Initial content from January 24, 2021

author: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-07 12:41:39 -0800
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of North American Birds, by 
+Spencer Fullerton Baird and Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: A History of North American Birds
+       Land Birds - Volume 2
+
+Author: Spencer Fullerton Baird
+        Thomas Mayo Brewer
+        Robert Ridgway
+
+Release Date: July 24, 2017 [EBook #55192]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist, Carol Brown, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="chapter tnote">
+<h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4>
+
+<p>This text includes characters that require Unicode (UTF-8) file
+  encoding:</p>
+
+<p><span class="highlight">œ</span> (oe ligature)<br />
+  <span class="highlight">ā ē ū ă ĕ ĭ ŭ ö ü Ä Ö</span> (letters with macron, breve or umlaut)<br />
+  <span class="highlight">β γ δ</span> (Greek beta, gamma and delta)<br />
+  <span class="highlight"><abbr title="degrees">°</abbr></span> (degrees latitude and longitude)<br />
+  <span class="highlight"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></span> (male and female symbols)</p>
+
+<p>If any of these characters do not display properly&mdash;in particular,
+  if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter&mdash;or if
+  apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your
+  text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
+  (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.</p>
+
+<p>Additional notes are at the end of the book.</p>
+</div><!--end transcriber's note-->
+
+<!--001.png--><!--blank page-->
+<h1 class="p4">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</h1>
+<hr class="medium" />
+<p class="p2 center muchlarger ls">LAND BIRDS.</p>
+<p class="p2 center"><abbr title="Volume Two">VOL. II.</abbr></p>
+
+<!--002.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--003.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--004.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="p4 chapter">
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/color_004.jpg"
+ width="500" height="365"
+ alt="Illustration: Red-headed woodpecker"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.<br />
+  (Melanerpes erythrocephalus.)<br />
+   Adult male.</p>
+ </div><!--end caption-->
+</div><!--end figure-->
+</div><!--end section-->
+
+<!--005.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="chapter"><!--start interior title page-->
+<p class="p4 center">A</p>
+<p class="p2 center larger ls">HISTORY</p>
+<p class="p2 center muchsmaller">OF</p>
+<p class="p2 center muchlarger">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</p>
+<p class="p2 center muchsmaller">BY</p>
+<h2 class="p2 no-break"><span class="sc">S. F. BAIRD, T. M. BREWER, and R. RIDGWAY</span></h2>
+<p class="p2 center larger ls">LAND BIRDS</p>
+<p class="p2 center"><i class="decoration">ILLUSTRATED BY 64 PLATES AND 593 WOODCUTS</i></p>
+<p class="p2 center">VOLUME <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px">
+ <img src="images/i_005.jpg"
+ width="200" height="152"
+ alt="Illustration: Bird nest with eggs"
+ />
+</div><!--end logo-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="ls">BOSTON</span><br />
+<span class="ls">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY</span><br />
+1905</p>
+</div><!--end interior title page-->
+
+<!--006.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="chapter"><!--copyright page-->
+<p class="p4 center smaller">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874,<br />
+<span class="ls">BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br />
+in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</p>
+
+<p class="p4 center smaller"><span class="black">Printers</span><br />
+<span class="sc">S. J. Parkhill &amp; <abbr title="Company">Co.</abbr>, Boston, U. S. A.</span></p>
+</div><!--end copyright page-->
+
+<!--007.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="chapter"><!--start contents-->
+<table summary="table of contents">
+<tr><th colspan="2" class="ls">CONTENTS.</th></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="right smaller" colspan="2"><span class="sc">Page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</span>. The Finches. (<i>Continued.</i>)</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</span>. (<i>Continued.</i>)</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerellinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</span>. The Larks</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</span>. The Orioles</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</span>. The Starlings</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</span>. The Crows</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</span>. The Tyrant Flycatchers</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedinidæ</span>. The Kingfishers</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</span>. The Goatsuckers</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</span>. The Swifts</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_423">423</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</span>. The Humming-Birds</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_437">437</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</span>. The Cuckoos</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</span>. The Woodpeckers</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_491">491</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_492">492</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>. The Parrots</td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_585">585</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</span></td>
+    <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_585">585</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left"><br /><span class="sc"><a href="#indextoplates">Index to the Plates</a>.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left"><br /><span class="sc">Plates 27-56.</span></td></tr>
+</table>
+</div><!--end contents-->
+
+<!--008.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p><!--009.png--><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter"><!--continue family Fringillidæ, continue subfamily Spizellinæ, started in Volume 1-->
+<p class="p4 center muchlarger">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</p>
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<h2 class="p4"><span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">FRINGILLIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Finches.</span> (<i>Continued.</i>)</h2>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPIZELLA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Geographical and Comparative"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Geog. and Comp.</abbr> List, 1838.
+ (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla socialis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_009.jpg"
+ width="250" height="190"
+ alt="Illustration: Spizella monticola"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">871</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill conical, the outlines slightly curved; the lower mandible decidedly
+larger than the upper; the commissure
+gently sinuated; the roof of the mouth
+not knobbed. Feet slender; tarsus
+rather longer than the middle toe; the
+hinder toe a little longer than the outer
+lateral, which slightly exceeds the
+inner; the outer claw reaching the base
+of the middle one, and half as long
+as its toe. Claws moderately curved.
+Tertiaries and secondaries nearly equal;
+wing somewhat pointed, reaching not
+quite to the middle of the tail. First
+quill a little shorter than the second and
+equal to the fifth; third longest. Tail
+rather long, moderately forked, and divaricated at the tip; the feathers rather narrow.
+Back streaked; rump and beneath immaculate. Young streaked beneath.</p>
+
+<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i> principally in the smaller size and
+longer and forked, instead of rounded tail.</p>
+
+<p>Birds of the year of this genus are very difficult to distinguish, even by
+size, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</i>. The more immature birds are also very closely
+related. In these the entire absence of streaks on a plumbeous head point
+to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</i>; the same character in a reddish cap, and a reddish upper
+mandible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i>; a dusky loral spot with dark streaks and generally a
+rufous shade on top of head, to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i>, with a streaked head,
+lacks the dusky lore and chestnut shade of feathers. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i> generally
+has a median light stripe in the cap, and a dusky mandibular line.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Interscapular region with black streaks. Rump and
+lower parts without streaks (except in young). Wing with two narrow light
+bands (indistinct in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><!--010.png--><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Crown different from the sides of the head, a plain light superciliary
+stripe. Young with crown and breast streaked.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Crown rufous and plain in adult; in young, grayish and with streaks.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent1"><i>I.</i> <i>Streak behind eye, and tinge on side of breast, rufous. Egg pale blue,
+or bluish-white, blotched with pale brown, or sprinkled with reddish.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. monticola.</b> Crown bright rufous, undivided medially; a
+dusky spot on lore; wing-bands sharply defined, pure white. A
+black spot on breast; jugulum tinged with ashy. Bill black
+above, yellow below. Length, 6.25; wing, 3.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of
+North America; north of the United States only, in summer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusilla.</b> Crown dull rufous, indistinctly divided medially;
+lores entirely whitish; wing-bands not sharply defined, pale brown.
+No black spot on breast; jugulum tinged with buff. Bill entirely
+light brownish-red.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.80; bill, from forehead, .37. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern
+Province United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+“Similar, but colors clearer, and bill more robust.” <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Peten, Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_1" id="fnanchor_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent1"><i>II.</i> <i>Streak behind the eye blackish. No rufous tinge on side of breast.
+Egg deep blue, with black dots and streaks round larger end.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis.</b> Crown bright rufous, not distinctly divided, generally
+plain. Forehead black, divided medially with white. Streak
+of black on lore and behind eye. Rump pure bluish-ash. Bill
+blackish, lower mandible paler.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Auriculars deep ash, in strong contrast with pure white of
+the superciliary stripe and throat; breast without ashy tinge.
+Dorsal streaks broad. Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern
+Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Auriculars lighter ash, less strongly contrasted with the
+white above and below; breast strongly tinged with ash.
+Dorsal streaks narrow. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western
+Province of United States, and table-lands of Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Crown light grayish-brown, with distinct black streaks; young
+differing in streaked. Egg deep blue, with black streaks and dots
+(precisely as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Crown divided medially by a distinct pale stripe; whitish
+superciliary stripe, and blackish post-ocular streak sharply
+defined. A dusky sub-maxillary streak. Nape ashy in contrast
+with the crown and back. Wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Plains of United States, from the Saskatchewan southward<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Crown without a distinct median stripe. Markings on side
+of head not sharply defined. No dusky sub-maxillary stripe,
+and nape scarcely different from crown and back. Wing, 2.50;
+tail, 2.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and western Provinces
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crown not different from the sides of head; no light superciliary stripe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><!--011.png--><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span>
+5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. atrigularis.</b> Head and neck all round, and rump, uniform
+dark ash, gradually fading into white on the abdomen; wing-bands
+indistinct; bill light brownish-red. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr> Lores, chin, and
+upper part of throat black. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> without black about the head.
+(Eggs unknown.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Adjacent portions of Mexico and southern
+Middle Province of United States (Fort Whipple, Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>;
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TREE SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla monticola</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span>
+Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 912. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia monticola</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites monticolus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr>
+1851, 134. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds of North America">Birds
+N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 472.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1861, 224 (Labrador).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 203 (Washington <abbr title="Territory">Ter.</abbr>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>,
+1869, 285.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+206.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 317. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer canadensis</i>, <span
+class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology Three">Orn. III</abbr>, 1760, 102. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla canadensis</i>,
+<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> Index, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1790, 434.&mdash;<abbr
+title="Audubon Ornithological Biography two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 511; <abbr
+title="Five">V</abbr>, 504, <abbr title="plate 188">pl. clxxxviii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six">
+<span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>,
+1858, 280. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span>
+F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 252.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 83, <abbr
+title="plate 166">pl. clxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span
+class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850,
+480. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla arborea</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn.
+II</abbr>, 1810, 12, <abbr title="plate 12, figure">pl. xii, f.</abbr> 3. <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Moineau du
+Canada</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr title="Planches Enluminéz">Pl. Enl.</abbr> 223, <abbr
+title="figure">f.</abbr> 2. “<i>Mountain Finch</i>,” <abbr title="Latham, Synopsis Two, one"><span
+class="sc">Lath.</span> Syn. II, <span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 265.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_011.jpg"
+ width="250" height="247"
+ alt="Illustration: Spizella monticola"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Middle of back with the feathers dark brown centrally, then rufous, and
+edged with pale fulvous (sometimes with whitish).
+Hood and upper part of nape continuous
+chestnut; a line of the same from behind the
+eye, as well as a short maxillary stripe. Sides
+of head and neck ashy. A broad light superciliary
+band. Beneath whitish, tinged with fulvous;
+the throat with ashy; a small circular
+blotch of brownish in the middle of the upper
+part of the breast; the sides chestnut. Edges of
+tail-feathers, primary quills, and two bands across
+the tips of the secondaries, white. Tertiaries
+nearly black; edged externally with rufous, turning
+to white near the tips. Lower jaw yellow;
+upper black. Young bird streaked on throat
+and breast, as well as on crown. Length, 6.25
+inches; wing, 3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to the Missouri, north to Arctic Ocean; also on Pole
+Creek and Little Colorado River, New Mexico; Western Nevada.</p>
+
+<p>This species varies in the amount of whitish edging to the quills and
+tail.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Essentially a northern bird, the Tree Sparrow breeds in high
+Arctic regions, only appearing in winter within the United States. It is then
+common as far south as Pennsylvania. A few winter in South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>It arrives on the Saskatchewan in the latter part of April, where it only
+<!--012.png--><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span>
+makes a short halt, proceeding farther north to breed. Bischoff obtained a
+specimen at Sitka. Mr. Kennicott found its nest and eggs on the Yukon,
+and Mr. Dall obtained it at Nulato, and more sparingly below that point.
+Mr. MacFarlane met with it breeding in large numbers at Fort Anderson.
+The nests were in various situations, the larger proportion on the ground, a
+few in bushes near the ground, and only one is mentioned as having been
+several feet above it. One was in the cleft of a low willow on the edge of
+a small lake; another, in a bush, was nearly four feet from the ground; and
+a third was in a clump of willows and fourteen inches above the ground.
+Nearly all the other nests mentioned were built directly upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The nests were constructed of dry bark and grasses, loosely put together,
+and very warmly lined with feathers. On the ground they were usually
+concealed in a tuft of grass. In all instances the female alone was found
+on the nests, the male being very rarely seen in their vicinity. The usual
+number of eggs in a nest was four or five, occasionally six, and even seven.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley obtained a single specimen at Fort Dalles, and Dr. Cooper
+saw a flock in September, 1863, and again in 1864 at the mouth of the
+Columbia. Lieutenant Bryan met with them among the Rocky Mountains
+in latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, in August. Mr. Ridgway found them very common during
+the winter in the interior.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this Sparrow common in all the wooded districts of Labrador.
+It was very tame and unsuspicious, showing no fear even when closely
+approached. I have never met with any, in summer, in any part of New
+Brunswick or Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>This Sparrow is occasionally abundant in Massachusetts early in October,
+but rarely appears in full numbers until November. Some remain in the
+gardens in and about Boston during the winter, and during November the
+marshes of Fresh Pond are filled with them, when their wailing autumnal
+chant is in marked contrast with the sweet and sprightly song with which
+they enliven the spring, just before they are about to depart for their summer
+homes. They remain until the latter part of April, and Mr. Allen has
+observed them at Springfield till about the first of May.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to their song, Mr. William Brewster informs me that they usually
+commence singing about the 25th of March. Their song is a loud, clear,
+and powerful chant, starting with two high notes, then falling rapidly, and
+ending with a low, sweet warble. He has heard a few singing with their
+full vigor in November and December, but this is rare.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found them not common in South Carolina, but Dr. Kennerly
+states that they were quite abundant in December on the Little Colorado, in
+New Mexico, feeding on the fruit of the wild grape and upon seeds.</p>
+
+<p>During the love-season the Tree Sparrow is quite a fine musician, its
+song resembling that of the Canary, but finer, sweeter, and not so loud. In
+their migrations, Mr. Audubon states, a flock of twenty or more will perch
+upon the same tree, and join in a delightful chorus. Their flight is elevated
+<!--013.png--><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span>
+and graceful, and in waving undulations. On opening the stomachs of
+those he shot at the Magdeleine Islands, Mr. Audubon found them containing
+minute shell-fish, coleopterous insects, hard seeds, berries, and grains of
+sand.</p>
+
+<p>Nests obtained near Fort Anderson confirm the descriptions given by Mr.
+Hutchins, as observed in the settlement at Hudson’s Bay. The eggs, which
+are much larger than those of the other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</i>, measure .85 by
+.65 of an inch. Their ground-color is a light green, over which the eggs are
+very generally freckled with minute markings of a foxy brown. These
+markings are distributed with great regularity, but so sparsely as to leave
+the ground distinctly visible.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FIELD SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 121, <abbr title="plate 16 foloi">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss der Doubletten" lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verzeich.
+Doubl.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 252.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 299, <abbr title="plate 139">pl. cxxxix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 480.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 473.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 104.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841,
+77, <abbr title="plate 164">pl. clxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites pusillus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla juncorum</i>,
+<abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 499 (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 577 (supposed by him to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla juncorum</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 952; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia juncorum</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Two">Ind. II</abbr>, 511; <cite>Little Brown Sparrow</cite>,
+<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One">Car. I</abbr>, 35).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill red. Crown continuous rufous-red, with a faint indication of an ashy
+central stripe, and ashy nuchal collar. Back somewhat similar, with shaft-streaks of
+blackish. Sides of head and neck (including a superciliary stripe) ashy. Ear-coverts
+rufous. Beneath white, tinged with yellowish anteriorly. Tail-feathers and quills faintly
+edged with white. Two whitish bands across the wing-coverts. Autumnal specimens
+more rufous. Length about 5.75; wing, 2.34.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to the Missouri River; San Antonio, Texas in winter
+(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 489).</p>
+
+<p>This species is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>, but is more rufous above;
+lacks the black forehead and eye stripe; has chestnut ears, instead of ash;
+has the bill red, instead of black; lacks the clear ash of the rump; has a
+longer tail, etc. It is more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</i>, but is much smaller; lacks the
+spot on the breast, and the predominance of white on the wings, etc. The
+young have the breast and sides streaked, and the crown slightly so.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Field Sparrow occupies a well-defined and somewhat
+compact area, being resident within the United States, and in its migrations
+not removing far from its summer abode. In the summer it breeds
+from Virginia to Maine, as far as the central and western portions. It is
+not found near Calais, but occurs and breeds near Norway, Oxford County.
+In the interior it is found still farther north, in Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin,
+to the Red River settlements, where it was found breeding by Donald
+Gunn. At Hamilton, Ontario, Mr. McIlwraith states it to be a rather rare
+<!--014.png--><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span>
+summer resident. It breeds in Southern Wisconsin and in Iowa, but is not
+abundant. It does not appear to have been found west of the Missouri
+Valley.</p>
+
+<p>This Sparrow arrives in Massachusetts early in April, and is found almost
+exclusively in open pastures, old fields, and in clearings remote from villages.
+It is a shy, retiring bird, and seems to avoid the near presence of man. Wilson
+states that it has no song, nothing but a kind of chirruping, not much
+superior to the chirping of a cricket. But this is quite a mistake, as it is
+in reality a very varied and fine singer. Its notes are not very powerful,
+and cannot be heard any distance, but they are very pleasing, although
+little known or appreciated. It continues in full song until into July, when
+the second brood is about hatching, when its notes relax, but do not cease
+until just before its departure in September or early October.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. D. D. Hughes, of Grand Rapids, <abbr title="Michigan">Mich.</abbr>, in an interesting paper on the
+habits of this species, speaks of its beautiful tinkling song as one of its most
+marked features. To his ear it resembles the ringing of a tiny bell more
+nearly than anything else. In the early morning and at evening the fields
+ring with their plaintive and tender peals. It sings at all hours of the day,
+during the nesting-season, even in the noonday heat of summer, when most
+other birds are silent.</p>
+
+<p>In Virginia these birds may be found throughout the year, though probably
+not the same birds in the same localities, some retiring farther south and
+others coming to take their places from the north. In winter they are found,
+in the greatest abundance in South Carolina and Georgia, occurring in large
+loose flocks, found chiefly along the roadsides and in old fields and pastures
+in the rural districts.</p>
+
+<p>The Field Sparrow nests both on the ground and in low bushes, or among
+tangled clusters of vines. I have found their nests in all these situations,
+and have no doubt the nature of the surface may have something to do with
+the position. In high dry pastures, in sheltered situations, I have always
+found their nests on the ground. In the wet meadows and fields subject to
+a rise of water, as about the Potomac, near Washington, where these birds
+are very abundant, they almost invariably nest in bushes at a height of two
+or three feet.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon says that during the winter these birds are quite common
+throughout Louisiana, and the country about the Mississippi, as far as Kentucky.
+They begin to depart from the South early in March, and move slowly
+northward as the season advances. He states that they begin to nest in
+May, and raise three broods in a season. This is not the case in New England,
+where they do not often have more than a single brood.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_27.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="27">XXVII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-1" id="pl_27-1"></a><img src="images/pl_27-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis,</span>
+  <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>,
+  <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 10150.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-2" id="pl_27-2"></a><img src="images/pl_27-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</span>.
+  <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1378.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-3" id="pl_27-3"></a><img src="images/pl_27-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</span>.
+  <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-4" id="pl_27-4"></a><img src="images/pl_27-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella breweri</span>.
+  <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>,
+  Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 2890.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-5" id="pl_27-5"></a><img src="images/pl_27-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella monticola</span>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-6" id="pl_27-6"></a><img src="images/pl_27-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia,</span>.
+  <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2637.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-7" id="pl_27-7"></a><img src="images/pl_27-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza samuelis</span>.
+  <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 7098.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-8" id="pl_27-8"></a><img src="images/pl_27-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza insignis</span>.
+  Kodiak, 52477.</p>
+</div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-9" id="pl_27-9"></a><img src="images/pl_27-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza heermanni</span>.
+  <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Sierra Nevada, 53529.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-10" id="pl_27-10"></a><img src="images/pl_27-10.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 10"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax</span>.
+  <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Nevada, 53537.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-11" id="pl_27-11"></a><img src="images/pl_27-11.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 11"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza rufina</span>. Sitka, 46007.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-12" id="pl_27-12"></a><img src="images/pl_27-12.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 12"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza guttata</span>.
+  Washington <abbr title="Territory">Ter.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_27-13" id="pl_27-13"></a><img src="images/pl_27-13.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 27 detail 13"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</span>.
+ <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 937.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Their nests are constructed in a manner very similar to those of the Chipping
+Sparrow, loosely made of a few stems of vegetables, grasses, and sedges,
+and lined with hair or fine rootlets. Those placed on the ground are larger
+and more bulky, and those wrought into the twigs of a bush are made with
+<!--015.png--><!--Plate 27-->
+<!--016.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--017.png--><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span>
+more care and neatness of interweaving. The eggs are usually five in number,
+of an oblong-oval shape. The ground is a whitish clay-color, marked
+more or less fully with blotches of a ferruginous-brown. In some these
+markings are few, and arranged only about the larger end. In others they
+are generally diffused, and impart a deep ferruginous color to the whole egg,
+and disguise or conceal the ground. They vary also in size,&mdash;in length
+from .70 to .63 of an inch, and in breadth from .52 to .50. Their usual size
+is .70 by .52.</p>
+
+<p>Two nests of this bird taken in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O. Welch, are
+characteristic of their usual style in architecture. One of these has a diameter
+of four and a height of two and a half inches. Its base, as well as the
+great mass of its periphery, is made of a very loose intertwining of minute
+stems of vegetables and dry grasses. The ends of these project from the
+exterior of the nest at the upper rim, and present a very peculiar appearance,
+as of an enclosure of palisades. The interior is lined with horsehair. The
+other is made of similar materials, of a less rigid character and closer texture.
+Its rim presents the same peculiarities of projecting ends, arranged
+like a fence above the nest itself. Its dimensions also are about the same. It
+is, however, much more compactly constructed, with thicker walls and a less
+open network of dry grasses, and stiff wiry stems of dried plants intermixed
+with a few pine leaves. The whole is very carefully and warmly lined
+with horsehair and the softer fur of small quadrupeds. These nests contained,
+one three, and the other four eggs.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</b>,
+ <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHIPPING SPARROW; CHIPPY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla socialis</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 127, <abbr title="plate 16 figure">pl. xvi, f.</abbr>
+5.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 21; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 517, <abbr title="plate 104">pl. civ.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850,
+480.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 473.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp;
+Suckley</span>, 203.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 320.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza socialis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 80, <abbr title="plate 165">pl. clxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites
+socialis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Rump, back of neck, and sides of neck and head, ashy. Interscapular
+region with black streaks, margined with pale rufous. Crown continuous and uniform
+chestnut. Forehead black, separated in the middle by white. A white streak over the
+eye to nape, and a black one from the base of the bill through and behind the eye. Lores
+dusky. Under parts unspotted whitish, tinged with ashy on the sides and across the
+upper breast. Tail-feathers and primaries edged with paler, not white. Two narrow
+white bands across the wing-coverts. Bill black. Length, 5.75; wing, nearly 3.00; tail,
+2.50 (or less).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Immature birds and frequently the adult females with the cap streaked with
+blackish lines, the chestnut nearly or sometimes quite wanting. Birds of the year streaked
+beneath and on rump.</p>
+
+<p class="small">The color of bill varies; sometimes entirely black throughout, sometimes very light (but
+never reddish as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusilla</i>), with all intermediate stages. There is usually, however, a
+<!--018.png--><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span>
+dusky tinge in the upper bill, wanting in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i>, and the lores are almost always more or
+less dusky in all stages of plumage.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern Province of North America; north to Great Slave Lake, and south to
+Orizaba, Eastern Mexico, where it is resident. Oaxaca (perhaps <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>), <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr>
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+858, 304); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365);
+Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 305); Cuba
+(<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> 1860, <abbr title="Seven">VII.</abbr>,
+1269).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Chipping Sparrow, so familiar to all in the eastern
+portion of the United States, is not only one of the most abundant, but one
+of the most widely distributed of our North American birds. It is found
+from the Atlantic to the Pacific in its two races, and breeds from Georgia
+to the Arctic Circle. At different seasons of the year it is found in all portions
+of North America to Mexico. Along the Atlantic coast it nests at
+least as far north as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; in the extreme
+northern portion of the latter Province I found it one of the most abundant
+birds.</p>
+
+<p>The late Mr. Robert Kennicott met with them in considerable numbers at
+Fort Resolution, on Great Slave Lake, and there he obtained quite a number
+of their nests, all of which were in trees or bushes, from two to three feet
+above the ground. These were all met with between the 1st and the 26th
+of June. Mr. B. R Ross also met with these birds in considerable numbers
+at Fort Simpson and at Fort Rae.</p>
+
+<p>On the Pacific coast the Chipping Sparrow is stated by Dr. Cooper to be
+quite as abundant in the northern parts of California, and in Oregon and
+Washington Territory, as on the Atlantic coast. He found them wintering
+in the Colorado Valley in large numbers, but met with none about San Diego.
+They spend their summers in the northern part of California, building their
+nests, as with us, in the shrubbery of the gardens, and coming familiarly
+about the doorsteps to pick up crumbs. In autumn they collect in large
+flocks, and frequent the open fields and pastures. Dr. Cooper found them in
+flocks on Catalina Island in June, but could discover no nests. They were
+all old birds, and the conclusion was that they had delayed their more northern
+migrations.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found this species extremely abundant in the open districts
+on the Columbia River, as well as upon the gravelly prairies of the Puget
+Sound district. It is not named as having been met with by Mr. Dall or
+any of the Russian Telegraph party in Alaska.</p>
+
+<p>It was found in abundance during the summer by Mr. Ridgway in all the
+wooded portions of the country of the Great Basin. He did not meet with
+any among the cottonwoods of the river-valleys, its favorite haunts appearing
+to be the cedars and the nut-pines of the mountains. In July and
+August, in such localities, on the East Humboldt Mountains, it was not only
+the most numerous species, but also very abundant, nesting in the trees.
+About the middle of August they congregated in large numbers, preparing for
+their departure.</p>
+
+<p><!--019.png--><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span>
+At Sacramento it was also very abundant among the groves of small oaks.
+He could not observe the slightest difference in habits or notes between the
+eastern and the western specimens of this form. He found them breeding
+at Salt Lake City, June 19, the nest being in a scrub-oak, six feet from the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona, Dr. Coues found the Chippy a very abundant summer resident,
+arriving the third week of March and remaining until the latter part of
+November. A few may spend the winter there. As described, it seems
+more gregarious than it is with us, arriving in the spring, and remaining for
+a month or more in large flocks of fifty or upwards. In New England they
+always come in pairs, and only assemble in flocks just on the eve of their
+departure. Mr. Dresser met with these Sparrows, and obtained specimens
+of them, near San Antonio, on the 10th of April. Dr. Heermann, in his
+Report upon the birds observed in Lieutenant Williamson’s route between
+the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d</abbr> and 35th parallels, speaks of finding this species abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gerhardt found this Sparrow not uncommon in the northern portions
+of Georgia, where it is resident throughout the year, and where a few remain
+in the summer to breed. Dr. Coues also states that a limited number summer
+in the vicinity of Columbia, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, but that their number is insignificant
+compared with those wintering there between October and April. They
+collect in large flocks on their arrival, and remain in companies of hundreds
+or more.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumichrast states that it is a resident bird in the temperate region of
+Vera Cruz, Mexico, where it remains throughout the year, and breeds as
+freely and commonly as it does within the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Although found throughout the country in greater or less numbers, they
+are noticeably not common in the more recent settlements of the West, as on
+the unsettled prairies of Illinois and Iowa. Mr. Allen found them quite
+rare in both States, excepting only about the older settlements. As early
+as the first week in April, 1868, I noticed these birds very common and
+familiar in the streets of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, especially so in the business part of that
+city, along the wharves and near the grain-stores, seeking their food on the
+ground with a confidence and fearlessness quite unusual to it in such situations.</p>
+
+<p>The tameness and sociability of this bird surpass that of any of the birds
+I have ever met with in New England, and are only equalled by similar
+traits manifested by the Snowbird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. hyemalis</i>) in Pictou. Those that live
+about our dwellings in rural situations, and have been treated kindly, visit
+our doorsteps, and even enter the houses, with the greatest familiarity and
+trust. They will learn to distinguish their friends, alight at their feet, call
+for their accustomed food, and pick it up when thrown to them, without the
+slightest signs of fear. One pair which, summer after summer, had built
+their nest in a fir-tree near my door, became so accustomed to be fed that
+they would clamor for their food if they were any morning forgotten. One
+<!--020.png--><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span>
+of these birds, the female, from coming down to the ground to be fed with
+crumbs, soon learned to take them on the flat branch of the fir near her nest,
+and at last to feed from my hand, and afterwards from that of other members
+of the family. Her mate, all the while, was comparatively shy and distrustful,
+and could not be induced to receive his food from us or to eat in our
+presence.</p>
+
+<p>This Sparrow is also quite social, keeping on good terms and delighting
+to associate with other species. Since the introduction of the European
+House Sparrow into Boston, I have repeatedly noticed it associating with
+them in the most friendly relations, feeding with them, flying up with them
+when disturbed, and imitating all their movements.</p>
+
+<p>The Chipping Sparrow has very slight claims to be regarded as one of our
+song-birds. Its note of complaint or uneasiness is a simple <i class="birdcall">chip</i>, and its
+song, at its best, is but a monotonous repetition of a single note, sounding
+like the rapid striking together of two small pebbles. In the bright days of
+June this unpretending ditty is kept up incessantly, hours at a time, with
+only rare intermissions.</p>
+
+<p>The nest of this bird is always in trees or bushes. I have in no instance
+known of its being built on the ground. Even at the Arctic regions, where
+so many of our tree-builders vary from this custom to nest on the ground,
+no exceptional cases are reported in regard to it, all its nests being upon
+trees or in bushes. These are somewhat rudely built, often so loosely that
+they may readily be seen through. Externally they are made of coarse
+stems of grasses and vegetable branches, and lined with the hair of the
+larger animals.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are devoted parents, and express great solicitude whenever
+their nests are approached or meddled with. They feed their young almost
+exclusively with the larvæ of insects, especially with young caterpillars.
+When in neighborhoods infested with the destructive canker-worm, they will
+feed their young with this pest in incredible numbers, and seek them from a
+considerable distance. Living in a district exempt from this scourge, yet but
+shortly removed from them, in the summer of 1869, I noticed one of these
+Sparrows with its mouth filled with something which inconvenienced it to
+carry. It alighted on the gravel walk to adjust its load, and passed on to its
+nest, leaving two canker-worms behind it, which, if not thus detected, would
+have introduced this nuisance into an orchard that had previously escaped,
+showing that though friends to those afflicted they are dangerous to their
+neighbors. This Sparrow is also the frequent nurse of the Cow Blackbird,
+rearing its young to the destruction of its own, and tending them with
+exemplary fidelity.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs, five in number, are of an oblong-oval shape, and vary greatly
+in size. They are of a bluish-green color, and are sparingly spotted about
+the larger end with markings of umber, purple, and dark blackish-brown,
+intermingled with lighter shadings of faint purple. The largest specimen
+<!--021.png--><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span>
+I have ever noticed of this egg, found in the Capitol Grounds, Washington,
+measures .80 by .58 of an inch; and the smallest, from Varrell’s Station, <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>,
+measures .60 by .50. Their average measurement is about .70 by .54. They
+are all much pointed at the smaller end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 207.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>, but tail and wing longer, the bill narrower, and colors
+paler and grayer. Rufous of the crown lighter and less purplish, generally (always in
+specimens from southern Rocky Mountains) with fine black streaks on the posterior part.
+Ash of the cheeks paler, throwing the white of the superciliary stripe and throat into less
+contrast. Black streaks of the back narrower, and without the rufous along their edges,
+merely streaking a plain light brownish-gray ground-color. A strong ashy shade over
+the breast, not seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>; wing-bands more purely white. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.80;
+bill, .36 from forehead, by .18 deep. (40,813 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, April 24,
+Fort Whipple, <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, <span class="sc">Dr. Coues</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; south in winter
+into Middle and Western Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>All the specimens of a large series from Fort Whipple, Arizona, as well
+as most others from west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, agree
+in the characters given above, as distinguished from eastern specimens of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>. The variations with age and season are simple parallels of those in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The references in the preceding article to the Chipping Sparrow
+as occurring in the Middle and Western Provinces of the United States, are
+to be understood as applying to the present race.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pallida</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 251 (not of <span class="sc">Audubon</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 474. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites pallidus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza shattucki</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Birds of America Seven">Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 347, <abbr title="plate 493">pl.
+ccccxciii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella shattucki</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 480.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>. Back and sides of hind neck ashy. Prevailing
+color above pale brownish-yellow, with a tinge of grayish. The feathers of back and
+crown streaked conspicuously with blackish. Crown with a median pale ashy and a
+lateral or superciliary ashy-white stripe. Beneath whitish, tinged with brown on the
+breast and sides, and an indistinct narrow brown streak on the edge of the chin, cutting
+off a light stripe above it. Ear-coverts brownish-yellow, margined above and below by
+dark brown, making three dark stripes on the face. Bill reddish, dusky towards tip.
+Legs yellow. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.55.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--022.png--><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 12]</span>
+<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Upper Missouri River and high central plains to the Saskatchewan country.
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Oaxaca, March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1859, 379); Fort Mohave (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences California">P. A. N. S. Cal.</abbr>
+1861, 122); San Antonio, Texas, spring (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 489; common).</p>
+
+<p>The ashy collar is quite conspicuous, and streaked above with brown.
+The rump is immaculate. The streaks on the feathers of the crown almost
+form continuous lines, about six in number. The brown line above the ear-coverts
+is a post-ocular one. That on the side of the chin forms the lower
+border of a white maxillary stripe which widens and curves around behind
+the ear-coverts, fading into the ashy of the neck. The wing-feathers are all
+margined with paler, and there is an indication of two light bands across the
+ends of the coverts.</p>
+
+<p>The young of this species is thickly streaked beneath over the throat,
+breast, and belly, with brown, giving to it an entirely different appearance
+from the adult. The streaks in the upper parts, too, are darker and more
+conspicuous. The margins of the feathers are rather more rusty.</p>
+
+<p>This species is readily distinguishable from the other American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellas</i>,
+except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i> (which see), in the dark streaks and median ashy stripe on
+the crown, the paler tints, the dark line on the side of the chin, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Clay-colored Bunting was first discovered by Richardson,
+and described by Swainson, in the Fauna <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Boreali-Americana">Bor.-Amer.</abbr> The only statement
+made in regard to it is that it visited the Saskatchewan in considerable numbers,
+frequented the farm-yard at Carlton House, and was in all respects as
+familiar and confiding as the common House Sparrow of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The bird given by Mr. Audubon as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</i> has been made by Mr.
+Cassin a different species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i>, and the species the former gives in his
+seventh volume of the Birds of America as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza shattucki</i> is really this
+species. It was found by Mr. Audubon’s party to the Yellowstone quite
+abundant throughout the country bordering upon the Upper Missouri. It
+seemed to be particularly partial to the small valleys found, here and there,
+along the numerous ravines running from the interior and between the hills.
+Its usual demeanor is said to greatly resemble that of the common Chipping
+Sparrow, and, like that bird, it has a very monotonous ditty, which it seems to
+delight to repeat constantly, while its mate is more usefully employed in the
+duties of incubation. When it was approached, it would dive and conceal
+itself amid the low bushes around, or would seek one of the large clusters of
+wild roses so abundant in that section. The nest of this species is mentioned
+as having been usually placed on a small horizontal branch seven or
+eight feet from the ground, and occasionally in the broken and hollow
+branches of trees. These nests are also stated to have been formed of
+slender grasses, but in so slight a manner as, with their circular lining of
+horse or cattle hair, to resemble as much as possible the nest of the common
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>. The eggs were five in number, and are described as being blue
+with reddish-brown spots. These birds were also met with at the Great
+Slave Lake region by Mr. Kennicott, in the same neighborhood by B. R.
+<!--023.png--><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 13]</span>
+Ross and J. Lockhart, and in the Red River settlements by Mr. C. A. Hubbard
+and Mr. Donald Gunn.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Blakiston noted the arrival of this bird at Fort Carlton on the
+21st of May. He speaks of its note as very peculiar, resembling, though
+sharper than, the buzzing made by a fly in a paper box, or a faint imitation
+of the sound of a watchman’s rattle. This song it utters perched on some
+young tree or bush, sometimes only once, at others three or four times in
+quick succession.</p>
+
+<p>Their nests appear to have been in all instances placed in trees or in
+shrubs, generally in small spruces, two or three feet from the ground. In
+one instance it was in a clump of small bushes not more than six inches
+from the ground, and only a few rods from the buildings of Fort Resolution.</p>
+
+<p>Both this species and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. breweri</i> were found by Lieutenant Couch at
+Tamaulipas in March, 1855. It does not appear to have been met with by
+any other of the exploring expeditions, but in 1864, for the first time, as Dr.
+Heermann states, to his knowledge, these birds were found quite plentiful
+near San Antonio, Texas, by Mr. Dresser. This was in April, in the fields
+near that town. They were associating with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</i> and
+other Sparrows. They remained about San Antonio until the middle of
+May, after which none were observed.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of a light blue, with a slight tinge of greenish,
+and are marked around the larger end with spots and blotches of a purplish-brown,
+rather finer, perhaps, than in the egg of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>, though very similar
+to it. They average .70 of an inch in length, and vary in breadth from
+.50 to .52 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pallida</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BREWER’S SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pallida</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>,
+1839, 66, <abbr title="plate 398 figure">pl. cccxcviii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Synopsis, 1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Birds of America Three">Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 71, <abbr title="plate 161">pl. clxi</abbr>
+(not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, 1831). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella breweri</i>,
+<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Seven, February">Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII,
+Feb.</abbr> 1856, 40.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 475.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 209.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i>; the markings including the nuchal collar more
+obsolete; no distinct median and superciliary light stripes. The crown streaked with
+black. Some of the feathers on the sides with brown shafts. Length, 5 inches; wing,
+2.50. Young streaked beneath, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rocky Mountains of United States to the Pacific coast.</p>
+
+<p>This race is very similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i>, and requires close and critical
+comparison to separate it. The streaks on the back are narrower, and the
+central ashy and lateral whitish stripes of the crown are scarcely, if at all,
+appreciable. The clear unstreaked ash of the back of the neck, too, is
+mostly wanting. The feathers along the sides of the body, near the tibia,
+<!--024.png--><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span>
+and occasionally elsewhere on the sides, have brownish shafts, not found in
+the other. The differences are perhaps those of race, rather than of species,
+though they are very appreciable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species bears a very close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i> in
+its external appearance, but there are certain constant differences which, with
+the peculiarities of their distinctive distributions and habits, seem to establish
+their specific separation. The present bird is found from the Pacific
+coast to the Rocky Mountains, and from the northern portion of California
+to the Rio Grande and Mexico. Dr. Kennerly found it in February, 1854,
+throughout New Mexico, from the Rio Grande to the Great Colorado, along
+the different streams, where it was feeding upon the seeds of several kinds
+of weeds.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, while accompanying the surveying party of Lieutenant
+Williamson, between the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> and 35th parallels, found these Sparrows
+throughout his entire route, both in California and in Texas. On the passage
+from the Pimos villages to Tucson he observed large flocks gleaning
+their food among the bushes as they were moving southward. In the Tejon
+valley, during the fall season, he was constantly meeting them associated
+with large flocks of other species of Sparrows, congregated around the cultivated
+fields of the Indians, where they find a bountiful supply of seeds.
+For this purpose they pass the greater part of the time upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse also met with this Sparrow throughout New Mexico,
+wherever food and water were to be found in sufficient quantity to sustain
+life.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona, near Fort Whipple, Dr. Coues states that this bird is a rare
+summer resident. He characterizes it as a shy, retiring species, keeping
+mostly in thick brush near the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway states that he found this interesting little Sparrow, while
+abundant in all fertile portions, almost exclusively an inhabitant of open
+situations, such as fields or bushy plains, among the artemesia especially,
+where it is most numerous. It frequents alike the valleys and the mountains.
+At Sacramento it was the most abundant Sparrow, frequenting the
+old fields. In this respect it very much resembles the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella
+pusilla</i>, from which, however, it is in many respects very different.</p>
+
+<p>The song of Brewer’s Sparrow, he adds, for sprightliness and vivacity is
+not excelled by any other of the North American Fringillidæ, being inferior
+only to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i> in power and richness, and even
+excelling it in variety and compass. Its song, while possessing all the plaintiveness
+of tone so characteristic of the eastern Field Sparrow, unites to this
+quality a vivacity and variety fully equalling that of the finest Canary.
+This species is not resident, but arrives about the 9th of April. He found
+its nest and eggs in the Truckee Reservation, early in June. The nests
+were in sage-bushes about three feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found small flocks of this species at Fort Mohave, after March
+<!--025.png--><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span>
+20, frequenting grassy spots among the low bushes, and a month later they
+were singing, he adds, much like a Canary, but more faintly. They are presumed
+to remain in the valley all summer.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs, four in number, are of a light bluish-green color, oblong in
+shape, more rounded at the smaller end than the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>, and the
+ground is more of a green than in those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pallida</i>. They are marked and
+blotched in scattered markings of a golden-brown color. These blotches are
+larger and more conspicuous than in the eggs of the other species. They
+measure .70 by .51 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites atrigularis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds
+<abbr title="of North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 476, <abbr title="plate 55, figure">pl. lv, f.</abbr>
+1.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. Bound. <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>,
+Birds, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 16, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 210. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus atrimentalis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Couch</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII</abbr>,
+April, 1854, 67.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail elongated, deeply forked and divaricated. General color bluish-ash,
+paler beneath, and turning to white on the middle of the belly. Interscapular region
+yellowish-rusty, streaked with black. Forehead, loral region, and side of head as far as
+eyes, chin, and upper part of throat black. Quills and tail-feathers very dark brown, edged
+with ashy. Edges of coverts like the back. No white bands on the wings. Bill red,
+feet dusky. Immature birds, and perhaps adult female, without any black on head.
+Length, 5.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mexico, just south of the Rio Grande;
+Fort Whipple, <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Coues</span>); Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>This species is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusilla</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. socialis</i>, resembling the
+former most in its still longer tail. This is more deeply forked and divaricated,
+with broader feathers than in either. The wing is much rounded; the
+fourth quill longest; the first almost the shortest of the primaries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is a Mexican bird, found only within the limits of
+the United States along the borders. But little is known as to its history.
+It is supposed to be neither very abundant nor to have an extended area of
+distribution. It was met with by Dr. Coues in the neighborhood of Fort
+Whipple, Arizona, where it arrives in April and leaves again in October,
+collecting, before its departure, in small flocks. In the spring he states that
+it has a very sweet and melodious song, far surpassing in power and melody
+the notes of any other of this genus that he has ever heard.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues furnishes me with the following additional information in regard
+to this species: “This is not a common bird at Fort Whipple, and was only
+observed from April to October. It unquestionably breeds in that vicinity,
+as I shot very young birds, in August, wanting the distinctive head-markings
+of the adult. A pair noticed in early April were seemingly about breeding,
+as the male was in full song, and showed, on dissection, highly developed
+<!--026.png--><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span>
+sexual organs. The song is very agreeable, not in the least recalling the
+monotonous ditty of the Chip Bird, or the rather weak performances of some
+other species of the genus. In the latter part of summer and early autumn
+the birds were generally seen in small troops, perhaps families, in weedy
+places, associating with the western variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, as well as with
+Goldfinches.”</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch met with individuals of this species at Agua Nueva, in
+Coahuila, Mexico, in May, 1853. They were found in small flocks among
+the mountains. Their nest and eggs are unknown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MELOSPIZA</b>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1868,
+478. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla melodia</i>,
+<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils</span>.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_026a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="206"
+ alt="Illustration: Melospiza melodia"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2637</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Body stout. Bill conical, very obsoletely notched, or smooth; somewhat
+compressed. Lower mandible not so deep
+as the upper. Commissure nearly straight.
+Gonys a little curved. Feet stout, not
+stretching beyond the tail; tarsus a little
+longer than the middle toe; outer toe a
+little longer than the inner; its claw not
+quite reaching to the base of the middle
+one. Hind toe appreciably longer than the
+middle one. Wings quite short and rounded,
+scarcely reaching beyond the base of
+the tail; the tertials considerably longer
+than the secondaries; the quills considerably
+graduated; the fourth longest; the first
+not longer than the tertials, and almost the
+shortest of the primaries. Tail moderately long, rather longer from coccyx than the
+wings, and considerably graduated; the feathers
+oval at the tips, and not stiffened. Crown and
+back similar in color, and streaked; beneath thickly
+streaked, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. palustris</i>. Tail immaculate.
+Usually nest on ground; nests strongly woven of
+grasses and fibrous stems; eggs marked with rusty-brown
+and purple on a ground of a clay color.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_026b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="324"
+ alt="Illustration: Melospiza melodia"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i> in the
+shorter, more graduated tail, rather longer
+hind toe, much more rounded wing, which is
+shorter; the tertiaries longer; the first quill
+almost the shortest, and not longer than the
+tertials. The under parts are spotted; the
+crown streaked, and like the back.</p>
+
+<p>There are few species of American birds
+that have caused more perplexity to the
+ornithologist than the group of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i> is the type. Spread
+<!--027.png--><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span>
+over the whole of North America, and familiar to every one, we find each
+region to possess a special form (to which a specific name has been given),
+and yet these passing into each other by such insensible gradations as to
+render it quite impossible to define them as species. Between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>
+of the Atlantic States and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. insignis</i> of Kodiak the difference seems
+wide; but the connecting links in the intermediate regions bridge this over
+so completely that, with a series of hundreds of specimens before us, we
+abandon the attempt at specific separation, and unite into one no less than
+eight species previously recognized.</p>
+
+<p>Taking, then, the common Song Sparrow of the Eastern Atlantic States
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>) as the starting-point, and proceeding westward, we find quite a
+decided difference (in a variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>) when we reach the Middle Province,
+or that of the Rocky Mountains. The general tints are paler, grayer, and
+less rusty; the superciliary stripe anteriorly more ashy; the bill, and especially
+the legs, more dusky, the latter not at all to be called yellow. The bill
+is perhaps smaller and, though sometimes equal to the average of eastern
+specimens, more slender in proportion. In some specimens (typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>) the
+streaks are uniform rufous without darker centres,&mdash;a feature I have not
+noticed in eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. Another stage (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>) is seen when we reach
+the Pacific coast of California, in a darker brown color (but not rufous).
+Here the bill is rather larger than in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>, and the legs colored more
+like typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. In fact, the bird is like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, but darker. The
+stripes on the back continue well defined and distinct. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. samuelis</i>
+(=<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gouldi</i>) may stand as a smaller race of this variety.</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding northward along the Pacific coast, another form (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i>),
+peculiar to the coast of California, is met with towards and beyond the
+mouth of the Columbia (coming into Southern California in winter). This
+is darker in color, more rufous; the stripes quite indistinct above, in fact,
+more or less obsolete, and none, either above or below, with darker or blackish
+centres. The sides, crissum, and tibia are washed with ochraceous-brown,
+the latter perhaps darkest. The bill is proportionally longer and
+more slender. This race becomes still darker northward, until at Sitka
+(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i>)
+it shows no rufous tints, but a dusky olive-brown instead, including
+the streaks of the under parts. The markings of the head and
+back are appreciable, though not distinct. The size has become considerably
+larger than in eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, the average length of wing being 3.00,
+instead of 2.60.</p>
+
+<p>The last extreme of difference from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> of the east is seen in
+the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</i> from Kodiak. Here the size is very large: length, 7.00;
+extent, 10.75; wing, 3.20. The bill is very long (.73 from forehead), the
+color still darker brown and more uniform above; the median light stripe
+of vertex scarcely appreciable in some specimens; the superciliary scarcely
+showing, except as a whitish spot anteriorly. The bill and feet have become
+almost black.</p>
+
+<p><!--028.png--><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span>
+The following synopsis may serve as a means by which to distinguish the
+several races of this species, as also the two remaining positive species of
+the genus:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Lower parts streaked.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia.</b> White of the lower parts uninterrupted from the chin to
+the crissum; the streaks of the jugulum, etc., broad and cuneate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">a.</i> Streaks, above and below, sharply defined, and distinctly black
+medially (except sometimes in winter plumage).</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Ground-color above reddish-gray, the interscapulars with the
+whitish and black streaks about equal, and sharply contrasted.
+Rump with reddish streaks. Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.90; bill .36 from
+nostril, and .30 deep. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, to
+the Plains on the west, and the Rio Grande on the south
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_2" id="fnanchor_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Ground-color above ashy-gray, the interscapulars with the black
+streaks much broader than their rufous border, and the whitish
+edges not in strong contrast. Rump without streaks. Wing, 2.80;
+tail, 3.15; bill, .33 and .22. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United
+States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_3" id="fnanchor_3"></a><a href="#footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Ground-color above nearly pure gray, the interscapulars with the
+black streaks much broader than the rufous, and the edges of the
+feathers not appreciably paler. Rump without streaks. Wing,
+2.80; tail, 2.85; bill, .32 by .27. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California, except along
+the coast; Sierra Nevada
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_4" id="fnanchor_4"></a><a href="#footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Ground-color above grayish-olive, the interscapulars with the
+black streaks much broader than their rufous border; edges of the
+feathers scarcely appreciably paler. Rump and tail-coverts, above
+and below, with distinct broad streaks of black. Wing, 2.40; tail,
+2.50; bill, .37 and .24. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast region of California
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_5" id="fnanchor_5"></a><a href="#footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Ground-color above olive-rufous, the edges of the interscapulars,
+alone, ashy; dorsal black streaks very broad, without rufous
+border. Rump streaked with black. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.85; bill,
+.34 and .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Puebla, Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_6" id="fnanchor_6"></a><a href="#footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><!--029.png--><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span>
+<i class="subset">b.</i> Streaks, above and below, not sharply defined, and without black
+medially.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Above rufescent-olive, the darker shades castaneous; streaks beneath
+castaneous-rufous. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.50; bill, .35 and .23.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province from British Columbia, southward
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Above sepia-plumbeous, the darker shades fuliginous-sepia;
+streaks beneath fuliginous-sepia. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; bill, .41
+and .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province from British Columbia northward
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Above plumbeous, the darker markings dull reddish-sepia in
+winter, clove-brown in summer; streaks beneath castaneous-rufous
+in winter, dull sepia in summer. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.60; bill, .50
+and .30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific coast of Alaska (Kodiak, etc.)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. lincolni.</b> White of the lower parts interrupted by a broad pectoral
+band of buff; streaks on the jugulum, etc., narrow linear. A vertex and
+superciliary stripe of ashy; a maxillary one of buff. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.40;
+bill, .30 and .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America; south, in winter, to
+Panama.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Lower parts without streaks (except in young.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. palustris.</b> Jugulum and nape tinged with ashy; outer surface of
+wings bright castaneous, in strong contrast with the olivaceous of the back;
+dorsal streaks broad, black, without rufous externally; a superciliary and
+maxillary stripe of ashy. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown uniform chestnut, forehead black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.
+Crown similar, but divided by an indistinct ashy stripe, and more or less
+streaked with black (autumnal or winter <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> similar). <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Head, back,
+and jugulum streaked with black on a yellowish-white ground; black prevailing
+on the crown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla melodia</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>,
+1810, 125, <abbr title="plate 16 figure">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> 4.&mdash;<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 249.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>,
+1832, 126; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 507, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1839, 120.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Birds of America Three">Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 147, <abbr title="plate 189">pl.
+clxxxix.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J.
+VI</abbr>, 1858, 275. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia
+melodia</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 478.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Fringilla fasciata</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 922.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 562. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Fringilla
+hyemalis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 922.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 477.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 321.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General tint of upper parts rufous and distinctly streaked with rufous-brown,
+dark-brown, and ashy-gray. The crown is rufous, with a superciliary and median stripe of
+dull gray, the former lighter; nearly white anteriorly, where it sometimes has a faint
+shade of yellow, principally in autumn; each feather of the crown with a narrow streak
+of black forming about six narrow lines. Interscapulars black in the centre, then rufous,
+then pale grayish on the margin, these three colors on each feather very sharply contrasted.
+Rump grayer than upper tail-coverts, both with obsolete dark streaks. There is
+<!--030.png--><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span>
+a whitish maxillary stripe, bordered above and below by one of dark rufous-brown, and
+with another from behind the eye. The under parts are white; the jugulum and sides
+of body streaked with clear dark-brown, sometimes with a rufous suffusion. On the
+middle of the breast these marks are rather aggregated so as to form a spot. No distinct
+white on tail or wings. Length of male, 6.50; wing, 2.58; tail, 3.00. Bill pale brown
+above; yellowish at base beneath. Legs yellowish.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the high Central Plains.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary somewhat in having the streaks across the breast more or
+less sparse, the spot more or less distinct. In autumn the colors are more
+blended, the light maxillary stripe tinged with yellowish, the edges of the
+dusky streaks strongly suffused with brownish-rufous.</p>
+
+<p>The young bird has the upper parts paler, the streaks more distinct; the
+lines on the head scarcely appreciable. The under parts are yellowish; the
+streaks narrower and more sharply defined dark brown.</p>
+
+<p>As already stated, this species varies more or less from the above description
+in different parts of North America, its typical races having received
+specific names, which it is necessary to retain for them as varieties.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Song Sparrow of eastern North America has an
+extended range of distribution, and is resident throughout the year in a large
+part of the area in which it breeds. It nests from about South Carolina
+north to the British Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick at the
+east, and to a not well-defined limit in British America. The most northern
+points to which it has been traced are the plains of the Saskatchewan and
+the southern shore of Lake Winnepeg, in which latter place Mr. Kennicott
+found it breeding. It is said by Dr. Coues to breed in South Carolina, and
+by Mr. Audubon in Louisiana, but I have never seen any of their eggs from
+any point south of Washington. In winter it is found from Massachusetts,
+where only a few are observed, to Florida. It is most abundant at this
+period in North and South Carolina. It is not mentioned in Dr. Gerhardt’s
+list as being found in Northern Georgia at any season of the year.
+Mr. Ridgway informs me that it does not breed in Southern Illinois. Its
+song is not popularly known there, though he has occasionally heard it just
+before these Sparrows were leaving for the north. This species winters there
+in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. albicollis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>, associating with the former,
+and inhabiting brush-heaps in the clearings.</p>
+
+<p>To Massachusetts, where specimens have been taken in every month of the
+year, and where they have been heard to sing in January, they return in
+large numbers usually early in March, sometimes even in February. It is
+probable that these are but migrants, passing farther north, and that our
+summer visitants do not appear among us until the middle of April, or just
+as they are about to breed. They reach Maine from the 15th to the 25th,
+and breed there the middle of May. In Massachusetts they do not have
+eggs until the first week in May, except in very remarkable seasons, usually
+not until after the Bluebird has already hatched out her first brood, and a
+week later than the Robin.</p>
+
+<p><!--031.png--><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span>
+The tide of returning emigration begins to set southward early in October.
+Collecting in small loose flocks, probably all of each group members of the
+same family, they slowly move towards the south. As one set passes on,
+another succeeds, until the latter part of November, when we no longer meet
+with flocks, but solitary individuals or groups of two or three. These are
+usually a larger and stouter race, and almost suggest a different species.
+They are often in song even into December. They apparently do not go
+far, and are the first to return. In early March they are in full song, and
+their notes seem louder, clearer, and more vibratory than those that come to
+us and remain to breed.</p>
+
+<p>The Song Sparrow, as its name implies, is one of our most noted and conspicuous
+singers. It is at once our earliest and our latest, as also our
+most constant musician. Its song is somewhat brief, but is repeated at short
+intervals, almost throughout the days of spring and early summer. It somewhat
+resembles the opening notes of the Canary, and though less resonant
+and powerful, much surpasses them in sweetness and expression. Plain and
+homely as this bird is in its outward garb, its sweet song and its gentle confiding
+manners render it a welcome visitor to every garden, and around every
+rural home wherein such attractions can be appreciated. Whenever these
+birds are kindly treated they readily make friends, and are attracted to our
+doorsteps for the welcome crumbs that are thrown to them; and they will
+return, year after year, to the same locality, whenever thus encouraged.</p>
+
+<p>The song of this Sparrow varies in different individuals, and often changes,
+in the same bird, in different parts of the year. It is even stated by an
+observing naturalist&mdash;Mr. Charles S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>&mdash;that he has
+known the same bird to sing, in succession, nine entirely different sets of
+notes, usually uttering them one after the other, in the same order. This was
+noticed not merely once or during one season, but through three successive
+summers. The same bird returned each season to his grounds, and came
+each time provided with the same variety of airs.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall, who dwells with much force upon the beauty and earnestness
+of expression of the song of this species, has also noticed and remarked
+upon the power of individuals to vary their song, from time to time, with
+very agreeable effect, but no one has recorded so remarkable an instance as
+that thus carefully noted by Mr. Paine.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are found in almost any cultivated locality where the grounds
+are sufficiently open. They prefer the edges of open fields, and those of
+meadows and low grounds, but are rarely found in woods or in thick bushes,
+except near their outer edges. They nest naturally on the ground, and in such
+situations a large majority build their nests. These are usually the younger
+birds. A portion, almost always birds of several summers, probably taught
+by sad experiences of the insecurity of the ground, build in bushes. A pair
+which had a nest in an adjoining field had been robbed, by a cat, of their
+young when just about to fly. After much lamentation, and an interval of a
+<!--032.png--><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span>
+week, I found this same pair, which I easily recognized, building their nest
+among some vines near my house, some eight feet from the ground. They
+had abandoned my neighbor’s grounds and taken refuge close to my house.
+This situation they resorted to afterwards for several successive summers, each
+season building two nests, never using the same nest a second time, although
+each time it was left as clean and in as good condition as when first made.
+Indeed, this species is remarkable for its cleanliness, both in its own person
+and in its care of nestlings and nests.</p>
+
+<p>They feed their young chiefly with insects, especially small caterpillars;
+the destructive canker-worm is one of their favorite articles of food, also the
+larvæ of insects and the smaller moths. When crumbs of bread are given
+them, they are eagerly gathered and taken to their nests.</p>
+
+<p>In the Middle States they are said to have three broods in a season. This
+may also be so in New England, but I have never known one pair to have
+more than two broods in the same summer, even when both had been successfully
+reared. Nests found after July have always been in cases where
+some accident had befallen the preceding brood.</p>
+
+<p>The nest of the Song Sparrow, whether built on ground, bush, or tree, is
+always well and thoroughly made. Externally and at the base it consists of
+stout stems of grasses, fibrous twigs of plants, and small sticks and rootlets.
+These are strongly wrought together. Within is made a neat, well-woven
+basket of fine long stems of grasses, rarely anything else. On the ground
+they are usually concealed beneath a tuft of grass; sometimes they make a
+covered passage-way of several inches, leading to their nest. When built
+in a tree or shrub, the top is often sheltered by the branches or by dry
+leaves, forming a covering to the structure.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Song Sparrow are five in number, and have an average
+measurement of .82 by .60 of an inch. They have a ground of a clay-color
+or dirty white, and are spotted equally over the entire egg with blotches of
+a rusty-brown, intermingled with lighter shades of purple. In some these
+markings are so numerous and confluent as to entirely conceal the ground-color;
+in others they are irregularly diffused over different parts, leaving
+patches unmarked. Occasionally the eggs are unspotted, and are then not
+unlike those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseinucha</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia fallax</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 119 (Pueblo Creek, New
+Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Zonotrichia fasciata</i>, (<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)
+<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr>
+<abbr title="second">2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847,
+49. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 481,
+<abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xxvii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>,
+<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, <i>b.</i>
+<abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xxvii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 215.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>,
+but with the bill on the whole rather smaller,
+more slender, and darker. Legs quite dusky, not yellow. Entire plumage of a more
+<!--033.png--><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]</span>
+grayish cast, including the whole superciliary stripe. The streaks on throat and jugulum
+in spring are almost black, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>; in autumn more rufous; in all cases quite as
+sharply defined as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. The bill is nearly black in spring.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Middle Province of United States, to the Sierra Nevada.</p>
+
+<p>This race, intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i> in habitat, is,
+however, hardly so in characters. The bill is more slender than in either,
+being much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i>, and the tail is longer in proportion to the
+wing. In colors it is paler than either, the ground-cast above being nearly
+clear grayish: the streaks, both on the back and jugulum, are more sparse,
+as well as narrower; very frequently, in the winter plumage, those beneath
+lack the central black, being wholly rufous; such is the case with the type.
+In summer, however, they are frequently entirely black, the external rufous
+having entirely disappeared. As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, the rump is immaculate.
+The young bird differs as does the adult, though the resemblance to those of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i> is more close than in the adult. The very narrow
+bill and long tail are the most characteristic features of form.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In habits and song, Dr. Cooper can find no appreciable differences
+between this variety and its nearest allies. He states that its nest,
+which he found in a willow thicket, was composed of bark and fine twigs
+and grass, and lined with hair. Its eggs he describes as bluish-white, blotched
+and streaked with reddish-brown, and as measuring .74 by .55 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this species a common and permanent resident in Arizona,
+and he pronounces its habits, manners, and voice precisely like those
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>. This species, he states, occurs throughout New Mexico,
+Arizona, and a part of Southern California, and is particularly abundant in
+the valley of the Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly observed this species only along Pueblo Creek, in the month
+of January. It did not confine itself to the open valley, but was often
+seen among the thick bushes that margined the creek, far up into the Aztec
+Mountains, where the snow covered the ground. In its habits it resembled
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</i>, being very restless and rapid in its motions, accompanying
+them with a short chirp, feeding upon the seeds of the weeds that
+remained uncovered by the snow. Its flight was also rapid and near the
+earth. The bird being very shy, Dr. Kennerly found it difficult to procure
+many specimens.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Ridgway, the Western Song Sparrow is one of the
+most abundant of the resident species inhabiting the fertile portions of the
+Great Basin. It principally occupies the willows along the streams, but is
+also found in <i class="birdcall">tulé</i> sloughs of the river valleys. From a long acquaintance
+with the Western Song Sparrows, Mr. Ridgway is fully convinced of the propriety
+of recognizing this as a distinct variety from the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>.
+In all respects, as to habits, especially in its familiarity, it replaces at the
+West the well-known Song Sparrow of the East. When first heard, the
+peculiar measure and delivery of its song at once attracts attention. The
+<!--034.png--><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 24]</span>
+precision of style and method of utterance are quite distinct and constant
+peculiarities. The song, though as pleasing, is not so loud as that of the
+eastern Song Sparrow, while the measure is very different. He noted the
+syllables of its song, and found them quite uniform. He expresses the song
+thus: <i class="birdcall">Cha-cha-cha-cha-cha&mdash;wit´&mdash;tur´-r-r-r-r-r&mdash;tut</i>. The first six syllables as
+to accent are exactly alike, but with a considerable interval or pause between
+the first and second notes. The second to the fifth follow in rapid succession,
+each being uttered with deliberation and distinctness. Then comes a
+pause between the last “cha” and the “wit,” which is pronounced in a fine
+metallic tone with a rising inflection, then another pause, and a liquid trill
+with a falling inflection, the whole terminating abruptly with a very peculiar
+“tut,” in an entirely different key from the other notes.</p>
+
+<p>The nests and eggs were found in the Wahsatch Mountains, June 23.
+The nests were generally among bushes, in willow thickets, along the streams,
+about a foot from the ground. One of these nests found in a clump of
+willows, about two feet from the ground and near a stream, is a compact,
+firmly built nest, in the shape of an inverted dome. It is two and a half
+inches in height, and about the same in diameter. Externally it is composed
+of a coarse framework of strips of willow bark firmly bound around.
+Within is a compactly woven inner nest, composed of straws, mingled
+and interwoven with horse-hairs. The cavity has a depth and diameter of
+two inches. The eggs, four in number, measure .85 by .63 of an inch. Their
+form is a rounded oval, distinctly pointed at one end. They have a greenish-white
+ground, marked and blotched with splashes of purplish and reddish
+brown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>,
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HEERMANN’S SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza heermanni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+Birds <abbr title="of North America">N. Am.</abbr>, 1858, 478, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 70, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr>
+1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+212.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Somewhat like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, but darker. The streaks on the back and under
+parts blacker, broader, more distinct, and scarcely margined with reddish, except in
+winter plumage. The median stripe on vertex indistinct. General shade of coloration
+olivaceous-gray rather than rusty. Length, 6.40; wing, 2.56; tail, 3. Bill and legs in
+size and color most like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern California;
+eastern slope of Sierra Nevada (Carson City), and West
+Humboldt Mountains, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>; <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the various races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, this one approaches nearest the
+typical style of the Atlantic region; agreeing with it in thicker bill and
+shorter tail, as compared with the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>, which occurs between them.
+It differs from the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, however, in a more grayish cast to the
+ground-color of the upper plumage, being olivaceous-gray, rather than
+reddish; the black dorsal streaks are very much broader than the rusty ones,
+<!--035.png--><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span>
+instead of about equal to them in width, and the edges to the interscapular
+feathers are not appreciably paler than the prevailing shade, instead of being
+hoary whitish, in strong contrast. In spring the “bridle” on the side of the
+throat and the spots on the jugulum have the black of their central portion
+in excess of their external rufous suffusion; but in autumn the rusty rather
+predominates; at this season, too, the rusty tints above overspread the whole
+surface, but the black streaks are left sharply defined. At all seasons, the
+spots on the jugulum are broader and rather more numerous than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>.
+The young can scarcely be distinguished from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, but they have
+the dark streaks on the crown and upper tail-coverts considerably broader.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The California Song Sparrow has been named in honor of the
+late Dr. Heermann, who first obtained specimens of this bird in the Tejon
+Valley, and mistook them for the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia guttata</i> of Gambel (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. rufina</i>),
+from which they were appreciably different. Whether a distinct species
+or only a local race, this bird takes the place and is the almost precise
+counterpart, in most essential respects, of the Song Sparrow of the East.
+The exact limits of its distribution, both in the migratory season and in that
+of reproduction, have hardly yet been ascertained. It has been found in
+California as far north as San Francisco, and to the south and southeast to
+San Diego and the Mohave River.</p>
+
+<p>The California Song Sparrow is the characteristic <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i> in all that portion
+of the State south of San Francisco. It is found, Dr. Cooper states, in
+every locality where there are thickets of low bushes and tall weeds, especially
+in the vicinity of water, and wherever unmolested it comes about the
+gardens and houses with all the familiarity of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. The
+ground, under the shade of plants or bushes, is their usual place of resort.
+There they diligently search for their food throughout the day, and rarely fly
+more than a few yards from the place, and remain about their chosen locality
+from one year’s end to another, being everywhere a resident species. In the
+spring they are said to perch occasionally on some low bush or tree, and sing
+a lively and pleasant melody for an hour at a time. Each song, Dr. Cooper
+remarks, is a complete little stanza of a dozen notes, and is frequently varied
+or changed entirely for another of similar style, but quite distinct. Although
+no two birds of this species sing just alike, there is never any difficulty in distinguishing
+their songs when once heard. There is, he thinks, a similarity of
+tone and style in the songs of all the species of true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>, which has
+led other observers to consider them as of only one species, when taken in
+connection with their other similarities in colors and habits.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found a nest, presumed to belong to this bird, at Santa Cruz,
+in June. It was built in a dense blackberry-bush, about three feet from the
+ground, constructed with a thick periphery and base of dry grasses and thin
+strips of bark, and lined with finer grasses. The eggs were of a smoky
+white, densely speckled with a dull brown. Although this bird was abundant
+around Santa Cruz, he was only able, after much searching, to find two
+<!--036.png--><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span>
+of their nests. One was in a willow, close against the tree, and three feet
+from the ground, containing, on the 11th of May, four eggs partially hatched.
+This was built of coarse dry stems and leaves, lined with finer grasses and
+horse-hair. It was five inches in external diameter, and four high. The
+cavity was two and a half inches deep and two in diameter. These eggs
+had a ground of greenish-white, and were blotched and spotted with a
+purplish-brown, chiefly at the larger end. They were .82 by .62 of an inch
+in measurement. The ground-color was paler and the spots were darker
+than in eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>, the whole coloring much darker than in those of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fallax</i>. This nest was apparently an old one used for a second brood.</p>
+
+<p>Another nest found as late as July 10, and doubtless a second brood, was
+in a thicket, six feet from the ground, and also contained four eggs. Dr.
+Cooper states that he has seen the newly fledged young by the 7th of May.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, in his account of this bird, which he supposed to be the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i> of Dr. Gambel, states that he found it abundant throughout the
+whole country over which he passed, and more especially so in the bushes
+bordering the streams, ponds, and marshes. Its notes, sweet, and few in
+number, resembled those of the common Song Sparrow. Its nests, usually
+built in thick tufts of bushes, were composed externally of grasses and lined
+with hair, and contained each four eggs, with a pale bluish-ash ground,
+thickly covered with dashes of burnt umber. Eggs of this species, from near
+Monterey, collected by Dr. Canfield, vary in measurement from .85 by .65 of
+an inch to .88 by .70,&mdash;larger than any eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i> that I have
+seen. Their ground-color is a light green. The blotches are large, distinct,
+and more or less confluent, and of a blended reddish and purplish brown.
+They are in some diffused over the entire egg, in others disposed around the
+larger end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAMUELS’S SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus samuelis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History Six">Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. VI</abbr>, June, 1858, 381.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds
+N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 455, <abbr title="plate 71, figure">pl. lxxi, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 191. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza gouldi</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 479.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Somewhat like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, but considerably smaller and darker.
+Bill slender and acute, the depth not more than half the culmen. Above streaked on
+the head, back, and rump with dark brown, the borders of the feathers paler, but without
+any rufous. Beneath pure white; the breast, with sides of throat and body, spotted and
+streaked with black, apparently farther back than on other species. Wings above nearly
+uniform dark brownish-rufous. Under tail-coverts yellowish-brown, conspicuously
+blotched with blackish. An ashy superciliary stripe, becoming nearly white to the bill,
+and a whitish maxillary one below which is a broad blackish stripe along the sides of
+neck; the crown with faint grayish median line. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.20; tail,
+2.35. Bill dusky; legs rather pale. Bill, .35 from nostril by .24 deep; tarsus, .71; middle
+toe without claw, .58. (5,553 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Coast region of California, near San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p><!--037.png--><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span>
+The above description is of a specimen in worn summer plumage, when
+the markings have not the sharp definition seen in the autumnal plumage.
+The autumnal plumage is as follows: Ground-color above grayish-olive,
+outer surface of wings, with the crown, more rufous; crown with narrow,
+and dorsal region with broad, stripes of black, the latter with scarcely a
+perceptible rufous suffusion; crown with a distinct median stripe of ashy.
+Streaks on jugulum, etc., broader than in the type, and with a slight rufous
+suffusion. Wing, 2.20; tail, 2.35; bill from nostril .31, its depth .22;
+tarsus .74; middle toe without claw, .60.</p>
+
+<p>The type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza gouldi</i> resembles the last, and differs only in having
+a more distinct rufous suffusion to the black markings; the measurements
+are as follows: Wing, 2.20; tail, 2.35; bill, .33 by .23; tarsus, .73; middle
+toe without claw, .59.</p>
+
+<p>This is probably a dwarfed race of the common species, the very small
+size being its chief distinctive character. The colors are most nearly like
+those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, but are considerably darker, caused by an expansion of
+the black and contraction of the rufous markings. The pattern of coloration
+is precisely the same as in the other races. The present bird appears
+to be peculiar to the coast region of California, the only specimens in the
+collection being from the neighborhood of San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the history, distribution, and general habits of this species,
+nothing is known. It was found at Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Emanuel Samuels,
+and described in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History in
+1858. The following description of the nest and eggs of this bird, in the
+Smithsonian collection, has been kindly furnished me by Mr. Ridgway.</p>
+
+<p>Nests elaborate and symmetrical, cup-shaped, composed of thin grass-stems,
+but externally chiefly of grass-blades and strips of thin inner bark.
+Diameter about 3.50 inches; internal diameter 2.00, and internal depth 1.50;
+external, 2.00. Egg measures .78 by .62; regularly ovate in shape; ground-color,
+greenish-white; this is thickly sprinkled with purplish and livid ashy-brown,
+the specks larger, and somewhat coalescent, around the larger circumference.
+(3553, San Francisco, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, J. Hepburn.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cinerea</i>, (<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 22,
+<abbr title="page 390">pl. cccxc.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 119.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Birds of America Three">Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 145,
+<abbr title="plate 187">pl. clxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella cinerea</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List, 1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 477. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Passerella) guttata</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840,
+581. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia guttata</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="One, December">I, Dec.</abbr> 1847, 50.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza rufina</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+480.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 204.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>,
+<abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1859, 285.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 214.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill slender. Similar in general appearance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, but darker and
+much more rufous, and without any blackish-brown streaks, or grayish edges of the
+<!--038.png--><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 28]</span>
+feathers; generally the colors more blended. General appearance above light rufous-brown,
+the interscapular region streaked very obsoletely with dark brownish-rufous, the
+feathers of the crown similar, with still darker obsolete central streaks. A superciliary
+and very indistinct median crown-stripe ashy. Under parts dull white, the breast and
+sides of throat and body broadly streaked with dark brownish-rufous; darker in the
+centre. A light maxillary stripe. Sides of the body and anal region tinged strongly with
+the colors of the rump. Under coverts brown. Length, 6.75; wing, 2.70; tail, 3.00.
+Legs rather darker than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>. Bill from nostril, .37; from forehead, .60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific coast of the United States to British Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>A young bird from Napa Valley, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> (12,912, Colonel A. J. Grayson),
+probably referrible to this race, differs from the corresponding stage of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</i>,
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i> in the following respects: the ground-color
+above is much darker, being dull dingy-brown, and the dusky streaks
+broader; the white beneath has a strong yellowish tinge, and the pectoral
+streaks are very broad.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper characterizes this species as the most northern and
+mountain-frequenting representative of the Song Sparrows, being a resident
+of the higher Sierra Nevada and on the borders of the evergreen forests
+towards the Columbia, and thence northward, where it is the only species of
+this genus, and where it is common down to the level of the sea. Specimens
+have been obtained at Marysville in the spring, by Mr. Gruber.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper says that he has also met with this bird, and found it possessing
+habits and songs entirely similar to those of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>,
+and resembling also those of the more southern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. heermanni</i>. He was
+never able to meet with one of their nests, as, like other forest birds, they are
+more artful in concealing their treasures than birds that have become accustomed
+to the society and protection of man, and who, no longer wild, select
+gardens as the safest places in which to build. In the mild winters usual
+about the mouth of the Columbia, these birds do not evince any disposition
+to emigrate, but come familiarly around the houses for their food, when the
+snow has buried their usual supply.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley remarks that this Finch is quite a common bird in the vicinity
+of Puget Sound, and that it is there resident throughout the year. He has
+found them in very different situations; some in thickets at the edges of
+prairies, others in stranded drift-logs on open salt marshes, as well as in
+swamps, and in the dense forests of the Douglass firs, peculiar to the northwest
+coast. Its voice, he adds, is, during the breeding-season, singularly
+sweet and melodious, surpassing that of the Meadow Lark in melody and
+tone, but unequal to it in force.</p>
+
+<p>This species is stated to be a constant resident in the district wherein it is
+found, never ranging far from the thicket which contains its nest, or the
+house in the neighborhood of which it finds food and protection. Almost
+every winter morning, as well as during the summer, as Dr. Cooper states, its
+cheerful song may be heard from the garden or the fence, as if to repay those
+whose presence has protected it from its rapacious enemies. When unmolested,
+<!--039.png--><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span>
+it becomes very familiar, and the old birds bring their young to the
+door to feed, as soon as they can leave their nest. Their song is said to so
+closely resemble that of the eastern bird, in melody and variety, that it is
+impossible either to tell which is the superior or to point out the differences.
+In wild districts it is always to be found near the sides of brooks, in thickets,
+from which it jealously drives off other birds, whether of its own or other
+species, as if it considered itself the proprietor. Its nest is built on the
+ground or in a low bush. Dr. Cooper has seen newly fledged young as early
+as May 6, at Olympia, though the rainy season was then hardly over.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall pronounces its song as sweeter and more varied in tone than
+that of the Song Sparrow. He heard their cheerful notes throughout the
+summer, and every fine day in winter until the month of November, particularly
+in the morning, their song was still continued. Their nests and eggs
+were not distinguishable from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">F. melodia</i>.
