Müller"><span - class="sc">Müll.</span></abbr> (G. R. <abbr title="Gray"><span class="sc">Gr.</span></abbr> Hand - List, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 5,527). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus <abbr title="tyrannulus">t.</abbr></i> <span - class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">P. A. N. S. Phila.</abbr> July, 1872, 71. - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. aurora</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>; - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>, <abbr title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr>; - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferox</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, - <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">panamensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span - class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">venezuelensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span - class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_67" id="footnote_67"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_67"><span class="muchsmaller">[67]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tyrannulus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</i> (<span - class="sc">Sclater</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus phæocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 481.—<span - class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1872, 73.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_68" id="footnote_68"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_68"><span class="muchsmaller">[68]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus validus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> - 186 (<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="nec Auctor"><span class="sc">nec Auct.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus validus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Ornithologische Notizen"><span - class="sc">Caban.</span> Orn. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 351, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="et Auctor"><span class="sc">et Auct.</span></abbr> <span - class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 62.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_69" id="footnote_69"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_69"><span class="muchsmaller">[69]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i> (<span - class="sc">Kaup</span>). <span class="sc">Baird</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>. <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> - 1851, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cooperi</i>, <span - class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 180. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus - crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, - <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 67.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_70" id="footnote_70"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_70"><span class="muchsmaller">[70]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i> (<abbr title="Vieillot"><span - class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>), <span class="sc">Coues</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus irritabilis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Encyclopédique et Méthodique"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Enc. - Meth.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 847. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> - July, 1872, 65. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. erythrocercus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. mexicanus</i>, <span - class="sc">Kaup</span>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. - yucatanensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>)</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>—It is, perhaps, probable - that in Yucatan this race grades into the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. stolidus</i> - (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i>), since there is a specimen in the - collection from Merida (39,213, April 9, 1865, A. Schott) which - seems to be very nearly intermediate in every way between the - two. It has the very black hill, restricted rufous on inner webs - of rectrices, and pale yellow of lower parts of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. - stolidus</i>, and the brown pileum and more robust proportions of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i>. The specimen, however, is in poor condition, - being of worn and faded plumage, and much distorted, so that its - true characters cannot be ascertained satisfactorily.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_71" id="footnote_71"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_71"><span class="muchsmaller">[71]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</i> (<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span - class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr>), <span class="sc">Coues</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus phœbe</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> Sagra’s - Cuba, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 84. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</i>, - <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 78. - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sagræ</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolida</i>, - <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucaysiensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_72" id="footnote_72"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_72"><span class="muchsmaller">[72]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i> (<span - class="sc">Bryant</span>), <span class="sc">Coues</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus (Myiarchus) antillarum</i>, <span - class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History">P. B. S. N. H.</abbr> 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus - stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i>, <span - class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 79.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_73" id="footnote_73"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_73"><span class="muchsmaller">[73]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i> (<span - class="sc">Gosse</span>), <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius stolidus</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>. <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> - <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 168. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus s.</i> <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">J. - für Orn.</abbr> 1855, 479.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. - S.</abbr> 1872, 77. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolidus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, <span - class="sc">Bryant</span>.)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_74" id="footnote_74"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_74"><span class="muchsmaller">[74]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i> (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>), <span - class="sc">Coues</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius tristis</i>, <span - class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica 167, plate 41">B. Jam. 167 pl. xli</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus - <abbr title="tristis">t.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, - 80.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_75" id="footnote_75"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_75"><span class="muchsmaller">[75]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> (<span - class="sc">Giraud</span>), <span class="sc">Baird</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula lawrencei</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, 16 - <abbr title="Species of Texas Birds, plate 2">sp. Tex. B. pl. ii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus l.</i> <span - class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 181, <abbr title="plate 47, figure">pl. xlvii, f.</abbr> - 3.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, - 74.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>—The most typical specimens - are from Mazatlan and northward, across the northern portion of - Mexico. On the eastern coast, specimens from Mirador and Orizaba - already strongly incline toward <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_76" id="footnote_76"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_76"><span class="muchsmaller">[76]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>, <span - class="sc">Cabanis</span>. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus nigricapillus</cite>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span - class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. - B.</abbr> 1862, 233, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="et Auctor"><span class="sc">et Auct.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. lawrencei</i>, <span - class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1872, 74 (in part).</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>—A very strongly - differentiated form, but unquestionably grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> on the one hand, and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i> on - the other.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_77" id="footnote_77"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_77"><span class="muchsmaller">[77]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus nigriceps</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 68, 295.—<span - class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 75.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>—The last three races appear - to be all reducible to one species, as, taking the large series - of specimens before us (over 30 skins), we find it impossible to - draw the line between them. Specimens from Southern Mexico are - referrible, with equal propriety, to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> or to - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>, while skins from Panama of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i> - are less typical than those from Ecuador. This case of gradually - increasing melanistic tendency as we proceed southward affords an - exact parallel to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia gilvus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. - josephæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. aquaticus</i>, - and many other cases.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_78" id="footnote_78"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_78"><span class="muchsmaller">[78]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, <span - class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Acad.</abbr> 1859, 303.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_79" id="footnote_79"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_79"><span class="muchsmaller">[79]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis - aquaticus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, - Ibis, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 119 (Guatemala).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_80" id="footnote_80"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_80"><span class="muchsmaller">[80]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineracens</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis - cineracea</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lafresnaye Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Lafr.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1848, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> - 8.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1862, - 200. The above races are clearly shown to be merely - modifications, with latitude, of one type, by the series of - specimens before us. Thus, specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nigricans</i> from - Orizaba show more or less dusky on the lower tail-coverts, while - in more northern specimens (i. e. typical <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i>) - there is not a trace of it. Typical specimens of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>, from Guatemala, show merely a more advanced - melanism, the lighter markings on the wings becoming greatly - restricted; there is still, however, a decided presence of white - on the lower tail-coverts. Specimens from Costa Rica (typical - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>) exhibit the maximum degree of melanism, the - white beneath being confined to a central spot on the abdomen. In - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineraceus</i> (from New Granada) the white beneath is - similarly restricted, but on the wings is very conspicuous, - showing a reversion back to the character of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i>, - though surpassing the latter in the amount of white on the - coverts and secondaries.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. latirostris</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax l.</i> - <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum, two"><span class="sc">Cab. & Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 68; - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis l.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue of American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, - 200), from Ecuador, we have not seen. It is probably also - referrible to the same type.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_81" id="footnote_81"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_81"><span class="muchsmaller">[81]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus lugubris</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. - Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1865, 134 (Costa Rica, Baranca).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_82" id="footnote_82"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_82"><span class="muchsmaller">[82]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus brachytarsus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, - <abbr title="Catalogue of American Birds">Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 231. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax brachyt.</i> <abbr title="Sclater"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 441.) A strongly marked - race, but distinguishable from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</i> only by just - appreciable differences in color (being paler beneath), and - shorter wing and bill, the latter broader at the tip.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_83" id="footnote_83"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_83"><span class="muchsmaller">[83]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?), <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, - 1869, 202 (Yucatan). Very nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. - richardsoni</i>, but easily distinguished by the very different - proportions.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_84" id="footnote_84"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_84"><span class="muchsmaller">[84]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus caribæus</i> (<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr>) - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscipeta caribæa</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> (R. de - la Sagra), <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Histoire">Hist.</abbr> Cuba, 1839, 77.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_85" id="footnote_85"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_85"><span class="muchsmaller">[85]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus caribæus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i>, <span - class="sc">Bryant</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula caribæa</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Eleven">Pr. Bost. - Soc. XI</abbr>, 1866, 91.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_86" id="footnote_86"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_86"><span class="muchsmaller">[86]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus caribæus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</i> (<span - class="sc">Gosse</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius pallidus</i>, <span - class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 166. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blacicus - pallidus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1861, 77. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus p.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> - 1862, 231.—<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. Ph. A. N. Sc.</abbr> - 1863, 290.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_87" id="footnote_87"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_87"><span class="muchsmaller">[87]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, <span - class="sc">Bryant</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax bahamensis</i>, <span - class="sc">Bryant</span>, List of Birds of the Bahamas, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> - 7. Young with the colors more ashy above, and less yellowish - beneath; the upper parts with feathers faintly tipped with paler, - causing an obsolete transverse mottling; two distinct bands on - wing of pale ochraceous.</p> - - <p class="footnote">Of the above, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</i> are clearly to be - referred to one species; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bahamensis</i> also has many - characters in common with them, and no violence would be done by - referring it, also, to the same type; it is, however, more - modified from the standard than any of the others, though the - modifications are not of importance.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_88" id="footnote_88"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_88"><span class="muchsmaller">[88]</span></a> - These measurements are not only those of United States and - Mexican examples, but also of Middle American examples - (“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidulus</i>,” <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, and - “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeius</i>,” <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>), and of a - series from Ecuador and New Granada (= “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</i>,” <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>). In comparing a quite large number of - such Middle American and Equatorial specimens with the large - series of Northern examples, we have been utterly unable to - appreciate even the slightest difference between them.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. punensis</i> (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span - class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 1869, 237; Puna - Island, Guayaquil) is founded upon an immature specimen, so the - characters of the species cannot be given with exactness. The - relationship appears very close to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caribæus</i>, there - being the same large, very depressed bill, with the long bristles - reaching nearly to its tip, and the tail about as long as the - wing; while the upper plumage has the light faint transverse - mottling seen in the young <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, and the lining of the wing ochraceous. In - colors, however, the two are very different, the young of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">punensis</i> being ashy-green, instead of pure ash, on the - back, the crown very much darker, instead of not appreciably so; - the wing-bands are white instead of ochraceous, while the breast - and sides are dull sulphur-yellowish, instead of ashy, without - any yellow tinge. The measurements are as follows: Wing, 2.60; - tail, 2.60; culmen, .72; tarsus, .56.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ochraceus</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span> (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1869, 419; <abbr title="Salvin"><span - class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1870, 115), of Costa Rica, we have - not seen. From the description, however, it seems to be scarcely - different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. lugubris</i>, and it is probably the same. - The size (wing, 3.30) appears to be a little smaller, and the - belly more deeply yellowish.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_89" id="footnote_89"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_89"><span class="muchsmaller">[89]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax brunneus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>. A - very distinct species, not needing comparison with any other.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_90" id="footnote_90"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_90"><span class="muchsmaller">[90]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax axillaris</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_91" id="footnote_91"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_91"><span class="muchsmaller">[91]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flavescens</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> May be - the southern form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i>, but differ in some apparently - essential features.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_92" id="footnote_92"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_92"><span class="muchsmaller">[92]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoological Society">P. Z. - S.</abbr> 1858, 301; Ibis, 1859, 442; <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, - 230.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, - 1860, 36. (<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cordova, Coban, Mazatlan, Mirador, - etc.)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_93" id="footnote_93"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_93"><span class="muchsmaller">[93]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax fulvipectus</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum, February"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. - N. Y. Lyc. Feb.</abbr> 1871, 11. (Type examined.) A very distinct - species, most nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, from which it - differs totally in color and in much shorter tarsus.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_94" id="footnote_94"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_94"><span class="muchsmaller">[94]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax - pectoralis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> It seems but - reasonable to consider this bird as the southern race of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, as the differences—i. e. smaller size and - whiter wing-bands—are just what we find in several other - species of the same region, compared with allied and probably - co-specific northern types,—as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</i> and - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i>, southern specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> in which the wing-bands are much whiter than in - northern specimens of the same bird.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_95" id="footnote_95"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_95"><span class="muchsmaller">[95]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax griseipectus</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> May - possibly be another seasonal plumage of the same species as - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</i>, but differs in some seemingly important - respects.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_96" id="footnote_96"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_96"><span class="muchsmaller">[96]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</i>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax griseigularis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> - Differing from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i> only in smaller size and whiter - wing-bands.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The remaining described American species of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, which we have not seen, are the - following:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax magnirostris</i>, <span - class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Voyage">Voy.</abbr> Beagle, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 8.—<span - class="sc">Gray</span>, Hand List.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax albigularis</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 122 - (Orizaba).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> - 1862, 229. This may possibly be the species described above as - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. axillaris</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_97" id="footnote_97"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_97"><span class="muchsmaller">[97]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus fulvifrons.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa fulvifrons</i>, <span - class="sc">Giraud</span>, 16 species Texas birds, 1841, <abbr title="plate 2">pl. ii</abbr> - (Mexico?). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax fulvifrons</i>, <span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus - fulvifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, - 45. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax rubicundus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, - <abbr title="Museum Heineanum, two">Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, 1859, 70 (Mexico). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_98" id="footnote_98"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_98"><span class="muchsmaller">[98]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, - <abbr title="Zoölogy Voyage of the Beagle, three">Zoöl. Voy. Beag. iii</abbr>, 45.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, - <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 46; <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 228 (Peru).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_99" id="footnote_99"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_99"><span class="muchsmaller">[99]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>, (<abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>) - <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa rubinea</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span - class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr> (ex <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Buffon planches enluminéz 265, figure">Buff. pl. enl. cclxv, f.</abbr> 1). - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus r.</i> <span class="sc">Cabanis</span> et <abbr title="Heine"><span - class="sc">Hein.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum, two">Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 67.—<span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 227.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_100" id="footnote_100"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_100"><span class="muchsmaller">[100]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>, <span - class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of the Beagle, three">Zoöl. Beag. iii</abbr>, 45, <abbr title="plate 7">pl. - vii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 46, - 144; 1860, 282, 295; <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 228. The last is - hardly separable by the characters given, as, although they are - never seen in southern specimens, they are not constant in the - northern ones. Specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i> are as large as any of - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</i>, there being in every region a great range of - variation in dimensions.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_101" id="footnote_101"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_101"><span class="muchsmaller">[101]</span></a> - This confounding of the two sexes has probably resulted from - guess-work of the collector, who, noticing the marked difference - between the male and female, and naturally supposing the former - to be the more brightly colored, marked the rufous-breasted - specimens accordingly; while the few marked correctly may have - been thus labelled after careful dissection.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_102" id="footnote_102"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_102"><span class="muchsmaller">[102]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus albicollis.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus albicollis</i> and - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guianensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, - 1030. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, - <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1851, 179. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus guianensis</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">derbyanus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallarius</i>,—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</i> of - authors. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus albicollis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, - <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 145. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> From Northern - Mexico southward to Ecuador and Brazil.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_103" id="footnote_103"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_103"><span class="muchsmaller">[103]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>, <span - class="sc">Cabanis</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles minor</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie"><span - class="sc">Cab.</span> Journ. f. Orn.</abbr> 1856, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 5.—<span - class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 279. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="Chordeiles">Ch.</abbr> - gundlachi</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Six"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI</abbr>, - 165.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_104" id="footnote_104"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_104"><span class="muchsmaller">[104]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles acutipennis</i>, (<abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>) - <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus acutipennis</i>, - <span class="sc">Boddært</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz, page">Tab. Pl. Enl. p.