+The nests were composed
+of dry grasses, lined with finer materials of the same, and occasionally with
+deer’s hair. He states that they keep much in low ground and alluvial situations,
+amidst rank weeds, willows, and brambles, where they are frequently
+to be seen hopping about and searching after insects, in the manner of the
+Swamp Sparrow, which they so much resemble in their plumage. They are
+usually very solicitous for the safety of their young or for their nests and
+eggs, keeping up an incessant chirp. They raise several broods in a season,
+and are, like the Song Sparrow, also engaged nearly the whole of the summer
+in the cares of rearing their young.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Townsend met with this species through several hundred miles of the
+Platte country in great numbers, as well as on the banks of the Columbia,
+generally frequenting the low bushes of wormwood (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Artemisia</i>). It appeared
+also to be a very pugnacious species. Two of the males were often observed
+fighting in the air, the beaten party going off crestfallen, and the conqueror
+repairing to the nearest bush to celebrate his triumph by his lively and triumphant
+strains. He again met with these birds, though not in abundance,
+in June, 1825, at the mouth of the Lewis River, on the waters of the Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>This Sparrow was also found very numerous at Sitka, by Mr. Bischoff, but
+no mention is made of its habits.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUSTY SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza rufina</i>, “<span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Descriptio Avium Rossicarum">Desc. Av. Rossic.</abbr> 1836,
+<abbr title="table two">tab. ii</abbr>, 5 (Sitka),” <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella
+rufina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 477. (This may refer to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</i>, but
+is more probably the present bird.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza cinerea</i>, <span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872,
+41 (Sitka). (Not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla c.</i> <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. guttata</i>,
+<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 41
+(Sitka). (Not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla g.</i> <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. guttata</i> in the undefined markings, slender bill, etc., but
+olivaceous-brownish instead of rufous above, the darker markings sepia-brown instead
+<!--040.png--><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span>
+of castaneous. The white beneath much tinged with ashy; jugulum-spots blended, and
+of a sepia-brown tint. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; bill .41 from nostril, and .25 deep at base.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northwest coast, from British Columbia northward. (Sitka.)</p>
+
+<p>The above characters are those of a large series of specimens from Sitka,
+and a few points along the coast to the southward and northward, and
+represent the average features of a race which is intermediate between
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</i>,
+in appearance as well as in habitat. Tracing this
+variety toward the Columbia River, it gradually passes into the former, and
+northward into the latter.</p>
+
+<p>We have no distinctive information relative to the habits of this race.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">KODIAK SONG SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla cinerea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1788, 922 (based on Cinereous Finch, <abbr title="Latham Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> II</abbr>,
+274).&mdash;<abbr title="Pennant, Arctic Zoölogy Two"><span class="sc">Penn.</span> Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>,
+68 (Unalaschka). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza cinerea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 478.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza insignis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy">Trans. Chicago Acad.</abbr>
+<abbr title="One, two,">I, ii</abbr>, 1869, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 319, <abbr title="plate 29, figure">pl. xxix, fig.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="ditto, page">do. p.</abbr> 285.&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 44 (Kodiak).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i>Summer plumage</i> (52,477 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Kodiak, May 24, 1868). Above brownish-plumbeous,
+outer surface of wings somewhat more brown, the greater coverts slightly
+rufescent. Interscapulars with medial broad but obsolete streaks of sepia-brown; crown
+and upper tail-coverts with more sharply defined and narrower dusky shaft-streaks.
+Crown without medial light line. Beneath grayish-white, much obscured by brownish-plumbeous
+laterally. A whitish supraloral space, but no appreciable superciliary stripe; a
+whitish maxillary stripe; beneath it an irregular one of dusky sepia; irregular streaks of
+dark grizzly-sepia on breast and along sides, blended into a broad crescent across the
+jugulum. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50; bill, .48 from nostril, .28 deep at base, and .21 in the
+middle, the middle of the culmen being much depressed, its extremity rather abruptly
+decurved.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i>Autumnal plumage</i> (60,162, Kodiak, received from Dr. J. F. Brandt). Differs very
+remarkably in appearance from the preceding. The pattern of coloration is everywhere
+plainly plotted, there being a distinct vertical and sharply defined superciliary stripe.
+Ground-color above ashy, somewhat overlaid by rusty, except on the sides of the neck.
+Whole crown, outer surface of wings, and dorsal streaks, rusty rufous; black streaks on
+crown and upper tail-coverts obsolete. Beneath pure white medially, the markings rusty
+rufous. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.60; bill, .47 and .30.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Kodiak and Unalaschka.</p>
+
+<p>This race represents the extreme extent of variation in the species, and it
+would be difficult for a species to proceed farther from the normal standard;
+indeed, the present bird is so different even in form, especially of bill, from
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</i>, that, were it not for the perfect series connecting them, few naturalists
+would hesitate to place them in different genera.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> No information has so far been published in reference to the
+nesting of this Sparrow, or of any peculiar habits.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--041.png--><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LINCOLN’S FINCH.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 539, <abbr title="plate 193">pl. cxciii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Nuttall Manual, One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840,
+569. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa lincolni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis,
+1839, 113.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 116,
+<abbr title="plate 177">pl. clxxvii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 481.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>,
+<abbr title="Twenty-Seven">XXVII</abbr>, 1854, 920. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza
+lincolni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+482.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869,
+285 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 216.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus zonarius</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 305.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General aspect above that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, but paler and less reddish. Crown
+dull chestnut, with a median and lateral or superciliary ash-colored stripe; each feather
+above streaked centrally with black. Back with narrow streaks of black. Beneath
+white, with a maxillary stripe curving round behind the ear-coverts; a well-defined band
+across the breast, extending down the sides, and the under tail-coverts, of brownish-yellow.
+The maxillary stripe margined above and below with lines of black spots and a dusky
+line behind eye. The throat, upper part of breast, and sides of the body, with streaks of
+black, smallest in the middle of the former. The pectoral bands are sometimes paler.
+Bill above dusky; base of lower jaw and legs yellowish. Length, 5.60; wing, 2.60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States from Atlantic to Pacific, north to the Yukon River and the
+Mackenzie, and south through Mexico to Panama. Oaxaca
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 303); Xalapa
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Guatemala
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 18);
+Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552).</p>
+
+<p>There is little or no difference in specimens of this bird from the whole
+of its range, except that one from near Aspinwall is considerably smaller than
+usual, the streaks on the back narrower, and the color above more reddish.
+A young bird from Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie, is much like the adult.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Lincoln’s Finch was first met with by Mr. Audubon in Labrador,
+and named in honor of one of his companions, Mr. Thomas Lincoln, now
+residing at Dennysville, Maine, by whom the first specimen was procured.
+His attention was attracted to it by the sweet notes of its song, which, he
+states, surpass in vigor those of any of our American Sparrows with which
+he was acquainted. He describes this song as a compound of the notes
+of a Canary and a Woodlark of Europe. The bird was unusually wild, and
+was procured with great difficulty. Other specimens, afterwards obtained,
+did not exhibit the same degree of wildness, and they became more common
+as the party proceeded farther north. He did not meet with its nest.</p>
+
+<p>He describes the habits of this species as resembling, in some respects,
+those of the Song Sparrow. It mounts, like that bird, on the topmost twig of
+some tall shrub to chant for whole hours at a time, or dives into the thickets
+and hops from branch to branch until it reaches the ground in search of those
+insects or berries on which it feeds. It moves swiftly away when it discovers
+an enemy, and, if forced to take to flight, flies low and rapidly to a considerable
+distance, jerking its tail as it proceeds, and throwing itself into the thickest
+bush it meets. Mr. Audubon found it mostly near streams, and always
+in the small valleys guarded from the prevalent cold winds of that country.</p>
+
+<p><!--042.png--><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span>
+He also describes this species as eminently petulant and pugnacious.
+Two males would often pursue each other until the weaker was forced to
+abandon the valley, and seek refuge elsewhere. He seldom saw more than
+two or three pairs in a tract of several miles in extent. By the 4th of July
+the young had left their nests and were following their parents. As from
+that time the old birds ceased to sing, he inferred that they raised but one
+brood in a season. Before he left Labrador these birds had all disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Although first discovered on the coast of Labrador, subsequent explorations
+have shown this bird to be far more common at the West than it is at the
+East, where indeed it is exceedingly rare. Not a specimen, that I am aware
+of, has ever been found in Maine, although it probably does occasionally occur
+there; and only a very few isolated individuals had been taken in Massachusetts
+before the spring of 1872, when they were noticed by Mr. Brewster
+and Mr. Henshaw in considerable numbers. These birds, seven or eight in
+number, were shot, with two exceptions, in May, between the 14th and the
+25th. Three were taken in Springfield by Mr. Allen, one in Newburyport
+by Mr. Hoxie, two in Hudson by Mr. Jillson, and two in Cambridge by
+Mr. Brewster. The latter were obtained, one in September and the other in
+October. In May, 1872, Mr. Brewster obtained six others. Mr. Allen had
+met with this Finch in Wayne County, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, in May, where it was not
+uncommon, and in Northern Illinois, where it was quite numerous. A few
+have been taken near New York City, and in the neighborhood of Philadelphia,
+where they are regarded as very rare. Professor Baird, however,
+frequently met with them at Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr></p>
+
+<p>Farther west, from the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific, they are much
+more common. Mr. Ridgway states that they occasionally winter in Southern
+Illinois, where they frequent retired thickets near open fields. They
+have been found breeding near Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin"><span class="sc">Wis.</span></abbr>, by Dr. Hoy, and have been met
+with also in Nebraska in considerable numbers; and, during the breeding-season,
+Mr. Audubon met with them on the Upper Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>From March to May Mr. Dresser found these birds very abundant in the
+fields near the San Antonio River, and in some swampy grounds. They
+seemed to prefer that sort of locality, and the banks of the river, keeping
+among the flags and rushes. Their stomachs were found to contain small
+seeds. Mr. Lincecum also met with a few in Washington County of the
+same State.</p>
+
+<p>It was not met with in Arizona by Dr. Coues, but Dr. Kennerly found it
+in the month of February from the Big Sandy to the Great Colorado River.
+It confined itself to the thick bushes along the streams, and when seen was
+generally busily hopping from twig to twig in search of food. When started
+up, its flight was very rapid and near the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann obtained this species, not unfrequently, both in Northern
+California and in the Tejon Valley. On all occasions he found it in company
+with flocks of Sparrows, composed of several species.</p>
+
+<p><!--043.png--><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span>
+Lieutenant Couch took this species at Tamaulipas, Mexico, and at Brownsville,
+Southwestern Texas, in March. It has also been seen in May, at the
+Forks of the Saskatchewan, by Captain Blakiston.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln’s Finch was met with by Mr. Ridgway in abundance only during
+its spring and fall migrations. Towards the last of April it was quite
+common in wet brushy places in the vicinity of Carson City. It was next
+observed in October among the willows bordering Deep Creek, in Northern
+Utah. In the weedy pastures in Parley’s Park it was a common species,
+frequenting the resorts of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>. A nest, with young, was discovered
+near the camp. It was embedded in the ground, beneath a bush.
+Its song he did not hear, only a single <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chuck</i>, almost as loud as that of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper reports this species as near San Diego about March 25. Large
+flocks were then passing northward. During the day they kept among the
+grass, and were rather shy and silent. They seemed to have a good deal of
+the habits of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>, and to differ much in their gregariousness, their
+migratory habits, and their general form, from the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizæ</i>. Dr.
+Cooper did not meet with any of these birds in the Colorado Valley, nor has
+he seen or heard of any having been found in California during the summer.
+The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. lincolni</i> has been found breeding up to high Arctic latitudes. It was
+met with by Mr. Kennicott at Fort Simpson and at Fort Resolution. At the
+latter place its nests were found between the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> and the 14th of June.
+They were also obtained in May, June, and July, at Fort Simpson, by Mr.
+B. R. Ross, and at Yukon River, Fort Rae, Nulato, and other localities in the
+extreme northern regions, by Messrs. Reid, Lockhart, Clarke, Kirkby, and
+Dall. On Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, above eight thousand feet, Mr. Allen found
+this Sparrow very numerous.</p>
+
+<p>This Finch was found by Salvin about the reeds on the margin of Lake
+Dueñas, Guatemala, in February, but was not common. It is common, in
+the winter months, near Oaxaca, Mexico, where it was taken by Mr. Boucard.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kennicott saw its nest June 14. This was on the ground, built in a
+bunch of grass in rather an open and dry place, and containing five eggs.
+The female permitted him to approach very close to her, until he finally
+caught her on the nest with his beating-net. Another nest was placed
+in a bunch of grass growing in the water of a small grassy pond. The
+nest contained four eggs and one young bird.</p>
+
+<p>The nest and eggs of this species had been previously discovered by Dr.
+Hoy, near Racine. This is, I believe, the first instance in which it was identified
+by a naturalist, as also the most southern point at which it has ever
+been found. These eggs measure .74 by .60 of an inch. They have a pale
+greenish-white ground, and are thickly marked with dots and small blotches
+of a ferruginous-brown, often so numerous and confluent as to disguise and
+partially conceal the ground.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--044.png--><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SWAMP SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>,
+1811, 49, <abbr title="plate 22, figure">pl. xxii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>,
+1831, 331; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 508, <abbr title="plate 64">pl. lxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) palustris</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs.</abbr> Wilson, 1825,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 105. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus palustris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 481.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus palustris</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 110, <abbr title="plate 175">pl. clxxv.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 483.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 323. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla
+georgiana</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Index Orn. I</abbr>,
+1790, 460 (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</i>).&mdash;<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr>
+1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 251. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Ammodromus) georgiana</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I,
+ (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 588.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Middle of the crown uniform chestnut; forehead black; superciliary streak,
+sides of head and back, and sides of neck, ash. A brown stripe behind the eye. Back
+with broad streaks of black, which are edged with rusty yellow. Beneath whitish,
+tinged with ashy anteriorly, especially across the breast, and washed with yellowish-brown
+on the sides. A few obsolete streaks across the breast, which become distinct on
+its sides. Wings and tail strongly tinged with rufous; the tertials black, the rufous
+edgings changing abruptly to white towards the end. Length, 5.75; wing, 2.40.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> with the crown scarcely reddish streaked with black, and divided by a light
+line. Young conspicuously streaked beneath the head, above nearly uniform blackish.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America from the Atlantic to the Missouri; north to Fort Simpson.</p>
+
+<p>In autumn the male of this species has the feathers of the crown each
+with a black streak; and the centre of the crown with an indistinct light
+stripe, materially changing its appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The forehead is usually more or less streaked with black.</p>
+
+<p>In the uncertainty whether the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla georgiana</i> of Latham be not
+rather the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</i> than the Swamp Sparrow, I think it best to
+retain Wilson’s name. It certainly applies as well to the latter, which has
+the black sub-maxillary streak, and the chin and throat more mouse-colored
+than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Owing to the residence of this species in localities not favoring
+frequent visits or careful explorations, and still more to its shy and retiring
+habits, our writers have not been generally well informed as to the history
+and general manners of this peculiar and interesting Sparrow. Its irregular
+distribution, its abundance only in certain and unusually restricted localities,
+its entire absence from all the surrounding neighborhood, and its secretiveness
+wherever found, have all combined to throw doubt and obscurity
+over its movements. Unless purposely looked for and perseveringly hunted
+up, the Swamp Sparrow might exist in large numbers in one’s immediate
+neighborhood and yet entirely escape notice. Even now its whole story
+is but imperfectly known, and more careful investigation into its distribution
+and general habits will doubtless clear up several obscure points in regard
+to its movements.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_28.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="28">XXVIII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-1" id="pl_28-1"></a><img src="images/pl_28-1.jpg"
+ width="400" height="276"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 38746.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-2" id="pl_28-2"></a><img src="images/pl_28-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza palustris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-3" id="pl_28-3"></a><img src="images/pl_28-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</span>. Orizaba, 29229.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-4" id="pl_28-4"></a><img src="images/pl_28-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</span>. <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 10245.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-5" id="pl_28-5"></a><img src="images/pl_28-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</span>. Texas, 6329.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-6" id="pl_28-6"></a><img src="images/pl_28-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa ruficeps</span>. <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6241.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-7" id="pl_28-7"></a><img src="images/pl_28-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</span>. <abbr title="Adult, Pennsylvania"><i>Ad.</i>, Pa.</abbr>, 846.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-8" id="pl_28-8"></a><img src="images/pl_28-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Columbia <abbr title="River">R.</abbr>, 2874.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-9" id="pl_28-9"></a><img src="images/pl_28-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 details 9 and 10"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</span>. Utah, 11234.<br />
+  10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea.</span> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhyncha.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Utah.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-11" id="pl_28-11"></a><img src="images/pl_28-11.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 11"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1459.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-12" id="pl_28-12"></a><img src="images/pl_28-12.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 12"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> D. C., 10133.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_28-13" id="pl_28-13"></a><img src="images/pl_28-13.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 28 detail 13"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza townsendi</span>. <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 10282. (Type.)</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>From what is now known, we gather that it occurs throughout the eastern
+portions of North America, from the Southern States, in which it passes the
+<!--045.png--><!--Plate 28, above-->
+<!--046.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--047.png--><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span>
+wintry months, to high northern latitudes, where some find their way in the
+breeding-season, extending as far to the west at least as the Missouri River
+region.</p>
+
+<p>Three specimens were obtained at Fort Simpson, by Mr. Kennicott, in September,
+which indicates their probable summer presence in latitude 55<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and
+their near approach to the Pacific coast at the extreme northwestern portion
+of their distribution. Audubon also met with them in Newfoundland and
+in Labrador. They are known to breed as far to the south as Pennsylvania.
+They have been taken in the eastern portion of Nebraska, and breed
+in considerable numbers in Southern Wisconsin. Further investigations in
+regard to its distribution will probably show it to be a much more widely distributed
+as well as a more abundant bird than has been generally supposed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway writes me that this bird winters in Southern Illinois, and
+remains there very late in the spring, but he thinks that none remain to
+breed.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson states that it arrives in Pennsylvania early in April, where it frequents
+low grounds and river-courses, rears two and sometimes three broods
+in a season, and returns to the South as the cold weather commences. During
+the winter, he met with them in large numbers in the immense cypress
+swamps and extensive grassy flats of the Southern States, along the numerous
+rivers and rice plantations. These places abounded with their favorite
+seeds and other means of sustenance, and appeared to be their general
+places of resort at this season. From the river Trent, in North Carolina, to
+the Savannah River, and even farther south, Wilson found this species very
+numerous. They were not found in flocks, but skulked among the reeds
+and grass, were shy and timorous, and seemed more attached to the water
+than any others of this family. In April large numbers pass through Pennsylvania
+northward. Only a few remain behind, and these frequent the
+swamps and the reedy borders of creeks and rivers. He found their nests
+built in the ground, in tussocks of rank grass, surrounded by water, with
+four eggs of a dirty-white ground, spotted with rufous. He has found them
+feeding their young as late as the 15th of August. Their food seemed to be
+principally grass-seeds, wild oats, and insects. He supposed them to have
+no song, and that their only note was a single <i>cheep</i> uttered in a somewhat
+hoarse tone. They flirt their tails as they fly, seldom or never take to trees,
+but run and skulk from one low bush to another.</p>
+
+<p>Except in regard to their song, Wilson’s account of their habits, so far as it
+goes, is quite accurate, although this bird really does have quite a respectable
+song, and one that improves as the season advances. At first it is only a
+succession or repetition of a few monotonous trilling notes, which might
+easily be mistaken for the song of the Field Sparrow, or even confounded
+with the feebler chant of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</i>, although not so varied as the former,
+and is much more sprightly and pleasing than the other. Still later its
+music improves, and more effort is made. Like the Song Sparrow, it
+<!--048.png--><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span>
+mounts some low twig, expands its tail-feathers, and gives forth a very
+sprightly trill that echoes through the swampy thicket with an effect which,
+once noticed and identified with the performer, is not likely to be ever mistaken.
+Nuttall calls this song loud, sweet, and plaintive. It is to my ear
+more sprightly than pathetic, and has a peculiarly ventriloquistic effect, as
+if the performer were at a much greater distance than he really is.</p>
+
+<p>Their food, when they first arrive, and that which they feed to their young,
+consists very largely of insects, principally coleopterous ones, with such few
+seeds as they can glean. After the breeding-season, when their young can
+take care of themselves, they eat almost exclusively the ripened seeds of the
+coarse water grasses and sedges. They are very devoted to their young, and
+often display great solicitude for their safety, even when able to take care of
+themselves, and often expose themselves to dangers they carefully avoid at
+other times, and are thus more easily procured. At all other times they are
+difficult to shoot, running, as they do, through the grass and tangled thickets,
+and rarely rising on the wing. They dive from thicket to thicket with great
+rapidity, and even when wounded have a wonderful power of running and
+hiding themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon met with them, during autumn and winter, among the flat
+sand-bars of the Mississippi, which are overgrown with rank grasses. Though
+not in flocks, their numbers were immense. They fed on grass-seeds and
+insects, often wading for the latter in shallow water in the manner of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tringidæ</i>, and when wounded and forced into the water swimming off to
+the nearest shelter. He also met with these birds abundantly dispersed in
+the swamps of Cuyaga Lake, as well as among those along the Illinois River
+in the summer, and in the winter up the Arkansas River.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Townsend observed these birds on the head-waters of the Upper Missouri,
+but did not meet with them beyond.</p>
+
+<p>In Maine, Mr. Boardman gives it as a regular summer visitant at Calais,
+arriving there as early as March, becoming common in May, and breeding in
+that locality. Professor Verrill found it in Western Maine, a summer visitant
+and breeding, but did not regard it as common. From my own experience, in
+the neighborhood of Boston, I should have said the same as to its infrequency
+in Eastern Massachusetts, yet in certain localities it is a very abundant summer
+resident. Mr. William Brewster has found it breeding in large numbers
+in the marshes of Fresh Pond, where it arrives sometimes as early as
+the latter part of March, and where it remains until November. In the
+western part of the State it is more common as a migratory bird, and has not
+been found, in any numbers, stopping to breed. Mr. Allen never met with
+any later than May 25. They were observed to be in company with the
+Water Thrush, and to be in every way as aquatic in their habits. In the
+autumn he again met with it from the last of September through October,
+always in bushy marshes or wet places. Mr. McIlwraith states that in the
+vicinity of Hamilton, Ontario, it is a common summer resident, breeding
+<!--049.png--><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span>
+there in marshy situations. At Lake Koskonong, in Wisconsin, Mr. Kumlien
+has also met with these birds abundantly in suitable localities, and found
+their nests and eggs quite plentiful.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway has recently found this Sparrow to be a very abundant winter
+resident in Southern Illinois, where it inhabits swampy thickets, and
+where it remains until May, but is not known to breed there.</p>
+
+<p>They always nest on the ground, usually in a depression sheltered by a
+tuft of grass. The nest is woven of fine grass-stems, but is smaller than
+the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species, usually five in number, have an average measurement
+of .78 by .60 of an inch. Their ground-color is usually a light green,
+occasionally of a light clay, marked and blotched with reddish and purplish
+brown spots, varying in size and number, occasionally forming a confluent
+ring around the larger end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PEUCÆA</b>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis,
+1839. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstivalis</i>.) <span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, 1868,
+322 (Synopsis.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_049.jpg"
+ width="250" height="176"
+ alt="Illustration: Peucæa æstivalis."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">10245</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill moderate. Upper outline and commissure decidedly curved. Legs
+and feet with the claws small; the tarsus
+about equal to the middle toe; the lateral
+toes equal, their claws falling considerably
+short of the middle one; the hind toe
+reaching about to the middle of the latter.
+The outstretched feet reach rather beyond
+the middle of the tail. The wing is very
+short, reaching only to the base of the
+tail; the longest tertials do not exceed the
+secondaries, while both are not much short
+of the primaries; the outer three or four
+quills are graduated. The tail is considerably
+longer than the wings; it is much
+graduated laterally; the feathers, though long, are peculiarly narrow, linear, and elliptically
+rounded at the ends.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Color beneath plain whitish or brownish, with a more or less distinct dusky line each
+side of the chin. Above with broad obsolete brown streaks or blotches. Crown uniform,
+or the feathers edged with lighter.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> A light superciliary stripe, with a brownish one below
+it from the eye along upper edge of ear-coverts (not one along lower edge of
+ear-coverts, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>). A narrow blackish “bridle” along side of throat
+(sometimes indistinct). Crown without a distinct median stripe, and lower parts
+without markings. Ground-color above ashy, sometimes of a brownish cast;
+dorsal region and nape with brown blotches, with or without dark centres.
+Crown blackish-brown streaked with ashy or plain rufous. Beneath plain
+brownish-white, lightest on the abdomen, darker across jugulum and along sides.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><!--050.png--><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Crown plain rufous; interscapulars without distinct black centres, and
+tertials without whitish border. Blackish “bridle” conspicuous. Bend of
+wing edged with white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ruficeps.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Above olivaceous-ash, interscapulars with broad streaks of dull
+rufous, the shafts scarcely blackish. Crown bright rufous. Wing,
+2.40; tail, 2.70; bill, .29 from forehead, .20 deep; tarsus, .70;
+middle toe without claw, .55. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California (and Mexico in
+winter?)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Darker, above brownish-plumbeous, dorsal streaks scarcely rufous,
+and with distinctly black shaft-streaks; crown darker rufous.
+Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.60; bill, .34 and .25; tarsus, .77; middle toe,
+.57. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Orizaba; Oaxaca), in summer
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_7" id="fnanchor_7"></a><a href="#footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crown streaked; interscapulars with distinct black centres; tertials
+sharply bordered terminally with paler. “Bridle” obsolete; bend of wing
+edged with yellowish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis.</b> Above uniformly marked with broad streaks or longitudinal
+blotches of deep rufous; black streaks confined to interscapulars
+and crown. Tail-feathers without darker shaft-stripe, and without
+indications of darker bars; the outer feathers without distinct white.
+Black marks on upper tail-coverts inconspicuous, longitudinal.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+The bluish-ash, and chestnut-rufous streaks above sharply contrasted;
+black dorsal streaks broad. Wing, 2.45; tail, 2.65; bill,
+.30 and .30; tarsus, .73; middle toe, .60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern States
+from Florida and Georgia to Southern Illinois
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i>æstivalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+The dull ash and light rufous streaks above not sharply defined;
+black dorsal streaks narrow. Wing, 2.65; tail, 3.00; bill, .32 and
+.25; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .63. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern border of the
+Arizona region of Middle Province of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Markings badly defined as in the last, but the rufous streaks
+darker (in summer plumage almost entirely black), with more black
+on the crown. Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.65; bill, .32 and .25; tarsus,
+.80; middle toe, .60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Orizaba; Mirador, Colima)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_8" id="fnanchor_8"></a><a href="#footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini.</b> Above marked everywhere with broad short streaks of
+pale (not reddish) brown streaks, all black medially. Tail-feathers with
+<!--051.png--><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span>
+distinct blackish shaft-stripe, throwing off narrow, obsolete bars toward
+the edge of the feathers. Outer tail-feathers distinctly tipped (broadly)
+and edged with dull white. Black marks on upper tail-coverts very
+large, transverse. Beneath nearly uniform dull white, scarcely darker
+along sides and across breast; flanks with broad streaks of blackish-brown.
+Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.80; bill, .28 and .23; tarsus, .68; middle
+toe, .55. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rio Grande, region (San Antonio and Laredo), north
+to Kansas (<span class="sc">Allen</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BACHMAN’S SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstivalis</i>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss der Doubletten"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz. Doubl.</abbr>
+1823, 25, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 254.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850,
+481. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850,
+132.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+484. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bachmani</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 366, <abbr title="plage 165">pl. clxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus
+bachmani</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa bachmani</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 113, <abbr title="plate 176">pl. clxxvi.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 481 (type).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstiva</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall, One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> I, (2d
+ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 568. “<cite>Summer finch</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, Synopsis, <abbr title="second edition Six">(2d ed.,) VI</abbr>, 136.” <span class="sc">Nuttall.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_051.jpg"
+ width="250" height="196"
+ alt="Illustration: Peucæa æstivalis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+All the feathers of the upper parts rather dark brownish-red or chestnut,
+margined with bluish-ash, which almost
+forms a median stripe on the crown. Interscapular
+region and upper tail-coverts with
+the feathers becoming black in the centre.
+An indistinct ashy superciliary stripe. Under
+parts pale yellow-brownish, tinged with
+ashy on the sides, and with darker brownish
+across the upper part of the breast. A faint
+maxillary dusky line. Indistinct streaks of
+chestnut along the sides. Edge of wing
+yellow; lesser coverts tinged with greenish.
+Innermost secondaries abruptly margined
+with narrow whitish. Legs yellow. Bill
+above dusky, yellowish beneath. Outer tail-feathers
+obsoletely marked with a long blotch of paler at end. Female considerably
+smaller. Young with rounded dusky specks on the jugulum, which is more ochraceous.
+Length, 6.25; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.78.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Georgia; Florida; South Illinois, breeding (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). (Perhaps whole of
+Southern States from Florida to South Illinois.)</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Southern Illinois (Wabash <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, July, 1871; coll. of R.
+Ridgway) are similar to Florida examples.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Bachman’s Finch has only been known, until very recently, as
+a species of a very restricted range, and confined within the limits of the
+States of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Our principal, and for some
+time our only, knowledge of its habits was derived from the account furnished
+by Rev. Dr. Bachman to Mr. Audubon. That observing naturalist first
+met with it in the month of April, 1832, near Parker’s Ferry, on the Edisto
+River, in South Carolina. Dr. Henry Bryant afterwards met with this
+species at Indian River, in Florida, where he obtained specimens of its nests
+<!--052.png--><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span>
+and eggs. Dr. Alexander Gerhardt also found these Sparrows common at
+Varnell’s Station, in the northern part of Georgia. Professor Joseph Leconte
+has taken it near Savannah, and Mr. W. L. Jones has also obtained several
+specimens in Liberty County, in the same State.</p>
+
+<p>After meeting with this species on the Edisto, Dr. Bachman ascertained,
+upon searching for them in the vicinity of Charlestown, that they breed in
+small numbers on the pine barrens, about six miles north of that city. He
+was of the opinion that it is by no means so rare in that State as has been
+supposed, but that it is more often heard than seen. When he first heard
+it, the notes so closely resembled those of the Towhee Bunting that for a
+while he mistook them for those of that bird. Their greater softness and
+some slight variations at last induced him to suspect that the bird was
+something different, and led him to go in pursuit. After that it was quite a
+common thing for him to hear as many as five or six in the course of a morning’s
+ride, but he found it almost impossible to get even a sight of the bird.
+This is owing, not so much to its being so wild, as to the habit it has of
+darting from the tall pine-trees, on which it usually sits to warble out its
+melodious notes, and concealing itself in the tall broom-grass that is almost
+invariably found in the places it frequents. As soon as it alights it runs off,
+in the manner of a mouse, and hides itself in the grass, and it is extremely
+difficult to get a sight of it afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>It was supposed by Dr. Bachman&mdash;correctly, as it has been ascertained&mdash;to
+breed on the ground, where it is always to be found when it is not singing.
+He never met with its nest. In June, 1853, he observed two pairs of these
+birds, each having four young. They were pretty well fledged, and were following
+their parents along the low scrub-oaks of the pine lands.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bachman regarded this bird as decidedly the finest songster of the
+Sparrow family with which he was acquainted. Its notes are described as
+very loud for the size of the bird, and capable of being heard at a considerable
+distance in the pine woods where it occurs, and where at that season
+it is the only singer.</p>
+
+<p>He also states that, by the middle of November, they have all disappeared,
+probably migrating farther south. It is quite probable that they
+do not go beyond the limits of the United States, and that some remain in
+South Carolina during the whole of winter, as on the 6th of February, the
+coldest part of the year, Dr. Bachman found one of them in the long grass
+near Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon says that on his return from Florida, in June, 1832, travelling
+through both the Carolinas, he observed many of these Finches on the
+sides of the roads cut through the pine woods of South Carolina. They
+filled the air with their melodies. He traced them as far as the boundary
+line of North Carolina, but saw none within the limits of that State. They
+were particularly abundant about the Great Santee River.</p>
+
+<p>This Finch, hitherto assumed to be an exclusively southeastern species, has
+<!--053.png--><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 41]</span>
+recently been detected by Mr. Ridgway in Southern Illinois, where it is a
+summer resident, and where it breeds, but is not abundant. It inhabits old
+fields, where, perched upon a fence-stake or an old dead tree, it is described
+as chanting a very delightful song. It was first taken on the 12th of July,
+1871, on the road about half-way between Mount Carmel and Olney. The
+bird was then seen on a fence, and its unfamiliar appearance and fine song
+at once attracted his notice as he was riding by. As several were heard
+singing in the same neighborhood, it seemed common in that locality, and
+as a young bird was taken in its first plumage there is no doubt that it is a
+regular summer visitant of Southern Illinois, and breeds there. Mr. Ridgway
+speaks of its song as one of the finest he has ever heard, most resembling
+the sweet chant of the Field Sparrow, but is stronger, and varied
+by a clear, high, and very musical strain. He describes its song as resembling
+the syllables <i class="birdcall">thééééééé-til-lūt</i>, <i class="birdcall">lūt-lūt</i>, the first being a very fine trill
+pitched in a very high musical key, the last syllable abrupt and metallic in
+tone.</p>
+
+<p>The food of this species, Dr. Bachman states, consists of the seeds of grasses,
+and also of coleopterous insects, as well as of a variety of the small berries
+so abundant in that part of the country. He speaks of its flight as swift,
+direct, and somewhat protracted, and adds that it is often out of sight before
+it alights.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues did not meet with this Sparrow in South Carolina, but he was
+informed by Professor Leconte that it occurs about Columbia and elsewhere
+in the State, frequenting open pine woods and old dry fields.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bryant met with its nest in Florida, April 20. It was similar, in construction,
+to that of the Savannah Sparrow, and contained five eggs. It was
+the only Sparrow found by him in the pine barrens near Enterprise, and
+was only seen occasionally, when it was a very difficult bird to shoot, as it
+runs round in the grass more like a mouse than a bird, and will not fly
+until almost trodden on, then moving only a few feet at a time.</p>
+
+<p>The nests of this bird, found by Dr. Bryant in Florida and by Dr. Gerhardt
+in Northern Georgia, were all placed upon the ground and concealed in tufts
+of thick grass, and constructed entirely of coarse wiry grasses, with no other
+lining than this material. The eggs, four in number, are of a pure, almost
+brilliant white, of a rounded oval shape, and measure .74 by .60 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARIZONA SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 486. (Los Nogales specimen.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+(6,327 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Los Nogales, Northern Sonora, June, C. B. Kennerly.) Similar
+to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, but paler; wings and tail longer. Above light chestnut, all the feathers
+margined and tipped with bluish-gray, but the reddish prevailing. Interscapular and
+<!--054.png--><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 42]</span>
+crown feathers with a narrow streak of black, those on crown indistinct. Beneath dull
+white, tinged with ashy-ochraceous across the breast and along the sides; crissum pale
+ochraceous. An obsolete light superciliary, and narrow dusky maxillary stripe. Bend
+of wing yellow; lesser coverts tinged with greenish-yellow. Length, 6 inches; wing,
+2.65; tail, 3.00; bill, .32 from nostril, .25 deep at base; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .63.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Los Nogales, Sonora, and Southern Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>This race has a considerable resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, but differs in
+some appreciable points. The brown of the upper parts is paler, and the
+ashy edging to the feathers appears rather less extensive. The dark brown
+blotches on the back are of greater extent, the black streaks on the back
+confined to a mere streak along the shaft. There is less of an olive tinge
+across the breast.</p>
+
+<p>The proportions of the present race differ more from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>
+than do the colors, the bill being more slender, and the wings and tail considerably
+longer.</p>
+
+<p>The resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. botterii</i> (= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>,
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i>) of Sclater, from
+Middle Mexico (Orizaba, Colima, etc.), is very close; the difference being
+greater in the proportions than in the colors, the latter having a shorter wing
+and tail, with thicker bill, as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>.
+In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i> there is rather a
+predominance of the black over the rufous in the streaks above.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This, in its general habits, nesting, eggs, etc., probably resembles
+the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Six">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VI</abbr>, April, 1852, 60 (San Antonio).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>,
+Sitgreaves’s <abbr title="Repertorium">Rep.</abbr> Zuñi and Colorado, 1853, 85; Birds,
+<abbr title="plate four">pl. iv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 485, <abbr title="plate four, figure">pl. iv, f.</abbr>
+2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>,
+X, c, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 12, <abbr title="plate four, figure">pl. iv, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 219 (not from <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+(6,329 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Texas; compared with type of species.) Ground-color of
+upper parts grayish-ash; the middle portion of each feather dull brown, in the form of a
+blotch, and with a black shaft-streak, the latter becoming modified on scapulars, rump,
+and upper tail-coverts, into transverse spots, those on the upper tail-coverts being large
+and conspicuous, and in the form of crescentic spots, the terminal margin of the feathers
+being lighter ashy in sharp contrast. Middle tail-feathers clear ashy, with a sharply
+defined shaft-streak of blackish, throwing off obsolete, narrow, transverse bars toward
+the edge; rest of tail clear dusky-brown, the lateral feather with whole outer web, and
+margin of the inner, dull white, all, except the intermediate, with a large, abruptly defined,
+terminal space of dilute brown (decreasing in size from the outer), the margin whitish.
+Upper secondaries broadly and sharply margined along both edges with dull ashy-white,
+the enclosed portion being clear dusky brown, intensified where adjoining the whitish.
+A very obsolete superciliary stripe of ashy, becoming whitish over the lore; auriculars
+more dingy, but without distinct stripe along upper edge. An uninterrupted but indistinct
+“bridle” along sides of throat. Lower parts dull white, without any ochraceous,
+but with a very faint ashy tinge ever the jugulum; flanks with broad, somewhat blended
+<!--055.png--><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span>
+streaks of mixed brownish and dusky. Bend of wing edged with light yellow. Wing,
+2.55; tail, 2.80; bill, .28 from nostril and .23 deep; tarsus, .68; middle toe, .55.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> (45,277, Laredo, Texas, June 28.) Very similar, but with a few drop-shaped
+streaks of dark brown on the jugulum and along sides. The feathers above have a more
+appreciable terminal border of buff.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rio Grande region of Southern Middle Province; Kansas, breeding (<span class="sc">Allen</span>).
+San Antonio, Texas, summer (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 489; eggs); ? Orizaba, <abbr title="temperate region">temp. reg.</abbr> (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span>
+M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551).</p>
+
+<p>In the Birds of North America, the specimen characterized on <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 637 of the
+present work as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, was referred to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i>, those
+specimens which are here retained as such being considered as in quite immature
+plumage. A more recent examination of additional material, however,
+has compelled us to change our view. In consequence of the similarity
+of the specimen in question to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, as noted in the article referred to
+above, the general acceptation of the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i> has been that of a term
+designating a variety of the common species; but we have as the result of the
+investigation in question found it necessary to retain under the head of
+“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i>” only the typical specimens from the Rio Grande region, and refer
+the supposed aberrant specimen to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. In this Los Nogales specimen
+we find existing such differences in proportions and colors as are sufficient to
+warrant our bestowing upon it a new name, and establishing it as the Middle
+Province race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>, in this way connecting the South Atlantic and
+Mexican races (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>
+and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i>) by a more similar form than
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i>, which must be set apart as an independent form,&mdash;in all
+probability a good species. Several facts are favorable to this view. First,
+we have of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i> specimens which are beyond question in perfect
+adult plumage, and others which are undoubtedly immature; they differ
+from each other only in such respects as would be expected, and agree
+substantially in other characters, by which they are distinguished from the
+different styles of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. Secondly, the region to be filled by a peculiar
+race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i> is represented by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, which is undoubtedly
+referable to that species; thus we have in one province these two different
+forms, which therefore are probably distinct.</p>
+
+<p>The present bird is hardly less distinct from the races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i> than is
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>; and we would be as willing to consider all the definable forms presented
+in the synopsis as varieties of a single species, as to refer the present
+bird to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Finch, in its general appearance, as well as in respect to
+habits, nesting, and eggs, is quite similar to Bachman’s Finch. It was first
+met with by Dr. Woodhouse, in the expedition to the Zuñi River, when he
+found it in Western Texas. He shot it on the prairies near San Antonio, on
+the 25th of April, 1851, mistaking it for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i>, which, in its
+habits, it seemed to him very much to resemble, but upon examination it was
+found to be totally distinct.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann afterwards, being at Comanche Springs in Texas, had his
+<!--056.png--><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 44]</span>
+attention attracted by the new note of a bird unfamiliar to him. It was
+found, after some observation, to proceed from this species. He describes
+it as rising with a tremulous motion of its wings some twenty feet or more,
+and then descending again, in the same manner, to within a few yards of
+the spot whence it started, and as accompanying its entire flight with a
+lengthened and pleasing song. The country in that neighborhood is very
+barren, covered with low stunted bushes, in which the bird takes refuge on
+being alarmed, gliding rapidly through the grass and shrubbery, and very
+adroitly and effectually evading its pursuer. He observed them during four
+or five days of the journey of his party, and after that saw no more of them.
+They seemed, at the time, to be migrating, though their continued and oft-repeated
+song also showed that they were not far from readiness for the
+duties of incubation.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i> is said, by Mr. Sumichrast, to be a resident species in
+the valley of Orizaba, in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and to be generally
+distributed throughout the temperate region of that district. It is
+very probable, however, that he has in view the Mexican race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>
+(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</i>), and not the present species.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, who considers this bird only a western form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>,
+mentions (<abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, May, 1872) finding it quite frequently near
+the streams in Western Kansas, where its sweetly modulated song greets
+the ear with the first break of dawn, and is again heard at night till the
+last trace of twilight has disappeared. Mr. Allen also states, in a letter,
+that this bird was “tolerably common along the streams near Fort Hays, but
+very retiring, singing mostly after nightfall and before sunrise, during the
+morning twilight. When singing, it had the habit of rising into the air. I
+shot three one morning thus singing, when it was so dark I could not find
+the birds. The one I obtained does not differ appreciably from specimens
+from Mr. Cassin’s collection, labelled by him <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa cassini</i>, collected in
+Texas.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway regards this record of the manners of this bird, while singing,
+as indicating a specific difference from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>. The latter, in
+Southern Illinois, has never been heard by him to sing at night, or in the
+morning, nor even on the wing; but in broad midday, in the hottest days of
+June, July, and August, he often heard them singing vigorously and sweetly,
+as they perched upon a fence or a dead tree in a field, exactly after the manner
+of our common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Among Dr. Heermann’s notes, quoted by Mr. Dresser, is one containing
+the statement that he found this species not rare on the prairies near the
+Medina River, in Texas, where it breeds. Mr. Dresser also states that when
+at Howard’s Ranche, early in May, he found this bird by no means uncommon.
+He confirms Dr. Heermann’s account, that it is easily distinguished as
+it rises in the air, from a bush, with a peculiar fluttering motion of the wings,
+at the same time singing, and then suddenly dropping into the bushes again.
+<!--057.png--><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 45]</span>
+He adds that, in his absence, Dr. Heermann procured the eggs of this species
+on the Medina, and while he was himself travelling in July towards Loredo,
+he found a nest which he was fully confident belonged to this bird. It was
+placed in a low bush not above a foot from the ground, and in its construction
+resembled that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</i>. The eggs were three in number,
+pure white, closely agreeing with those taken by Dr. Heermann, and
+larger and more elongated than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species, taken in Texas by Dr. H. R. Storer, the identification
+of which, however, was incomplete, is more oblong than the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+æstivalis</i>, and smaller, measuring .72 by .58 of an inch. It is pure white
+also.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa ruficeps</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus ruficeps</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Six, October">Pr. A. N. Sc.
+VI, Oct.</abbr> 1852, 184 (California).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Illustration, One, five"> <span class="sc">Ib.</span> Illust.
+I, <span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>, 1854, 135, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa ruficeps</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 486.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 218.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above brownish-ashy. The crown and nape uniform brownish-chestnut,
+the interscapular region and neck with the feathers of this color, except around the
+margins. A superciliary ashy stripe, whiter at the base of the bill. Beneath pale
+yellowish-brown, or brownish-yellow, darker and more ashy across the breast and on the
+sides of body; middle of belly and chin lighter; the latter with a well-marked line of
+black on each side. Edge of wing white. Under tail-coverts more rufous. Legs
+yellow. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.85.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Coast of California,
+to Mexico; ? Oaxaca, March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 380); ? Vera Cruz,
+temperate region; resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span>
+M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552).</p>
+
+<p>This plainly colored species has the bill rather slender; tail rather long,
+and considerably rounded; the outer feathers .40 of an inch shorter than
+the middle; the feathers soft, and rounded at the tip. The wing is short;
+the primaries not much longer than the tertials; the second, third, fourth,
+and fifth nearly equal; the first scarcely longer than the secondaries.</p>
+
+<p>There is a blackish tinge on the forehead, separated by a short central
+line of white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>. The eyelids are whitish, and there is a
+short black line immediately over the upper lid. There is a faint chestnut
+streak back of the eye. The chestnut of the nape is somewhat interrupted
+by pale edgings. The blotches on the back melt almost insensibly into the
+colors of the margins of the feathers. The outer edges of the secondaries
+and tertials, and the outer surface of the tail, are yellowish-rusty.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is similar in general appearance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstivalis</i>, but has the
+head above more continuous chestnut; the black cheek-stripe more distinct,
+and the edge of wing whitish, not yellow, the bill more slender. A Mexican
+specimen has a stouter bill.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. boucardi</i> of Sclater (= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>,
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</i>; see table, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 634), from
+Mexico, is exceedingly similar, it being very difficult to present the differences
+<!--058.png--><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 46]</span>
+in a diagnosis. This trouble is partly the result of the insufficient series at
+our command, for there are such different combinations of colors, according
+to the season, that it is almost impossible to select the average characters of
+two definable forms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first described, in 1852, by Mr. Cassin, from a
+specimen obtained in California by Dr. Heermann. Very little is known as
+to its history, and it appears to have been generally overlooked by naturalists
+who have studied the ornithology of that State. The extent of its distribution
+or of its numbers remains unknown,&mdash;a circumstance due undoubtedly
+to the nature of the country which it frequents.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann states that in the fall of 1851 he shot on the Cosumnes
+River a single specimen of this bird from among a large flock of Sparrows
+of various kinds. In the spring of the following year, among the mountains,
+near the Calaveras River, he found it quite abundant. It was then flying in
+pairs, engaged in picking grass-seed from the ground, and when started it
+never extended its flight beyond a few yards. Its notes, in their character,
+reminded him of the ditty of our common little Chipping Sparrow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella
+socialis</i>). He obtained several specimens. Its flight seemed feeble, and when
+raised from the ground, from which it would not start until almost trodden
+on, it would fly but a short distance, and almost immediately drop again into
+the grass.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper has only met with this species on Catalina Island, in June,
+where a few kept about the low bushes, feeding on the ground. They were
+very difficult even to get a sight of. He heard them sing a few musical
+notes, that reminded him of those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospizæ</i>. They flew only a short
+distance, and in their habits reminded him of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizæ</i>. Their favorite
+places of resort he supposes to be pine woods, as in the eastern species.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that this species has been found by Mr. Sumichrast to be a permanent
+resident throughout all the temperate regions of Vera Cruz is a very
+interesting one, and is suggestive of different manners and habits from those
+supposed to belong to it as a bird allied with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodrami</i>. They are
+abundant, and breed there, as in the United States, but nothing is given
+throwing any positive light upon their general habits.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EMBERNAGRA</b>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>,
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Traité d’<abbr title="Ornithologie">Ornith.</abbr></span>, 1831 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>).
+(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saltator viridis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill conical, elongated, compressed; the upper outline considerably curved,
+the lower straight; the commissure slightly concave, and faintly notched at the end.
+Tarsi lengthened; considerably longer than the middle toe. Outer toe a little longer
+than the inner, not reaching quite to the base of the middle claw. Hind toe about as
+long as the middle without its claw. Wings very short, and much rounded; the tertials
+nearly equal to the primaries; the secondaries a little shorter; the outer four primaries
+much graduated, even the second shorter than any other quill. The tail is moderate,
+<!--059.png--><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 47]</span>
+about as long as the wings, much graduated; the feathers rather narrow, linear, and
+elliptically rounded at the end; the outer webs more than usually broad in proportion to
+the inner, being more than one third as wide. The upper parts are olive-green, the under
+whitish.</p>
+
+<p>The position of this genus is a matter of considerable uncertainty. On
+some accounts it would be better placed among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There are numerous tropical species of this genus; none of them are
+nearly allied, however, to the single North American species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>,
+<abbr title="Annals of the New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 112,
+<abbr title="plate five figure">pl. v, f.</abbr> 2 (Texas).&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings of Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 306.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 487, <abbr title="plate 55, figure">pl. lv. f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Mexican Boundary Survey Two">Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds, 16, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 2.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia plebeja</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Licht. Bon.</span></abbr>
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes <abbr title="Rendus">Rend.</abbr></span> 43, 1856, 413.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_059.jpg"
+ width="250" height="219"
+ alt="Illustration: Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence">Lawr.</abbr><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">29229</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above uniform olivaceous-green. A stripe on each side of the head, and
+one behind the eye, dull brownish-rufous, an
+ashy superciliary stripe whiter anteriorly. Under
+parts brownish-white, tinged with yellowish
+posteriorly, and with olivaceous on the sides;
+white in the middle of the belly. Edge of
+wing, under coverts, and axillaries bright yellow.
+Young with the head-stripes obsolete.
+Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of the Rio Grande, and probably
+of Gila, southward; Mazatlan, Mexico.
+Oaxaca, April (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 380); Cordova;
+Vera Cruz, temperate and hot regions, breeding
+(<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span>
+M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551); Yucatan
+(<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr>, 201).</p>
+
+<p>In this species the bill is rather long; the wings are very short, and much
+rounded; the tertials equal to the primaries; the secondaries rather shorter;
+the first quill is .65 of an inch shorter than the seventh, which is longest.
+The tail is short; the lateral feathers much graduated; the outer half an
+inch shorter than the middle.</p>
+
+<p>All the Mexican specimens before us have the bill stouter than those
+from the Rio Grande of Texas, the stripes on the head apparently better
+defined. The back is darker olive; the flanks brighter olive-green, not olive-gray,
+the wings are apparently shorter. The series is not sufficiently perfect
+to show other differences, if any exist.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_060a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="236"
+ alt="Illustration: Embernagra rufivirgata"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the habits and distribution of this species we are
+entirely without any information, other than that it has been met with in the
+valley of the Rio Grande, and at various places in Mexico. Specimens were
+obtained at New Leon, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, and at Ringgold Barracks,
+<!--060.png--><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 48]</span>
+in Texas, by Mr. J. H. Clark. The season when these birds were met
+with is not indicated by him.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated by Mr. Sumichrast
+that this species is found throughout
+both the temperate and the hot districts
+of the State of Vera Cruz,
+Mexico. He also mentions that he
+has found this bird in localities quite
+remote from each other, and belonging
+both to the hot and to the temperate
+regions. In the latter it is
+found to the height of at least four
+thousand feet.</p>
+
+<p>This species was met with by Mr.
+Boucard, during the winter months,
+at Plaza Vicente, in the hot lowlands
+of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p>
+<!--end subfamily Spizellinæ, which started in Volume One-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Passerillinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">PASSERELLINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Toes and claws very stout; the lateral claws reaching beyond the middle of the
+middle one; all very slightly curved.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_060b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="178"
+ alt="Illustration: 846 Passerella iliaca"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</i>.<br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">846</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Bill conical, the outlines straight; both mandibles equal; wings long,
+longer than the even tail or
+slightly rounded, reaching
+nearly to the middle of its
+exposed portion. Hind claw
+longer than its digit; the toe
+nearly as long as the middle
+toe; tarsus longer than the
+middle toe. Brown above,
+either uniformly so or faintly
+streaked; triangular spots below.</p>
+
+<p>This section embraces a
+single North American genus, chiefly characterized by the remarkable elongation
+of the lateral claws, as well as by the peculiar shape and large size
+of all the claws; the lateral, especially, are so much lengthened as to extend
+nearly as far as the middle. The only approach to this, as far as I recollect,
+among United States <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostres</i>, is in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo megalonyx</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus
+icterocephalus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--061.png--><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 49]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PASSERELLA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Classification of Birds Two">Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 288.
+(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla iliaca</i>, <span class="sc">Merrem</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Body stout. Bill conical, not notched, the outlines straight; the two
+jaws of equal depth; roof of upper mandible deeply excavated, and vaulted; not knobbed.
+Tarsus scarcely longer than the middle toe; outer toe little longer than the inner, its
+claw reaching to the middle of the central one. Hind toe about equal to the inner
+lateral; the claws all long, and moderately curved only; the posterior rather longer than
+the middle, and equal to its toe. Wings long, pointed, reaching to the middle of the
+tail; the tertials scarcely longer than secondaries; second and third quills longest; first
+equal to the fifth. Tail very nearly even, scarcely longer than the wing. Inner claw
+contained scarcely one and a half times in its toe proper.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="color">Color.</i> Rufous or slaty; obsoletely streaked or uniform above; thickly spotted with
+triangular blotches beneath.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Ground-color above, slaty-ash, or sepia; wings, upper
+tail-coverts, and tail more rufescent. Beneath, pure white, with numerous
+triangular spots over breast and throat, streaks along sides, and a triangular
+blotch on side of throat, of the same color as the wings. The pectoral spots
+aggregated on the middle of the breast.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Hind claw not longer than its digit. Back with broad streaks of dark
+rufous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca.</b> Ground-color above ash (more or less overlaid in winter
+with a rufous wash); wings, dorsal spots, upper tail-coverts, tail, auriculars,
+and markings of lower parts, bright reddish-rufous. Wing, 3.50;
+tail, 2.90; tarsus, .87; middle toe, without claw, .67; hind claw, .35.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Hind claw much longer than its digit. Back without streaks.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Head and neck above with back, scapulars, and rump, rich sepia-brown,
+almost uniform with wings and tail. Belly thickly spotted;
+tibiæ deep brown; supraloral space not whitish. Wing, 3.05; tail,
+2.85; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .62; hind claw, .43. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific
+Province of North America, from Kodiak south to Fort Tejon, Cal.
+(in winter)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Head and neck above, with back, scapulars, and rump, slaty-ash,
+in strong contrast with the rufescent-brown of wings and tail.
+Belly with only minute specks, or immaculate; tibiæ grayish;
+supraloral space distinctly white. Spots beneath clove-brown.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Bill, .34 from nostril, by .25 deep at base; wing, 3.30; tail,
+3.50; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .60; hind claw, .45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle
+Province of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Bill, .35 from nostril and .47 deep; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50;
+tarsus, .83; middle toe, .63; hind claw, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sierra Nevada,
+from Fort Tejon, north to Carson City, Nev
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p>No great violence would be done by considering all the above forms as
+races of one species, the characters separating <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i> from the rest being of
+<!--062.png--><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 50]</span>
+no great importance. However, in the large series examined, there is no
+specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i> at all aberrant, and none approach in the slightest
+degree to any of the other forms. There can be no doubt whatever of the
+specific identity of the three forms presented under section “B,” as is plainly
+shown by specimens of intermediate characters. These western forms are
+parallels of the western race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>;
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i> representing <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fallax</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i> the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. heermanni</i>,
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. guttata</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FOX-COLORED SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla iliaca</i>, <span class="sc">Merrem</span>.
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Beiträge zur besondere Geschichte der Vögel gesammelt">“Beitr. zur besond. Gesch. der Vögel,</abbr>
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1786-87, 40, <abbr title="plate ten">pl. x.</abbr>”&mdash;<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span>
+Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 923.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 58; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 512, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 139, <abbr title="plate 186">pl. clxxxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</i>,
+<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>
+Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 288.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 477.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds
+<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 488.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac.
+I</abbr>, 1869, 285.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 325.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla rufa</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>,
+1811, 53, <abbr title="plate 24, figure">pl. xxiv, f.</abbr> 4.&mdash;<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla ferruginea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+Catalogue, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 1812.&mdash;Hall’s <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="Two">II,</abbr> 255. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pratensis</cite>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>,” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_062.jpg"
+ width="250" height="261"
+ alt="Illustration: Passerella townsendi."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General aspect of upper parts foxy-red, the ground-color and the sides of
+neck being ashy; the interscapular feathers each
+with a large blotch of fox-red; this color glossing
+the top of head and nape; sometimes faintly,
+sometimes more distinctly; the rump unmarked;
+the upper coverts and surface of the tail continuous
+fox-red. Two narrow white bands on the
+wing. Beneath, with under tail-coverts and
+axillars, clear white, the sides of head and of
+throat, the jugulum, breast, and sides of body,
+conspicuously and sharply blotched with fox-red;
+more triangular across breast, more linear and
+darker on sides. Sometimes the entire head
+above is continuously reddish. First quill rather
+less than fifth. Hind toe about equal to its claw.
+Length, 7.50; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.90; tarsus, .87;
+middle toe, without claw, .67; hind claw, .35.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to the Mississippi, to the north along valley of the Mackenzie,
+almost or quite to the Arctic coast, and down the valley of the Yukon to the
+Pacific. Breeds throughout the interior of British America.</p>
+
+<p>In summer, the ash is more predominant above; in winter, it is overlaid
+more or less by a wash of rufous, as described above.</p>
+
+<p>The young plumage we have not seen. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. obscura</i>, Verrill,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_9" id="fnanchor_9"></a><a href="#footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></span>
+may be referrible to it.</p>
+
+<p><!--063.png--><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 51]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Fox-colored Sparrow, in its seasons of migrations, is a very
+common bird throughout the United States east of the Mississippi River.
+It has not been ascertained to breed in any part of the United States, though
+it may do so in Northeastern Maine. Mr. Boardman has not met with it
+near Calais, nor did I see nor could I hear of it in any part of Nova Scotia
+or New Brunswick that I visited. In passing north, these birds begin their
+northern movements in the middle of March, and from that time to the last
+of April they are gradually approaching their summer quarters. Their first
+appearance near Boston is about the 15th of March, and they linger in that
+vicinity, or successive parties appear, until about the 20th of April. The last
+comers are usually in song. On their return, the middle or last of October,
+they pass rapidly, and usually make no stay. In Southwestern Texas these
+birds were not observed by Mr. Dresser, nor in Arizona by Dr. Coues, but in
+the Indian Territory Dr. Woodhouse found them very abundant on the
+approach of winter. Dr. Coues speaks of them as common in South Carolina
+from November to April, but less numerous than most of the Sparrows.</p>
+
+<p>In the vicinity of Washington this bird is found from October to April.
+I have met with small groups of them through all the winter months among
+the fallen leaves in retired corners of the Capitol grounds, where they were
+busily engaged, in the manner of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, in scratching in the earth for
+their food. At those periods when the ground was open, their habits were
+eminently similar to those of the gallinaceous birds. In March and April
+they were in company with the White-throated Sparrows, but passed north
+at least a month earlier.</p>
+
+<p><!--064.png--><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 52]</span>
+During their stay in the United States these birds keep in small distinctive
+flocks, never mingling, though often in the same places, with other species.
+They are found in the edges of thickets and in moist woods. They are usually
+silent, and only occasionally utter a call-note, low and soft. In the
+spring the male becomes quite musical, and is one of our sweetest and most
+remarkable singers. His voice is loud, clear, and melodious; his notes full,
+rich, and varied; and his song is unequalled by any of this family that I have
+ever heard. They soon become reconciled to confinement and quite tame,
+and sing a good part of the year if care is taken in regard to their food. If
+allowed to eat to excess, they become very fat and heavy, and lose their song.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues did not meet with these birds in Labrador, but Mr. Audubon
+found them there and in Newfoundland in large numbers; and, according
+to the observations of Sir John Richardson, they breed in the wooded districts
+of the fur countries, up to the 68th parallel of latitude.</p>
+
+<p>These birds were also found abundantly at Fort Simpson and Great Slave
+Lake by Mr. Robert Kennicott and Mr. B. R. Ross; at Fort Anderson, Anderson
+River, Swan River, and in various journeys, by Mr. R. MacFarlane;
+at Fort Resolution, Fort Good Hope, La Pierre House, and Fort Yukon, by
+Mr. Lockhart; at Peel’s River, by Mr. J. Flett; at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s, by Mr.
+H. M. Bannister; and at Nulato, by Mr. W. H. Dall. They were observed at
+Fort Simpson as early as May 17, and by Mr. Kennicott as late as September
+17. Mr. Dall states that at Nulato he found this Sparrow in abundance. It
+arrived there from the 10th to the 15th of May. It breeds there, and its
+eggs were obtained on the Yukon River. In the month of August in 1867
+and of July in 1868 it was abundant at the mouth of the Yukon and at
+<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s. One was also shot at Unalaklik. The birds seemed to prefer
+thickets to the more open country. Mr. Bannister did not find it abundant.
+He shot only one specimen during the season, in an alder thicket
+near the fort; and Mr. Pease, who was familiar with the species, only saw a
+single individual.</p>
+
+<p>According to the reports of both Mr. MacFarlane and Mr. Kennicott, the
+nest of this species was found both on the ground and in trees. In one
+instance it was in a tree about eight feet from the ground, and in its
+structure was said to be similar to the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</i>. They were
+nearly all found after the middle of June, a few as early as the 7th. One
+was found on the ground at the foot of a tuft of dwarf willows, which helped
+to conceal it from view. This was composed of coarse hay, lined with
+some of a finer quality, a few deer-hairs, and a small quantity of fresh and
+growing moss, intermingled together. In speaking of this nest Mr. MacFarlane
+states that all the nests of this Sparrow he had previously met
+with had been built in the midst of branches of pine or spruce trees, and
+had been similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>, which, in this instance, it did
+not resemble. He adds that this species, though not numerous, extended
+quite to the borders of the wooded country, to the north and northwest of
+<!--065.png--><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 53]</span>
+Fort Anderson. Afterwards he observed several other nests on the ground,
+all of which were similar to the last, and it is by no means impossible
+that in certain instances these birds may have occupied old nests of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>, and used them for purposes of incubation. Richardson states that
+its nests are constructed in a low bush, and are made of dry grass, hair, and
+feathers. He states that the eggs are five in number, of a pale mountain-green
+tint, and marbled with irregular spots of brown.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon, who found several of the nests of this bird in Labrador,
+near the coast, describes them as large for the size of the bird, and as usually
+placed on the ground among moss or tall grass near the stem of a creeping
+fir, the branches of which usually conceal it from view. Its exterior is
+loosely formed of dry grasses and moss, with a carefully disposed inner layer
+of fine grasses, circularly arranged. The lining consists of very delicate
+fibrous roots, with feathers of different kinds of water-fowl. In one instance
+he noted the down of the eider-duck. He found their eggs from the middle
+of June to the 5th of July. When their nest was approached, the female
+affected lameness, and employed all the usual arts to decoy the intruder
+away. They raised but one brood in a season, and about the first of September
+left Labrador for the south in small flocks, made up of members of one
+family.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs measure from .92 to an inch in length, and .70 in breadth.
+They are oblong in shape. Their ground-color is a light bluish-white,
+thickly spotted with a rusty-brown, often so fully as to conceal the
+ground.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</b>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TOWNSEND’S SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza unalaschkensis</i>,
+<abbr title="Gmelin Two"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> II</abbr>, 1788, 875 (based on <cite>Aonalaschka Bunting</cite>,
+<abbr title="Latham Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> II</abbr>,
+202, 48; <cite>Unalaschka <abbr title="Bunting">B.</abbr></cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, 52).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i> <i>u.</i> <span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872,
+53 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla townsendi</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V,</abbr> 1839,
+236, <abbr title="plate 424, figure">pl. ccccxxiv, f.</abbr> 7.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 43, <abbr title="plate 187">pl. clxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Passerella)
+townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One, second edition"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr>
+1840, 533. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus,
+1850, 477.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+489.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 204.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869,
+285. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla meruloides</i>, <abbr title="Vigors, Zoölogy"><span class="sc">Vig.</span> Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom
+(Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>), 1839, 19. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza (Zonotrichia) rufina</i>,
+<span class="sc">Kittlitz</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Denkwürdigkeiten">Denkw.</abbr> 1858,
+200. (He compares it with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>, but says it is darker. Sitka.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above very dark olive-brown, with a tinge of rufous, the color continuous
+and uniform throughout, without any trace of blotches or spots; the upper tail-coverts
+and outer edges of the wing and tail feathers rather lighter and brighter. The under parts
+white, but thickly covered with approximating triangular blotches colored like the back,
+sparsest on the middle of the body and on the throat; the spots on the belly smaller.
+Side almost continuously like the back; tibiæ and under tail-coverts similar, the latter
+edged with paler. Axillars brown; paler on edges. Claws all very large and long; the
+hinder claw longer than its toe. First and sixth quills about equal. Length, about 7
+inches; wing, about 3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--066.png--><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 54]</span>
+<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Pacific coast of United States, as far south as Sacramento, and Fort Tejon?
+north to Kodiak (and Unalaschka?).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_066.jpg"
+ width="250" height="191"
+ alt="Illustration: Passerella townsendi"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2874</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This species differs a good deal in form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>. The claws are
+much larger and stouter, the wing
+a good deal shorter and more
+rounded. The differences in color
+are very appreciable, the tints being
+dark sepia-brown instead of red,
+and perfectly uniform above, not
+spotted; the under parts much
+more thickly spotted.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Alaska show a
+tendency to longer and perhaps
+more slender bills. Some are
+rather more rufous-brown than the
+type; others have a faint tinge of ashy anteriorly, although scarcely appreciable.
+This is especially noticeable in some skins from Fort Tejon,
+they being almost exactly intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i>, or
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Young birds are not materially different from the adult, except in having
+the white of under parts replaced by pale rusty; the back is rather duller
+in color, but without spots or stripes of any kind.</p>
+
+<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 46,620 from British Columbia has the bill much stouter than in the
+average.</p>
+
+<p>It is by no means certain, however probable, that this bird is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. unalaschkensis</i>
+of Gmelin, an important objection being its absence so far in
+collections received by the Smithsonian Institution from that island. We
+therefore leave the question open for the present.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history of this western analogue of the Fox-colored Sparrow
+is still quite imperfectly known. It was first obtained in Oregon by
+Mr. Townsend, on the 15th of February. He describes it as a very active
+and a very shy bird, keeping constantly among the low bushes of wormwood,
+and on the ground in their vicinity. It was partially gregarious, six
+or eight being usually seen together. Its call-note was a short, sharp, quick
+chirp, and it also had occasionally a low weak warble.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gambel, referring probably to its occurrence in winter in California,
+speaks of this bird as an abundant resident in that State, which is not correct,
+it being only a winter visitant, and not abundant south of San Francisco.
+He describes its habits as very different from those of any other Sparrow,
+and more like those of a Thrush. It is said to keep in retired bushy places,
+or in underwood, and was scarcely ever seen except on the ground, and then
+would scarcely ever be discovered but for the noise it made in scratching
+among the leaves. It was silent and unsuspicious, and he rarely heard it
+utter even its occasional chirp.</p>
+
+<p><!--067.png--><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span>
+Dr. Cooper states that he found this Sparrow only a winter resident in
+Washington Territory, where, in company with other Sparrows, it kept constantly
+on the ground, frequenting the thickets and scratching among the
+fallen leaves for its food. It was most common in the interior, but in very
+cold weather sought the coast, in company with the Snowbird and other
+species. He observed a few lingering about the Straits of Fuca until April.
+After that he saw no more of them until their return southward in October.
+During their winter residence Dr. Cooper never heard them sing. Dr. Suckley
+found them rather abundant near Fort Steilacoom, though not so common
+as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza rufina</i>, which they greatly resembled in habits and in general
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann describes them as abundant and migratory in California,
+visiting that State only in winter. He speaks of them as of a solitary and
+quiet nature, resorting to the thickets and underwood for its food, turning
+over the leaves and scratching up the ground in the manner of the Brown
+Thrush, occasionally hopping backwards as if to ascertain the results of its
+labors.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the Birds of California, reaffirms that this
+bird is only a winter visitant to the lower country near the Columbia, but
+also conjectures that it spends the summer in the Cascade Mountains, between
+April and October. Specimens have been obtained near San Francisco
+in winter. It seemed to him to be both a shy and a silent bird, frequenting
+only woods or thick bushes, and while there constantly scratching
+among the fallen leaves, and feeding both on seeds and insects. He has
+seen either this bird or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megarhynchus</i> as far south as San Diego in
+winter. He has also noticed its arrival near San Francisco as early as October
+20.</p>
+
+<p>On the Spokan Plains, in British Columbia, Mr. J. K. Lord first met with
+this species. They were there not uncommon in dark swampy places east
+of the Cascades. These birds he found remarkable for their singular habit
+of scratching dead leaves or decayed material of any sort with their feet,
+exactly as do barn-door fowls,&mdash;sending the dirt right, left, and behind. It
+picks up seeds, insects, larvæ, or anything eatable that it thus digs out, and
+then proceeds to scratch for more. The long and unusually strong claws with
+which this bird is provided seem particularly well adapted for these habits,
+so unusual in a Sparrow. At almost any time, by waiting a few moments,
+one may be pretty sure to hear the scratching of several of these birds from
+under the tangle of fallen timber.</p>
+
+<p>Several specimens were obtained in Sitka by Bischoff and others, but
+without any record of their habits.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--068.png--><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 56]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 490, <abbr title="plate69, figure">pl. lxix, f.</abbr> 3.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_068.jpg"
+ width="250" height="183"
+ alt="Illustration: 11234 male symbol"
+ />
+ <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">11234</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill slender, the length being .34 from nostril, the depth .25; the upper
+mandible much swollen at the base; the under
+yellow. Above and on the sides uniform slate-gray;
+the upper surface of wings, tail-feathers,
+and upper coverts dark brownish-rufous; ear-coverts
+streaked with white. Beneath pure
+white, with broad triangular arrow-shaped and
+well-defined spots of slate-gray like the back
+everywhere, except along the middle of the belly;
+not numerous on the throat. A hoary spot at the
+base of the bill above the loral region; axillars
+nearly white. Length, 6.80; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Head-waters of Platte and middle region of United States to Fort Tejon and to
+Fort Crook, California.</p>
+
+<p>This species is readily distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i> by the slaty back and
+spots on the breast, the absence of streaks above, and the longer claws. From
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> it differs in having the head, back, sides, and spots beneath slate-colored,
+instead of dark reddish-brown. The spotting beneath is much more
+sparse, the spots smaller, more triangular, and confined to the terminal
+portion of the feathers, instead of frequently involving the entire outer edge.
+The axillars are paler. The wings and tail are the same in both species.</p>
+
+<p>The young bird is quite similar; but the spots beneath are badly defined,
+more numerous, and longitudinal rather than triangular.</p>
+
+<p>There can be little doubt, however, that this bird is a geographical race
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> For all that we know in regard to the habits and general distribution
+of this species, we are indebted to the observations of Mr. Ridgway,
+who met with it while accompanying Mr. Clarence King’s geological survey.
+It was first obtained in July, 1856, by Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, on the Platte
+River, and others were afterwards collected at Fort Tejon by Mr. Xantus.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found the Slate-colored Sparrow at Carson City, during its
+spring migrations northward, in the early part of March. At this time it
+was seen only among the willows along the Carson River, and was by no
+means common. It had the habit of scratching among the dead leaves, on
+the ground in the thickets, precisely after the manner of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>.
+In the following September he again found it among the thickets in the
+Upper Humboldt Valley. In Parley’s Park, among the Wahsatch Mountains,
+he found it a very plentiful species in June, nesting among the willows
+and other shrubbery along the streams. There it was always found in
+company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fallax</i>, which in song it greatly resembles, though its
+other notes are quite distinct, the ordinary one being a sharp <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chuck</i>. The
+<!--069.png--><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 57]</span>
+nest of the two species, he adds, were also so much alike in manner of construction
+and situation, and the eggs so similar, that it required a careful
+observation to identify a nest when one was found.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs from one nest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i> measure .90 by .70 of
+an inch, have a ground of a light mountain-green, and are profusely spotted
+with blotches of a rufous-brown, generally diffused over the entire egg.</p>
+
+<p>Another nest of this species, obtained in Parley’s Park, in the Wahsatch
+Mountains, by Mr. Ridgway, June 23, 1869, was built in a clump of willows,
+about two feet from the ground. The nest is two inches in height, two and
+a half in diameter, cavity one and a half deep, with a diameter of two. It
+is composed externally of coarse decayed water-grass, is lined with fine hair
+and finer material like the outside. The eggs, four in number, are .80 by .67
+of an inch, of a very rounded oval shape, the ground-color of a pale green,
+blotched and marked chiefly at the larger end with brown spots of a wine-colored
+hue.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella townsendi</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THICK-BILLED SPARROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 490 (in part;
+<abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Tejon specimens).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella megarhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr>
+925 (Appendix).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>,
+222. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella schistacea</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>,
+<abbr title="Report of Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel">Rept. Geol.
+Expl. 40th Par.</abbr></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_069.jpg"
+ width="250" height="193"
+ alt="Illustration: 13757 male symbol"
+ />
+ <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">13757</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i>
+in colors, size, and general proportions; but bill
+enormously thick, its depth being very much
+greater than the distance from nostril to tip,
+instead of much less; color of lower mandible
+rosy milk-white, instead of maize-yellow. Bill,
+.35 from nostril, .47 deep; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.50;
+tarsus, .83; middle toe without claw, .63; hind
+claw, .50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Sierra Nevada, from Fort Tejon north
+to 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> latitude (Carson City, Nevada, breeding,
+<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p>
+
+<p>This very remarkable variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi</i>
+is quite local in its distribution,
+having been observed only in the Sierra Nevada region, as above
+indicated. The first specimens were brought from Fort Tejon by Mr. J.
+Xantus, but at what season they were found there is not indicated on the
+labels. Recently, specimens were procured by Mr. Ridgway at Carson City,
+<abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, in April, they having arrived there about the 20th of April, frequenting
+the ravines of the Sierra near the snow. At the same place the
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</i> was found earlier in the spring, but among the willows along
+the streams in the valleys, and not met with in the mountains; and all the
+individuals had passed northward before those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</i> arrived.</p>
+
+<p><!--070.png--><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 58]</span>
+In this restricted distribution the present bird is a companion of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</i>, and the characteristics of form are the
+same in both as compared with their Middle Province and Northern representatives;
+while they both differ from the latter (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</i> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i>, and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</i> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>) in purer, lighter, and less brown colors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper met with several individuals of this bird towards the
+summits of the Sierra Nevada, in September, 1863, but was unable to preserve
+any of them. So far as he was able to observe them, they had no song, and
+their habits were generally similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. townsendi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Thick-billed Sparrow was found by Mr. Ridgway as a very common
+bird among the alder swamps in the ravines of the eastern slope of the Sierra
+Nevada during the summer. Near Carson City, April 25, in a swampy
+thicket near the streams in the level slopes, he heard, for the first time, its
+beautiful song, and killed a specimen in the midst of its utterance of what,
+he adds, was one of the most exquisitely rich utterances he ever heard.
+This song, he states, resembles, in richness and volume, that of the Louisiana
+Water Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus ludovicianus</i>), qualities in which that bird is
+hardly equalled by any other North American bird. They were singing
+in all parts of that swampy thicket, and up the ravines as far as the snow.
+From the nature of the place and the character of their song, they were
+at first supposed to be the Water Thrush, until specimens of these exquisite
+songsters were secured. He regards this bird as second to none of
+our singers belonging to this family and though in variety, sprightliness,
+and continuity, and also in passionate emotional character, its song is not
+equal to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i>, yet it is far superior in power and
+richness of tone. Mr. Ridgway regards this bird as easily distinguishable
+from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. schistacea</i>, of which, however, it is only a variety. There is a
+total discrepancy in its notes, and while neither species is resident in the
+latitude of Carson City, through which both kinds pass in their migrations,
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. schistacea</i> lingers in the spring only a short time, soon passing to the
+northward, while the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megarhynchus</i> arrives later and remains through the
+summer. The former makes its temporary abode among the willows along
+the river, while the latter breeds in the shrubbery of the mountain ravines.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Passerellinæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Spizinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">SPIZINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill variable, always large, much arched,
+and with the culmen considerably
+curved; sometimes of enormous size, and with a greater development backward of the
+lower jaw, which is always appreciably, sometimes considerably, broader behind than the
+upper jaw at its base; nostrils exposed. Tail rather variable. Bill generally black, light
+blue, or red. Wings shorter than in the first group. Gape almost always much more
+strongly bristled. Few of the species sparrow-like or plain in their appearance; usually
+blue, red, or black and white; except in one or two instances the sexes very different in
+color.</p>
+
+<p><!--071.png--><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 59]</span>
+The preceding diagnosis is intended to embrace the brightly colored
+passerine birds of North America, different in general appearance from the
+common Sparrows. It is difficult to draw the line with perfect strictness, so
+as to separate the species from those of the preceding group, but the bill is
+always more curved, as well as larger, and the colors are brighter. They resemble
+quite closely, at a superficial glance, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</i>, but may
+be readily distinguished by absence of the projecting tufts surrounding the
+base of the upper mandible, shorter, more rounded wings, and longer tarsi.</p>
+
+<p>The genera may be most conveniently arranged as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Wings decidedly longer than the tail. Eggs plain blue or white, unspotted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Feet very stout, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. Species terrestrial.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza.</b> Bill moderate, the commissure with a deep angle
+posteriorly and prominent lobe behind it; anteriorly nearly straight;
+commissure of lower mandible with a prominent angle. Outer toe longer
+than the inner, both nearly as long as the posterior. Outer four primaries
+about equal, and abruptly longer than the rest. Tertials nearly equal
+to primaries. Tail-feathers broad at tips. Color: black with white spot
+on wing in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, brownish streaks in
+<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Nest on or near ground; eggs
+plain pale blue.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza.</b> Bill weaker, the commissure with a more shallow angle,
+and much less prominent sinuation behind it; anteriorly distinctly
+sinuated. Outer toe shorter than inner, both much shorter than the
+posterior one. First primary longest, the rest successively shorter.