</abbr> 46 (1783). - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles a.</i> <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> - 1851 (Catalogue of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>, in <abbr title="Museum Philadelphia Academy">Mus. Philad. Acad.</abbr>). - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus acutus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. - pruinosus</i>, <span class="sc">Tschudi</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. exilis</i>, - <span class="sc">Lesson</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles labeculatus</i>, - <span class="sc">Jardine</span>. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus - semitorquatus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus, Gmelin, Prince Maximillian"><span class="sc">L.</span>, <span - class="sc">Gm.</span>, <span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr>” <span - class="sc">Tschudi</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles peruvianus</i>, <span - class="sc">Peale</span>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_105" id="footnote_105"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_105"><span class="muchsmaller">[105]</span></a> - The females differ simply in having the light tail-space much - reduced in size, and dull ochraceous, instead of whitish; in that - of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i> it is wanting altogether.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_106" id="footnote_106"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_106"><span class="muchsmaller">[106]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus macromystax</i> (<abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr>?) - <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 137 (La Parada, - <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>.). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Caprimulgus macromystax</i>, <abbr title="Wagler"><span - class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr> Isis, 1831, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 533.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_107" id="footnote_107"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_107"><span class="muchsmaller">[107]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus macromystax</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</i> (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span - class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus cubanensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Seven"><span - class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, May, 1860, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 260.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_108" id="footnote_108"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_108"><span class="muchsmaller">[108]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila cayanensis</i> (<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>), - <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <cite>Hirundo cay.</cite> <span - class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1024. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila - cay.</i> <abbr title="Cabanis Wiegmann"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Wiegm.</abbr> Archiv, <abbr title="Thirteen">XIII</abbr>, 345 - (1847).—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 606.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_109" id="footnote_109"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_109"><span class="muchsmaller">[109]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila sancti-hieronymi</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span> - (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, 190, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>; <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. - S.</abbr> 1866, 607). May be the northern form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</i>, - which, however, we have not seen.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_110" id="footnote_110"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_110"><span class="muchsmaller">[110]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura poliura</i>, (<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>) <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 101; <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 611. - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus polivurus</i>, <abbr title="Temminck Tableau Méthodique, page"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> Tab. - Méth. p.</abbr> 78.)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_111" id="footnote_111"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_111"><span class="muchsmaller">[111]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura cinereiventris</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. - Am. B.</abbr> 1862, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 283; <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 101, <abbr title="plate 14, figure">pl. xiv, f.</abbr> 1; <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical">P. Z.</abbr> - 1866, 612. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sclateri</i>, <span class="sc">Pelz.</span> <abbr title="Ornithology of Brazil One">Orn. - Braz. I</abbr>, 1868, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 16, 56, is also referrible to it as perhaps a - race.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_112" id="footnote_112"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_112"><span class="muchsmaller">[112]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura spinicauda</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Cypselus - spinicaudus, <abbr title="Temminck Tableau Méthodique, page"><span class="sc">Tem.</span> Tabl. Méth. p.</abbr> 78 (ex - <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Buffon Planches Enluminéz">Buff. Pl. Enl.</abbr> 726, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis s.</i> <span - class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 971; <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span - class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 64. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura s.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span - class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1862, 283. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo - pelasgia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. II</abbr>, - 581. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cayenne and Brazil.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_113" id="footnote_113"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_113"><span class="muchsmaller">[113]</span></a> - Genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Characteristics"><span - class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Size large (wing, 2.50); tail large, more - than half the wing, the feathers very broad; usually a little - rounded, sometimes slightly emarginated (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. mango</i>, - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. virginalis</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. aurulentus</i>). Bill - cylindrical, considerably curved, its vertical thickness least at - about the middle. Nasal opercula nearly covered by the frontal - feathers; tarsi naked. Wing very long, reaching to or beyond the - tip of the tail; first primary longest, only slightly bowed, and - not attenuated at tip; inner primaries normal.</p> - - <p class="footnote">The species of this genus belong chiefly to - the West India Islands and to Tropical America,—principally - on the Atlantic coast. They are all of more than the average - size, and distinguished by broad tail-feathers, and rather dull, - though handsome colors. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. porphyrurus</i> the sexes are - alike in color. The following species has been accredited to - North America, but probably upon erroneous data, since it belongs - to northern South America, not even being an inhabitant of any of - the West India Islands, except Trinidad. Still it is possible - that, as alleged for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</i> (see page 1064), it - may have wandered far from its usual habitat, and have reached - Florida, as stated by Mr. Audubon.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis mango</i>, (<abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>) <abbr title="Swainson"><span - class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>—The Mango Hummer. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus - mango</i>, <abbr title="Linnæeus Systema Naturæ One">L. S. N. I</abbr>, 191.—<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> - S. N. I.</abbr> 491.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, - 1834, 486; <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 184.—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. - IV</abbr>, 1842, 186, <abbr title="plate 251">pl. ccli</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis mango</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Zoölogical Journal Three"><span - class="sc">Sw.</span> Zoöl. Journ. III</abbr>, 358.—<span - class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 130. <abbr title="Specific Characters"><span - class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>—<i class="sex">Male</i>: Above deep golden - green; beneath opaque velvety-black medially, from the bill to - the anal region, separated from the lateral and superior green by - a tint of metallic greenish-blue. Tail richly metallic - rufous-purple, the feathers bordered terminally with blue-black; - intermediæ plain dark bronzy-green. Primaries plain dull dusky. - <i class="sex">Female.</i> Similar, but white beneath, except laterally, and - with a medial stripe of black, from the bill to the anus. Wing, - 2.60-2.70; tail, 1.50-1.70; bill, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South - America (Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, New Granada, Panama, and - Trinidad); accidental in Florida???</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_114" id="footnote_114"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_114"><span class="muchsmaller">[114]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte helenæ</i>, (<abbr title="Lembeye"><span class="sc">Lemb.</span></abbr>) <span - class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 136">Monog. Troch. III, pl. cxxxvi</abbr>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orthorhynchus helenæ</i>, <abbr title="Lembeye"><span class="sc">Lemb.</span></abbr> <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Aves - de l’Isle de Cuba</span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 70, <abbr title="plate 10, figure">pl. x, fig.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">O. boothi</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach manuscript"><span - class="sc">Gundl.</span> MSS.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Gould</span>, - <abbr title="Monograph">Monog.</abbr>).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_115" id="footnote_115"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_115"><span class="muchsmaller">[115]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte floresi</i>, (<abbr title="Loddiges"><span class="sc">Lodd.</span></abbr>) - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus floresi</i>, <abbr title="Loddiges manuscript"><span class="sc">Lodd.</span> MSS.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus floresi</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 139">Monog. - Troch. III, pl. cxxxix</abbr>. There are certainly few reasons for - considering this bird as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, while there are - many for referring it to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>. The only feature that it - shares with the former is the peculiar coloration, and to some - extent the shape, of the tail. However, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> the - outer primary is always (in the male) attenuated and acute at the - tip, and the crown is never metallic, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i> the - outer primary is never attenuated nor acute, and the crown of the - male is always metallic. The form and coloration of the tail are - nothing more than a specific character, since no two species, of - either genus, agree in this respect. In view, then, of these - considerations, we find <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">floresi</i> to be strictly congeneric - with the other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_116" id="footnote_116"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_116"><span class="muchsmaller">[116]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</i> - (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus flammula</i>, - <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1864 (Costa Rica). - (Described above from specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection.)</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_117" id="footnote_117"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_117"><span class="muchsmaller">[117]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</i> (<span - class="sc">Gould</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus scintilla</i>, <span - class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1850, 162, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ Three">Monog. Troch. III</abbr>, - <abbr title="plate 138">pl. cxxxviii</abbr>. The foregoing species are so similar in all - essential respects to the northern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus</i> and - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>, that it is exceedingly probable that they are - merely the southern forms of those species. Both differ in - exactly the same respects from their northern representatives, - namely, in smaller size and less burnished throat, and to a very - slight degree only in form. The only specimen of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. - flammula</i> that we have examined is a badly shot male in Mr. - Lawrence’s collection; what appears to be the outer primary in - this specimen is not attenuated at the tip, which is curved - inward, instead of acutely attenuated and turned outward as in - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i>; the wings are badly cut with shot, however, - and the first primary may be wanting.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_118" id="footnote_118"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_118"><span class="muchsmaller">[118]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica melanotis</i>, (<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>) - <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Two, plate 64">Monog. Troch. II, pl. lxiv</abbr>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus melanotus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine"><span class="sc">Swains.</span> Phil. - Mag.</abbr> 1827, 441. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus leucotis</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span - class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismyia arsenni</i>, <abbr title="Lesson"><span - class="sc">Less.</span></abbr> <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_119" id="footnote_119"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_119"><span class="muchsmaller">[119]</span></a> - <abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, 1869-70.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_120" id="footnote_120"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_120"><span class="muchsmaller">[120]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx affinis</i>, <span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. - Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 215.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> - 97.—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, - 305.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, - 1859, 134.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, - 325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx velox</i>, <abbr title="Karwinsky Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Karw.</span> <span - class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> 97.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_121" id="footnote_121"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_121"><span class="muchsmaller">[121]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus melanocoryphus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, - <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 8">Nouv. Dict. VIII</abbr>, 271.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, - <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 323.—<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> - 1864, 122.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_122" id="footnote_122"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_122"><span class="muchsmaller">[122]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga major</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. - I</abbr>, 363.—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Maximilian Beiträge 4"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Beitr. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, - 319.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. - ani</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc" title="Vieillot Galerie des Oiseaux 2"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Gal. Ois. <span - class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 35, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_123" id="footnote_123"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_123"><span class="muchsmaller">[123]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga sulcirostris</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, - <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 440.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> - Consp.</abbr> 89.—<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 309, - 1859, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 59, 368, 388, et 1860, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 285, 297.—<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span - class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. casasi</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Voyage Coquillle Zoölogique 1"><span - class="sc">Less.</span> Voy. Coq. Zoöl. I</abbr>, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii</abbr>, 619, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">et <abbr title="Centurie Zoologique">Cent. - Zoöl.</abbr></span> <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_124" id="footnote_124"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_124"><span class="muchsmaller">[124]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conspectus avium picinarum.</i> Stockholm, 1866.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_125" id="footnote_125"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_125"><span class="muchsmaller">[125]</span></a> - A character common to all the members of the genus, and - distinguishing them from the species of every other; this - peculiar form of the middle tail-feathers is caused principally - by a folding of the webs downward, almost against each other. The - under surfaces of the shafts have a very deep groove their whole - length, which is seen in no other genus.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_126" id="footnote_126"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_126"><span class="muchsmaller">[126]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A. - N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 322 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, - Repertorium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1866, 293.—<abbr title="Ibid Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Cab. - Jour.</abbr> 1866, 352. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_127" id="footnote_127"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_127"><span class="muchsmaller">[127]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus - tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ 12th edition One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N. 12th ed. I</abbr>, - 177 (1766).—<span class="sc">Degland</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Orn. Eur. I</abbr>, - 161 (1849). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span - class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Birds (1838), <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 9.—<span - class="sc">Gould</span>, Birds of Europe <abbr title="plate 232">pl. ccxxxii</abbr>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides europæus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Ornithologie, page"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Orn. p.</abbr> - 217 (1831).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_128" id="footnote_128"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_128"><span class="muchsmaller">[128]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus - crissoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Museum Petropolitanum">Mus. Petrop.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus crissoleucus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> - Consp.</abbr>—<abbr title="Reichenbach Synopsis"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Syn.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 362, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 836; - <abbr title="plate 631, figure">pl. dcxxxi, f.</abbr> 4197, 4198. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides crissoleucus</i>, <abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span - class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Pic. I</abbr>, 180. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus - kamtchatkensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>”—<abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span - class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Pic. I</abbr>, 180 (in synonomy). - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Museum">Mus.</abbr> de Mayence.—<span - class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr title="Zoögraphica Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoogr. Ros. As. I</abbr>, 415.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_129" id="footnote_129"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_129"><span class="muchsmaller">[129]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus - tricolor</i>, <abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr> Isis, 1829, 512. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus tri.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> - 1862, 343. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. subelegans</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. - Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 162; 1856, 143.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_130" id="footnote_130"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_130"><span class="muchsmaller">[130]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus - hoffmanni</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal September">Journ. Sept.</abbr> - 1862, 322 (Costa Rica).</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_131" id="footnote_131"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_131"><span class="muchsmaller">[131]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i>, <span - class="sc">Ridgway</span>. In view of the very appreciable - difference from the other races named, it appears necessary to - name this one, in order that it may rank equally with the rest. - The almost entirely streaked breast is only an approach to what - we see, in its extreme phase, in the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i>. The - black vertex of the female appears broader than in specimens of - <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i>.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_132" id="footnote_132"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_132"><span class="muchsmaller">[132]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i>, <abbr title="Natterer"><span - class="sc">Natt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus flavigula</i> (<abbr title="Natterer"><span - class="sc">Natt.</span></abbr>), <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Rev. - Zoöl.</abbr> 1849, 542, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ Two">Monog. Pic. II</abbr>, 202, <abbr title="plate 99, figures">pl. xcix, f.</abbr> 5, 6. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes flavigularis</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. - Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 161. This can only be considered the melanistic - extreme of a species of which the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i> is the - rubescent one, the transition being gradual through the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i> of the intermediate region.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_133" id="footnote_133"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_133"><span class="muchsmaller">[133]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanoides</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lafresnaye Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Lafr.</span> Rev. - Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 42.—<abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr> - Ibis, 1859, 137.—<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> - 1862, 344. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes rubricatus</i>, <span - class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Genera of Birds, plate 111">Gen. B. pl. cxi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus rub.</i> - <abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ Two"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Pic. II</abbr>, 265, <abbr title="plate 110">pl. cx</abbr>, figs. - 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus submexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Sundevall Conspectus Picidæ"><span class="sc">Sund.</span> - Consp. Pic.</abbr> 1866, 72.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_134" id="footnote_134"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_134"><span class="muchsmaller">[134]</span></a> - A series of hybrids between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i> - is in the Smithsonian collection, these specimens exhibiting - every possible combination of the characters of the two.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_135" id="footnote_135"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_135"><span class="muchsmaller">[135]</span></a> - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes - chrysocaulosus</i>, <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, Boston - Journal.—<abbr title="Ibid Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 294.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_136" id="footnote_136"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_136"><span class="muchsmaller">[136]</span></a> - <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Papageien. Monographisch bearbeitet von Otto Finsch.</span> 2 <abbr title="volumes">vols.</abbr> Leiden, 1867, 1868.</p> - - <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_137" id="footnote_137"></a> - <a href="#fnanchor_137"><span class="muchsmaller">[137]</span></a> - <b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail longer than the wings; lores and cheeks naked; the - latter with narrow lines of small feathers.</p> - - <p class="fnindent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. militaris.</b> Green; forehead red; - posterior portion of back, upper and under tail-coverts with - quills and tip of tail, sky-blue; under side of tail dirty - orange-yellow. Wing, 14.00; middle tail-feathers, 15.00; tarsus, - 1.08. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwestern Mexico to Bolivia.</p> - - <p class="fnindent2">Synonymy: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus militaris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span - class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N.</abbr> 1767, 139. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace - militaris</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Finsch</span>, Die Papageien</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, - 1867, 396.</p> - - <p class="footnote"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail about equal to the wings; - lores and cheeks feathered.</p> - - <p class="fnindent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha.</b> Green; the forehead, - edge of wings, and the tibiæ red; greater under wing-coverts - yellow. Wing, 8.00 to 10.00; middle tail-feather, 6.50. - <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico (Jalapa and Angangueo), given - probably erroneously from the Rio Grande of Texas. Synonymy: - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrocercus pachyrhynchus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Synopsis Mexican Birds"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> - Syn. Birds Mex.</abbr> in <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 439, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 79. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> - <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> Tableau des Perroquets, <abbr title="Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie">Rev. et Mag. de Zoöl.</abbr></span> 1854, 149. - <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace pachyrhyncha</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Finsch</span>, Die - Papageien,</span> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1867, 428. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus pascha</i>, <span - class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 524. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus - strenuus</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Preis-Verzeichiss</span>, - 1830.</p> - </div><!--end footnote--> - - -<p class="p4"><!--659.png--><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg i]</span></p> -<h3><a name="indextoplates" id="indextoplates"></a>INDEX TO PLATES OF LAND BIRDS.</h3> - -<table summary="index" class="ix"> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus brewsteri,</span></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">501,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td> - <td class="rightix">fig.</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">498,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">493,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 33,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_159">159</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_159">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_159">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub">tricolor (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_165">165</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_165">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_165">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_136">136</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">557,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">560,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis cedrorum,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">401,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">396,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antenor unicinctus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">250.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">171,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">173,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_410">410</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_417">417</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_413">413</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aquila canadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">314.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archibuteo ferrugineus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">300.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">304.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astur atricapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">237.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asturina plagiata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">246.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_465">465</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus flaviceps</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl.  7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<!--/A--> -<!--B--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bonasa sabinei</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />454.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">453,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix"> “</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">448,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bubo arcticus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">64.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">65.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">62.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">167,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buteo borealis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">281.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">286.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">295.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">277.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">292.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">krideri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">284.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">275.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">285.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oxypterus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">266.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">259.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">263.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonocercus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">272.</td></tr> -<!--/B--> -<!--C--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_61">61</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 29,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#pl_29-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callipepla squamata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">487,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_454">454</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub">costæ,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_457">457</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_496">496</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_496">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus affinis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">133,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">132,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canace canadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_416">416</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_416">“</a></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 59,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_416">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">419,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">495.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">422,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">427,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis coccineus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a name="cardinalis" id="cardinalis"></a><a href="#pl_30-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_103">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-8">9</a></td></tr><!--8 and 9 are both contained in illo 8--> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_100">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus californicus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">465,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 21,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">460,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">465,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hœmorrhous</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">468,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">462,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharista atrata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">351.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">139,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix"> “</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrocercus urophasianus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 60,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">429,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">531,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_557">557</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 52,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_557">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_554">554</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_554">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uropygialis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_558">558</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_558">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">125,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">128.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">428,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 19,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_392">392</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_396">396</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_432">432</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_435">435</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">84,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  6,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelia passerina,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">389,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_562">562</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 31,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_404">404</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-4">4</a> -<!--660.png--><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg ii]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_406">406</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris lawrenci,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">478,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">15</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">476,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">480,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">16</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">474,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub">tristis (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">471,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“ (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">56,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Circus hudsonius</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">214.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">161,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  9,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_477">477</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_484">484</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_482">482</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_575">575</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 55,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_575">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_583">583</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_583">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_582">582</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_578">578</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 55,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_578">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio borealis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">415,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 19,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">421,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">418,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">420.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columba fasciata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">360,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">366,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">363,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_353">353</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_356">356</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsonii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_360">360</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vireus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_357">357</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2">Conurus carolinensis, (<abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_587">587</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_587">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_243">243</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_234">234</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_248">248</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleucus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_242">242</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_247">247</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_233">233</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_251">251</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus henslowi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">553,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leconti</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">552,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ochrocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">553,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">556.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">353,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_488">488</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cupidonia cupido</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">440,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidicincta</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">446.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta arizonæ</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_292">292</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_288">288</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 40,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_285">285</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_292">292</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 40,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_291">291</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_84">84</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_84">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_87">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_82">82</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-13">13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-14">14</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parellina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_86">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 39,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_273">273</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_279">279</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 39,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_281">281</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_277">277</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyrtonyx massena</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">492,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 64,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<!--/C--> -<!--D--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br />Dendroica æstiva,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />222,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 14,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">240,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">229,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">237,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">235,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">254,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">251,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">260,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">227,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">276,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">240,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">243,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">272,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">232,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">271,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">258,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">266,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">273,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">245,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">268,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">248,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">265,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">261,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx orizyvorus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_149">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-5">5</a></td></tr> -<!--/D--> -<!--E--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes migratoria,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />368,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 57,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanus leucurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">198.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_374">374</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_378">378</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_383">383</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_372">372</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_381">381</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_366">366</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">traillii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_369">369</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_141">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_65">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-13">13</a></td></tr> -<!--/E--> -<!--F--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falco anatum</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />132.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">111.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">144.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">155.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">171.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">113. -<!--661.png--><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg iii]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradora</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">117.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pealei</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">137.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyagrus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">123.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">148.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sacer</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">115.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">169.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suckleyi</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr> -<!--/F--> -<!--G--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />52,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl.  3,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_492">492</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis macgillivrayi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">303,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">301,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">297,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucidium californicum</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">81.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">85.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_77">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_260">260</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 38,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-2">2</a></td></tr> -<!--/G--> -<!--H--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Haliaëtus albicilla</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />324.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">326.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus cinereus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">40,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  4,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">41,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">44,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  4,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">39,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">43.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">45,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  4,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">37,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_70">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_73">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_467">467</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga bachmani,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">194,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 11,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span> (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Cape Lucas),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">204,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Florida),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">202,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">192,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2">luciæ,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">200,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in spring</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">205,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in autumn</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">195,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">196,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="variation" title="variation California">var. Calif.</abbr>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">199,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">190,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivorus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">187,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona montana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">449,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">339,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_550">550</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_550">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-5">5</a></td></tr> -<!--/H--> -<!--I--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria longicauda</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />309.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><a name="note34" id="note34"></a><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">307,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_199">199</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_199">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_188">188</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_190">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_190">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ictinia mississippiensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">203.</td></tr> -<!--/I--> -<!--J--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco aikeni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />584,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 26,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">587,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">580,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">584,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<!--/J--> -<!--L--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus albus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />457,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 61,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 62,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">464,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">462,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo cassini,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">376,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 17,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">379,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">377,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">373,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte arctous</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">australis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">507,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">508,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">507,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">504,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes atricristatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">90,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  6,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">87,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">91,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wollweberi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">93,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx californicus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">479,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 64,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">482,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">484,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">488,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td></tr> -<!--/L--> -<!--M--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_573">573</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 53,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_53-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_573">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_53-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_564">564</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_566">566</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 53,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_53-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_566">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_53-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_561">561</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagris gallopavo</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">404.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">410.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melopeleia leucoptera,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">376,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-13">13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_34">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micrathene whitneyi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">87.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_311">311</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">49,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus pallescens,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_386">386</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-13">13</a> -<!--662.png--><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg iv]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">180, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_154">154</a>, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_154">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">165,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">409,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_337">337</a>, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes canadensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">320, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">316,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">314,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">319.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">317,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<!--/M--> -<!--N--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nauclerus forficatus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />192.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">175,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_429">429</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisus cooperi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">230.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">224.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">231.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctale richardsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">40.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">43.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctea scandiaca</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">70.</td></tr> -<!--/N--> -<!--O--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Onychotes gruberi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />254.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis agilis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">290, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">293,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreopeleia martinica,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">393,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreortyx pictus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">475,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">32,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortalida macalli</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">398,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyx texanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">474,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">468,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otus brachyotus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">22.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">18.</td></tr> -<!--/O--> -<!--P--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />184.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_424">424</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">208,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">96,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">102,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">105,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">95,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">101,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">104,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">99,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus alaudinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">537,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">539,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">544,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">540,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">542,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">538,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">534,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><a name="megarhyncha" id="megarhyncha"></a>megarrhyncha,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_57">57</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-9">10</a></td></tr><!--9 and 10 are both contained in illo 9--> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_53">53</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediœcetes columbianus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">434, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 60,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">436,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_299">299</a>, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_302">302</a>, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_302">“</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa carbonata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">214, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">212,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon lunifrons,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">334,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2">arizonæ,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carpalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a name="note32" id="note32"></a>Phainopepla nitens,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">405, </td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-15">15</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_93">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-16">16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl.  