+Tertials but little longer than secondaries. Tail-feathers attenuated at
+tips. Color: back brown streaked with black; throat white; jugulum
+yellow or ashy; with or without black spot on fore neck. A yellow
+or white superciliary stripe. Nest on or near ground; eggs plain pale
+blue.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Feet weaker, scarcely reaching beyond lower tail-coverts; species arboreal.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>a. Size large (wing more than 3.50 inches).</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles.</b> Upper mandible much swollen laterally. Colors: no
+blue; upper parts conspicuously different from the lower. Wings and
+tail with white patches; axillars and lining of wing yellow or red.
+Female streaked. Nest in a tree or bush; eggs greenish, thickly spotted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca.</b> Upper mandible flat laterally. Colors: <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> deep blue, with
+two rufous bands on wings; no white patches on wings or tail; axillars
+and lining of wing blue; <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> olive-brown without streaks. Nest in a
+bush; eggs plain bluish-white.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>b. Size very small (wing less than 3.00 inches).</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza.</b> Similar in form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>, but culmen more curved,
+mandible more shallow, the angle and sinuations of the commissure
+less conspicuous. Color: <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> more or less blue, without any bands on
+wing (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amæna</i> in which they are white); <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> olive-brown.
+Nest in a bush; eggs plain bluish-white (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ciris</i>, in which
+they have reddish spots).</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Wing and tail about equal. The smallest of American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostres</i>. Nest in
+bushes. Eggs white, spotted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><!--072.png--><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 60]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila.</b> Bill very short and broad, scarcely longer than high,
+not compressed; culmen greatly curved. Color: chiefly black and
+white, or brown and gray.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara.</b> Bill more triangular, decidedly longer than deep, much
+compressed; culmen only slightly curved, or perfectly straight. Colors:
+dull olive-green and blackish, with or without yellow about the head.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> Wing much shorter than the tail.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Head crested. Prevailing color red. Bill red or whitish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia.</b> Bill pyrrhuline, very short, and with the culmen greatly
+convex; shorter than high. Hind claw less than its digit; not much
+larger than the middle anterior one. Tarsus equal to the middle toe.
+Nest in bush or low tree; eggs white, spotted with lilac and olive.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis.</b> Bill coccothraustine, very large; culmen very slightly
+convex. Wings more rounded. Feet as in the last, except that the
+tarsus is longer than the middle toe. Nest in bush or low tree; eggs
+white, spotted with lilac and olive.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Head not crested. Colors black, brown, or olive, without red. Bill dusky,
+or bluish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo.</b> Bill moderate; culmen and commissure curved. Hind claw
+very large and strong; longer than its digit. Tarsus less than the
+middle toe. Nest on ground or in low bush; eggs white sprinkled with
+red, or pale blue with black dots and lines round larger end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CALAMOSPIZA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina</i>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_072.jpg"
+ width="250" height="184"
+ alt="Illustration: Calamospiza bicolor"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">5720</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill rather large, much swollen at the base; the culmen broad, gently but
+decidedly curved; the gonys nearly
+straight; the commissure much
+angulated near the base, then
+slightly sinuated; lower mandible
+nearly as deep as the upper, the
+margins much inflected, and shutting
+under the upper mandible.
+Nostrils small, strictly basal. Rictus
+quite stiffly bristly. Legs large and
+stout. Tarsi a little longer than
+the middle toe; outer toe rather
+longer than the inner, and reaching
+to the concealed base of the middle
+claw; hind toe reaching to the
+base of the middle claw; hind claw
+about as long as its toe. Claws all strong, compressed, and considerably curved. Wings
+long and pointed; the first four nearly equal, and abruptly longest; the tertials much
+elongated, as long as the primaries. Tail a little shorter than the wings, slightly graduated;
+the feathers rather narrow and obliquely oval, rounded at the end.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="color">Color.</i> <i class="sex">Male</i>, black, with white on the wings. <i class="sex">Female</i>, brown above, beneath white,
+with streaks.</p>
+
+<!--073.png--><!--Plate 29-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_29.jpg"
+ width="auto" height="100%"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="29">XXIX</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-1" id="pl_29-1"></a><img src="images/pl_29-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</span>. D. C., 10147.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-2" id="pl_29-2"></a><img src="images/pl_29-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 5720.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-3" id="pl_29-3"></a><img src="images/pl_29-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, 6306.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-4" id="pl_29-4"></a><img src="images/pl_29-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Philadelphia">Philada.</abbr>, 6480.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-5" id="pl_29-5"></a><img src="images/pl_29-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-6" id="pl_29-6"></a><img src="images/pl_29-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail6 "
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza parellina</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nuevo Leon, Mexico">N. Leon, Mex.</abbr>, 4074.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-7" id="pl_29-7"></a><img src="images/pl_29-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza ciris</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 6271.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-8" id="pl_29-8"></a><img src="images/pl_29-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza ciris</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-9" id="pl_29-9"></a><img src="images/pl_29-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nuevo Leon, Mexico">N. Leon, Mex.</abbr>, 4075.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-10" id="pl_29-10"></a><img src="images/pl_29-10.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 10"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Cabo Saint Lucas">C. St. Lucas</abbr>, 12984.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-11" id="pl_29-11"></a><img src="images/pl_29-11.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 11"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort Union, Dakota">Ft. Union, Dak.</abbr>, 1898.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-12" id="pl_29-12"></a><img src="images/pl_29-12.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 12"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Nevada, 53551.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-13" id="pl_29-13"></a><img src="images/pl_29-13.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 13"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2645.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-14" id="pl_29-14"></a><img src="images/pl_29-14.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 14"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">14. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 32426.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-15" id="pl_29-15"></a><img src="images/pl_29-15.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 15"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">15. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Bahamas.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-16" id="pl_29-16"></a><img src="images/pl_29-16.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 16"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">16. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena</span>.
+   <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Bahamas.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_29-17" id="pl_29-17"></a><img src="images/pl_29-17.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 29 detail 17"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">17. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</span>.
+   <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Costa Rica, 30524.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--074.png--><!--blank page-->
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_075.jpg"
+ width="250" height="169"
+ alt="Illustration: Calamospiza bicolor"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><!--075.png--><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span>
+This genus is well characterized by the large swollen bill, with its curved
+culmen; the large strong feet and claws; the long wings, a little longer
+than the tail, and with the tertials
+as long as the primaries;
+the first four quills about equal,
+and abruptly longest; the tail
+short and graduated.</p>
+
+<p>The only group of North
+American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</i>, with the
+tertials equal to the primaries in
+the closed wing, is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>.
+This, however, has a differently
+formed bill, weaker feet, the
+inner primaries longer and more regularly graduated, the tail-feathers more
+acute and shorter, and the plumage streaked brownish and white instead of
+black.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</b>,
+ <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LARK BUNTING; WHITE-WINGED BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, 1837,
+189.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative, 1839, 346.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 19, <abbr title="plate 390">pl. cccxc.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 475.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 492.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c, 15.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis,
+1839, 130.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 195, <abbr title="plate 201">pl. cci.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 347.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 225. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx bicolor</i>,
+<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, Manual, <abbr title="One, second edition">I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 203.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male</i> entirely black; a broad band on the wing (covering the whole of the
+greater coverts), with the outer edges of the quills and tail-feathers, white. Length, about
+6.50; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.20; tarsus, 1.00; bill above, .60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> pale brown, streaked with darker above; beneath white, spotted and streaked
+rather sparsely with black on the breast and sides. Throat nearly immaculate. A
+maxillary stripe of black, bordered above by white. Region around the eye, a faint
+stripe above it, and an obscure crescent back of the ear-coverts, whitish. A broad fulvous
+white band across the ends of the greater wing-coverts; edge of wing white. Tail-feathers
+with a white spot at the end of the inner web.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Similar to the female; a faint buff tinge prevalent beneath, where the streaks
+are narrower; dark streaks above broader, the feathers bordered with buffy-white.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains to the Rocky Mountains; southwesterly to Valley of
+Mimbres and Sonora; San Antonio, Texas, winter (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 490). Fort
+Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 84). Parley’s Park, Utah (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This peculiar species, known by some writers as the Lark Bunting,
+and by others as the White-winged Blackbird, was first described by
+Townsend in 1837. He met with it when, in company with Mr. Nuttall, he
+made his western tour across the continent, on the 24th of May, soon after
+crossing the north branch of the Platte River. The latter writer regarded it
+<!--076.png--><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 62]</span>
+as closely allied to the Bobolink, and described it as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>. He
+describes the birds as gregarious, consorting with the Cowbirds, and, at the
+time he met with them, uttering most delightful songs. Towards evening
+they sometimes saw these birds in all directions around them, on the hilly
+grounds, rising at intervals to some height, hovering and flapping their wings,
+and, at the same time, giving forth a song which Mr. Nuttall describes as
+being something like <i class="birdcall">weet-weet-wt-wt-wt</i>, notes that were between the hurried
+warble of the Bobolink and the melody of a Skylark. It is, he says, one
+of the sweetest songsters of the prairies, is tame and unsuspicious, and the
+whole employment of the little band seemed to be an ardent emulation of
+song.</p>
+
+<p>It feeds on the ground, and, as stated by Mr. Townsend, may be seen in
+flocks of from sixty to a hundred together. It was, so far as their observations
+went, found inhabiting exclusively the wide grassy plains of the Platte.
+They did not see it to the west of the Black Hills, or the first range of the
+Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Nuttall’s account Mr. Townsend adds that this bird is strictly gregarious,
+that it feeds on the ground, around which it runs in the manner of the
+Grass Finch, to which, in its habits, it seems to be somewhat allied. Mr.
+Townsend adds that, as their caravan moved along, large flocks of these birds,
+sometimes to the number of sixty or a hundred individuals, were started
+from the ground, and the piebald appearance of the males and females promiscuously
+intermingled presented a very striking and by no means unpleasing
+effect. While the flock was engaged in feeding, some of the males were
+observed to rise suddenly to considerable height in the air, and, poising
+themselves over their companions with their wings in constant and rapid
+motion, continued nearly stationary. In this situation they poured forth a
+number of very lively and sweetly modulated notes, and, at the expiration
+of about a minute, descended to the ground and moved about as before.
+Mr. Townsend also states that he met with none of these birds west of the
+Black Hills.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway also mentions that though he found these birds very abundant
+on the plains east of the Black Hills, he met with only a single specimen
+to the westward of that range. This was at Parley’s Park, among the
+Wahsatch Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gambel, in his paper on the Birds of California, states that he met
+with small flocks of this handsome species in the bushy plains, and along the
+margins of streams, during the winter months. And Dr. Heermann states
+that he also found this species numerous in California, New Mexico, and
+Texas. Arriving in the last-named State in May, he found this species there
+already mated, and about to commence the duties of incubation.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found these birds common near San Antonio during the winter.
+In December he noticed several flocks near Eagle Pass. They frequented
+the roads, seeking the horse-dung. They were quite shy, and when disturbed
+<!--077.png--><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 63]</span>
+the whole flock would go off together, uttering a low and melodious whistle.
+In May and June several were still about near Howard’s Rancho, and on his
+return from Houston, in June, he succeeded in shooting one in its full summer
+plumage, when its specific name is peculiarly appropriate. He does not,
+however, think that, as a general thing, any of them remain about San Antonio
+to breed.</p>
+
+<p>They breed in great numbers on the plains of Wyoming Territory, and
+probably also in Colorado, Montana, and Dakota. The Smithsonian collection
+embraces specimens obtained in July from the Yellowstone, from Platte
+River, Pole Creek, the Black Hills, and Bridger’s Pass, indicating that they
+breed in these localities; also specimens from Texas, New Mexico, Sonora,
+and Espia, in Mexico, but none from California.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly, who met with these birds both in Sonora and at Espia, on
+the Mexican Boundary Survey, states that he observed them in the valley
+of the river early in the morning, in very large flocks. During the greater
+part of the day they feed on the hills among the bushes. When on the wing
+they keep very close together, so that a single discharge of shot would sometimes
+bring down twenty or thirty. Mr. J. H. Clark, on the same survey,
+also states that he sometimes found them occurring in flocks of hundreds.
+The greatest numbers were seen near Presidio del Norte. Great varieties of
+plumage were observed in the same flock. The food seemed to be seeds
+almost exclusively. They were very simultaneous in all their movements.
+Stragglers were never observed remaining behind after the flock had started.
+They are, he states, the most absolutely gregarious birds he has ever met
+with.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues, who regarded this bird as one highly characteristic of the prairie
+fauna, writes me that he met with it in great numbers in Kansas, soon
+after leaving Fort Riley, and saw it every day until he reached the Raton
+Mountains in New Mexico. “For two or three days, in fact, from Fort
+Larned to the mountains,” he writes, “I scarcely saw anything else. This
+was the first week in June, and most of the birds seemed to be paired and
+nesting, though occasionally a dozen or more were seen together, flocking
+like the Blackbirds that they strongly recall. They were in full song, and
+proved delightful vocalists. Sometimes they warble from some spray or low
+bush offering a stand a little above the level flower-beds of the prairie, but
+oftener they mount straight up, hovering high in the air on tremulous wings,
+pouring forth their melodious strains until, seemingly exhausted, they sink
+back to the ground. At such times it is interesting to watch two rival males,
+each straining every nerve to mount higher than the other, and sing more
+acceptably to its mate hidden in the verdure below. This habit of rising on
+the wing to sing, so famed in the case of the Skylark, seems not confined to
+particular species, but to be a forced practice of a number of different birds
+residing in open level regions, that do not afford the elevated perches usually
+chosen by woodland songsters for their performances. The ordinary flight
+<!--078.png--><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span>
+of this species is altogether of a different character, being a low gliding motion,
+overtopping the weeds and bushes. That the birds were nesting at this
+time is rendered still more probable by the fact that the males noticed as we
+passed along were out of all proportion, in numbers, to the females seen.
+They were very heedless of approach, and any number could have been
+readily destroyed. I never saw any at Fort Whipple, or elsewhere in Arizona,
+though Dr. Heermann says that they are abundant in the southern
+portions of the Territory, and specimens are recorded from Lower California.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen found the Lark Bunting one of the few birds that seemed
+strictly confined to the arid plains near Fort Hays, in Kansas. He met with
+it in great abundance, but only on the high ridges and dry plateaus, where
+they seemed to live in colonies. He describes them as very wary, and very
+tenacious of life, often flying long distances, even after having been mortally
+wounded. They seemed to delight to fly in strong winds, when most other
+birds kept in shelter. They sing while on the wing, hovering in the wind
+and shaking the tail and legs after the well-known manner of the Yellow-breasted
+Chat. Its song seemed to him to strongly resemble that of the
+Chat, with which, at such times, its whole demeanor strikingly accorded.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds collected in the survey on the
+<abbr title="thirty-second">32d</abbr> parallel, states that he first observed these birds on approaching the
+Pimos villages. They were associated with large flocks of Sparrows, gleaning
+grain and grass-seed upon the ground. When started up they flew but
+a short distance before they resumed their occupation. After crossing the
+San Pedro he again found them in large flocks. At Fort Fillmore, in Mesilla
+Valley, it was also quite common and associated with the Cowbird and
+Blackbird, searching for grain among the stable offals. He again met with
+them in Texas, in the month of April, most of them still retaining their
+winter coat. He describes the tremulous fluttering motion of the wings with
+which the male accompanies its song while on the wing as very much after
+the manner of the Bobolink, and he speaks of their song as a disconnected
+but not an unmusical chant. He found their nests on the ground, made of
+fine grasses, lined with hair, and in one instance he found the eggs spotted
+with faint red dashes.</p>
+
+<p>At Gilmer, in Wyoming Territory, their nests were found by Mr. Durkee
+built on the ground, and composed of dry grasses very loosely arranged.
+The eggs, four or five in number, are of a uniform and beautiful light shade
+of blue, similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>. They measure .90 by
+.70 of an inch, are of a rounded-oval shape, and, so far as I have observed,
+are entirely unspotted, although eggs with a few reddish blotches are said to
+have been met with.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--079.png--><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 65]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EUSPIZA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List,
+1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_079.jpg"
+ width="250" height="190"
+ alt="Illustration: Euspiza americana"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1459</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill large and strong, swollen, and without any ridges; the lower mandible
+nearly as high as the upper; as
+broad at the base as the length of
+the gonys, and considerably broader
+than the upper mandible; the edges
+much inflexed, and shutting much
+within the upper mandible; the
+commissure considerably angulated
+at the base, then decidedly sinuated.
+The tarsus barely equal to the middle
+toe; the lateral toes nearly equal,
+not reaching to the base of the middle
+claw; the hind toe about equal
+to the middle one without its claw.
+The wings long and acute, reaching
+nearly to the middle of the tail; the
+tertials decidedly longer than the secondaries, but much shorter than the primaries; first
+quill longest, the others regularly graduated. Tail considerably shorter than the wings,
+though moderately long; nearly even, although slightly emarginate; the outer feathers
+scarcely shorter. Middle of back only striped; beneath without streaks.</p>
+
+<p>This genus comes nearer to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</i>, but has shorter tertials, more
+slender bill, weaker and more curved claws, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="center small"><b class="species">Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. americana.</b> Top and sides of head light slate; forehead tinged with greenish-yellow.
+A superciliary stripe, a maxillary spot, sides of breast, and middle line of breast
+and belly, yellow. Chin white, throat black, shoulders chestnut. Female with the black
+of the throat replaced by a crescent of spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States;
+south to New Grenada.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. townsendi.</b> Body throughout (including the jugulum), dark ash, tinged with
+brownish on the back and wings. Superciliary and maxillary stripe, chin, throat, and
+middle of belly, white. A maxillary line and a pectoral crescent of black spots. No
+chestnut shoulders. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Chester <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-THROATED BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 872.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 86,
+<abbr title="plate three, figure">pl. iii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>,
+1838, 579, <abbr title="plate 384">pl. ccclxxxiv.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839, 101.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 58, <abbr title="plate 156">pl. clvi.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 341.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza)
+americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr>
+1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 85. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838
+(type).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850,
+469.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 494.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+327. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina americana</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 133 (type).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla flavicollis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 926.
+“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>,”
+<abbr title="Synopsis One">Syn. I</abbr>, 1790, 412
+(Gray). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina nigricollis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>. <cite>Yellow-throated Finch</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Artic Zoology. Two">Arc.
+Zoöl. II</abbr>, 374.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--080.png--><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 66]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> <i class="sex">Male.</i>
+Sides of the head and sides and back of the neck ash; crown tinged
+with yellowish-green and faintly streaked with dusky. A superciliary and short maxillary
+line, middle of the breast, axillaries, and edge of the wing yellow. Chin, loral region,
+patch on side of throat, belly, and under tail-coverts white. A black patch on the
+throat diminishing to the breast, and ending in a spot on the upper part of the belly.
+Wing-coverts chestnut. Interscapular region streaked with black; rest of back immaculate.
+Length, about 6.70; wing, 3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> with the markings less distinctly indicated; the black of the breast replaced by
+a black maxillary line and a streaked collar in the yellow of the upper part of the breast.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States from the Atlantic to the border of the high Central Plains, south
+to Panama and New Granada. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1857, 205); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 18);
+Turbo, <abbr title="New Grenada">N. G.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1860, 140); Panama
+(<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> VII, 1861, 298); Nicaragua,
+Graytown (<abbr title="Lawrence Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr. VIII</span></abbr>, 181);
+Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 142);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>,
+103); Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S.
+I</abbr>, 552).</p>
+
+<p>Among adult males, scarcely two individuals exactly alike can be found.
+In some the black of the throat is continued in blotches down the middle
+of the breast, while in others it is restricted to a spot immediately under
+the head. These variations are not at all dependent upon any difference
+of habitat, for specimens from remote regions from each other may be found
+as nearly alike as any from the same locality. Some specimens from Central
+America are more deeply colored than North American ones, owing, no
+doubt, to the freshness of the plumage.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_080.jpg"
+ width="250" height="329"
+ alt="Illustration: Euspiza americana"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history of the Black-throated Bunting has, until very recently,
+been much obscured by incorrect
+observations and wrong descriptions. Evidently
+this bird has been more or less confounded
+with one or two other species entirely
+different from it. Thus Wilson, Audubon,
+and Nuttall, in speaking of its nest and eggs,
+give descriptions applicable to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus
+passerinus</i> or to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henslowi</i>, but which are
+wholly wrong as applied to those of this
+bird. Nuttall, whose observations of North
+American birds were largely made in Massachusetts,
+speaks of this bird being quite common
+in that State, where it is certainly very
+rare, and describes, as its song, notes that
+have no resemblance to those of this Bunting,
+but which are a very exact description of the musical performances of
+the Yellow-winged Sparrow.</p>
+
+<p>It is found in the eastern portion of North America, from the base of the
+Black Hills to the Atlantic States, and from Massachusetts to South Carolina.
+I am not aware that on the Atlantic it has ever been traced farther south
+than that State, but farther west it is found as far at least as Southwestern
+Texas. During winter it is found in Central America, and in Colombia,
+South America.</p>
+
+<p><!--081.png--><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span>
+In Massachusetts it is extremely rare. Mr. Hopkins found it breeding in
+Williamstown, and sent me its eggs. I have also met with its nest and eggs,
+in a low meadow near the sea, in Hingham. In both of these instances the
+nest was on the ground. A specimen was shot in Newton by Mr. John Thaxter,
+June 26, 1857, that had all the appearance of being then in the process
+of incubation. Throughout Pennsylvania, and in the vicinity of Washington,
+these birds are quite common.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson states that they are very common in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
+where they make their appearance in the middle of May, and where they
+seem to prefer level fields covered with rye-grass, clover, or timothy. They
+are described as more conspicuous for the quantity than for the quality of
+their song. This consists of three notes, sounding like <i class="birdcall">chip-chip-chē-chē-chē</i>.
+Of this unmusical ditty they are by no means parsimonious, and for nearly
+three months after their first arrival, every level field of grain or grass resounds
+with their quaint serenade. In their shape and manners, Wilson
+states, they bear a close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza citrinella</i> of Europe.
+They become silent by September, and in the course of that month depart
+for the southwest. It is a rare bird in South Carolina, but is very abundant
+in Texas, where it is also resident, and undoubtedly breeds. Audubon states
+that he was surprised to see how numerous they were in every open piece of
+ground throughout that State, especially those covered with tufts of grass.
+They are, he states, not so common in Ohio, and quite rare in Kentucky.
+They are especially abundant in the open lands of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin,
+Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska; and they have been found breeding
+as far to the west as Wyoming Territory, near to the base of the eastern
+range of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Allen found this species one of the
+most abundant birds of Western Iowa, characterizing it as eminently a prairie
+species, and one of the few inhabitants of the wide open stretches.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found, early in May, numbers of these birds in the mesquite
+thickets near the San Antonio and Medina Rivers, and, as he found them
+equally numerous there in July, he naturally infers that they breed in that
+neighborhood. Dr. Heermann obtained some eggs which he had no doubt
+belonged to this species, though he was unable to secure the parent.</p>
+
+<p>It has also been found in Western Texas and in the Indian Territory by
+Mr. J. H. Clark, in Texas by Dr. Lincecum, at the Kiowa agency by Dr.
+Palmer, and on the Yellowstone by Dr. Hayden.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is not gregarious, always moving in pairs, and although, as they
+are preparing for their migrations, they congregate in particular localities,
+they always keep somewhat apart in family groups, and do not mingle promiscuously
+as do many others of this family. They are, at all times, unsuspicious
+and easily approached, and when fired at will often return to the
+same field from which they were startled. They are very partial to certain
+localities, and are rarely to be met with in sandy regions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon states that the notes of this species very closely resemble
+<!--082.png--><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 68]</span>
+those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza miliaria</i> of Europe. Its unmusical notes are almost
+continuously repeated from sunrise to sunset. When the female is startled
+from her nest she creeps quietly away through the grass, and then hides herself,
+making no complaint, and not showing herself even if her treasures are
+taken from her. Their nests are constructed of coarse grasses and stems,
+lined with finer and similar materials. They are, in certain localities, placed
+on the ground, but more frequently, in many parts of the country, they are
+built in positions above the ground. This is almost invariably the case
+where they nest among the tall coarse grasses of the prairies. My attention
+was first called to this peculiarity by Dr. J. W. Velie, then of Rock
+Island, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr> He informed me that in no instance had he found the nest of
+this species on the ground, but always raised a few inches above it. It was
+usually constructed of the tops of the red-top grasses, worked in among a
+bunch of thick grass, so as to make the nest quite firm. The meadows in
+which Dr. Velie found these nests were quite dry, so that there was no necessity
+for their thus building clear from the ground in order to escape being
+wet. I was afterwards informed by the late Mr. Robert Kennicott that his
+experience in regard to the nests of these birds had been invariably the
+same. Dr. P. R. Hoy, of Racine, is confident that these birds in Wisconsin
+never nest on the ground, or else very rarely, as he has never noticed their
+doing so. He writes that during one season he visited and made notes of
+nineteen different nests. Ten of these were built in gooseberry-bushes, four
+on thorn-bushes, three among blackberry-brambles, one on a raspberry-bush,
+and one on a wild rose. None were within a foot of the ground, and some
+were six feet from it. They have two broods in a season.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, Mr. Ridgway informs me that in Southern Illinois the
+nest of this species is always placed on the ground, usually in a meadow, and
+that he has never found its nest placed anywhere else than on the ground, in
+a tuft of grass or clover. Professor Baird has had a similar experience in
+Pennsylvania. Mr. B. F. Goss found them nesting both in bushes and on
+the ground at Neosho Falls, Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of a uniform light blue color, similar in shade
+to the eggs of the common Bluebird, as also to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor</i>.
+They vary considerably in size, the smallest measuring .80 of an inch
+in length by .60 in breadth, while the larger and more common size is .90 by
+.70 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza townsendi</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TOWNSEND’S BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 183; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 90, <abbr title="plate 400">pl. cccc.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 62, <abbr title="plate 157">pl. clvii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One, second edition">Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 528. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza
+townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 495.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper parts, head and neck all round, sides of body and forepart of
+breast, slate-blue; the back and upper surface of wings tinged with yellowish-brown; the
+<!--083.png--><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span>
+interscapular region streaked with black. A superciliary and maxillary line, chin and
+throat, and central line of under parts from the breast to crissum, white; the edge of the
+wing, and a gloss on the breast and middle of belly, yellow. A black spotted line from
+the lower corner of the lower mandible down the side of the throat, connecting with a
+crescent of streaks in the upper edge of the slate portion of the breast. Length, 5.75;
+wing, 2.86; tail, 2.56.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Chester County,
+<abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr> But one specimen known (in the <abbr title="Smithsonian Museum">Mus. Smith.</abbr>).</p>
+
+<p>It is still a question whether this is a distinct species, or only a variety
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. americana</i>. There is, however, little ground for the last supposition,
+although its rarity is a mystery.</p>
+
+<p>The original type specimen of this species, collected by Dr. J. K. Townsend,
+still continues to be the only one known, and has been presented by
+its owner, Dr. E. Michener, to the Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Only a single specimen of this apparently well-marked species
+has been observed, and nothing is known as to its history. The bird was
+shot by Mr. J. K. Townsend, in an old field grown up with cedar-bushes, near
+New Garden, Chester <abbr title="County, Pennsylvania">Co. Penn.</abbr>, May 11, 1833.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HEDYMELES</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Goniaphea</i>, <abbr title="Bowdich “Excursion"><span class="sc">Bowd.</span>
+“Excurs.</abbr> in Madeira, 1825,” Agassiz. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia ludoviciana</i>, according
+to Gray.)</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Habia</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach, Avium Systema Naturale"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span> Av. Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1850, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii.</abbr>
+(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. ludoviciana</i>; not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Habia</i> of
+<span class="sc">Lesson</span>, 1831).</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 153. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_083.jpg"
+ width="250" height="186"
+ alt="Illustration: Hedymeles melanocephalus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1496</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very large, much swollen; lower mandible scarcely deeper than the
+upper; feet almost coccothraustine,
+tarsi and
+toes very short, the claws
+strong and much curved,
+though blunt. First four
+primaries longest, and
+nearly equal, abruptly
+longer than the fifth.
+Tail broad, perfectly
+square. <i class="color">Colors</i>: Black,
+white, and red, or black,
+cinnamon, yellow, and
+white, on the male;
+the females brownish,
+streaked, with the axillars
+and lining of the
+wing yellow.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to be abundant reason for separating this genus from
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>; the latter is, in reality, much
+more nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>,
+it being impossible to define the dividing line between them.</p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><!--084.png--><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and upper parts (except rump) deep black.
+Two broad bands across coverts, a large patch on base of primaries, and terminal
+half of inner webs of tail-feathers, pure white. Breast carmine or cinnamon;
+axillars and lining of wing carmine or gamboge. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Black replaced by
+ochraceous-brown; other parts more streaked.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ludovicianus.</b> Rump and lower parts white; lining of wing, and patch
+on breast, rosy carmine. No nuchal collar. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining of wing
+saffron-yellow; breast with numerous streaks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province
+of North America, south, in winter, to Ecuador.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. melanocephalus.</b> Rump and lower parts cinnamon-rufous; lining of
+wing and middle of abdomen gamboge-yellow. A nuchal collar of rufous.
+<i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining of wing lemon-yellow; breast without streaks; abdomen
+tinged with lemon-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Crown continuous black. No post-ocular rufous stripe. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountains
+of Mexico, and Central Rocky Mountains of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Crown divided by a longitudinal rufous stripe; a distinct post-ocular
+stripe of the same. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, south,
+in winter, to Colima
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 306.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. >II</abbr>, 1810, 135, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl.
+xvii, f.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Philosphical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>,
+1827, 438.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List,
+1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850,
+501.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+497.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 328.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 166; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 513, <abbr title="plate 127">pl. cxxvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula
+ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Sabine Zoölogical Appendix Franklin’s Narrative"><span class="sc">Sab.</span> Zoöl. App. Franklin’s Narr.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List,
+<abbr title="Proceedings British Association">Pr. Br. Ass.</abbr> 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus ludovicianus</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+133.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am.
+III</abbr>, 1841, 209, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 205.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 267.
+“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea ludoviciana</i>,
+<span class="sc">Bowdich</span>.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 153. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla
+punicea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 921 (male). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia obscura</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788,
+862. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia rosea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology, plate 17, figure">Am. Orn. pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 2.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes rubricollis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Galerie des <abbr title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr></span> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1824, 67, <abbr title="plate 58">pl. lviii</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Upper parts generally, with head and neck all round, glossy black. A
+broad crescent across the upper part of the breast, extending narrowly down to the belly,
+axillaries, and under wing-coverts, carmine. Rest of under parts, rump and upper tail-coverts,
+middle wing-coverts, spots on the tertiaries and inner great wing-coverts, basal
+half of primaries and secondaries, and a large patch on the ends of the inner webs of the
+outer three tail-feathers, pure white. Length, 8.50 inches; wing, 4.15.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> without the white of quills, tail, and rump, and without any black or red.
+Above yellowish-brown streaked with darker; head with a central stripe above, and a
+superciliary on each side, white. Beneath dirty white, streaked with brown on the
+breast and sides. Under wing-coverts and axillars saffron-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="small">In the male the black feathers of the back and sides of the neck have a subterminal
+white bar. There are a few black spots on the sides of the breast just below the red.</p>
+
+<p class="small">The young male of the year is like the female, except in having the axillaries, under
+wing-coverts, and a trace of a patch on the breast, light rose-red.</p>
+
+<p class="small">The depth of the carmine tint on the under parts varies a good deal in different specimens,
+but it is always of the same rosy hue.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--085.png--><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 71]</span>
+<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Eastern United States to the Missouri plains; south to Ecuador. Honduras
+(<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 58);
+Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Bogota
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1855, 154); Cordova
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 301); Guatemala
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17);
+Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 9); Ecuador (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1860, 298); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr>
+61, 71); (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 102); Panama
+(<abbr title="Lawrence Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> VII</abbr>, 1861,
+297); Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>,
+552); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence, Annals Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. IX</abbr>, 210).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_085.jpg"
+ width="250" height="234"
+ alt="Illustration: Hedymeles melanocephalus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Rose-breasted Grosbeak, during the summer months, appears
+to have a widely extended area of distribution,
+though nowhere a very abundant
+species, and one of somewhat irregular
+occurrence. It is found as far to the east
+as Nova Scotia, to the north as Selkirk
+Settlement and the valley of the Saskatchewan,
+and to the west as Nebraska.
+It winters in great numbers in Guatemala.
+In the last-named country, while
+abundant in the Vera Paz, it was not
+found at Dueñas, but was a common
+cage-bird in the city of Guatemala. It
+was also found common at Herradura, in Colombia, South America, by Mr.
+C. W. Wyatt.</p>
+
+<p>This bird was noticed on a single occasion near San Antonio by Mr.
+Dresser, but was not observed by Dr. Woodhouse in Texas, or in the Indian
+Territory. Sumichrast did not meet with it in Vera Cruz. At <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephens,
+<abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, Mr. Boardman found this species a regular summer visitant, but rare,
+nor did Mr. Verrill find it common in the western part of Maine. In Massachusetts
+this bird becomes more common, but is nowhere very abundant.
+It has been met with in various places in the eastern part of the
+State, but rarely, and only in restricted localities. In the western part of the
+State it is more numerous, as well as throughout the whole of the Connecticut
+Valley. At Springfield, Mr. Allen notes it as a summer visitant, breeding
+in the open woods, but not abundant. He is of the opinion that
+during the past twenty-five years this bird has increased in numbers in all
+parts of the State. Mr. Allen found this bird quite common in Southern
+Indiana, in Northern Illinois, and in Western Iowa, where he found it frequent
+in the groves along the streams. Dr. Coues mentions it as rare and
+only migratory in South Carolina. Mr. McIlwraith gives it as a summer
+resident in the vicinity of Hamilton, Canada, where it is very generally distributed
+throughout the open woods, arriving there the second week in May.
+It is also found throughout Vermont, in favorable situations in open woods,
+on the borders of streams. It is not uncommon in the vicinity of Randolph,
+where it regularly breeds.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, who enjoyed but few opportunities of studying the habits of this
+species, states that it eagerly feeds on the ripe fruit of the sour gum-tree.
+He was also aware of its fine song, its value as a caged bird, and that it
+frequently sings during the night.</p>
+
+<p><!--086.png--><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 72]</span>
+Sir John Richardson met with a single specimen of this bird near the
+Saskatchewan during his first expedition with Sir John Franklin, but did not
+afterwards meet with it. He states that it frequents the deep recesses of
+the forests, and there sings a clear, mellow, and harmonious song.</p>
+
+<p>Nuttall appears to have seen little or nothing of this bird, except in confinement.
+He describes it as thriving very well in a cage, and as a melodious
+and indefatigable warbler, frequently passing the greater part of the night in
+singing, with great variety of tones. It is said, while thus earnestly engaged,
+to mount on tiptoe, as if seemingly in an ecstasy of enthusiasm and delight
+at the unrivalled harmony of its own voice. These notes, he adds, are
+wholly warbled, now loud and clear, now with a querulous and now with a
+sprightly air, and finally lower and more pathetic. In Mr. Nuttall’s opinion
+it has no superior in song, except the Mocking-Bird.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Say met with these birds in the spring, on the banks of the Missouri,
+and afterwards, on the 5th of August, at Pembina in the 49th degree of
+latitude.</p>
+
+<p>This bird arrives in Eastern Massachusetts about the 15th of May, and
+leaves in September. It nests during the first week in June.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon states that he has frequently observed this species, early in
+the month of March, in the lower parts of Louisiana, making its way eastward,
+and has noticed the same circumstance both at Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, and at
+Cincinnati, <abbr title="Ohio">O</abbr>. At this period it passes at a considerable height in the air.
+He never saw it in the maritime parts of Georgia or Carolina, but they have
+been procured in the mountainous parts of those States. On the banks of
+the Schuylkill, early in May, he has observed this bird feeding on the tender
+buds of the trees. When in Texas, in 1837, Mr. Audubon also found it very
+abundant in April.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bachman, quoted by Audubon, states that, having slightly wounded a
+beautiful male of this species, he kept it three years in confinement. It very
+soon became quite tame, fed, in an open room, on moistened bread. It was
+at once reconciled to live in a cage, and fed readily on various kinds of food,
+but preferred Indian meal and hemp-seed. It was also very fond of insects,
+and ate grasshoppers and crickets with peculiar relish. It watched the
+flies with great apparent interest, and often snatched at and secured the
+wasps that ventured within its cage. During bright moonshiny nights it
+sang sweetly, but not loudly, remaining in the same position on its perch.
+When it sang in the daytime it was in the habit of vibrating its wings, in
+the manner of the Mocking-Bird. It was a lively and a gentle companion
+for three years, but suffered from cold in severe wintry weather, and finally
+died from this cause. It would frequently escape from its cage, and never
+exhibited the least desire to leave him, but always returned to the house at
+night. It sang about eight weeks, and the rest of the year had only a faint
+<i class="birdcall">chuck</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_30.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="30">XXX</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-1" id="pl_30-1"></a><img src="images/pl_30-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Bridger, 11241.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-2" id="pl_30-2"></a><img src="images/pl_30-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Dakota, 1868.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-3" id="pl_30-3"></a><img src="images/pl_30-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 3670.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-4" id="pl_30-4"></a><img src="images/pl_30-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Iowa, 34206.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-5" id="pl_30-5"></a><img src="images/pl_30-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2425.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-6" id="pl_30-6"></a><img src="images/pl_30-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas, 4022.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-7" id="pl_30-7"></a><img src="images/pl_30-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title=" South Illinois">S. Ill.</abbr>, 58586.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-8" id="pl_30-8"></a><img src="images/pl_30-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 details 8 and 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis coccineus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 29702.<br />
+                    9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis phœniceus</span>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_30-10" id="pl_30-10"></a><img src="images/pl_30-10.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 30 detail 10"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis igneus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 49757.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This Grosbeak builds in low trees on the edge of woods, frequently in
+<!--087.png--><!--Plate 30-->
+<!--088.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--089.png--><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span>
+small groves on the banks of streams. Their nests are coarsely built, with
+a base composed of waste stubble, fragments of leaves, and stems of plants.
+These are intermingled with and strengthened by twigs and coarser stems.
+They have a diameter of eight inches, and a height of three and a half.
+The upper portion of the nest is usually composed of dry <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">usnea</i> mosses,
+mingled with a few twigs, and lined with finer twigs. Its cavity is three
+inches in diameter and one in depth, being quite shallow for so large a nest.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs bear some resemblance to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrangæ</i>, but are usually
+much larger, though they vary greatly in size. Their ground-color is usually
+a light but well-marked shade of verdigris-green, varying occasionally to a
+greenish-white, and are marked, more or less, over their entire surface, with
+blotches of reddish-brown. They vary in length from 1.05 to .90 of an inch,
+and from .78 to .60.</p>
+
+<p>During incubation, and in the presence of its mate, this Grosbeak is a
+persistent and enthusiastic singer, and, at times, carries his love of song so
+far as to betray his nest. This is more especially so when he relieves his
+mate, takes her place on the nest, and then, apparently oblivious of the danger
+of lifting up his voice in song when upon so responsible a duty, attracts,
+by his melody, the oölogist to his treasures.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy, of Racine, supplies some interesting information in regard to the
+habits and nesting of this species. On the 15th of June, within six miles
+of that city, he found seven nests, all within a space of not over five acres,
+and he was assured that each year they resort to the same locality and nest
+thus socially. Six of these nests were in thorn-trees, all were within six to
+ten feet from the ground, and all were in the central portion of the top.
+Three of the four parent birds sitting on the nests were males, and this he
+was told was usually the case. When a nest was disturbed, all the neighboring
+Grosbeaks gathered around and appeared equally interested. Both nest
+and eggs so closely resemble those of the Tanagers that it is difficult to distinguish
+them. Their position is, however, usually different, the Grosbeaks
+generally nesting in the central portion of a small tree, the Tanagers’ being
+placed on a horizontal limb.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles melanocephalus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca melanocephala</i>,
+<abbr title="Swainson, Synopsis Mexican Birds, Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Syn. Mex. Birds Philos. Mag. I</abbr>,
+1827, 438.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Consp.</abbr> 1850, 502.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 498.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 206.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes melanocephala</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List,
+<abbr title="Proceedings British Association">Pr. Br. Ass.</abbr> for 1836, 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla
+melanocephala</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>,
+1838, 519, <abbr title="plate 373">pl. ccclxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus melanocephalus</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 133.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 214, pl. 206.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S,
+51 (nest).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 228.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea melanocephala</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles
+melanocephala</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 153.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla xanthomaschalis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 525. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus guttatus</i>,
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1839, 102.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Guiraca tricolor</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc">Lesson</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique 2">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1839, 102.</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--090.png--><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 74]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Head above and on the sides, with chin, back, wings, and tail, black.
+A well-marked collar on the hind neck all round (and in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i> a more or less distinct
+median stripe on crown, and one behind the eye), edges of interscapular feathers,
+rump, and under parts generally pale brownish-orange, almost light cinnamon. Middle
+of belly, axillaries, and under wing-coverts, yellow. Belly just anterior to the anus,
+under tail-coverts, a large blotch at the end of the inner webs of first and second tail-feathers,
+a band across the middle and greater wing-coverts, some spots on the ends of
+the tertiaries, the basal portions of all the quills, and the outer three primaries near the
+tips, white. Length nearly 8 inches; wing, 4.25; tail, 3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> has the chin, sides of throat, and superciliary stripe white; the black markings
+replaced by olivaceous-brown; the cinnamon markings paler, and almost white; the
+white of wings more restricted; that of tail wanting. Usually there are few or no
+streaks beneath as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> (faint ones on flanks); in young males, however, they
+are more appreciable. The lemon or gamboge yellow axillars and under coverts in all
+ages and stages separate this species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ludovicianus</i>, the female and young of which
+have those regions of a saffron or fulvous yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains from Yellowstone to the Pacific. Table-lands of Mexico.
+Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 213); Vera Cruz, Alpine and plateau,
+breeding (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551).</p>
+
+<p>This bird, in its range of habitat, appears to be represented by two varieties,
+which, however, run into each other, so that it is often difficult to determine
+to which variety specimens from intermediate regions should be
+referred.</p>
+
+<p>Taking the series from Eastern Mexico (Orizaba and Mirador) and northward
+along the Rocky Mountains of the United States, we find the black of
+the head continuous, sharply defined by a gently curved outline behind, and
+without a trace of either the vertex or post-ocular stripes. This is the true
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>, as restricted, and may be regarded as the Rocky Mountain
+form. The most western specimen is 11,241, from Fort Bridger; the most
+northern (19,355), from Stinking River, Northern Wyoming. All specimens
+from the Pacific coast eastward to the western base of the Rocky Mountains,
+including Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and Western Mexico south to Colima, differ from
+the Rocky Mountain series in having the posterior outline of the black hood
+ragged, and irregularly indented by the rufous of the nape, which always
+extends in a quite broad stripe toward the eye, along the side of the occiput,
+and quite frequently forms a conspicuous median vertex stripe, though the
+latter feature is sometimes not distinct. These differences are observable
+only in the males, and, although apparently slight, are yet sufficiently constant
+to justify distinguishing them as races. The Rocky Mountain form
+being the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>, the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i> is proposed for the western
+one.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird occurs from the high Central Plains to the Pacific,
+and from the northern portions of Washington Territory to the table-lands
+of Mexico. Mr. Ridgway found this species abundant, during the summer
+months, in all the fertile wooded districts along the entire route of the
+survey. At Sacramento it was common in the willow copses, and was observed
+<!--091.png--><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 75]</span>
+in the greatest numbers, in May, in the rich valley of the Truckee, in
+company with Bullock’s Oriole, the Louisiana Tanager, and other species,
+feeding upon the buds of the “grease-wood.” It principally inhabits the
+willows along the rivers, and the shrubbery skirting the streams of the
+mountain cañons. In its manners and notes Mr. Ridgway regards this
+bird as an exact counterpart of the eastern species, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</i>,
+its song being by no means superior. The peculiar and very odd <i class="birdcall">click</i>
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> is said to be equally characteristic of this bird. Mr.
+Ridgway met with its nests in willows, about ten feet from the ground. He
+had evidence that the male bird assists the female in the duties of incubation.</p>
+
+<p>This bird, though a common summer resident in the Great Salt Lake Valley,
+had all migrated, according to Mr. Allen, by the 1st of September. It
+is well known there as the Peabird, from its fondness for green peas, of
+which it is very destructive.</p>
+
+<p>According to Dr. Cooper, this Grosbeak arrives in California, near San
+Diego, about April 12. It is numerous during the summer throughout the
+mountains both of the coast and of the Sierra Nevada, and extends its migrations
+at least as far as Puget Sound. It is often kept in confinement
+on account of its loud, sweet song. In the Coast Mountains, in May, its
+music is said to be delightful, the males vying with each other from the tops
+of the trees, and making the hills fairly ring with their melody.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found a nest of this bird, May 12, at the eastern base of the
+Coast Range. It was built in a low horizontal branch of an alder, and consisted
+of a few sticks and weeds, very loosely put together, with a lining of
+grass and roots. The eggs, three in number, he describes as of a pale bluish-white
+ground, thickly spotted with brown, more densely near the larger end.
+Their size he gives as .95 by .70 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper also states that they frequent the ground in search of food, but
+also live much on trees, feeding on their buds. They are not gregarious,
+assembling only in family groups in the fall. They do not fly high, nor do
+they make any noise in flying.</p>
+
+<p>He has observed these birds at Santa Cruz April 12, or as early as he saw
+them at San Diego, three hundred and fifty miles farther south, and has
+found a young bird fledged as early as May 23.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues speaks of this bird as an abundant summer resident of Arizona,
+where it arrives by the first of May, and remains until the latter part of
+September. He speaks of it as frequenting the thick brush of the ravines
+and the cottonwood and willow copses of the river-bottoms. Its call-note
+resembles that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx gambeli</i>. Its song, he says, is superb,&mdash;a
+powerful, but melodious succession of clear, rich, rolling notes, reminding
+one somewhat of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley speaks of this bird being sparingly found in the vicinity of
+Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound, where he obtained two specimens.</p>
+
+<p><!--092.png--><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 76]</span>
+Dr. Heermann speaks of the song of this bird as clear and musical, and as
+very closely resembling that of our <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius</i>. He describes its
+nests as formed with very little care, of twigs loosely thrown together, and
+lined with roots, placed in the branches of bushes. The eggs, four in number,
+he describes as of a greenish-blue ground, marked with irregular spots
+of umber-brown, varying in intensity of shade.</p>
+
+<p>The song of the western species is described by Mr. Nuttall as fully equal,
+if not superior, to that of the Rose-breasted. He met with it on the central
+table-lands of the Rocky Mountains, along the upper branches of the Colorado
+River, where he found it frequenting the thick groves of the streams,
+and where, throughout its dense forests, the powerful song and the inimitable
+voice of this “most delightful Finch” cheered that naturalist amidst the
+wildest desolation of that “forest primeval,” where this superb vocalist made
+the woods echo and re-echo to its untiring song. These notes, greatly resembling
+those of its eastern relative, may be heard from early dawn almost
+even to the close of the following night. These are described as loud, varied,
+high-toned, and melodious, rising and falling with the sweetest cadence, fascinating
+the listener most powerfully with sensations of a pleasing sadness,
+its closing note seeming like a shrill cry of appealing distress, and then sinking
+faintly on the ear. It is described as very shy and retiring in its habits,
+and can be but very rarely observed closely while thus engaged in song.
+On these occasions the bird is said to sit up conspicuously on a lofty bough,
+near the summit of the tree, his throat swelling with the excitement, and
+seeming to take a great delight in the sound of his own music.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumichrast found this bird on the Plateau of Mexico, and also in the
+alpine regions of Vera Cruz. It was found to the height of 8,300 feet, and
+never lower than 4,000.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of an oblong-oval shape, one end but slightly
+more rounded than the other, and measure 1.10 of an inch in length by .65
+in breadth. They have a bluish-green ground, blotched and splashed with
+markings of a rusty-brown, for the most part more numerous about the
+larger end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">GUIRACA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, Nov. 1827, 350. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Classification of">Class.</abbr> Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 277. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_093a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="190"
+ alt="Illustration: Guiraca cærulea"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">6480</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very large, nearly as high as long; the culmen slightly curved, with a
+rather sharp ridge; the commissure conspicuously angulated just below the nostril, the
+posterior leg of the angle nearly as long as the anterior, both nearly straight. Lower jaw
+deeper than the upper, and extending much behind the forehead; the width greater than
+the length of the gonys, considerably wider than the upper jaw. A prominent knob in
+the roof of the mouth. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe; the outer toe a little longer,
+reaching not quite to the base of the middle claw; hind toe rather longer than to this
+base. Wings long, reaching the middle of the tail; the secondaries and tertials nearly
+<!--093.png--><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 77]</span>
+equal; the second quill longest; the first less than the fourth. Tail very nearly even,
+shorter than the wings.</p>
+
+<p>The single North American
+species of this genus has
+no near relative in tropical
+America; indeed, no other
+species at present known
+can be said to be strictly
+congeneric.</p>
+
+<p>In all essential details of
+external structure, and in
+every respect as to habits
+and nidification, the type of
+the genus (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. cærulea</i>) is
+much more like the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>
+than those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</i>, with
+which latter it has usually been included.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE GROSBEAK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cærulea</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 306.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>,
+1811, 78, <abbr title="plate 24, figure">pl. xxiv,
+f.</abbr> 6.&mdash;<span class="sc">? Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 525.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+Birds <abbr title="of Mexico in Philosophical Magazine One">Mex. in Phil.
+Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 438.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 499.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 230.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 140; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 508, <abbr title="plate 122">pl. cxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus
+cæruleus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>,
+1837, 277.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 204, <abbr title="plate 204">pl. cciv.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 152.&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen Bremen">Abh. Nat. Brem.</abbr> 1870, 339
+(Mazatlan). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanoloxia cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 502. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphæa cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>
+<cite>Blue Grosbeak</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Arctic Zoölogy Two">Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 351.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_093b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="227"
+ alt="Illustration: Guiraca cærulea"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Brilliant blue; darker across the middle of the back. Space around base
+of the bill and lores, with tail-feathers,
+black. Two bands on the wing across the
+tips of the middle and secondary coverts,
+with outer edges of tertiaries, reddish-brown,
+or perhaps chestnut. Feathers on
+the posterior portion of the under surface
+tipped narrowly with grayish-white.
+Length, 7.25; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.80.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> yellowish-brown above, brownish-yellow
+beneath; darkest across the
+breast. Wing-coverts and tertials broadly
+edged with brownish-yellow. Sometimes a
+faint trace of blue on the tail. The young
+resembles the female.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+More southern United States from
+Atlantic to Pacific, south to Costa Rica.
+Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Oaxaca
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 378); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 301);
+Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>
+J. <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 9); Vera Paz (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis,
+<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 352); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 102);
+Vera Cruz,
+winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552);
+Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 200).</p>
+
+<p><!--094.png--><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 78]</span>
+The species described as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza parellina</i> in the Birds of North
+America, but which so far has not been actually detected north of Mexico,
+is a miniature <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>, more related, however, to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. concreta</i> than to
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</i>. It is easily distinguished from the latter by more lobed bill,
+darker back and under parts, absence of rufous wing-bands, and inferior
+size. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.50.</p>
+
+<p>Males from the Pacific coast region (California, Colima, etc.) have tails
+considerably longer than eastern specimens, while those from California are
+of a much lighter and less purplish blue, the difference being much the same
+as between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia sialis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. azurea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Autumnal and winter males have the feathers generally, especially on the
+back and breast, tipped with light brown, obscuring somewhat the blue,
+though producing a beautiful appearance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue Grosbeak, though more a bird of the Southern States,
+is also one both of an extended and of an irregular distribution. It was
+even met with one year in the vicinity of Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, although none have
+been known to occur in any part of the country between that point and New
+York City. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast.</p>
+
+<p>The extent to which it is distributed throughout California is inferred,
+rather than known. Dr. Cooper noticed one at Fort Mohave, May 6, and
+afterwards saw many more frequenting the trees and bushes along the river,
+and singing a lively song, which he compares with that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus
+frontalis</i>. He also saw them at Los Angeles and at Santa Barbara, and
+states that they were found at Pit River, in the extreme northeastern part
+of the State, by Dr. Newberry. They were observed to frequent the banks
+of streams crossing the great interior plains and deserts, where there was
+little vegetation except a few bushes.</p>
+
+<p>The Blue Grosbeak was only met with by Mr. Ridgway and his party at
+Sacramento. It does not occur&mdash;or, if so, it was not seen&mdash;in the interior so
+far to the north as the route of Mr. King’s survey. At Sacramento it was
+found frequenting the same localities as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amæna</i>, and appeared
+to be characteristic of the cottonwood copses. Their nests were found between
+the 18th and the 29th of June, and were all in similar situations.
+These were built in small cottonwood-trees, on the edge of the copse, and
+were all about six feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Burroughs, in one of his charming popular essays<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_10" id="fnanchor_10"></a><a href="#footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></span>
+on the general
+habits of our birds, refers to their occasional preference, in sites for their
+nests, of the borders of frequented roadsides, and mentions finding a nest of
+the Blue Grosbeak among the trees that line one of the main streets and
+fashionable drives leading out of Washington City, less than half a mile
+from the boundary. There, he states, this bird, which, according to Audubon’s
+observations, is shy and recluse, affecting remote marshes and the borders
+of large ponds of stagnant water, had placed its nest in the lowest twig
+<!--095.png--><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span>
+of the lowest branch of a large sycamore immediately over a great thoroughfare,
+and so near the ground that a person standing in a cart or sitting on a
+horse could have reached it with his hand. The nest was composed mainly
+of fragments of newspaper and stalks of grass, and though so low, was remarkably
+well concealed by one of the peculiar clusters of twigs and leaves
+which characterize this tree. The nest contained young when he discovered
+it, and though the parent birds were much annoyed by his loitering about
+beneath the tree, they paid but little attention to the stream of vehicles that
+was constantly passing. It was a source of wonder to him when the birds
+could have built it, as they are so much shyer when building than at other
+times. They must have worked mostly in the early morning, when they
+could have the place all to themselves. The same observer also noticed
+another pair of Blue Grosbeaks that had built their nest in a graveyard
+within the city limits. This was placed in a low bush, and the male continued
+to sing at intervals till the young were ready to fly. The song of this
+bird he describes as a rapid, intricate warble, like that of the Indigo Bird,
+though stronger and louder. Indeed, these two birds so much resemble
+each other in color, form, voice, manner, and general habits, that, were it not
+for the difference in size,&mdash;the Grosbeak being nearly as large again as the
+Indigo Bird,&mdash;he thinks it would be a hard matter to tell them apart. The
+females of both birds are clad in the same reddish-brown suits, as are also
+the young during the first season.</p>
+
+<p>The nest of this species has also been found built in a tree within the
+grounds of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The only time I ever met with this species was at Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in June,
+1843. The previous month Professor Baird had found its nest in a low tree,
+in open ground, and we found these birds still frequenting the same grounds,
+where we found another nest containing three eggs. It was in a low thorn-tree
+on the edge of a wood, but standing out in open ground. The nest was
+about five feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The Smithsonian specimens are from Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, obtained in April,
+May, and August; from Georgia, Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Mexico, etc.
+Mr. Lawrence enumerates this among the birds found near New York City.
+Mr. Dresser found it common near Matamoras in July and August. It was
+breeding there, though, owing to the lateness of the season, he was unable to
+procure any of its eggs. Dr. Coues speaks of it as generally distributed in
+Arizona, but nowhere very common. A single specimen was taken near
+Fort Whipple, August 10. Turnbull regarded it as a rare straggler to the
+southern counties of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, arriving there in the
+middle of May. Dr. Woodhouse found it common in the Indian Territory
+and Texas. Lieutenant Couch mentions seeing this bird first near Monterey,
+the male always preceding the female. He speaks of them as exceedingly
+tame. Mr. J. H. Clark states that this bird was not often seen, and, when
+observed, was generally solitary, preferring the dark ravines and the cañons
+<!--096.png--><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 80]</span>
+on the mountain-sides. It is not mentioned by Sumichrast as a bird of Vera
+Cruz, but was found during the winter months at Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr.
+Boucard.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. O. Salvin states (Ibis, <abbr title="Three, page">III, p.</abbr> 352) that he found this species, though
+not of very common occurrence, pretty generally distributed, in winter,
+throughout Vera Paz. He met with it on the Plains of Salamà, and all the
+collections from the warmer districts to the northward of Coban contained
+specimens. It was found by Mr. George H. White near Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson speaks of this bird as retired and solitary, and also as a scarce
+species, and as having but few notes, its most common one being a loud
+<i class="birdcall">chuck</i>. He was, however, aware that at times they have a few low sweet-toned
+notes. He mentions their being kept in Charleston in cages, but as
+seldom singing in confinement. He fed a caged bird of this species on Indian
+corn, which it easily broke with its powerful bill; also on hemp-seed, millet,
+and berries. He speaks of them as timid, watchful, silent, and active.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon was, apparently, somewhat at fault in regard to the peculiarities
+of this species. His accounts of the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva</i>
+are entirely inapplicable to that species, and, so far as I know, apply to no
+other bird than the Blue Grosbeak, to which they exactly correspond. He
+makes no mention and gives no description of the eggs of the latter. His
+statements as to the nest appear to be correct.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bachman kept several of these birds in an aviary; two of these mated,
+took possession of the nest of a Cardinal Grosbeak, which they drove off,
+and laid two eggs that were unfortunately destroyed. In the aviary these
+birds were silent. Mr. Audubon kept one, in confinement, with him in Edinburgh.
+It had been raised from the nest. This bird frequently sang in the
+night, and before dawn. It was extremely tame, coming out or going into
+its cage at pleasure, perching on the head-dress of Mrs. Audubon, or on the
+heads of other members of the family, alighting on the table and feeding on
+almost anything given to it. If a gold or silver coin was thrown upon the
+table he would go to it, take it up in his bill, and apparently toss it about
+with pleasure. After bathing he would go to the fire and perch on the fender
+to dry himself. He would attack other birds, if put into the cage with him.
+In feeding he sometimes held his food in his claws like a Hawk.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this bird are of a uniform light-blue color, and most resemble
+those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</i>, but are larger and of a lighter color. Their color
+is quite fugitive, and readily fades into a dull white upon even a slight exposure
+to light. They are of an oval shape, equally rounded at either end,
+and measure .98 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--097.png--><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 81]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYANOSPIZA</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816. Not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, used in Botany.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, Synopsis, 1828. Not of 1825.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_097.jpg"
+ width="250" height="191"
+ alt="Illustration: Cyanospiza amœna."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2645</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill deep at the base, compressed; the upper outline considerably curved;
+the commissure rather concave, with an
+obtuse, shallow lobe in the middle. Gonys
+slightly curved. Feet moderate; tarsus about
+equal to middle toe; the outer lateral toe
+barely longer than the inner, its claw falling
+short of the base of the middle; hind toe
+about equal to the middle without claw.
+Claws all much curved, acute. Wings long
+and pointed, reaching nearly to the middle of
+the tail; the second and third quills longest.
+Tail appreciably shorter than the wings;
+rather narrow, very nearly even.</p>
+
+<p>The species of this genus are all of very
+small size and of showy plumage, usually blue, red, or green, in well-defined areas. The
+females plain olivaceous or brownish; paler beneath.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species">Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Head all round uniform blue; eyelids not different, commissure distinctly sinuated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower parts blue; no white bands on wing.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea.</b> Entirely deep ultramarine-blue, more purplish on the
+head, somewhat greenish posteriorly. <i class="sex">Female</i> dull umber above, grayish-white
+beneath, the breast with obsolete darker streaks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern
+Province of United States, south, in winter, to Panama.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower parts white, the breast rufous. One broad and distinct, and a
+narrower, more obsolete white band on the wing.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amœna.</b> Head and neck, all round, and rump, bright greenish-blue;
+back, wings, and tail more dusky; a narrow white collar between
+rufous of the breast and blue of the throat. <i class="sex">Female</i> grayish-brown
+above, the rump tinged with blue. Beneath dull whitish, the breast
+and jugulum more buffy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Head party-colored; eyelids different from adjoining portions. Commissure
+hardly appreciably sinuated, or even concave.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Back and breast similar in color. Upper mandible much less deep than
+lower, the commissure concave.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. versicolor.</b> Back and breast dark wine-purple, occiput and
+throat claret-red, forehead and rump purplish-blue. Eyelids purplish-red.
+<i class="sex">Female</i> fulvous-gray above, uniform pale fulvous below. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Northern Mexico, and adjacent borders of United States; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Back and breast very different in color. Upper mandible scarcely less
+deep than the lower, the commissure straight, or slightly sinuated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ciris.</b> Lower parts vermilion-red. Back green, crown blue;
+rump dull red; eyelids red. <i class="sex">Female</i> dull green above, light olivaceous-yellow
+<!--098.png--><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 82]</span>
+below. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Gulf States of United States, and whole of Middle
+America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leclancheri.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_11" id="fnanchor_11"></a><a href="#footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></span>
+ Lower parts gamboge-yellow. Back blue, crown
+green, rump blue; eyelids yellow. <i class="sex">Female</i> not seen. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern
+Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">INDIGO BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 315. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin, Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 876. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cyanea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1810, 100, <abbr title="plate six, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 5.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I,</abbr>
+1832, 377; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 503, <abbr title="plate 74">pl. lxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina cyanea</i>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Dictionnaire"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Dict.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza cyanea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 474.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+109.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 96, <abbr title="plate 170">pl. clxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 505.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+330. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza cyanella</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 887. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Emberiza cærulea</i>,
+<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 876. <cite>Indigo Bunting</cite>, and <cite>Blue Bunting</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span> and <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Blue, tinged with ultramarine on the head, throat, and middle of
+breast; elsewhere with verdigris-green. Lores and anterior angle of chin velvet-black.
+Wing-feathers brown, edged externally with dull bluish-brown. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Brown above;
+whitish, obscurely streaked or blotched with brownish-yellow, beneath; tinged with blue
+on shoulders, edges of larger feathers, and on rump. Immature males similar, variously
+blotched with blue. Very young birds streaked beneath. Length, about 5.75 inches;
+wing, nearly 3.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States
+to the Missouri; south to Guatemala. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859,
+379); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 304);
+Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 17);
+Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, 8);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab. Jour.</span></abbr> 1861, 4;
+<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX,</abbr> 103); Vera Cruz, winter
+(<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552).</p>
+
+<p>In this species, which may be considered the type of the genus, the tail is
+slightly emarginate; the second quill is longest, the first shorter than the
+fourth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Indigo Bird of the Eastern States is found in
+nearly uniform and tolerable abundance in various parts of the United
+States, from the valley of the Missouri to the Atlantic, and from Florida to
+New Brunswick. It is a summer visitant, but rare, in Eastern Maine, but is
+common in the western part of the State, where it arrives early in May, and
+where it breeds. Mr. Allen speaks of it as not very common in the vicinity
+of Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, arriving there about the middle of May, and breeding
+in gardens, orchards, and the edges of woods, and making its nests in bushes.
+It leaves there about the middle of September.</p>
+
+<p>In the eastern part of the State it is very unequally distributed. In certain
+localities it has not been met with, but in other favorite places it seems
+to be quite common, and to be on the increase. In the gardens of Brookline
+and Roxbury they are comparatively quite abundant. Mr. Maynard gives
+May 10 as the earliest date of their coming. He also states that in the
+autumn they are found in flocks, and frequent roadsides, high sandy fields,
+<!--099.png--><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 83]</span>
+and rocky pastures, which I have never noticed. According to Dr. Coues, it
+is common and breeds as far south as Columbia, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and, according to Mr.
+McIlwraith, it is a common summer resident in the neighborhood of Hamilton,
+Canada West. Specimens have been procured as far west as Fort Riley
+in Kansas. It passes the winter in Guatemala, where it is quite abundant,
+though a very large proportion of specimens received from there, in collections,
+are immature birds. It was not found in Vera Cruz by Mr. Sumichrast,
+nor is it given by Mr. Allen as found by him in Western Iowa, while
+it was common both in Northern Illinois and in Indiana. It was, however,
+found by Mr. Allen, in Kansas, in considerable numbers, near Leavenworth,
+in the spring of 1871. It was not met with by Mr. Dresser in Southwestern
+Texas, though Dr. Woodhouse found it quite common in the prairies of
+that State, where its pleasant song was heard in the timber on their edges,
+or in the thickets on the borders of the streams in the Indian Territory,
+where it was quite abundant. It was not observed on the Mexican Boundary
+Survey.</p>
+
+<p>These birds were found, by Mr. Boucard, abundant throughout the State
+of Oaxaca, Mexico, having been taken both among the mountains near Totontepec,
+and among the hot lowlands near Plaza Vicente.</p>
+
+<p>According to Wilson, this bird is not noticed in Pennsylvania much, if
+any, earlier than its first appearance in New England, and it leaves at about
+the same time. He observed it in great abundance both in South Carolina
+and Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>In manners it is active and sprightly, and its song is vigorous and pleasant.
+It is considered a better singer than either the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</i> or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i>. It
+usually stations itself, in singing, on some high position, the top of a tree or
+of a chimney, where it chants its peculiar and charming song for quite a
+space of time. Its song consists of a repetition of short notes, at first loud
+and rapid, but gradually less frequent, and becoming less and less distinct.
+It sings with equal animation both in May and July, and its song may be
+occasionally heard even into August, and not less during the noonday heat
+of summer than in the cool of the morning. Nuttall describes its animated
+song as a lively strain, composed of a repetition of short notes. The most
+common of its vocal expressions sounds like <i class="birdcall">tshe-tshe-tshe</i>, repeated several
+times. While the female is engaged in the cares of incubation, or just as
+the brood has appeared, the song of the male is said to be much shortened.
+In the village of Cambridge, Nuttall observed one of this species regularly
+chanting its song from the point of a forked lightning-rod, on a very tall
+house.</p>
+
+<p>The Indigo Bird usually builds its nest in the centre of a low thick bush.
+The first nest I ever met with was built in a thick sumach that had grown up
+at the bottom of a deep excavation, some fifteen feet below the surface, and
+but two feet above the base of the shrub. This same nest was occupied five
+successive summers. It was almost wholly built of matting that the birds
+<!--100.png--><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 84]</span>
+had evidently taken from the ties of our grapevines. Each year the nest
+was repaired with the same material. Once only they had two broods in one
+season. The second brood was not hatched out until September, and the
+family was not ready to migrate until after nearly all its kindred had assembled
+and gone. This nest, though principally made of bare matting, was
+very neatly and thoroughly lined with hair. Other nests are made of coarse
+grasses and sedges, and all are usually lined in a similar manner.</p>
+
+<p>Audubon and Wilson describe the eggs of this bird as blue, with purplish
+spots at the larger end. All that I have ever seen are white, with a slight
+tinge of greenish or blue, and unspotted. I have never been able to meet
+with a spotted egg of this bird, the identification of which was beyond
+suspicion. They are of a rounded-oval shape, one side is only a little more
+pointed than the other. They measure .75 of an inch in length by .58 in
+breadth. They resemble the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amœna</i>, but are smaller, and are not
+so deeply tinged with blue.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LAZULI FINCH.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza amœna</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Two"> Exped. II</abbr>, 1823, 47. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) amœna</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte, American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>
+Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 61, <abbr title="plate six, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 5. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla amœna</i>, <abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 64,
+230, <abbr title="plates 398 adn 424">pls. cccxcviii and ccccxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza amœna</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 109.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 100, <abbr title="plate 171">pl. clxxi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858,
+283.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, s, 46. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 504.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper
+&amp; Suckley</span>, 205.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 233.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_100.jpg"
+ width="250" height="298"
+ alt="Illustration: Cyanospiza amœna"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper parts generally, with the head and neck all round, greenish-blue;
+the interscapular region darker. Upper part
+of breast pale brownish-chestnut extending along
+the sides and separated from the blue of the throat
+by a faint white crescent; rest of under parts and
+axillars white. A white patch on the middle
+wing-coverts, and an obscurely indicated white
+band across the ends of the greater coverts. Loral
+region black. Length, about 5.50; wing, 3.90;
+tail, 2.60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Brown above, tinged with blue on rump
+and tail; whitish beneath, tinged with buff on the
+breast and throat; faint white bands on wings.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>This species is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+cyanea</i>; the bill exactly similar. The
+females of the two species are scarcely
+distinguishable, except by the faint traces of one or two white bands on the
+wings in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i>. Sometimes both the throat and the upper part of the
+breast are tinged with pale brownish-buff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Lazuli Finch was first obtained by Mr. Say, who met with
+<!--101.png--><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 85]</span>
+it in Long’s expedition. It was observed, though rarely, along the banks of
+the Arkansas River during the summer months, as far as the base of the
+Rocky Mountains. It was said to frequent the bushy valleys, keeping much
+in the grass, after its food, and seldom alighting on either trees or shrubs.</p>
+
+<p>Townsend, who found this rather a common bird on the Columbia, regarded
+it as shy and retiring in its habits, the female being very rarely seen.
+It possesses lively and pleasing powers of song, which it pours forth from
+the upper branches of low trees. Its nests were usually found placed in
+willows along the margins of streams, and were composed of small sticks,
+fine grasses, and buffalo-hair.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall found the nest of this bird fastened between the stem and two
+branches of a large fern. It was funnel-shaped, being six inches in height
+and three in breadth.</p>
+
+<p>This bird possibly occurs quite rarely, as far east as the Mississippi, as I
+have what is said to be its egg taken from a nest near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis. It only
+becomes abundant on the plains. Mr. Ridgway found it very generally distributed
+throughout his route, inhabiting all the bushy localities in the
+fertile districts. He regarded it as, in nearly every respect, the exact
+counterpart of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>. The notes of the two birds are so
+exactly the same that their song would be undistinguishable but for the fact
+that in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i> it is appreciably weaker. He found their nests usually
+in the low limbs of trees, near their extremity, and only a few feet from the
+ground. Mr. J. A. Allen found this species common in Colorado, more so
+among the foot-hills than on the plains, but does not appear to have met
+with it in Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>This species, Mr. Lord states, visits Vancouver Island and British Columbia
+early in the summer, arriving at the island in May, and rather later east of
+the Cascades. The song of the male is said to be feeble, and only now and
+then indulged in, as if to cheer his more sombre partner during incubation.
+The nest, he adds, is round and open at the top, composed of various materials
+worked together, lined with hair, and placed in a low bush, usually by
+the side of a stream.</p>
+
+<p>The Lazuli Finch was met with in large numbers, and many of their nests
+procured, by Mr. Xantus, in the neighborhood of Ft. Tejon, California. Indeed,
+it is a very abundant species generally on the Pacific coast, and is found at
+least as far north as Puget Sound, during the summer. It arrives at San
+Diego, according to Dr. Cooper, about April 22, and remains there until October.
+A male bird, kept in a cage over winter, was found to retain its blue
+plumage. It is a favorite cage-bird in California, where it is absurdly known
+as the Indigo Bird. During the summer months, according to Dr. Cooper,
+there is hardly a grove in the more open portions of the State uninhabited by
+one or more pairs of this beautiful species. Although the female is very shy
+and difficult to obtain, except on the nest, the male is not timid, and frequently
+sings his lively notes from the top of some bush or tree, continuing
+<!--102.png--><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span>
+musical in all weathers and throughout the summer. He describes its song
+as unvaried, as rather monotonous, and closely resembling that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Their nest, he adds, is usually built in a bush, not more than three or four
+feet from the ground, formed of fibrous roots, strips of bark, and grass, with a
+lining of vegetable down or hair, and securely bound to the surrounding
+branches. The eggs, five in number, he describes as white, faintly tinged
+with blue. At Santa Barbara he found them freshly laid May 6.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are never gregarious, though the males come in considerable
+flocks in the spring, several days before the females. They travel at night,
+arriving at Santa Cruz about April 12. A nest found by Dr. Cooper, May 7,
+in a low bush close to a public road, was about three feet from the ground.
+It was very strongly built, supported by a triple fork of the branch, and was
+composed of blades of grass firmly interwoven, and lined with horsehair and
+cobwebs. It measured three inches in height and three and three fourths
+in width. The cavity was two inches deep and one and three fourths wide.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona Dr. Coues found this bird a summer resident, but not abundant.</p>
+
+<p>At Puget Sound this bird arrives about May 15. Dr. Suckley states that
+in Oregon it was observed returning from the south, in large flocks, in one
+instance of several hundred individuals.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Lazuli, when fresh, are of a light blue, which on the least
+exposure soon fades into a bluish-white. They are almost exactly oval in
+shape, and measure .75 by .60 of an inch. One end is somewhat more
+rounded, but the difference is slight.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">VARIED BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza versicolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1837, 120.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus <abbr title="Avium">Av.</abbr> 1850, 475.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span>
+Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 148. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis luxuosus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 41. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza
+versicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+503, <abbr title="plate 56, figure">pl. lvi, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 234.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Posterior half of hood, with throat, dark brownish-red; interscapular
+region similar, but darker. Forepart of hood, lesser wing-coverts, back of the neck,
+and rump, purplish-blue; the latter purest blue; the belly reddish-purple, in places tinged
+with blue, more obscure posteriorly. Feathers of wing and tail dark-brown, edged with
+dull bluish. Loral region and narrow frontal band black. Feathers on side of rump
+white at base. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.38.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Yellowish-brown; paler beneath, and lightest behind. No white on wing.
+Tail with a bluish gloss.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northern Mexico, and
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365);
+Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1859, 379); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 214); (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S.
+I</abbr>, 551; breeding); Guatemala
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17).</p>
+
+<p>The bill is stouter and more swollen to the end, and the mandible is much
+more curved than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>; and its perfectly concave commissure,
+without any shallow lobe in the middle, and the much more arched ridge,
+<!--103.png--><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span>
+would almost separate the two generically. The wing is shorter and more
+rounded, the fourth quill longest, then the third, second, and fifth. The first
+is only a little longer than the seventh. The tail is decidedly rounded;
+rather more so than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The female is very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. amœna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</i>. The former
+has whitish bands on the wing; the latter differs in shape of bill, and has
+the first quill but little less than the second, or longest; not shorter than
+the sixth. In 34,033 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas (June 26), the colors are much
+brighter than in any other of the collection. The whole occiput is bright
+scarlet, and the forehead nearly pure light blue, neither having scarcely a
+tinge of purple.</p>
+
+<p>Autumnal and winter males have the bright tints very slightly obscured
+by grayish-brown tips to the feathers, especially on the back. The female
+in autumn is much more brown above and more rusty beneath than in
+spring.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful species has only doubtful claims to a place in
+our fauna. It is a Mexican species, and may occasionally cross into our
+territory. It was met with at Boquillo, in the Mexican State of New Leon,
+by Lieutenant Couch. It was procured in Guatemala by Dr. Van Patten
+and by Salvin, and is given by Bonaparte as from Peru. It is also found at
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, where it is not rare, and where it breeds.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is also found at Orizaba, according to Sumichrast, but is quite
+rare in the State of Vera Cruz. Its common name is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Prusiano</i>. Its geographical
+distribution he was not able satisfactorily to ascertain.</p>
+
+<p>Among the memoranda of Mr. Xantus made at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, we find
+the following in connection with this species: 517, nest and three eggs of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza versicolor</i>; obtained May 5 on a myrtle hanging down from very
+high perpendicular bluffs, off the Trajoles, at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. 1535, nest
+and eggs of the same found on a vine ten feet high.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of this species were taken by Mr. Boucard at Oaxaca, Mexico,
+during the winter months.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza ciris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NONPAREIL; PAINTED BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza ciris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academien Handlingar "><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Kong. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand.</abbr> 1750,
+278; <abbr title="table eight, figure">tab. vii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syst.
+Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 313.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 68,
+<abbr title="plate 24, figure">pl. xxiv, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina
+ciris</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc" title="Galerie des Oiseaux One"> Gal. Ois. I</abbr>,
+1824, 81, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla ciris</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>,
+1832, 279; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 517, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza ciris</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850,
+476.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+108.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 93, <abbr title="plate 169">pl. clxix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza
+ciris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 503.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. Bound. II</abbr>,
+Birds, 17, <abbr title="plate 18, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span>
+X</abbr>, c, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 14. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla mariposa</i>, <span class="sc">Scopoli</span>,
+Annals <abbr title="Historico-Naturales One">Hist. Nat. I</abbr>, 1769,
+151. <cite>Painted Finch</cite>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Head and neck all round ultramarine-blue, excepting a narrow stripe
+from the chin to the breast, which, with the under parts generally, the eyelids, and the
+<!--104.png--><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 88]</span>
+rump (which is tinged with purplish), are vermilion-red. Edges of chin, loral region,
+greater wing-coverts, inner tertiary, and interscapular region, green; the middle of the
+latter glossed with yellow. Tail-feathers, lesser wing-coverts, and outer webs of quills,
+purplish-blue. Length, about 5.50 inches; wing, 2.70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Clear dark green above; yellowish beneath. <i class="age">Young</i>, like female.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+South Atlantic and Gulf States to the Pecos River, Texas; south into Middle
+America to Panama; S. Illinois (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 358);
+Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1859, 379); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 304);
+Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17);
+Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>,
+10); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, 8);
+Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 142);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 102);
+Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 552);
+Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 200).</p>
+
+<p>Tail very slightly emarginated and rounded; second, third, and fourth
+quills equal; first rather shorter than the fifth.</p>
+
+<p>The female is readily distinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanea</i> by the green
+instead of dull brown of the back, and the yellow of the under parts.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of this species from all parts of its range appear to be quite
+identical.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Nonpareil or Painted Bunting of the Southern and Southeastern
+States has a somewhat restricted distribution, not being found any
+farther to the north on the Atlantic Coast than South Carolina and Georgia,
+and probably only in the more southern portions of those States. It has
+been traced as far to the west as Texas. It was also met with at Monterey,
+Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, and in winter by Mr. Boucard, at Plaza Vicente,
+Oaxaca.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found it very common both at Matamoras and at San Antonio,
+breeding in both places. Dr. Coues did not meet with it in Columbia,
+<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and considers it as confined to the low country, and as rare even there.
+It breeds about the city of Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, from which neighborhood I
+have received its eggs in considerable numbers, from Dr. Bachman. It is
+also found in the lower counties of Georgia, and breeds in the vicinity of
+Savannah. It was not met with by Dr. Gerhardt in the northern portion
+of that State. Dr. Woodhouse found it quite abundant in all parts of
+Texas, where he tells us the sweet warblings of this beautiful and active
+little Finch added much to the pleasures of his trip across the prairies. Its
+favorite places of resort appeared to be small thickets, and when singing it
+selected the highest branches of a bush.</p>
+
+<p>In the Report on the birds of the Mexican Boundary Survey, Lieutenant
+Couch met with this species among the low hedges in the suburbs of
+Pesqueria Grande. Mr. J. H. Clark observed that the individuals of this
+species diminished as they proceeded westward. The male was almost always
+seen alone, flying a long distance for so small a bird. Their nests, he
+adds, were built of very fine grass, in low bushes, and resting in the crotch
+of the twigs. Males were never seen about the nest, but the females were
+so gentle as to allow themselves to be taken off the nest, which was deliberately
+done on more than one occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly reports having often listened to the melodious warblings of
+<!--105.png--><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 89]</span>
+this beautiful Finch in the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, where he found
+it very abundant among the thick mesquite-bushes, in the month of July.
+It was deservedly a great favorite there, both on account of the beauty of its
+plumage and its notes.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson found this bird one of the most numerous summer birds of Lower
+Louisiana, where it was universally known among the French inhabitants as
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Pape</i>. Its gay dress and its docility of manners procured it many admirers.
+Wilson also states that he met with these birds in the low countries
+of all the Southern States, in the vicinity of the sea and along the
+borders of the large rivers, particularly among the rice plantations. He
+states that a few were seen near the coast in North Carolina, but they were
+more numerous in South Carolina, and still more so in Georgia, especially
+the lower parts. At Natchez, on the Mississippi, they were comparatively
+scarce, but below Baton Rouge, on the levee, they appeared in great numbers.
+Around New Orleans they were warbling from almost every fence.
+Their notes very much resemble those of the Indigo Bird, but lack their
+energy, and are more feeble and concise.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson met with these birds very generally in the houses of the French
+inhabitants of New Orleans. In the aviary of a wealthy French planter
+near Bayou Fourche, he found two pairs of these birds so far reconciled
+to their confinement as to have nests and hatch out their eggs. Wilson
+was of the opinion that with the pains given to the Canary these birds
+would breed with equal facility. Six of them, caught only a few days before
+his departure, were taken with him by sea. They soon became reconciled
+to their cage, and sang with great sprightliness. They were very fond of
+flies, and watched with great eagerness as the passengers caught them for
+their benefit, assembling in the front of the cage and stretching their heads
+through the wires to receive them.</p>
+
+<p>These birds, he states, arrive in Louisiana from the South about the middle
+of April, and build early in May. They reach Savannah about the 20th
+of April. Their nests are usually fixed in orange hedges or in the lower
+branches of the trees. He often found them in common bramble and blackberry
+bushes. They are formed exteriorly of dry grass intermingled with the
+silk of caterpillars, with hair and fine rootlets. Some nests had eggs as late
+as the 25th of June, which were probably a second brood. The food of this
+bird consists of rice, insects, and various kinds of seeds. They also feed on
+the seeds of ripe figs.</p>
+
+<p>A single specimen of this species was detected by Mr. Ridgway in Southern
+Illinois between Olney and Mount Carmel, on the 10th of June. It is
+therefore presumed to be a rare summer resident in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>The Nonpareil is possessed of a very pugnacious disposition, and, according
+to Mr. Audubon, the bird-dealers of New Orleans take advantage of this
+peculiarity in a very ingenious manner to trap them. A male bird is stuffed
+and set up in an attitude of defence on the platform of a trap-cage. The
+<!--106.png--><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 90]</span>
+first male bird of this species that notices it is sure to make an attack upon
+it, and is at once trapped. So pertinacious are they that even when thus
+imprisoned the captive repeats its attack upon its supposed rival. They
+feed almost immediately upon being caught, and usually thrive in confinement,
+Audubon mentioning one that had been caged for ten years.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is very easily made to breed in confinement. Dr. Bachman has
+had a single pair thus raise three broods in a season.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure .80 by .65 of an inch, and do not at all
+resemble the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</i>. They have a dull or pearly-white
+ground, and are very characteristically marked with blotches and dots
+of purplish and reddish brown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPERMOPHILA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal, Three, November">Zoöl. Jour. III, Nov.</abbr> 1827, 348.
+(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula falcirostris</i>,
+<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>
+Sufficiently distinct from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophilus</i>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="F. Cuvier"><span class="sc">F. Cuv.</span></abbr> 1822.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila</i>,
+<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 148.
+(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla hypoleuca</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_106.jpg"
+ width="250" height="199"
+ alt="Illustration: Spermophila moreleti"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">30524</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very short and very much curved, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i>, almost as deep as
+long; the commissure concave, abruptly bent
+towards the end. Tarsus about equal to middle
+toe; inner toe rather the longer (?), reaching about
+to the base of the middle one; hind toe to the
+middle of this claw. Wings short, reaching over
+the posterior third of the exposed part of the tail;
+the tertiaries gradually longer than the secondaries,
+neither much shorter than the primaries, which are
+graduated, and but little different in length, the
+first shorter than the sixth, the second and fourth
+equal. The tail is about as long as the wings,
+rounded, all the feathers slightly graduated, rather
+sharply acuminate and decidedly mucronate. Smallest of American passerine birds.</p>
+
+<p>The essential characters of this genus are the small, very convex bill, as
+high as long; the short broad wings, with the quills differing little in length,
+the outer ones graduated; the tail as long as the wings, widened towards the
+end, and slightly graduated, with the acuminate and mucronate tip to the
+feathers.</p>
+
+<p>Many species of the genus occur in Middle and South America, although
+none not readily distinguishable from the single North American one.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--107.png--><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 91]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</b>, <span class="sc">Pucheran</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LITTLE SEED-EATER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</i>, (<span class="sc">Pucheran</span>,)
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 497.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title=" Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl.
+Soc.</abbr> 1856, 302.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+506, <abbr title="plate 54, figure">pl. liv, f.</abbr> 2, 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. Bound.
+II</abbr>, Birds, 17, <abbr title="plate 16, figure">pl. xvi, f.</abbr> 2, 3.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila moreleti</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851,
+150.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Journal für Ornithologie Nine">Journ. für. Orn. IX</abbr>, 1861, 4 (with synonomy).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila albigularis</i>, (<span class="sc">Spix</span>,)
+<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals of the New York Lyceum, Five, September">Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V, Sept.</abbr>
+1851, 124 (Texas. Not of <span class="sc">Spix</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+The top and sides of the head, back of the neck, a broad band across the
+upper part of the breast extending all round, the middle of the back, the wings and tail,
+with the posterior upper coverts, black. The chin, upper throat and neck all round, but
+interrupted behind, the rump, with the remaining under and lateral portions of the body,
+white; the latter tinged with brownish-yellow. Two bands on the wing, across the
+greater and middle coverts, with the concealed bases of all the quills, also white. Length,
+about 4 inches; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.90.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Dull yellow; olivaceous above, brownish-yellow beneath. Wings and tail
+somewhat as in the male.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rio Grande of Texas;
+south to Costa Rica. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365); Oaxaca
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 378); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1856, 302); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 17;
+<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+468; nest); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 4);
+Vera Cruz, winter, alpine region, breeding
+(<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 551).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_107.jpg"
+ width="250" height="250"
+ alt="Illustration: Spermophila moreleti"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The specimen upon which the preceding description of the male has
+been based is the only one in full plumage
+we have seen, and was kindly lent
+by Mr. P. L. Sclater. It was collected in
+Honduras. Some of the feathers of the
+back have grayish tips. The specimen
+described by Mr. Lawrence as <a name="note3" id="note3"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. albigularis</i>,
+though male, is, in most respects,
+like the female, except that the wings
+and tail are darker, the color of the upper
+part grayer, and the interscapular feathers
+blotched with black. The black of the
+head is strongly indicated, the feathers,
+however, all with gray margins. In this
+and another, a little further advanced, from San Diego, Mexico, (4096,) there
+is a very faint indication of the black pectoral band, and there is no trace
+of the whitish of the rump.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This pretty little tropical form of Sparrow can only rest a claim
+to be included in our fauna by its occasional presence on the Rio Grande in
+Texas. It is found throughout Mexico and Central America.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumichrast found it throughout the State of Vera Cruz, except only
+in the elevated or alpine regions. Its common name was <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Frailecito</i>. It was
+abundant throughout the hot and the temperate regions as well as the plateau.</p>
+
+<p>This species was first met with near the Lake of Peten, in Guatemala, by
+<!--108.png--><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span>
+M. Morelet, and was described from his specimens in the Paris Museum
+by Prince Bonaparte. Mr. Salvin found it a not uncommon species about
+Dueñas, where it is generally to be found amongst the tall weeds on the
+edge of the lake. It was also found at Belize. From a letter of Mr. Salvin,
+published in the Ibis of 1859 (p. 468), we quote the following in reference
+to the nest of this species, which is all the information we have in relation
+to this diminutive Sparrow: “A day or two ago I found two nests of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti</i>, and took one rotten dried-up egg from one with a
+young one in it. Nothing could be more different than this nest and that
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. bicolor</i>, so well described by Mr. Newton. That of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. moreleti</i>, instead
+of the loose domed structure of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. bicolor</i>, with a large side-entrance, composed
+entirely of one material, is one of the neatest nests you ever saw,&mdash;a
+beautiful, open, transparent nest, composed of fine roots and fibres, and lined
+with horsehair. It is not placed resting on a branch, but is suspended like
+a Reed Warbler’s (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salicaria arundinacea</i>), by several small twigs. The eggs,
+too, differ materially.” Mr. Salvin gives no description of these eggs.</p>
+
+<p>This bird was found a resident during the winter months, and in May also,
+at Plaza Vicente, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. This is in the low or
+hot lands of that region.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PHONIPARA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>,
+1850. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia canora</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_108.jpg"
+ width="250" height="144"
+ alt="Illustration: Phonipara zena"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Size very small. Wing considerably longer than the tail, but much
+rounded; third or fourth quill longest;
+first about equal to seventh. Tail very
+slightly rounded, the feathers broad. Bill
+very short and deep, but the depth through
+the base less than the culmen; culmen but
+slightly, or not appreciably, curved; bill
+much compressed. Feet stout; tarsi longer
+than the middle toe; outer toe longer than
+the inner, its claw just reaching the base
+of the middle claw; hind toe with the claw
+very large, and strongly curved. Among the least of American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of this genus into the North American fauna is the
+result of Mr. Maynard’s indefatigable labors in the exploration of Florida.
+The species are principally West Indian, a single race alone belonging to
+the continental portion of Middle America.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Sexes very different. Above olive-green, beneath
+blackish or whitish. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and breast black, the former with or without
+yellow patches. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the yellow and black indicated only, or wanting.
+Length, about 4.00.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--109.png--><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Head without any yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. zena.</b> Culmen decidedly curved. Above dull grayish olive-green.
+<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and lower parts, especially anteriorly, dull black, mixed
+with whitish posteriorly. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Head and beneath ashy. Wing, about
+2.00; tail, 1.75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Indies (Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Bartholomew, Jamaica, etc.); also Key West, Florida (<span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Head with yellow patches.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pusilla.</b> Culmen perfectly straight. Above rather bright olive-green.
+<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, a supraloral stripe, a patch on chin, and upper part of throat,
+with edge of wing, bright yellow; forehead, lores, and jugulum black.
+<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the black and yellow only indicated, or wanting.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Whole crown, cheeks, breast, and upper part of abdomen black.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, from Mirador to Panama, and southward
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_12" id="fnanchor_12"></a><a href="#footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Only isolated spots, covering forehead, lore, and base of lower jaw,
+and patch on jugulum, black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Indies. (Porto Rico,
+Hayti, Jamaica, Cuba, etc.)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_13" id="fnanchor_13"></a><a href="#footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canora.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_14" id="fnanchor_14"></a><a href="#footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></span>
+Culmen decidedly curved. Above bright olive-green;
+beneath pale ashy, whitish on anal region. A bright yellow broad
+crescent across the lower part of the throat, curving upward and
+forward, behind and over the auriculars, to above the eye. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Lores,
+auriculars, and chin, and a band across the jugulum, black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Chin,
+etc., chestnut-brown; no black on jugulum. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena</b>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE BLACK-FACED FINCH.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla zena</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 183 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer bicolor bahamensis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina, One, table">Carol. I, tab.</abbr> 37,
+Bahamas).&mdash;<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History Ten">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. X</abbr>, 1865, 254.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 12,) 1766, 324 (same original as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</i>).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span> (Jamaica).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Newton</span> (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Tiaris omissa</i>, <span class="sc">Jardine</span>, <abbr title="Annals of Natural History">Ann. Nat. Hist.</abbr>
+1847, 332 (Tobago). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara omissa</i>,
+<span class="sc">Sclater</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara marchi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, November">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. Nov.</abbr> 1863, 297 (Jamaica).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla zena</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">marchi</i>,
+<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1867, 43. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Phonipara)
+zena</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Ten">Pr. Bost. Soc. X</abbr>, 1865, 254 (Porto Rico).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> <i class="sex">Male adult</i>
+(627, Bryant <abbr title="collection">coll.</abbr>; Inagua). Above dull olive-green, the head
+and lower parts black, the two colors blending insensibly into each other; feathers of
+the middle of the abdomen and crissum edged with whitish. Wing, 2.10; tail, 1.80,
+culmen, .35; tarsus, .63; middle toe, .50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female adult</i> (983, Bryant <abbr title="collection">coll.</abbr>; Inagua). Above dull olive-green, beneath ashy,
+whitish on the abdomen and crissum; no black. Wing, 2.10.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male juv.</i> (981, Bryant <abbr title="collection">coll.</abbr>; Inagua). Like the adult female, but the head anteriorly,
+the chin, throat, and jugulum medially, black. Wing, 2.05.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+West Indies (Bahamas; Jamaica, Porto Rico; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Tobago?).</p>
+
+<p><!--110.png--><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 94]</span>
+Quite a large series of this species from the various West Indian Islands
+show a considerable variation in the amount of black in male birds; nothing
+characteristic of the different islands, however, for, in specimens from each,
+individuals are to be found agreeing in every respect with the stages described
+above.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-faced Finch of Jamaica and other West India Islands
+claims a place in the fauna of the United States as an occasional visitant of
+Florida; of how common occurrence on that peninsula we cannot determine.
+It was taken there in the spring of 1871 by Mr. Maynard, and is
+possibly an accidental rather than a regular visitant. It is found in many
+of the West India Islands, though being resident in their several places of
+abode, they naturally exhibit certain characteristics as of distinct races.
+The eggs of the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix bird differ considerably from those of the Jamaica
+one.</p>
+
+<p>The Messrs. Newton, in their account of the birds of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, mention
+this bird as having a Bunting-like song, heard always very early in the
+morning. It is said to frequent the curing-houses, hopping on the uncovered
+sugar-hogsheads, and making a plentiful meal therefrom. It is very sociable,
+and feeds in small flocks, mostly on the ground among the guinea-grass.
+The crops of those dissected were usually found to contain small seeds.
+They build domed nests in low bushes, thickets of bamboo, or among creepers
+against the side of a house, seldom more than four feet from the ground,
+composed entirely of dry grass, the interior being lined with finer materials
+of the same. The opening is on one side, and is large for the size of the
+nest. They breed from the middle of May to the end of July. The eggs
+are white, spotted with red, especially at the larger end. The usual number
+of eggs is three, very rarely four. Their measurement is .65 by .50
+of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>In Jamaica Mr. March speaks of it as the most common of the Grass
+Finches, of which there are three other species, and as nesting at all seasons of
+the year in low trees and bushes. Near homesteads, in building their domed
+nests, they make use of shreds, scraps of cloth, bits of cotton, and other trash.
+Their eggs, he says, are three and sometimes even six in number; and he
+mentions their varying both as to dimensions and coloring, which may
+explain the difference between the eggs from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix and Jamaica. Those
+from the latter place measure .72 by .50 of an inch, and the markings are
+more of a brown than a red color.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hill adds that the Grass Finch very frequently selects a shrub on
+which the wasps have built, fixing the entrance close to their cells.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gosse states that the only note of this species is a single harsh guttural
+squeak, difficult either to imitate or to describe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--111.png--><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PYRRHULOXIA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, Conspectus,
+1850, 500. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis sinuatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+The bill is very short and much curved, the culmen forming an arc of a
+circle of 60 degrees or more, and ending at a right angle with the straight gonys; the
+commissure abruptly much angulated anterior to the nostrils in its middle point; the
+lower jaw very much wider than the upper, and wider than the gonys is long; anterior
+portion of commissure straight. Tarsus longer than middle toe; outer lateral toes longer,
+not reaching the base of the middle; wing considerably rounded, first quill longer than
+secondaries. Tail much longer than the wing, graduated; the feathers broad, truncate.
+Head crested.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_111.jpg"
+ width="300" height="204"
+ alt="Illustration: Pyrrhuloxia sinuata"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">6370</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><i class="color">Color.</i> Gray, with red feathers and patches.</p>
+
+<p>The essential character of this genus lies in the greatly curved, very short,
+and broad bill, something like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i>. In other respects like
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</i>, but with less graduated wing, and longer and broader tail.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS CARDINAL.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis sinuatus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte, Proceedings Zoölogical Society London Five"><span class="sc">Bp.</span>
+Pr. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. V</abbr>, 1837, 111 (Mexico).&mdash;<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann.
+N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1851, 116.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations, One Seven">Illust. I,
+<span class="muchsmaller">VII</span></abbr>, 1854, 204, <abbr title="plate 33">pl. xxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia
+sinuata</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 500.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 508.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>,
+c. 16.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 236.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head with an elongated, pointed crest, springing from the crown. Upper
+parts generally pale ashy-brown; hood, sides of neck, and under parts of body, rather
+paler. Long crest-feathers, bill all round including lores and encircling the eye, wing
+and tail, dark crimson. Chin and upper part of throat, breast, and median line of the
+belly, under tail-coverts, tibia, edge and inner coverts of the wings, bright carmine-red.
+Bill yellowish. Length, about 8.50; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--112.png--><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 96]</span>
+<i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with the under part brownish-yellow; middle of belly and throat only
+tinged with red.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of the Rio Grande of Texas and westward; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; Mazatlan,
+Mexico.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_112.jpg"
+ width="250" height="260"
+ alt="Illustration: Pyrrhuloxia sinuata"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The wing is considerably rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest;
+the first as long as the secondaries, the
+second longer than the seventh. The
+tail is long, graduated on the sides, the
+outer about half an inch shorter than
+the middle. The feathers are very
+broad to the end and obliquely truncate.
+They are rather broader than in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>. The crest is
+narrower and longer, and confined to
+the middle of the crown; it extends
+back about 1.80 inches from the base
+of the bill.</p>
+
+<p>The carmine of the breast is somewhat
+hidden by grayish tips to the
+feathers; that of the throat is streaked a little with darker. The exposed
+surfaces of the wing-coverts and of secondaries and tertials are like the back.
+The tail-feathers are tipped with brownish.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas are very much smaller than any others,
+measuring only, wing, 3.30; tail, 3.80. The crest is dull carmine, instead
+of dark wine-purple; the red tinge on wing and tail much fainter, and the
+sides, as well as the gray tints everywhere, more brownish; there is none of
+that dark burnt-carmine tint to the red of lores and cheeks observable in all
+the Texas specimens. <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,758, Camp Grant, Arizona, is like the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas birds in colors, except that the crest is dusky, but the proportions are
+those of the Rio Grande series.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Texan Cardinal was originally described as a bird of Mexico
+by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte in the Proceedings of the Zoölogical
+Society of London. It has since been ascertained to inhabit the southern
+central portions of our country, its range of extension northerly bringing it
+within the limits of the United States. In Texas, on the Rio Grande, it is
+resident throughout the year, or of but limited migration in the coldest
+weather. It was not observed by Dr. Coues in Arizona, but is said to occur
+in the southern portion of that Territory. It was found breeding at Cape
+<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus. It is not named by Sumichrast among the birds
+of Vera Cruz.</p>
+
+<p>Its habits are said to be of the same general character with those of our
+common Cardinal.</p>
+
+<p>The specimens from which this bird was first described were procured in
+the vicinity of the city of Mexico. The first obtained within the limits of
+<!--113.png--><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 97]</span>
+the United States were observed by Captain McCown of the U. S. Army,
+at Ringgold Barracks, in Texas. Since then it has been procured by several
+of the naturalists accompanying the government expeditions. It was obtained
+in New Leon, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch; in Texas, by Major
+Emory; in Texas and at El Paso, by Lieutenant Parke.</p>
+
+<p>When first seen, in March, in the State of Tamaulipas, by Lieutenant
+Couch, it was in flocks, very shy and difficult of approach. It did not occur
+much in open fields, but seemed to prefer the vicinity of fences and bushes.
+It was often seen in company with the common Cardinal.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly found this bird quite abundant in the vicinity of El Paso,
+but did not observe it elsewhere. It kept generally in flocks of from three
+to six, frequenting the hedges and fruit-trees in the vicinity of houses. It
+became very restless when approached, flying from branch to branch and
+from tree to tree, uttering its peculiar note with great vehemence.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann met with the first specimen of this bird in a dry cañon, a
+little to the east of the crossing of San Pedro River. It was perched on a
+bush, seemed wearied and lost, and was probably a wanderer. No more were
+seen until he reached El Paso. There he found it everywhere among the
+hedges and trees, and continued to meet with it occasionally on his road,
+until his party left civilization behind. It erects its crest as it moves actively
+about in search of food, and utters at intervals a clear, plaintive whistle,
+varied by a few detached notes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser considers this species rather a straggler from Mexico than as a
+Texan bird. Near Eagle Pass and Piedras Negras he found it abundant, but
+it became scarce as soon as he travelled a few miles into Texas. He saw none
+north or east of the Leona. He was told that quantities breed near Eagle
+Pass, and he saw not a few in cages that had been reared from the nest.
+He found it a shy bird, and difficult to shoot. When followed, it flies about
+uneasily, perching on the top of some high bush, and erecting its long crest,
+uttering a clear, plaintive whistle. Sometimes it would take to the thick
+brushwood and creep through the bushes so that it was impossible to get a
+shot at it. On the Lower Rio Grande it was of uncommon occurrence. He
+noticed a single pair near Matamoras in August, 1864.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McCown, in his account of this species, published by Cassin,
+writes that, so far as seen on the Rio Grande, this handsome species appeared
+to have a strong partiality for damp and bushy woods. So far as he observed,
+it never ventured far from the river. He was under the impression that this
+bird remains in Texas all the year, having met with it so late in the fall and
+again so early in the spring, that, if not constantly resident, its migrations
+must be very limited. He describes it as a gay, sprightly bird, generally
+seen in company with others of the same species, frequently erecting its
+crest and calling to its mate or comrades. It is rather shy, and not easily
+approached. In its voice and general habits it appeared to him very similar
+to the common species.</p>
+
+<p><!--114.png--><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 98]</span>
+The eggs of this species are of an oval shape, one end being only a little
+less rounded than the other. Their average measurement is one inch in
+length by .80 in breadth. Their ground-color is a dull chalky-white, over
+which are distributed well-defined blotches of a light umber-brown, and also
+a number of indistinct markings of purple. The spots are pretty uniform
+in these colors, but vary greatly in size and distribution. In some eggs they
+largely consist of fine dots, in others they are in bold blotches. In some the
+brown is more confluent and the effect that of a deeper shade.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CARDINALIS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>,
+<span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Saggio di una distribuzione <abbr title="metodica">metod.</abbr> dei Animagli Vertebrati</span>, 1831
+(Agassiz). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_114.jpg"
+ width="300" height="221"
+ alt="Illustration: Cardinalis virginianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">4030</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill enormously large; culmen very slightly curved, commissure sinuated;
+lower jaw broader than the length of the gonys, considerably wider than the upper jaw,
+about as deep as the latter. Tarsi longer than middle toe; outer toe rather the longer,
+reaching a little beyond the base of the middle one; hind toe not so long. Wings
+moderate, reaching over the basal third of the exposed part of the tail. Four outer quills
+graduated; the first equal to the secondaries. Tail long, decidedly longer than the wings,
+considerably graduated; feathers broad, truncated a little obliquely at the end, the corners
+rounded. Colors red. Head crested.</p>
+
+<p>The essential characters of this genus are the crested head; very large
+and thick bill extending far back on the forehead, and only moderately
+curved above; tarsus longer than middle toe; much graduated wings, the
+first primary equal to the secondary quills; the long tail exceeding the
+wings, broad and much graduated at the end.</p>
+
+<p>Of this genus, only two species are known, one of them being exclusively
+South American, the other belonging to North America, but in different regions
+modified into representative races. They may be defined as follows.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">
+<!--115.png--><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 99]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Bright vermilion-red, more dusky purplish on
+upper surface; feathers adjoining base of bill black for greater or less extent.
+<i class="sex">Female.</i> Above olivaceous, the wings, tail, and crest reddish; beneath olivaceous-whitish,
+slightly tinged on jugulum with red.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus.</b> Culmen nearly straight; commissure with a slight lobe;
+upper mandible as deep as the lower, perfectly smooth. Bill red. Black
+patch covering whole throat, its posterior outline convex. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining
+of wing deep vermilion. Olivaceous-gray above, the wings and tail strongly
+tinged with red; crest only dull red, without darker shaft-streaks. Beneath
+wholly light ochraceous. No black around bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Crest-feathers soft, blended. Rump not lighter red than back.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Black of the lores passing broadly across forehead. Crest brownish-red.
+Bill moderate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Culmen, .75; gonys, .41; depth of bill, .54. Feathers of dorsal
+region broadly margined with grayish. Wing, 4.05; tail, 4.50;
+crest, 1.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south of
+40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Bermudas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Black of the lores not meeting across forehead; crest pure vermilion.
+Bill robust.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Culmen, .84; gonys, .47; depth of bill, .70. Feathers of dorsal
+region without grayish borders; red beneath more intense; wing,
+3.60; tail, 4.20; crest, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico (Mirador;
+Yucatan; “Honduras”)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_15" id="fnanchor_15"></a><a href="#footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Culmen, .82; gonys, .47; depth of bill, .65. Feathers of dorsal
+region with distinct gray borders; red beneath lighter. Wing, 4.00;
+tail, 5.00; crest, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and Arizona; Tres
+Marias Islands. (Perhaps all of Western Mexico, north of the Rio
+Grande de Santiago.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crest-feathers stiff, compact. Rump decidedly lighter red than the back.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Culmen, .75; gonys, .41; depth of bill, .57. Dorsal feathers
+without grayish margins; red as in the last. Wing, 3.40; tail,
+3.80; crest, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico; Colima. “Acapulco
+et Realejo.”<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_16" id="fnanchor_16"></a><a href="#footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. phœniceus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_17" id="fnanchor_17"></a><a href="#footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></span>
+Culmen much arched; commissure arched; upper mandible
+not as deep as lower, and with grooves forward from the nostril, parallel
+with the curve of the culmen. Bill whitish-brown. Black patch restricted
+to the chin, its posterior outline deeply concave.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><!--116.png--><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 100]</span>
+Crest-feathers stiff and compact. No black above, or on lores; crest
+pure vermilion; rump light vermilion, much lighter than the back, which
+is without gray edges to feathers. Culmen, .75; gonys, .39; height of
+bill, .67; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.90; crest, 2.20. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Lining of wing
+buff; above ashy-olivaceous, becoming pure ash on head and neck,
+except their under side. Crest-feathers vermilion with black shafts;
+no red tinge on wings, and only a slight tinge of it on tail. Forepart
+of cheeks and middle of throat white; rest of lower part deep ochraceous.
+Black around bill as in the male. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South
+America; Venezuela; New Granada.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">REDBIRD; CARDINAL GROSBEAK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes virginiana</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1760, 253. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus, Systema One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. I</abbr>,
+1766, 300.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 38, <abbr title="plate six, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes cardinalis</i>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Dictionnaire"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Dict.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Coccothraustes) cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 79.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cardinalis</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 519.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 336;
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 514, <abbr title="plate 159">pl. clix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus cardinalis</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 131.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>, 1841,
+198, <abbr title="plate 203">pl. cciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850,
+501.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 509.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 268. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Grosbec de Virginie</cite>,
+<abbr title="Buffon, Planches enluminéz"><span class="sc">Buff.</span> Pl. enl.</abbr> 37.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_116.jpg"
+ width="250" height="342"
+ alt="Illustration: Cardinalis virginianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+A flattened crest of feathers on the crown. Bill red. Body generally
+bright vermilion-red, darker on the back, rump, and tail. The feathers of the back
+and rump bordered with brownish-gray. Narrow
+band around the base of the bill, extending to eyes,
+with chin and upper part of the throat black.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> of a duller red, and this only on the
+wings, tail, and elongated feathers of the crown.
+Above light olive; tinged with yellowish on the
+head; beneath brownish-yellow, darkest on the
+sides and across the breast. Black about the head
+only faintly indicated. Length, 8.50; wing, 4.00;
+tail, 4.50; culmen, .75; depth of bill, .58; breadth
+of upper mandible, .35. (28,286 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mount Carmel,
+Southern Illinois.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+More southern portions of United States
+to the Missouri. Probably along valley of Rio
+Grande to Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>The bill of this species is very large, and
+shaped much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus</i>.
+The central feathers of the crest of the crown are longer than the lateral;
+they spring from about the middle of the crown, and extend back about an
+inch and a half from the base of the bill. The wings are much rounded,
+the fourth longest, the second equal to the seventh, the first as long as the
+secondaries. The tail is long, truncate at the end, but graduated on the
+sides; the feathers are broad to the end, truncated obliquely at the end.</p>
+
+<p><!--117.png--><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 101]</span>
+Most North American specimens we have seen have the feathers of the back
+edged with ashy; the more northern the less brightly colored, and larger.
+Mexican skins (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i>) are deeper colored and without the olivaceous.
+In all specimens from eastern North America the frontal black is very
+distinct.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from the Eastern Province of United States, including Florida
+and the Bermudas, are all alike in possessing those features distinguishing
+the restricted <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i> from the races of Mexico, namely, the wide
+black frontal band, and distinct gray edges to dorsal feathers, with small bill.
+Specimens from Florida are scarcely smaller, and are not more deeply
+colored than some examples from Southern Illinois. Rio Grande skins,
+however, are slightly less in size, though identical in other respects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Cardinal Grosbeak, the Redbird of the Southern States, is
+one of our few birds that present the double attraction of a brilliant and
+showy plumage with more than usual powers of song. In New England
+and the more northern States it is chiefly known by its reputation as a
+cage-bird, both its bright plumage and its sweet song giving it a high value.
+It is a very rare and only an accidental visitor of Massachusetts, though a
+pair was once known to spend the summer and to rear its brood in the
+Botanical Gardens of Harvard College in Cambridge. It is by no means a
+common bird even in Pennsylvania. In all the Southern States, from Virginia
+to Mexico, it is a well-known favorite, frequenting gardens and plantations,
+and even breeding within the limits of the larger towns and cities.
+A single specimen of this bird was obtained near Dueñas, Guatemala, by
+Mr. Salvin.</p>
+
+<p>The song of this Grosbeak is diversified, pleasant, and mellow, delivered
+with energy and ease, and renewed incessantly until its frequent repetitions
+somewhat diminish its charms. Its peculiar whistle is not only loud and
+clear, resembling the finest notes of the flageolet, but is so sweet and so
+varied that by some writers it has been considered equal even to the notes
+of the far-famed Nightingale of Europe. It is, however, very far from
+being among our best singers; yet, as it is known to remain in full song
+more than two thirds of the year, and while thus musical to be constant
+and liberal in the utterance of its sweet notes, it is entitled to a conspicuous
+place among our singing birds.</p>
+
+<p>In its cage life the Cardinal soon becomes contented and tame, and will
+live many years in confinement. Wilson mentions one instance in which a
+Redbird was kept twenty-one years. They sing nearly throughout the year,
+or from January to October. In the extreme Southern States they are more
+or less resident, and some may be found all the year round. There is another
+remarkable peculiarity in this species, and one very rarely to be met
+with among birds, which is that the female Cardinal Grosbeak is an excellent
+singer, and her notes are very nearly as sweet and as good as those
+of her mate.</p>
+
+<p><!--118.png--><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 102]</span>
+This species has been traced as far to the west in its distribution as the
+base of the Rocky Mountains, and into Mexico at the southwest. In Mexico
+it is also replaced by a very closely allied variety, and at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by
+still another. It is given by Mr. Lawrence among the birds occurring near
+New York City. He has occasionally met with it in New Jersey and at
+Staten Island, and, in one instance, on New York Island, when his attention
+was attracted to it by the loudness of its song.</p>
+
+<p>It is given by Mr. Dresser as common throughout the whole of Texas
+during the summer, and almost throughout the year, excepting only where
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. sinuata</i> is found. At Matamoras it was very common, and may be
+seen caged in almost every Mexican hut. He found it breeding in great
+abundance about San Antonio in April and May.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cassin states that the Cardinal Bird is also known by the name of
+Virginia Nightingale. He adds that it inhabits, for the greater part, low and
+damp woods in which there is a profuse undergrowth of bushes, and is particularly
+partial to the vicinity of watercourses. The male bird is rather
+shy and careful of exposing himself.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson mentions that in the lower parts of the Southern States, in the
+neighborhood of settlements, he found them more numerous than elsewhere.
+Their clear and lively notes, even in the months of January and February,
+were, at that season, almost the only music. Along the roadsides and fences
+he found them hovering in small groups, associated with Snowbirds and
+various kinds of Sparrows. Even in Pennsylvania they frequent the borders
+of creeks and rivulets during the whole year, in sheltered hollows,
+covered with holly, laurel, and other evergreens. They are very fond of
+Indian corn, a grain that is their favorite food. They are also said to feed
+on various kinds of fruit.</p>
+
+<p>The males of this species, during the breeding season, are described as very
+pugnacious, and when confined together in the same cage they fight violently.
+The male bird has even been known to destroy its mate. In Florida Mr.
+Audubon found these birds mated by the 8th of February. The nest is
+built in bushes, among briers, or in low trees, and in various situations, the
+middle of a field, near a fence, or in the interior of a thicket, and usually
+not far from running water. It has even been placed in the garden close to
+the planter’s house. It is loosely built of dry leaves and twigs, with a large
+proportion of dry grasses and strips of the bark of grapevines. Within, it is
+finished and lined with finer stems of grasses wrought into a circular form.
+There are usually two, and in the more Southern States three, broods in a
+season.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon adds that they are easily raised from the nest, and have
+been known to breed in confinement.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of an oblong-oval shape, with but little difference
+at either end. Their ground-color appears to be white, but is generally
+so thickly marked with spots of ashy-brown and faint lavender tints as to
+<!--119.png--><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 103]</span>
+permit but little of its ground to be seen. The eggs vary greatly in size,
+ranging from 1.10 inches to .98 of an inch in length, and from .80 to .78
+in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE CARDINAL.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis igneus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings, Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia">Pr. Ac. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1859, 305 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated North American Birds, One, 16">Illust.
+N. Am. Birds, I, xvi.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 238. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, <span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen, Bremen">Abh. Nat. Brem.</abbr> 1870, 339.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i>, having, like it, the distinct grayish edges to feathers
+of the dorsal region. Red lighter, however, and the top of head, including crest, nearly
+pure vermilion, instead of brownish-red. Black of the lores not passing across the forehead,
+reaching only to the nostril. Wing, 4.00; tail, 5.00; culmen, .83; depth of bill,
+.66; breadth of upper mandible, .38. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,757 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Camp Grant, 60 miles east of
+Tucson, Arizona).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> distinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</i> only by more swollen bill, and more
+restricted dusky around base of bill. <i class="age">Young</i>: bill deep black.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas; Camp Grant, Arizona; Tres Marias Islands (off coast of Mexico,
+latitude between 21<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> and 22<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> north). Probably Western Mexico, from Sonora south
+to latitude of about 20<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p>In the features pointed out above, all specimens from Arizona and Tres
+Marias, and of an exceedingly large series collected at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, differ
+from those of other regions.</p>
+
+<p>No specimens are in the collection from Western Mexico as far south as
+Colima, but birds from this region will, without doubt, be found referrible
+to the present race.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> There appears to be nothing in the habits of this form of Cardinal,
+as far as known, to distinguish it from the Virginia bird; the nest and
+eggs, too, being almost identical. The latter average about one inch in length,
+and .80 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, with a bluish tint. Their
+markings are larger, and more of a rusty than an ashy brown, and the purple
+spots are fewer and less marked than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The memoranda of Mr. John Xantus show that in one instance a nest of
+this bird, containing two eggs, was found in a mimosa bush four feet from
+the ground; another nest, with one egg, in a like situation; a third, containing
+three eggs, was about three feet from the ground; a fourth, with
+two eggs, was also found in a mimosa, but only a few inches above the
+ground.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--120.png--><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 104]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PIPILO</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+Analyse, 1816 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla erythrophthalma</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_120a.jpg"
+ width="300" height="194"
+ alt="Illustration: Pipilo fuscus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">5559</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill rather stout; the culmen gently curved, the gonys nearly straight;
+the commissure gently concave, with a decided notch near the end; the lower jaw not so
+deep as the upper; not as wide as the gonys is long, but wider than the base of the
+upper mandible. Feet large, the tarsus as long as or a little longer than the middle toe;
+the outer lateral toe a little the longer, and reaching a little beyond the base of the
+middle claw. The hind claw about equal to its toe; the two together about equal to the
+outer toe. Claws all stout, compressed, and moderately curved; in some western specimens
+the claws much larger. Wings reaching
+about to the end of the upper tail-coverts; short
+and rounded, though the primaries are considerably
+longer than the nearly equal secondaries
+and tertials; the outer four quills are graduated,
+the first considerably shorter than the second,
+and about as long as the secondaries. Tail considerably
+longer than the wings, moderately
+graduated externally; the feathers rather broad,
+most rounded off on the inner webs at the end.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_120b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="251"
+ alt="Illustration: Pipilo erythrophthalmus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small">The colors vary; the upper parts are generally
+uniform black or brown, sometimes olive; the
+under white or brown; no central streaks on
+the feathers. The hood sometimes differently
+colored.</p>
+
+<p>In the large number of species or races included in this genus by authors,
+there are certain differences of form, such as varying graduation of tail,
+length of claw, etc., but scarcely sufficient to warrant its further subdivision.
+In coloration, however, we find several different styles, which furnish a convenient
+method of arrangement into groups.</p>
+
+<p><!--121.png--><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 105]</span>
+Few genera in birds exhibit such constancy in trifling variations of form
+and color, and as these are closely connected with geographical distribution,
+it seems reasonable to reduce many of the so-called species to a lower rank.
+In the following synopsis, we arrange the whole of North American and
+Mexican Pipilos into four sections, with their more positive species, and
+in the subsequent discussion of the sections separately we shall give what
+appear to be the varieties.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species">Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Sides and lower tail-coverts rufous, in sharp contrast with the clear white of
+the abdomen. Tail-feathers with whitish patch on end of inner webs.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Head and neck black, sharply defined against the white of breast. Rump
+olive or blackish.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Black or dusky olive above.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus.</b> White spots on tips of both rows of wing-coverts,
+and on scapulars. No white patch on base of primaries. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico,
+and United States west of the Missouri. (Five races.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">2. <a name="note4" id="note4"></a><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus.</b> No white spots on wing-coverts, nor on
+scapulars. A white patch on base of primaries. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province
+of United States. (Two races.)</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Bright olive-green above.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. macronyx.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_18" id="fnanchor_18"></a><a href="#footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span>
+Scapulars and wing-coverts (both rows) with
+distinct greenish-white spots on tips of outer webs.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorosoma.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_19" id="fnanchor_19"></a><a href="#footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></span>
+Scapulars and wing-coverts without trace of
+white spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of Mexico. (Perhaps these are two
+races of one species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<!--122.png--><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 106]</span>
+<i class="subset">b.</i> Head and neck ashy, paler on jugulum, where the color fades gradually
+into the white of breast. Rump and upper tail-coverts bright rufous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">5. <a name="note6" id="note6"></a><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. superciliosa.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_20" id="fnanchor_20"></a><a href="#footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span>
+An obsolete whitish superciliary stripe. Greater
+wing-coverts obsoletely whitish at tips; no other white markings on
+upper parts, and the tail-patches indistinct. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil. (Perhaps not
+genuine <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Sides ashy or tinged with ochraceous; lower tail-coverts ochraceous, not
+sharply contrasted with white on the abdomen, or else the abdomen concolor
+with the side. Head never black, and upper parts without light markings
+(except the wing in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Wings and tail olive-green.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorurus.</b> Whole pileum (except in young) deep rufous, sharply
+defined. Whole throat pure white, immaculate, and sharply defined
+against the surrounding deep ash; a maxillary and a short supraloral
+stripe of white. Anterior parts of body streaked in young. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Western Province of United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Wings and tail grayish-brown.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">7. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus.</b> A whitish or ochraceous patch covering the throat contrasting
+with the adjacent portions, and bounded by dusky specks.
+Lores and chin like the throat. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, and United States west
+of Rocky Mountains. (Five races.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">8. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. aberti.</b> Throat concolor with the adjacent portions, and without
+distinct spots. Lores and chin blackish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Colorado region of
+Middle Province, United States. (Only one form known.)</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center ls"><b class="section">SECTION I.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center small"><i>Head black.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus.</b></p>
+
+<p>After a careful study of the very large collection of Black-headed Pipilos
+(leaving for the present the consideration of those with olive-green bodies)
+in the Smithsonian Museum, we have come finally to the conclusion that all
+the species described as having the scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with
+white&mdash;as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, and even including the differently
+colored <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus</i> of Mexico&mdash;are probably only geographical races
+of one species, representing in the trans-Missouri region the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>
+of the eastern division of the continent. It is true that specimens may
+be selected of the four races capable of accurate definition, but the transition
+<!--123.png--><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 107]</span>
+from one to the other is so gradual that a considerable percentage of the collection
+can scarcely be assigned satisfactorily; and even if this were possible,
+the differences after all are only such as are caused by a slight change in
+the proportion of black, and the varying development of feet and wings.</p>
+
+<p>Taking <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</i> as it occurs in the central portion of its wide field of
+distribution, with wing-spots of average size, we find these spots slightly
+bordered, or at least often, with black, and the primaries edged externally
+with white only towards the end. The exterior web of lateral tail-feather is
+edged mostly with white; the terminal white patches of outer feather about
+an inch long; that of inner web usually separated from the outer by a black
+shaft-streak. In more northern specimens the legs are more dusky than
+usual. The tail is variable, but longer generally than in the other races.
+The claws are enormously large in many, but not in all specimens, varying
+considerably; and the fourth primary is usually longest, the first equal to
+or shorter than the secondaries. This is the race described as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>,
+and characterizes the Middle Province, between the Sierra Nevada of California
+and the eastern Rocky Mountains, or the great interior basin of the
+continent; it occurs also near the head of the Rio Grande.</p>
+
+<p>On the Pacific slope of California, as we proceed westward, we find a change
+in the species, the divergence increasing still more as we proceed northward,
+until in Oregon and Washington the extreme of range and alteration
+is seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i>. Here the claws are much smaller, the white markings
+restricted in extent so as to form quite small spots bordered externally by
+black; the spots on the inner webs of tail much smaller, and even bordered
+along the shaft with black, and the outer web of the lateral entirely black,
+or with only a faint white edging. The concealed white of the head and
+neck has disappeared also.</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding eastward, on the other hand, from our starting-point, we find
+another race, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i>, occupying the western slope of the Missouri
+Valley and the basin of the Saskatchewan, in which, on the contrary, the
+white increases in quantity, and more and more to its eastern limit. The
+black borders of the wing-patches disappear, leaving them white externally;
+and decided white edgings are seen for the first time at the bases of primaries,
+as well as near their ends, the two sometimes confluent. The terminal tail-patches
+are larger, the outer web of the exterior feather is entirely white
+except toward the very base, and we thus have the opposite extreme to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+oregonus</i>. The wings are longer; the third primary longest; the first usually
+longer than the secondaries or the ninth quill.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, proceeding southward along the table-lands of Mexico, and
+especially on their western slope, we find <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus</i> (the first described
+of all) colored much like the females of the more northern races, except that
+the head and neck are black, in decided contrast to the more olivaceous back.
+The wing formula and pattern of markings are much like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, the
+claws more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>. Even in specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, from the southern
+<!--124.png--><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 108]</span>
+portion of its area of distribution, we find a tendency to an ashy or
+brownish tinge on the rump, extending more or less along the back; few, if
+any indeed, being uniformly black.</p>
+
+<p>As, however, a general expression can be given to the variations referred
+to, and as they have an important geographical relationship, besides a general
+diagnosis, we give their characters and distribution in detail.</p>
+
+<p>The general impression we derive from a study of the series is that the
+amount of white on the wing and elsewhere decreases from the Missouri
+River to the Pacific, exhibiting its minimum in Oregon and Washington, precisely
+as in the small black Woodpeckers; that in the Great Basin the size
+of the claws and the length of tail increases considerably; that the northern
+forms are entirely black, and the more southern brown or olivaceous, except
+on the head.</p>
+
+<p>The following synopsis will be found to express the principal characteristics
+of the species and their varieties, premising that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> is more distinctly
+definable than any of the others. We add the character of the green-bodied
+Mexican species to complete the series.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><a name="note5" id="note5"></a>
+1. Wing, 3.65; tail, 4.20. Outer tail-feather with terminal half of inner web
+white. Iris bright red, sometimes paler. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United
+States. (Florida in winter.)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+2. Wing, 2.90; tail, 3.75. Outer tail-feather with only terminal fourth of
+inner web white. Iris white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Florida (resident)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maculatus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Interscapulars with white streaks.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Outer webs of primaries not edged with white at the base.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+1. Above olive-brown, the head and neck, only, continuous black; back
+streaked with black. White spots on wing-coverts not bordered externally
+with black. Wing, 3.25; tail, 4.00; hind claw, .44. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of
+Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_21" id="fnanchor_21"></a><a href="#footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+2. Above black, tinged with olive on rump, and sometimes on the nape.
+White spots as in last. Inner web of lateral tail-feathers with terminal white
+spot more than one inch long; outer web broadly edged with white.
+Wing, 3.45; tail, 4.10; hind claw, .55. <i class="sex">Female</i> less deep black than male,
+with a general slaty-olive cast. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United States,
+from Fort Tejon, California, to Upper Rio Grande, and from Fort Crook to
+Fort Bridger<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+3. Above almost wholly black, with scarcely any olive tinge, and this only
+on rump. White spots restricted, and with a distinct black external border.
+White terminal spot on inner web of lateral tail-feather less than one inch
+long; outer web almost wholly black. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.90; hind claw,
+.39. <i class="sex">Female</i> deep umber-brown, instead of black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of
+United States, south to San Francisco; West Humboldt Mountains
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<!--126.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="indent2"><!--127.png--><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 109]</span>
+<i class="subset">b.</i> Outer webs of primaries distinctly edged with white at base.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+4. Above black, except on rump, which is tinged with olivaceous. White
+spots very large, without black border. Inner web of lateral tail-feather
+with terminal half white, the outer web almost wholly white. Wing, 3.50;
+tail, 3.90; hind claw, .39. <i class="sex">Female</i> umber-brown, replacing black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Plains between Rocky Mountains and the Missouri; Saskatchewan Basin
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Interscapulars without white streaks.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+5. Above dusky olive; white spots on scapulars and wing-coverts small, and
+without black edge. Tail-patches very restricted (outer only .40 long).
+No white on primaries. Wing, 2.85; tail, 3.10. <i class="sex">Female</i> scarcely different.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Socorro Island, off west coast of Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmani</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_22" id="fnanchor_22"></a><a href="#footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></span></p>
+
+<!--125.png--><!--plate 31-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_31.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="31">XXXI</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-1" id="pl_31-1"></a><img src="images/pl_31-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6300.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-2" id="pl_31-2"></a><img src="images/pl_31-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2135.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-3" id="pl_31-3"></a><img src="images/pl_31-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Kansas, 8194.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-4" id="pl_31-4"></a><img src="images/pl_31-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorura</span>.  <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 2644.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-5" id="pl_31-5"></a><img src="images/pl_31-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Dakota, 1944.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-6" id="pl_31-6"></a><img src="images/pl_31-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-7" id="pl_31-7"></a><img src="images/pl_31-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 6748.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-8" id="pl_31-8"></a><img src="images/pl_31-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo crissalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5559.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-9" id="pl_31-9"></a><img src="images/pl_31-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo megalonyx</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-10" id="pl_31-10"></a><img src="images/pl_31-10.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 10"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo mesoleucus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 6829.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-11" id="pl_31-11"></a><img src="images/pl_31-11.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 11"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo albigula</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 12993.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_31-12" id="pl_31-12"></a><img src="images/pl_31-12.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 31 detail 12"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo oregonus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GROUND ROBIN; TOWHEE; CHEWINK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla erythrophthalma</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 318.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 151;
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 511, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza erythrophthalma</i>,
+<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 874.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Six">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812, 90, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Galerie des Oiseaux"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Gal. Ois.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824,
+109, <abbr title="plate 80">pl. lxxx</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List,
+1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus,
+1850, 487.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+124.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America. Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 167, <abbr title="plate 195">pl. cxcv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+512.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo ater</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 34"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. XXXIV</abbr>,
+1819, 292. <cite>Towhee Bird</cite>,
+<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One">Car. I</abbr>, 34. <cite>Towhee Bunting</cite>,
+<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis, Two, one">Syn. II, <span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>,
+1783, 199.&mdash;<span class="sc">Pennant</span>,
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1785, 359.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_127.jpg"
+ width="250" height="84"
+ alt="Illustration:2135 male symbol"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">2135</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Upper parts generally, head and neck all round, and upper part of the
+breast, glossy black, abruptly defined against
+the pure white which extends to the anus,
+but is bounded on the sides and under the
+wings by light chestnut, which is sometimes
+streaked externally with black. Feathers of
+throat white in the middle. Under coverts
+similar to sides, but paler. Edges of outer six primaries with white at the base and on
+the middle of the outer web; inner two tertiaries also edged externally with white.
+Tail-feathers black; outer web of the first, with the ends of the first to the third, white,
+decreasing from the exterior one. Outermost quill usually shorter than ninth, or even
+than secondaries; fourth quill longest, fifth scarcely shorter. Iris red; said to be sometimes
+paler, or even white, in winter. Length, 8.75; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.10. Bill black,
+legs flesh-color. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the black replaced by a rather rufous brown.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the Missouri River; Florida (in winter).</p>
+
+<p>The tail-feathers are only moderately graduated on the sides; the outer
+about .40 of an inch shorter than the middle. The outer tail-feather has
+the terminal half white, the outline transverse; the white of the second is
+about half as long as that of the first; of the third half that of the second.
+The chestnut of the sides reaches forward to the black of the neck, and is
+visible when the wings are closed.</p>
+
+<p><!--128.png--><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 110]</span>
+A young bird has the prevailing color reddish-olive above, spotted with
+lighter; beneath brownish-white, streaked thickly with brown.</p>
+
+<p>The description above given may be taken as representing the average of
+the species in the Northern and Middle States. Most specimens from the
+Mississippi Valley differ in having the two white patches on the primaries
+confluent; but this feature is not sufficiently constant to make it worthy of
+more than passing notice, for occasionally western specimens have the white
+spaces separated, as in the majority of eastern examples, while among the
+latter there may, now and then, be found individuals scarcely distinguishable
+from the average of western ones.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/i_128.jpg"
+ width="400" height="168"
+ alt="2135 male Pipilo erythrophthalmus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2135</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>In Florida, however, there is a local, resident race, quite different from
+these two northern styles, which are themselves not enough unlike to be
+considered separately. This Florida race differs in much smaller size, very
+restricted white on both wing and tail, and in having a yellowish-white instead
+of blood-red iris. Further remarks on this Florida race will be found
+under its proper heading (<a href="#Page_112">p. 708</a>), as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, as restricted, from Louisiana, as is the case
+with most birds from the Lower Mississippi region, exhibit very intense
+colors compared with those from more northern portions, or even Atlantic
+coast specimens from the same latitude.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Ground Robin, Towhee, Chewink, Charee, or Joreet, as it is
+variously called, has an extended distribution throughout the eastern United
+States, from Florida and Georgia on the southeast to the Selkirk Settlements
+on the northwest, and as far to the west as the edge of the Great Plains,
+where it is replaced by other closely allied races. It breeds almost wherever
+found, certainly in Georgia, and, I have no doubt, sparingly in Florida.</p>
+
+<p>This bird was not observed in Texas by Mr. Dresser. It has been found
+in Western Maine, where it is given by Mr. Verrill as a summer visitant,
+and where it breeds, but is not common. It arrives there the first of May.
+It is not given by Mr. Boardman as occurring in Eastern Maine. In Massachusetts
+it is a very abundant summer visitant, arriving about the last of
+April, and leaving about the middle of October. It nests there the last of
+<!--129.png--><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 111]</span>
+May, and begins to sit upon the eggs about the first of June. It is slightly
+gregarious just as it is preparing to leave, but at all other times is to be met
+with only in solitary pairs.</p>
+
+<p>The Ground Robin is in many respects one of the most strongly characterized
+of our North American birds, exhibiting peculiarities in which all the
+members of this genus share to a very large degree. They frequent close and
+sheltered thickets, where they spend a large proportion of their time on the
+ground among the fallen leaves, scratching and searching for worms, larvæ,
+and insects. Though generally resident in retired localities, it is far from
+being a shy or timid bird. I have known it to show itself in a front yard,
+immediately under the windows of a dwelling and near the main street of
+the village, where for hours I witnessed its diligent labors in search of food.
+The spot was very shady, and unfrequented during the greater part of the
+day. It was not disturbed when the members of the family passed in or out.</p>
+
+<p>The call-note of this bird is very peculiar, and is variously interpreted in
+different localities. It has always appeared to me that the Georgian <i class="birdcall">jo-rēēt</i>
+was at least as near to its real notes as <i class="birdcall">tow-hēē</i>. Its song consists of a few
+simple notes, which very few realize are those of this bird. In singing, the
+male is usually to be seen on the top of some low tree. These notes are
+uttered in a loud voice, and are not unmusical. Wilson says its song resembles
+that of the Yellow-Hammer of Europe, but is more varied and mellow.
+Nuttall speaks of its notes as simple, guttural, and monotonous, and of its
+voice as clear and sonorous. The song, which he speaks of as quaint and
+somewhat pensive, he describes as sounding like <i class="birdcall">t’sh’d-wĭtee-tĕ-tĕ-tĕ-tĕ-tĕ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson says this bird is known in Pennsylvania as the “Swamp Robin.”
+If so, this is a misnomer. In New England it has no predilection for low
+or moist ground; and I have never found it in such situations. Its favorite
+haunts are dry uplands, near the edges of woods, or high tracts covered with
+a low brushwood, selecting for nesting-places the outer skirts of a wood,
+especially one of a southern aspect. The nest is sunk in a depression in
+the ground, the upper edges being usually just level with the ground. It is
+largely composed of dry leaves and coarse stems as a base, within which is
+built a firmer nest of dry bents well arranged, usually with no other lining.
+It is generally partially concealed by leaves or a tuft of grass, and is not
+easily discovered unless the female is seen about it.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues says these Buntings are chiefly spring and autumnal visitants
+near Washington, only a few breeding. They are very abundant from April
+25 to May 10, and from the first to the third week of October, and are
+partially gregarious. Their migrations are made by day, and are usually in
+small companies in the fall, but singly in the spring. Wilson found them in
+the middle districts of Virginia, and from thence south to Florida, during
+the months of January, February, and March. Their usual food is obtained
+among the dry leaves, though they also feed on hard seeds and gravel. They
+are not known to commit any depredations upon harvests. They may be
+<!--130.png--><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span>
+easily accustomed to confinement, and in a few days will become quite tame.
+When slightly wounded and captured, they at first make a sturdy resistance,
+and bite quite severely. They are much attached to their young, and when
+approached evince great anxiety, the female thrusting herself forward to
+divert attention by her outcries and her simulated lameness.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of a rounded-oval shape, and have a dull-white
+ground, spotted with dots and blotches of a wine-colored brown.
+These usually are larger than in the other species, and are mostly congregated
+about the larger end, and measure .98 of an inch in length by .80 in
+breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-EYED CHEWINK; FLORIDA CHEWINK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo alleni</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>,
+American Naturalist, <abbr title="Five, August">V, Aug.</abbr> 1871, 366.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, but differing in the following respects:
+White spaces on wings and tail much restricted, those on inner webs of lateral tail-feathers
+only .50 to .75 long. Size very much smaller, except the bill, which is absolutely larger.
+Iris white.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. (55,267, Dummits’s Grove, Florida, March, 1869.) Length, 7.75; wing, 3.00; tail,
+3.75; bill from nostril, .38; tarsus, .97.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. (55,271, same locality and date.) Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.50; bill from nostril, .37;
+tarsus, .91. White on primaries almost absent.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_130.jpg"
+ width="250" height="136"
+ alt="Pipilo erythrophthalmus 247 var. alleni"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><a name="note7" id="note7"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>.<br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2135</b>, <b class="specimen-number">247</b>,<br />
+  <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This interesting variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i> was found in Florida,
+in the spring of 1869, by Mr. C. J. Maynard, and probably represents the
+species as resident in that State. It is considerably smaller than the average
+(length, 7.75; extent, 10.00; wing, 3.00; tarsus, .95), and has very appreciably
+less white on the tail. The outer web of outer feather is only narrowly
+edged with white, instead
+of being entirely
+so to the shaft
+(except in one specimen),
+and the terminal
+white tip, confined
+to the inner
+web, is only from .50
+to .75 of an inch long,
+instead of 1.25 to
+1.75, or about the
+amount on the second feather of northern specimens, as shown in the
+accompanying figures. There is apparently a greater tendency to dusky
+streaks and specks in the rufous of the side of the breast or in the adjacent
+white. Resident specimens from Georgia are intermediate in size and color
+between the northern and Florida races.</p>
+
+<p><!--131.png--><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span>
+The bill of Mr. Maynard’s specimen is about the size of that of more
+northern ones; the iris is described by him as pale yellowish-white, much
+lighter than usual.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</b>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_23" id="fnanchor_23"></a><a href="#footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></span>
+ <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-CLAWED TOWHEE BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo megalonyx</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 515, <abbr title="plate 73">pl. lxxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>,
+<i>S</i>, 51 (nest).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 242.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_131.jpg"
+ width="250" height="113"
+ alt="Illustration: 10284 male symbol"
+ />
+ <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">10284</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> in amount of white on the wings and scapulars,
+though this frequently edged with black, but
+without basal white on outer web of primaries.
+Outer edge of outer web of external
+tail-feather white, sometimes confluent with
+that at tip of tail. Concealed white spots on
+feathers of side of neck. Claws enormously
+large, the hinder longer than its digit; the
+hind toe and claw reaching to the middle of the middle claw, which, with its toe, is as
+long as or longer than the tarsus. Inner lateral claw reaching nearly to the middle of
+middle claw. Length, 7.60; wing, 3.25; hind toe and claw, .90. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the deep
+black replaced by dusky slaty-olive.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern coast of California and across through valleys of Gila and Rio Grande;
+north through the Great Basin across from Fort Crook, California, to Fort Bridger,
+Wyoming.</p>
+
+<p>This form constitutes so strongly marked a variety as to be worthy of
+particular description. The general appearance is that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i>, which
+it resembles in the amount of white spotting on the wings. This, however,
+does not usually involve the whole outer web at the end, but, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>,
+has a narrow border of black continued around the white terminally and
+sometimes externally. There is not quite so much of a terminal white
+blotch on the outer tail-feather, this being but little over an inch in length,
+and the outer web of the same feather is never entirely white, though always
+with an external white border, which sometimes is confluent with the
+<!--132.png--><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 114]</span>
+terminal spot, but usually leaves a brown streak near the end never seen in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, which also has the whole outer web white except at the base.
+From <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> the species differs in the much greater amount of white on
+the wings and the less rounded character of the spots. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oregonus</i>, too, has
+the whole outer web of external tail-feather black, and the terminal white
+spot of the inner web less than an inch in length. We have never seen in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> any concealed white spotting on the sides of the head.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest difference between this race and the two others lies in the
+stout tarsi and enormously large claws, as described, both the lateral extending
+greatly beyond the base of the middle one, the hinder toe and claw
+nearly as long as the tarsus. The only North American passerine birds
+having any approach to this length of claw are those of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This great development of the claws is especially apparent in specimens
+from the Southern Sierra Nevada, the maximum being attained in the Fort
+Tejon examples; those from as far north as Carson City, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, however,
+are scarcely smaller. In most Rocky Mountain Pipilos, the claws are but
+little longer than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In this race the female is not noticeably different from the male, being of
+a merely less intense black,&mdash;not brown,&mdash;and conspicuously different as in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>; there is, however, some variation among individuals
+in this respect, but none are ever so light as the average in the other races.</p>
+
+<p>The young bird is dusky-brown above, with a slight rusty tinge, and
+obsolete streaks of blackish. White markings as in adult, but tinged with
+rusty. Throat and breast rusty-white, broadly streaked with dusky; sides
+only tinged with rufous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> According to Mr. Ridgway’s observations, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>
+replaces in the Rocky Mountain region and in the greater portion of the
+Great Basin the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> of the Plains, from their eastern slope eastward
+to the Missouri River, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i> of the Northern Sierra Nevada
+and Pacific coast. It is most nearly related to the latter. He became
+familiar with the habits of this species near Salt Lake City, having already
+made like observations of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> at Carson. A short acquaintance
+with the former, after a long familiarity with the latter, enabled him to note
+a decided difference in the notes of the two birds, yet in their external
+appearance they were hardly distinguishable, and he was at first surprised
+to find the same bird apparently uttering entirely different notes, the call-note
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i> being very similar to that of the common Catbird.
+The song of this species, he adds, has considerable resemblance in style to
+that of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, and though lacking its musical
+character, is yet far superior to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i>. This bird is also much
+less shy than the western one, and is, in fact, quite as unsuspicious as the
+eastern bird.</p>
+
+<p>Nests, with eggs, were found on the ground, among the scrub-oaks of the
+hillsides, from about the 20th of May until the middle of June.</p>
+
+<p><!--133.png--><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 115]</span>
+This species has been obtained on the southern coast of California, and
+through to the valleys of the Gila and the Rio Grande. In California it
+was obtained near San Francisco by Mr. Cutts and Mr. Hepburn; at Santa
+Clara by Dr. Cooper; at Monterey by Dr. Canfield; in the Sacramento
+Valley by Dr. Heermann; at San Diego by Dr. Hammond; at Fort Tejon
+by Mr. Xantus; at Saltillo, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch; in New Mexico
+by Captain Pope; and at Fort Thorn by Dr. Henry.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch describes it as a shy, quiet bird, and as found in woody
+places.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly met with this bird at Pueblo Creek, New Mexico, January
+22, 1854. It first attracted his attention early in the month of January, in
+the Aztec Mountains, along Pueblo Creek. There it was often met with,
+but generally singly. It inhabited the thickest bushes, and its motions were
+so constant and rapid, as it hopped from twig to twig, that they found it
+difficult to procure specimens. Its flight was rapid, and near the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of this species as a common and resident bird in all the
+lower districts of California, and to quite a considerable distance among the
+mountains. It was also found on the islands of Catalina and San Clemente,
+distant sixteen miles from the mainland. Though found in New Mexico,
+Dr. Cooper has met with none in the barren districts between the Coast
+Range and the Colorado, nor in the valley of the latter.</p>
+
+<p>Their favorite residence is said to be in thickets and in oak groves, where
+they live mostly on the ground, scratching among the dead leaves in the
+concealment of the underbrush, and very rarely venturing far from such
+shelter. They never fly more than a few yards at a time, and only a few
+feet above the ground. In villages, where they are not molested, they soon
+become more familiar, take up their abodes in gardens, and build their nests
+in the vicinity of houses.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper gives them credit for little musical power. Their song is said
+to be only a feeble monotonous trill, from the top of some low bush. When
+alarmed, they have a note something like the mew of a cat. On this account
+they are popularly known as Catbirds. He adds that the nest is made
+on the ground, under a thicket, and that it is constructed of dry leaves,
+stalks, and grass, mingled with fine roots. The eggs, four or five in number,
+are greenish-white, minutely speckled with reddish-brown, and measure
+one inch by .70.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this species a very abundant and resident species in
+Arizona. It was rather more numerous in the spring and in the fall than at
+other times. He found it shy and retiring, and inhabiting the thickest brush.
+Its call-note is said to be almost exactly like that of our eastern Catbird.
+He describes its song as a rather harsh and monotonous repetition of four or
+six syllables, something like that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>. He found
+females with mature eggs in their ovaries as early as May 5.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this species, collected by Mr. Ridgway near Salt Lake City,
+<!--134.png--><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 116]</span>
+May 26, was built on the ground, among scrub-oak brush. It is a very slight
+structure, composed almost entirely of coarse dry stems of grass, with a few
+bits of coarse inner bark, and with a base made up wholly with the latter
+material, and having a diameter of about four inches.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this nest, four in number, have an average measurement of .95
+of an inch in length by .73 in breadth. Their ground-color is crystalline-white,
+covered very generally with spots and small blotches of purplish and
+wine-colored brown, somewhat aggregated at the larger end.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</b>, <span class="sc">Bell</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON GROUND ROBIN.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo oregonus</i>, <span class="sc">Bell</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>,
+1852, 6 (Oregon).&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>,
+<abbr title="37, December">XXXVII, Dec.</abbr> 1853, 922.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Orn.</abbr> Delattre, 1854, 22 (same as prec.).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 513.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 64, 120 (British Col.).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper
+&amp; Suckley</span>, 200.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 241.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla arctica</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 49, <abbr title="plate 394">pl. cccxciv</abbr>. (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arctica</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+123.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Three"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. III</abbr>,
+1841, 164, <abbr title="plate 194">pl. cxciv</abbr>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_134a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="116"
+ alt="Illustration: 2867 male symbol"
+ />
+ <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">2867</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Upper surface generally, with the head and neck all round to the upper
+part of the breast, deep black; the rest of lower
+parts pure white, except the sides of the body
+and under tail-coverts, which are light chestnut-brown;
+the latter rather paler. The outer webs of
+scapulars (usually edged narrowly with black) and
+of the superincumbent feathers of the back, with a
+rounded white spot at the end of the outer webs
+of the greater and middle coverts; the outer edges of the innermost tertials white; no
+white at the base of the primaries. Outer web of the first tail-feather black, occasionally
+white on the extreme edge; the outer three with a white tip to the inner web. Outer
+quill shorter than ninth, or scarcely equalling the secondaries; fourth quill longest; fifth
+scarcely shorter. Length, 8.25; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.00. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the black replaced
+by a more brownish tinge. Claws much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Coasts of Oregon and Washington Territories, south to San Francisco, California.
+Melting eastward and south into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>. West Humboldt Mountains and Northern
+Sierra Nevada.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_134b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="170"
+ alt="Illustration: 2867"
+ />
+ <p class="center small">2867</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Comparing this race with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, we do not find much difference in the
+white of the scapular region, except that
+the white marks here, as elsewhere on the
+wing, are rounded, the extreme end of the
+outer web of the feather being black instead
+of running out acutely white to the
+very tip of the outer webs of the feathers.
+This gives rather less extension to the
+white. In fact, most of the white marks
+are edged externally with black, converting
+them into spots. There is no white whatever at the exposed base of the
+<!--135.png--><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 117]</span>
+outer web of the second to fifth primaries, and there is only a trace of white
+near the end, instead of having a conspicuous white edging from base to
+near the tip.</p>
+
+<p>The outer web of the outer tail-feather, instead of being entirely white
+for the exposed portion, is only very slightly edged with white; usually
+entirely black. The white at the end of the feathers is much more restricted,
+and extends only over the three outer feathers; usually not reaching to the
+shaft. The relations to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i> have been given under the latter head.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Oregon Ground Robin, so far as known, has a restricted
+residence, the western portion of Oregon and Washington Territory during
+the summer, and in the more northern portions of California. Its occurrence
+in the latter State seems to have escaped the notice of Dr. Cooper, though
+he gives it conjecturally, having seen birds which he supposed to be of this
+species in the higher Sierra Nevada. In its habits and notes Dr. Cooper
+could observe no difference between this species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>, both having
+the complaining <i class="birdcall">mew</i>, from which they have obtained the name of Catbird
+on that coast.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord found a nest containing six eggs, which he supposed to belong
+to a bird of this species, at Fort Colville. It was built on the top of
+a stump, round which young shoots had grown like a fringe, completely hiding
+it from the sharpest eye. Mr. Hepburn met with it at Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the Birds of Washington Territory, states
+that the song of this species in spring, as it sits on a low bush enjoying the
+sunshine, is like the final trill of the Redwing, or the lisping faint notes of
+the Cowbird. It is a constant resident of the Territory, but only frequents
+the edge of the coast in winter. He also mentions finding it about thirty
+miles south of San Francisco in autumn. Dr. Suckley met with it west
+of the Cascade Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In very many respects, in the opinion of Mr. Ridgway, the Oregon Ground
+Robin very closely resembles the common and familiar eastern “Chewink.”
+There is noticeable in this western representative a peculiar manner of flight,
+and a predilection for bushy places, closely corresponding with those of the
+eastern bird. It differs, in the most marked manner, however, in its extreme
+shyness, and in the total absence of the agreeable and striking notes of the
+Towhee. The notes of this bird are, he states, of the rudest description,
+and instead of being familiar and unsuspicious, it is one of the shyest and
+most difficult to approach of any of the western birds.</p>
+
+<p>He found it quite plentiful about Sacramento, where it inhabits the thickets
+in company with the western Chat. After crossing the Sierra Nevada it
+was found more abundant still in the chaparrals of the sheltered ravines on
+the eastern base of those mountains, as well as in the shrubbery of the river
+valleys. During the winter it forsakes the former for the latter localities.
+Eastward this species was found as far as the West Humboldt Mountains,
+where typical examples were obtained.</p>
+
+<p><!--136.png--><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 118]</span>
+At Carson City, early in March, his attention was attracted by the peculiar
+notes of this <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>; the bird was sitting on a high rock above the thick
+chaparral of the hillside, and sharply defined against the sky. It was readily
+distinguishable by the black of its head and breast, in sharp contrast with
+the pure white of its lower parts. Every few moments it would raise its head
+to utter, in a short trill, its rude song. When approached, it would jerk
+its expanded white-tipped tail, and disappear among the bushes. It was
+abundant in the chaparrals, on the hillsides, and among the thickets and
+buffalo-berry bushes along the rivers. The males were in full song, perching,
+as they sang, on a prominent rock or bush.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall met with a nest of this species on the 14th of June. It was
+built in the shelter of a low undershrub, in a depression scratched out for its
+reception. It was made of a rather copious lining of clean wiry grass, with
+some dead leaves beneath, as a foundation. The eggs were four, nearly
+hatched, very closely resembling those of the Towhee, thickly spotted over,
+but more so at the larger end, with very small round and very numerous
+reddish-chocolate spots. The pair showed great solicitude about their nest,
+the male, in particular, approaching boldly to scold and lament at the dangerous
+intrusion.</p>
+
+<p>The Oregon Ground Robin Mr. Lord considered a quaint and restless
+bird. He found it very abundant from the coast to the summit of the Rocky
+Mountains, and also very common on Vancouver Island. It arrives the last
+of April and first of May, and frequents dark woods and thick tangled
+underbrush. He describes it as stealthy and shy, with a habit of hiding,
+but its cry usually betrays its place of concealment. This cry he states to
+be like the squall of the Catbird.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Townsend found it abundant on the Columbia, where, as he observed,
+it lived mostly on the ground, or on bushes near the ground, rarely ascending
+trees. Mr. Audubon gives the measurement of its egg as 1.12 inches in
+length and .87 in breadth.</p>
+
+<p>The egg of this species is more rounded than are those of this genus generally,
+and there is but little difference between the two ends. The ground-color
+is white, with a greenish tinge, and is very generally and profusely
+spotted with fine markings of reddish and purplish-brown. They measure
+.95 by .80 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--137.png--><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 119]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARCTIC TOWHEE BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>)
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 260. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man.
+I</abbr>, 1832, 589.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>,
+(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 610.&mdash;<span class="sc">Bell</span>,
+<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1852, 7.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 514.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Upper parts generally, with head and neck all round to the upper part of
+the breast, black; the rump usually tinged with ashy. Middle of breast and of belly
+white; sides chestnut; under tail-coverts similar, but paler. Entire outer webs of
+scapulars and of dorsal feathers immediately above them, and of ends of primary and
+secondary coverts, to the shaft, with edges of outer webs of three innermost tertials, and
+of the second to the fifth primaries, conspicuously white. Whole outer web of the first
+and ends of the first to the fourth tail-feathers, white, the amount diminishing not very
+rapidly. Outermost quill longer than ninth, sometimes than eighth, nearly always
+exceeding the secondaries; third quill longest; fourth scarcely shorter. Length about
+8 inches; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.10; hind toe and claw, .74. <i class="sex">Female</i> paler brown instead of
+black; the rufous, seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, tinged with ashy.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High central plains of Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Platte; basin of
+Missouri River, especially west, including eastern slope of Rocky Mountains; San
+Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 492).</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus</i> is similar in form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, which, however,
+is readily distinguished by the entire absence of white on the scapulars and
+wing-coverts. The amount of white on the tail decreases much less rapidly.
+The differences between it and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i> will be found detailed under the
+head of the latter species.</p>
+
+<p>One specimen (8,193) from Fort Leavenworth, with a few white spots only
+on the scapulars, may perhaps be considered a hybrid between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In some specimens the interscapulars are edged externally with white.
+The feathers of throat and sides of head show occasional concealed spots
+of white about the middle. As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, the bases of the
+primaries are white along the outer edge, showing under the primary coverts,
+sometimes, but perhaps not generally, confluent with the white towards the
+end of the same web.</p>
+
+<p>The female is of a dull ashy-brown, difficult to describe, but with only a
+slight tinge of the rufous seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, which is most distinct
+on top of head and back. There is an almost inappreciable ashy
+superciliary stripe.</p>
+
+<p>The young bird resembles in general appearance that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>, but is
+lighter colored, and with the dusky streaks on the jugulum much narrower.