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_266">266</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 38,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_255">255</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides americanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_532">532</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_530">530</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_526">526</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_526">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_524">524</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_521">521</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_521">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_509">509</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_509">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_515">515</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_515">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_503">503</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_503">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_503">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">453,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 21,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 31,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_119">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_109">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_116">116</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes lapponicus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">515,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccowni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">523,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">521,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">512,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">520,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">518,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">78,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  6,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanura</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">81,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">80,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polyborus auduboni</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">178.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_545">545</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">593,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">590,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">594.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne cryptoleuca</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">332.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">329,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">184,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus melanotis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">108,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8 -<!--663.png--><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg v]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">109,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">110,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudogryphus californianus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">338.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_304">304</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">441,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 20,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">444,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">440,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">437,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">435,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">525,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_387">387</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula cassini,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">457,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-3">3</a></td></tr> -<!--/P--> -<!--Q--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus æneus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrourus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_225">225</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 36,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_225">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_222">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-1">1</a></td></tr> -<!--/Q--> -<!--R--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus calendula</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />75,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl.  5,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">73,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinogryphus aura</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">344.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rostrhamus sociabilis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">209.</td></tr> -<!--/R--> -<!--S--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />135,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl.  8,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">60,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_343">343</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_340">340</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_347">347</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scardafella inca,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">387,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecephalus cyanocephalus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_206">206</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_203">203</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scops asio</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">49.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammeola</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">58.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">57.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">53.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">52.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">280,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">287,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">283,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_462">462</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_459">459</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">322,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">67,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">65,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">62,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta aculeata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">117.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">118,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">114,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">122,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">120,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spheotyto hypogæa</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">90.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-17">17</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_542">542</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 51,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_542">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_544">544</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_547">547</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_539">539</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 51,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_539">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_545">545</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella arizonæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">15,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_3">3</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnas cyanocephala,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">395,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx serripennis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">350,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_445">445</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strix pratincola</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">13.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_229">229</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Surnia ulula</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">75.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnium cinereum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">30.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">34.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentale</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">38.</td></tr> -<!--/S--> -<!--T--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta bicolor,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />344,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 16,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">347,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus berlandieri</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">144,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  9,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewicki</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">145,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">142,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_450">450</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_448">448</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2">Troglodytes ædon,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">149,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  9,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">157,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">155,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">153.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">11,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">21,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">27,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  2,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">9,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliacus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">23,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  2,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">7,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">29,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  2,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">20,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_316">316</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_329">329</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_319">319</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_324">324</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_327">327</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-5">5</a></td></tr> -<!--/T--> -<!--V--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo atricapillus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />383,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 17,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">389,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">387,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">385,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">391,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">393,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7 -<!--664.png--><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg vi]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">360,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoriridis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">366.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">368,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">363,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">367,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">371.</td></tr> -<!--/V--> -<!--X--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_167">167</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 32,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_32-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_167">“</a></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 33,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_295">295</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-1">1</a></td></tr> -<!--/X--> -<!--Z--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaida amabilis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />379,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 58,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidura carolinensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">383,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia albicollis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">574,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">573,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">569,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">566,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, (<abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">577,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">autumn</i>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -</table> - -<div class="p4 break index"> -<h3>INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.</h3> - -<ul><!--A--> - <li>Ani, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/A--> -<ul><!--B--> - <li>Bee Martin, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li>Bird of Paradise (Texas), <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li>Birds of Prey, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1.</li> - <li>Blackbird, Brewer’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>. - <ul> - <li>Cow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li>Crimson-shouldered, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - <li>Crow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li>Red and White shouldered, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - <li>Redwing, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li>Rusty, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li>Savanna, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li>Swamp, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Black Warrior, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li> - <li>Bluebird, Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62. - <ul> - <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 67.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Bobolink, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li>Bob-White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li>Bull-Bat, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li>Bullfinch, Cassin’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li>Bunting, Arctic, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. - <ul> - <li>Baird’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 531.</li> - <li>Bay-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li> - <li>Black-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li>Black-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li>Cañon, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - <li>Chestnut-collared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.</li> - <li>Green-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li>Henslow’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li>Indigo, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li>Lark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - <li>Leconte’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 552.</li> - <li>Long-clawed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - <li>Maccown’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 523.</li> - <li>Painted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li>Seaside, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li> - <li>Sharp-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li>Smith’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li> - <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - <li>Varied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - <li>Western Yellow-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 556.</li> - <li>Yellow-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Burion, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465, 466, 468.</li> - <li>Bush-Titmouse, Black-eared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108. - <ul> - <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 110.</li> - <li>Least, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li>Yellow-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Butcher-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.</li> - <li>Buzzard, Harris’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250. - <ul> - <li>Turkey, III.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/B--> -<ul><!--C--> - <li>Cardinal, Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. - <ul> - <li>Grosbeak, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Catbird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li> - <li>Cedar-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li>Chacalacca, Texas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li>Chaparral Cock, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li>Chat, Long-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 309. - <ul> - <li>Yellow-breasted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 390.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Chatterer, Bohemian, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.</li> - <li>Chewink, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>. - <ul> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - <li>White-eyed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Chickadee, Brown-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 105. - <ul> - <li>Chestnut-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 104.</li> - <li>Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96.</li> - <li>Hudson’s Bay, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 105.</li> - <li>Long-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 99.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 95.</li> - <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 102.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 101.</li> - <li>White-browed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 95.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Chippy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - <li>Chuck-Will’s Widow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> - <li>Cock of the Plains, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li>Condor, California, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li>Cowbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li>Creepers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124, 425.</li> - <li>Creeper, Bahama, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428. - <ul> - <li>Brown, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125.</li> - <li>Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 128.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Crossbill, Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488. - <ul> - <li>Red, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Crow, Carrion, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351. - <ul> - <li>Clarke’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - <li>Common, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - <li>Fish, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - <li>Northwestern Fish, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li>White-necked, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Cuckoos, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> - <li>Cuckoo, Black-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>. - <ul> - <li>Mangrove, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Curassows, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> -</ul><!--/C--> -<ul><!--D--> - <li>Dipper, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li>Dove, Carolina, or Common, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383. - <ul> - <li>Ground, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li>Red-billed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li>Scaly, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li>Zenaida, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/D--> -<ul><!--E--> - <li>Eagle, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326. - <ul> - <li>Bald, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.</li> - <li>Caracara, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li> - <li>Golden, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li>Ring-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li>Emerald, Linnæus’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/E--> -<ul><!--F--> - <li>Falcons, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103.</li> - <li>Falcon, American Peregrine, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132. - <ul> - <li>Aplomado, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li>Black Peregrine, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137.</li> - <li>Prairie, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 123.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Finches, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li>Finch, Black-faced, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>. - <ul> - <li>Blanding’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li>California Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465.</li> - <li>Cañon, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li>Cassin’s Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460.</li> - <li>Crimson-fronted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465, 466.</li> - <li>Eastern Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li>Gray-cheeked, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li>Gray-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li> - <li>Gray-eared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li> - <li>Hepburn’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li>Lazuli, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li>Lincoln’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li>Painted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li>Summer, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Flicker, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>. - <ul> - <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li> - <li>Hybrid, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li> - <li>Red-shafted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Flycatcher, Arkansas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>. - <ul> - <li>Ash-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - <li>Buff-breasted Least, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - <li>Canada, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - <li>Crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li>Fork-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li>Great-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li>Green Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - <li>Hammond’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - <li>Least, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - <li>Little, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li>Mexican Olive-sided, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - <li>Olive-sided, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li>Red, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - <li>Shining-crested, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li> - <li>Small-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li>Small Green-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - <li>Swallow-tail, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li>Traill’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> - <li>Western Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li> - <li>Wright’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/F--> -<ul><!--G--> - <li>Gerfalcon, Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 117. - <ul> - <li>Iceland, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li>McFarlane’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 115.</li> - <li>White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Gnatcatcher, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 80. - <ul> - <li>Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li>Blue-gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li> - <li>Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li> - <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 80.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Goatsuckers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li>Goatsucker, Long-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>. - <ul> - <li>Short-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Goldfinch, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 476. - <ul> - <li>Arkansas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li> - <li>Black, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li>Lawrence’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li>Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li>Pine, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 480.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Goshawk, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li>Grakle, Boat-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>. - <ul> - <li>Bronzed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - <li>Great-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - <li>Purple, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Greenlet, Florida, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360. - <ul> - <li>Philadelphia, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 367.</li> - <li>Red-eyed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li>Warbling, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li>Western Warbling, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 371.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Grosbeak, Black-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. - <ul> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li>Evening, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li> - <li>Pine, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li>Rose-breasted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Ground-Tits, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83, 84.</li> - <li>Grouse, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414. - <ul> - <li>Canada, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li>Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li>Franklin’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li> - <li>Oregon, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li>Oregon Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 425.</li> - <li>Pinnated, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li>Richardson’s Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li>Ruffled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Sharp-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li>Shoulder-knot, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li>Willow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Gyrfalcon. <i class="see-alt-spelling">See</i> Gerfalcon.</li> -</ul><!--/G--> -<ul><!--H--> - <li>Hang-Nest, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li>Harrier, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li>Hawk, American Sparrow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169. - <ul> - <li>Baird’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li>Band-tail, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li>Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li>Broad-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li>California Squirrel, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li>Cooper’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li>Cooper’s Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li>Duck, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li>Fish, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Gruber’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li>Harlan’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li> - <li>Marsh, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li>Mexican, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 246.</li> - <li>Mexican Blue-backed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 231.</li> - <li>Pigeon, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li>Red-shouldered, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li>Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 281.</li> - <li>Rough-legged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li>Sharp-shinned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224.</li> - <li>Sharp-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li>Swainson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li>Swallow-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Heathcock, Black-spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li>High-Holder, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - <li>Hoot-Owl, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li>House-Finch, California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li>Hummer, Ruffed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li>Humming-Birds, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> - <li>Humming-Bird, Anna, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>. - <ul> - <li>Black-chinned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> - <li>Broad-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li>Calliope, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> - <li>Costa’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li>Heloisa’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li>Ruby-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> - <li>Rufous-backed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> - <li>Xantus’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/H--> -<ul><!--I--> - <li>Indigo-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/I--> -<ul><!--J--> - <li>Jackdaw, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li>Jay, Alaskan Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>. - <ul> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li>Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - <li>California, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - <li>Canada, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li>Green, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li>Long-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - <li>Maximilian’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - <li>Sierra, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> - <li>Steller’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - <li>Ultramarine, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - <li>Woodhouse’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/J--> -<ul><!--K--> - <li>Kestrel, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li>Kingbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. - <ul> - <li>Couch’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li>Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>King-Buzzard, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li> - <li>Kingfishers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - <li>Kingfisher, Belted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>. - <ul> - <li>Green, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Kinglet, Cuvier’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75. - <ul> - <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 73.</li> - <li>Ruby-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Kite, Black-shouldered, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198. - <ul> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Everglade, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Fork-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li>Hook-bill, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Mississippi, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>White-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/K--> -<ul><!--L--> - <li>Lanner, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 123.</li> - <li>Lark, Meadow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>. - <ul> - <li>Old Field, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Linnet, Brewster’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501. - <ul> - <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465.</li> - <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Log-Cock, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li>Loggerhead, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418. - <ul> - <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 421.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Longspur, Black-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520. - <ul> - <li>Black-shouldered, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 521.</li> - <li>Chestnut-shouldered, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 523.</li> - <li>Lapland, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li>Painted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/L--> -<ul><!--M--> - <li>Magpie, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>. - <ul> - <li>Yellow-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Martin, Cuban, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 332. - <ul> - <li>Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li>Sand, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Marsh-Wren, Long-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161. - <ul> - <li>Short-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Merlin, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144. - <ul> - <li>Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 147.</li> - <li>Richardson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 148.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Mocking-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Moose-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/M--> -<ul><!--N--> - <li>Night-Hawk, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>. - <ul> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Nonpareil, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li>Nuthatch, Brown-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 122. - <ul> - <li>Pygmy, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 120.</li> - <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 118.</li> - <li>Slender-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 117.</li> - <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/N--> -<ul><!--O--> - <li>Orioles, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - <li>Oriole, Audubon’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>. - <ul> - <li>Baltimore, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li>Bullock’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - <li>Hooded, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - <li>Orchard, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li>Red-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li>Scott’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Osprey, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Owls, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 4.</li> - <li>Owl, American Barn, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13. - <ul> - <li>American Hawk, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li>American Snowy, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li>American Sparrow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li>Barred, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li>Burrowing, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li>California Pygmy, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li>Feilner’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 58.</li> - <li>Great Gray, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li>Great Horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li>Kennicott’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li>Kirtland’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Lesser-horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li>Little Red, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Long-eared, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li>Marsh, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li>Mottled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li>Richardson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li>Saw-whet, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Short-eared, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li>Spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li>Western-barred, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li>Western Great-horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li>Western-mottled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 52.</li> - <li>White-fronted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Whitney’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 87.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/O--> -<ul><!--P--> - <li>Paisano, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li>Parakeet, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li>Parrots, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li>Parrot, Carolina, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>. - <ul> - <li>Illinois, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li>Orange-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Partridge, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448, 466, 468. - <ul> - <li>Massena, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li>Plumed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li>Scaled or Blue, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li>Spruce, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Pewee, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>. - <ul> - <li>Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li>Say’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li>Short-legged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li>Western Wood, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li>Wood, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Pheasant, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Phœbe-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li>Pigeons, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li>Pigeon, Band-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360. - <ul> - <li>Blue-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li> - <li>Key West, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li>Passenger, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li>White-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li>Wild, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Pipit, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171. - <ul> - <li>European, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 173.</li> - <li>Sprague’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Poor-Will, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> - <li>Prairie-Chicken, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li>Prairie-Hen, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440. - <ul> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Ptarmigan, White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457. - <ul> - <li>Rock, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li>White-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 464.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/P--> -<ul><!--Q--> - <li>Quail, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468. - <ul> - <li>California, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li>Gambel’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/Q--> -<ul><!--R--> - <li>Raven, American, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li>Redbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. - <ul> - <li>Summer, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Redbreast, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 25.</li> - <li>Red-Poll, Lesser, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493. - <ul> - <li>Mealy, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Redstart, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li>Red-Tail, Eastern, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282. - <ul> - <li><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 284.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Reedbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li>Ricebird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li>Road-Runner, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li>Robins, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 25.</li> - <li>Robin, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 27. - <ul> - <li>Golden, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li>Ground, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li>Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li>Oregon Ground, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/R--> -<ul><!--S--> - <li>Sage-Cock, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li>Sapsucker, Larger, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>. - <ul> - <li>Lesser, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Scissor-Tail, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li>Screech-Owl, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Sea-Eagle, Gray, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li>Seed-Eater, Little, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - <li>Sharp-Tail, Columbia, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li> - <li>Shore-Lark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - <li>Shrikes, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412.</li> - <li>Shrike, Great Northern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415. - <ul> - <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.</li> - <li>White-rumped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 421.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 420.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Skylark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. - <ul> - <li>Missouri, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Snowbirds, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li> - <li>Snowbird, Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584. - <ul> - <li>Red-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Snow-Bunting, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li>Solitaire, Townsend’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li> - <li>Sparrows, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 528.</li> - <li>Sparrow, Arizona, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. - <ul> - <li>Artemisia, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 594.</li> - <li>Bachman’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li>Bell’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 593.</li> - <li>Black-chinned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - <li>Black-hooded, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li> - <li>Black-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 590.</li> - <li>Brewer’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - <li>California Shore, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 539.</li> - <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - <li>Chipping, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - <li>Clay-colored, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li>Field, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li>Fox-colored, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li>Grass, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li> - <li>Harris’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li> - <li>Heermann’s Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li> - <li>Ipswich, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 540.</li> - <li>Kodiak Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - <li>Lark, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li> - <li>Little Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li>Northwest Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li> - <li>Oregon Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - <li>Rufous-crowned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - <li>Rusty Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 544.</li> - <li>Samuel’s Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - <li>San Diego, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 542.</li> - <li>Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534.</li> - <li>Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li>Swamp, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - <li>Thick-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - <li>Tree, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li>Western Chipping, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li>Western Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 537.</li> - <li>Western Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - <li>Western White-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 569.</li> - <li>White-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li> - <li>White-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Starlings, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - <li>Starling, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - <li>Swallows, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326.</li> - <li>Swallow, Aculeated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>. - <ul> - <li>Bank, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li>Barn, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li> - <li>Chimney, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li>Cliff, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li>Eave, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li>Rough-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 350.</li> - <li>Violet-green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Swifts, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - <li>Swift, Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>. - <ul> - <li>Oregon Chimney, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - <li>White-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/S--> -<ul><!--T--> - <li>Tanagers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li>Tanager, Louisiana, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437. - <ul> - <li>Scarlet, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Thistle-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li> - <li>Thrasher, Brown, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 37. - <ul> - <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 45.</li> - <li>Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li>Gray Curve-Bill, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li> - <li>Leconte’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 44.</li> - <li>Palmer’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Red-vented, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li>Sage, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Thrushes, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1.</li> - <li>Thrush, Alice’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 11. - <ul> - <li>Dwarf Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 20.</li> - <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280.</li> - <li>Gray-cheeked, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li>Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li>Louisiana Water, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 21.</li> - <li>Olive-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li> - <li>Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 16.</li> - <li>Red-wing, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li>Rufous-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li>Small-billed Water, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li>Swainson’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li> - <li>Tawny, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9.</li> - <li>Varied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li>Wilson’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9.</li> - <li>Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 7.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Titlark, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li>Titmice, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86.</li> - <li>Titmouse, Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96. - <ul> - <li>Black-fronted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li>Black-tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91.</li> - <li>Gray-tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91.</li> - <li>Striped-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li>Tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li>Wollweber’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Towhees, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li>Towhee, Abert’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. - <ul> - <li>Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Troupial, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li>Turkey-Buzzard, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li>Turkeys, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 402.</li> - <li>Turkey, Mexican, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 410. - <ul> - <li>Wild, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Tyrant Flycatchers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/T--> -<ul><!--V--> - <li>Vireo, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 393. - <ul> - <li>Bell’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li>Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li>Blue-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li> - <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li>Hutton’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 377.</li> - <li>Least, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 391.</li> - <li>White-eyed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li>Yellow-green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li>Yellow-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 379.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Vultures, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335, 338.</li> - <li>Vulture, Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351. - <ul> - <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/V--> -<ul><!--W--> - <li>Wagler, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 578.</li> - <li>Wagtails, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164.</li> - <li>Wagtail, White, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 165. - <ul> - <li>Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 167.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Warblers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li>Warbler, Alaska Willow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70. - <ul> - <li>Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 243.</li> - <li>Audubon’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li> - <li>Bachman’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li> - <li>Bay-breasted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li> - <li>Black and White, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li> - <li>Black and Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li>Blackburnian, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li>Black-masked Ground, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li>Black-Poll, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li>Black-throated Blue, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li>Black-throated Gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li>Black-throated Green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li> - <li>Blue Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 271.</li> - <li>Blue-winged Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li>Blue Yellow-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li>Cærulean, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li>Cape May, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li>Carbonated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li>Chestnut-sided, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li>Connecticut, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li> - <li>Creeping, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li> - <li>Golden Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Golden-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li>Hooded, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li>Kentucky, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li> - <li>Kirtland’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li>Lucy’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 200.</li> - <li>Macgillivray’s Ground, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - <li>Maryland Yellow-throat, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li>Mourning, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 301.</li> - <li>Myrtle, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li>Nashville, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li>Olive-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li>Orange-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li>Orange-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li>Pacific Orange-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 204.</li> - <li>Pine-creeping, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li> - <li>Prairie, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li> - <li>Prothonotary, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 199.</li> - <li>Swainson’s Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li>Tennessee, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li>Virginia’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 199.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li>Western Yellow-rump, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li> - <li>White-throated Blue, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li>Worm-eating Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - <li>Yellow Red-poll, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li>Yellow-rump, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li>Yellow-throated Gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Water Ouzel, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li>Waxwing, Northern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396. - <ul> - <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Wheat-Ear, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li>Whippoorwill, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>. - <ul> - <li>Nuttall’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Whiskey-Jack, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li>Woodcock, Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li>Woodpecker, Black-backed Three-toed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>. - <ul> - <li>Brown-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> - <li>California, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> - <li>Downy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - <li>Gairdner’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li>Gila, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li> - <li>Hairy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li>Harris’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li>Ivory-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - <li>Ladder-backed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li>Lewis’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li>Narrow-fronted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li>Nuttall’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li> - <li>Pileated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li>Red-breasted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li>Red-cockaded, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> - <li>Red-naped, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li>White-backed, Three-toed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li>White-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> - <li>White-rumped, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> - <li>Williamson’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-shafted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Wrens, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li>Wren, Alaska, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 157. - <ul> - <li>Berlandier’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li>Bewick’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 145.</li> - <li>Cactus, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li>Cañon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 139.</li> - <li>Cape Cactus, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 133.</li> - <li>Great Carolina, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li>Long-tailed House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 145.</li> - <li>Parkman’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 153.</li> - <li>Rock, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 135.</li> - <li>Western Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 153.</li> - <li>White-throated Rock, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 139.</li> - <li>Winter, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li>Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li>Tit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 84.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/T--> -<ul><!--Y--> - <li>Yellow-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471. - <ul> - <li>Summer, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/Y--> -</div><!--/index--> - - -<div class="p4 break index"> -<h3>INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.</h3> - -<ul><!--A--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aburria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 491. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accipiter</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardosiacus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cauda furcata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222, 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco freti hudsonis </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco piscator antillarum </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco piscator carolinensis </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringillarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringilloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">milvus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">piscatorius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trinotatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aëtos</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 491. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brewsteri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493, 501.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493, 498.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithaliscus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 111, 112.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægolius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 142. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longipes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agrodoma spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agrestis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arvensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cælipeta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">italica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 173.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170, 171; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">segetum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 174, 175.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 431; <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr>. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedinidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guacu</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jaguacate</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rudis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amazilia xantusi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 556.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 542.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 356, 395, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cedrorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396, 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396, 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœnicopterurn</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 63.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anorthura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antenor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 170. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">l’herminieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 170, 171, 175, 286; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pipiens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 170, 173.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reinhardti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 170.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinoletta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_282">282</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kamtchatkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aquila</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 312. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313, 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulva</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nobilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifraga</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">piscatrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">valeria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archibuteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 298, 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 298.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299, 304.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Argyrtria maculata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bubo virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 25.