+The brown above is as light as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>, but without the reddish
+cast seen in the latter, and not blackish, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Saskatchewan or Arctic Ground Finch was first met with by
+Sir John Richardson. It was observed by him only on the plains of the
+Saskatchewan, where he had no doubt of its breeding, as one specimen was
+<!--138.png--><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 120]</span>
+killed late in July. It was said to arrive in that region in the end of May,
+and to frequent shady and moist clumps of wood. It was generally seen
+on the ground. Its habits, so far as they were observed, correspond with
+those of the Towhee Bunting, which it closely resembles in external appearance.
+It feeds on grubs, and is a solitary and retired, but not a distrustful
+bird.</p>
+
+<p>Besides its occurrence in the Valley of the Saskatchewan, these birds have
+often been found on the high central plains of the Upper Missouri, on
+the Yellowstone and Platte Rivers. Audubon met with it at Fort Union.
+Dr. Hayden obtained it on the Yellowstone, in August; at Fort Lookout,
+June 22; at Bijou Hills, from May 1 to the 15th; at Bon Homme Island,
+May 9. Dr. Cooper obtained it at Fort Laramie in September. Mr. Allen
+found it in Colorado, where it was more abundant on the foothills than on
+the plains. He also found this species an abundant inhabitant of the thickets
+in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, in its habits strongly resembling
+the common birds of the Eastern States. Though its song is also somewhat
+similar, its call-note, he adds, is totally different, very nearly resembling that
+of the Catbird.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with but few of these birds either in the Indian Territory
+or in New Mexico. Mr. Dresser, in November, 1863, when hunting
+in the Bandera Hills, noticed several of these birds near the camp, and obtained
+several near San Antonio during the winter. None of these birds
+appear to have been observed in the Arctic regions beyond the Saskatchewan
+Plains.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall met with this species on the western slopes of the Rocky
+Mountains, but as he apparently did not appreciate the difference between
+this form and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, we cannot determine with certainty to which his
+descriptions apply in all cases. He found it, in manners and habits, the
+counterpart of our common eastern species, frequenting forests and scratching
+among the dead leaves among bushes and thickets. He describes it as
+more shy than the common species. If the nest be invaded, the male shows
+more boldness, and reiterates his complaints until the cause of his alarm is
+removed. He speaks of its warble as quaint and monotonous, and very
+similar to the notes of the Towhee,&mdash;but the note of our bird, <i class="birdcall">towhee</i>, is
+never heard west of the mountains. In its stead this bird is said to have a
+note like the mew of a cat.</p>
+
+<p>The egg of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> is oval in shape, and measures one inch in length
+by .70 in breadth. It has a white ground, but is so generally and so thickly
+covered with fine dots of umber-brown, intermingled with paler markings
+of lavender and neutral tints, that the ground can hardly be distinguished.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--139.png--><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 121]</span>
+<b class="ls">SECTION II.</b></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Head and body above brown; throat with a light patch.</i></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of the Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span>
+Grayish-brown above, with a more or less appreciable
+rufous tinge on the crown. A patch covering the throat, ochraceous or white,
+contrasting with the surrounding portions, and encircled more or less completely,
+especially posteriorly, by dusky spots; lores like the chin. Crissum deep
+ochraceous, the lower part of abdomen tinged more or less with the same.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> No trace of white tips to middle wing-coverts. Throat ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Crown only faintly tinged with rufous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+1. Abdomen pale grayish-brown; throat and lores deep reddish-ochraceous;
+the deep ochraceous confined posteriorly to lower
+tail-coverts. Wing, 3.90; tail, 5.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+2. Abdomen distinctly white centrally, but surrounded by grayish
+laterally and anteriorly; throat and lores pale ochraceous; deep
+ochraceous of crissum extending forward over lower part of
+abdomen. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_24" id="fnanchor_24"></a><a href="#footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Crown very distinctly rufous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+3. The ochraceous of posterior under parts spreading over whole
+lower part of abdomen and flanks. Ochraceous of the throat
+palest anteriorly, the chin and lores being almost white; it spreads
+over the jugulum also, outside the series of rather scattered dusky
+<!--140.png--><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 122]</span>
+spots. Whole breast white. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Southern Middle Province of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+4. The ochraceous of under parts confined to crissum and anal
+region; ochraceous of the throat palest posteriorly, where it is
+nearly white, and confined within the encircling series of rather
+coalesced dusky spots. Abdomen, only, white. Wing, 3.80; tail,
+4.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Middle coverts distinctly, and greater obsoletely, tipped with white.
+Throat white crossed by an ochraceous band.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+5. Crown without a trace of rufous. Dusky spots surrounding the
+white gular patch, coalesced posteriorly into a narrow crescent.
+Whole breast and abdomen white, somewhat broken anteriorly.
+Flanks and lower tail-coverts ochraceous. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.70.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span>
+(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?)
+<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i></span><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_25" id="fnanchor_25"></a><a href="#footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>,
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</b>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN TOWHEE; CAÑON FINCH.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustration One, four">Illust. I, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>,
+1853, 124, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr> (the figure seems to be of the California
+species, the description more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. &amp; Or.</abbr>
+Route, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 89.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria fusca</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="forty">XL</abbr>,
+1855, 356. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla crissalis</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom, 1839, 19. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriturus wrangeli</i>,
+<span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus">Comp. Rend.</abbr> 43, 1856, 413. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+517.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 51 (nest).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 245.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_141.jpg"
+ width="300" height="195"
+ alt="Illustration: Pipilo fuscus, variation crissalis."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>,
+     <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis.</i><br />
+     <b class="specimen-number">5559</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above dark olive-brown, the crown with a very slight tinge of scarcely
+appreciable dark rufous. Under parts with the color somewhat similar, but of a lighter
+<!--141.png--><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 123]</span>
+shade, and washed with grayish; middle of the belly only whitish; the under tail-coverts
+pale rufous, shading into lighter about the vent and sides of lower belly; chin and throat
+well-defined pale rufous, margined all round by brown spots, a few of them scattered
+within the margin. Eyelids and sides of head, anterior to the eye, rufous like the throat.
+One or two feathers on the lower part of the breast with a concealed brown blotch.
+Outer primary not edged with white. Fifth quill longest; first shorter than ninth, or
+even than secondaries. Bill pale brown, darker above; legs light. Length, 8.50 inches;
+wing, 4.00; tail, 4.60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab</span>. Coast region of California.</p>
+
+<p>The bill is sinuated, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. aberti</i>, differing from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This race is very similar to the original <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i> of Mexico, the original
+description of Swainson answering almost exactly. It is, however, considerably
+larger; the proportions of wing are similar; and there is no decided indication
+of whitish in the middle of the body beneath, such as is always
+distinctly appreciable in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>, and still more in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A young bird differs but little from the adult except in having obsolete
+dusky streaks below; the upper parts are uniform.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Brown, or Cañon Finch of California is found nearly
+throughout the State of California. Mr. Xantus obtained it at Fort Tejon,
+and Mr. Ridgway observed it among the chaparrals on the foothills of the
+western slope of the Sierras.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper considers the name of Cañon Finch ill applied to this species,
+as it is equally plentiful in level districts, wherever trees and shrubbery
+exist. He regards it as one of the most abundant and characteristic
+birds of California, residing in all the lower country west of the Sierras, and
+extending up the slopes of the Coast Range to the height of three thousand
+feet. They are said to have habits very similar to those of all the other
+species, living much upon the ground, and seeking their food among the
+<!--142.png--><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span>
+dead leaves, which they greatly resemble in color. This resemblance Dr.
+Cooper regards as a great protection to them from Hawks; their hues also
+correspond with those of the earth and the dusky foliage during most of the
+year. They are thus less conspicuous in the light, and they venture more
+fearlessly forth and feed in open grounds.</p>
+
+<p>They have but little song, and only utter a few faint chirps and hurried
+notes, as they sit perched upon some low bush, in the spring. At San Diego
+Dr. Cooper saw the first nest with eggs on April 17, but some birds had laid
+much earlier, as he found young hatched by the 20th. He afterwards observed
+other nests, all of which were built in bushes, from two to four feet from the
+ground, and all but one contained three eggs; the other had four. He has
+found them built in low trees, and one in a vine growing over the porch of a
+house. The nest is formed of coarse twigs, bark, and grass, is thick and
+large, and is lined with fine root-fibres and finer grasses. The eggs are pale
+blue, spotted with purplish-brown blotches, mostly small and scattered. He
+gives the measurement of the eggs as .90 by .65 of an inch. In the more
+northern part of the State they are said to lay four eggs oftener than three.
+They are supposed by him to have two broods in a season.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel McCall has no doubt that they are found throughout California,
+as he has met with them from the upper waters of the Sacramento to the
+mouth of the Gila; the former having its origin in the extreme north, and
+the latter touching the extreme southern boundary of the State. It is most
+abundant south of Santa Barbara.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel McCall states that its habits and manners differ somewhat from
+those of the common Towhee and the Arctic Finches. Its flight is more
+even and regular, and is without that violent jerking of the tail from side to
+side, which gives such a singular appearance of awkwardness to the movements
+of the Towhee. It is less shy and suspicious than the Arctic. It is
+also much less decidedly a Ground Finch than either of the others. Its favorite
+abode he found to be the vicinity of watercourses, where it is generally
+to be seen in pairs, though he has, at times, surprised eight or ten
+together under the shade of a large bush at noon in a summer day, when he
+has had no difficulty in procuring three or four specimens before the party
+dispersed. It is at all times a familiar bird, boldly coming into the roads to
+feed, and permitting a close approach. If compelled to retreat, it darts suddenly
+into the thicket, but returns as soon as the cause of alarm has disappeared.
+Near Santa Barbara he found thirty or forty of these birds, in the
+month of July, dispersed over an old field of some five acres in extent, contiguous
+to a sea-beach, through which flowed a small stream of fresh water.
+They were feeding on the ground, sheltered by a rank growth of weeds.
+When one was flushed it flew into a neighboring tree instead of seeking
+shelter again in the weeds. The young at that time were fully fledged, and
+scarcely differed in the color of their plumage from the adults.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann once met with a nest of this bird built in a grapevine overhanging
+<!--143.png--><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span>
+the Sacramento River. He describes the eggs of this species as
+differing entirely from any of this genus he had ever met with, and as having
+so great a resemblance to the eggs of the three different species of Blackbirds
+inhabiting California that they were liable to be confounded with
+them unless marked when taken from the nest.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry, who found this bird very common in the Sacramento Valley,
+states that when he first met with it, a strange bird to him, its habit of
+scratching among the dry leaves under the bushes, as well as its long tail
+and jerking flight from one clump of bushes to another, at once indicated to
+him its affinities.</p>
+
+<p>Among the memoranda made by Mr. Xantus at Fort Tejon are the following
+in reference to this species: “474, nest and two eggs, found May 19
+on a small thorn-bush in a very dark thicket, about six feet from the ground;
+1,675, nest and one egg, on a thick thorny bush, six feet from the ground;
+1,851, nest and two eggs, May 12, on a rose-bush, four feet from the ground,
+eggs already incubated.”</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure one inch by .75, have a light ground of
+robin-blue, and are spotted and blotched with varying shades of dark and
+light purple. In some the color of the blotches is so deep as not to be
+distinguishable from black, except in a strong light. The lighter shades
+are a faint lavender.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAÑON BUNTING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo mesoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 119 (Rocky Mountains).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 518, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span>
+X</abbr>, c. <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 15.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 247. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Pipilo fusca</i>, “<span class="sc">Swains.</span>,” <span class="sc">Sclater
+&amp; Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1869, 361 (city of Mexico).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above very dull olivaceous-brown, with a grayish tinge; hood dull chestnut,
+conspicuously different from the back. Sides like the back, but paler; posteriorly,
+and about the vent and under tail-coverts, pale brownish-red. The ashy olive-brown of
+the sides scarcely meeting across the breast, the lower portion of which, with the upper
+belly, is rather pure white. The loral region, chin, throat, and upper part of the breast,
+pale yellowish-rufous, finely spotted on the sides and more coarsely across the breast with
+brown; an obscure spot in the middle of the breast; edge of outer primary white. Bill
+pale brown; legs flesh-color; first quill about equal to eighth, third and fourth longest.
+Length, 8.50 inches; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of Upper Rio Grande and across to the Gila River. East to Santa
+Caterina, New Leon.</p>
+
+<p>This race is similar in general appearance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crissalis</i>, but the
+olive-brown and rufous are both of a lighter shade. The crown is of a
+decided rufous, conspicuously different from the back, instead of nearly the
+same tint. The light reddish under the head is wider throughout, and
+<!--144.png--><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span>
+extends down to the upper part of the breast, blending with the colors of
+the breast and belly, instead of being narrower, more sharply defined, and
+restricted to the chin and throat; it is palest anteriorly, the chin and lore
+being almost white. The isolated larger spot on the breast is more conspicuous;
+the breast and belly are quite pure white, shaded with obsolete
+brownish blotches, instead of being uniform grayish-brown, with only an
+approach to whitish in the very middle. The edges of the wing and tail
+feathers are a good deal lighter, the outer web of the first primary being
+sharply edged with pure white, instead of obscure grayish-brown. The size
+generally is rather smaller, the wings more pointed.</p>
+
+<p>Compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, we find the tail decidedly longer; the wing
+more pointed; the first quill about equal to the eighth, instead of shorter
+than the secondaries. The colors generally are paler; the cap of head bright
+distinct rufous in strong contrast with the other plumage, instead of being
+only very obscurely tinged with that color. The white of belly is purer, and
+extends farther forward, displacing the ashy tinge almost to the buff of the
+throat.</p>
+
+<p>If we consider all the brown <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i> as modifications of one primitive
+species, it will be well to consider the Arizonan and New Mexican bird as
+the central figure around which the others are grouped. The common character
+will then be varied in the California race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>, by the absence of
+decided rufous on crown, a darker shade of color, and an extension of the
+gray of sides over the whole under parts, almost entirely displacing the
+white. The wing is more rounded, and the general dimensions larger southward
+on the central plains of Mexico; the general tints are almost precisely
+as in the California bird, except that the white of belly is very evident; but
+the chestnut cap and extended whiteness of belly, together with the pointed
+wing of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, are wanting. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. albigula</i> of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas we have
+the general characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, with paler colors, more restricted spots
+encircling throat, and a tendency to white in its lower part. In this it
+approaches <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i> of Southwestern Mexico.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits</span>. This little-known form was first obtained by Dr. Kennerly, naturalist
+to the Pacific Railroad Expedition on the 35th parallel, under Lieutenant
+Whipple. He met with it at Bill Williams Fork, in Arizona, February
+5, 1854. It was described by Professor Baird the following June. Dr. Kennerly
+furnished at the time no information in regard to its habits.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed in Lieutenant Parke’s
+expedition, mentions having met with this species in the vicinity of Tucson.
+Its habits, so far as he could judge of them from his opportunities, appeared
+very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch met with this species at Santa Catalina, Mexico, in
+April, 1853, but furnishes no information in reference to its manners. Mr.
+J. H. Clark, who obtained a specimen near the Copper Mines of the Mimbres,
+states that they were met with in abundance in the deep valleys or
+<!--145.png--><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span>
+cañons of that region. They were almost always in or about the thick
+clumps of bushes, several usually being in company.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly, who met with them on a second trip, in June, 1855, near Los
+Nogales, in Mexico, speaks of them as not very common in that region. He
+found them preferring the dense bushes in the valleys. When approached,
+they became very restless, flying from one bush to another, accompanying
+their motions with very peculiar notes, which he does not describe.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this species abundantly distributed throughout the
+warmer portions of New Mexico and Arizona, from the valley of the Rio
+Grande to that of the Colorado. He did not observe any at Fort Whipple,
+though they were found breeding some twenty-five miles to the southward.
+He found them associating freely with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</i>, and inhabiting the same
+regions. The two birds have very similar habits.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Henry also states that this species is common in New Mexico both
+summer and winter, and, so far as he has observed, dwelling almost entirely
+among the mountains. It appeared to him very retiring in its habits, and
+seemed to prefer the cañons. He has seldom, if ever, observed it far from
+shady gorges, where, like its relative of the Eastern States, the Towhee
+Bunting, it passes the greater part of its time on the ground, and is generally
+accompanied by its congener, the Arctic Finch. When disturbed, it
+seeks the thickest cover, though it is by no means shy or difficult to approach.
+Its nest is usually constructed in the branches of a thick cedar or dwarf oak,
+and he has never known it to produce more than one brood in a season.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that these birds are very abundant in Southern Arizona,
+that their habits closely resemble those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. aberti</i>, and that their eggs are
+similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE TOWHEE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo albigula</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title=" November"><abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> Nov.</abbr> 1859,
+305 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustration American Birds, One, plate 15">Illust.
+Am. Birds, I, pl. xv</abbr> (“= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i>”).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 248.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, having, like it, a distinctly rufous crown and
+white abdomen. Differing, however, in the following respects: The pale ochraceous
+gular area is more sharply defined, the buff being confined within the encircling series
+of dusky spots; the buff is palest posteriorly, instead of directly the opposite. The
+rufous of the crissal region is more restricted, only tingeing the anal region instead of
+invading the lower part of the abdomen, the white beneath also is shifted farther back,
+covering the abdomen alone, instead of the breast, the whole jugulum being distinctly
+ashy, like the sides. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>A very large series of specimens from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas agree in possession
+of the characters pointed out above, distinguishing them from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>,
+to which race the present one is most nearly related.</p>
+
+<p><!--146.png--><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 128]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The White-throated or Cape Towhee of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas was first
+met with by Mr. Xantus in the southern extremity of the peninsula of
+Lower California, and described by Professor Baird in 1859. Its close resemblance
+to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i> suggests an equal similarity as to its habits, in
+regard to which we possess no actual knowledge. Mr. Xantus has furnished
+us with no memoranda as to the manners of the bird. We have only
+the brief mention among his notes to the effect that <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 4,855 is the nest
+with four eggs of this <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, found in a wild <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Humulus</i>
+thicket; and that <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>
+5,076 is a nest with eggs of the same, found in a thicket of wild roses in
+the garden fence.</p>
+
+<p>Judging from the large number of the nests and eggs of this species
+collected by that gentleman at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, it would seem to be very
+abundant in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this variety measure .95 of an inch in length and .72 in
+breadth. They bear a strong resemblance to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, but the
+markings are darker and more distinctly defined, standing out with a clear
+and striking effect, in marked contrast with the light background. The
+ground-color of the egg is a light tint of robin-blue. The markings of dots,
+dashes, and lines are all about the larger end, and are of a deep dark shade
+of purplish-brown, so dark as, except in a strong light, to be undistinguishable
+from black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center ls"><b class="section">SECTION III.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center small"><i>Brown; throat without light patch.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ABERT’S TOWHEE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+Stansbury’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> Great Salt Lake, Zoölogy, June, 1852, 325 (New
+Mexico).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 516, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. xxx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>,
+<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b, <abbr title="plate 30">pl.
+xxx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>, c,
+15.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+244. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria aberti</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="40">XL</abbr>, 1855, 356.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_146.jpg"
+ width="250" height="116"
+ alt="Illustration: 6748 male symbol"
+ />
+ <p class="center smaller"><b class="specimen-number">6748</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General color of upper parts pale brownish yellowish-red; beneath brighter,
+and more ochraceous, especially on the under
+coverts, palest on the middle of the belly.
+Sides of head anterior to eyes, and chin dark
+brown. Bill and legs yellowish. Length, 9
+inches; wing, 3.70; tail, 4.85.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Base of Rocky Mountains in New
+Mexico. Valley of Gila and Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>This plainly colored bird is perhaps the largest of the North American
+Finches, and is without any blotches, spots, or variations of importance from
+one color, except on the chin and sides of the head. The bill is similar to
+that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrophthalmus</i>, but the cutting edge is less concave and more
+<!--147.png--><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 129]</span>
+sinuated. The tail is more graduated; the claws thicker and stronger. The
+wings are short and much rounded; the first quill shorter than the secondaries;
+fifth and fourth longest.</p>
+
+<p>It may be easily distinguished from all the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> by the
+blackish lores and chin, as well as by the absence of any colored gular area,
+there being, instead, a pinkish rufous tinge prevalent over the whole throat
+and jugulum. There are no dusky spots across the throat as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper assigns the base of the Rocky Mountains, in New
+Mexico, and the valleys of the Gila and Colorado Rivers, as the habitat of
+this species. Dr. Coues speaks of it as one of the most abundant and characteristic
+birds of those two valleys, and adds that it ranges northward to
+within a few miles of Fort Whipple, but is not found in the adjacent mountains.
+It was common at Fort Mohave, and particularly so at Fort Yuma.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly met with it at Camp <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 114, New Mexico, February 6, and
+again at Bill Williams Fork, February 12. He states that while travelling
+down the Big Sandy Creek and Bill Williams Fork, in the month of February,
+he found them very abundant. They confined themselves to the
+thick bushes near the water. Generally two or three were seen together.
+Their motions were very rapid, and their note was a peculiar, loud, chattering
+sound, sharp but not disagreeable. After leaving the Great Colorado he did
+not see it again.</p>
+
+<p>On the borders of the Gila, east of Fort Yuma, Dr. Heermann found this
+bird in great abundance. It kept in the close sheltered thickets, where,
+secure from intrusion, it sought among the dead leaves for various seeds and
+insects and their larvæ, on which it feeds. In its habits it very much resembles
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, or Cañon Finch, diving into the bushes when
+alarmed, and repeating, at intervals, a short chirp. After leaving the Gila
+River he did not meet with any more, as he followed no longer the course
+of any large stream, for the borders of which these birds seem to have a
+decided preference.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper regards this species as the almost exact counterpart of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>. The only difference he noticed in habits was in the character
+of its loud note of alarm, remarkably similar, however, to that of two very
+distinct birds of the same valley, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phainopepla
+nitens</i>. Like the Cañon Finch, this species is said to live almost constantly
+on the ground, but appears rather more gregarious, especially in
+winter.</p>
+
+<p>About the first of April Dr. Cooper met with many of their nests. They
+were generally built in thorny shrubs, and were composed of a flooring of
+coarse twigs, or of green herbs, and strongly interwoven with strips of bark,
+grass, and leaves. One bird had taken advantage of the recent introduction
+of horses into the valley to obtain a lining of horse-hair for its nest. The
+eggs were in all cases only three, bluish-white, with brown spots and streaks
+in a ring near the large end, quite variable in number, and measuring one
+<!--148.png--><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 130]</span>
+inch by .70. One of the nests was in a low mesquite-tree, another in a dense
+cluster of dead twigs hanging from a cottonwood. The time required for
+hatching was twelve or thirteen days, and in a fortnight more the young left
+the nest. Dr. Cooper found nests with eggs as late as May 25, and had no
+doubt that they raise two or more broods in a season. He adds that the
+song of the male, throughout April and May, is precisely like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>,
+and also reminded him of the notes of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. oregonus</i> and of the eastern
+Black-throated Bunting (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues has kindly supplied me with the following interesting sketch of
+this species, as observed by him in Arizona:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“This species appears to have a remarkably restricted geographical distribution.
+I never saw it at Fort Whipple, but on the Colorado bottom in the
+same latitude, and thence along the river to Fort Yuma, I found it to be one
+of the most abundant and characteristic birds of all. At the time I observed
+it, in September, it was generally in small flocks, and proved rather difficult
+to capture, partly because the dense underbrush it inhabited was almost impenetrable,
+and partly on account of its natural timidity. Everything along
+the river-bottom is scorched with the heat, and the dry dead twigs constantly
+snap at a touch, with such noise that it is almost impossible to force a passage
+through the underbrush without alarming all its inmates. The bird
+occurs everywhere along the river-side, but is particularly numerous on the
+patches of mesquite, and the extensive areas grown up to young willows and
+cottonwoods, and the arrowwood (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tessaria borealis</i>). Its ordinary cry of
+alarm, if not its call-note, is a loud, clear chirp, very different from the mewing
+sound made under similar circumstances by its congener, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>.
+The latter, as is well known, is almost exactly like that of a Catbird.
+I never heard the song of this bird, which appears to sing only during the
+breeding-season, but Dr. Cooper says it resembles that of the western Black
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i>, and I can indorse his observation, that this is curiously like the monotonous
+notes of the Black-throated Bunting,&mdash;<i class="birdcall">Chip, chip, chee-chee-chee</i>;
+the first two syllables deliberately pronounced, the others more rapidly enunciated,
+with greater emphasis. The associates of this species seem to be few,
+if indeed they be not confined to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i>, a very near ally. The
+moult seems to me unusually protracted, as many September specimens were
+still in poor plumage.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“Excepting my experience with this bird on the Colorado, I only met with
+it on the Hassayampa, a small stream a few miles from Fort Whipple, yet in
+a somewhat different region, across a slight mountain-ridge, lower and warmer.
+Two specimens were secured, adult and young, the first week in August.”</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues, on his way from Arizona to the Pacific (Ibis, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 261),
+mentions that he was often startled by the loud, clear, sharp chirp of this
+bird, which, though fringilline in character, is more than usually powerful,
+and is its alarm-note. Everywhere in the Colorado Valley this was one of
+the most characteristic birds. Fort Yuma seemed to be its head-quarters. It
+<!--149.png--><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span>
+is, like all its congeners, a retiring species, and keeps perseveringly in the
+almost impenetrable undergrowth. It is said to be more decidedly gregarious
+than most of the genus, often collecting in flocks of a dozen or more,
+wandering restlessly, yet in a cautious manner, through the thickets.</p>
+
+<p>A nest with eggs, procured at Fort Mohave by Dr. Cooper, is in the Smithsonian
+Collection (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 7,276). The egg measures .93 by .70 of an inch, is
+obovate in shape, being much rounded at the smaller end. Its ground-color
+is a dull white, without any perceptible tinge of blue,&mdash;though possibly
+bluish when fresh,&mdash;with heavy dots and occasional delicate, hair-like,
+zigzag markings of black. These markings are wholly confined to the
+larger end. One of the eggs has these markings much finer, consisting of
+minute dots, more dense, and upon the apex of the larger end. The nest is
+loosely built and very bulky. Its external diameter is about six inches, and
+its depth three. The cavity is three inches wide and two deep. It is constructed
+almost entirely of strips of inner bark, the coarser, ribbon-like
+pieces being used on the outer portion, and the finer shreds composing the
+lining. Externally are also a few sticks about one quarter of an inch in
+diameter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center ls"><b class="section">SECTION IV.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center small"><i>Crown rufous; body above, olive-green.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREEN-TAILED BUNTING; BLANDING’S FINCH.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla chlorura</i>, (<span class="sc">Townsend</span>,)
+<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>,
+1839, 336 (Young). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia
+chlorura</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr>
+<abbr title="second">2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra chlorura</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 483.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla blandingiana</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia One">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. I</abbr>,
+April, 1843, 260. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra blandingiana</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Illustrations, One Three">Illus. I, <span class="muchsmaller">III</span></abbr>,
+1853, 70, <abbr title="plate 12">pl. xii</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo rufipileus</i>, <span class="sc">Lafresnaye</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>,
+June, 1848, 176.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus,
+1850, 487. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria rufipileus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="40">XL</abbr>, 1855, 356.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorura</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>,
+1858, 519.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c,
+15.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 248.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above dull grayish olive-green. Crown uniform chestnut. Forehead with
+superciliary stripe, and sides of the head and neck, the upper part of the breast and sides
+of the body, bluish-ash. Chin and upper part of throat abruptly defined white, the former
+margined by dusky, above which is a short white maxillary stripe. Under tail-coverts
+and sides of body behind brownish-yellow. Tail-feathers generally, and exterior of wings,
+bright olive-green, the edge and under surface of the wings bright greenish-yellow; edge
+of first primary white. First quill longer than eighth, fourth longest. Length, about 7
+inches; wing, 3.20; tail, 3.65.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Whole of the Middle Province, including the Rocky Mountains and eastern
+slope of the Sierra Nevada; north to beyond the 40th parallel; south to Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>In this species the wing is considerably rounded, the tertials considerably
+shorter than the primaries, and not exceeding the secondaries; the fourth
+quill longest, the first shorter than the sixth, the second and fifth quills
+<!--150.png--><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 132]</span>
+considerably longer than the rest. The tail is long and considerably
+graduated, the outer feather half an inch shortest; the feathers broad
+and obtusely pointed, the corners rounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_150a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="195"
+ alt="Illustration: Pipilo chlorurus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">38493</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The extent of the chestnut
+of the crown varies somewhat;
+more extended probably in the
+males. The region on the side
+of the head, adjoining the
+nostrils, is whitish; the small
+feathers under the eye are
+spotted with the same. The
+posterior outline of the ash of
+the breast is much less sharply
+defined than the anterior.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary in the
+brightness of the olive above,
+which is never as pure as that
+of the wings and tail. The olive of the tail, too, is darker than that of the
+wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_150b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="181"
+ alt="Illustration: Pipilo chlorurus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>A very young bird (1,896) has the whole under parts dull white, streaked
+and spotted on the sides of the throat and on the breast with dark brown.
+The crown and back are also thickly spotted. In 5,734 the ash of the breast
+has made its appearance; the middle of the belly is white, spotted;
+the chin white, encircled by
+spots. The spots above are restricted
+to near the head, and
+there is a small central patch
+of chestnut on the crown.</p>
+
+<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,896 is the original
+“Green-tailed Sparrow” killed
+July 12, 1834, by Townsend,
+and described in an extract of a
+letter to Mr. Audubon, published
+page 336 of <abbr title="Volume Five">Vol. V.</abbr> of the Ornithological
+Biography.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits</span>. Dr. Kennerly, who procured a specimen of this bird at San Elizario,
+Tex., December 16, states that it was obtained with some difficulty. For
+several successive days it was found in the same place, occupying a small
+clump of very thick weeds. When aroused, which was only accomplished with
+some effort, its flight was short, rapid, and decidedly irregular. Its motions
+on the ground were very awkward. This species was found by Mr. Ridgway
+very generally distributed throughout the fertile mountain portions of
+the interior. It was not seen by him in California, and was first met with
+in the ravines at the base of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. On the
+<!--151.png--><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span>
+high mountain-ranges it was a characteristic and the best-known singer, as
+well as one of the most abundant of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>, being found in all
+bushy places, from the bases to the summits of the mountains. It is exclusively
+a summer species, arriving at Carson City about the middle of April.
+He describes the usual note of this bird as very peculiar, and, as nearly as
+can be described, a sweet laughing utterance of the syllables <i class="birdcall">keek-keek´</i>, a
+little resembling the <i class="birdcall">tweet</i> of a Canary, but very musical. This curious note
+was generally uttered when anything unusual attracted its attention, such as
+the approach of an intruder. Then, with elevated tail and its very conspicuous
+red cap raised, it would hop familiarly and unsuspiciously about. He
+adds that it is a songster of high merit, in power and variety ranking very
+little below the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i>. The song varies in the
+modulations greatly with the individual, but the same general style is preserved.
+At times it seemed to have a slight resemblance to the song of
+Bewick’s Wren, and at others to that of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</i>, and more rarely, to
+be the reproduction of a passage from the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of July, near Austin, in the cañons of the mountains, he
+found these birds breeding in the greatest abundance, and later in the same
+month a few of its nests were found on the East Humboldt Mountains. All
+of its nests, with hardly an exception, were placed from eighteen inches to
+two feet above the ground, among the thick bushes of a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Symphoricarpus</i>,
+or “snow-berry,” which grows in great abundance upon the sides of
+the cañons of those mountains. The maximum number of eggs was four.
+It was also quite a common bird in the Wahsatch Mountains, though less
+abundant than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. megalonyx</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen found this Finch quite numerous in Colorado Territory, and
+speaks of its song as very peculiar and very pleasing. It is said to resemble
+in no respect the eastern Towhee Finch, with which it is classed, but much
+more closely the group of Sparrows, so familiarly represented at the east
+by the White-throated, being like them in habits, song, and general aspect.
+It was more common among the foot-hills than on the plains. In Utah,
+according to Mr. Allen, this Finch begins to appear in numbers about September
+20, from its breeding-haunts in the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues met with this species in Arizona, but only as a spring and autumn
+migrant. None remained there in summer to breed, and none were
+found there in the winter. In its migrations it passed rapidly by Fort
+Whipple, being found there only during the latter part of April and the
+beginning of May, and during the month of September. At those seasons
+it appeared to him the most silent and retiring of all the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i>. He found
+it very difficult to either observe its habits or to capture it. It winters
+sparingly at Fort Mohave.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of this bird were taken near Lookout Mountain by C. S. McCarthy,
+and at Gilmer, in Wyoming Territory, by Mr. Durkee.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed on the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> parallel,
+<!--152.png--><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 134]</span>
+under Lieutenant Parke, mentions first meeting with this species near Tucson.
+They were frequenting, in numbers, the thick undergrowth, and were
+seeking seeds and insects on the ground. They seemed inclined to shun
+observation, and always kept in the most retired situations. They were
+sociable among themselves, going about singly or in pairs, associated with
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</i> and two or three other kinds of Finch. When started
+they fly low, diving into the bushes, and soon disappear from sight. Occasionally,
+until reaching El Paso, Texas, birds of this species were met with,
+mingling with the flocks of migrating <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>. He there procured a pair
+apparently just entering upon incubation.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of being suited by color, like most of the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i>, to inhabit
+dark thickets and among dry leaves, this species is clad in a gayer livery, and
+seems well adapted for concealment in its summer resorts, and also among
+the growing vegetation of the lower country during the rainy season. Dr.
+Heermann found a few wintering in the Colorado Valley, and yet more at
+San Diego, but they left both places in March. He found them silent and
+shy, hiding very closely in the bushes, and feeding altogether on the ground.
+The only note he heard, resembled the crowing note of the California Quail.</p>
+
+<p>Among the memoranda of Mr. Xantus, made near Fort Tejon, are the two
+following: “4,839, nest and two eggs (of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorurus</i>) found in a dry
+hedge in Mr. Ritchie’s garden; 5,083, nest and eggs found in a dark garden-hedge.”</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorurus</i> are like those of no other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i> that I have
+met with. They are peculiar in shape, being nearly of an exact oval, neither
+end being apparently much more rounded than the other. Their ground-color
+is white with a bluish tint, over which is profusely diffused a cloud of
+fine dottings of a pinkish-drab. These markings are occasionally so fine and
+so thickly distributed as to give to the egg the appearance of a uniform
+color, or as an unspotted pinkish drab-colored egg. Occasionally the dots
+are deeper and larger, and more sparsely diffused.</p>
+
+<p>In considering the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i> in general we find certain variations
+which deserve more than a passing notice. Those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</i> are all fringilline in their characters, and
+have a marked affinity to eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza, Zonotrichia</i>, and many other
+genera of this order. The eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aberti, fuscus, mesoleucus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i> are
+also all closely alike, and exhibit a very close resemblance to those of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaii</i>, and even of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteri</i>, while the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorurus</i>, though of a
+fringilline character, are unlike either style.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Spizinæ-->
+</div><!--end family Fringillidæ, which started in Volume 1-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Alaudidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--153.png--><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 135]</span></p>
+<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALAUDIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Larks.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="p2 small"><span class="sc">Char</span>. First primary very short or wanting. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly,
+with the plates nearly of corresponding position and number. Hind claw very long
+and nearly straight. Bill short, conical, frontal feathers extending along side of the bill;
+the nostrils concealed by a tuft of bristly feathers directed forward. Tertials greatly
+elongate beyond the secondaries.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Subfamilies and Genera.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudinæ.</b> Bill stout, short, and conical; nasal fossæ transverse and completely
+filled by the thick tuft of bristly feathers, and perforated anteriorly by a circular
+nasal opening. (Old and New World.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Crown with a depressed soft crest of feathers, of normal structure; a spurious
+primary; tail deeply emarginate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Crown without a crest, but occiput with an erectile tuft of narrow elongated
+feathers on each side. No spurious primary; tail square, or slightly
+rounded<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritinæ.</b> Bill broader, more depressed, and straighter at the base; nasal
+fossæ longitudinal, large, elongated, the nasal opening rather linear. (Old World.)</p>
+
+<p>Of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i> only the two genera diagnosed above belong to the
+American continent; and one of them is properly only a wanderer from the
+Old World, while the other is cosmopolitan.</p>
+
+<p>The most characteristic feature of the Larks among other oscine families
+is seen in the scutellation of the tarsus. The anterior half of this is covered
+by divided scales lapping round on the sides, but instead of the two
+plates which go one on each side of the posterior half and unite ultimately
+behind as an acute ridge, there is but one which laps round on the sides,
+and is divided into scales like the anterior ones, but alternating with them.
+The posterior edge of the tarsus is as obtuse as the anterior, instead of
+being very acute. There is a deep separating groove on the inner side of the
+tarsus; and there may be really but one plate divided transversely, the edges
+meeting at this place.</p>
+
+<p>In the elongated hind claw and lengthened tertials, general style of coloration,
+mode of life, and manner of nesting, there is a decided approximation
+in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i> to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</i>, of the family <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</i>; but in these
+the posterior edge of the tarsus is sharp and undivided transversely, the toes
+more deeply cleft, the bill more slender, etc.,&mdash;their relations being rather
+nearer to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> than to the present family.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALAUDA</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N.</abbr> 1735.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very small, less than half the length of the head, conical; nostrils
+exposed; rictal bristles quite strong; commissure without notch; tarsus much longer
+<!--154.png--><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 136]</span>
+than middle toe; lateral toes equal; posterior toe about as long as the middle, its claw
+longer than the digit, and nearly straight; claws of anterior toe very small. Wing long,
+pointed, the third and fourth (apparently second and third) quills longest, the second and
+fifth <a name="note8" id="note8"></a>successively, a little shorter; the first so small as to be almost concealed; tertials
+much elongated, reaching about half-way from end of secondaries to tip of primaries;
+their ends emarginated; tail rather deeply emarginated, and a little more than half the
+length of the wing.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b class="species">Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. arvensis.</b> Above grayish-brown, beneath whitish, with a buffy tinge across
+jugulum and along sides; every feather above with a medial streak of dusky; sides of
+throat, sides, and across jugulum streaked with dusky; the outer tail-feathers partly
+white. Wing, 4.90; tail, 2.80; culmen, .40; tarsus, .80; hind claw, .50. <abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> Europe;
+accidental in Greenland and the Bermudas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE SKYLARK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</i>,
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Linnæus, Fauna Suecica"><span class="sc">Linn.</span>,
+Faun. Sue.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 76. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda vulgaris</i>,
+<span class="sc">Leach</span>, <abbr title="Systematic Catalogue of Mammals and Birds in the British Museum">Syst. Cat. Mamm.
+and Birds in B. M.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 21. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda cœlipeta</i>,
+<abbr title="Pallas, Zoögraphia One"><span class="sc">Pall.</span> Zoögr. I</abbr>, 524. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda segetum</i>,
+<span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Vögel Deutschland">Vög. Deutschl.</abbr>
+318. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda montana</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Vögel Deutschland 319, teil">Vög. Deutschl. 319, t.</abbr> 20,
+<abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda agrestis</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Vögel Deutschland">Vög. Deutschl.</abbr> 320.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda italica</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin, Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> S. N. I</abbr>,
+793.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="age">Adult.</i> Above grayish umber-brown, beneath white, tinged across the
+breast with soft light ochraceous. Every feather above with a medial dusky streak, the
+shaft black; wing-feathers and upper tail-coverts bordered with white. Outer tail-feather
+mostly white, the next one edged with the same. A plain, light superciliary
+stripe; auriculars nearly uniform light brownish; sides of the throat, jugulum, and sides
+with short streaks of dusky brown.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> Wing, 4.90; tail, 2.80; culmen, .40; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .55; hind claw, .50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Above more yellowish-fulvous, the feathers with central spots, instead of medial
+stripes of dusky, and bordered terminally with whitish; jugulum washed strongly with
+ochraceous, and marked with dusky spots.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Europe; accidental in Greenland and the Bermudas; Aleutian Islands.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The famed Skylark of the Old World can rest a twofold claim
+to be included in a complete list of North American birds. One of these is
+their occasional occurrence in the Bermudas, and in Greenland. The other
+is their probably successful introduction near New York.</p>
+
+<p>A few years since an attempt was made to introduce these birds, for
+which purpose several individuals were set at liberty on Long Island. For a
+short time they did well, and succeeded in raising one or more broods, but,
+owing probably to the constant persecution of all small birds by the foreign
+population of the neighborhood, the experiment nearly failed, and none were
+noticed in that vicinity. Within the last year or two, however, several
+pairs of these birds have been observed in Westchester County, and also on
+Long Island, by parties competent to recognize them, and hopes are now entertained
+that these desirable birds have obtained a foothold in this country.</p>
+
+<p><!--155.png--><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 137]</span>
+According to Messrs. Dresser and Sharpe, the Skylark is found throughout
+the polar Arctic regions, from the British Islands eastward to Siberia and
+Northern China. A smaller subspecies is met with in Southeastern Europe,
+which does not present any character by which it can be separated
+from it. In Eastern Europe the Lark has been found as far north as the
+Faroe Islands, but has not been observed in Iceland. It reaches Christiania
+in March, and leaves in October. It has been found breeding in Lapland as
+far north as latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and is a common summer visitant in Finland.
+Pallas found it abundant throughout Russia and Siberia, and Steller found
+it not only in Kamtschatka, but equally in the Kurile Islands and in those
+between Asia and America, so that its occurrence in our Alaskan territories
+may be regarded as a not improbable event.</p>
+
+<p>The same writers also state that the Skylark has been twice recorded as
+occurring in Greenland and in America; and in another place they state that
+“the Skylark occasionally visits Greenland, and has been met with in the
+Bermudas.” In the latter place a storm-tried waif was taken by Mr. J. M.
+Jones after an easterly gale.</p>
+
+<p>The Lark is a universal favorite in the Old World, and as a vocalist enjoys
+a reputation hardly second even to the far-famed Nightingale. It is an inhabitant
+of all the countries of Europe, and is said to be most abundant in
+the cultivated districts.</p>
+
+<p>We only know of its song from caged specimens and from the testimony
+of European writers. Yarrell speaks of its notes as cheerful and exhilarating,
+fresh as the season of spring, and the admiration of all hearers. Its
+voice is described as powerful to an extraordinary degree, and its song
+wild and joyous. They sing while they fly, rising, with quivering wings
+almost perpendicularly, until they gain so great an elevation that they can
+no longer be distinguished; yet, while thus no longer visible, their wild
+music continues to be heard as that of some unseen spirits of the air. It is
+said that one familiar with their song can readily determine, by their notes,
+whether the singer is ascending, stationary, or descending. Occasionally,
+when at this great elevation, the Lark will close its wings and drop to the
+earth with the rapidity of a stone. At times it will sing while on the
+ground, but its most lively strains are poured forth during these flights.
+And though this bird will sing while in confinement, and is a favorite cage-bird,
+yet in singing they are said to flutter their wings, as if this motion were
+almost a necessary accompaniment to their song.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the song and its peculiarities writers are not quite in agreement.
+The general opinion seems to be that, while in the quality of its
+tone it is surpassed by the song of the Nightingale, the Bulfinch, and the
+Black-cap, it is unequalled in quantity, sprightliness, variety, and power.
+The Lark is in song eight months of the year, and during the summer
+months it sings from two in the morning, with very little intermission, until
+after sunset.</p>
+
+<p><!--156.png--><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 138]</span>
+Mr. Macgillivray gives an excellent and graphic description of the habits of
+this bird, from which we extract a portion descriptive of its song. “It has
+been alleged,” he writes, “that the Lark ascends in a spiral manner, but my
+observation does not corroborate the statement. In rising it often passes directly
+upward, but with the body always horizontal, or nearly so, then moves
+in a curve, and continues thus alternately, but without a continued spiral motion.
+At first, the motion of the wings is uniformly fluttering; but afterwards
+it shoots them out two or three times successively at intervals, and when at
+its greatest height exhibits this action more remarkably. When it descends,
+the song is not intermitted, but is continued until it approaches the ground,
+when it usually darts down headlong, and alights abruptly. Frequently it
+resumes its song after alighting, and continues it for a short time, but more
+commonly it stops when it has reached the ground. Often a Lark may be
+seen hovering over a field, in full song, for a considerable time, at a small
+height. On the 4th of May, 1837, I observed a Lark perched on a half-burnt
+whin branch, where it remained singing a long time. I have often
+seen it perch on a wall, and several times on a hawthorn bush in a hedge;
+but it never, I believe, alights on tall trees.</p>
+
+<p>“The song of the Lark is certainly not musical, for its notes are not finely
+modulated, nor its tones mellow; but it is cheerful and cheering in the highest
+degree, and protracted beyond all comparison. In a sunny day in April
+or May, when the grass-fields have begun to resume their verdure, it is
+pleasant to listen to the merry songster that makes the welkin ring with its
+sprightly notes; in the sultry month of July, still more pleasant is it to
+hear its matin hymn while the dew is yet on the corn; and in winter, should
+you chance to hear the well-known voice on high, it reminds you of the
+bright days that have gone, and fills you with anticipation of those that are
+to come. No doubt much of the pleasure derived from the Lark’s song depends
+upon association, but independently of circumstances and associations
+the song of the Lark imparts an elasticity to the mind, elevates the spirits,
+and suspends for a time the gnawing of corroding care. The carol of the
+Lark, like the lively fife, excites pure cheerfulness. In confinement this
+bird sings every whit as well as when at large, and when rapidly perambulating
+the square bit of faded turf in its cage, it enacts its part with apparently
+as much delight as when mounting toward heaven’s gate.”</p>
+
+<p>This bird succeeds well in cages, and lives to a great age, Yarrell mentioning
+one that lived nearly twenty years in confinement. Its natural food is
+grain, the seeds of grasses, worms, and various kinds of insects. They begin
+to mate in April, and have two broods in a season. Their nest is always
+placed on the ground, often sheltered by a tuft of grass, or some other protection.
+The nests are woven of coarse grasses and stems of plants, and
+are lined with finer materials of the same. The eggs are five in number,
+have a grayish-white ground, occasionally a greenish-white, very generally
+sprinkled and blotched with markings of dark-gray and an ashy-brown, so
+<!--157.png--><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span>
+profusely as to conceal the ground. They are oval in shape, slightly more
+pointed at one end, and measure .93 of an inch in length by .70 in breadth.</p>
+
+<p>According to Selby, the young of the first brood are fully fledged by the
+end of June, and the second in August. The Lark evinces a very strong
+attachment to its young, and many interesting accounts are given by
+European writers of its intelligent endeavors to conceal and to protect its
+nest,&mdash;in one instance constructing an artificial dome of dry grass, where
+the natural protection had been cut away by mowers, and in another
+attempting to remove the young to a place of greater safety.</p>
+
+<p>The Lark has, in several instances, been successfully induced to mate and
+rear her young in an aviary; and Mr. W. P. Foster, of Hackney, is quoted
+by Mr. Yarrell as authority for the statement, that, during the period of producing
+the eggs, the female has been heard to sing with a power and a variety
+of tone equal to the voice of her mate.</p>
+
+<p>While his mate is sitting on her eggs, the male Lark, apparently timid at
+all other times, is remarkably bold, and drives away other birds that venture
+too near their nest. He not only watches over her and seeks to protect her,
+but assiduously supplies her with food.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EREMOPHILA</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>,
+Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>. Sufficiently distinct from
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophilus</i>, <span class="sc">Humboldt</span>, [Fishes,] 1805.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>,
+<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Deutschland">Deutschl.</abbr> Vögel</span>, 1831.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>,
+1839. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.) (We are unable to find
+where the genus is named.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+First primary wanting; bill scarcely higher than broad; nostrils circular,
+concealed by a dense tuft of feathers; the nasal fossæ oblique. A pectoral crescent and
+cheek-patches of black.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_157.jpg"
+ width="300" height="203"
+ alt="Illustration: Eremophila alpestris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila alpestris.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanocorypha</i> in having no spurious first primary,
+<!--158.png--><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 140]</span>
+although the other characters are somewhat similar. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritis</i> of Cabanis,
+with the same lack of first primary, has a much stouter bill. The spurious
+primary, more depressed bill, and differently constituted nostrils and nasal
+fossæ of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</i> are readily distinctive.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_158.jpg"
+ width="250" height="153"
+ alt="Illustration: Eremophila alpestris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila alpestris.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The type of this genus is
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr>,
+a well-known cosmopolitan
+species, though the birds of
+the New World have been
+distinguished under distinctive
+names, as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta, chrysolæma,
+peregrina</i>, etc. The
+examination and critical comparison
+of more than a hundred
+specimens from all parts
+of North America, however, has convinced us of the identity with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>
+of the several forms mentioned above, though it may be advisable to retain
+one or more of them as geographical races.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. alpestris.</b> <i class="age">Adult.</i>
+Above pinkish-gray, varying to cinnamon, the pinkish
+deepest on nape and lesser wing-coverts; tail black (except two middle feathers),
+the outer feather edged with white. Beneath white, the sides pinkish or grayish.
+A frontal band and superciliary stripe, the middle of auriculars, chin, and throat
+varying from white to deep Naples-yellow; forepart of crown, and “ear-tufts,” a
+patch on lores and cheeks, and a broad crescent across the jugulum, deep black;
+end of auriculars ashy. <i class="sex">Female</i> and autumnal males, with the pattern less
+sharply defined, and the colors more suffused. <i class="age">Young.</i> Brownish-black above,
+more or less mixed with clay-color, and sprinkled with whitish dots; wing-feathers
+all bordered with whitish. Beneath white. Markings on head and
+jugulum just merely indicated by dusky cloudings.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Wing (of adult male), 4.20 to 4.60; tail, 2.90 to 3.16; culmen, .60 to .65.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">White frontal band, .25 to .30, wide; the black prefrontal patch, .26 to .35
+wide. The pinkish above of an ashy-lilac shade.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Throat and forehead white, with only a very faint tinge of yellow;
+pinkish tinge above more rufous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Interior Northern Plains of
+the United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Throat and forehead pale straw-yellow, or strongly tinged with it;
+pinkish tinge above varying from ashy-lilacous to purplish-rufous.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern regions of Old and New Worlds
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Wing (adult male), 3.80 to 4.10; tail, 2.75 to 2.90; culmen, .53 to .62.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+White frontal band, .13 to .16 wide; the black prefrontal patch, .35 to .50
+wide. Pinkish above of a deep cinnamon shade. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Desert plains of
+South Middle Province of United States, and table-lands of Mexico, south
+to Bogota<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i></span>.</p>
+
+<!--159.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_32.jpg"
+ width="auto" height="100%"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="32">XXXII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-1" id="pl_32-1"></a><img src="images/pl_32-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53470.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-2" id="pl_32-2"></a><img src="images/pl_32-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta</span>. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wisc.</abbr>, 4330.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-3" id="pl_32-3"></a><img src="images/pl_32-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</span>. Europe.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-4" id="pl_32-4"></a><img src="images/pl_32-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 977.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-5" id="pl_32-5"></a><img src="images/pl_32-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Kansas, 13069.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-6" id="pl_32-6"></a><img src="images/pl_32-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 32446.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-7" id="pl_32-7"></a><img src="images/pl_32-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-8" id="pl_32-8"></a><img src="images/pl_32-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Manzanillo, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 30165.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_32-9" id="pl_32-9"></a><img src="images/pl_32-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 32 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Utah, 58624.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--160.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="p2 center"><!--161.png--><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 141]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila alpestris</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE SHORE LARK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="age">Adult male</i>; spring. A frontal crescent, curving backward in a broad,
+sharply defined, superciliary stripe to the occiput; chin, throat and foreneck, and a crescent
+across middle of ear-coverts, whitish, either more or less tinged with yellow, or pure
+white. Lower parts, except laterally, white. A broad crescentic patch behind the
+frontal whitish crescent, running back on each side of the crown and terminating in an
+erectile tuft of narrow elongated feathers on each side of occiput, a patch covering the
+lores, nasal tufts, passing beneath the eye, and forming a broad “mustache” on the
+cheeks, with a convex outline behind and concave anteriorly, and a broad crescentic patch
+across the jugulum, deep black. A crescentic spot of grayish-drab across the ends of the
+auriculars. Posterior portion of the crown enclosed laterally between the “ear-tufts,”
+occiput, nape, lateral lower parts, lesser and middle wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts,
+pinkish-brown; the sides and flanks with obsolete dusky streaks. Back, scapulars, rump,
+wings, and two middle tail-feathers, ashy-drab, the feathers darker centrally, forming
+rather conspicuous broad streaks on lower part of back; middle and secondary coverts,
+secondaries and primaries bordered terminally, quite conspicuously, with white. Tail
+(except the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">intermediæ</i>) black; outer web of lateral feather almost entirely white, that
+of the next edged with the same.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult female</i>; spring. Similar, but markings rather less sharply defined; a tendency
+to streaking of nape and crown; these streaks often displacing the continuous black of
+the anterior portion of crown. The “ear-tufts” less developed.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Winter adult.</i> Similar to the spring dress, but the black areas obscured, more or less,
+by whitish borders to the feathers; the frontal whitish band less sharply defined. Breast
+with numerous more or less distinct deltoid specks of plumbeous, and the pinkish of the
+sides much tinged with the same. The dusky streaks above are broader and more conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> First plumage, entirely different from the adult. Above dusky, variegated
+with whitish dots, sprinkled over the whole surface; these specks terminal on each
+feather, and of a deltoid form, becoming more transverse and crescentic on the scapulars
+and rump; each feather of the wings broadly bordered with pale brownish, approaching
+white on the coverts. The blackish areas are but faintly indicated by a dusky suffusion,
+generally very indistinct, across the breast, and over the cheeks; and variegated with
+badly defined, more dusky spots; lower parts, including post-ocular stripe, dull white;
+sides spotted with dusky.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. alpestris</i>, as restricted, is represented in the collection by three
+perfect specimens, in the several stages of plumage described; while there
+is also a fine specimen from Astrachan, representing a white-throated race
+(“<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bei</i>” on <abbr title="manuscript">MS.</abbr> label) of Central Asia. The series of American specimens
+is all that could possibly be desired, there being numerous examples from
+nearly the whole northern continent, from the Arctic regions to as far south
+as Bogota, and from coast to coast.</p>
+
+<p>The common Shore Lark of the northern parts of North America appears
+to be absolutely identical with the European bird, each of the specimens of
+the latter being easily matched from the American series. It therefore
+becomes necessary to reduce the name “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</i>” to a synonyme of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>,
+<!--162.png--><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 142]</span>
+the former not affording characters to distinguish it as even a variety. To
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i> may also be referred the form known as “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>, McCall,” those
+specimens from the interior regions which are destitute of any yellow tinge
+on the throat. Were this feature a constant one in specimens from the
+region which it characterizes, it would be, of course, right to retain the name
+in the form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>. As it is, however, quite a large
+percentage of the specimens from every locality where <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i> is found
+have more or less yellow throats, but it is possible that this mixture of the two
+may be the result of irregular migrations, those yellow-throated individuals
+being stragglers from their breeding habitat,&mdash;more to the eastward and
+northward. In its white instead of straw-yellow throat, and more lilaceous
+than vinaceous upper parts, this form bears a close resemblance to a race of
+the deserts of Western (and Central?) Asia,&mdash;the “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bei</i>”<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_26" id="fnanchor_26"></a><a href="#footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></span>;
+the latter,
+however, has these features more exaggerated than in the one of the central
+plains of North America. Breeding throughout the table-lands of Mexico,
+and in the Western Province of the United States, north to about the 40th
+parallel, is a more strongly marked race, maintaining also more constancy
+in its peculiar features; this race is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. chrysolæma</i>, <abbr title="Wagler">Wagl.</abbr>, of which
+name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</i>, <abbr title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>, Giraud, are synonymes. This race, which we
+propose to call <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. alpestris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i>, differs from both the northern
+styles in smaller size and longer bill, and in coloration is the opposite extreme
+from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>, having the vinaceous tints deeper and browner,
+instead of paler and less brown, than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</i> (i. e. typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>).
+The black markings are also more extended, in proportion to the other colors,
+reducing the white on the forehead to a very narrow band, instead of a broad
+spot equalling, or exceeding, the black in width. Specimens from Bogota&mdash;about
+the southern limit of the genus on this continent&mdash;are, perhaps,
+referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i>, or at least not very different from it, though described
+by Sclater as distinct, under the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_27" id="fnanchor_27"></a><a href="#footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>In fewer words, the variations, with the region, are about as follows.
+Starting with North America, north of the United States, we begin with a style
+absolutely undistinguishable from that of Europe; this, to which the name
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</i> belongs, visits the Eastern States only in winter, but breeds over the
+prairie region of Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. West of the Rocky
+Mountains, especially south of about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, specimens referrible to this style
+are most numerous in winter, and in a large series a great percentage of the
+specimens entirely lack any yellow on the throat, while the pinkish-brown
+tints are lighter and less reddish; this style represents, in these peculiar features,
+the “var. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bei</i>” of Western Asia (Astrachan), and has been distinguished
+by the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>, McCall, though it is doubtful whether McCall’s
+description is of a specimen of this style or of one of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</i>, being
+<!--163.png--><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 143]</span>
+taken from a young or immature bird. Breeding south of about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, from
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and throughout the table-lands of
+Mexico,&mdash;in winter sometimes resident at the northern limit assigned, and
+there mixed with northern-bred individuals,&mdash;is a kind which is smaller,
+and, generally, with a larger bill; the throat is deeper yellow than in the
+northern form, the pinkish tints deepened into cinnamon, and the frontal
+band narrower, caused by an encroachment of the black, which, in its several
+areas, is extended more in proportion to the other colors. This is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E.
+chrysolæma</i> of Wagl., and of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>, Giraud, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</i>, Aud., are synonymes,
+as already stated.</p>
+
+<p>Along the coast of Oregon and Washington Territory is a very peculiar
+race, represented in the collection by several specimens. These differ essentially
+in having the dark streaks above very sharply defined, broad and clear
+blackish-brown,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_28" id="fnanchor_28"></a><a href="#footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></span>
+while the lower parts are strongly tinged with yellow, even
+as deeply so as the throat. Additional specimens from the northwest coast
+may establish the existence of a race as distinct as any of those named
+above.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</b>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda alpestris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, 289.&mdash;<abbr title="Forster Philosophical Transactions 62"><span class="sc">Forst.</span> Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 383.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>,&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maynard</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 121. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys a.</i> <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh.
+Nat.</abbr> 1870, 341 (synonomy and remarks). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda cornuta</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808,
+85.&mdash;<abbr title="Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. B. A. II.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila c.</i> <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1828, 322.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N.
+Am.</abbr> 1858, 403.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">P. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 118 (British <abbr title="Columbia">Col.</abbr>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>,
+<abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr>, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 218 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn.
+Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 251.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 280. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos c.</i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris c.</i>
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris occidentalis</i>, <span class="sc">McCall</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, June, 1851, 218 (Santa Fé).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+Stansbury’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr>, 1852, 318.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="age">Adult.</i> Frontal whitish crescent more than half as broad as the black
+patch behind it. Throat and forehead either tinged, more or less strongly, with yellow,
+or perfectly white. Pinkish tint above, a soft ashy-vinaceous.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="measurements">Measurements.</i> (56,583 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, North Europe,) wing, 4.40; tail, 2.90; culmen, .60; width
+of white frontal crescent, .25; of black, .30. (3,780 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Wisconsin,) wing, 4.20; tail,
+3.00; culmen, .60; width of white frontal crescent, .30; of black, .26. (16,768 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>,
+Hudson’s Bay Ter.,) wing, 4.55; tail, 3.10; culmen, .65; width of white frontal crescent,
+.35; of black, .36. (8,491 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Massachusetts,) wing, 4.35; tail, 3.15; culmen, .61;
+width of white frontal crescent, .27; of black, 27. (The three perfectly identical in
+colors.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> On the upper parts the blackish greatly in excess of the whitish markings.
+Spots across jugulum distinct.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northern Hemisphere; in North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and
+the open plains of the interior regions, from Illinois, Wisconsin, etc., to the Pacific, north
+of about 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<!--164.png--><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 144]</span>
+<abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</b>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda chrysolæma</i>,
+<abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr> Isis, 1831,
+350.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte, Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr>
+1837, 111. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys ch.</i>
+<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr>
+1870, 341. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda minor</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>,
+16 <abbr title="Species Texas Birds">Sp. Tex. B.</abbr> 1841. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda
+rufa</i>, <abbr title="Audubon, Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>,
+1843, 353, <abbr title="plate 497">pl. ccccxcvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris r.</i>,
+<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>. s, 45.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Otocorys peregrina</i>, <abbr title="Sclater, Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span>
+P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 110, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila p.</i>,
+<abbr title="Sclater, Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr>
+1860, 127.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> <i class="age">Adult.</i>
+Frontal crescent less than half as wide as the black. Throat and forehead
+deep straw-yellow; pinkish tints above deep cinnamon.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="subset">a.</i> Specimens from California and Mexico, streaks on back, etc., very obsolete; darker
+central stripe to middle tail-feathers scarcely observable; white beneath.</p>
+
+<table class="smaller">
+<tr><td colspan="5" class="center"><i class="measurements">Measurements.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>
+    <td class="center">wing</td>
+    <td class="center">tail</td>
+    <td class="center" style="width: 9em;">bill</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right">(3,507,</td>
+    <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Tonila, Mexico,)</td>
+    <td class="rightm">3.80;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">2.75;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">.53&mdash;.15&mdash;.42.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"> (9,115,</td>
+    <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mexico,)</td>
+    <td class="rightm">4.10;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">2.90;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">.63&mdash;.13&mdash;.50.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right"> (3,939,</td>
+    <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, California,)</td>
+    <td class="rightm">3.85;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">2.75;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">.56&mdash;.14&mdash;.45.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right">(58,582,</td>
+    <td class="ss"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Gt. Salt Lake City,)</td>
+    <td class="rightm">4.10;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">2.80;</td>
+    <td class="rightm">.62&mdash;.16&mdash;.32.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="subset">b.</i> Specimens from coast of Oregon and Washington Territory. Streaks on back, etc.,
+very conspicuous; dark central stripe of tail-feathers distinct; yellow beneath.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="measurements">Measurements.</i> (8,734 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Steilacoom,) wing, 3.75; tail, 2.60; bill, .61&mdash;.15&mdash;.40.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Middle America, from the desert regions of the southern Middle Province of
+North America, south to Bogota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Assuming the Shore Lark of the Labrador coast and the rufous
+Lark of the Western prairies to be one and the same species, but slightly
+modified by differences of locality, climate, or food, we have for this species,
+at all times, a wide range, and, during the breeding-season, a very unusual
+peculiarity,&mdash;their abundant distribution through two widely distant and
+essentially different regions.</p>
+
+<p>During a large portion of the year, or from October to April, these birds
+may be found in all parts of the United States. Dr. Woodhouse found them
+very common throughout Texas, the Indian Territory, New Mexico, and California.
+Mr. Dresser states that he found the western variety&mdash;which he
+thinks essentially different in several respects from the eastern&mdash;in great
+numbers, from October to the end of March, in the prairies around San
+Antonio. Afterwards, at Galveston, in May and June, 1864, he noticed and
+shot several specimens. Although he did not succeed in finding any nests,
+he was very sure that they were breeding there. It is common, during winter,
+on the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. In Maine
+it is comparatively rare. In Arizona, Dr. Coues speaks of the western form
+as a permanent resident in all situations adapted to its wants. The same
+writer, who also had an opportunity of observing the eastern variety in
+Labrador, where he found it very abundant on all the moss-covered islands
+around the coast, could notice nothing in their voice, flight, or general manners,
+different from their usual habits in their southern migrations, except
+that during the breeding-season they do not associate in flocks.</p>
+
+<p>Richardson states that this Lark arrives in the fur countries in company
+with the Lapland Bunting, with which it associates, and, being a shyer bird,
+would act as sentinel and give the alarm on the approach of danger. As Mr.
+<!--165.png--><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 145]</span>
+Dall only obtained a single skin on the Yukon, it probably is not common
+there. Dr. Suckley states it to be a very abundant summer resident on the
+gravelly prairies near Fort Steilacoom, in Washington Territory. He describes
+it as a tame, unsuspicious bird, allowing a man to approach within a few feet
+of it. It is essentially a ground bird, rarely alighting on bushes or shrubs.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper adds to this that the Shore Lark is common in the interior, but
+he only noticed one on the coast border. In ordinary seasons they seem to
+be permanent residents, and in winter to be both more gregarious and more
+common. He met with one as late as July 1, on a gravelly plain near
+Olympia, scratching out a hollow for its nest under a tussock of grass.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper also found these birds around Fort Mohave in considerable
+flocks about the end of February, but all had left the valley by the end of
+March. About May 29 he found numbers of them towards the summits of
+the Providence range of mountains, west of the valley, and not far from four
+thousand feet above it, where they probably had nests. They were also
+common in July on the cooler plains towards the ocean, so that they doubtless
+breed in many of the southern portions of California, as well as at
+Puget Sound and on the Great Plains. Dr. Cooper states that in May or
+June the males rise almost perpendicularly into the air, until almost out of
+sight, and fly around in an irregular circle, singing a sweet and varied song
+for several minutes, when they descend nearly to the spot from which they
+started. Their nests were usually found in a small depression of the ground,
+often under a tuft of grass or a bush. Mr. Nuttall started a Shore Lark from
+her nest, on the plains, near the banks of the Platte. It was in a small depression
+on the ground, and was made of bent grass, and lined with coarse
+bison-hair. The eggs were olive-white, minutely spotted all over with a
+darker tinge.</p>
+
+<p>According to Audubon, these Larks breed abundantly on the high and
+desolate granite tracts that abound along the coast of Labrador. These
+rocks are covered with large patches of mosses and lichens. In the midst
+of these this bird places her nest, disposed with so much care, and the moss
+so much resembling the bird in hue, that the nests are not readily noticed.
+When flushed from her nest, she flutters away, feigning lameness so cunningly
+as to deceive almost any one not on his guard. The male at once joins
+her, and both utter the most soft and plaintive notes of woe. The nest is
+embedded in the moss to its edges, and is composed of fine grasses, circularly
+disposed and forming a bed about two inches thick. It is lined with the
+feathers of the grouse and of other birds. The eggs, deposited early in July,
+are four or five in number, and are described by Mr. Audubon as marked
+with bluish as well as brown spots.</p>
+
+<p>About a week before they can fly, the young leave the nest, and follow
+their parents over these beds of mosses to be fed. They run nimbly, and
+squat closely at the first approach of danger. If observed and pursued, they
+open their wings and flutter off with great celerity.</p>
+
+<p><!--166.png--><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 146]</span>
+These birds reach Labrador early in June, when the male birds are very
+pugnacious, and engage frequently in very singular fights, in which often
+several others besides the first parties join, fluttering, biting, and tumbling
+over in the manner of the European House Sparrow. The male is described
+as singing sweetly while on the wing, but its song is comparatively short. It
+will also sing while on the ground, but less frequently, and with less fulness.
+Its call-note is quite mellow, and is at times so altered, in a ventriloquial
+manner, as to seem like that of another bird. As soon as the young are
+hatched their song ceases. It is said to feed on grass-seeds, the blossoms
+of small plants, and insects, often catching the latter on the wing, and
+following them to a considerable distance. It also gathers minute crustaceans
+on the sea-shore.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species abundant over the arid wastes of the interior,
+and, in many localities, it was almost the only bird to be found. In its
+habits he could observe no differences between this bird and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</i>.
+He met with their nests and eggs in the Truckee Reservation, June 3. The
+nest was embedded in the hard, grassy ground, beneath a small scraggy sage-bush,
+on the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">mesa</i>, between the river and the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord mentions that, having encamped at Cedar Springs on the
+Great Plains of the Columbia, where the small stream was the only water
+within a long distance, he became interested in watching the movements of
+these Larks. As evening approached they came boldly in among the mules
+and men, intense thirst overcoming all sense of fear. He found these handsome
+little birds very plentiful throughout British Columbia. They were
+nesting very early on those sandy plains, even before the snow had left the
+ground. He saw young fledglings early in May.</p>
+
+<p>A single specimen of this species was taken at Godhaab, Greenland, in
+October, 1835.</p>
+
+<p>Eggs from Labrador are much larger in size than those from Wisconsin.
+Two eggs from the first, one obtained by Mr. Thienemann, the other by Mr.
+George Peck, of Burlington, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, measure .93 and .94 of an inch in length by
+.71 in breadth; while some from the West are only .83 in length and .63
+in breadth, their greatest length being .90, and their largest breadth .69 of
+an inch. In their ground-color and markings, eggs from both localities vary
+about alike. The ground-color varies from a purplish-white to a dark gray,
+while the spots are in some a brownish-lavender, in others a brown, and,
+quite frequently, an olive-brown. In some they are in larger, scattered
+blotches; while in others they are in very fine minute dots so thickly and so
+uniformly diffused as almost to conceal the ground.</p>
+</div><!--end family Alaudidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Icteridæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--167.png--><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 147]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ICTERIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Orioles</span>.</h2>
+
+<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Primaries nine. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly; plated behind. Bill long, generally
+equal to the head or longer, straight or gently curved, conical, without any notch, the
+commissure bending downwards at an obtuse angle at the base. Gonys generally more
+than half the culmen, no bristles about the base of bill. Basal joint of the middle toe
+free on the inner side; united half-way on the outer. Tail rather long, rounded. Legs
+stout.</p>
+
+<p>This family is strictly confined to the New World, and is closely related
+in many of its members to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>. Both have the angulated commissure
+and the nine primaries; the bill is, however, usually much longer;
+the rictus is completely without bristles, and the tip of the bill without
+notch.</p>
+
+<p>The affinities of some of the genera are still closer to the family of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</i> or Starlings, of which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</i> may be taken as the
+type. The latter family, is, however, exclusively Old World, except for the
+occurrence of a species in Greenland, and readily distinguished by the constant
+presence of a rudimentary outer primary, making ten in all.</p>
+
+<p>There are three subfamilies of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>,&mdash;the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</i>,
+and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</i>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_29" id="fnanchor_29"></a><a href="#footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></span>
+which may be diagnosed as follows, although it is
+difficult to define them with precision:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ.</b> Bill shorter than, or about equal to, the head; thick, conical, both mandibles
+about equal in depth; the outlines all more or less straight, the bill not decurved at tip.
+Tail rather short, nearly even or slightly rounded. Legs longer than the head, adapted
+for walking; claws moderately curved.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ.</b> Bill rather slender, about as long as the head; either straight or decurved.
+Lower mandible less thick than the upper; the commissure not sinuated. Tarsi not
+longer than the head, nor than middle toe; legs adapted for perching. Claws much
+curved.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ.</b> Tail lengthened, considerably or excessively graduated.
+Bill as long as,or longer than, the head; the culmen curved towards the end, the tip bent down, the
+cutting edges inflexed, the commissure sinuated. Legs longer than the head, fitted for
+walking.</p>
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Agelainæ-->
+<!--168.png--><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 148]</span>
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">AGELAINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill stout, conical, and acutely pointed, not longer than the head; the outlines
+nearly straight, the tip not decurved. Legs adapted for walking, longer than the head.
+Claws not much curved. Tail moderate, shorter than the wings; nearly even.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i>, through <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>, present a close relation
+to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> in the comparative shortness and conical shape of the
+bill, and, in fact, it is very difficult to express in brief words the distinctions
+which evidently exist. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i> may be set aside as readily determinate
+by the character of the feet and tail. The peculiar subfamily
+characteristics of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> will be found under the generic remarks respecting
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The following diagnosis will serve to define the genera:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Bill shorter than the head. Feathers of head and nostrils as in B.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx.</b> Tail-feathers with rigid stiffened acuminate points.
+Middle toe very long, exceeding the head.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus.</b> Tail with the feathers simple; middle toe shorter than
+the tarsus or head.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Bill as long as the head. Feathers of crown soft. Nostrils covered by
+a scale which is directed more or less downwards.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius.</b> First quill shorter than the second and third. Outer lateral
+claws scarcely reaching to the base of middle; claws moderate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus.</b> First quill longest. Outer lateral claw reaching
+nearly to the tip of the middle. Toes and claws all much elongated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> Bill as long as, or longer than, the head. Feathers of crown with the
+shafts prolonged into stiffened bristles. Nostrils covered by a scale which
+stands out more or less horizontally.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella.</b> Tail-feathers acute. Middle toe equal to the tarsus.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trupialis.</b> Tail-feathers rounded. Middle toe shorter than the tarsus.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DOLICHONYX</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Journ.  III</abbr>, 1827, 351. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza oryzivora</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_168.jpg"
+ width="250" height="131"
+ alt="Illustration: Dolichonyx oryzivorus."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">977</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill short, stout, conical, little more than half the head; the commissure
+slightly sinuated; the culmen
+nearly straight. Middle toe
+considerably longer than the
+tarsus (which is about as long
+as the head); the inner lateral
+toe longest, but not reaching
+the base of the middle claw.
+Wings long, first quill longest.
+Tail-feathers acuminately
+pointed at the tip, with the
+shaft stiffened and rigid, as in
+the Woodpeckers.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar characteristic of this genus is found in the rigid scansorial
+<!--169.png--><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 149]</span>
+tail and the very long middle toe, by means of which it is enabled to grasp
+the vertical stems of reeds or other slender plants. The color of the single
+species is black, varied with whitish patches on the upper parts.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BOBOLINK; REEDBIRD; RICEBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza oryzivora</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 311.&mdash;<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 850.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am.
+Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 48, <abbr title="plate 12, figure">pl. xii, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina oryzivora</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire">Nouv. Dict.</abbr> <abbr title="25">XXV</abbr>,
+1817, 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivora</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 351.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> F. Bor.-Am.
+II</abbr>, 1831, 278.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 437.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 139.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 10, <abbr title="plate 211">pl. ccxi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 229.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 522.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 266.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology of California One">Orn.
+Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 255.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 335. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus agripennis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 87. <abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 283; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 486, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Nuttall, Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, 1832,
+185. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus (Emberizoides) agripennis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828, 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx agripennis</i>,
+<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius caudacutus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, 32.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_169.jpg"
+ width="250%" height="253"
+ alt="Illustration: Dolichonyx oryzivorus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx oryzivorus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General color of <i class="sex">male</i> in spring, black; the nape brownish cream-color; a
+patch on the side of the breast, the scapulars,
+and rump, white, shading into light ash on the
+upper tail-coverts and the back below the interscapular
+region. The outer primaries sharply
+margined with yellowish-white; the tertials less
+abruptly; the tail-feathers margined at the tips
+with pale brownish-ash. In autumn totally
+different, resembling the female.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i>, yellowish beneath; two stripes on the
+top of the head, and the upper parts throughout,
+except the back of the neck and rump, and
+including all the wing-feathers generally, dark
+brown, all edged with brownish-yellow, which
+becomes whiter near the tips of the quills. The
+sides sparsely streaked with dark brown, and a
+similar stripe behind the eye. There is a superciliary
+and a median band of yellow on the head. Length of male, 7.70; wing, 3.83;
+tail, 3.15.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the high Central Plains. North to Selkirk Settlement,
+and Ottawa, Canada; and west to Salt Lake Valley, Utah, and Ruby Valley, Nevada
+(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Cuba, winter (<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>);
+Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>,
+<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>;
+<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>, and in spring); James Island,
+Galapagos, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Gould</span>); Sombrero, <abbr title="West Indies">W. I.</abbr>
+(<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>); Brazil (<span class="sc">Pelzeln</span>); Yucatan.</p>
+
+<p>A female bird from Paraguay (<abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr>, 1859) is undistinguishable from the
+average of northern ones, except by the smaller size. Specimens from the
+western plains differ from those taken near the Atlantic Coast in having
+the light areas above paler, and less obscured by the grayish wash so prevalent
+in the latter; the ochraceous of the nape being very pale, and at the
+same time pure.</p>
+
+<p><!--170.png--><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 150]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The well-known and familiar Bobolink of North America has,
+at different seasons of the year, a remarkably extended distribution. In its
+migrations it traverses all of the United States east of the high central plains
+to the Atlantic as far to the north as the 54th parallel, which is believed to
+be its most northern limit, and which it reaches in June. In the winter it
+reaches, in its wandering, the West Indies, Central America, the northern
+and even the central portions of South America. Von Pelzeln obtained
+Brazilian specimens from Matogrosso and Rio Madeira in November, and
+from Marabitanas, April 4th and 13th. Those procured in April were
+in their summer or breeding plumage, suggesting the possibility of their
+breeding in the high grounds of South America. Sclater received specimens
+from Santa Marta and from Bolivia. Other specimens have been reported
+as coming from Rio Negro, Rio Napo, in Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico,
+Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, etc.</p>
+
+<p>In North America it breeds from the <abbr title="forty-second">42d</abbr> to the 54th parallel, and in
+some parts of the country it is very abundant at this season. The most
+southern breeding locality hitherto recorded is the forks of the Susquehanna
+River, along the west branch of which, especially in the Wyoming Valley,
+it was formerly very abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway also observed this bird in Ruby Valley where, among the
+wheat-fields, small companies were occasionally seen in August. He was
+informed that, near Salt Lake City, these birds are seen in May, and again
+late in the summer, when the grain is ripe.</p>
+
+<p>Of all our unimitative and natural songsters the Bobolink is by far the
+most popular and attractive. Always original and peculiarly natural, its
+song is exquisitely musical. In the variety of its notes, in the rapidity with
+which they are uttered, and in the touching pathos, beauty, and melody of
+their tone and expression, its notes are not equalled by those of any other
+North American bird. We know of none, among our native feathered songsters,
+whose song resembles, or can be compared with it.</p>
+
+<p>In the earliest approaches of spring, in Louisiana, when small flocks of
+male Bobolinks make their first appearance, they are said, by Mr. Audubon,
+to sing in concert; and their song thus given is at once exceedingly novel,
+interesting, and striking. Uttered with a volubility that even borders upon
+the burlesque and the ludicrous, the whole effect is greatly heightened by
+the singular and striking manner in which first one singer and then another,
+one following the other until all have joined their voices, take up the
+note and strike in, after the leader has set the example and given the
+signal. In this manner sometimes a party of thirty or forty Bobolinks will
+begin, one after the other, until the whole unite in producing an extraordinary
+medley, to which no pen can do justice, but which is described
+as very pleasant to listen to. All at once the music ceases with a suddenness
+not less striking and extraordinary. These concerts are repeated from
+time to time, usually as often as the flock alight. This performance may
+<!--171.png--><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 151]</span>
+also be witnessed early in April, in the vicinity of Washington, the Smithsonian
+grounds being a favorite place of resort.</p>
+
+<p>By the time these birds have reached, in their spring migrations, the 40th
+parallel of latitude, they no longer move in large flocks, but have begun to
+separate into small parties, and finally into pairs. In New England the
+Bobolink treats us to no such concerts as those described by Audubon,
+where many voices join in creating their peculiar jingling melody. When
+they first appear, usually after the middle of May, they are in small parties,
+composed of either sex, absorbed in their courtships and overflowing with
+song. When two or three male Bobolinks, decked out in their gayest spring
+apparel, are paying their attentions to the same drab-colored female, contrasting
+so strikingly in her sober brown dress, their performances are quite
+entertaining, each male endeavoring to outsing the other. The female
+appears coy and retiring, keeping closely to the ground, but always attended
+by the several aspirants for her affection. After a contest, often
+quite exciting, the rivalries are adjusted, the rejected suitors are driven
+off by their more fortunate competitor, and the happy pair begin to put in
+order a new home. It is in these love-quarrels that their song appears to
+the greatest advantage. They pour out incessantly their strains of quaint
+but charming music, now on the ground, now on the wing, now on the top
+of a fence, a low bush, or the swaying stalk of a plant that bends with their
+weight. The great length of their song, the immense number of short and
+variable notes of which it is composed, the volubility and confused rapidity
+with which they are poured forth, the eccentric breaks, in the midst of
+which we detect the words “bob-o-link” so distinctly enunciated, unite to
+form a general result to which we can find no parallel in any of the musical
+performances of our other song-birds. It is at once a unique and a charming
+production. Nuttall speaks of their song as monotonous, which is
+neither true nor consistent with his own description of it. To other ears
+they seem ever wonderfully full of variety, pathos, and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>When their contests are ended, and the mated pair take possession of their
+selected meadow, and prepare to construct their nest and rear their family,
+then we may find the male bird hovering in the air over the spot where his
+homely partner is brooding over her charge. All this while he is warbling
+forth his incessant and happy love-song; or else he is swinging on some
+slender stalk or weed that bends under him, ever overflowing with song and
+eloquent with melody. As domestic cares and parental responsibilities increase,
+his song becomes less and less frequent. After a while it has degenerated
+into a few short notes, and at length ceases altogether. The young
+in due time assume the development of mature birds, and all wear the sober
+plumage of the mother. And now there also appears a surprising change
+in the appearance of our gayly attired musician. His showy plumage of
+contrasting white and black, so conspicuous and striking, changes with
+almost instant rapidity into brown and drab, until he is no longer distinguishable,
+either by plumage or note, from his mate or young.</p>
+
+<p><!--172.png--><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 152]</span>
+At the north, where the Bobolinks breed, they are not known to molest the
+crops, confining their food almost entirely to insects, or the seeds of valueless
+weeds, in the consumption of which they confer benefit, rather than harm.
+At the south they are accused of injuring the young wheat as they pass
+northward in their spring migrations, and of plundering the rice plantations
+on their return. About the middle of August they appear in almost innumerable
+flocks among the marshes of the Delaware River. There they are
+known as Reedbirds. Two weeks later they begin to swarm among the
+rice plantations of South Carolina. There they take the name of Ricebirds.
+In October they again pass on southward, and make another halt among the
+West India Islands. There they feed upon the seeds of the Guinea-grass,
+upon which they become exceedingly fat. In Jamaica they receive a new
+appellation, and are called Butterbirds. They are everywhere sought after
+by sportsmen, and are shot in immense numbers for the table of the epicure.
+More recently it has been ascertained that these birds feed greedily upon
+the larvæ of the destructive cotton-worm, and in so doing render an immense
+service to the cultivators of Sea Island cotton.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bryant, in his visit to the Bahamas, was eye-witness to the migrations
+northward of these birds, as they passed through those islands. He first
+noted them on the 6th of May, towards sunset. A number of flocks&mdash;he
+counted nine&mdash;were flying to the westward. On the following day the country
+was filled with these birds, and men and boys turned out in large numbers
+to shoot them. He examined a quantity of them, and all were males
+in full plumage. Numerous flocks continued to arrive that day and the
+following, which was Sunday. On Monday, among those that were shot
+were many females. On Tuesday but few were to be seen, and on Wednesday
+they had entirely disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Near Washington, Dr. Coues observed the Bobolink to be only a spring
+and autumnal visitant, from May 1st to the 15th distributed abundantly
+about orchards and meadows, generally in flocks. In autumn they frequented
+in immense flocks the tracts of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zizania aquatica</i>, along the Potomac,
+from August 20 to October.</p>
+
+<p>The Bobolink invariably builds its nest upon the ground, usually in a
+meadow, and conceals it so well among the standing grass that it is very
+difficult of discovery until the grass is cut. The female is very wary in leaving
+or in returning to her nest, always alighting upon the ground, or rising
+from it, at a distance from her nest. The male bird, too, if the nest is approached,
+seeks to decoy off the intruder by his anxiety over a spot remote
+from the object of his solicitude. The nest is of the simplest description,
+made usually of a few flexible stems of grasses carefully interwoven into a
+shallow and compact nest. The eggs, five or six in number, have a dull
+white ground, in some tinged with a light drab, in others with olive. They
+are generally spotted and blotched over the entire egg with a rufous-brown,
+intermingled with lavender. They are pointed at one end, and measure .90
+by .70 of an inch. They have but one brood in a season.</p>
+
+<p><!--173.png--><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span>
+In some eggs, especially those found in more northern localities, the
+ground-color is drab, with a strong tinge of purple. Over this is diffused a
+series of obscure lavender-color, and then overlying these are larger and
+bolder blotches of wine-colored brown. In a few eggs long and irregular
+lines of dark purple, so deep as to be undistinguishable from black, are
+added. These eggs are quite pointed at one end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MOLOTHRUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 277; supposed by Cabanis to be meant for
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molobrus</i>. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pecoris</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_173a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="186"
+ alt="Illustration: Molothrus pecoris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">32446</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill short, stout, about two thirds the length of head; the commissure
+straight, culmen and gonys slightly
+curved, convex, the former broad,
+rounded, convex, and running back on
+the head in a point. Lateral toes nearly
+equal, reaching the base of the middle
+one, which is shorter than tarsus; claws
+rather small. Tail nearly even; wings
+long, pointed, the first quill longest. As
+far as known, the species make no nest,
+but deposit the eggs in the nests of
+other, usually smaller, birds.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> has the bill
+intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>. It has the culmen unusually broad between the nostrils, and
+it extends back some distance into the forehead. The difference in the
+structure of the feet from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</i> is very great.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_173b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="192"
+ alt="Illustration: Molothrus pecoris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris.</i></p>
+ </div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> resemble some of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> more than any
+other of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>. The bill is,
+however, more straight, the tip without
+notch; the culmen running back
+farther on the forehead, the nostrils
+being situated fully one third or more
+of the total length from its posterior
+extremity. This is seldom the case
+in the American families. The entire
+absence of notch in the bill and
+of bristles along the rictus are strong
+features. The nostrils are perfectly
+free from any overhanging feathers or bristles. The pointed wings, with
+the first quill longest, or nearly equal to second, and the tail with its broad
+rounded feathers, shorter than the wings, are additional features to be
+specially noted.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--174.png--><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 154]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COW BLACKBIRD; COWBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pecoris</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 910 (female).&mdash;<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790,
+443.&mdash;<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span>
+Verzeich.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 230, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza pecoris</i>,
+<abbr title="Wilson, American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>,
+1810, 145, <abbr title="plate 18, figures">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 1, 2, 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus pecoris</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs.</abbr>
+Wilson, 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 88.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon, Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 493; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 233, 490,
+<abbr title="plates 99 and 424">pls. xcix and ccccxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus
+(Emberizoides) pecoris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1828, 53.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Specchio comparativo, Number"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Specchio comp. No.</abbr>
+41.&mdash;<abbr title="Nuttall, Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span>
+Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 178, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 190.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina pecoris</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot,
+Nouveau Dictionnaire 25"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. XXV</abbr>, 1819,
+22. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius pecoris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium 1927, Number">Syst. Av. 1827, No.</abbr> 20. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>,
+<span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 277.&mdash;<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List,
+1837.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List,
+1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 436.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 139.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 16, <abbr title="plate 212">pl. ccxii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 193.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 524.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870,
+257.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 339.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 284. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Oriolus fuscus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat.
+I</abbr>, 1788, 393. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sturnus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 804 (evidently a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>,
+and probably, but not certainly, the present species). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Ph. Ac.</abbr> 1866, 18 (Mira Flores,
+<abbr title="lower California">L. Cal.</abbr>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 260.
+“<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus emberizoides</cite>, <span class="sc">Daudin</span>.”
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sturnus junceti</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 326 (same as
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus obscurus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla ambigua</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 484 (young).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus nove-hispaniæ</i>, <abbr title="Brisson Two"><span class="sc">Briss.</span> II</abbr>, 448.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Second quill longest; first scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or very
+slightly rounded. Male with the head, neck, and anterior half of the breast light
+chocolate-brown, rather lighter above; rest of body lustrous black, with a violet-purple
+gloss next to the brown, of steel blue on the back, and of green elsewhere. Female light
+olivaceous-brown all over, lighter on the head and beneath. Bill and feet black. Length,
+8 inches; wing, 4.42; tail, 3.40.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States from the Atlantic to California; not found immediately on the
+coast of the Pacific? Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 213); Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 492); Fort
+Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>, 1866, 90); Nevada and Utah (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Mazatlan,
+Tehuantepec, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>The young bird of the year is brown above, brownish-white beneath; the
+throat immaculate. A maxillary stripe and obscure streaks thickly crowded
+across the whole breast and sides. There is a faint indication of a paler
+superciliary stripe. The feathers of the upper parts are all margined with
+paler. There are also indications of light bands on the wings. These markings
+are all obscure, but perfectly appreciable, and their existence in adult
+birds of any species may be considered as embryonic, and showing an
+inferiority in degree to the species with the under parts perfectly plain.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from the west appear to have a rather longer and narrower bill
+than those from the east. Summer birds of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and the Rio
+Grande are considerably smaller (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, Cassin). Length about 6.50;
+wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00. Some winter skins from the same region are equal
+in size to the average.</p>
+
+<p>Birds of this species breeding south of the Rio Grande, as well as those
+from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Mazatlan, etc., are very much smaller than those nesting
+within the United States; but the transition between the extremes
+of size is so gradual that it is almost impossible to strike an average
+<!--175.png--><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 155]</span>
+of characters for two races. The extremes of size in this species are as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<table summary="size of molothrus pecoris" class="small">
+<tr><td></td>
+    <td class="center">Wing</td>
+    <td class="center">tail</td>
+	<td class="center">culmen</td>
+    <td class="center">tarsus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="ss"><i class="size">Largest.</i><br />(11,271, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Bridger.)</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />4.60;</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />3.35;</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />.72;</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />1.03.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="ss"><br /><i class="size">Smallest.</i><br />(17,297, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mira Flores, <abbr title="Lower California">L. C.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />3.80;</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />2.65;</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />.60;</td>
+    <td class="rightm"><br />.84.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Cow Blackbird has a very extended distribution
+from the Atlantic to California, and from Texas to Canada, and probably to
+regions still farther north. They have not been traced to the Pacific coast,
+though abundant on that of the Atlantic. Dr. Cooper thinks that a few
+winter in the Colorado Valley, and probably also in the San Joaquin Valley.</p>
+
+<p>This species is at all times gregarious and polygamous, never mating, and
+never exhibiting any signs of either conjugal or parental affections. Like
+the Cuckoos of Europe, our Cow Blackbird never constructs a nest of her
+own, and never hatches out or attempts to rear her own offspring, but imposes
+her eggs upon other birds; and most of these, either unconscious of the
+imposition or unable to rid themselves of the alien, sit upon and hatch the
+stranger, and in so doing virtually destroy their own offspring,&mdash;for the
+eggs of the Cowbird are the first hatched, usually two days before the others.
+The nursling is much larger in size, filling up a large portion of the nest,
+and is insatiable in its appetite, always clamoring to be fed, and receiving
+by far the larger share of the food brought to the nest; its foster-companions,
+either starved or stifled, soon die, and their dead bodies are removed, it is
+supposed, by their parents. They are never found near the nest, as they
+would be if the young Cow Blackbird expelled them as does the Cuckoo;
+indeed, Mr. Nuttall has seen parent birds removing the dead young to a
+distance from the nest, and there dropping them.</p>
+
+<p>For the most part the Cowbird deposits her egg in the nest of a bird much
+smaller than herself, but this is not always the case. I have known of their
+eggs having been found in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. neglecta</i>. In each instance they had been incubated.
+How the young Cowbird generally fares when hatched in the nests of birds
+of equal or larger size, and the fate of the foster-nurslings, is an interesting
+subject for investigation. Mr. J. A. Allen saw, in Western Iowa, a female
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus</i> feeding a nearly full grown Cowbird,&mdash;a very interesting
+fact, and the only evidence we now have that these birds are reared
+by birds of superior size.</p>
+
+<p>It lays also in the nests of the common Catbird, but the egg never remains
+there long after the owner of the nest becomes aware of the intrusion. The
+list of the birds in whose nests the Cow Blackbird deposits her egg and it is
+reared is very large. The most common nurses of these foundlings in New
+England are <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis, Empidonax minimus, Geothlypis trichas</i>, and all
+our eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireos</i>, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus, solitarius, noveboracensis, gilvus</i>, and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</i>. Besides these, I have found their eggs in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila
+cærulea, Mniotilta varia, Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Dendroica virens, D.</i>
+<!--176.png--><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 156]</span>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ, D. pennsylvanica</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. discolor, Seiurus aurocapillus, Setophaga
+ruticilla, Cyanospiza cyanea, Contopus virens</i>, etc. I have also known of
+their eggs having been found in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. pusillus</i>, and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna</i>. Dr. Cooper has found their egg in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria
+virens</i>; and Mr. T. H. Jackson of West Chester, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax
+acadicus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Usually not more than a single Cowbird’s egg is found in the same nest,
+though it is not uncommon to find two; and in a few instances three and
+even four eggs have been met with. In one instance Mr. Trippe mentions
+having found in the nest of a Black and White Creeper, besides three eggs
+of the owner of the nest, no less than five of the parasite. Mr. H. S. Rodney
+reports having found, in Potsdam, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, May 15, 1868, a nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia
+leucophrys</i> of two stories, in one of which was buried a Cowbird’s egg,
+and in the upper there were two more of the same, with three eggs of the
+rightful owners. In the spring of 1869 the same gentleman found a nest of
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i> with three Cowbird’s eggs and three of her own.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Vickary, of Lynn, found, in the spring of 1860, the nest of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus
+aurocapillus</i>, in which, with only one egg of the rightful owner, there were
+no less than four of the Cowbird. All five eggs were perfectly fresh, and had
+not been set upon. In the summer of the preceding year the same gentleman
+found a nest of the Red-eyed Vireo containing three eggs of the Vireo
+and four of the Cow Blackbird.</p>
+
+<p>How the offspring from these eggs may all fare when more than one of
+these voracious nurslings are hatched in the same nest, is an interesting
+problem, well worthy the attention of some patiently inquiring naturalist to
+solve.</p>
+
+<p>The Cow Blackbird appears in New England with a varying degree of
+promptness, sometimes as early as the latter part of March, and as frequently
+not until the middle of April. Nuttall states that none are seen in Massachusetts
+after the middle of June until the following October, and Allen,
+that they are there all the summer. My own observations do not correspond
+with the statement of either of these gentlemen. They certainly do become
+quite rare in the eastern part of that State after the third week in June, but
+that all the females are not gone is proved by the constant finding of freshly
+laid eggs up to July 1. I have never been able to find a Cow Blackbird in
+Eastern Massachusetts between the first of July and the middle of September.
+This I attribute to the absence of sufficient food. In the Cambridge
+marshes they remain until all the seeds have been consumed, and only reappear
+when the new crop is edible.</p>
+
+<p>This Blackbird is a general feeder, eating insects, apparently in preference,
+and wild seed. They derive their name of Cow Blackbird from their keeping
+about that animal, and finding, either from her parasitic insects or her
+droppings, opportunities for food. They feed on the ground, and occasionally
+scratch for insects. At the South, to a limited extent, they frequent
+the rice-fields in company with the Redwinged Blackbird.</p>
+
+<p><!--177.png--><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span>
+Mr. Nuttall states that if a Cow Blackbird’s egg is deposited in a nest alone
+it is uniformly forsaken, and he also enumerates the Summer Yellowbird as
+one of the nurses of the Cowbird. In both respects I think he is mistaken.
+So far from forsaking her nest when one of these eggs is deposited, the Red-eyed
+Vireo has been known to commence incubation without having laid
+any of her own eggs, and also to forsake her nest when the intrusive egg
+has been taken and her own left. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>, I think, invariably covers
+up and destroys the Cowbird’s eggs when deposited before her own, and even
+when deposited afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>The Cow Blackbird has no attractions as a singer, and has nothing that
+deserves the name of song. His utterances are harsh and unmelodious.</p>
+
+<p>In September they begin to collect in large flocks, in localities favorable
+for their sustenance. The Fresh Pond marshes in Cambridge were once
+one of their chosen places of resort, in which they seemed to collect late in
+September, as if coming from great distances. There they remained until
+late in October, when they passed southward.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway only met with this species in two places, the valley of the
+Humboldt in September, and in June in the Truckee Valley. Their eggs
+were also obtained in the Wahsatch Mountains, deposited in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella
+schistacea</i>, and in Bear River Valley in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boardman informs me that the Cow Blackbird is a very rare bird in
+the neighborhood of Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, so much so that he does not see one of
+these birds once in five years, even as a bird of passage.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of a rounded oval, though some are more
+oblong than others, and are nearly equally rounded at either end. They
+vary from .85 of an inch to an inch in length, and from .65 to .70 in breadth.
+Their ground-color is white. In some it is so thickly covered with fine dottings
+of ashy and purplish-brown that the ground is not distinguishable. In
+others the egg is blotched with bold dashes of purple and wine-colored
+brown.</p>
+
+<p>On the Rio Grande the eggs of the smaller southern race were found in
+the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</i>, and in each of the nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo pusillus</i> found
+near Camp Grant, Arizona, there was an egg of this species. At Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas, Mr. Xantus found their eggs in nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila melanura</i>.
+We have no information in regard to their habits, and can only infer that
+they must be substantially the same as those of the northern birds.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i> exhibit a very marked variation in size from
+those of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</i>, and have a different appearance, though their colors
+are nearly identical. Their ground-color is white, and their markings a
+claret-brown. These markings are fewer, smaller, and less generally distributed,
+and the ground-color is much more apparent. They measure
+.60 by .55 of an inch, and their capacity as compared with the eggs of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</i> is as 33 to 70,&mdash;a variation that is constant, and apparently too large
+to be accounted for on climatic differences.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--178.png--><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 158]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">AGELAIUS</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, “Analyse, 1816.” (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus phœniceus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_178a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="161"
+ alt="Illustration: Agelaius phœniceus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1386</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+First quill shorter than second; claws short; the outer lateral scarcely reaching
+the base of the middle.
+Culmen depressed at base,
+parting the frontal feathers;
+length equal to that of the
+head, shorter than tarsus.
+Both mandibles of equal
+thickness and acute at tip, the
+edges much curved, the culmen,
+gonys, and commissure
+nearly straight or slightly
+sinuated; the length of bill
+about twice its height. Tail
+moderate, rounded, or very
+slightly graduated. Wings
+pointed, reaching to end of
+lower tail-coverts. Colors black with red shoulders in North American species. One
+West Indian with orange-buff. Females streaked except in two West Indian species.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_178b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="247"
+ alt="Illustration: Agelaius phœniceus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The nostrils are small, oblong, overhung by a membranous scale. The
+bill is higher than broad at the base.
+There is no division between the anterior
+tarsal scutellæ and the single plate on
+the outside of the tarsus.</p>
+
+<p>The females of two West Indian
+species are uniform black. Of these
+the male of one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. assimilis</i> of Cuba,
+is undistinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A.
+phœniceus</i>; and in fact we may without
+impropriety consider the former as a
+melanite race of the latter, the change
+appreciable only in the female. The
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. humeralis</i>, also of Cuba, is smaller,
+and black, with the lesser coverts brownish orange-buff.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <i class="sex">Males</i> glossy black without distinct bluish lustre, lesser
+wing-coverts bright red. <i class="sex">Females</i> without any red, and either wholly black or
+variegated with light streaks, most conspicuous below.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus.</b> Tail rounded. Red of shoulders a bright scarlet tint.
+Black of plumage without bluish lustre. <i class="sex">Females</i> with wing-coverts edged
+with brownish, or without any light edgings at all.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Female continuous deep black, unvariegated.</p>
+
+<!--180.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="centerindent small"><!--181.png--><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 159]</span>
+<i>Middle wing-coverts wholly buff in male.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Wing, 4.40; tail, 3.80; culmen, .95; tarsus, 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<i class="subset">b.</i> Females striped beneath …
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_30" id="fnanchor_30"></a><a href="#footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 4.90; tail, 3.85; culmen, .96; tarsus, 1.10. <i class="sex">Female.</i>
+White stripes on lower parts exceeding the dusky ones in width;
+a conspicuous lighter superciliary stripe, and one strongly indicated
+on middle of the crown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America, south
+to Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Middle wing-coverts black, except at base.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 5.00; tail, 3.90; culmen, .90; tarsus, 1.10. <i class="sex">Female.</i> White
+stripes on lower parts narrower than dusky ones; the posterior
+portion beneath being almost continuously dusky. No trace of
+median stripe on crown, and the superciliary one indistinct. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Pacific Province of United States, south through Western Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Middle wing-coverts wholly white in male.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B. tricolor.</b> Tail square. Red of the shoulders a brownish-scarlet, or
+burnt-carmine tint. Black of the plumage (both sexes at all ages) with a
+silky bluish lustre. <i class="sex">Female</i> with wing-coverts edged with pure white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Wing, 4.90; tail, 3.70; culmen, .97; tarsus, 1.13. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Like
+that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i>, but with scarcely any brownish tinge to the
+plumage, and the lesser wing-coverts sharply bordered with pure
+white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California (only ?).</p>
+
+<!--179.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_33.jpg"
+ width="auto" height="100%"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="33">XXXIII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-1" id="pl_33-1"></a><img src="images/pl_33-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1386.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-2" id="pl_33-2"></a><img src="images/pl_33-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2174.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-3" id="pl_33-3"></a><img src="images/pl_33-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> shoulder.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-4" id="pl_33-4"></a><img src="images/pl_33-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> shoulder.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-5" id="pl_33-5"></a><img src="images/pl_33-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> shoulder.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-6" id="pl_33-6"></a><img src="images/pl_33-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 2836.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-7" id="pl_33-7"></a><img src="images/pl_33-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5532.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-8" id="pl_33-8"></a><img src="images/pl_33-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5530.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_33-9" id="pl_33-9"></a><img src="images/pl_33-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 33 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Kansas, 6557.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SWAMP BLACKBIRD; REDWING BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus phœniceus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span>
+Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 161.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1788, 386.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind.
+Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 428. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</i>,
+“<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr title="Analyse">Anal.</abbr> 1816.”&mdash;<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F.
+Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 280.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 430.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon, Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 141.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid, Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>,
+1842, 31, <abbr title="plate 216">pl. ccxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+526.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J.
+VI</abbr>, 1858, 263.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>,
+207.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal.
+I</abbr>, 1870, 261.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 341.&mdash;<cite>Allen</cite>,
+Birds <abbr title="Eastern Florida">E. Fla.</abbr> 284. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus phœniceus</i>,
+<abbr title="Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 188.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr>
+1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 68.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>,
+1831, 348; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 487, <abbr title="plate 67">pl. lxvii</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius phœniceus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1827,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus (Xanthornus) phœniceus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828, 52.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 167, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 179. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus prædatorius</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 30, <abbr title="plate 30">pl.
+xxx</abbr>. <cite>Redwinged Oriole</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoology Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 255.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail much rounded; the lateral feathers about half an inch shorter. Fourth
+quill longest; first about as long as the fifth. Bill large, stout; half as high, or more
+than half as high, as long.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> General color uniform lustrous velvet-black, with a greenish reflection. Shoulders
+and lesser wing-coverts of a bright crimson or vermilion-red. Middle coverts
+brownish-yellow, or buff, and usually paler towards the tips.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Brown above, the feathers edged or streaked with rufous-brown and
+<!--182.png--><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 160]</span>
+yellowish; beneath white, streaked with brown. Forepart of throat, superciliary, and
+median stripe strongly tinged with brownish-yellow. Length of male, 9.50; wing, 5.00;
+tail, 4.15.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States from Atlantic to Pacific; north to Great Slave Lake, Fort Resolution,
+Fort Simpson, Fort Rae, etc.; Guatemala (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 19; breeding); Costa Rica
+(<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, America, <abbr title="New York Lyceum Nine">N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 104);
+Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Boston Proceedings Seven">B. P. VII</abbr>, 1859);
+Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 65, 492); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 90; Fort Whipple);
+Yucatan.</p>
+
+<p>There is some variation in the shade of red on the shoulders, which is
+sometimes of the color of arterial blood or bright crimson. It never, however,
+has the hæmatitic tint of the red in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. tricolor</i>. The middle coverts
+are usually uniform brownish-yellow to the very tips; sometimes some of
+these middle coverts are tipped at the end with black, but these black tips
+are usually of slight extent, and indicate immaturity, or else a transition of
+hybridism or race to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. gubernator</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is also some variation in the size and proportions of the bill. The
+most striking is in a series of three from the Red River Settlement, decidedly
+larger than more southern ones (wings, 5.15; tail, 4.40). The bill is about
+as long as that of Pennsylvania specimens, but much stouter, the thickness
+at the base being considerably more than half the length of the culmen.
+One specimen from San Elizario, Texas, has the bill of much the same size
+and proportions.</p>
+
+<p>The male of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. assimilis</i> of Cuba cannot be distinguished from small-sized
+males of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i> from the United States, the females, however, as in
+nearly all West Indian <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, are uniform though rather dull black. This
+we consider as simply a local variation of melanism, not indicating a specific
+difference. A young male is similar, but with the lesser coverts red, tipped
+with black. On the other extreme, streaked female and young birds from
+Lower California, Arizona, and Western Mexico are much lighter than in
+eastern birds, the chin, throat, jugulum, and superciliary stripe tinged with
+a peculiar peach-blossom pink; not buff, sometimes tinged with orange.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The much abused and persecuted Redwinged Blackbird is found
+throughout North America as far north as the 57th parallel, from the Atlantic
+to the Pacific; and it breeds more or less abundantly wherever found,
+from Florida and Texas to the plains of the Saskatchewan. According to
+the observations of Mr. Salvin, it is resident all the year in Guatemala. It
+breeds among the reeds at the lake of Dueñas, deferring its incubation until
+the month of June. The females congregate in large flocks near the lake,
+feeding about the swampy grass on the edge of the water, the males keeping
+separate. At Orizaba, Mexico, Sumichrast regarded this species as only a
+bird of passage.</p>
+
+<p>On the Pacific coast, it is only found, in any numbers, in Washington
+Territory and in Oregon, about cultivated tracts. Dr. Cooper thinks that
+none inhabit the bare and mountainous prairie regions east of the Cascade
+Mountains. Small flocks wintered at Vancouver about stables and haystacks.
+<!--183.png--><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 161]</span>
+Dr. Suckley speaks of them as quite common west of the Cascade
+Mountains, arriving from the South in March. In all the marshy places of
+the entire West Mr. Ridgway met with this species and their nests in great
+abundance. In all respects he found the western birds identical with the
+eastern. Their nests were in low bushes in overflowed meadows.</p>
+
+<p>Donald Gunn found this species common in the Red River Settlements;
+and Richardson met with them on the Saskatchewan, where they arrive in
+May, but do not breed until the 20th of June.</p>
+
+<p>In New England this Blackbird is generally migratory, though instances
+are on record where a few have been known to remain throughout the winter
+in Massachusetts. They are among the earliest to arrive in spring,
+coming, in company with the Rusty Grakle, as early as the 10th of March.
+Those which remain to breed usually come a month later. They breed
+throughout New England, as also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>It is equally abundant and resident in Arizona and Texas, and in the adjoining
+portions of Mexico. On the Rio Grande, Mr. Dresser found it very
+abundant, breeding on the banks of the rivers and streams. In the winter
+season these birds are found in immense flocks in the lower parts of Virginia,
+both the Carolinas, and all the Gulf States, particularly near the sea-coast
+and among old fields of rice and grain. Wilson states that once, passing, in
+January, through the lower counties of Virginia, he frequently witnessed
+the aerial evolutions of great bodies of these birds. Sometimes they appeared
+as if driven about like an enormous black cloud carried before the
+wind, varying every moment in shape. Sometimes they rose up suddenly
+from the fields with a noise like thunder, while the glittering of innumerable
+wings of the brightest vermilion, amid the black cloud, occasioned a very
+striking effect. At times the whole congregated multitude would suddenly
+alight in some detached grove and commence one general concert, that he
+could plainly distinguish at the distance of more than two miles, and when
+listened to at a distance of a quarter of a mile, the flow of its cadences was
+grand, and even sublime.</p>
+
+<p>He adds that with the Redwings the whole winter season seems one continued
+carnival. They find abundant food in the old fields of rice, buckwheat,
+and grain, and much of their time is spent in aerial movements, or
+in grand vocal performances.</p>
+
+<p>Early in March these large assemblies break up. A part separate in
+pairs and remain among the Southern swamps. The greater portion, in
+smaller flocks, the male bird leading the way, commence their movements
+northward. Late in April they have all re-established themselves in their
+chosen haunts, have mated, and are preparing to make their nests. In Pennsylvania
+this is done in May, in New England early in June, and farther
+north a fortnight later. For their nest they invariably select either the
+borders of streams or low marshy situations. These they usually place in
+low bushes, such as grow in moist situations, among thick bunches of reeds,
+<!--184.png--><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 162]</span>
+or even on the ground. In one instance, in an island on the marshes of
+Essex River, Mr. Maynard found these nests placed in trees twenty feet
+from the ground. One nest was built on a slender sapling at the distance of
+fourteen feet from the ground. The nest was pensile, like that of the
+Baltimore Oriole. It was woven of bleached eel-grass.</p>
+
+<p>When built in a bush, the outer, basket-like frame of the nest is carefully
+and strongly interwoven with, or fastened around, the adjacent twigs, and,
+though somewhat rudely put together, is woven firmly and compactly.
+Within this is packed a mass of coarse materials, with an inner nest of
+sedges and grasses. The outer framework is usually made of rushes and
+strong leaves of the iris. The male bird is a very attentive and watchful
+parent, constantly on the lookout for the approach of danger, and prompt
+to do all in his power to avert it, approaching close to the intruder, and
+earnestly remonstrating against the aggression. If the nest is pillaged,
+for several days he evinces great distress, and makes frequent lamentations,
+but soon prepares to remedy the disaster. So tenacious are they of a selected
+locality, that I have known the same pair to build three nests within
+as many weeks in the same bush, after having been robbed twice. The
+third time the pair succeeded in raising their brood.</p>
+
+<p>In New England these birds have but one brood in a season. Farther
+south they are said to have three or more. In August they begin to collect
+in small flocks largely composed of young birds. The latter do not reach
+their full plumage until their third summer, but breed in their immature
+plumage the summer following their appearance. When the Indian corn is
+in the milk, these birds are said to collect in numbers, and to commit great
+depredations upon it. As soon, however, as the corn hardens, they desist
+from these attacks, and seek other food. In the grain-growing States they
+gather in immense swarms and commit great havoc, and although they are
+shot in immense numbers, and though their ranks are thinned by the attacks
+of hawks, it seems to have but little effect upon the survivors. These
+scenes of pillage are, for the most part, confined to the low sections, near
+the sea-coast, and only last during a short period, when the corn is in a condition
+to be eaten.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, these Blackbirds more than compensate the farmer for
+these brief episodes of mischief, by the immense benefits they confer in the
+destruction of grub-worms, caterpillars, and various kinds of larvæ, the
+secret and deadly enemies of vegetation. During the months of March,
+April, May, June, and July, their food is almost wholly insects, and during
+that period the amount of their insect food, all of it of the most noxious
+kinds, is perfectly enormous. These they both consume themselves and
+feed to their young. Wilson estimated the number of insects destroyed
+by these birds in a single season, in the United States, at twelve thousand
+millions.</p>
+
+<p>The notes of this bird are very various and indescribable. The most
+<!--185.png--><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 163]</span>
+common one sounds like <i class="birdcall">con-cur-ee</i>. But there is also an almost endless
+mingling of guttural, creaking, or clear utterances that defy description.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs vary greatly in size; the largest measures 1.08 inches by .82 of
+an inch, the smallest .90 by .65. They average about an inch in length and
+.77 of an inch in breadth. They are oval in shape, have a light-bluish
+ground, and are marbled, lined, and blotched with markings of light and
+dark purple and black. These markings are almost wholly about the larger
+end, and are very varying.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CRIMSON-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius gubernator</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+Isis, 1832, <span class="muchsmaller"><abbr title="four">IV</abbr></span>, 281. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 430.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 141.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 29,
+<abbr title="plate 215">pl. ccxv.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 86.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+529.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 53
+(nest).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>,
+1870, 263. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zanthornus</i>)
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 187.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill rather shorter than the head, without any longitudinal sulci, but with
+faint traces of transverse ones at the base of the lower jaw. Tail rounded. First quill
+nearly equal to the fourth.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> Throughout of a lustrous velvety-black, with a greenish reflection. The lesser
+coverts rich crimson; the middle coverts brownish-yellow at the base, but the exposed
+portion black. Wing, 5.00; tail, 3.90; culmen, .90; tarsus, 1.10.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Nearly uniform dark slaty-brown; an indistinct superciliary stripe, an indication
+of a maxillary stripe, and blended streaks on chin and throat delicate pale peach-blossom
+pink, this on the jugulum interrupted by dusky streaks running in longitudinal
+series; lesser wing-coverts tinged with dark wine-red. Wings with just appreciable
+paler edges to the feathers. Wing, 4.20; tail, 3.20.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific Province of United States, and Western Mexico, to Colima; Western
+Nevada (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). ? Xalapa (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, 1859, 365).</p>
+
+<p>In the female and all the immature stages, the dusky beneath is largely
+in excess of the light streaks; the superciliary light stripe is badly defined,
+and there is no trace of a median light stripe on the crown. These characters
+distinguish this race from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>; while the rounded instead of
+square tail, and brown instead of pure white border to middle wing-coverts,
+distinguish it from corresponding stages of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Crimson-shouldered Blackbird was first met with by Mr.
+Townsend, on the Columbia River, where two specimens were obtained,
+which were described by Mr. Audubon, in his Synopsis, in 1839. No information
+in regard to its habits, distribution, or nesting, was obtained by either
+Mr. Townsend or by his companion, Mr. Nuttall.</p>
+
+<p>This species, or local race, whichever it is considered, occurs from the Columbia
+River south throughout California. It is given doubtingly as also
+from the Colorado River, but Dr. Cooper was only able to detect there the
+common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>. According to the observations of that careful naturalist,
+<!--186.png--><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span>
+this species is chiefly found in the warmer interior of California, Santa
+Cruz being the only point on the coast where he has met with it. He
+found it in scattered pairs, in May, throughout the Coast Range, even to
+the summits, where there are small marshes full of rushes, in which they
+build. He has not been able to detect any difference between the habits
+and notes of this bird and the common Redwing. The fact that specimens
+with entirely red shoulders seem limited to the middle of the State, or are
+rare along the coast, while most of those on the coast closely resemble the
+eastern bird, Dr. Cooper regards as suggestive of its being only a local race,
+though said to occur also in Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer this species is said to emit a variety of sweet and
+liquid notes, delivered from some tree near its favorite marsh. These are
+also sometimes mingled with jingling and creaking sounds.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley, in his Report on the Zoölogy of Washington Territory, expresses
+the opinion, that, although a specimen of this bird is reported as
+having been taken by Townsend on the Columbia, it is very rarely found so
+far north, as he never met with it in Washington Territory, and has never
+been able to hear of any other specimen having been found there.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly, in his Report on the birds observed in the survey of the
+35th parallel, states that during the march along Bill Williams Fork, and
+along the Great Colorado and the Mohave Rivers, this species was found quite
+numerous. They were more abundant still along the creeks and swampy
+grounds that were passed as they approached the settlements of California.
+Large flocks could there be seen whirling around in graceful curves, like dark
+clouds, chattering joyfully as they moved along, or settling as a black veil on
+the topmost branches of some tree, indulging loudly in their harsh music.</p>
+
+<p>In his Report of the birds observed in the survey under Lieutenant Williamson,
+Dr. Heermann mentions finding this species abundant, and, in the
+fall season, as associated with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. tricolor</i>. Its nest he
+found built in the willow bushes and tussocks of grass above the level of
+the water, in the marshes. There were but a few pairs together, and in this
+respect they differ from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>, which prefers dry situations near
+water, and which congregate by thousands while breeding. The nest was
+composed of mud and fine roots, and lined with fine grasses. The eggs, four
+in number, he describes as pale blue, dashed with spots and lines of black.</p>
+
+<p>Neither this nor the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i> was detected by Dr. Coues in Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>These Blackbirds were found by Mr. Ridgway abundant in the marshy
+regions of California, but they were rarely met with east of the Sierra Nevada.
+A few individuals were collected in Nevada in the valley of the
+Truckee. A few pairs were found breeding among the <i class="birdcall">tulé</i> sloughs and
+marshes. The nests found in the Truckee Reservations were built in low
+bushes in wet meadows.</p>
+
+<p>A nest procured by Dr. Cooper from the summit of the Coast Range was
+built of grass and rushes, and lined with finer grass. The eggs are described
+<!--187.png--><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 165]</span>
+as pale greenish-white, with large curving streaks and spots of dark brown,
+mostly at the large end. They are said to measure one inch by .75 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>Eggs of this variety in my cabinet, taken in California by Dr. Heermann,
+are of a rounded-oval shape, nearly equally obtuse at either end, and varying
+in length from .90 of an inch to an inch, and in breadth from .70 to .80.
+Their ground-color is a light blue, fading into a bluish-white, marked only
+around the larger end with waving lines of dark brown, much lighter in
+shade than the markings of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i> usually are.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED AND WHITE SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus tricolor</i>, “<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,”
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839,
+<abbr title="One, plate 388">I, pl. ccclxxxviii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 186.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+141.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>,
+1842, 27, <abbr title="plate 214">pl. ccxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>,
+S, 53 (nest).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 530.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 265.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail nearly even. Second and third quills longest; first a little shorter
+than the fourth. Bill slender, not half as high as long.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male.</i> General color uniform lustrous velvet-black, with a strong silky-bluish reflection.
+Shoulders and lesser wing-coverts brownish-red, of much the color of venous
+blood; the median coverts of a well-defined and nearly pure white, with sometimes a
+brownish tinge. Wing, 4.90; tail, 3.70; culmen, .97; tarsus, 1.13.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> General color dusky slaty-brown, faintly variegated on head also by lighter
+streaks; middle wing-coverts broadly and sharply bordered with pure white. An
+obsolete superciliary and maxillary stripe of grayish-white. Beneath grayish-white for
+anterior half, with narrow streaks of dusky, this color gradually prevailing posteriorly,
+the sides, flanks, and crissum being nearly uniform dusky. Wing, 4.25; tail, 3.20.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific Province of United States, from Columbia River southward, not yet
+found out of California and Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>Immature males sometimes have the white on the wing tinged with
+brownish-yellow, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus</i>. The red, however, has the usual
+brownish-orange shade so much darker and duller than the brilliantly scarlet
+shoulders of the other species, and the black has that soft bluish lustre
+peculiar to the species. The relationships generally between the two species
+are very close, but the bill, as stated, is slenderer and more sulcate in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>,
+the tail much more nearly even; the first primary longer, usually nearly
+equal to or longer than the fourth, instead of the fifth.</p>
+
+<p>Two strong features of coloration distinguish the female and immature
+stages of this species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>. They are, first, the soft
+bluish gloss of the males, both adult and immature; and secondly, the clear
+white and broad, not brown and narrow, borders to the middle wing-coverts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red and White shouldered Blackbird was seen by Mr.
+Ridgway among the <i class="birdcall">tulé</i> in the neighborhood of Sacramento City, where it
+was very abundant, associating with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</i>, and
+the Yellow-headed Blackbird. The conspicuous white stripe on the wings
+<!--188.png--><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 166]</span>
+of this bird renders it easily recognizable from the other species, where they
+are all seen together. Mr. Ridgway is of the opinion that the notes of the
+white-shouldered species differ very considerably from those of the two other
+Blackbirds.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann found this a very abundant bird in California. He states
+that during the winter of 1852, when hunting in the marshes of Suisan
+Valley, he had often, on hearing a dull, rushing, roaring noise, found that it
+was produced by a single flock of this species, numbering so many thousands
+as to darken the sky for some distance by their masses. In the northern
+part of California he met with a breeding-place of this species that occupied
+several acres, covered with alder-bushes and willow, and was in the immediate
+vicinity of water. The nests, often four or five in the same bush, were
+composed of mud and straw, and lined with fine grasses. The eggs he describes
+as dark blue, marked with lines and spots of dark umber and a few
+light purple dashes. Dr. Heermann, at different times, fell in with several
+other breeding-places of this species, similarly situated, but they had all
+been abandoned, from which he inferred that each year different grounds
+are resorted to by these birds for the purposes of incubation.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly obtained a specimen of this bird on the Colorado River, in
+California, December, 1854. Dr. Cooper is of the opinion that it is, nevertheless,
+a rare species in that valley. The latter found them the most abundant
+species near San Diego and Los Angeles, and not rare at Santa Barbara.
+North of the last place they pass more into the interior, and extend up as
+far as Klamath Lake and Southern Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>They are to be seen in considerable flocks even in the breeding-season.
+Their song, Dr. Cooper states, is not so loud and is more guttural than are
+those of the other species. Their habits are otherwise very similar, and they
+associate, in fall and winter, in immense flocks in the interior, though often
+also found separate.</p>
+
+<p>These birds were first obtained by Mr. Nuttall near Santa Barbara, in the
+month of April. They were very common there, as well as at Monterey.
+He observed no difference in their habits from those of the common Redwing,
+except that they occurred in much larger flocks and kept apart from
+that species. They were seldom seen, except in the near suburbs of the
+towns. At that time California was in the possession of Mexico, and its
+inhabitants were largely occupied in the slaughter of wild cattle for the sake
+of the hides. Mr. Nuttall found these birds feeding almost exclusively on
+the maggots of the flesh-flies generated in the offal thus created. They were
+in large whirling flocks, and associated with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothri</i>, the Grakles, the
+Redwings, and the Yellow-headed Blackbirds. They kept up an incessant
+chatter and a discordant, confused warble, much more harsh and guttural
+than even the notes of the Cow Blackbird.</p>
+
+<p>Two eggs of this species, obtained by Dr. Heermann in California, and
+now in my cabinet, measuring an inch in length by .67 of an inch in breadth,
+<!--189.png--><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 167]</span>
+are more oblong in shape than the preceding, but nearly equally obtuse at
+either end. They are similar in ground-color to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</i>, but are of a
+slightly deeper shade of blue, and are marked around one end with a ring
+of dark slaty-brown, almost black, lines, and irregular oblong blotches.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XANTHOCEPHALUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 431. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus icterocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_189.jpg"
+ width="300" height="173"
+ alt="Illustration: Xanthocephalus icterocephalus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">3912</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill conical, the length about twice the height; the outlines nearly
+straight. Claws all very long; much curved; the inner lateral the longest, reaching
+beyond the middle of the middle claw. Tail narrow, nearly even, the outer web scarcely
+widening to the end. Wings long, much longer than the tail; the first quill longest.</p>
+
+<p>This genus differs from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i> in much longer and more curved
+claws, even tail, and first quill longest, instead of the longest being the
+second, third, or fourth. The yellow head and black body are also strong
+marks.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus icterocephalus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>,
+1825, 27, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span>
+Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 176.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>,
+(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 187 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus icterocephalus</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius icterocephalus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 188. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Five, two, February">J. A. N. Sc. V,
+<span class="muchsmaller">II</span>, Feb.</abbr> 1826, 222.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1828, 52. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus xanthocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>,
+1839, 6, <abbr title="plate 388">pl. ccclxxxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius xanthocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831,
+281.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 140.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 24, <abbr title="plate 213">pl.
+ccxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey, Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. and Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857,
+86.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>,
+1858, 361.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 52 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius longipes</i>,
+<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 436. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius perspicillatus</i>, “<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>” <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+Isis, 1829. <abbr title="seven"><span class="muchsmaller">VII</span></abbr>, 753. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus perspicillatus</i>, “<abbr title="Lichtenstein in Museum"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> in Mus.</abbr>”
+<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, as above.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus perspicillatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 431.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus frenatus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>
+Isis, 1843, 59.&mdash;<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, in Kroyer’s Tidskrift, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vidensk. Meddel.</abbr> for
+1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Mexican Birds Two">M. B. II</abbr>, Birds,
+18; <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 531.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 267.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--190.png--><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 168]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+First quill nearly as long as the second and third (longest), decidedly longer
+than the fourth. Tail rounded, or slightly graduated. General color black, including the
+inner surface of wings and axillaries, base of lower mandible all round, feathers adjacent
+to nostrils, lores, upper eyelids, and remaining space around the eye. The head and neck
+all round; the forepart of the breast, extending some distance down on the median line,
+and a somewhat hidden space round the anus, yellow. A conspicuous white patch at the
+base of the wing formed by the spurious
+feathers, interrupted by the black alula.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_190.jpg"
+ width="250" height="269"
+ alt="Illustration: Xanthocephalus icterocephalus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> smaller, browner; the yellow confined
+to the under parts and sides of the head,
+and a superciliary line. A dusky maxillary
+line. No white on the wing. Length of male,
+10 inches; wing, 5.60; tail, 4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western America from Texas, Illinois,
+Wisconsin, and North Red River, to California,
+south into Mexico; Greenland (<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>);
+Cuba (<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal Seven">J. VII</abbr>, 1859, 350); Massachusetts
+(<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, D. C. <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> 1870, 122);
+Volusia, Florida (<abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr>); Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>The color of the yellow in this species
+varies considerably; sometimes being
+almost of a lemon-yellow, sometimes of
+a rich orange. There is an occasional trace of yellow around the base of the
+tarsus. Immature males show every gradation between the colors of the
+adult male and female.</p>
+
+<p>A very young bird (4,332, Dane <abbr title="County, Wisconsin">Co., Wis.</abbr>) is dusky above, with feathers
+of the dorsal region broadly tipped with ochraceous, lesser and middle wing-coverts
+white tinged with fulvous, dusky below the surface, greater coverts
+very broadly tipped with fulvous-white; primary coverts narrowly tipped
+with the same. Whole lower parts unvariegated fulvous-white; head all
+round plain ochraceous, deepest above.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-headed Blackbird is essentially a prairie bird, and is
+found in all favorable localities from Texas on the south to Illinois and
+Wisconsin, and thence to the Pacific. A single specimen is recorded as having
+been taken in Greenland. This was September 2, 1820, at Nenortalik.
+Recently the Smithsonian Museum has received a specimen from New
+Smyrna, in Florida. In October, 1869, a specimen of this bird was taken
+in Watertown, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, and Mr. Cassin mentions the capture of several
+near Philadelphia. These erratic appearances in places so remote from their
+centres of reproduction, and from their route in emigration, sufficiently attest
+the nomadic character of this species.</p>
+
+<p>They are found in abundance in all the grassy meadows or rushy marshes of
+Illinois and Wisconsin, where they breed in large communities. In swamps
+overgrown with tall rushes, and partially overflowed, they construct their
+nests just above the water, and build them around the stems of these water-plants,
+where they are thickest, in such a manner that it is difficult to
+<!--191.png--><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 169]</span>
+discover them, except by diligent search, aided by familiarity with their
+habits.</p>
+
+<p>In Texas Mr. Dresser met with a few in the fall, and again in April he
+found the prairies covered with these birds. For about a week vast flocks
+remained about the town, after which they suddenly disappeared, and no
+more were seen.</p>
+
+<p>In California, Dr. Cooper states that they winter in large numbers in the
+middle districts, some wandering to the Colorado Valley and to San Diego.
+They nest around Santa Barbara, and thence northward, and are very abundant
+about Klamath Lake. They associate with the other Blackbirds, but
+always keep in separate companies. They are very gregarious, even in
+summer.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that the only song the male attempts consists of a few
+hoarse, chuckling notes and comical squeakings, uttered as if it was a great
+effort to make any sound at all.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues speaks of it as less numerous in Arizona than at most other
+localities where found at all. He speaks of it as a summer resident, but in
+this I think he may have been mistaken.</p>
+
+<p>In Western Iowa Mr. Allen saw a few, during the first week in July,
+about the grassy ponds near Boonesboro’. He was told that they breed in
+great numbers, north and east of that section, in the meadows of the Skunk
+River country. He also reports them as breeding in large numbers in the
+Calumet marshes of Northern Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Richardson found these birds very numerous in the interior of
+the fur countries, ranging in summer as far to the north as the 58th parallel,
+but not found to the eastward of Lake Winnipeg. They reached the Saskatchewan
+by the 20th of May, in greater numbers than the Redwings.</p>
+
+<p>Through California, as well as in the interior, Mr. Ridgway found the
+Yellow-headed Blackbird a very abundant species, even exceeding in numbers
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœniceus</i>, occurring in the marshes filled with rushes. This
+species he found more gregarious than the Redwing, and frequently their
+nests almost filled the rushes of their breeding-places. Its notes he describes
+as harsher than those of any other bird he is acquainted with. Yet they
+are by no means disagreeable, while frequently their attempts at a song
+were really amusing. Their usual note is a deep <i class="birdcall">cluck</i>, similar to that of
+most Blackbirds, but of a rather deeper tone. In its movements upon the
+ground its gait is firm and graceful, and it may frequently be seen walking
+about over the grassy flats, in small companies, in a manner similar to the
+Cow Blackbird, which, in its movements, it greatly resembles. It nests in
+the sloughs, among the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tulé</i>, and the maximum number of its eggs is four.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. W. J. McLaughlin of Centralia, Kansas, writes (American Naturalist,
+<abbr title="Three, page">III, p.</abbr> 493) that these birds arrive in that region about the first of May, and
+all disappear about the 10th of June. He does not think that any breed
+there. During their stay they make themselves very valuable to the farmers
+<!--192.png--><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 170]</span>
+by destroying the swarms of young grasshoppers. On the writer’s land the
+grasshoppers had deposited their eggs by the million. As they began to
+hatch, the Yellow-heads found them out, and a flock of about two hundred
+attended about two acres each day, roving over the entire lot as wild
+pigeons feed, the rear ones flying to the front as the insects were devoured.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clark met with these birds at New Leon, Mexico. They were always
+in flocks, mingled with two or three of its congeneric species. They were
+found more abundant near the coast than in the interior. There was a roost
+of these birds on an island in a lagoon near Fort Brown. Between sunset
+and dark these birds could be seen coming from all quarters. For about an
+hour they kept up a constant chattering and changing of place. Another
+similar roost was on an island near the mouth of the Rio Grande.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly found them very common near Janos and also near Santa
+Cruz, in Sonora. At the former place they were seen in the month of April
+in large flocks. He describes them as quite domestic in their habits, preferring
+the immediate vicinity of the houses, often feeding with the domestic
+fowls in the yards.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann states that these birds collect in flocks of many thousands
+with the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>, and on the approach of spring separate into
+smaller bands, resorting in May to large marshy districts in the valleys,
+where they incubate. Their nests he found attached to the upright stalks
+of the reeds, and woven around them, of flexible grasses, differing essentially
+from the nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaii</i> in the lightness of their material. The
+eggs, always four in number, he describes as having a ground of pale ashy-green,
+thickly covered with minute dots of a light umber-brown.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall states that on the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, during his western tour, he saw
+these birds in great abundance, associated with the Cowbird. They kept
+wholly on the ground, in companies, the sexes separated by themselves.
+They were digging into the earth with their bills in search of insects and
+larvæ. They were very active, straddling about with a quaint gait, and now
+and then whistling out, with great effort, a chuckling note, sounding like
+<i class="birdcall">ko-kuk kie-ait</i>. Their music was inferior even to the harsh notes of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M.
+pecoris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Several nests of this species, procured in the marshes on the banks of
+Lake Koskonong, in Southern Wisconsin, were sent me by Mr. Kumlien;
+they were all light, neat, and elegant structures, six inches in diameter and
+four in height. The cavity had a diameter of three and a depth of two and
+a half inches. The base, periphery, and the greater portion of these nests
+were made of interwoven grasses and sedges. The grasses were entire, with
+their panicles on. They were impacted together in masses. The inner portions
+of these nests were made of finer materials of the same. They were
+placed in the midst of large, overflowed marshes, and were attached to tall
+flags, usually in the midst of clumps of the latter, and these were so close
+in their growth that the nests were not easily discovered. They contained,
+<!--193.png--><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 171]</span>
+usually, from five to six eggs. These are of an oblong-oval shape, and
+measure 1.02 inches in length by .70 of an inch in breadth. Their ground-color
+is of a pale greenish-white, profusely covered with blotches and finer
+dottings of drab, purplish-brown, and umber.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">STURNELLA</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i>,
+<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda magna</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_193a.jpg"
+ width="300" height="191"
+ alt="Illustration: Sturnella magna"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1303</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_193b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="183"
+ alt="Illustration: Sturnella magna"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Body thick, stout; legs large, toes reaching beyond the tail. Tail short,
+even, with narrow acuminate feathers. Bill slender, elongated; length about three times
+the height; commissure straight from the basal angle. Culmen flattened basally, extending
+backwards and parting the frontal feathers; longer than the head, but shorter
+than tarsus. Nostrils linear, covered by an incumbent membranous scale. Inner lateral
+toe longer than the outer,
+but not reaching to basal
+joint of middle; hind toe a
+little shorter than the middle,
+which is equal to the tarsus.
+Hind claw nearly twice as
+long as the middle. Feathers
+of head stiffened and bristly;
+the shafts of those above
+extended into a black seta.
+Tertials nearly equal to the
+primaries. Feathers above all
+transversely banded. Beneath
+yellow, with a black
+pectoral crescent.</p>
+
+<p>The only species which we can admit is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. magna</i>, though under this
+name we group several geographical races. They may be distinguished as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><!--194.png--><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 172]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. magna.</b> Above brownish, or grayish, spotted and barred with black;
+crown divided by a median whitish stripe; side of the head whitish, with a
+blackish streak along upper edge of the auriculars. Beneath more or less
+yellowish, with a more or less distinct dusky crescent on the jugulum. Sides,
+flanks, and crissum whitish, streaked with dusky; lateral tail-feathers partly
+white. <i class="age">Adult.</i> Supraloral spot, chin, throat, breast, and abdomen deep gamboge-yellow;
+pectoral crescent deep black. <i class="age">Young.</i> The yellow only indicated;
+pectoral crescent obsolete. Length, about 9.00 to 10.50 inches. Sexes similar
+in color, but female much smaller.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> In spring birds, the lateral stripes of the vertex either continuous black,
+or with black largely predominating; the black spots on the back extending
+to the tip of the feather, or, if not, the brown tip not barred (except in
+winter dress). Yellow of the throat confined between the maxillæ, or
+just barely encroaching upon their lower edge. White of sides, flanks, and
+crissum strongly tinged with ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Pectoral crescent much more than half an inch wide.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 4.50 to 5.00; culmen, 1.20 to 1.50; tarsus, 1.35 to 1.55;
+middle toe, 1.10 to 1.26 (extremes of a series of four adult males).
+Lateral stripe of the crown continuously black; black predominating
+on back and rump (heavy stripes on ochraceous ground).
+Light brown serrations on tertials and tail-feathers reaching nearly
+to the shaft (sometimes the terminal ones uninterrupted, isolating
+the black bars). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 3.75 to 4.30; culmen, 1.15 to 1.30; tarsus, 1.50 to 1.75;
+middle toe, 1.10 to 1.25. (Ten adult males!) Colors similar, but
+with a greater predominance of black; black heavily prevailing on
+back and rump, and extending to tip of feathers; also predominates
+on tertials and tail-feathers. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Central
+America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_31" id="fnanchor_31"></a><a href="#footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 4.45; culmen, 1.62; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, 1.20. (One
+specimen). Colors exactly as in last. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_32" id="fnanchor_32"></a><a href="#footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Pectoral crescent much less than half an inch wide.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 3.90 to 4.10; culmen, 1.25 to 1.35; tarsus, 1.40 to 1.55;
+middle toe, 1.00 to 1.20. (Three adult males.) Colors generally
+similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>, but crown decidedly streaked, though black
+predominates; ground-color above less reddish than in either of
+the preceding, with markings as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>. Pectoral crescent about
+.25 in breadth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_33" id="fnanchor_33"></a><a href="#footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> In spring birds, crown about equally streaked with black and grayish;
+black spots of back occupying only basal half of feathers, the terminal
+portion being grayish-brown, with narrow bars of black; feathers of the
+rump with whole exposed portion thus barred. Yellow of the throat
+extending over the maxillæ nearly to the angle of the mouth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 4.40 to 5.05; culmen, 1.18 to 1.40; tarsus, 1.30 to 1.45.
+(Six adult males.) A grayish-brown tint prevailing above; lesser
+<!--195.png--><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 173]</span>
+wing-coverts concolor with the wings (instead of very decidedly
+more bluish); black bars of tertials and tail-feathers clean, narrow,
+and isolated. White of sides, flanks, and crissum nearly pure.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western United States and Western Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, the feathers of the pectoral crescent are generally
+black to the base, their roots being grayish-white; one specimen of the
+former, however, from North Carolina, has the roots of the feathers yellow,
+forbidding the announcement of this as a distinguishing character; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>
+may have the bases of these feathers either yellow or grayish; while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i>
+has only the tips of the feathers black, the whole concealed portion
+being bright yellow.</p>
+
+<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, there is more of an approach to an orange tint in the yellow
+than is usually seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>, but specimens from Georgia have a tint not
+distinguishable; in both, however, as well as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i>, there is a deeper
+yellow than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, in which the tint is more citreous.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the bars on tertials and tail, there is considerable variation.
+Sometimes in either of the species opposed to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> by this character
+there is a tendency to their isolation, seen in the last few toward the ends
+of the feathers; but never is there an approach to that regularity seen in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, in which they are isolated uniformly everywhere they occur. Two
+specimens only (54,064 California and 10,316 Pembina) in the entire series
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> show a tendency to a blending of these bars on the tail.</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Magna</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i>, are most similar in coloration;
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> is most dissimilar compared with any of the others. Though
+each possesses peculiar characters, they are only of degree; for in the most
+widely different forms (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>) there is not the slightest
+departure from the pattern of coloration; it is only a matter of extension or
+restriction of the several colors, or a certain one of them, that produces the
+differences.</p>
+
+<p>Each modification of plumage is attended by a still greater one of proportions,
+as will be seen from the diagnoses; thus, though <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> is the
+largest of the group, it has actually the smallest legs and feet; with nearly
+the same general proportions, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i> exceeds it in the latter respects
+(especially in the bill), while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, a very much smaller bird than
+either, has disproportionally and absolutely larger legs and feet united with
+the smallest size otherwise in the whole series. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meridionalis</i> presents no
+differences from the last, except in proportions of bill and feet; for while
+the latter is the smallest of the series, next to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>, it has a bill much
+exceeding that of any other.</p>
+
+<p>The markings of the upper plumage of the young or even winter birds
+are different in pattern from those of the adult; the tendency being toward
+the peculiar features of the adult <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>; the various species in these
+stages being readily distinguishable, however, by the general characters
+assigned. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mexicana</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> are both in proportions and colors the
+<!--196.png--><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 174]</span>
+most widely different in the whole series; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> the
+most similar. The relation of the several races to each other is about as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Yellow of throat confined within maxillæ.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Crown with black streaks predominating.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Smallest species, with reddish tints, and maximum amount of black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">Largest bill<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">Smallest bill; largest feet<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Next largest species, with less reddish tints, and smaller amount of
+black. Bill and feet the standard of comparison<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Crown with the light streaks predominating.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">Narrowest pectoral crescent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Yellow of throat covering maxillæ.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Crown with black and light streaks about equal.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Largest species, with grayish tints, and minimum amount of black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">Smallest feet<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEADOW LARK; OLD FIELD LARK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda magna</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1758, 167, <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda magna</i>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>,
+<abbr title="table">tab.</abbr> 33).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>, (12th <abbr title="editon">ed.</abbr>,)
+1766, 289.&mdash;<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788,
+801.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>,
+1811, 20, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Doughty</span>,
+<abbr title="Cabinet One">Cab. I</abbr>, 1830, 85, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. <span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 436.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 535.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 343. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus
+ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 290.&mdash;<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 802.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>,
+1790, 323.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr>
+1825, 130.&mdash;<abbr title="Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 165.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 216; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 492, <abbr title="plate 136">pl. cxxxvi</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 282.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 147.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 429.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 148.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 70,
+<abbr title="plate 223">pl. ccxxiii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 192.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 288. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella
+collaris</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> Analyse,
+1816.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Galerie des <abbr title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr></span>
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824, 134, <abbr title="plate 90">pl. xc</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus
+collaris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr>
+1827, 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Isis,
+1831, 527. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus alaudarius</i>,
+<span class="sc">Daudin</span>,” <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+The feathers above dark brown, margined with brownish-white, and with
+a terminal blotch of pale reddish-brown. Exposed portions of wings and tail with dark
+brown bars, which on the middle tail-feathers are confluent along the shaft. Beneath
+yellow, with a black pectoral crescent, the yellow not extending on the side of the
+maxilla; sides, crissum, and tibiæ pale reddish-brown, streaked with blackish. A light
+median and superciliary stripe, the latter yellow anterior to the eye; a black line behind.
+<i class="sex">Female</i> smaller and duller. <i class="age">Young</i> with pectoral crescent replaced by streaks; the yellow
+of under surface replaced more or less by ochraceous or pale fulvous. Length, 10.60;
+wing, 5.00; tail, 3.70; bill above, 1.35.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the high Central Plains, north to Southern British
+Provinces. England (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 176).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The eastern form of the Meadow Lark is found in all the eastern
+portions of the United States, from Florida to Texas at the south, and from
+Nova Scotia to the Missouri at the north. Richardson met with it on the
+<!--197.png--><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 175]</span>
+Saskatchewan, where it arrives about the first of May. In a large portion
+of the United States it is resident, or only partially migratory.</p>
+
+<p>In Maine this species is not abundant. A few are found in Southern
+Maine, even as far to the east as Calais, where it is very rare. It was not
+found in Oxford County by Mr. Verrill. In New Hampshire and Vermont,
+especially in the southern portions, it is much more abundant. Throughout
+Massachusetts it is a common summer visitant, a few remaining all winter,
+the greater number coming in March and leaving again in November, at
+which time they seem to be somewhat, though only partially, gregarious.
+South of Massachusetts it becomes more generally resident, and is only very
+partially migratory, where the depth of snow compels them to seek food
+elsewhere. Wilson states that he met a few of these birds in the month
+of February, during a deep snow, among the heights of the Alleghanies,
+near Somerset, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr></p>
+
+<p>The favorite resorts of this species are old fields, pasture-lands, and meadows,
+localities in which they can best procure the insects, largely coleopterous,
+and the seeds on which they feed. They are not found in woods or
+thickets, or only in very exceptional cases.</p>
+
+<p>In New England they are shy, retiring birds, and are rarely seen in the
+neighborhood of houses; but in Georgia and South Carolina, Wilson found
+them swarming among the rice plantations, and running about in the yards
+and the out-buildings, in company with the Killdeer Plovers, with little
+or no appearance of fear, and as if domesticated.</p>
+
+<p>In Alabama and West Florida, Mr. Nuttall states, the birds abound during
+the winter months, and may be seen in considerable numbers in the salt
+marshes, seeking their food and the shelter of the sea-coast. They are then
+in loose flocks of from ten to thirty. At this season many are shot and
+brought to market. By some their flesh is said to be sweet and good; but
+this is denied by Audubon, who states it to be tough and of unpleasant flavor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sclater records the occurrence of one or more individuals of this
+species in England.</p>
+
+<p>The song of the eastern Meadow Lark is chiefly distinguished for its
+sweetness more than any other excellence. When, in spring, at the height
+of their love-season, they alight on the post of a fence, a bush, or tree, or
+any other high object, they will give utterance to notes that, in sweetness
+and tenderness of expression, are surpassed by very few of our birds. But
+they are wanting in variety and power, and are frequently varied, but not
+improved, by the substitution of chattering call-notes, which are much inferior
+in quality. It is noticeable that at the West there is a very great improvement
+in the song of this bird as compared with that of their more
+eastern kindred, though still very far from equalling, either in volume,
+variety, or power, the remarkable song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of the year these birds collect in small companies, and feed
+together in the same localities, but keeping, individually, somewhat apart.</p>
+
+<p><!--198.png--><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 176]</span>
+In New England these birds mate during the latter part of April, and
+construct their nests in May. They always place their nest on the ground,
+usually in the shelter of a thick tuft of grass, and build a covered passage
+to their hidden nest. This entrance is usually formed of withered grass,
+and so well conceals the nest that it can only be detected by flushing the
+female from it, or by the anxiety of her mate, who will frequently fly round
+the spot in so narrow a circuit as to betray its location.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Meadow Lark vary greatly in size and also in their markings,
+though the general character of the latter is the same. The smallest,
+from Florida, measure .95 by .68 of an inch. The largest, from Massachusetts,
+measure 1.20 inches by .90. They have a white ground, marked and
+dotted with irregular reddish-brown spots. Generally these are equally
+distributed, but occasionally are chiefly about the larger end. Their shape
+is oval, nearly equally rounded at either end.</p>
+
+<p>The diversity in the characteristics of the eggs of this species has not unfrequently
+occasioned remarks, and even suggested conjectures as to specific
+differences. They are all, however, reconcilable with differences in the age
+of the parents, and are, to some extent, affected by the circumstances under
+which they are deposited. The eggs of old, mature birds, deposited in the
+early summer, or the first brood, are usually sub-globular or obtusely pointed
+at either end, large in size, and irregularly sprinkled over with fine bright
+red dots. Younger birds, breeding for the first time, birds that have been
+robbed of their eggs, or those depositing a third set, have smaller eggs, sometimes
+two thirds of the maximum size, more oblong and more pointed at one
+end, and are marked, at the larger end only, with plashes of dark purplish-brown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN LARK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella neglecta</i>,
+<abbr title="Oregon Route; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, Four">Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 86.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 537.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>,
+S, 54.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 208.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>,
+1870, 270. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sturnella hippocrepis</i>,
+(<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,) <span class="sc">Heermann</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series,
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1853, 269, Suisun.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Feathers above dark brown, margined with brownish-white, with a terminal
+blotch of pale reddish-brown. Exposed portion of wings and tail with transverse
+bands, which, in the latter, are completely isolated from each other, narrow and linear.
+Beneath yellow, with a black pectoral crescent. The yellow of the throat extending on
+the sides of the maxilla. Sides, crissum, and tibiæ very pale reddish-brown, or nearly
+white, streaked with blackish. Head with a light median and superciliary stripe, the
+latter yellow in front of the eye; a blackish line behind it. The transverse bars on the
+feathers above (less so on the tail) with a tendency to become confluent near the exterior
+margin. Length, 10 inches; wing, 5.25; tail, 3.25; bill, 1.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western America from high Central Plains to the Pacific; east to Pembina,
+and perhaps to Wisconsin, on the north (Iowa, Allen), and Texas on the south; western
+Mexico, south to Colima.</p>
+
+<!--199.png--><!--Plate 34-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_34.jpg"
+ width="auto" height="100%"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="34">XXXIV</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-1" id="pl_34-1"></a><img src="images/pl_34-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella neglecta</span>.
+     <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53592.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-2" id="pl_34-2"></a><img src="images/pl_34-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna</span>.
+     <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1303.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-3" id="pl_34-3"></a><img src="images/pl_34-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center"><a name="note10" id="note10"></a>3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</span>.
+    <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Bridger, 11282.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-4" id="pl_34-4"></a><img src="images/pl_34-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</span>.
+     <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Louisiana">La.</abbr>, 4286.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-5" id="pl_34-5"></a><img src="images/pl_34-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</span>.
+     <abbr title="male symbol juvenile">♂ <i class="juvenile">juv.</i></abbr>
+     <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1437.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-6" id="pl_34-6"></a><img src="images/pl_34-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</span>.
+     <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 150.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_34-7" id="pl_34-7"></a><img src="images/pl_34-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 34 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</span>.
+     <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3900.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--200.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p><!--201.png--><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 177]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The differences of plumage between this species and our eastern
+Meadow Lark are so slight that we might hesitate to allow the existence of
+any specific distinctness between the two forms, were it not for the very
+strongly marked differences between them in other respects. Whether we
+regard them as races or as different species, their history diverges as we cross
+the Missouri River, though both are found on either bank.</p>
+
+<p>The existence of this variety was first made known by Messrs. Lewis and
+Clark, in their memorable expedition to the Rocky Mountains. They refer
+especially to the difference, in the notes, between this bird and the old Field
+Lark of the east. It remained unnoticed by our ornithologists until 1844,
+when Mr. Audubon included it in the appendix to his seventh volume. He
+met with it in his voyage to the Yellowstone, and it would have escaped his
+notice had not the attention of his party been called to its curious notes.
+In its flight, manners on the ground, or general habits, he could perceive no
+difference between it and the common species. None of its nests that he
+found were covered over, in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i>, and the eggs were
+differently marked.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, in his interesting paper on the birds observed in Western
+Iowa, while he does not admit any specific difference between these two
+forms, presents with impartial exactness the very striking dissimilarity between
+them, both in habits and in song. In regard to the diversity in habits
+we quote his words:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“At the little village of Denison, where I first noticed it in song, it was
+particularly common, and half domestic in its habits, preferring the streets
+and grassy lanes, and the immediate vicinity of the village, to the remoter
+prairie. Here, wholly unmolested and unsuspicious, it collected its food;
+and the males, from their accustomed perches on the housetops, daily warbled
+their wild songs for hours together.” These traits of familiarity, so totally
+different from anything ever observed in our eastern birds, he does not concede,
+however, as establishing necessarily specific difference. Yet he does admit
+that its song was so new to him that he did not at first have the slightest
+suspicion that its utterer was the western Meadow Lark, as he found it to be.
+He adds: “It differs from that of the Meadow Lark in the Eastern States,
+in the notes being louder and wilder, and at the same time more liquid, mellower,
+and far sweeter. They have a pensiveness and a general character
+remarkably in harmony with the half-dreamy wildness of the primitive
+prairie, as though the bird had received from its surroundings their peculiar
+impress. It differs, too, in the less frequency of the harsh, complaining
+chatter so conspicuous in the eastern bird.”</p>
+
+<p>The value of these marked differences, both in song and character, between
+the eastern and western birds, we will not argue, but will only add that they
+are none too strikingly presented by Mr. Allen. During the writer’s brief
+visit to the Plains he was strongly impressed by the natural, confiding
+trustfulness of this species and its wonderful beauty of song, both in
+<!--202.png--><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span>
+such remarkable contrast with the habits of our eastern birds. At Antelope
+Station a pair of these birds had built their nest under the window of the
+office, and seemed to enjoy the society of the family, while the depot-master,
+familiar with the song and habits of our eastern birds, appreciated the great
+differences between the two forms, and called my attention to them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen also found this Lark everywhere abundant in Colorado, but its
+notes appeared to him quite different from those of the representatives of
+this species living to the eastward, in the prairie States, being less varied
+and ringing, and more guttural.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper says this bird is abundant in California, and resident nearly
+throughout the entire State, breeding in the Colorado Valley and in all other
+districts not quite waterless. Their songs are lively, sweet, and varied.
+They sing at all seasons, early and late, from the ground, from the tree-top,
+or in the air, and when unmolested are so tame as to make the house-top
+their favorite perch. Even the female has considerable musical power, and
+cheers her mate by singing to him while he relieves her by sitting on the
+eggs. She also has a harsh, petulant chirp, frequently repeated as if in
+anger. He states that they build their nest in a slight depression under a
+bunch of grass, and usually more or less arched over and artfully concealed.
+The female, when flushed, usually skulks off some distance before she flies.
+The eggs he describes as white, with a few large purplish-brown blotches and
+dots towards the larger end, and measuring 1.15 inches by .85. They are
+very obtuse in shape.</p>
+
+<p>They feed chiefly on insects, seeds, and grain, do no damage to the crops,
+and destroy a vast number of noxious insects.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found this bird common everywhere in Oregon and Washington
+Territory, some remaining throughout every winter. In 1855 a few
+were seen at Fort Dalles as early as March 5. On the 7th he found them
+quite abundant on the ploughed fields near Fort Vancouver. Some of these
+had probably remained all the winter. In February, 1856, he found them
+quite abundant at Fort Steilacoom. At Fort Dalles, by the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, he
+obtained young birds nearly fledged.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found it very common during winter near San Antonio, where
+a few remain to breed.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona, according to Dr. Coues, it is resident, but quite rare.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch found these birds from the Rio Grande to the high
+bottoms of the Lower Bolson de Mapimi. Its notes he speaks of as highly
+musical, contending even with the Mocking Bird for a supremacy in song.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found the western Meadow Lark one of the most abundant
+and characteristic birds of California and all fertile portions of the interior
+as far east as the Missouri, and remarks that, although closely resembling the
+eastern bird in appearance, its song is totally different, not a note uttered
+by it having more than a very distant resemblance to any of the well-known
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</i> of the eastern meadows. In the depth of its tone and the charms
+<!--203.png--><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 179]</span>
+of its articulation its song is hardly excelled, resembling very nearly the
+song of the Wood Thrush. Mr. Ridgway describes its modulations as expressed
+by the syllables <i class="birdcall">tung-tung-tungah-til’lah-til’lah-tung</i>, each note powerful
+and distinct. The difference between the other notes of the two birds
+is still greater than in their song, and even in character these are not alike.
+In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</i> the call-note of watchfulness or alarm is a loud, deep-toned
+<i class="birdcall">tuck</i>, similar to the <i class="birdcall">chuck</i> of the Blackbird, but much louder and more metallic.
+That of sympathy for the young, or anxiety when the nest is approached, is
+a loud, liquid <i class="birdcall">tyur</i>, slightly resembling the complaining note of the eastern
+Bluebird, and also of the Orchard Oriole. All of its notes are of a power
+corresponding to the size of the bird.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway also notices important differences in their flight. That of
+the eastern species is carried on by an occasional spasmodic beat or jerk of
+the wings, which are then extended, the bird sailing a short distance. The
+flight of the western Lark is much more irregular, the bird flitting along by
+a trembling flutter of the wings, never assuming these peculiar features.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species, collected by Dr. Cooper in Washington Territory,
+June 19, 1856, measures 1.20 inches in length and .86 in breadth. It is of
+an oblong-oval shape, obtuse; the ground white, sparingly spotted with a
+very dark purple, most of the markings being at the larger end. Three eggs
+from Arizona, collected by Dr. Palmer, measure 1.10 inches by .80. The
+markings are of much lighter shades of lilac, purple, and purplish and reddish-brown.