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scops carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245, 246.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latissimus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 236, 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225, 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plagiata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245, 246.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striolatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asturina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 244. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Athene cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gnoma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noctua</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 97.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalænoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">whitneyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 86, 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Attagen rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 111. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/A--> -<ul><!--B--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Balbusardus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Basileuterus belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">culicivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bathmidurus major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bidens aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blacicus pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blagrus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bæolophus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 87. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cedrorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœnicopterum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bonasa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 446. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sabini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 447, 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 447, 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446, 448.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 17, 18. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li>cassini (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>.), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23, 102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bubo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 60. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magellanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maximus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinicola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subarcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span> (<i class="plate">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 62, 64, 65, 98, 99, 100, 101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus atlanticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64, 65.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 167. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 167, 168.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butaëtes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butaquila</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strophiata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicaudatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albonotatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 281, 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 275, 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costaricensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 277.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineocaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gallinivorus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galapagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">krideri</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299, 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leverianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oxypterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadiceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249, 250.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonocercus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 272.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/B--> -<ul><!--C--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus alaudarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cæreba cyanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 425.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 163, 425, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callichelidon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 338. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 338.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callipepla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 487. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strenua</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">venusta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calliphlox anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanopogon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floresi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">helenæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">imperialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 131. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 133.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 132; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scolopaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canace</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421, 425.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421, 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422, 427.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pruinosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semitorquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caracara</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellineæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sinuatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 295; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_99">99–101</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis lawrenci</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 459. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460, 465.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459, 460.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466, 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460, 465, 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460, 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharista</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 350. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 355, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 339, 343, 350. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atratus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">burrovianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falklandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fœtens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficollis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulturinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharus melpomene</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 137. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 139; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 137–139.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrocercus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 428. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 510. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calcaratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 530. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 531, 540; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 514.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypopolius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">santacruzi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subelegans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfureiventer</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uropygialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceophloeus pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cerchneis sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125, 128.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caroliniana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124, 125.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124, 125.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 425, 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125, 128.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158, 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiadæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 425. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427, 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bartholemica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloropyga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427, 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luteola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruviana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereiventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sclateri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes macrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83, 84; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæadæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 389. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albivitta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">granatina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelieæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpetes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chelidon thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - <li>Chlorœnas fasciata, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 562. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strigatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasilianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labeculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saptii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 470. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 476; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrenci</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 478.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macroptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 480.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 476, 478.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 480.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, 470, 474; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470, 471.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ciccaba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cichlopsis nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 2, 55.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 58.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardesiacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55, 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mortoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Circus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 212. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frenatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">histrionicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 158. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">paludicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 160, 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159, 162; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæruleus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">julieni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocoryphus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pyrrhopterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ayresii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413–415.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 414, 420.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412, 414.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413, 415, 421.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413, 414, 418.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413, 420; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 358. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilinea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">araucana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribœa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 381, 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 394, 395.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">denisea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 358, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360, 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoilotl</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360, 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359, 364.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">livia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 358.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 392.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratoria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 367, 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystacea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trudeaui</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zenaida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 378.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbigallina montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum ornatum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ochraceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">punensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 249; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cooperastur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coræognathæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coragypys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 350.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corthylio</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corveæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243–247</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cacalotl</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corone</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucognaphalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nasicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palliatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264–266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corythus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 452. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 548. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 531.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549, 550.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549, 552.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">manimbe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195, 549, 553.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549, 556; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tixicrus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 353. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347, 353.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Craxirex</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 248, 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_486">486–488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lævirostra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rugirostra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulcirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crucirostra leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Culicivora atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 81. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœrulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78, 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuncuma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cupidonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 439. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440, 446.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cureus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Curvirostra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax californicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanicapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yncas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanoloxia cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leclancheri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galeata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cymindis cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopygus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicaudus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyrtonyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 491. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">massena</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/C--> -<ul><!--D--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dædalion</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitidum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dædalium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendragapus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopus principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 215. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">adelaidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 241.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 200, 215, 216, 222, 234, 237, 246, 277, 318, 324, 325.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 241; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 229, 260, 272; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 237; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bryanti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218, 223; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœrulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 219, 235; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218, 254, 267.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 248, 251, 271, 313; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 260, 262, 266, 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 227, 230, 231, 254, 260, 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 244; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 276.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 220, 240, 241; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eoa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 241, 243, 244, 260.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 216.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 221, 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 219, 232, 257.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 271.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 258; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niveiventris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 261, 262, 266, 268; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218, 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 222, 269, 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 216, 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pharetra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 268, 271, 274.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pityophila</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 261, 262, 265; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 239, 261, 262.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diplopterus viaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agripennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">homorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">turati</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_514">514</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/D--> -<ul><!--E--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 367. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratoria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yetapa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 196. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœruleus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197, 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scriptus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 531.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 593.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 590.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysops</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">glacialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 578, 580.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 510, 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 552.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 565, 566.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigro-rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 589.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 510, 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 542.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">shattucki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalaschkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blandingiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufivirgata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidias fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoxanthus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magnirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubicundus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wrighti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ephialitis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ephialtes asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">choliba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 52.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ergaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythraca arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 67. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 63.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_475">475</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 220, 222. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euhierax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eustrinx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euthlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eutolmaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> -</ul><!--/E--> -<ul><!--F--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 106, 107, 127. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æruginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142, 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anatum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquilinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonelli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254, 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasiliensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176, 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buffoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254, 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteo</span>, β, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 111, 112.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candidus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayennensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysætos</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineraceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 115.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœruleus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143, 144, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127, 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, ζ, η, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212, 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">deiroleucus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dubius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">emerillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">feldeggii</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 154, 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscocœrulescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gabar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 108, 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco norvegicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 207, 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 248, 250.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hinularius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhoidalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icthyaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">imperator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intermixtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 111, 113, 114.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jugger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradora</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 117.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111, 297, 299, 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 109, 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latissimus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leverianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanogenys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 196–198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109, 123.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202, 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137, 304, 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitidus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 244, 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">novæhollandiæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orientalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236, 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pealei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129, 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225, 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127, 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plancus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyagrus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109, 110, 123, 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pterocles</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213, 324, 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regulus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrhamus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigularis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129, 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rusticolus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sacer</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 110, 115.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadicens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadiceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159, 166, 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subæsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subbuteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sublanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suckleyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143, 147.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">temerarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tharus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thermophilus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thoracicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130, 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tinnunculus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulturinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 103.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 106.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula canadensis cinerea </span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstiva</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ambigua</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arborea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blandingiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calcarata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">catatol</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553, 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 578; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">comata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465, 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 569.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">georgiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 544, 545.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580, 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534, 580; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493, 501.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mariposa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoxantha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meruloides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 548, 553.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 480.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufidorsis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 532, 534.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470, 471.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xantomaschalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 449.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431, 446; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/F--> -<ul><!--G--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 51. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gallopavo sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trachyrrhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gennaia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geophilus cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 295; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caninucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297, 303; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanops</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296, 298.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296, 297, 301, 303.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semiflavus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">speciosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296–298; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geotrygon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glabirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucidium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 79. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81, 83.</li> - <li>ferrugineum (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81, 85, 98–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gnoma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">infuscatum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">siju</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucopteryx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quiscala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">venustus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 306.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gryphinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_259">259</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gypagus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gyparchus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gypogeranidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 2.</li> -</ul><!--/G--> -<ul><!--H--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglaiæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmorrhous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Haliaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 320. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 323, 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icthyaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 323, 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vocifer</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">washingtoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harpes redivivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 45.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 35. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 36, 40.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 37, 40, 47; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 36, 41; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 44, 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39, 41, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 36; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 43; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 37, 40, 45, 48; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33–37, 40, 46, 58; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliaptex arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 186. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 211, 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneocauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xantusi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 191. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 194.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 200, 202, 204, 205, 317.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 200; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lutescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 204; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 192, 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 196, 199, 201, 203, 206, 310.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 199; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 186. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 187, 190; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 187; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 279. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herpetotheres sociabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 448. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 4, 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieracospiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieraëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hierofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 338. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 185, 331, 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">horreorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 66, 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">opifex</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 329, 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">respublicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rustica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">serripennis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 350.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344, 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Holoquiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hybris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydrobata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylemathrous ædon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 22, 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypacanthus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypomorphnus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypotriorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/H--> -<ul><!--I--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 306. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dumecola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307, 309, 310.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velasquezi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterianæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179, 306.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterieæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 306.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agripennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">emberizoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frenatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graduacauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanochrysura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scotti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icthierax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icthyætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ictinia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Idiotes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/I--> -<ul><!--J--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jerafalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jeraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jerax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 578; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aikeni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 579, 584; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580, 584.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 579, 587.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580, 584.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 137, 274, 282, 579, 580.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 579, 584; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phænotus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/J--> -<ul><!--K--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria aberti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufipilea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/K--> -<ul><!--L--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 690; <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 456. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachydactylus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandorum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 464.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reinhardti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subalpinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurulentus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mango</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">porphyrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laniidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 356, 412, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardosiaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 420.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412, 415.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 421.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395, 396.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lahtora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 420.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418, 421.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 372. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373, 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 373, 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373, 377.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lepturus galeatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucospiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 502. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504, 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigenys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504, 507, 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504, 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hornemanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linota canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montium</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lithofalco columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 92.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galeatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 88, 91; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">missouriensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wollweberi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 93.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 478. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479, 482.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483, 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">himalayana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483, 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483, 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pityopsittacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rosea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/L--> -<ul><!--M--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrocercus pachyrhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaceryle alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megascops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagridæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 402.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gallopavo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403, 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 410.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mellisuga heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melopelia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 376. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gouldi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 146, 158; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalashkensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Merula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Methriopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micrathene</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 86. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">whitneyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 87.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microglaux</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micronisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvus cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimimæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 31, 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 48. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orpheus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33, 46, 49, 52; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 180. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180, 181, 216, 243, 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotiltidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 298, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 182, 310; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Monedula purpurea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Montifringilla brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Morphnus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 165. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alba</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 165.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 279, 280.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 77, 78.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72, 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227, 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cincta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 183, 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eques</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicauda</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinguis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubiginosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 211, 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 187.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yarrelli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 165.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 163, 164, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 165.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">animosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cantatrix</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 51, 52; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">derhami</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18, 20.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 382, 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nunciola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 363.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rapax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rex</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">selbyi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semiatra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 306, 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadesteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 408.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 408. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">genibarbis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 408.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 22, 409.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">validus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yucatanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nunciola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioborus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioctonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodiocteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312, 313. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 319; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 314, 317, 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> -</ul><!--/M--> -<ul><!--N--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nauclerus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 190. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 191, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 191, 192.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170, 174. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neophron iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nertus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Niphæa hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisastur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisus cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 230. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Noctua aurita minor </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brodiei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Notiocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga columbiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifrageæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctale</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 39. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abietum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40, 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">funerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">planiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39–41, 97–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tengmalmi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctalops stygius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 60, 61. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivea</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70, 98–102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scandiaca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">derbyanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guianensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/N--> -<ul><!--O--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ochthæca sayi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Odontophorus maleagris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Onychotes gruberi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 252–254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279, 290. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290, 291, 301.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290, 293.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreopeleia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 392. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreophasinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreophasis derbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 475. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 31. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32, 33, 40, 41.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 556, 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costototl</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriturus wrangeli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arsenni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridissima</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meruloides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 31, 32.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortalida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397, 398. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyginæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 467. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 469.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">massena</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 491, 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montezumæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468, 474.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 467, 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 163, 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 17. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arboreus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 52.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurita</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18, 22, 24.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europæus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagœnsis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">italicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">siguapa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stygius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonianus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18, 98–101.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/O--> -<ul><!--P--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus aglaiæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 182. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticeps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183, 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fluvialis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">indicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">planiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-hieronymi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 86, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paroides flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 207. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207–209, 259; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pitiayumi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 93. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 99.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207, 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">annexus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91–96, 100, 102, 103, 105, 128, 157.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 88, 94, 97, 102, 185.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83, 84.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 97, 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 92–95, 118.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 100, 101, 104.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96, 103.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 104; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 97, 99, 101, 107.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 95, 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domesticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 532. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 537; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 537, 539.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 544.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 540; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 542.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 538.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 534.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalashkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerellinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Patagiænas</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocætes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 433. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434, 436, 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennikotti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lessoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelope</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelopina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelopinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Percnopterus aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdicidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdix borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">infaustus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 211. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212, 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 211, 212.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 381. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 334. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carpalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notosticta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phabotypus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænicosoma æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænisoma</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 432. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phæthornithinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phasianus columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motmot</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phlœotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pholeoptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 88.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">omissa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_523">523</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllobasileus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 70. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 71.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 71.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicultrix</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 71.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trochilus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 71, 72.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albiventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloronota</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">morio</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rusticorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pico cruzado</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picolaptes brunneicapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 132, 134.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrothorax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cafer</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrauchen</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus aurato-mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hylocopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lathami</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leconti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lewisii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">medianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanopogon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nataliæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orizabæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phillipsi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 103, 185; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubicatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">submexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">turati</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zebra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 452. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipile</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 34; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aberti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorosoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 589.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipra polyglotta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 22, 24, 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platypsaris affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platyrhynchus pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 374.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 510. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccowni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">smithi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ploceidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plyctolophinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podagrinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 104.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilopternis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilornis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilopteryx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 77, 201. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lembeyi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78, 79, 81; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78, 80.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptilinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 77.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polyborus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 176. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasiliensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177, 178.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cheriway</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tharus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176–178.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177, 178.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pomatorhinus turdinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pontoaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 544. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gramineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 589. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33, 590, 593; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 589, 590.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystacalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 590, 594.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326, 327. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">concolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 329, 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 330.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329, 333.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">modesta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 329, 332.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 183. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 183, 184, 289.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 110.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107, 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108, 109, 120.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108, 110.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius auricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudogryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 338. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338, 355, 356.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudoprocne</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">morio</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittaca carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus caroliniensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">militaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pascha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strenuus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pteroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pterocircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonateæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonatinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395, 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonus cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo rufipileus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pulsatrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 432. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434, 441.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azaræ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434, 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bidentata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434, 444.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythromelæna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433, 435.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythropis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433, 440; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433, 435, 437.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">roseigularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 34, 432, 435.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubriceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saira</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitænas passerinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446, 524.