+The markings are more generally diffused, but predominate at
+the larger end. An egg from the Yellowstone, collected by Mr. Audubon, is
+unusually pointed at one end, measures 1.13 inches by .82. The spots
+are a dark purplish-brown, intermingled with smaller and lighter dottings
+of reddish-brown. Eggs from California do not vary essentially in their
+markings from those of Arizona, and have an average measurement of 1.10
+inches by .85. As a general rule, the mottling of the eggs of the western
+bird is finer than that of the eastern.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Agelainæ-->
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Icterinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">ICTERINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ICTERUS</b>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Regnum Animale">R. A.</abbr> 1760.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée">Leç. Anat. Comp.</abbr> 1800.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill slender, elongated, as long as the head, generally a little decurved,
+and very acute. Tarsi not longer than the middle toe, nor than the head; claws short,
+much curved; outer lateral toe a little longer than the inner, reaching a little beyond base
+of middle toe. Feet adapted for perching. Tail rounded or graduated. Prevailing colors
+yellow or orange, and black.</p>
+
+<p>The species of this subfamily are all as strikingly characterized by
+<!--204.png--><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 180]</span>
+diversity and brilliancy of plumage as the others are (with few exceptions)
+for their uniform sombre black, scarcely relieved by other colors. Of the
+four genera of this subfamily, recognized by Gray, all but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus</i> are well
+represented in the United States. This differs from all the rest in having
+the culmen widened and much depressed towards the base, where
+it advances in a crescent on the forehead, separating the frontal plumes.
+In the other genera the culmen advances somewhat on the forehead, but
+it is in a narrow acute point, and not dilated.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_204a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="160"
+ alt="Illustration: Icterus bullocki."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">6721</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>In studying the North American
+Orioles we have found it
+exceedingly difficult to arrange
+them in any sharply defined
+sections, as whatever characters
+be taken as the basis of classification,
+the other features will
+not correspond. Thus, species
+with the bill of the same proportions
+and amount of curvature
+differ in the shape and
+graduation of the tail, while tails of the same form are accompanied by
+entirely dissimilar bills and wings. The bill is sometimes much attenuated
+and decurved, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>,
+while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>
+it is stouter and straighter.
+The tail is usually much graduated;
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. baltimore</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i> it is
+only moderately rounded. These
+last-mentioned species constitute
+the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes</i>. Many of the
+species have a naked space round
+the eye, very evident in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. vulgaris</i>,
+less so in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus. I. vulgaris</i> is peculiar in having the feathers of
+the throat pointed and lanceolate, as in the ravens.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_204b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="156"
+ alt="Illustration: Icterus bullocki"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>In view of the difficulties attendant upon the definition of subordinate
+groups among the United States <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</i>, we propose to consider them all
+under the single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>, leaving it for some one with more ingenuity
+to establish satisfactory divisions into sub-genera.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_34" id="fnanchor_34"></a><a href="#footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><!--205.png--><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 181]</span>
+The colors of the Orioles are chiefly black and yellow, or orange, the wing
+sometimes marked with white. The females are generally much duller in
+plumage, and the young male usually remains in immature dress till the
+third year. In all the North American species the rump is of the same
+color with the belly; the chin, throat, and tail, black.</p>
+
+<p>In the North American Orioles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i> have the tail
+but little graduated; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, more so; the others very decidedly graduated.
+The bills of the two first mentioned are stout and nearly straight; that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I.
+melanocephalus</i> quite similar. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. parisorum</i> has the bill more attenuated,
+but scarcely more decurved; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i> it is attenuated and decurved, much
+as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i>; this character is strongest in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>. The much graduated
+tail is combined with a slender decurved bill in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i>;
+with a straighter one in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</i>; with a thick, nearly straight, one in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>.
+The arrangement, according to the graduation of the tail,
+would be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki, spurius, parisorum, wagleri, melanocephalus</i>, and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>. According to stoutness and curvature of bill, it would be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore,
+melanocephalus, bullocki</i>,<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum, spurius wagleri</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>All the species have the rump and under parts yellow or orange. All
+have the head entirely black, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i>, in which its sides are orange,
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>, which has an orange crown. All have black on the throat.
+In the species with black head and neck, all have the tails black towards the
+end, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The females and young males are so entirely different in colors from the
+adult males, and so similar in the different species, that they can best be
+distinguished by the details of form and size. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. prosthemelas</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I.
+melanocephalus</i> are placed, according to the above arrangement, in different
+subgenera, yet the young male of the former and the adult male of the latter
+are so perfectly similar in colors as to be undistinguishable in this respect,
+and require careful examination of points of external structure to be separated
+(see description of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. melanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 782).</p>
+
+<p>The following synopsis may help to distinguish the North American
+Orioles and their nearest allies, as far as color is concerned.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ICTERUS.</b> Head all round deep black, sharply defined against the yellow
+of the nape; wings black, with or without white markings. Body generally,
+including lesser wing-coverts, deep greenish-yellow (intense orange-red in some
+South American species).</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. vulgaris.</b> Feathers of the throat elongated and lanceolate. Bill longer
+than head. Back and scapulars black; greater coverts and tertials with
+much white on outer webs; middle wing-coverts white. Rest of plumage,
+including lesser coverts, chrome-yellow. Sexes alike. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South
+<!--206.png--><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 182]</span>
+America. Jamaica? Accidental in southeastern United States? ? Several
+races.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. melanocephalus.</b> Feathers of the throat not elongate and lanceolate,
+but soft and normal; bill shorter than head. Back and scapulars greenish-yellow.
+Rest of plumage, including lesser wing-coverts, gamboge-yellow.
+Sexes alike.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wings without any white. Wing, 4.00; tail, 4.00; culmen, .95;
+tarsus, .96. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wings with white edgings to greater coverts, secondaries and tertials.
+Wing, 4.25; tail, 4.40; culmen, 1.10; tarsus, 1.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern
+Mexico and Rio Grande Valley of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XANTHORNUS.</b> Back, scapulars, wings, tail, and throat, black; wings
+and tail with, or without, white. Rest of plumage greenish-yellow, gamboge-yellow,
+orange, orange-red, or chestnut-rufous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Head and neck, all round, deep black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail-feathers wholly black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. dominicensis.</b> Head, neck, back, scapulars, wings, tail, and
+jugulum, deep black; lesser and middle wing-coverts, lining of the
+wing, anal region, tibiæ, and rump, deep gamboge-yellow. No
+white on wings or tail. Sexes similar (in all the races?).</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Abdomen and sides yellow.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Tail-coverts partially or wholly yellow. Wing, 3.25 to 3.50;
+Tail, 3.75 to 4.00; culmen, .80; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South
+Mexico to Costa Rica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_35" id="fnanchor_35"></a><a href="#footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Tail-coverts uniform black. Wing, 3.75; tail, 4.50; culmen,
+.80; tarsus, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Abdomen and sides black.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Flanks and crissum yellow; upper tail-coverts yellow. Wing,
+3.50; tail, 3.50; culmen, .80; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_36" id="fnanchor_36"></a><a href="#footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Flanks black; crissum mostly yellow; upper tail-coverts black.
+Wing, 3.75; tail, 4.00; culmen, .93; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto
+Rico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_37" id="fnanchor_37"></a><a href="#footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Flanks black; crissum mostly black; upper tail-coverts black.
+Wing, 3.75; tail, 3.90; culmen, .80; tarsus, 86. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_38" id="fnanchor_38"></a><a href="#footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><!--207.png--><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 183]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. spurius.</b> Head, neck, back, scapulars, wings, and tail, deep
+black; other portions, including lesser and middle wing-coverts,
+lining of wing, and the tail-coverts, above and below, chestnut-rufous;
+greater coverts and secondaries edged with dull white,
+and tail-feathers margined terminally with the same. <i class="sex">Female</i>
+greenish-yellow, darker above. <i class="age">Young male</i> in second year
+similar, but with a black patch covering face and throat. Wing,
+3.20; tail, 3.20, its graduation, .45; culmen, .73; tarsus, .92. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Eastern Province of United States; south throughout Middle
+America, to New Granada.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail-feathers (except the two middle ones) with their basal half
+yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. parisorum.</b> Head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, wings, and
+terminal half of tail, deep black; rest of plumage, including lesser
+and middle wing-coverts, bright lemon-yellow, approaching white
+on the middle coverts; greater coverts tipped with white, and
+tertials edged with the same; tail-feathers margined terminally
+with the same. Sexes very different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico; Rio Grande
+Valley and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Crown, occiput, nape, and auriculars, orange; frontlet, lores, cheeks,
+chin, throat, and jugulum, deep black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus.</b> Back, scapulars, wings, and tail, and patch covering
+jugulum and throat, extending up over lores, around eyes and across
+frontlet, deep black. Other portions orange. Sexes very different.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Lesser coverts black; middle coverts white; greater coverts tipped
+with white, and secondaries, primaries, and tertials edged with the
+same; tail-feathers with narrow white tips. Wing, 3.30; tail,
+4.00; culmen, .80; tarsus, .90. Sexes very unlike. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern
+border of Western United States (San Bernardino, California,
+Camp Grant, Arizona and Rio Grande of Texas), south through
+Mexico to Guatemala; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Lesser coverts gamboge-yellow; middle coverts yellow; no white
+on wings or tail. Wing, 3.50; tail, 3.90; culmen, .85; tarsus, .90.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada, Venezuela, and Trinidad
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_39" id="fnanchor_39"></a><a href="#footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HYPHANTES.</b> Crown, back, scapulars, wings, and part of tail, deep black;
+wing with much white. Other portions orange or yellow. Sexes very different.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">I. baltimore.</b> Head entirely deep black; tail orange, the feathers black at
+base; greater coverts broadly tipped with white; secondaries and primaries
+skirted with the same. Other portions rich, mellow orange, the rump
+as intense as the breast. Wing, about 3.75; tail, 3.50; culmen, .80; tarsus,
+.97.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">(Specimens from Eastern United States and Middle America with
+middle coverts deep orange.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">(Specimens from the Plains of Kansas, Nebraska, etc., with middle
+coverts pure white. Some eastern specimens similar.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. bullocki.</b> Head mainly black, with an orange or yellow superciliary
+stripe, and a broader one beneath the eye, cutting off the black of the
+throat into a narrow strip; tail orange or yellow, the feathers with black
+<!--208.png--><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 184]</span>
+at ends; greater coverts with outer webs wholly white, and middle coverts
+entirely white, producing a large conspicuous longitudinal patch on the
+wing; tertials and secondaries broadly edged with white, and primaries more
+narrowly skirted with the same. Other portions rich orange or yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Rump grayish-orange; sides and flanks deep orange; forehead and
+auriculars orange; a broad supraloral stripe of the same. Xanthic tints
+deep orange, with a reddish tinge on the breast. Wings, 4.00; tail,
+3.50; culmen, .80; tarsus, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United
+States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Rump black; sides and flanks black; forehead and auriculars black; no
+yellow or orange supraloral stripes. Xanthic tint a very intense gamboge,
+without any shade of orange. Wing, 4.00; tail, 3.50; culmen,
+.75; tarsus, .85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_40" id="fnanchor_40"></a><a href="#footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus vulgaris</b>, <span class="sc">Daudin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TROUPIAL.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus icterus</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 161. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus vulgaris</i>, “Daudin.”&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="America Seven">Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 357, <abbr title="plate 499">pl.
+ccccxcix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus <abbr title="Avium">Av.</abbr> 1850, 434.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds
+<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 542.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span>
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr></abbr> 1867, 46. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le troupiale vulgaire</i>,
+<span class="sc">Buffon</span>,
+<abbr title="Planches enluminéz">Pl. enl.</abbr> “532” (535,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill curved. Throat and chin with narrow pointed feathers. A naked
+space around and behind the eye. Tail-feathers graduated. Head and upper part of
+neck all round, and beneath from tail to upper part of breast, interscapular region of
+back, wings, and tail, black. Rest of under parts, a collar on the lower hind neck, rump,
+and upper tail-coverts, yellow-orange. A broad band on the wing and outer edges of
+secondaries, white. Length, 10 inches; wing, 4.50; tail, 4.50; bill above, 1.35.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northern South America and West Indies? Accidental on the southern coast
+of the United States?</p>
+
+<p>This is the largest Oriole said to be found in the United States, and differs
+from the rest in its longer bill, and pointed, elongated feathers on the throat.
+The bill is attenuated, and somewhat decurved. The third quill is longest,
+the first quill almost the shortest of all the primaries. The outer tail-feather
+is about .60 of an inch less than the middle.</p>
+
+<p>There is only a trace of whitish on the edges of the primaries. The
+broad white edges to the secondaries are continuous in the folded wing with
+the white on the greater coverts, the lowest row of which, however, is black.
+The extreme and concealed base of the tail is white.</p>
+
+<p>One specimen has the light markings yellow, instead of orange.</p>
+
+<p>This species is given by Mr. Audubon as North American, on the strength
+of occasional stragglers from South America. One of the specimens before
+us was received from Mr. Audubon (2,842), and is, possibly, North American,
+<!--209.png--><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 185]</span>
+although we doubt very much whether the species was ever taken within
+our limits, except as escaped from captivity.</p>
+
+<p>An allied race (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. longirostris</i>) from New Grenada has a longer and more
+slender bill, and a paler, lemon-yellow color. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. aurantius</i> of Brazil
+lacks the long, pointed, distinct feathers of the throat, and is of an intensely
+rich orange-red color, with much the same pattern as the present bird.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Troupial of South America and some of the West
+India Islands is probably only an imported species, or an accidental visitant.
+It is given by Mr. Audubon in the appendix to his seventh volume, on the
+strength of a specimen shot in Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, by his son, John W. The
+bird, when first seen, was perched on the point of the lightning-rod of Dr.
+Bachman’s house. A few days after others were seen, one of which was
+shot, though it fell into the river and was lost. Mr. Audubon was afterwards
+informed that small groups of four or five subsequently made their
+appearance in the same city and among the islands. If his information was
+correct, it precludes the supposition that those which have been procured
+are caged birds. Yet the Troupial is so common and so popular a bird in
+the cage, that its accidental occurrence is possible in many localities it never
+visits of its own accord.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is common in all the northern countries of South America,
+Venezuela, Guiana, Rio Negro, Northern Brazil, etc. Its occurrence in Jamaica
+and the West Indies may be only accidental. It is said by Daudin
+to be a common species in South America, where it associates in large flocks,
+and constructs a large and pensile nest. In confinement it becomes very
+easily tamed, is reconciled to a life of imprisonment, and is very fond
+of those who feed and care for it. It has a loud, clear, and ringing
+whistle, and a great variety of call-notes and single or brief utterances, but
+rarely indulges in a continuous song. One kept in confinement several years
+answered readily to the name of <i class="name">Troopy</i>, and always promptly responded,
+when thus addressed by his mistress, in notes of unmistakable and affectionate
+recognition. He was very fond of his liberty, and used his sharp
+bill with such effect that it was difficult to keep him in his cage. When at
+large he never attempted to escape, but returned upon being called. He,
+however, acquired such a mortal antipathy to children, attacked them so
+fiercely when at large, and his sharp bill was so dangerous a weapon, that it
+was found very necessary to keep him a close prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure 1.02 inches in length by .88 of an inch
+in breadth; they are a rounded, obtuse oval in shape. Their ground-color
+is a reddish-drab, and they are very generally blotched with markings of a
+deep claret-brown and faint purple, the markings being deeper and larger at
+one end.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--210.png--><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus melanocephalus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</b>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AUDUBON’S ORIOLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>,
+Sixteen New Species Texas Birds, 1841 (not paged).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 542.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus melanocephalus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 434
+(not the description of the young). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus melanocephalus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations, One Five">Ill. I,
+<span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>, 1854, 137, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>
+(the description, but perhaps not the figure).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill stout; upper and lower outlines very little curved downwards. Tail
+much graduated. Head and neck all round (this color extending down on the throat),
+tail, and wings black; rest of body, under wing-coverts, and middle and lesser upper
+coverts, yellow; more olivaceous on the back. An interrupted band across the ends of
+the greater wing-coverts, with the terminal half of the edges of the quills, white. Supposed
+female similar, but the colors less vivid. Length, 9.25; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.65;
+tarsus, 1.10.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, southward; Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 38);
+Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 132); Vera Cruz (temperate regions;
+<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society">M. B. S.</abbr>).</p>
+
+<p>This bird is perhaps rather a local race (larger as more boreal) of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I.
+melanocephalus</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_41" id="fnanchor_41"></a><a href="#footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></span>
+of Southern Mexico. The differences are indicated in the
+foot-note.</p>
+
+<p>The adult male of this species can be distinguished from the young male
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. prosthemelas</i> only by stouter and less decurved bill, stronger feet, and
+black instead of yellow middle wing-coverts.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_35.jpg"
+ width="auto" height="100%"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="35">XXXV</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-1" id="pl_35-1"></a><img src="images/pl_35-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Tamaulipas, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4063.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-2" id="pl_35-2"></a><img src="images/pl_35-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus wagleri</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>, 8089.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-3" id="pl_35-3"></a><img src="images/pl_35-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus cyanocephalus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Nevada, 53596.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-4" id="pl_35-4"></a><img src="images/pl_35-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1322.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-5" id="pl_35-5"></a><img src="images/pl_35-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Garry, 27046.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-6" id="pl_35-6"></a><img src="images/pl_35-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Tamaulipas, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4066.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-7" id="pl_35-7"></a><img src="images/pl_35-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus parisorum</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nuevo Leon, Mexico">N. Leon, Mex.</abbr>, 4056.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_35-8" id="pl_35-8"></a><img src="images/pl_35-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 35 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> France, 19020.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This handsome and rather recent addition to our fauna is a
+Northern Mexican species, which extends north to the valley of the Rio
+Grande and into Texas, from various localities in which it has been procured.
+Lt. D. N. Couch, who found this species common from the Lower Rio Grande
+to the Sierra Madre, speaks of the strong mutual attachment shown by the
+sexes. He describes its song as soft and melancholy, and the notes as resembling
+<i class="birdcall">peut-pou-it</i>. The sweetness of its notes renders it a favorite as a
+caged bird. In the State of Vera Cruz this bird is given by Sumichrast as
+inhabiting the temperate regions, and as there having exclusively their centre
+of propagation. They are very common in the district of Orizaba, where they
+<!--211.png--><!--Plate 35-->
+<!--212.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--213.png--><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 187]</span>
+breed. Their common name is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandria</i>, a name also given, without discrimination,
+to four or five other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteri</i> common in Vera Cruz.
+Mr. Pease, in 1847, observed either this species or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i> at
+Jalapa, and in the neighborhood of the city of Mexico, in considerable numbers.
+This bird was first described and brought to notice as belonging to
+our fauna, by Mr. Giraud, in 1841. Since then, Mr. John H. Clark, zoölogist
+on the Mexican Boundary Survey, obtained several specimens from the
+Lower Rio Grande. It was first seen by him near Ringgold Barracks. It
+was not abundant, and its quiet manners and secluded habits prevented it
+from being very conspicuous. It was most frequently observed by him
+feeding on the fruit of the hackberry, but whenever approached, while thus
+feeding, it always showed signs of uneasiness, and soon after sought refuge
+in some place of greater concealment.</p>
+
+<p>Usually pairs were to be seen keeping close together, apparently preferring
+the thick foliage found on the margin of ponds, or in the old bed of the
+river. They did not communicate with each other by any note, and Mr.
+Clark was struck with their remarkable silence. Their habits seemed to
+him very different from those of any other Oriole with which he was acquainted.</p>
+
+<p>From the papers of Lieutenant Couch, quoted by Mr. Cassin, we learn
+that these birds were seen by him, March 3, at Santa Rosalio, eight leagues
+from Matamoras. They were in pairs, and both sexes were very shy and
+secluded, seeking insects on the prickly pear, or among the low mimosa-trees,
+seeming to be never at rest, but ever on the lookout for their favorite
+food.</p>
+
+<p>While at Charco Escondido, farther in the interior of Tamaulipas, Lieutenant
+Couch met with a pair of these birds, and having brought down the
+male bird with his gun, the female flew to a neighboring tree, apparently
+unaware of her loss. She soon, however, observed his fall, and endeavored
+to recall him to her side with notes uttered in a strain of such exquisite
+sadness that he could scarcely believe them uttered by a bird; and so
+greatly did they excite his sympathy, that he almost resolved to desist from
+further ornithological collections. He adds that he never heard the lay of
+any songster of the feathered tribe expressed more sweetly than that of the
+present species. At Monterey he found it a favorite cage-bird. The female
+also sings, but her notes are less powerful than those of the male. Generally
+the flight of this bird was low and rapid, and it seemed to prefer the shade
+of trees. It was observed almost invariably in pairs, and the male and
+female showed for each other great tenderness and solicitude.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure .90 of an inch in length by .70 in
+breadth. Their ground-color is a light drab or a dull purplish-white, scattered
+over which are faint markings of a subdued purple, blending imperceptibly
+with the ground, and above these markings are dots and irregular
+zigzag lines of dark brown, and darker purple, almost running into black.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--214.png--><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 188]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus parisorum</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SCOTT’S ORIOLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus parisorum</i>,
+(“<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Academiae Bononiensis">Acad. Bonon.</abbr> 1836.”)&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society Five"><span class="sc">Bp.</span>
+Pr. Zoöl. Soc. V</abbr>, 1837, 109.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 544, <abbr title="plate 57, figure">pl. lvii, f.</abbr> 1;
+<abbr title="Mexican Boundary Two">Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 19, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr>
+1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> 1867, 54.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 276. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus parisorum</i>,
+<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 434. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus
+melanochrysura</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev.
+Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 105.&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus
+scotti</i>, <span class="sc">Couch</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII</abbr>,
+April, 1854, 66 (Coahuila).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill attenuated; not much decurved; tail moderately graduated. Head
+and neck all round, breast, interscapular region, wings, and tail, black. Under parts
+generally, hinder part of back to the tail, middle and lesser upper, and whole of lower
+wing-coverts, and base of the tail-feathers, gamboge-yellow; a band across the ends of
+the greater coverts, with the edges of the inner secondaries and tertiaries, white. Length,
+8.25; extent, 11.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.75; tarsus, .95.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Olivaceous above, the back with obsolete dusky streaks; rump and under
+parts yellowish, clouded with gray. Tail brownish-olive on upper surface, more yellow
+beneath; wings with two white bands.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of the Rio Grande; south to Guatemala. In Texas, found on the Pecos.
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Oaxaca, winter (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+1858, 303); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1860, 251); Vera Cruz,
+<abbr title="temperate">temp.</abbr> and alpine (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span>
+M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p>
+
+<p>The bill is slender and attenuated, very little decurved, much less so than
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>, slenderer and a little more decurved than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. baltimore</i>.
+The tail is moderately graduated, the outer feather .45 of an inch less than
+the middle.</p>
+
+<p>In this species the black feathers of the neck, except below, have a subterminal
+bar of yellow; elsewhere it is wanting. The black of the breast
+comes a little posterior to the anterior extremity of the folded wing. The
+posterior feathers in the yellow patch on the shoulders are tinged with white.
+The white in the bar across the ends of the greater coverts is confined
+mainly to the terminal quarter of an inch of the outer web. In the full
+plumage, there is only a faint trace of white on the edges of the primaries.
+The yellow of the base of the tail only extends on the middle feather as far
+as the end of the upper tail-coverts; on the three outer, it reaches to within
+an inch and a quarter of the end of the tail.</p>
+
+<p>An immature male has the yellow more tinged with green, the black feathers
+of the head and back olivaceous with a black spot.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary much in size; the more northern being the larger.</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus wagleri</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_42" id="fnanchor_42"></a><a href="#footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></span>
+is an allied species found just south of the Rio Grande
+by Lieutenant Couch, but not yet detected within our limits.</p>
+
+<p><!--215.png--><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 189]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> Notwithstanding the apparent abundance of the species at Cape
+<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and also in Northern Mexico along our entire border, as far as
+New Mexico and Texas, our knowledge of its history still remains quite incomplete.
+A single specimen was obtained in Western Texas on the Pecos
+River, by Captain Pope, in 1856. Others were obtained by Lieutenant
+Couch, April, 1853, at Santa Catarina, in Mexico. They were first seen by
+him in the vicinity of Monterey. They were found to be generally of secluded
+habits. Their song, consisting of three or four notes, is said to be
+both rich and melodious.</p>
+
+<p>In the State of Vera Cruz, this species is given by Sumichrast as occurring
+in both the temperate and the alpine regions. Its common name is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandria
+india</i>. They are said by him to occur chiefly in the temperate parts,
+where they breed, but not to be exclusively confined there, for they are also
+found in the alpine region to the height of at least five thousand feet, near
+Orizaba, and on the plateau at even a higher elevation. Dr. Cooper saw a
+bird at Fort Mohave, in April, which he supposed to be this bird, but he was
+not able to assure himself of the fact, by obtaining it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Xantus found this species very abundant during his stay at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas, and procured a number of specimens of the birds and of their nests
+and eggs. From his brief notes we gather that the nests are open, and are
+not pensile. One, found May 22, was built in a bunch of moss hanging
+<!--216.png--><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 190]</span>
+down from an old cactus. Another was made in a bunch of hops, suspended
+from a cactus. A third was placed in a bunch of weeds growing
+out from a crevice in a perpendicular rock. Another, found May 29, was
+built in a small dead tree, overhung with vines. This nest was about five
+feet from the ground. A nest containing four young birds was found placed
+in a bunch of moss, hanging out of a crevice in a rock. These instances
+serve to show the general character of the position of their nests. Without
+being pensile they are usually resting upon pendent branches, and are not
+placed at great elevations.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs measure .90 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth. Their shape
+is an oblong-oval, and they are obtuse at either end. Their ground-color is
+a dull white, with a purplish or a bluish tint. They are variously marked,
+in different eggs, with small blotches and finer dottings of a light purple,
+purplish-brown, darker purple, and even black.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ORCHARD ORIOLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus spurius</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 162.&mdash;<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 389
+(very inaccurate description;
+only identified by the references). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus spurius</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations on Nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. on Nom.
+Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 44.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 221; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 485
+<abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 46, <abbr title="plate 219">pl. ccxix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 547.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 346.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus varius</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 390. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ater</i>,
+<abbr title="Gmelin Systema"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst.</abbr> 1788, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>;
+1788, 83. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus castaneus</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>,
+<abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 181 (same citations as
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">O. varius</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus jugularis</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>,
+<abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 361 (same citations
+as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ater</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes solitaria</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.
+“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus nigricollis</i>,
+<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</i>,
+<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus mutatus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 64, <abbr title="plate four">pl. iv</abbr>,
+<abbr title="figures">f.</abbr> 1-4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus affinis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 113
+(small race from Texas). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus s.</i>,
+<abbr title="Cassin, Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.</abbr> 1867, 61.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus affinis</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span>
+Pr.</abbr> 1867, 61.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill slender, attenuated, considerably decurved; tail moderately graduated.
+<i class="sex">Male</i>, three years. Head and neck all round, wings, and interscapular region of back, with
+tail-feathers, black. Rest of under parts, lower part of back to tail, and lesser upper
+wing-coverts, with the lower one, brownish-chestnut. A narrow line across the wing,
+and the extreme outer edges of quills, white. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Uniform greenish-yellow beneath,
+olivaceous above, and browner in the middle of the back; two white bands on the wings.
+Young male of two years like the female, but with a broad black patch from the bill to
+the upper part of the breast, this color extending along the base of the bill so as to
+involve the eye and all anterior to it to the base of the bill, somewhat as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. cucullatus</i>.
+Length of Pennsylvania male specimens, 7.25; wing, 3.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States from the Atlantic to the high Central Plains, probably throughout
+Texas; south to Guatemala. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 365);
+Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 301);
+Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis,
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20; <abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>,
+104); Rio Atrato (<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr></abbr>
+1860, 140); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 8); Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 331);
+Cuba (<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>); Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, 1867, 142); Vera Cruz, winter (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>,);
+Mazatlan.</p>
+
+<p>This species varies greatly in size with its geographical distribution.</p>
+
+<p><!--217.png--><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 191]</span>
+Winter specimens from Mexico have the black obscured by brownish
+borders to the feathers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Orchard Oriole is found abundant throughout most of the
+United States, from the Atlantic to the Missouri Valley, and on the southwest
+to the valley of the Rio Grande. Mr. J. A. Allen met with individuals
+of this species as far west as the base of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado,
+which he regards as the extreme western limit. It is a very rare summer
+visitant in New England, though found even as far eastward as Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>
+It was not found in Western Maine by Verrill, nor am I aware of its having
+been met with in either New Hampshire or Vermont. Mr. Allen states that
+a few pairs breed every season near Springfield, in Western Massachusetts.
+I have never met with it in the eastern part of the State, but others have
+been more fortunate, and it is probable that a few visit us each season.</p>
+
+<p>In Texas Mr. Dresser found this species very common at San Antonio
+during the summer, arriving there quite early in April. He procured a number
+of their nests, all of which were made of light-colored flexible grasses,
+and suspended from the upper branches of the mesquite-trees. He also
+found them breeding near Houston, and on Galveston Island. He describes
+them as much smaller than birds from the Northern States. This smaller
+race Mr. Lawrence has regarded as a distinct species, to which he gives the
+name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</i>. It has been traced as far to the west as Fort Riley in Kansas,
+and Fort Lookout in Nebraska. It winters in Guatemala, where it is
+very abundant at that season. Mr. James McLeannan killed it as far south
+as Panama.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Elliott Coues considers this bird as rare and chiefly migrant in South
+Carolina; but Mr. H. S. Rodney (Naturalist, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr>, 1872) found them quite
+numerous at Camden, in that State, in the summer of 1871. He met with
+five nests between June 28 and July 19, and has no doubt he could have
+taken many more, as he counted at least fifteen different pairs. From the
+fact that Dr. Coues did not meet with any nest at Columbia, only thirty miles
+distant, Mr. Rodney infers that this Oriole is very partial to certain favored
+localities, as is also the Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>The Orchard Oriole is an active, sprightly, and very lively species, and
+possesses a very peculiar and somewhat remarkable song. Its notes are
+very rapidly enunciated, and are both hurried and energetic. Some writers
+speak of the song as confused, but this attribute is not in the utterance of
+the song, the musician manifesting anything but confusion in the rapid and
+distinct enunciation of his gushing notes. These may be too quick in their
+utterance for the listener to follow, but they are wonderful both for their
+rapidity and their harmony. His performance consists of shrill and lively
+notes, uttered with an apparent air of great agitation, and they are quite as
+distinct and agreeable, though neither so full nor so rich, as are those of the
+more celebrated Golden Robin.</p>
+
+<p>In the Central States, from New York to North Carolina, these birds are
+<!--218.png--><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span>
+not only very abundant, but very generally diffused. Hardly an orchard
+or a garden of any size can be found without them. They seem to prefer
+apple-trees for their abode, and for the construction of their nests. These
+structures, though essentially different, are, in their style of architecture,
+quite as curiously wrought and ingenious as those of the Baltimore. They
+are suspended from small twigs, often at the very extremity of the branches.
+In Pennsylvania they are usually formed externally of a peculiar kind of long,
+tough, and flexible grass. This material is woven through and through in a
+very wonderful manner, and with as much neatness and intricacy as if actually
+sewed with a needle. They are hemispherical in shape, open at the top,
+and generally about four inches in breadth and three deep. The cavity has
+a depth and a width of about two inches.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson states that, having had the curiosity to detach one of these fibres
+of dried grass from the nest, he found it thirteen inches in length, and that,
+in that distance, it had been hooked through and returned no less than thirty-four
+times! In this manner it was passed entirely around the nest. The
+nests are occasionally lined with wool or the down of seeds. The external
+portions are strongly fastened to several twigs, so that they may be blown
+about by the wind without being upset.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson also remarks that he observed that when these nests are built in
+the long pendent branches of the weeping-willow, where they are liable to
+much greater motion, though formed of the same materials, they are always
+made much deeper and of slighter texture. He regards this as a manifestation
+of a remarkable intelligence, almost equivalent to reason. The
+willow, owing to the greater density of its foliage, affords better shelter, and
+is preferred on that account, and owing to the great sweep, in the wind, of
+the branches, the eggs would be liable to be rolled out if the nest were of
+the usual depth; hence this adaptation to such positions.</p>
+
+<p>The food of the Orchard Oriole is almost exclusively insects. Of these
+it consumes a large number, and with them it also feeds its young.
+Most of these are of the kinds most obnoxious to the husbandman, preying
+upon the foliage, destroying the fruit, and otherwise injuring the trees,
+and their destroyers render an incalculable amount of benefit to the gardens
+they favor with their presence. At the same time they are entirely
+innocent of injury to crops of any description, and I cannot find that any
+accusations or expressions of suspicion have been raised against them. They
+seem to be, therefore, general favorites, and, wherever protected, evince their
+appreciation of this good-will by their familiarity and numbers.</p>
+
+<p>The female sits upon her eggs fourteen days, and the young remain in the
+nest about ten days longer. They are supposed to have occasionally two
+broods in a season, as nests with eggs are found the last of July. They
+are said to arrive in Pennsylvania about the first of May, and to leave before
+the middle of September.</p>
+
+<p>According to Wilson they are easily raised from the nest, and become very
+<!--219.png--><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 193]</span>
+tame and familiar. One that he kept through the winter, when two months
+old whistled with great clearness and vivacity.</p>
+
+<p>All the nests of this species that I have seen from Georgia, Florida,
+Louisiana, or Texas, have no lining, but are wholly made of one material,
+a flexible kind of reed or grass.</p>
+
+<p>The sociability of this species is one of its most marked characteristics.
+Audubon says that he has known no less than nine nests in the same enclosure,
+and all the birds living together in great harmony.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this bird, taken in Berlin, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, by Mr. Brandigee, has a diameter
+and a height of four inches. Its cavity is three inches in depth, and varies
+from three to three and a half in diameter, being widest at the centre, or
+half-way between the top and the base. It is entirely homogeneous, having
+been elaborately and skilfully woven of long green blades of grass. The
+inside is lined with animal wool, bits of yarn, and intermingled with a
+wooly substance of entirely vegetable origin. It was built from the extremity
+of the branch of an apple-tree.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species, from Washington, measures .85 of an inch in
+length by .62 in breadth. The ground is a pale bluish-white, blotched with
+a pale purple, and dashed, at the larger end, with a few deep markings of
+dark purplish-brown. An egg from New Mexico is similar, but measures
+.79 of an inch by .54. Both are oblong oval, and pointed at one end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HOODED ORIOLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>,
+1827, 436.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.
+V</abbr>, May, 1851, 116 (first introduced into fauna of United States).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Illustrations, One, two">Ill. I, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>,
+1853, 42, <abbr title="plate 8">pl. viii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 275.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+546. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus cucullatus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850,
+433.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.</abbr> 1867, 60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Both mandibles much curved. Tail much graduated. Wings, a rather
+narrow band across the back, tail, and a patch starting as a narrow frontal band, involving
+the eyes, anterior half of cheek, chin, and throat, and ending as a rounded patch on the
+upper part of breast, black. Rest of body orange-yellow. Two bands on the wing and
+the edges of the quills white. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the black patch of the throat; the upper
+parts generally yellowish-green, brown on the back, beneath yellowish. Length, 7.50;
+wing, 3.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of Lower Rio Grande, southward; Tucson, Arizona (<span class="sc">Dr. Palmer</span>);
+Lower California, Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 300);
+Guatemala? (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20); Cuba?
+(<abbr title="Lawrence Annals Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. VII</abbr>, 1860, 267);
+San Bernardino, California (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California">P. Cal.</abbr>, etc. 1861,
+122); Vera Cruz hot region (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553); Mazatlan.</p>
+
+<p>The orange varies greatly in tint and intensity with the individual;
+sometimes it is deep orange-red; often clear dull yellow, but more frequently
+of an oily orange.</p>
+
+<p>This species is closely allied to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. aurocapillus</i> of South America, but
+<!--220.png--><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 194]</span>
+differs in having black, not yellow, shoulders, and in the white markings on
+the wings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Hooded Oriole is essentially a Mexican species, though it
+also extends northward into Texas at the Rio Grande, and into Southern
+California and Arizona. It was not noticed by Dr. Coues in Arizona, but
+Lieutenant Charles Bendire found it breeding near Tucson in the summer
+of 1872. It is abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Dr. Cooper found that this
+species arrived at San Diego about April 22, where they were not rare for
+a fortnight afterwards, and all then retired into the warmer interior valleys,
+where he has seen them as far to the north as Los Angeles. While migrating,
+they were generally silent.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McCown found it quite common on the Rio Grande, where it
+rears its young. When met with in the woods and far away from the
+abodes of men, it seemed shy and disposed to conceal itself. Yet a pair of
+these birds were his constant visitors, morning and evening. They came
+to the vicinity of his quarters&mdash;an unfinished building&mdash;at Ringgold Barracks,
+and at last became so tame and familiar that they would pass from
+some ebony-trees, that stood near by, to the porch, clinging to the shingles
+and rafters, frequently in an inverted position, prying into the holes and
+crevices, apparently in search of spiders and such insects as could be found
+there. From this occupation they would occasionally desist, to watch his
+movements. He never could induce them to partake of the food he offered
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch found this species common in the states of Tamaulipas
+and New Leon. He found their nests generally on or under the tops of
+the palm known as the Spanish bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>This species is given by Mr. Sumichrast as one of the birds of Vera Cruz,
+where it is exclusively an inhabitant of the hot region, and where it is rarely
+found above an elevation of eighteen hundred feet.</p>
+
+<p>These birds were found quite abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California,
+by Mr. Xantus, by whom a number of their nests and eggs were obtained.
+The following brief memoranda in regard to a few of these nests will serve
+to show their general position:&mdash;“Nest and two eggs, found May 20, about
+ten feet from the ground, woven to a small aloe, in a bunch of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acacia
+prosopis</i>. Nest and two eggs, found May 22, on a dry tree overhung with
+hops. Nest and one egg, found May 30, on an acacia, about fifteen feet
+from the ground. Nest with young, found on an aloe four feet high.
+Nest and eggs, found on a moss hanging out of a perpendicular bluff, on
+the sea-coast. Nest and eggs found on a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yucca angustifolia</i>, on its stem,
+six feet from the ground. Nest and two eggs, found in a convolvulus,
+on a perpendicular rock fifty feet high. Nest and three eggs, found on an
+acacia, twenty-five feet high.”</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species vary somewhat in shape, some being obtuse and
+more spherical, others more pointed and oblong. They vary in length from
+<!--221.png--><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 195]</span>
+.92 to .88 of an inch, and from .68 to .65 of an inch in breadth. They
+have a clear white ground, marbled and blotched with large dashes, dots, and
+irregular zigzag lines of purple, brown, and black, chiefly disposed around
+the larger end. In those where the spots are more diffused they are blended
+with obscure blotches of a faint lavender.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</b>, <span class="sc">Daudin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BALTIMORE ORIOLE; GOLDEN ROBIN; HANG-NEST.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus baltimore</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1766, 162.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>,
+1808, 23, <abbr title="plate 1">pl. i</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Six"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+VI</abbr>, 1812, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus baltimore</i>,
+<abbr title="Daudin"><span class="sc">Daud.</span></abbr>”&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 66;
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 278, <abbr title="plates 12 and 423">pls. xii. and ccccxxiii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 37, <abbr title="plate 217">pl. ccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 548.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>,
+<abbr title="Exotic Ornithology One">Ex. Orn. I</abbr>, 69, 188 (diagnosis).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+348. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes baltimore</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Galerie des Oiseaux 1">Gal. des Ois. I</abbr>, 1824, 124, <abbr title="plate 87">pl.
+lxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius baltimore</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 26. <cite>Le Baltimore</cite>,
+<abbr title="Buffon, planches enluminéz"><span class="sc">Buff.</span> pl. enl.</abbr> 506,
+<abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes b.</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span class="sc">Cass.</span>
+Pr.</abbr> 1867, 62.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail nearly even. Head all round and to middle of back, scapulars, wings,
+and upper surface of tail, black; rest of under parts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser
+wing-coverts, with terminal portion of tail-feathers (except two innermost), orange-red.
+Edges of wing-quills, with a band across the tips of the greater coverts, white. Length,
+7.50 inches; wing, 3.75.</p>
+
+<p class="small">The female much less brilliant in color; the black of the head and back generally
+replaced by brownish-yellow, purer on the throat; each feather with a black spot.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+From Atlantic coast to the high Central Plains, and in their borders; south
+to Panama. Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 365);
+Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20);
+Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 10); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr>
+1861, 7; <abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 104);
+Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr>
+1861, 331); Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 142);
+Mosquito Coast (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> &amp; <abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1867, 279);
+Vera Cruz (autumn, <abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p>
+
+<p>A young bird is soft, dull orange beneath, palest on the throat, and tinged
+along the sides with olive; above olive, with an orange cast on the rump and
+tail, the latter being without any black; centres of dorsal feathers blackish;
+wings blackish, with two broad white bands across coverts, and broad edges
+of white to the tertials.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens collected in Western Kansas, by Mr. J. A. Allen, have the
+middle wing-coverts pure white instead of deep orange, and, according to
+that naturalist, have more slender bills than Eastern birds. Mr. Allen thinks
+they form a race peculiar to the plains; but in examining the series of specimens
+in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, we have failed to discover
+any constancy in this respect. A male (5,356, Farm <abbr title="Island">Isl.</abbr>, May 30) from
+Nebraska has the middle wing-coverts pure white,&mdash;the lesser, clear orange;
+the black throat-stripe is almost separated from the black of the cheeks by
+the extension forward of the orange on each side of it, only the tips of the
+feathers being black.</p>
+
+<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 61,192 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mount Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr> (August 12), has the throat-stripe even
+more isolated, being connected anteriorly for only about a quarter of an inch
+with the black of the jaw; there is also a distinct indication of an orange
+<!--222.png--><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 196]</span>
+superciliary stripe, mostly concealed, however, by the black tips of the
+feathers. The middle coverts, like the lesser, are pure plain orange.</p>
+
+<p>A male from Cape May, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr> (59,458, May), has the middle coverts white,
+and the lesser wholly uniform black. The head, however, is as in typical
+specimens.</p>
+
+<p>In a series of twenty adult spring males from Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, seven have
+the middle coverts more or less white. But it is noticed that all these specimens
+with white middle coverts have invariably less intense colors than
+those with orange shoulders, while in the Kansas specimens the other colors
+are of the brightest character.</p>
+
+<p>A male from Washington (12,317, May 6) is exactly similar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The familiar Baltimore Oriole, the Golden Robin of the New
+England States, is found throughout eastern North America, at various seasons,
+from Texas to the British Possessions, and from the Atlantic to the
+plains. It is, however, for the most part, not common beyond the Mississippi
+River. It has been traced as far to the north as the 55th parallel
+of latitude, and probably breeds more or less abundantly in every State
+east of the Mississippi River. It is rare in Florida, and is not given by
+Mr. Allen as known to that State, but I have received its nest and eggs
+from Monticello in West Florida. The Smithsonian Museum embraces
+specimens from as far west as Powder River and the Yellowstone.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen (<abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, June, 1872) mentions finding this species
+at the base of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, which he regards as its
+extreme western limit. In Kansas he found this species, as well as the
+Orchard Oriole, abundant, the Baltimore indulging in a dialect so different
+from that of its northern relatives as often to puzzle him to make out to
+what bird its strange notes belonged. Its colors were also unusually bright
+in all the specimens he examined.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boardman gives it as very rare at Calais, but Professor Verrill thinks
+it common in Western Maine. It is abundant throughout the southern
+and central portions of Vermont, and New Hampshire, and in all New York.
+It is a common summer resident at Hamilton, Ontario, where it arrives the
+second week in May. It was found on the plains of the Saskatchewan by
+Captain Blakiston.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser states it to have been abundant at Matamoras, where it was
+breeding, though he was too late for its eggs. He saw none at San Antonio,
+but Mr. J. H. Clark was more fortunate. Numbers of them, he states, were
+seen nesting in the mesquite-trees on the prairies, at which time they
+were very musical, having sometimes as many as three nests in the same
+tree. These were all built of fine grass, among the top branches, and interwoven
+with the leaves. Dr. Woodhouse found it quite common in the
+Indian Territory and in Eastern Texas. Specimens of this species were
+taken by Mr. James M. Leannan, at Panama, which is presumed to be the
+most southern locality on record for this bird.</p>
+
+<p><!--223.png--><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span>
+The Baltimore Oriole is one of the most common birds nearly throughout
+New England. Gay and brilliant in plumage, interesting and lively in manners
+and habits, and a vocalist of rare power, with pathos, beauty, and
+variety in his notes, this bird has been, and would still be, a great favorite,
+but for its transgressions among the pea-vines of our gardens. He makes
+his appearance with exemplary punctuality, seeming regardless of the prematureness
+or tardiness of the season. Rarely does the 10th of May pass
+without the sound of his welcome notes, and rarely, if ever, does he come
+sooner.</p>
+
+<p>Their period of song is not a long one, but soon terminates, as family
+cares increase and the tender broods require an undivided attention.
+Early in July this Oriole ceases to favor the world with those remarkable
+notes that seldom fail to attract attention by their peculiarity, and to excite
+admiration by their rich and full-toned melody.</p>
+
+<p>When the male Baltimores first arrive, they come unaccompanied by their
+mates. At this time their notes are unusually loud, and their voices seem
+shrill. Their song appears to partake somewhat of the nature of tender
+lamentations and complaining. At this period they are very active and
+restless, moving rapidly through the branches of the trees, just opening into
+leaf and blossom, searching busily for the insects which then form their
+principal food. When, a few days after their arrival, they are joined by the
+females, the whole character of their song changes, which becomes a lower-toned,
+richer, and more pleasing refrain. During their love-season their
+resonant and peculiarly mellow whistle resounds in every garden and orchard,
+along the highways of our villages, and in the parks and public squares of
+our cities.</p>
+
+<p>Nuttall, generally very felicitous in expressing by verbal equivalents the
+notes of various species of our song-birds, describes the notes of its song as
+running thus, <i class="birdcall">Tshippe-tshayia-too-too-tshippe-tshippe-too-too</i>, with several other
+very similar modifications and variations. But these characters give a very
+inadequate idea of their song. It must be heard to be appreciated, and no
+description can do justice to its beauties. The notes are of an almost endless
+variety, and each individual has his own special variations. The
+female, too, has her own peculiar and very pretty notes, which she incessantly
+warbles as she weaves her curiously elaborate nest.</p>
+
+<p>To agriculturists this Oriole renders immense service in the destruction
+of vast numbers of highly injurious insects; among the most noteworthy of
+these are the common canker-worm and the tent caterpillars, both great
+pests to orchards. These benefits far more than compensate for its annoying
+attacks on the pods of esculent peas, the only sin that can rightfully be
+brought against it, except, perhaps, the acts of theft committed against other
+birds, in seizing upon and appropriating to it materials collected by smaller
+birds for their nests.</p>
+
+<p>The Baltimore Orioles are devoted, faithful, and courageous parents, resolutely
+<!--224.png--><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 198]</span>
+defending their young when in danger, and exposing themselves fearlessly
+to danger and to death rather than forsake them. If their young are
+taken and caged, the parents follow them, and, if permitted, will continue to
+feed them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway mentions an instance where the female entered her nest
+while he was in the act of severing the limb from which it was suspended,
+and persisted in remaining there until the nest had been cut off and taken
+into the house. One of these birds, reared from the nest by a family in
+Worcester, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, became perfectly domesticated, was allowed full liberty,
+and even when taken by the married daughter of its mistress, perched on
+her finger, through the open grounds to her own house, made no attempt to
+escape. It delighted in occasional acts of mischief, especially in putting its
+pointed bill through the meshes of the lace curtains, and then opening its
+beak, seeming to enjoy the sound produced by tearing the threads.</p>
+
+<p>In the construction of its nest the Oriole displays great skill and ingenuity.
+This structure is a pendulous and nearly cylindrical pouch, suspended
+from the extremity of some hanging branch. It is constructed by means of
+the interweaving of the natural filaments of several flaxlike plants into a
+homogeneous fabric of great strength, and admirably adapted to its purpose.
+A nest of this species from West Florida, as well as the one figured by Audubon,
+was made entirely of the long moss (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tillandsia usneoides</i>) so abundant
+in Southern forests.</p>
+
+<p>The young birds, before they can fly, climb to the edge of the nest, and
+are liable, in sudden tempests, to be thrown out. If uninjured, they are
+good climbers, and by means of wings, bill, and claws, are often able to
+reach places of safety. In one instance a fledgling, which had broken both
+legs, and was placed in a basket to be fed by its parents, managed, by wings
+and bill, to raise itself to the rim, and in a few days took its departure.</p>
+
+<p>The parents feed their young chiefly with caterpillars, which they apparently
+swallow and then disgorge for this purpose. In confinement they feed
+readily on soaked bread and fruit, and are especially fond of figs. They are
+soon reconciled to confinement, become very docile and even playful, sing
+readily, and will even come at a given signal and alight on the finger of
+their master.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Baltimore are usually five and rarely six in number.
+They are of an oblong-oval shape, pointed at one end, and measure .91 of an
+inch in length by .60 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, with a slight
+roseate tinge when fresh, fading into a bluish shade in time. They are all
+variously marked, dotted, and marbled, with spots, blotches, and irregular
+waving lines of purplish-brown. These markings are of greatly varying
+shades, from a light purple to almost complete blackness, only perceptibly
+purplish in a strong light.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--225.png--><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 199]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BULLOCK’S ORIOLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus bullocki</i>,
+<abbr title="Swainson Synopsis Mexican Birds,"><span class="sc">Sw.</span>
+Syn. Mex. Birds</abbr>, Taylor’s <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>,
+1827, 436. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius
+bullocki</i>, <abbr title="Richardson Report British Association"><span class="sc">Rich.</span>
+Rep. Brit. Assoc.</abbr> 1837. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 9, <abbr title="plates 388 and 433">pls. ccclxxxviii and
+ccccxxxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 43, <abbr title="plate 218">pl.
+ccxviii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 87.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+549.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Caban. J. VI</abbr>,
+1858, 259.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 121.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper
+&amp; Suckley</span>, 209.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>,
+<abbr title="Exotic Ornithology One">Ex. Orn. I</abbr>, 1869, 188 (diagnosis).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 273.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius auricollis</i>,
+<abbr title="Maximilian Reise Nord-Amerikas One"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span> Reise Nordam. I</abbr>, 1839, 367
+(Fort Pierre, <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes b.</i>,
+<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr></abbr>
+1867, 62.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 52
+(nest).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail very slightly graduated. Upper part of the head and neck, back,
+wings, two central tail-feathers, line from base of bill through the eye to the black of the
+nape, and a line from the base of the bill running to a point on the throat, black. Under
+parts generally, sides of head and neck, forehead and line over the eye, rest of tail-feathers,
+rump, and upper tail-coverts, yellow-orange. A broad band on the wings,
+involving the greater and middle coverts, and the outer edges of the quills, white.
+Young male with the black replaced by greenish-yellow, that on the throat persistent;
+female without this. The first plumage of the young differs from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i> in
+being more whitish beneath; lighter olive above, and without dark spots on back; white
+of middle and greater coverts connected by white edges of the latter. Length, about
+7.50 inches; wing, 3.80.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains to the Pacific; rare on Upper Missouri; south into Mexico.
+City of Mexico (<abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. &amp; Salv.</span></abbr> 1869, 362).</p>
+
+<p>A closely allied Mexican species is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. abeillei</i> of Lesson, differing principally
+in having the sides and rump black.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Bullock’s Oriole, the western counterpart of the eastern Baltimore,
+is found throughout the Pacific shore, from the great Central Plains to
+the ocean, and from Washington Territory to Mexico. It is not given by
+Sumichrast as occurring in Vera Cruz, where its place is taken, as a migrant,
+by the Baltimore. It was not noticed by Mr. Dresser on the Rio Grande,
+but in Arizona it was found by Dr. Coues to be a common summer resident.
+It was there seen to frequent, almost exclusively, the willows and cottonwoods
+of the creek-bottoms. To the small twigs of these trees its pensile
+nests were usually attached. It is said to arrive in Arizona late in April,
+and to remain there nearly through September.</p>
+
+<p>In the survey of the Mexican boundary Dr. Kennerly met with this
+species in passing through Guadaloupe cañon, where it was often seen, but
+it was observed at no other point on the route. It seemed to prefer the
+low bushes on the hillside to the large trees. In its motions it was quick
+and restless, passing rapidly from bush to bush.</p>
+
+<p>In Washington Territory this species is stated by Dr. Suckley to be more
+abundant in the sparsely wooded districts of the eastern base of the Cascade
+Mountains than in the Coast Range. He found it exceedingly abundant at
+Fort Dalles and along the eastern base of Mt. Adams. They arrive about
+<!--226.png--><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 200]</span>
+the 15th of May, and were very common among the low oaks of that region.
+He speaks of its song as very pleasant, and especially melodious early in the
+morning, when the bird is generally perched on the sunny side or top of
+an oak.</p>
+
+<p>At Puget Sound, according to Dr. Cooper, these birds do not arrive until
+the beginning of June, and are at no time very common there. He describes
+their habits as similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, they being shy and difficult to
+discover among the foliage. Their song is more like that of the Baltimore,
+loud, clear, and varied.</p>
+
+<p>In his Report on the birds of California, Dr. Cooper states that these birds
+arrive at San Diego, from the south, about March 1; but at Fort Mohave, one
+hundred and sixty miles farther north, he saw none until a month later.
+Like the Baltimore Oriole, they resort to the open roads, gardens, and
+orchards, putting themselves under the protection of man, and repaying him
+both by their sweet melody and their usefulness in destroying insects. They
+keep chiefly in the trees and rarely descend to the ground, except to collect
+materials for their nests. These are suspended from the end of a branch,
+and are constructed of fibrous grasses, horse-hairs, strings, bits of rags, wool,
+hempen fibres of plants, etc. At times only a single material is used, such
+as horse-hair. These nests are neatly and closely interwoven in the form of
+a deep bag or purse, and are suspended by the edges from the forks of a
+branch, near its end. They have usually a depth of about four or five
+inches, and a diameter of about three or three and a half. In most cases
+they are largely made of the flaxen fibres of wild hempen plants, and by
+strings of this are firmly bound around the ends of the twigs to which
+they are suspended. They are lined within with fine, soft vegetable down.
+In some nests the inner bark of the silkweed largely predominates.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that the eggs of Bullock’s Oriole are, in number, from
+four to six. He describes them as bluish-white, with scattered, winding
+streaks and hair-lines of black and reddish-brown near the larger end,
+measuring .98 by .60 of an inch. In the southern half of California they
+are laid in the first or second week of May. At Santa Cruz, in 1866, he did
+not observe any of this species until April 3.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen did not meet with this species in Western Kansas, and it is not
+included in his list of birds observed by him near Fort Hays. At Ogden
+and Salt Lake City, in Utah, which he reached the first of September, Bullock’s
+Oriole had already migrated southward.</p>
+
+<p>In all the fertile portions of the country west of the plains, Mr. Ridgway
+found Bullock’s Oriole&mdash;the western representative of the Baltimore&mdash;extremely
+abundant. In May, when the valley of the Truckee, near Pyramid
+Lake, was visited, he observed great numbers feeding upon the buds of the
+grease-wood, in company with the Louisiana Tanager and the Black-headed
+Grosbeaks. In certain localities there was scarcely a tree that did not contain
+one or more nests of these birds, and as many as five have been found in
+<!--227.png--><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span>
+a single tree. Although constructed in a manner almost precisely similar to
+those of the common eastern species, its nest is less frequently pendulous,
+being in many cases fixed between the upright twigs near the top of the tree.
+It is, however, not unfrequently suspended, like that of the Baltimore, from
+the extremity of a drooping branch, though very rarely in so beautiful
+a manner. The notes of this Oriole, which are similar to those of the
+Baltimore, are neither so distinct, so mellow, nor so strong, and their effect
+is quite different from that produced by the splendid mellow whistling of
+the eastern species; and the mellow, rolling chatter so characteristic of the
+latter is not so full in the western species, and generally ends in a sharp
+<i class="birdcall">chow</i>, much like the curious mewing of an <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</i>. He regards Bullock’s
+Oriole as altogether a less attractive species.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lord found this bird by no means an abundant species in British
+Columbia. Those that were seen seemed to prefer the localities where the
+scrub-oaks grew, to the pine regions. He found their long, pendulous nests
+suspended from points of oak branches, without any attempt at concealment.
+He never met with any of these birds north of Fraser’s River, and very
+rarely east of the Cascades. A few stragglers visited his quarters at Colville,
+arriving late in May and leaving early in September, the males usually preceding
+the females three or four days.</p>
+
+<p>On the Shasta Plains Mr. Lord noticed, in the nesting of this bird, a
+singular instance of the readiness with which birds alter their habits under
+difficulties. A solitary oak stood by a little patch of water, both removed
+by many miles from other objects of the kind. Every available branch and
+spray of this tree had one of the woven nests of this brilliant bird hanging
+from it, though hardly known to colonize elsewhere in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues, in an interesting paper on the habits of this species in the
+Naturalist for November, 1871, states that its nests, though having a general
+resemblance in their style of architecture, differ greatly from one another,
+usually for obvious reasons, such as their situation, the time taken for their
+construction, and even the taste and skill of the builders. He describes one
+nest, built in a pine-tree, in which, in a very ingenious manner, these birds
+bent down the long, straight, needle-like leaves of the stiff, terminal branchlets,
+and, tying their ends together, made them serve as the upper portion
+of the nest, and a means of attachment. This nest was nine inches long
+and four in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>Another nest, described by the same writer, was suspended from the forked
+twig of an oak, and draped with its leaves, almost to concealment. It had
+an unusual peculiarity of being arched over and roofed in at the top, with a
+dome of the same material as the rest of the nest, and a small round hole on
+one side, just large enough to admit the birds.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this Oriole are slightly larger than those of the Baltimore, and
+their ground-color is more of a creamy-white, yet occasionally with a distinctly
+bluish tinge. They are marbled and marked with irregular lines and
+<!--228.png--><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 202]</span>
+tracings of dark umber-brown, deepening almost into black, but never so
+deep as in the eggs of the eastern species. These marblings vary constantly
+and in a remarkable degree; in some they are almost entirely wanting. They
+measure .90 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Icterinæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Quiscalinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">QUISCALINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_228.jpg"
+ width="250" height="147"
+ alt="Illustration: Scolecophagus ferrugineus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">16775</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill rather attenuated, as long as or longer than the head. The culmen curved,
+the tip much bent down. The
+cutting edges inflected so as
+to impart a somewhat tubular
+appearance to each mandible.
+The commissure sinuated. Tail
+longer than the wings, usually
+much graduated. Legs longer
+than the head, fitted for walking.
+Color of males entirely
+black with lustrous reflections.</p>
+
+<p>The bill of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</i>
+is very different from
+that of the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, and is readily recognized by the tendency to a
+rounding inward along the cutting edges, rendering the width in a cross
+section of the bill considerably less along the commissure than above or
+below. The culmen is more curved than in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i>. All the North
+American species have the iris white.</p>
+
+<p>The only genera in the United States are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus.</b> Tail shorter than the wings; nearly even. Bill shorter than the
+head.</p>
+
+<p><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus.</b> Tail longer than the wings; much graduated. Bill as long as or longer
+than the head.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SCOLECOPHAGUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831.
+(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus ferrugineus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill shorter than the head, rather slender, the edges inflexed as in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, which it otherwise greatly resembles; the commissure sinuated. Culmen
+rounded, but not flattened. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. Tail even, or slightly
+rounded.</p>
+
+<p>The above characteristics will readily distinguish the genus from its allies.
+The form is much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>. The bill, however, is more attenuated,
+the culmen curved and slightly sinuated. The bend at the base of the
+commissure is shorter. The culmen is angular at the base posterior to the
+nostrils, instead of being much flattened, and does not extend so far behind.
+The two North American species may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="center small">
+<!--229.png--><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 203]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ferrugineus.</b> Bill slender; height at base not .4 the total length. Color of male
+black, with faint purple reflection over whole body; wings, tail, and abdomen glossed
+slightly with green. Autumnal specimens with feathers broadly edged with castaneous
+rusty. <i class="sex">Female</i> brownish dusky slate, without gloss; no trace of light superciliary stripe.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. cyanocephalus.</b> Bill stout; height at base nearly .5 the total length. Color black,
+with green reflections over whole body. Head only glossed with purple. Autumnal
+specimens, feathers edged very indistinctly with umber-brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> dusky-brown,
+with a soft gloss; a decided light superciliary stripe.</p>
+
+<p>Cuba possesses a species referred to this genus (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. atroviolaceus</i>), though
+it is not strictly congeneric with the two North American ones. It differs
+in lacking any distinct membrane above the nostril, and in having the bill
+not compressed laterally, as well as in being much stouter. The plumage
+has a soft silky lustre; the general color black, with rich purple or violet
+lustre. The female similarly colored to the male.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUSTY BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus ferrugineus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 393, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>
+43.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 176.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula ferruginea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 41, <abbr title="plate 21, figure">pl. xxi, f.</abbr> 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus ferrugineus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 46.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 199.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 315; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 483, <abbr title="plate 147">pl. cxlvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Synopsis, 1839, 146.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 65, <abbr title="plate 222">pl.
+ccxxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Caban. J.
+VI</abbr>, 1858, 204. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 286.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List,
+1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N.
+Am.</abbr> 1858, 551.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1861, 225.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 412.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>,
+1869, 285 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Oriolus niger</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1788, 393, <abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 4, 5 (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+350.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 291.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus niger</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 423.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 195.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Oriolus fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema One">Syst. I</abbr>,
+1788, 393, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 44 (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus
+hudsonius</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 818.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus noveboracensis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 818. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus labradorius</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 832.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span>
+Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 342 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradorus</i>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus ater</i>,
+<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire">Nouv. Dict.</abbr>”
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes virescens</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> (Appendix, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus</i> 9).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Turdus</i> <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22
+from Severn River, <span class="sc">Forster</span> <abbr title="Forster Philosophical Transactions 62"> Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 400.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill slender; shorter than the head; about equal to the hind toe; its height
+not quite two fifths the total length. Wing nearly an inch longer than the tail; second
+quill longest; first a little shorter than the fourth. Tail slightly graduated; the lateral
+feathers about a quarter of an inch shortest. General color black, with purple reflections;
+the wings, under tail-coverts, and hinder part of the belly, glossed with green.
+In autumn the feathers largely edged with ferruginous or brownish, so as to change the
+appearance entirely. Spring female dull, opaque plumbeous or ashy-black; the wings and
+tail sometimes with a green lustre. Young like autumnal birds. Length of male, 9.50;
+wing, 4.75; tail, 4.00. Female smaller.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+From Atlantic coast to the Missouri. North to Arctic regions. In Alaska on
+the Yukon, at Fort Kenai, and Nulato.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_230.jpg"
+ width="250" height="251"
+ alt="Illustration: Scolecophagus ferrugineus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Rusty Blackbird is an eastern species, found from the Atlantic
+<!--230.png--><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 204]</span>
+to the Missouri River, and from Louisiana and Florida to the Arctic
+regions. In a large portion of the United States it is only known as a
+migratory species, passing rapidly through in early spring, and hardly
+making a longer stay in the fall. Richardson states that the summer
+range of this bird extends to the
+68th parallel, or as far as the woods
+extend. It arrives at the Saskatchewan
+in the end of April, and at
+Great Bear Lake, latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, by
+the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of May. They come in pairs,
+and for a time frequent the sandy
+beaches of secluded lakes, feeding
+on coleopterous insects. Later in
+the season they are said to make
+depredations upon the grain-fields.</p>
+
+<p>They pass through Massachusetts
+from the 8th of March to the first of
+April, in irregular companies, none of
+which make any stay, but move hurriedly
+on. They begin to return early in October, and are found irregularly
+throughout that month. They are unsuspicious and easily approached, and
+frequent the streams and edges of ponds during their stay.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boardman states that these birds are common near Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, arriving
+there in March, some remaining to breed. In Western Massachusetts, according
+to Mr. Allen, they are rather rare, being seen only occasionally in
+spring and fall as stragglers, or in small flocks. Mr. Allen gives as their
+arrival the last of September, and has seen them as late as November 24.
+They also were abundant in Nova Scotia. Dr. Coues states that in South
+Carolina they winter from November until March.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are said to sing during pairing-time, and become nearly silent
+while rearing their young, but in the fall resume their song. Nuttall has
+heard them sing until the approach of winter. He thinks their notes are
+quite agreeable and musical, and much more melodious than those of the
+other species.</p>
+
+<p>During their stay in the vicinity of Boston, they assemble in large numbers,
+to roost in the reed marshes on the edges of ponds, and especially in
+those of Fresh Pond, Cambridge. They feed during the day chiefly on grasshoppers
+and berries, and rarely molest the grain.</p>
+
+<p>According to Wilson, they reach Pennsylvania early in October, and at
+this period make Indian corn their principal food. They leave about the
+middle of November. In South Carolina he found them numerous around
+the rice plantations, feeding about the hog-pens and wherever they could
+procure corn. They are easily domesticated, becoming very familiar in a few
+days, and readily reconciled to confinement.</p>
+
+<p><!--231.png--><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span>
+In the District of Columbia, Dr. Coues found the Rusty Grakle an abundant
+and strictly gregarious winter resident, arriving there the third week in
+October and remaining until April, and found chiefly in swampy localities,
+but occasionally also in ploughed fields.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon found these birds during the winter months, as far south as
+Florida and Lower Louisiana, arriving there in small flocks, coming in company
+with the Redwings and Cowbirds, and remaining associated with them
+until the spring. At this season they are also found in nearly all the Southern
+and Western States. They appear fond of the company of cattle, and
+are to be seen with them, both in the pasture and in the farm-yard. They
+seem less shy than the other species. They also frequent moist places,
+where they feed upon aquatic insects and small snails, for which they search
+among the reeds and sedges, climbing them with great agility.</p>
+
+<p>In their habits they are said to resemble the Redwings, and, being equally
+fond of the vicinity of water, they construct their nests in low trees and
+bushes in moist places. Their nests are said to be similarly constructed,
+but smaller than those of the Redwings. In Labrador Mr. Audubon found
+them lined with mosses instead of grasses. In Maine they begin to lay
+about the first of June, and in Labrador about the 20th, and raise only one
+brood in a season.</p>
+
+<p>The young, when first able to fly, are of a nearly uniform brown color.
+Their nests, according to Audubon, are also occasionally found in marshes
+of tall reeds of the <i class="plantname">Typha</i>, to the stalks of which they are firmly attached
+by interweaving the leaves of the plant with grasses and fine strips of bark.
+A friend of the same writer, residing in New Orleans, found one of these
+birds, in full plumage and slightly wounded, near the city. He took it
+home, and put it in a cage with some Painted Buntings. It made no attempt
+to molest his companions, and they soon became good friends. It
+sang during its confinement, but the notes were less sonorous than when
+at liberty. It was fed entirely on rice.</p>
+
+<p>The memoranda of Mr. MacFarlane show that these birds are by no means
+uncommon near Fort Anderson. A nest, found June 12, on the branch of a
+spruce, next to the trunk, was eight feet from the ground. Another nest,
+containing one egg and a young bird, was in the midst of a branch of a pine,
+five feet from the ground. The parents endeavored to draw him from their
+nest, and to turn his attention to themselves. A third, found June 22, contained
+four eggs, and was similarly situated. The eggs contained large
+embryos. Mr. MacFarlane states that whenever a nest of this species is
+approached, both parents evince great uneasiness, and do all in their power,
+by flying from tree to tree in its vicinity, to attract one from the spot. They
+are spoken of as moderately abundant at Fort Anderson, and as having been
+met with as far east as the Horton River. He was also informed by the
+Eskimos that they extend along the banks of the Lower Anderson to the
+very borders of the woods.</p>
+
+<p><!--232.png--><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 206]</span>
+Mr. Dall states that these Blackbirds arrive at Nulato about May 20, where
+they are tolerably abundant and very tame. They breed later than some
+other birds, and had not begun to lay before he left, the last of May. Eggs
+were procured at Fort Yukon by Mr. Lockhart, and at Sitka by Mr. Bischoff.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these localities, this bird was found breeding in the Barren Grounds
+of Anderson River in 69<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> north latitude, on the Arctic coast at Fort Kenai,
+by Mr. Bischoff, and at Fort Simpson, Fort Rae, and Peel River. It has
+been found breeding at Calais by Mr. Boardman, and at Halifax by Mr.
+W. G. Winton.</p>
+
+<p>Eggs sent from Fort Yukon, near the mouth of the Porcupine River, by
+Mr. S. Jones, are of a rounded-oval shape, measuring 1.03 inches in length
+by .75 in breadth. In size, shape, ground-color, and color of their markings,
+they are hardly distinguishable from some eggs of Brewer’s Blackbird, though
+generally different. All I have seen from Fort Yukon have a ground-color
+of very light green, very thickly covered with blotches and finer dottings of
+a mixture of ferruginous and purplish-brown. In some the blotches are
+larger and fewer than in others, and in all these the purple shading predominates.
+One egg, more nearly spherical than the rest, measures .98 by .82.
+None have any waving lines, as in all other Blackbird’s eggs. Two from
+near Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, measure 1.02 by .75 of an inch, have a ground of light
+green, only sparingly blotched with shades of purplish-brown, varying from
+light to very dark hues, but with no traces of lines or marbling.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Boardman, these birds are found during the summer
+months about Calais, but they are not common. Only a few remain of
+those that come in large flocks in the early spring. They pass along about
+the last of April, the greater proportions only tarrying a short time; but in
+the fall they stay from five to eight weeks. They nest in the same places
+with the Redwing Blackbirds, and their nests are very much alike. In early
+summer they have a very pretty note, which is never heard in the fall.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus cyanocephalus</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BREWER’S BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius cyanocephalus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 758. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus
+cyanocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 193.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 552.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866,
+413.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>,
+53.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 209.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870,
+278. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Animals in Menageries, Two Centenaries and a Quarter">Anim. in Men. 2¼ cent.</abbr>
+1838, 302.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 423.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. and Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R. Surv.
+VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 86. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus breweri</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>,
+1843, 345, <abbr title="plate 492">pl. ccccxcii</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill stout, quiscaline, the commissure scarcely sinuated; shorter than the
+head and the hind toe; the height nearly half length of culmen. Wing nearly an inch
+longer than the tail; the second quill longest; the first about equal to the third. Tail
+rounded and moderately graduated; the lateral feathers about .35 of an inch shorter.
+General color of male black, with lustrous green reflections everywhere except on the
+<!--233.png--><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 207]</span>
+head and neck, which are glossed with purplish-violet. <i class="sex">Female</i> much duller, of a light
+brownish anteriorly; a very faint superciliary stripe. Length about 10 inches; wing,
+5.30; tail, 4.40.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains to the Pacific; south to Mexico. Pembina, <abbr title="Minnesota">Minn.</abbr>; <abbr title="South">S.</abbr>
+Illinois (Wabash <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>; <span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>); Matamoras and San Antonio, Texas (breeds;
+<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1869, 493); Plateau of Mexico (very abundant, and resident; <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>,
+<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p>
+
+<p>Autumnal specimens do not exhibit the broad rusty edges of feathers seen
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ferrugineus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The females and immature males differ from the adult males in much the
+same points as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ferrugineus</i>, except that the “rusty” markings are less
+prominent and more grayish. The differences generally between the two
+species are very appreciable. Thus, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. cyanocephalus</i>, the bill, though of
+the same length, is much higher and broader at the base, as well as much
+less linear in its upper outline; the point, too, is less decurved. The size is
+every way larger. The purplish gloss, which in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</i> is found on most
+of the body except the wings and tail, is here confined to the head and
+neck, the rest of the body being of a richly lustrous and strongly marked
+green, more distinct than that on the wings and tail of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</i>. In one
+specimen only, from Santa Rosalia, Mexico, is there a trace of purple on
+some of the wing and tail feathers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first given as a bird of our fauna by Mr. Audubon,
+in the supplementary pages of the seventh volume of his Birds of
+America. He met with it on the prairies around Fort Union, at the junction
+of the Yellowstone and the Missouri Rivers, and in the extensive ravines
+in that neighborhood, in which were found a few dwarfish trees and tall
+rough weeds or grasses, along the margin of scanty rivulets. In these localities
+he met with small groups of seven or eight of these birds. They were
+in loose flocks, and moved in a silent manner, permitting an approach to
+within some fifteen or twenty paces, and uttering a call-note as his party stood
+watching their movements. Perceiving it to be a species new to him, he
+procured several specimens. He states that they did not evince the pertness
+so usual to birds of this family, but seemed rather as if dissatisfied with their
+abode. On the ground their gait was easy and brisk. He heard nothing
+from them of the nature of a song, only a single <i class="birdcall">cluck</i>, not unlike that of the
+Redwing, between which birds and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ferrugineus</i> he was disposed to
+place this species.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry found this Blackbird common both in California and in
+Oregon. He saw large flocks of them at Fort Vancouver, in the last of October.
+They were flying from field to field, and gathered into the large
+spruces about the fort, in the manner of other Blackbirds when on the point
+of migrating.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen found this Blackbird, though less an inhabitant of the marshes
+than the Yellow-headed, associating with them in destroying the farmers’
+<!--234.png--><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 208]</span>
+ripening corn, and only less destructive because less numerous. It appears
+to be an abundant species in all the settled portions of the western region,
+extending to the eastward as far as Wisconsin, and even to Southeastern Illinois,
+one specimen having been obtained in Wisconsin by Mr. Kumlien, and
+others in Wabash <abbr title="County, Illinois">Co., Ill.</abbr>, by Mr. Ridgway.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer, according to Mr. Ridgway, it retires to the cedar and
+piñon mountains to breed, at that time seldom visiting the river valley.
+In the winter it resorts in large flocks to the vicinity of corrals and barn-yards,
+where it becomes very tame and familiar. On the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of June he
+met with the breeding-ground of a colony of these birds, in a grove of
+cedars on the side of a cañon, in the mountains, near Pyramid Lake.
+Nearly every tree contained a nest, and several had two or three. Each
+nest was saddled on a horizontal branch, generally in a thick tuft of foliage,
+and well concealed. The majority of these nests contained young, and
+when these were disturbed the parents flew about the heads of the intruders,
+uttering a soft <i class="birdcall">chuck</i>. The maximum number of eggs or young
+was six, the usual number four or five. In notes and manners it seemed
+to be an exact counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ferrugineus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found these birds quite abundant at Fort Dalles, but west of
+the Cascade Mountains they were quite rare. At Fort Dalles it is a winter
+resident, where, in the cold weather, it may frequently be found in flocks in
+the vicinity of barn-yards and stables. Dr. Cooper also obtained specimens
+of this Grakle at Vancouver, and regards it as a constant resident on the
+Columbia River. He saw none at Puget Sound. In their notes and habits
+he was not able to trace any difference from the Rusty Blackbird of the
+Atlantic States. In winter they kept about the stables in flocks of fifties or
+more, and on warm days flew about among the tree-tops, in company with
+the Redwings, singing a harsh but pleasant chorus for hours.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states it to be an abundant species everywhere throughout
+California, except in the dense forests, and resident throughout the year.
+They frequent pastures and follow cattle in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>.
+They associate with the other Blackbirds, and are fond of feeding and bathing
+along the edges of streams. They have not much song, but the noise
+made by a large flock, as they sit sunning themselves in early spring, is said
+to be quite pleasing. In this chorus the Redwings frequently assist. At
+Santa Cruz he found them more familiar than elsewhere. They frequented
+the yards about houses and stables, building in the trees of the gardens, and
+collecting daily, after their hunger was satisfied, on the roofs or on neighboring
+trees, to sing, for an hour or two, their songs of thanks. He has seen a
+pair of these birds pursue and drive away a large hawk threatening some
+tame pigeons.</p>
+
+<p>This species has an extended distribution, having been met with by Mr.