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 522.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 456. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 457; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccinea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cruentata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falcirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sinuata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/P--> -<ul><!--Q--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ænius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baritus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inflexirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpuratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213–215</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tenuirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/Q--> -<ul><!--R--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Raptores</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 72.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguloides proregulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regula calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 34, 75; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75, 104.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chryseolus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinogryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 343. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344, 355, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">burrovianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinoptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinostrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchodon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rostrhamus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 207. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208, 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sociabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/R--> -<ul><!--S--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sagræ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 134. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 135, 140; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saltator viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcorhamphidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcorhamphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 336, 337. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gryphus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 355, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">papa</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 356.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera bottæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 59. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 59, 60; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 60.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 2, 59, 69.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 295; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scaphidurus palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scardafella</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 387. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203, 206.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 77; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 47. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>asio (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 49, 51, 98–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enano</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammeola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 58.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 51.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 53, 55.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49, 52.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semitorques</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichopsis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zorca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotiaptex</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 28, 29. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereum</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29, 30, 98–102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29, 30.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotophilus acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seirureæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 279, 280, 295, 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gosse</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280, 285, 287, 295; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280, 281, 283, 289.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfurascens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tenuirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312, 322. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">miniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricincta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322, 323.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophageæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaginæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179, 311.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 59, 62. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 66–68.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 63.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæruleocollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macroptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 67.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 65, 66, 68; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 66, 68.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aculeata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 92, 114, 115, 117.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114, 117, 118, 121, 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114, 117, 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114, 120, 122; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 92, 114, 120; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 118.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">militaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pachyrhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sparvius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cirrhocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platypterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Speotyto</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 88. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domingensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallaria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guadeloupensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90, 93, 98–101.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">moreletti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spheotyto hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spilocircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticolus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 315; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 315; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizacircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizageranus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maxima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">shattucki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizelleæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446, 528.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiziacircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizognathæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">moreletti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnadeæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnas</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 394. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornithinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stegnolæma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 350. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">serripennis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 350.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolida lucaysiensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolidus dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stridula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 4.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stringopinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 10. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43, 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acclamator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aluco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47, 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bubo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 88, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">delicatula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eluta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10, 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">freti hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">funerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 12.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">havanense</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huhula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">javanica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maximus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nacuruta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 43, 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perlata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 12, 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalænoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratincola</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 11, 13, 98–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tengmalmi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 40.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ulula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 74.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wapacuthu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strobilophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 452.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus atrimentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinclus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55, 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">junceti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nove-hispaniæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">prædatorius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Surnia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 74. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ulula</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 75, 98–102.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pumilia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">autumnalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">childreni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrinella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">culicivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">halseii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogastra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141, 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magnolia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276, 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">missouriensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 271.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nashvillei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petasodes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 301.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195, 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">populorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 183, 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208, 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rathbonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 223.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 63.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sphagnosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212, 271.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tolmiæi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 239, 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">troglodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vigorsii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthopygia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocoa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207, 215. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 271.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pannosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rathbonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicoleæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 211.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 69, 163, 164, 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Svlviidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 69, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnia nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 28. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aluco</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 97.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 30, 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 29, 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentale</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 29, 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sartorii</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/S--> -<ul><!--T--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 338, 344. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344, 347.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachytriorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tænioptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Talpacota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 141, 158. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Teraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terestristeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terestristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetrao albus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonasia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 478, 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 416, 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 439, 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 457, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 464.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 421, 423, 425.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429, 433, 436.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rehusak</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sabini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saliceti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">togatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tympanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448, 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urogallus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 467, 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetraonidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetrastes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thalassoaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linnæi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Theromyias saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryomanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 141, 142, 148, 158. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142, 145.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">berlandieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39, 141, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">louisianæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39, 137, 141, 142; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147, 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tiaris omissa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tichornis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tinnunculus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 159. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">australis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166, 167, 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166, 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalœna</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparveroides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161, 162.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161, 166, 167, 169, 171.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tolmaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 44.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostre</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rediviva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 45.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vetula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 41.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 295. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachydactylus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 301.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tolmiæi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vegata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichoglossinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Triorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alexandri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureigaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mango</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobaci</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobagensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobago</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 148. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 146, 148, 149, 162.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 157.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 136, 149, 151, 153.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141, 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aztecus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 144, 145, 147.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brevirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 155, 158; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latisfasciatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 135.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142, 146.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 138.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 134, 135.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 155, 158.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 148, 153, 162.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158, 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 153.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trupialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tryphæna heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 2, 59, 69, 130, 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 3, 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subgenus</i>), <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 4, 22, 59. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aonalaschkæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 20.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 7, 15, 16, 21; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280, 286.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 24, 27.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">densus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 8.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 6, 9, 15–21.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 22, 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 24.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jugularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradorius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 8.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">merula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 27.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 13, 23–25, 27, 28, 30, 48.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 14, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">musicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 19.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 28, 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 7, 16, 20, 21; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4–7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>–16, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pilaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 48, 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 37, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">silens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9, 21.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 5, 7, 11–13, 14, 16–18, 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 20, 46.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 306, 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viscivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turtur carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula acadica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atriceps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forticatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intrepidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">matutinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pipiri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/T--> -<ul><!--U--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ulula brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Uraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Uroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urospizia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urubitinga unicincta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> -</ul><!--/U--> -<ul><!--V--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvicapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivoreæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 358, 382. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 382, 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 81, 358, 383, 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmioli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 383, 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">musicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 358, 383, 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 363.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359, 367.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 383, 391; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 371.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 383, 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vigorsii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 382. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 382.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 306, 356, 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 358. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">altiloqua</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadense</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 359, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidras</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cobanensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 367.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 359, 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359, 360, 368, 371.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magister</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 359, 363; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 367.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 377.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquua</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360, 371.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vultur albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 327. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atratus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 350, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">audax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 343, 344, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura niger</span>, β, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">papa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vulturinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> -</ul><!--/V--> -<ul><!--W--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/W--> -<ul><!--X--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 182. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 526. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/X--> -<ul><!--Y--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/Y--> -<ul><!--Z--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kaupii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 378. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurita</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaideæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 374.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 381. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382, 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginella</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yucatensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 565. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 593.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">comata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566, 569; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeja</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/Z--> -</div><!--/index--> - -<h4 class="p4">Transcriber’s Note:</h4> - -<p>Archaic and obsolete spellings were left unchanged. Also unchanged:<br /> -—Lake ‘Winnipeg’ is spelled ‘Winnepeg’ in several locations<br /> -—‘woolly’ is also spelled ‘wooly’<br /> -—‘macrourus’ is spelled ‘macrurus’ in several locations<br /> -—‘Porto Rico’ is used instead of ‘Puerto Rico’<br /> -—plate number is missing in the original text of sources for Linnæs’s Emerald: - ‘<span class="sc">Gould</span>, Monog. Trochilid. pl. ’<br /> -—‘coccygus’ is also spelled ‘coccyzus,’ the latter usually in cites to other works.</p> - -<p>Images of individual birds from the color plates were added, and -the name of each bird is presented as a caption. The index of English -names and index of scientific names appear only in Volume <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>; they -are reproduced at the end of this book for the convenience of readers. -Hypertext links in the indices are provided only to birds in this -volume.</p> - -<p>Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the book, preceding the indices.</p> - -<p>The tops of bird heads are truncated in the original of several plates.</p> - -<p>Missing punctuation was added to ends of sentences and -abbreviations. Unprinted letters were added, where appropriate. -Obvious printing errors were corrected, such as duplicate words, -upside down letters, and letters or spacing in the wrong order; -examples: ‘by. 75 in breadth.’ changed to ‘by .75 in breadth.’ and -‘interrutped’ changed to ‘interrupted.’</p> - -<p>Changes made for consistency:<br /> -— periods were deleted from three abbreviations ending in ‘<abbr title="second">2d</abbr>’<br /> -— hyphens were removed from three instances of ‘red-wing’.<br /> -— hyphen was added to ‘<a href="#note11">barn-yard</a>.’<br /> -— hyphen was added to ‘<a href="#note23">cow-yard</a>’.<br /> -— Caption to Plate XXXIV, ‘bullockii’ changed to ‘<a href="#note10">bullocki</a>’.</p> - -<p>Added missing ‘<a href="#note35">1.</a>’ in list of Species and varieties of Coccygus.</p> - -<p>spelling changes:<br /> -— ‘albogularis’ to ‘<a href="#note3">albigularis</a>’<br /> -— ‘erythropthalmus’ to ‘erythrophthalmus’ in three places:<br /> -  — ...2. P. <a href="#note4">erythrophthalmus</a>...<br /> -  — ...var. <a href="#note5"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i></a>...<br /> -  — illustration caption: 2135, <a href="#note7"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythropthalmus</i></a>...<br /> -— ‘supercilioss’ to ‘<a href="#note6">superciliosa</a>’<br /> -— ‘sucessively’ to ‘<a href="#note8">successively</a>’<br /> -— ‘Lye’ to ‘<a href="#note9">Lyc</a>’<br /> -— ‘Rosalie’ to ‘<a href="#note12">Rosalia</a>’<br /> -— ‘placeed’ to ‘<a href="#note13">placed</a>’<br /> -— ‘Ianceolate’ to ‘<a href="#note14">lanceolate</a>’<br /> -— ‘Fuan.’ to ‘<a href="#note15">Faun.</a>’<br /> -— ‘Teritory’ to ‘Territory’:<br /> -  — ...Washington <a href="#note16">Territory</a>,...<br /> -  — ...Wyoming <a href="#note17">Territory</a>,...<br /> -— ‘prompts’ to ‘<a href="#note18">prompt</a>’<br /> -— ‘Tyrannis’ to ‘<a href="#note19">Tyrannus</a>’, caption 2. of plate 43.<br /> -— ‘Nasas, in Duvango’ to ‘<a href="#note20">Nazas, in Durango</a>’<br /> -— ‘5.’ to ‘<a href="#note21">8.</a>’ caption to Plate 45.<br /> -— ‘Jamica’ to ‘<a href="#note22">Jamaica</a>’<br /> -— ‘In’ to ‘<a href="#note36">It</a>’<br /> -— ‘Gambell’ to ‘<a href="#note24">Gambel</a>’<br /> -— ‘breed’ to ‘<a href="#note25">breeds</a>’<br /> -— ‘close’ to ‘<a href="#note26">closed</a>’<br /> -— ‘tranverse’ to ‘transverse’:<br /> -  — ... <a href="#note27">transverse</a> wrinkles....<br /> -  — ...spots or <a href="#note30">transverse</a>...<br /> -— ‘grove’ to ‘<a href="#note28">groove</a>’<br /> -— ‘guczuma’ to ‘<a href="#note29">guazuma</a>’<br /> -— ‘Phænopepla’ to ‘Phainopepla’:<br /> -  — ...<a href="#note31">Phainopepla</a> nitens...<br /> -  — in the <a href="#note32">index</a>.<br /> -— ‘localties’ to ‘<a href="#note33">localities</a>’<br /> -— ‘vireus’ to ‘<a href="#note34">virens</a>’<br /> -— in the index:<br /> -  — ‘megarrhyncha’ to ‘<a href="#megarhyncha">megarhyncha</a>’<br /> -  — figure number of index entry for Cardinalis ignius from ‘0’ to ‘<a href="#cardinalis">10</a>.’<br /> -  — volume number from ‘II’ to III’ for Columba fasciata, Columba flavirostris, Columba leucocephala, -Ectopistes migratoria, and Ortalida macalli.</p> - -<p> The abbreviation <a href="#BrMex">‘Br. Mex.’</a> may be a typographical error for ‘Br. Mus.’ (British Museum).<br /> -The abbreviation <a href="#RAS">‘R. A. S.’</a> is a typographical error for ‘P. A. N. S.’<br /> -The abbreviation <a href="#ARI">‘Pr. Avi.’</a> is a typographical error for ‘P. A. N. S.’</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of North American Birds, by -Spencer Fullerton Baird and Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS *** - -***** This file should be named 55192-h.htm or 55192-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/9/55192/ - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> - -</html> |