+Kennicott as far north as Pembina, and being also abundant as far south as
+Northern Mexico. In the Boundary Survey specimens were procured at
+<!--235.png--><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span>
+Eagle Pass and at Santa <a name="note12" id="note12"></a>Rosalia, where Lieutenant Couch found them living
+about the ranches and the cattle-yards.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser, on his arrival at Matamoras, in July, noticed these birds in
+the streets of that town, in company with the Long-tailed Grakles <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. macrurus</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>. He was told by the Mexicans that they breed
+there, but it was too late to procure their eggs. In the winter vast flocks
+frequented the roads near by, as well as the streets of San Antonio and Eagle
+Pass. They were as tame as European Sparrows. Their note, when on the
+wing, was a low whistle. When congregated in trees, they kept up an incessant
+chattering.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found them permanent residents of Arizona, and exceedingly
+abundant. It was the typical Blackbird of Fort Whipple, though few probably
+breed in the immediate vicinity. Towards the end of September they
+become very numerous, and remain so until May, after which few are observed
+till the fall. They congregate in immense flocks about the corrals,
+and are tame and familiar. Their note, he says, is a harsh, rasping squeak,
+varied by a melodious, ringing whistle. I am indebted to this observing
+ornithologist for the following sketch of their peculiar characteristics:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“Brewer’s Blackbird is resident in Arizona, the most abundant bird of its
+family, and one of the most characteristic species of the Territory. It appears
+about Fort Whipple in flocks in September; the numbers are augmented
+during the following month, and there is little or no diminution
+until May, when the flocks disperse to breed.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“The nest is placed in the fork of a large bush or tree, sometimes at the
+height of twenty or thirty feet, and is a bulky structure, not distantly resembling
+a miniature Crow’s nest, but it is comparatively deeper and more compactly
+built. A great quantity of short, crooked twigs are brought together
+and interlaced to form the basement and outer wall, and with these is
+matted a variety of softer material, as weed-stalks, fibrous roots, and dried
+grasses. A little mud may be found mixed with the other material, but it
+is not plastered on in any quantity, and often seems to be merely what adhered
+to the roots or plant-stems that were used. The nest is finished
+inside with a quantity of hair. The eggs are altogether different from those
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscali</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelæi</i>, and resemble those of the Yellow-headed and
+Rusty Grakles. They vary in number from four to six, and measure barely
+an inch in length by about three fourths as much in breadth. The ground-color
+is dull olivaceous-gray, sometimes a paler, clearer bluish or greenish
+gray, thickly spattered all over with small spots of brown, from very dark
+blackish-brown or chocolate to light umber. These markings, none of
+great size, are very irregular in outline, though probably never becoming
+line-tracery; and they vary indefinitely in number, being sometimes so
+crowded that the egg appears of an almost uniform brownish color.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“In this region the Blackbirds play the same part in nature’s economy
+that the Yellow-headed Troupial does in some other parts of the West, and
+<!--236.png--><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 210]</span>
+the Cowbird and Purple Grakle in the East. Like others of their tribe they
+are very abundant where found at all, and eminently gregarious, except
+whilst breeding. Yet I never saw such innumerable multitudes together as
+the Redwinged Blackbird, or even its Californian congener, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. tricolor</i>, shows
+in the fall, flocks of fifty or a hundred being oftenest seen. Unlike the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelæi</i>, they show no partiality for swampy places, being lovers of the woods
+and fields, and appearing perfectly at home in the clearings about man’s
+abode, where their sources of supply are made sure through his bounty or
+wastefulness. They are well adapted for terrestrial life by the size and
+strength of their feet, and spend much of their time on the ground, betaking
+themselves to the trees on alarm. On the ground they habitually run with
+nimble steps, when seeking food, only occasionally hopping leisurely, like a
+Sparrow, upon both feet at once. Their movements are generally quick,
+and their attitudes varied. They run with the head lowered and tail somewhat
+elevated and partly spread for a balance, but in walking slowly the
+head is held high, and oscillates with every step. The customary attitude
+when perching is with the body nearly erect, the tail hanging loosely down,
+and the bill pointing upward; but should their attention be attracted, this
+negligent posture is changed, the birds sit low and firmly, with elevated and
+wide-spread tail rapidly flirted, whilst the bright eye peers down through
+the foliage. When a flock comes down to the ground to search for food,
+they generally huddle closely together and pass pretty quickly along, each
+one striving to be first, and in their eagerness they continually fly up and
+re-alight a few paces ahead, so that the flock seems, as it were, to be rolling
+over and over. When disturbed at such times, they fly in a dense body to
+a neighboring tree, but then almost invariably scatter as they settle among
+the boughs. The alarm over, one, more adventurous, flies down again, two
+or three follow in his wake, and the rest come trooping after. In their behavior
+towards man, they exhibited a curious mixture of heedlessness and
+timidity; they would ramble about almost at our feet sometimes, yet the
+least unusual sound or movement sent them scurrying into the trees. They
+became tamest about the stables, where they would walk almost under the
+horses’ feet, like Cowbirds in a farm-yard.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“Their hunger satisfied, the Blackbirds would fly into the pine-trees and
+remain a long time motionless, though not at all quiet. They were at singing-school,’
+we used to say, and certainly there was room for improvement
+in their chorus; but if their notes were not particularly harmonious, they
+were sprightly, varied, and on the whole rather agreeable, suggesting the
+joviality that Blackbirds always show when their stomachs are full, and the
+prospect of further supply is good. Their notes are rapid and emphatic, and,
+like the barking of coyotes, give an impression of many more performers
+than are really engaged. They have a smart chirp, like the clashing of pebbles,
+frequently repeated at intervals, varied with a long-drawn mellow
+whistle. Their ordinary note, continually uttered when they are searching
+<!--237.png--><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 211]</span>
+for food, is intermediate between the guttural <i class="birdcall">chuck</i> of the Redwing and the
+metallic <i class="birdcall">chink</i> of the Reedbird.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“In the fall, when food is most abundant, they generally grow fat, and
+furnish excellent eating. They are tender, like other small birds, and do
+not have the rather unpleasant flavor that the Redwing gains by feeding too
+long upon the <i class="plantname">Zizania</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“These are sociable as well as gregarious birds, and allied species are
+seen associating with them. At Wilmington, Southern California, where I
+found them extremely abundant in November, they were flocking indiscriminately
+with the equally plentiful <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius tricolor</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann found this Blackbird very common in New Mexico and
+Texas, though he was probably in error in supposing that all leave there before
+the period of incubation. During the fall they frequent the cattle-yards,
+where they obtain abundance of food. They were very familiar,
+alighting on the house-tops, and apparently having no cause for fear of man.
+Unlike all other writers, he speaks of its song as a soft, clear whistle.
+When congregated in spring on the trees, they keep up a continual chattering
+for hours, as though revelling in an exuberance of spirits.</p>
+
+<p>Under the common Spanish name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pajaro prieto</i>, Dr. Berlandier refers
+in <abbr title="manuscript">MSS.</abbr> to this species. It is said to inhabit the greater part of Mexico, and
+especially the Eastern States. It moves in flocks in company with the
+other Blackbirds. It is said to construct a well-made nest about the end of
+April, of blades of grass, lining it with horse-hair. The eggs, three or four
+in number, are much smaller than those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrurus</i>, obtuse at
+one end, and slightly pointed at the other. The ground-color is a pale gray,
+with a bluish tint, and although less streaked, bears a great resemblance to
+those of the larger Blackbird.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that these birds nest in low trees, often several in one
+tree. He describes the nest as large, constructed externally of a rough frame
+of twigs, with a thick layer of mud, lined with fine rootlets and grasses.
+The eggs are laid from April 10 to May 20, are four or five in number,
+have a dull greenish-white ground, with numerous streaks and small blotches
+of dark brown. He gives their measurement at one inch by .72. They raise
+two and probably three broods in a season.</p>
+
+<p>Four eggs of this species, from Monterey, collected by Dr. Canfield, have
+an average measurement of 1.02 inches by .74. Their ground-color is a
+pale white with a greenish tinge. They are marked with great irregularity,
+with blotches of a light brown, with fewer blotches of a much darker
+shade, and a few dots of the same. In one egg the spots are altogether
+of the lighter shade, and are so numerous and confluent as to conceal the
+ground-color. In the other they are more scattered, but the lines and
+marbling of irregularly shaped and narrow zigzag marking are absent in
+nearly all the eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lord found this species a rare bird in British Columbia. He saw a
+<!--238.png--><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 212]</span>
+few on Vancouver Island in the yards where cattle were fed, and a small
+number frequented the mule-camp on the Sumas prairie. East of the
+Cascades he met none except at Colville, where a small flock had wintered
+in a settler’s <a name="note23" id="note23"></a>cow-yard. They appeared to have a great liking for the presence
+of those animals, arising from their finding more food and insects
+there than elsewhere, walking between their legs, and even perching upon
+their backs.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Blakiston found this species breeding on the forks of the Saskatchewan,
+June 3, 1858, where he obtained its eggs.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">QUISCALUS</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816 (<span class="sc">Gray</span>). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula quiscala</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_238.jpg"
+ width="300" height="178"
+ alt="Illustration: Quiscalus purpureus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2104</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill as long as the head, the culmen slightly curved, the gonys almost
+straight; the edges of the bill inflected and rounded; the commissure quite strongly
+sinuated. Outlines of tarsal scutellæ well defined on the sides; tail long, boat-shaped, or
+capable of folding so that the two sides can almost be brought together upward, the
+feathers conspicuously and decidedly graduated, their inner webs longer than the outer.
+Color black.</p>
+
+<p>The excessive graduation of the long tail, with the perfectly black color,
+at once distinguishes this genus from any other in the United States. Two
+types may be distinguished: one <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, in which the females are much
+like the males, although a little smaller and perhaps with rather less lustre;
+the other, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscalus</i>, much larger, with the tail more graduated, the
+females considerably smaller, and of a brown or rusty color. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscali</i>
+are all from North America or the West Indies (including Trinidad); none
+having been positively determined as South American. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscali</i>
+are Mexican and Gulf species entirely, while a third group, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Holoquiscali</i>,
+is West Indian.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small">
+<!--239.png--><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. QUISCALUS.</b> Sexes nearly similar in plumage. Color black; each
+species glossed with different shades of bronze, purple, violet, green, etc. Lateral
+tail-feathers about .75 the length of central. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States. Proportion
+of wing to tail variable.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus.</b> <i class="subset">a.</i> Body uniform brassy-olive without varying tints. Head
+and neck steel-blue, more violaceous anteriorly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+1. Length, 13.50; wing, 5.50 to 5.65; tail, 5.70 to
+5.80, its graduation, 1.50; culmen, 1.35 to 1.40.
+Vivid blue of the neck all round abruptly
+defined against the brassy-olive of the body. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.20; tail,
+4.85 to 5.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Interior portions of North America, from Texas
+and Louisiana to Saskatchewan and Hudson’s Bay Territory; New
+England States; Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Body variegated with purple, green, and blue tints. Head and neck
+violaceous-purple, more blue anteriorly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+2. Length, 12.50; wing, 5.60; tail, 5.30, its graduation, 1.20; culmen,
+1.32. Dark purple of neck all round passing over the breast, and
+appearing in patches on the lower parts. Wing and tail purplish; tail-coverts
+reddish-purple. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.10; tail, 4.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Atlantic
+coast of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+3. Length, 11.75; wing, 4.85 to 5.60; tail, 4.60 to 5.50, its graduation,
+.90; culmen, 1.38 to 1.66. Dark purple of neck sharply defined against
+the dull blackish olive-green of the body. Wings and tail greenish-blue;
+tail-coverts violet-blue. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 4.65 to 4.90; tail, 3.80
+to 4.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Florida; resident
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">agelaius</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">B. HOLOQUISCALUS.</b> (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>) Tail shorter than wings; sexes similar.
+Color glossy black, but without varying shades of gloss; nearly uniform in each
+species. Tail moderately graduated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West India Islands, almost exclusively;
+Mexico and South America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. baritus.</b> Black, with a soft bluish-violet gloss, changing on wings and
+tail into bluish-green.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Culmen decidedly curved; base of mandibles on sides, smooth.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+1. Bill robust, commissure sinuated; depth of bill, at base, .54; culmen,
+1.33; wing, 6.15; tail, 5.50, its graduation, 1.30. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.20;
+tail, 4.70; other measurements in proportion. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baritus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_43" id="fnanchor_43"></a><a href="#footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+2. Bill slender, commissure scarcely sinuated; depth of bill, .43;
+culmen, 1.35; wing, 5.40; tail, 5.10, its graduation, 1.20. <i class="sex">Female.</i>
+Wing, 4.60; tail, 4.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_44" id="fnanchor_44"></a><a href="#footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Culmen almost straight; base of mandibles on sides corrugated.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+3. Depth of bill, .51; culmen, 1.44; wing, 6.00; tail, 5.50, its graduation,
+1.50. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.15; tail, 4.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_45" id="fnanchor_45"></a><a href="#footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+4. Depth of bill, .40; culmen, 1.35; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.50, its graduation,
+.85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_46" id="fnanchor_46"></a><a href="#footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<!--240.png--><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 214]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. MEGAQUISCALUS.</b> (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>) Tail longer than wings. Sexes very
+unlike. Female much smaller, and very different in color, being olivaceous-brown,
+lightest beneath. Male without varying shades of color; lateral tail-feather
+about .60 the middle, or less.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. major.</b> Culmen strongly decurved terminally; bill robust. <i class="sex">Female</i>
+with back, nape, and crown like the wings; abdomen much darker than
+throat.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Lustre of the plumage green, passing into violet anteriorly on head and neck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+1. Length, 15.00; wing, 7.50; tail, 7.70, its graduation, 2.50; culmen,
+1.60. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Atlantic and Gulf coast of
+United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Lustre, violet passing into green posteriorly.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+2. Length, 14.00; wing, 6.75; tail, 7.20, its graduation, 2.40; culmen,
+1.57. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.30; tail, 5.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico. (Mazatlan,
+Colima, etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_47" id="fnanchor_47"></a><a href="#footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+3. Length, 18.00; wing, 7.70; tail, 9.20, its graduation, 3.50; culmen,
+1.76. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Wing, 5.80; tail, 6.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> From Rio Grande of
+Texas, south through Eastern Mexico; Mazatlan (accidental?)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. tenuirostris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_48" id="fnanchor_48"></a><a href="#footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></span>
+Culmen scarcely decurved terminally; bill slender.
+<i class="sex">Female</i> with back, nape, and crown very different in color from the wings;
+abdomen as light as throat.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Lustre purplish-violet, inclining to steel-blue on wing and
+upper tail-coverts. Length, 15.00; wing, 7.00; tail, 8.00, its graduation,
+3.00. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Crown, nape, and back castaneous-brown; rest of
+upper parts brownish-black. A distinct superciliary stripe, with the
+whole lower parts as far as flanks and crissum, deep fulvous-ochraceous,
+lightest, and inclining to ochraceous-white, on throat and lower part
+of abdomen; flanks and crissum blackish-brown. Wing, 5.10; tail,
+5.35, its graduation, 1.80; culmen, 1.33; greatest depth of bill, .36.
+<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Mexico (central?).</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</b>, <abbr title="Bartram"><span class="sc">Bartr.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CROW BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_241.jpg"
+ width="250" height="237"
+ alt="Illustration: Quiscalus purpureus."
+ />
+  <p class="center small">Quiscalus purpureus.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill above, about as long as the head, more than twice as high; the commissure
+moderately sinuated and considerably decurved at tip. Tail a little shorter than
+the wing, much graduated, the lateral feathers .90 to 1.50 inches shorter. Third quill
+<!--241.png--><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 215]</span>
+longest; first between fourth and fifth. Color black, variously glossed with metallic
+reflections of bronze, purple, violet, blue, and green. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but smaller and
+duller, with perhaps more green on
+the head. Length, 13.00; wing, 6.00;
+bill above, 1.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> From Atlantic to the high
+Central Plains.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Crow Blackbird of the
+United States, three well-marked
+races are now distinguished in
+the species: one, the common
+form of the Atlantic States; another
+occurring in the Mississippi
+Valley, the British Possessions,
+and the New England States, and
+a third on the Peninsula of Florida.
+The comparative diagnoses
+of the three will be found on page 809.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</b>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PURPLE GRAKLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula quiscala</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus
+Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,)
+1758, 109 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Monedula purpurea</i>, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>);
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr>
+12,) 1766, 165.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788,
+397.&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index One">Ind. I</abbr>, 1790,
+191.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am.
+Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 44, <abbr title="plate 21, figure">pl. xxi, f.</abbr> 4.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes quiscalus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula</i>).&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 196. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?
+? Oriolus ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 387; albino <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?
+? Oriolus niger</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+1788, 393. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Gracula
+purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>, Travels, 1791, 290. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus versicolor</i>,
+<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse?
+1816.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Nouveau Dictionnaire 28"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Nouv. Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1819, 488.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Galerie des Oiseaux 1">Gal. Ois. I</abbr>, 171, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span>
+Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>
+45.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>,
+1825, 45, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus,
+1840, 424.&mdash;<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 485.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 194.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 35; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1838, 481
+(not the <abbr title="plate 7">pl. vii</abbr>.).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 146.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 58 (not the <abbr title="plate 221">pl. ccxxi</abbr>.).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 575.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</i>, <span class="sc">Ord.</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, 1818, 253.
+“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>”&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr>, 1866, 403.&mdash;<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 133.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 291 (in part).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus nitens</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span>
+Verz.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 164. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus
+purpuratus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Animals in Manageries">Anim. in Menag.</abbr> 1838, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 55.
+<cite>Purple Grakle</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>,
+Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II.</abbr></p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Length about 12.50; wing, 5.50; tail, 4.92; culmen, 1.24; tarsus, 1.28.
+Second quill longest, hardly perceptibly (only .07 of an inch) longer than the first and
+third, which are equal; projection of primaries beyond secondaries, 1.56; graduation of
+tail, .92. General appearance glossy black; whole plumage, however, brightly glossed
+with reddish-violet, bronzed purple, steel-blue, and green; the head and neck with purple
+prevailing, this being in some individuals more bluish, in others more reddish; where
+most blue this is purest anteriorly, becoming more violet on the neck. On other portions
+of the body the blue and violet forming an iridescent zone on each feather, the blue first,
+the violet terminal; sometimes the head is similarly marked. On the abdomen the blue
+<!--242.png--><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 216]</span>
+generally predominates, on the rump the violet; wings and tail black, with violet reflection,
+more bluish on the latter; the wing-coverts frequently tipped with steel-blue
+or violet. Bill, tarsi, and toes pure black; iris sulphur-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Atlantic States, north to Nova Scotia, west to the Alleghanies.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_242.jpg"
+ width="250" height="153"
+ alt="Illustration: Var. purpureus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This form is more liable to
+variation than any other, the arrangement
+of the metallic tints
+varying with the individual; there
+is never, however, an approach
+to the sharp definition and symmetrical
+pattern of coloration characteristic
+of the western race.</p>
+
+<p>The female is a little less brilliant
+than the male, and slightly smaller. The young is entirely uniform
+slaty-brown, without gloss.</p>
+
+<p>An extreme example of this race (22,526, Washington, D. C.?) is almost
+wholly of a continuous rich purple, interrupted only on the interscapulars,
+where, anteriorly, the purple is overlaid by bright green, the feathers with
+terminal transverse bars of bluish. On the lower parts are scattered areas
+of a more bluish tint. The purple is richest and of a reddish cast on the
+neck, passing gradually into a bluish tint toward the bill; on the rump and
+breast the purple has a somewhat bronzy appearance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Crow Blackbird of the eastern United States exhibits
+three well-marked and permanently varying forms, which we present
+as races. Yet these variations are so well marked and so constant that they
+almost claim the right to be treated as specifically distinct. We shall consider
+them by themselves. They are the Purple Grakle, or common Crow
+Blackbird, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</i>; the Bronzed Grakle, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. æneus</i>; and the
+Florida Grakle, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. aglæus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these, the well-known Crow Blackbird of the Atlantic States,
+so far as we are now informed, has an area extending from Northern Florida
+on the south to Maine, and from the Atlantic to the Alleghanies. Mr. Allen
+states that the second form is the typical form of New England, but my observations
+do not confirm his statement. Both the eastern and the western
+forms occur in Massachusetts, but the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> alone seems to be a summer
+resident, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i> occurring only <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in transitu</i>, and, so far as I am now aware,
+chiefly in the fall.</p>
+
+<p>The Crow Blackbirds visit Massachusetts early in March and remain
+until the latter part of September, those that are summer residents generally
+departing before October. They are not abundant in the eastern part of the
+State, and breed in small communities or by solitary pairs.</p>
+
+<p>In the Central States, especially in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, they are
+much more abundant, and render themselves conspicuous and dreaded by
+the farmers through the extent of their depredations on the crops. The evil
+<!--243.png--><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 217]</span>
+deeds of all birds are ever much more noticed and dwelt upon than their
+beneficial acts. So it is, to an eminent degree, with the Crow Blackbird.
+Very few seem aware of the vast amount of benefit it confers on the farmer,
+but all know full well&mdash;and are bitterly prejudiced by the knowledge&mdash;the
+extent of the damages this bird causes.</p>
+
+<p>They return to Pennsylvania about the middle of March, in large, loose
+flocks, at that time frequenting the meadows and ploughed fields, and their
+food then consists almost wholly of grubs, worms, etc., of which they destroy
+prodigious numbers. In view of these services, and notwithstanding
+the havoc they commit on the crops of Indian corn, Wilson states that he
+should hesitate whether to consider these birds most as friends or as enemies,
+as they are particularly destructive to almost all the noxious worms, grubs,
+and caterpillars that infest the farmer’s fields, which, were they to be allowed
+to multiply unmolested, would soon consume nine tenths of all the productions
+of his labor, and desolate the country with the miseries of famine.</p>
+
+<p>The depredations committed by these birds are almost wholly upon Indian
+corn, at different stages. As soon as its blades appear above the ground,
+after it has been planted, these birds descend upon the fields, pull up the
+tender plant, and devour the seeds, scattering the green blades around. It is
+of little use to attempt to drive them away with the gun. They only fly
+from one part of the field to another. And again, as soon as the tender corn
+has formed, these flocks, now replenished by the young of the year, once more
+swarm in the cornfields, tear off the husks, and devour the tender grains. Wilson
+has seen fields of corn in which more than half the corn was thus ruined.</p>
+
+<p>These birds winter in immense numbers in the lower parts of Virginia,
+North and South Carolina, and Georgia, sometimes forming one congregated
+multitude of several hundred thousands. On one occasion Wilson met, on
+the banks of the Roanoke, on the 20th of January, one of these prodigious
+armies of Crow Blackbirds. They rose, he states, from the surrounding
+fields with a noise like thunder, and, descending on the length of the road
+before him, they covered it and the fences completely with black. When
+they again rose, and after a few evolutions descended on the skirts of the
+high timbered woods, they produced a most singular and striking effect.
+Whole trees, for a considerable extent, from the top to the lowest branches,
+seemed as if hung with mourning. Their notes and screaming, he adds,
+seemed all the while like the distant sounds of a great cataract, but in a
+more musical cadence.</p>
+
+<p>A writer in the American Naturalist (<abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 326), residing in Newark, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>,
+notes the advent of a large number of these birds to his village. Two built
+their nest inside the spire of a church. Another pair took possession of a
+martin-house in the narrator’s garden, forcibly expelling the rightful owners.
+These same birds also attempted to plunder the newly constructed nests of
+the Robins of their materials. They were, however, successfully resisted, the
+Robins driving the Blackbirds away in all cases of contest.</p>
+
+<p><!--244.png--><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 218]</span>
+The Crow Blackbird nests in various situations, sometimes in low bushes,
+more frequently in trees, and at various heights. A pair, for several years,
+had their nest on the top of a high fir-tree, some sixty feet from the ground,
+standing a few feet from my front door. Though narrowly watched by unfriendly
+eyes, no one could detect them in any mischief. Not a spear of corn
+was molested, and their food was exclusively insects, for which they diligently
+searched, turning over chips, pieces of wood, and loose stones. Their
+nests are large, coarsely but strongly made of twigs and dry plants, interwoven
+with strong stems of grasses. When the Fish Hawks build in their
+neighborhood, Wilson states that it is a frequent occurrence for the Grakles
+to place their nests in the interstices of those of the former. Sometimes
+several pairs make use of the same Hawk’s nest at the same time,
+living in singular amity with its owner. Mr. Audubon speaks of finding
+these birds generally breeding in the hollows of trees. I have never met
+with their nests in these situations, but Mr. William Brewster says he has
+found them nesting in this manner in the northern part of Maine. Both,
+however, probably refer to the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Grakle exhibit great variations in their ground-color,
+varying from a light greenish-white to a deep rusty-brown. The former is
+the more common color. The eggs are marked with large dashes and broad,
+irregular streaks of black and dark brown, often presenting a singular grotesqueness
+in their shapes. Eggs with a deep brown ground are usually
+marked chiefly about the larger end with confluent, cloudy blotches of deeper
+shades of the same. The eggs measure 1.25 inches by .90.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BRONZED GRAKLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus versicolor</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography, plate 7"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. pl. vii</abbr>; <abbr title="Birds of America, Four, plate 221">Birds Am. IV pl. ccxxi</abbr> (figure, but not
+description).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 555 (western specimens).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 352.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus æneus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Acad.</abbr>, June, 1869. 134.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_244.jpg"
+ width="250" height="139"
+ alt="Illustration: Var. æneus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Length, 12.50 to 13.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.26; tarsus, 1.32.
+Third and fourth quills longest and
+equal; first shorter than fifth; projection
+of primaries beyond secondaries,
+1.28; graduation of tail, 1.48.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Metallic tints rich, deep, and uniform.
+Head and neck all round rich
+silky steel-blue, this strictly confined
+to these portions, and abruptly defined
+behind, varying in shade from
+an intense Prussian blue to brassy-greenish,
+the latter tint always, when
+present, most apparent on the neck, the head always more violaceous; lores velvety-black.
+Entire body, above and below, uniform continuous metallic brassy-olive, varying
+<!--245.png--><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 219]</span>
+to burnished golden olivaceous-bronze, becoming gradually uniform metallic purplish or
+reddish violet on wings and tail, the last more purplish; primaries violet-black; bill, tarsi,
+and toes pure black; iris sulphur-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mississippi region of United States, east to Alleghany Mountains, west to Fort
+Bridger; Saskatchewan Region, Hudson’s Bay Territory; Labrador? and Maine (52,382,
+Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, G. A. Boardman). More or less abundant in all eastern States north of New
+Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>This species may be readily distinguished from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i> by the
+color alone, independently of the differences of proportions.</p>
+
+<p>The impression received from a casual notice of a specimen of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i>
+is that of a uniformly glossy black bird, the metallic tints being much
+broken or irregularly distributed, being frequently, or generally, arranged in
+successive bands on the feathers over the whole body, producing a peculiar
+iridescent effect. In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. æneus</i> nothing of this character is seen; for,
+among a very large series of western specimens, not one has the body other
+than continuous bronze, the head and neck alone being green or blue, and
+this sharply and abruptly defined against the very different tint of the other
+portions. These colors, of course, have their extremes of variation, but the
+change is only in the shade of the metallic tints, the precise pattern being
+strictly retained. In the present species the colors are more vivid and silky
+than in the eastern, and the bird is, in fact, a much handsomer one.
+(Ridgway.)</p>
+
+<p>Just after moulting, the plumage is unusually brilliant, the metallic tints
+being much more vivid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Bronzed Blackbird has been so recently separated from the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> that we cannot give, with exactness or certainty, the area over
+which it is distributed. It is supposed to occupy the country west of the
+Alleghanies as far to the southwest as the Rio Grande and Fort Bridger, extending
+to the Missouri plains on the northwest, to the Saskatchewan in the
+north, and to Maine and Nova Scotia on the northeast. Subsequent explorations
+may somewhat modify this supposed area of distribution. It is at
+least known that this form occurs in Texas, in all the States immediately
+west of the Alleghanies, and in the New England States, as well as the
+vicinity of New York City.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to its habits, as differing from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>, we are without
+any observations sufficiently distinctive to be of value. It reaches
+Calais about the first of April, and is a common summer visitant.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1869, about the 10th of October, several weeks after the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscali</i> which had been spending the summer with us had disappeared, an
+unusually large number of these birds, in the bronzed plumage, made their appearance
+in the place; they seemed to come all together, but kept in smaller
+companies. One of these flocks spent the day, which was lowering and
+unpleasant, but not rainy, in my orchard. They kept closely to the ground,
+and seemed to be busily engaged in searching for insects. They had a single
+<!--246.png--><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 220]</span>
+call-note, not loud, and seemingly one of uneasiness and watchfulness against
+danger. Yet they were not shy, and permitted a close approach. They
+remained but a day, and all were gone the following morning. On the day
+after their departure, we found that quite a number of apples had been
+bitten into. We had no doubt as to the culprits, though no one saw them
+in the act.</p>
+
+<p>Audubon’s observations relative to the Crow Blackbird are chiefly made
+with reference to those seen in Louisiana, where this race is probably the only
+one found. The only noticeable peculiarity in his account of these birds is
+his statement that the Blackbirds of that State nest in hollow trees, a manner
+of breeding now known to be also occasional in the habits of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.
+The eggs of this form appear to exhibit apparently even greater variations
+than do those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. One egg, measuring 1.10 inches by
+.85, has a bright bluish-green ground, plashed and spotted with deep brown
+markings. Another has a dull gray ground, sparingly marked with light
+brown; the measurement of this is 1.13 inches by .85. A third has a
+greenish-white ground, so profusely spotted with a russet-brown that the
+ground-color is hardly perceptible. It is larger and more nearly spherical,
+measuring 1.16 inches by .90. A fourth is so entirely covered with blotches,
+dots, and cloudings of dark cinnamon-brown that the ground can nowhere
+be traced.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gideon Lincecum, of Long Point, Texas, writes, in regard to this
+species, that, in his neighborhood, they nest in rookeries, often on a large live
+oak. They build their nests on the top of large limbs. In favorable situations
+four or five nests can be looked into at once. They are at this time
+full of song, though never very melodious. The people of Texas shoot them,
+believing them to be injurious to their crops; but instead of being an injury
+they are an advantage, they destroy so many worms, grasshoppers, caterpillars,
+etc. They are migratory, and very gregarious. They all leave Texas in the
+winter, and the same birds return in the spring to the same nesting-places.
+They lay five eggs in a nest.</p>
+
+<p>In Southern Illinois, as Mr. Ridgway informs me, these birds are resident
+throughout the year, though rather rare during the winter months. They
+breed in the greatest abundance, and are very gregarious in the breeding-season.
+On a single small island in the Wabash River, covered with tall
+willows, Mr. Ridgway found over seventy nests at one time. These were
+<a name="note13" id="note13"></a>placed indifferently on horizontal boughs, in forks, or in excavations,&mdash;either
+natural or made by the large Woodpeckers (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>),&mdash;nests in
+all these situations being sometimes found in one tree. They prefer the
+large elms, cottonwoods, and sycamores of the river-bottoms as trees for
+nesting-places, but select rather thinly wooded situations, as old clearings,
+etc. In the vicinity of Calais, according to Mr. Boardman, they nest habitually
+in hollow stubs in marshy borders of brooks or ponds.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center small">
+<!--247.png--><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 221]</span>
+<abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA GRAKLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus baritus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 556, <abbr title="plate 32">pl. xxxii</abbr>
+(not of <abbr title="Linnæus"><cite>Linn.</cite></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus
+aglæus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="American Journal of Science">Am. Jour. Sci.</abbr>
+1866, 84.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 44.&mdash;<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 135. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i>, <span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 291.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_247.jpg"
+ width="250" height="149"
+ alt="Illustration: Var. aglæus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Length, 10.60; wing, 5.20; tail, 5.12; culmen, 1.40; tarsus, 1.40. Second
+and third quills equal and longest; first shorter
+than fourth; projection of primaries beyond
+secondaries, 1.12; graduation of tail, 1.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Bill very slender and elongated, the tip of
+upper mandible abruptly decurved; commissure
+very regular.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Metallic tints very dark. Head and neck
+all round well defined violaceous steel-blue,
+the head most bluish, the neck more purplish
+and with a bronzy cast in front; body uniform
+soft, dull, bronzy greenish-black, scarcely lustrous; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail
+blackish steel-blue, the wing-coverts tipped with vivid violet-bronze; belly and crissum
+glossed with blue.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+South Florida.</p>
+
+<p>This race is quite well marked, though it grades insensibly into the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. It differs from both that and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</i> in much smaller size, with
+more slender and more decurved bill.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangement of the colors is much as in the larger western species,
+while the tints are most like those of the eastern. All the colors are, however,
+darker, but at the same time softer than in either of the others.</p>
+
+<p>In form this species approaches nearest the western, agreeing with it in
+the primaries, slender bill, and more graduated tail, and, indeed, its relations
+in every respect appear to be with this rather than the eastern.</p>
+
+<p>This race was first described from specimens collected at Key Biscayne
+by Mr. Wurdemann, in April, 1857, and in 1858, and is the smallest of the
+genus within our limits. The wing and tail each are about an inch shorter
+than in the other varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. The bill, however, is much longer
+and more slender, and the tip considerably more produced and decurved.
+The feet are stouter and much coarser, the pads of the toes very scabrous,
+as if to assist in holding slippery substances, a feature scarcely seen in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_49" id="fnanchor_49"></a><a href="#footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><!--248.png--><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 222]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This race or species seems to be confined exclusively to the peninsula
+of Florida. We have no notes as to any of its peculiarities, nor do we
+know that it exhibits any differences of manners or habits from those of its
+more northern relatives.</p>
+
+<p>Of its eggs I have seen but few specimens. These do not exhibit much
+variation. The ground-color shades from a light drab to one with a greenish
+tinge. They average 1.17 inches in length by .85 in breadth, are more oblong
+in shape, and are very strikingly marked with characters in black and
+dark brown, resembling Arabic and Turkish letters.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BOAT-TAILED GRAKLE; JACKDAW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, Index <abbr title="American Ornithology Six">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812 (not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula quiscala</i>,
+<span class="sc">Ord.</span> <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, 1818, 253 (not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 28">Nouv.
+Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1819, 487.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 35, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Consp.</abbr> 1850, 424.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 504; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1838, 480, <abbr title="plate 187">pl. clxxxvii</abbr>,
+<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 146.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 52, <abbr title="plate 220">pl. ccxx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 555.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, 409.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 295.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>,
+Ibis, <abbr title="New Series Four">N. S. IV</abbr>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23, 1870, 367 (Biography). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes major</i>, “<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span>
+Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 196.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+(1,563.) Form rather lengthened, but robust; bill strong, about the length of
+head; wing rather long, second and third quills usually longest, though the first four
+quills are frequently nearly equal; tail long, graduated; lateral feathers about 2.50 inches
+shorter than the central; legs and feet strong.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult male.</i> Black; head and neck with a fine purple lustre, rather abruptly defined
+on the lower part of the neck behind, and succeeded by a fine green lustre which passes
+into a purple or steel-blue on the lower back and upper tail-coverts. On the under parts
+the purple lustre of the head and neck passes more gradually into green on the abdomen;
+under tail-coverts usually purplish-blue, frequently plain black. Smaller wing-coverts
+with green lustre; larger coverts greenish-bronze; quills frequently plain black, with a
+greenish or bronzed edging and slight lustre. Tail usually with a slight bluish or greenish
+lustre, frequently plain black. Bill and feet black. Iris yellow. Total length about 15
+inches; wing, 7.00; tail, 6.50 to 7.00.</p>
+
+<!--249.png--><!--Plate 36-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_36.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 36"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="36">XXXVI</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_36-1" id="pl_36-1"></a><img src="images/pl_36-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrourus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 3948.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_36-2" id="pl_36-2"></a><img src="images/pl_36-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrourus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas, 3949.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_36-3" id="pl_36-3"></a><img src="images/pl_36-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="South Carolina">S. Car.</abbr>, 39005.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_36-4" id="pl_36-4"></a><img src="images/pl_36-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 36 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="South Carolina">S. Car.</abbr>, 39003.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--250.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="small">
+<!--251.png--><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 223]</span>
+<i class="age">Adult female.</i> Smaller. Upper parts dark brown, lighter on the head and neck behind;
+darker and nearly a dull black on the lower part of the back and upper tail-coverts; under
+parts lighter, dull yellowish-brown; tibiæ and under tail-coverts darker; wings and tail
+dull brownish-black; upper parts frequently with a slight greenish lustre. Total length,
+about 12.50; wing, 5.50 to 6.00; tail, 5.50. (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Coast region of South Atlantic and Gulf States of North America. Galveston
+and Houston, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 494).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Boat-tailed Grakle, or Jackdaw, of the Southern States, is
+found in all the maritime portions of the States that border both on the
+Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from North Carolina to Rio Grande. In
+Western Texas it does not seem to be abundant. Lieutenant Couch met
+with only a single specimen at Brownsville, in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. macrurus</i>.
+Mr. Dresser, when at Houston and at Galveston in May and June, 1864, noticed
+several of these birds. Mr. Salvin mentions finding them as far south
+as the Keys of the Belize coast.</p>
+
+<p>We learn from the observations of Mr. Audubon that this species is more
+particularly attached to the maritime portions of the country. It rarely
+goes farther inland than forty or fifty miles, following the marshy banks of
+the larger streams. It occurs in great abundance in the lower portions of
+Louisiana, though not found so high up the Mississippi as Natchez. It also
+abounds in the Sea Islands on the coast of the Carolinas, and in the lowlands
+of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues states that this species hardly occurs in any abundance north of
+the Carolinas, and that it is restricted to a narrow belt along the coast of the
+ocean and gulf, from North Carolina throughout our entire shore to Mexico.
+He supposed it to stop there, and to be replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</i>. Though
+the larger proportion of these birds pass beyond our southern boundaries to
+spend the winter, a few, chiefly old males, are resident in North Carolina
+throughout the year. In the spring the females are the first to appear. Just
+before the mating has taken place, the flocks of these birds are said to execute
+sudden and unaccountable evolutions, as if guided by some single commanding
+spirit; now hovering uncertain, then dashing impulsive, now veering
+in an instant, and at last taking a long, steady flight towards some distant
+point. During this period, Dr. Coues further informs us, their voices crack,
+and they utter a curious medley of notes from bass to falsetto, a jingling,
+unmusical jargon that is indescribable.</p>
+
+<p>The laying-season is said to be at its height during the latter part of
+April. He found in no instance more than six eggs in a nest, nor less
+than three. He thinks that they have two, and perhaps three, broods in
+a season, as he found it not uncommon to meet with newly fledged birds
+in September.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are eminently gregarious at all seasons of the year, and at
+certain seasons assemble in large flocks. They are omnivorous, eating both
+insects and grain, and are alternately benefactors and plunderers of the
+<!--252.png--><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 224]</span>
+planters. In the early season they seek their food among the large salt
+marshes of the seaboard, and along the muddy banks of creeks and rivers.
+They do great damage to the rice plantations, both when the grain is in the
+soft state and afterwards when the ripened grain is stacked. They also feed
+very largely upon the small crabs called fiddlers, so common in all the mud
+flats, earthworms, various insects, shrimps, and other aquatic forms of the
+like character.</p>
+
+<p>A few of these birds are resident throughout the year, though the
+greater part retire farther south during a portion of the winter. They
+return in February, in full plumage, when they mate. They resort, by pairs
+and in companies, to certain favorite breeding-places, where they begin to
+construct their nests. They do not, however, even in Florida, begin to breed
+before April. They build a large and clumsy nest, made of very coarse
+and miscellaneous materials, chiefly sticks and fragments of dry weeds,
+sedges, and strips of bark, lined with finer stems, fibrous roots, and grasses,
+and have from three to five eggs.</p>
+
+<p>It is a very singular but well-established characteristic of this species,
+that no sooner is their nest completed and incubation commenced than the
+male birds all desert their mates, and, joining one another in flocks, keep
+apart from the females, feeding by themselves, until they are joined by the
+young birds and their mothers in the fall.</p>
+
+<p>These facts and this trait of character in this species have been fully confirmed
+by the observations of Dr. Bachman of Charleston. In 1832 he
+visited a breeding-locality of these birds. On a single Smilax bush he found
+more than thirty nests of the Grakles, from three to five feet apart, some
+of them not more than fifteen inches above the water, and only females were
+seen about the nests, no males making their appearance. Dr. Bachman also
+visited colonies of these nests placed upon live-oak trees thirty or forty feet
+from the ground, and carefully watched the manners of the old birds, but
+has never found any males in the vicinity of their nests after the eggs had
+been laid. They always keep at a distance, feeding in flocks in the marshes,
+leaving the females to take charge of their nests and young. They have but
+one brood in a season.</p>
+
+<p>As these birds fly, in loose flocks, they continually utter a peculiar cry,
+which Mr. Audubon states resembles or may be represented by <i class="birdcall">kirrick, crick,
+crick</i>. Their usual notes are harsh, resembling loud, shrill whistles, and are
+frequently accompanied with their ordinary cry of <i class="birdcall">crick-crick-cree</i>. In the
+love-season these notes are said to be more pleasing, and are changed into
+sounds which Audubon states resemble <i class="birdcall">tirit, tirit, titiri-titiri-titirēē</i>, rising
+from low to high with great regularity and emphasis. The cry of the young
+bird, when just able to fly, he compares to the whistling cry of some kind
+of frogs.</p>
+
+<p>The males are charged by Mr. Audubon with attacking birds of other
+species, driving them from their nests and sucking their eggs.</p>
+
+<p><!--253.png--><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 225]</span>
+Dr. Bryant, who found this species the most common bird in the neighborhood
+of Lake Monroe, adds that it could be seen at all times running along
+the edge of the water, almost in the manner of a Sandpiper. They were
+breeding by hundreds in the reeds near the inlet to the lake. On the 6th
+of April some of the birds had not commenced laying, though the majority
+had hatched, and the young of others were almost fledged.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure 1.25 inches in length by .92 in breadth.
+Their ground-color is usually a brownish-drab, in some tinged with olive, in
+others with green. Over this are distributed various markings, in lines, zigzags,
+and irregular blotches of brown and black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREAT-TAILED GRAKLE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus macrourus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Animals in Manageries, Two Centenaries and a Quarter">Anim. in Menag. 2¼ centen.</abbr> 1838, 299, fig. 51, a.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="plate 58">pl.
+lviii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>,
+Birds, 20, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A.
+N. S.</abbr> 1867, 410. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes macrurus</i>,
+<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 196.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+(The largest species of this genus.) Form lengthened but robust, bill
+strong, longer than the head; wing long, third quill usually longest; tail long, graduated,
+outer feathers three to five inches shorter than those in the middle; legs and feet strong.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult male.</i> Black; head, neck, back, and entire under parts with a fine bluish-purple
+lustre; lower part of back and the upper tail-coverts, and also the abdomen and under
+tail-coverts, frequently with green lustre, though in specimens apparently not fully adult
+those parts are sometimes bluish-brown, inclining to dark steel-blue. Wings and tail
+with a slight purplish lustre, smaller coverts with bluish-green, and larger coverts with
+greenish-bronze lustre. Bill and feet black. Iris yellow. Total length, 17.50 to 20.00;
+wing, about 8.00; tail, 8.00 to 10.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Smaller, and generally resembling that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. major</i>, but rather darker colored
+above. Entire upper parts dark brown, nearly black, and with a green lustre on the
+back; wings and tail dull brownish-black. Under parts light, dull yellowish-brown;
+paler on the throat, and with a trace of a narrow dark line from each side of the lower
+mandible. Tibiæ and under tail-coverts dark brown. Total length about 13.00; wing,
+6.00; tail, 6.50. (<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern Texas to Panama and Carthagena. Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 300); Guatemala
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis. <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+20, eggs); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, 112);
+Carthagena, <abbr title="North">N.</abbr> 9 (<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> <a name="RAS" id="RAS"></a><abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">R. A.
+S.</abbr>, 1860, 138); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Nine"><span class="sc">Caban.</span>
+Journ. IX</abbr>, 1861, 82; <abbr title="Lawrence Four"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IV</abbr>, 104); Nicaragua
+(<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 181);
+Rio Grande of Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 493, breeds);
+Vera Cruz (from hot to alpine regions; resident. <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>,
+<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 553).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Great-tailed or Central American Grakle is an abundant
+species throughout Mexico and Central America, and probably extends to
+some distance into South America. In Vera Cruz, Sumichrast states it to
+be one of the few birds that are found in nearly equal abundance throughout
+the three regions, hot, temperate, and alpine, into which that department is
+physically divided. It is abundant everywhere throughout that State, and
+also nests there. In the neighborhood of Cordova and Orizaba it lives in
+large communities, a single tree being often loaded with the nests.</p>
+
+<p><!--254.png--><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 226]</span>
+On the Rio Grande it extends into Texas, and thus qualifies itself for a
+place within our fauna. A few specimens were procured at Eagle Pass and
+elsewhere by the Mexican Boundary Survey party. It is more abundant
+on the western banks of the Rio Grande, especially at Matamoras. Among
+the MS. notes left by Dr. Kennerly is a part of the memoranda of the
+late Dr. Berlandier of that place. Under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica elegans</i> the latter
+refers to what is evidently this species. He describes it as found in
+all parts of the Republic of Mexico, where it is known as <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Uraca</i>, <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pajaro
+negro</i>, and, in Acapulco, <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Papate</i>. It is found, he adds, abundantly throughout
+the State of Tamaulipas. It lives upon grain, especially corn, devouring
+the planted seeds and destroying the crops. It builds its nest in April,
+laying its eggs in the same month, and the young birds are hatched out by
+the beginning of May. The nests are large, the edges high, and the cavity
+correspondingly deep. They are constructed of dry plants and small bits
+of cloth, which the birds find about the settlements, and the bottom of the
+nest is plastered with clay, which gives it great firmness. This is covered
+with grasses and pieces of dry weeds. The eggs are described as large, of a
+pale leaden-gray or a rusty color, over which are black marks, stripes, lines,
+and spots without order or regularity. They are generally four in number.
+The nests are built on the tops of the highest trees, usually the willows
+or mesquites.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. G. C. Taylor, in his notes on the birds of Honduras, states that he
+found this Blackbird common, and always to be met with about the villages.
+It appeared to be polygamous, the males being generally attended by
+several females. A fine male bird, with his accompanying females, frequented
+the court-yard of the Railroad House at Comayagua, where Mr.
+Taylor was staying. They generally sat on the roof of the house, or among
+the upper branches of some orange-trees that grew in the yard. They had
+a very peculiar cry, not unlike the noise produced by the sharpening of a
+saw, but more prolonged.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Salvin found the bird very abundant in Central America. In one of
+his papers relative to the birds of that region, he states that this species, in
+Guatemala, plays the part of the European House Sparrow. It seeks the
+abode of man, as does that familiar bird, and is generally found frequenting
+larger towns as well as villages. Stables are its favorite places of resort,
+where it scratches for its food among the ordure of the horses. It will
+even perch on the backs of these animals and rid them of their ticks,
+occasionally picking up stray grains of corn from their mangers. At Duenas
+he found it breeding in large societies, usually selecting the willows that
+grow near the lake and the reeds on the banks for its nest. The breeding
+season extends over some length of time. In May, young birds and fresh
+eggs may be found in nests in the same trees. On the coast, young birds,
+nearly capable of flying, were seen in the early part of March. Mr. Salvin
+adds that the nests are usually made of grass, and placed among upright
+<!--255.png--><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span>
+branches, the grass being intwined around each twig, to support the structure.
+The eggs in that region were seldom found to exceed three in number.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found the Long-tailed Grakles very common at Matamoras,
+where they frequented the streets and yards with no signs of fear. They
+were breeding there in great quantities, building a heavy nest of sticks,
+lined with roots and grass. They were fond of building in company, and in
+the yard of the hotel he counted seven nests in one tree. At Eagle Pass,
+and as far east as the Nueces River, he found them not uncommon, but
+noticed none farther in the interior of Texas. Their usual note is a loud
+and not unmelodious whistle. They have also a very peculiar guttural note,
+which he compares to the sound caused by drawing a stick sharply across
+the quills of a dried goose-wing.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McCown states that he observed these Blackbirds building in
+large communities at Fort Brown, Texas. Upon a tree standing near the
+centre of the parade-ground at that fort, a pair of the birds had built their
+nest. Just before the young were able to fly, one of them fell to the ground.
+A boy about ten years old discovered and seized the bird, which resisted
+stoutly, and uttered loud cries. These soon brought to its rescue a legion of
+old birds, which vigorously attacked the boy, till he was glad to drop the bird
+and take to flight. Captain McCown then went and picked up the young
+bird, when they turned their fury upon him, passing close to his head and
+uttering their sharp caw. He placed it upon a tree, and there left it, to the
+evident satisfaction of his assailants. These birds, he adds, have a peculiar
+cry, something like tearing the dry husk from an ear of corn. From this
+the soldiers called them corn-huskers. He often saw other and smaller birds
+building in the same tree. They were very familiar, and would frequently
+approach to within ten feet of a person.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs measure 1.32 inches in length by .92 of an inch in breadth, and
+exhibit great variations both in ground-color and in the style and character
+of their marking. In some the ground-color is of a light grayish-white with
+a slight tinge of green or blue; in others it is of a light drab, and again many
+have a deep brownish-drab. The markings are principally of a dark brown,
+hardly distinguishable from black, distributed in the shape of drops, or
+broad irregular narrow plashes, or in waving zigzag lines and markings. Intermingled
+with these deeper and bolder markings are suffused cloud-like
+colorations of purplish-brown.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Quiscalinæ-->
+</div><!--end family Icteridæ-->
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Sturnidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--256.png--><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 228]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">STURNIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Starlings.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+General characters of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, but with a rudimentary first primary,
+making the total number ten.</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of this family into the present work is required by the
+occurrence of the typical species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</i>, in Greenland, although
+it otherwise characterizes the Old World exclusively. There are several
+subfamilies, principally African and East Indian (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lamprotornithinæ, Buphaginæ,
+Sturninæ</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Graculinæ</i>), some of them of very brilliant plumage.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</i> in many respects constitute a natural stage of transition
+from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i> to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</i>, through the Jays.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">STURNUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span>
+Syst. Nat., I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 167. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. vulgaris</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill long, conical, much depressed; the culmen, gonys, and commissure
+nearly straight, the latter angulated at base. Wings, twice length of tail; much pointed,
+the primaries graduating rapidly from the second, the first being rudimentary, the secondaries
+much shorter. Tail nearly even; the feathers acuminate. Tarsi short; about equal
+to middle toe; lateral toes equal. Plumage coarse and stiff, each feather distinctly outlined.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_256.jpg"
+ width="300" height="202"
+ alt="Illustration: Sturnus vulgaris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">19020</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The bill of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</i> is very similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i>, although less inflected
+at the edges. The shorter tarsi, much longer wings, with the innermost
+secondaries much less than the primaries, etc., readily distinguish the
+two families.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--257.png--><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 229]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE STARLING.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 167; (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 12,) 1766, 290.&mdash;<span class="sc">Degland
+&amp; Gerbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne">Orn. Europ.</abbr>
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1867, 232.&mdash;<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Feathers principally lustrous-black, with purple and green reflections,
+except at their extremities, which are dull and opaque; brownish above, silvery-white
+beneath. Bill yellow in spring, brown in autumn. Legs flesh-color. Length about
+8.51; wing, 5.11; tail, 2.81; bill above, 1.11, from nostril, .75; gape, 1.15; tarsus, 1.15;
+middle toe and claw, 1.15. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but less brilliant.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Europe and North Africa, most abundant in Holland. One specimen killed in
+Greenland, in 1851, and preserved in the Royal Zoölogical Museum of Copenhagen.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding description will serve to distinguish the Starling from any
+North American species, although it is subject to considerable variation.
+A second form, scarcely distinguishable as a species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. unicolor</i>, De la
+Marmora), of a prevailing black color, without terminal spots, and with the
+feathers of the under part elongated, is found in Sardinia and Sicily.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> We give a place to the common Starling of Europe in the fauna
+of North America, as an occasional and rare visitant of Greenland. Only a
+single instance is on record of its actual capture,&mdash;a female taken by Holböll
+in 1851, and now in the Royal Museum of Copenhagen.</p>
+
+<p>The well-known Starling of Europe is handsome in plumage and of graceful
+shape. It is numerous, as a species, is very generally distributed, and
+therefore very well known. With many it is a great favorite, and is also
+familiar as a caged bird. Its sprightly habits, retentive memory, and flexibility
+of voice, commend it as an interesting and entertaining pet. It has
+been taught to whistle tunes, and even to imitate the human voice, with
+facility and correctness. In its natural state it is a very social bird, and
+lives in flocks the greater part of the year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Waterton, who was a great admirer of the Starling, sought to induce
+these birds to frequent his grounds, and with this view made various cavities
+in the walls of an old tower near his residence. His wishes were gratified,
+and soon every cavity he had made was taken possession of by a pair,
+and many more would have been thus domiciled had provision been made
+for them.</p>
+
+<p>A similar instance is on record in Hamburg, where, within a few years,
+a well-known horticulturist induced nearly two hundred pairs of Starlings
+to occupy and to breed in wooden boxes put up in his grounds for their
+accommodation. His plants had been destroyed by the attacks of hosts of
+subterranean larvæ, and the Starlings were invited in the hope that they
+would remove this evil, which they did quite effectually.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Beverley Morris gives a very interesting account of a female Starling
+that he observed building a nest in a hollow tree. The male looked on, but
+<!--258.png--><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 230]</span>
+took no part, except to drive away other intrusive birds. The female made
+on an average three trips a minute, with small twigs and bits of dry grass,
+taking sometimes three or four at a time. He estimated that in the space
+of six hours she had taken to her nest not less than a thousand sticks.</p>
+
+<p>The Starling is said to select for its nest suitable places in church-steeples,
+the eaves of houses, and holes in walls, especially of old towers and ruins;
+occasionally it builds in hollow trees, in cliffs or in high rocks overhanging
+the sea, and also in dovecotes. The nests are made of slender twigs, straw,
+roots, and dry grasses. The birds incubate sixteen days. The old birds are
+devoted to their offspring.</p>
+
+<p>Almost as soon as the nestlings are able to fly, different families unite to
+form large flocks, which may be seen feeding on commons and grass-grounds,
+in company with the Rooks and other birds. Their chief food consists of
+larvæ, worms, insects in various stages, and, at times, berries and grain. In
+confinement they are very fond of raw meat.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Yarrell, quoting Dr. Dean of Wells, gives an account of an extraordinary
+haunt of Starlings on an estate of a gentleman who had prepared
+the place for occupation by Pheasants. It was in a plantation of arbutus
+and laurustinus, covering some acres, to which these birds repaired, in the
+evening, almost by the million, coming from the low grounds about the
+Severn. A similar instance is given by Mr. Ball, of Dublin, of an immense
+swarm of several hundred thousand Starlings sleeping every night in a mass
+of thorn-trees at the upper end of the Zoölogical Garden in Phœnix Park.</p>
+
+<p>The Starlings are found throughout Great Britain, even to the Hebrides
+and the Orkneys, where they are great favorites, and holes are left in the
+walls of the houses for their accommodation. They are common throughout
+Norway, Sweden, and the north of Europe, and as far east as the Himalayas
+and even Japan. They are also found in all the countries on both
+sides of the Mediterranean, and Mr. Gould states that they occur in Africa
+as far south as the Cape of Good Hope.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Starling are five in number, of a uniform delicate pale
+blue, oval in shape and rounded at one end; they measure 1.20 inches in
+length by .88 in breadth.</p>
+</div><!--end family Sturnidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Corvidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--259.png--><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CORVIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Crows.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Primaries ten; the first short, generally about half as long as the second (or a
+little more); the outer four sinuated on the inner edge. The nasal fossæ and nostrils
+usually more or less concealed by narrow, stiffened bristles (or bristly feathers), with
+short appressed lateral branches extending to the very tip, all directed forwards (these
+bristles occasionally wanting). Tarsi scutellate anteriorly, the sides undivided (except
+sometimes below), and separated from the anterior plates by a narrow naked strip, sometimes
+filled up with small scales. Basal joint of middle toe united about equally to the
+lateral, generally for about half the length. Bill generally notched.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding characters distinguish the family of Crows quite markedly
+from all others. The features of the bristles on the bill, and the separation
+of the lateral and anterior scales by a narrow interval, are worthy of particular
+attention. The commissure is without the obtusely angular bend
+near the base, seen in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There are two sub-families of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</i> represented in America, one embracing
+the true Crows, the other the Jays. They pass very insensibly into each
+other, and it is difficult to mark the dividing line. We may, however, distinguish
+these, as found in the United States, by the following characters:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ.</b> Bill as long as the head. Tail short, nearly even; wings long and pointed,
+longer than tail, and nearly reaching its tip; projecting beyond the under tail-coverts,
+which reach the middle of tail. Tip of wing formed by the third, fourth, and fifth quills,
+which are longest.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ.</b> Bill usually shorter than head. Tail lengthened, rounded, and generally
+longer than the wings, which are short, rounded, and extend scarcely beyond the lower
+tail-coverts; these not reaching the middle of the tail. Tip of wing formed by the fourth,
+fifth, and sixth quills, which are longest.</p>
+
+<p>The row of small scales is usually present on both sides of the tarsi in
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</i>, but in the Jays is generally restricted to the inner face.</p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Corvinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CORVINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings long and pointed; longer than the tail, and, when closed, reaching
+nearly to its tip, extending far beyond the under tail-coverts; the third, fourth, and fifth
+quills forming the tip of the wing.</p>
+
+<p>The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the three genera of
+North American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</i>:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corveæ</i>). Bill compressed, much higher than broad; its tip compressed.
+Size large (i. e. over 15 inches long), color black, or mainly black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Color black throughout; bill much compressed, the culmen much
+arched, and the gonys convex; nasal bristles strong<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--260.png--><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 232]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifrageæ.</i>) Bill cylindrical, scarcely or not at all higher than
+broad; its tip depressed. Size small (i. e. less than 15 inches long). Color
+uniform blue or with ashy on body, and black wings and tail.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Color ashy, with wings and tail mainly black. Culmen convex,
+gonys slightly concave. Nostrils covered by the short nasal tuft<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Color uniform blue, brighter on the head; the throat streaked with
+whitish. Culmen straight; gonys slightly convex. Nostrils completely
+exposed; no nasal tufts<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CORVUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1735. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corax</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_260.jpg"
+ width="300" height="272"
+ alt="Illustration: Corvus carnivorus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">12442</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+The nasal feathers lengthened, reaching to or beyond the middle of the
+bill. Nostrils large, circular, overhung behind by membrane, the edges rounded elsewhere.
+Rictus without bristles. Bill nearly as long as the tarsus, very stout; much
+higher than broad at the base; culmen much arched. Wings reaching nearly or quite to
+the tip of the tail, the outer four primaries sinuated internally. Tarsi longer than the
+middle toe, with a series of small scales on the middle of each side separating the anterior
+scutellate portion from the posterior continuous plates. Sides of the head occasionally
+with nearly naked patches. Tail graduated or rounded.</p>
+
+<!--261.png--><!--blank page-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_37.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="37">XXXVII</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end plate-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-1" id="pl_37-1"></a><img src="images/pl_37-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus purpureus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1363.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-2" id="pl_37-2"></a><img src="images/pl_37-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus aglæus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 10342.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-3" id="pl_37-3"></a><img src="images/pl_37-3.jpg"
+ width="60%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus caurinus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Sitka, 46662.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-4" id="pl_37-4"></a><img src="images/pl_37-4.jpg"
+ width="60%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Mazatlan, 52802.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-5" id="pl_37-5"></a><img src="images/pl_37-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-6" id="pl_37-6"></a><img src="images/pl_37-6.jpg"
+ width="60%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 4546.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-7" id="pl_37-7"></a><img src="images/pl_37-7.jpg"
+ width="60%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ossifragus</span>. D. C., 4515.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-8" id="pl_37-8"></a><img src="images/pl_37-8.jpg"
+ width="60%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cryptoleucus</span>. Texas, 46798.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_37-9" id="pl_37-9"></a><img src="images/pl_37-9.jpg"
+ width="60%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 37 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus floridanus</span>. <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 10374.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--262.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--263.png--><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 233]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname">RAVENS.</b> Feathers of the chin and throat stiffened, elongated, narrow and
+lanceolate, with their outlines very distinct.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. corax</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</b>. Length about 25.00; wing, 17.00;
+tail, 10.00; graduation of tail, 1.60 to 2.40. Feathers of the neck
+and breast light gray beneath surface. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North
+America; Guatemala and Mexico. Rare in Eastern United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cryptoleucus.</b> Length about 21.00; wing, 14.00; tail,
+8.50; graduation of tail, about 1.25. Feathers of neck and breast
+snowy-white beneath surface. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Llano Estacado, or Staked
+Plain of Texas; Arizona; Colorado.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname">CROWS.</b> Feathers of chin and throat soft, short, broad, obtuse, and with
+their webs blended.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Angle of mouth feathered&mdash;North American Crows.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tarsus longer than the bill. First quill not longer than tenth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus.</b> The gloss of the plumage purplish-violet, and
+hardly perceptible on head and neck, middle toe and claw rather
+shorter than tarsus, measured from beginning of scutellæ.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Wing, 12.25; tail, 7.20; culmen, 1.85; tarsus, 2.00; middle
+toe, 1.45; wing-formula, 4, 3, 5, 6, 2; first quill equal to
+tenth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North America generally
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_50" id="fnanchor_50"></a><a href="#footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Wing, 12.50; tail, 7.20; culmen, 2.10; tarsus, 2.30; middle
+toe, 1.60. Wing-formula? (moulting). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Florida
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ossifragus.</b> The gloss of plumage violaceous-blue, almost
+green on the head, neck, and breast, where very perceptible.
+Middle toe and claw longer than tarsus, as above. Wing, 10.50;
+tail, 6.50; culmen, 1.55; tarsus, 1.65; middle toe, 1.35. Wing-formula,
+4, 3, 5; first quill slightly shorter than tenth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Atlantic Coast of the United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tarsus shorter than the bill. First quill longer than tenth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caurinus.</b> Gloss of the plumage as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i>, but
+deeper. Wing, 10.50; tail, 6.40; culmen, 1.95; tarsus, 1.70; middle
+toe, 1.25. Wing-formula, 4, 3, 5. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwestern coast
+of North America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_51" id="fnanchor_51"></a><a href="#footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></span>
+Plumage highly lustrous, blended. Soft burnished
+steel-blue, changing to violet on the crown, and with a
+greenish cast on lower parts. Wing, 9.00; tail, 6.50; culmen,
+1.60; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, 1.10. Wing-formula, 4, 3, 5.
+First quill very much longer than tenth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico
+(Mazatlan, etc.).</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Angle of mouth naked&mdash;West Indian Crows.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tarsus much shorter than the bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><!--264.png--><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span>
+7. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. nasicus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_52" id="fnanchor_52"></a><a href="#footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></span>
+Nostrils scarcely concealed by the short nasal bristles.
+Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers smoky-gray beneath
+the surface. Wing, 11.00; tail, 7.75; culmen, 2.45; depth of
+bill, .80; tarsus, 1.95; middle toe, 1.50; graduation of tail about
+1.00; wing-formula, 4, 3, 5, 6, 2; first quill shortest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">8. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucognaphalus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_53" id="fnanchor_53"></a><a href="#footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></span>
+Nostrils well concealed by the longer, but
+rather scant, nasal bristles. Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers
+of the neck all round, breast and sides, pure white below the surface.
+Wing, 12.50; tail, 9.00; culmen, 2.45; depth of bill, .95;
+tarsus, 2.15; middle toe, 1.50; graduation of tail about 1.25.
+Wing-formula, 4, 5, 3, 6, 2; first quill much the shortest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Porto Rico.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tarsus about equal to bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">9. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. jamaicensis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_54" id="fnanchor_54"></a><a href="#footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></span>
+Nostrils just covered by the short but dense
+tuft of nasal bristles. Entirely dark sooty-plumbeous, inclining to
+black on the head, wings, and tail, where is a very faint violaceous
+gloss. Wing, 9.50; tail, 6.50; culmen, 2.00; depth of bill, 1.70;
+tarsus, 2.05; middle toe, 1.35; graduation of tail, about .60.
+Wing-formula, 5, 4, 3, 6, 2; first shortest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corax</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</b>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AMERICAN RAVEN.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>,
+Travels in <abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Florida, 1793, 290.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 560, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>,
+210, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866,
+225.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>,
+1864, 121 (British Columbia).&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>,
+<abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>,
+1869, 285 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>,
+1870, 282.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+355. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corax</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Nine">Am. Orn. IX</abbr>, 1825, 136,
+<abbr title="plate 75, figure">pl. lxxv. f.</abbr> 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs.
+Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 36.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1828, 56.&mdash;<span class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr title="Cabinet of Natural History One">Cab. N. H. I</abbr>,
+1830, 270, <abbr title="plate 24">pl.
+xxiv.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. B. Am. II</abbr>,
+1831, 290.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 202.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 476, <abbr title="plate 101">pl. ci</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 150.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV.</abbr> 1842, 78, <abbr title="plate 224">pl.
+ccxxiv.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>,
+<i>S</i>, 54.&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 40 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cacalotl</i>,
+“<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,” ? <abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr>
+1837, 115 (perhaps true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cacalotl</i>).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> List,
+1838 (probably not of Wagler).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 387.&mdash;<span class="sc">Maximilian</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Reise
+innere Nord <abbr title="Amerika">Amer.</abbr></span> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841,
+289 (does not consider it different from European).&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>,
+1857, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus lugubris</i>, <span class="sc">Agassiz</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, Two, December">Pr. Bost.
+Soc. N. H. II, Dec.</abbr> 1846, 188.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Caban. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 563, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>,
+<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X.</abbr>, b <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>,
+“<span class="sc">Holböll</span>, Kroger <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Tidsskrift">Tidsk.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1843, 390.”&mdash;<span class="sc">Schlegel</span>, note on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--265.png--><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 235]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill longest; third and fifth about equal; second between fifth
+and sixth; first nearly equal to the eighth. Length, about 24.00 or 25.00; extent, 50.00
+to 51.00; wing, about 17.00; tail, 10.00. Tail moderately graduated; the outer feather
+about 1.60 to 2.40 inches less than the middle. Entirely glossy black, with burnished
+violet reflections.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Entire continent of North America. Rare east of the Mississippi. South to
+Guatemala.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_265.jpg"
+ width="250" height="245"
+ alt="Illustration: Corvus carnivorus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus carnivorus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Though easily distinguishable from the European bird, the American Raven
+is so nearly related to it as to be beyond doubt referrible to it as a variety.
+The differences presented in a very large series of both forms are, however,
+very constant and tangible. In the American bird the bill is always longer
+and less deep, and the plumage is more highly burnished, while the wings,
+especially the secondaries, are perceptibly of a more reddish violet than
+the other portions. Though in an immense series of American specimens
+many differences of form and size are noted, yet there is nothing sufficiently
+characteristic of any particular region to indicate more than one variety.
+As a rule, however, specimens
+from the high
+north exceed in size
+those from elsewhere,
+and have the bill more
+robust, though not so
+short as in the European
+bird; while those from
+the Middle Province and
+Mexico to Guatemala
+(= “<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">cacalotl</i>,” Baird et
+<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr>) have the plumage
+more brilliant than others,
+and frequently the
+bill very narrow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Assuming
+that we must consider
+as but one species the
+two differing forms of
+Raven found in North America, we find this bird more or less common
+throughout nearly the whole continent. It is much more abundant in some
+regions than in others, and, as a general rule, is much more common and
+also more generally distributed in the western portion, where also its habits
+are remarkably different from the manners of its eastern representative.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to be more or less common throughout the Arctic regions.
+Mr. Kennicott met with Ravens at Lake Winnipeg. Mr. MacFarlane found
+them abundant at Lockhart River, at Fort Anderson, and on the Lower
+Anderson River. Mr. Ross obtained them at Fort Simpson, Mr. Reid at
+<!--266.png--><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 236]</span>
+Big Island, Mr. Clarke at Fort Rae, Mr. Lockhart at Fort Resolution, and
+Mr. Dall at Nulato, in Alaska.</p>
+
+<p>Richardson speaks of it as abounding in the fur countries, where it frequents
+the barren grounds even in the intense winter cold, and where its
+movements are regulated by those of reindeer, musk-oxen, and other animals,
+which it follows, to assist in devouring whatever may be killed.
+Ravens are seen to collect from various quarters wherever any animal is
+slain, in order to feast on the offal, and considerable numbers are in constant
+attendance upon the several fishing-stations. He mentions a singular
+instance of the disposition of this bird to appropriate glittering objects of
+no value to it for food or anything else. A Raven was seen flying off
+with something in its claws, pursued by a number of its clamorous companions.
+Having been fired at, it dropped the object of contention, which
+proved to be the lock of a chest.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. MacFarlane’s notes in regard to the nesting of these birds describe certain
+variations as to position, etc. One nest was on a ledge of a cliff of shale,
+and was composed of dry willow sticks, lined with pieces of rabbit skin and
+the hair of moose. Both parents were seen,&mdash;one on the nest, the other
+on a tree,&mdash;but both flew away on being approached. A second nest was in
+the top crotch of a tall pine on the river-bank. It was made of dry sticks,
+and thickly lined with reindeer hair. There were eight eggs in this nest.
+A third was in a tall pine, and was forty-five feet from the ground. It was
+constructed in a manner precisely similar to the preceding. A fourth was
+on the top of a tall pine, and only differed in having been lined with dry
+grass, moss, and a few reindeer hairs. The other nests appear to have been
+similarly situated and constructed. Nearly all were in high trees, built of
+dry sticks, and lined with dry grasses, mosses, and the hair of various quadrupeds.
+The maximum number of eggs was eight, their average six.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. MacFarlane states that the Raven is found throughout the winter in
+the Arctic regions, and that, though he has met with it north of latitude 69<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>,
+he has never known it to breed north of that line. He informs us that it is
+seldom that more than a single pair is to be seen at a time, and occasionally
+they may be noted singly, flying alone, or feeding on garbage. Sometimes
+a dead fox or wolf will attract quite a number to the spot. On one occasion
+he observed as many as twenty Ravens amicably associated together around
+the carcasses of two wolves that had been poisoned with strychnine. In
+many cases he has known the partaking of a poisoned animal prove fatal
+to them, as also the eating of bait laid for foxes and wolves.</p>
+
+<p>According to this same correspondent, one of these birds became almost
+domesticated at Fort Anderson, during February and March, 1865. At first it
+fed about the fort with a companion; soon after, coming alone, it grew bolder
+and bolder, alighted within the square, allowed itself to be closely approached,
+where the young dogs soon became familiar with it, and would even frolic
+and gambol with it, the Raven joining heartily in the sport in its own way.
+<!--267.png--><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 237]</span>
+It was never known to attempt to injure even the smallest of the young
+dogs, nor did any of the dogs ever offer to annoy it. It at length came to
+be considered by all as an inmate of the establishment. While it seemed to
+have full confidence in the people of the fort, it kept at a careful distance
+from all Indian or Esquimaux visitors.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. B. R. Ross speaks of Ravens as common as far north as the Arctic
+Ocean. They feed on carrion, and act as scavengers to the establishments.
+Their sight is remarkably keen, and the sagacity with which they follow the
+trapper is wonderful. Early as the hunter may start, these harpies will have
+been before him, and torn out the eyes and entrails of each hare. They will
+break into marten-traps for the sake of the bait or the captured animal,
+thrusting aside or pulling out with their beaks the sticks that compose the
+enclosure. Sometimes they are caught in steel traps that are set for foxes,
+or eat the strychnine baits laid for the same animals, and slowly succumb to
+this powerful poison. Their flesh is so rank that even a fox, unless sorely
+pressed by hunger, will not eat it. They pair in April, and usually construct
+their nests in the loftiest trees. They have various call-notes, one of
+which is like that of the Canada Goose, and another is said by Mr. Ross to
+be very liquid and musical.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dall states that these birds were abundant all the year at Nulato, and
+indeed everywhere throughout Alaska, but much more common near the
+Indian villages and trading-posts than elsewhere. They build on the sandstone
+cliffs at Nulato, in cavities that have been occupied for years. They
+lay about the 20th of April, and the young are hatched before open water.
+He also speaks of them as very intelligent, and states that on several expeditions
+made to obtain their eggs, the instant he stopped at the foot of
+the bluff the whole colony would arrange themselves on the edge of the
+rock in anxious consultation, uttering repeated cries of warning. On one
+occasion, where the nest was inaccessible and the party went back unsuccessful,
+their departure was announced by significant and joyous croaks
+and derisive screeches. Ravens were also found by Mr. Bannister common
+all the year on the small islands lying off the northeast point of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Michaels.</p>
+
+<p>In the Eastern States the Raven is a comparatively rare bird, except in a
+few special localities. These are usually mountain-ranges, high precipitous
+banks of rivers and lakes and of the ocean, and among wild and lonely
+islands. It occurs on the Labrador coast, at Grand Menan in the Bay of
+Fundy, the Adirondacks, Lake George, the Hudson River, etc. Mr. Lawrence
+speaks of it as quite common on the coast of New Jersey. It is
+found among the mountains of Buncombe and other counties in North
+Carolina, and Mr. Audubon mentions its occurrence at Table Mountain, in
+the district of Pendleton, South Carolina. Dr. Coues found Ravens not rare
+at Labrador, where the almost inaccessible cliffs afford them safe and convenient
+retreats. They were so excessively wary that it was found impossible
+<!--268.png--><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 238]</span>
+to shoot them. They descended in pairs to the sea-shore to feed on
+dead fish, crabs, and other animal substances thrown up by the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway informs me of the presence of this bird in the heavy forests
+of the bottom-lands in Southern Illinois. It is there quite rare, however,
+as he has met with but a few pairs. These were resident, and nested in the
+tall timber of the Big Creek bottoms, in Richland <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr></p>
+
+<p>Audubon’s party found it equally impossible to obtain a specimen at Labrador.
+One afternoon Mr. Audubon hid himself under a nest several hours,
+to no purpose. The old Ravens would not show themselves while he was
+within gunshot, though the young clamored for food. As soon as he had
+left the spot the female alighted on the nest, fed her young, and was off
+again before she could be approached.</p>
+
+<p>At Grand Menan, where they are not rare, and where they breed among
+the high cliffs, I found them so wild that it was almost impossible even to
+obtain sight of them. Passing high in the air above our heads, their loud,
+hoarse croak attested their alarm at the sight of their enemy, man. They
+are looked upon with aversion by the islanders, and are persecuted by them
+without mercy. They rob the nests of the Herring Gulls, interfering with
+the islanders in this privilege, and are, wrongfully I believe, charged with
+destroying young lambs.</p>
+
+<p>Years afterwards, when I again encountered individuals of this species at
+Cheyenne, on the Plains, I could not but notice the immense difference in
+their character. There perfect confidence in man took the place of dread.
+Unmolested by the people, who regard them as desirable scavengers, valueless
+for food and useful in removing nuisances, they were as tame and familiar
+as the European Sparrow in the parks of New York or Boston. On one
+occasion I found one engaged in eating the remains of a dead cow just outside
+the city. It allowed me to approach to within five or six feet, when
+with a very stately and dignified stride it moved out of my way, and kept
+me at about this distance. I could not compel it to fly to any distance,
+even when I hastened my steps.</p>
+
+<p>In New England these birds are very rare, and their occurrence is only
+accidental. One has been shot on the Connecticut, and another on the Merrimack,
+in Massachusetts. They are not unfrequently met with in Northern
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>On the Pacific Coast the Raven is common from Sitka to San Diego.
+Throughout Washington Territory it is said to be plentiful, more scattered
+in the summer, and in the winter congregating about settlements and the
+sea-shore. At Vancouver, during the winter, it was observed amicably associating
+with the Crows, and on the coast with the Fish Crows, but during
+the spring, when the latter had nests, they boldly attacked the Ravens, and
+drove them away.</p>
+
+<p>In California and in all the adjacent regions, Dr. Cooper states, the Raven
+is found everywhere in pairs, more numerous than in the Atlantic States,
+<!--269.png--><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span>
+and abundant even in the most barren desert districts. It follows trains and
+herds of cattle, and keeps on the lookout for anything befalling them. It is
+omnivorous, eating snakes, lizards, eggs, carrion, and even grain, though the
+last very rarely. It is accused of destroying young chickens and lambs.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona Dr. Coues speaks of it as resident, and very abundant about
+the cattle enclosures, where it congregates in immense numbers during the
+autumn and winter. During the severe winter of 1864-65 great numbers
+perished of cold and hunger at Fort Whipple. Dr. Coues has favored us
+with the following interesting sketch of the habits of this bird as observed
+by him in that Territory.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“The geographical distribution of the Raven seems to be in great measure
+complementary to that of the Crow. On the prairies, in the desert,
+among the mountains, of the Western States and Territories, where the
+Ravens and their congenial companions, the coyotes, abound, the Crows are
+rare or wanting altogether. In travelling westward, I saw no Crows after
+leaving the settlements this side of the Plains, while the Ravens were conspicuous,
+until in some parts of Southern California Crows reappeared, but
+no Ravens amongst them. I saw a fair number of Ravens along the Arkansas
+River, and they were frequent in the valley of the Rio Grande; after
+crossing the river, while traversing the wild region thence to the Colorado,
+they were our inseparable companions; hundreds, if not thousands, of them
+lived about Fort Whipple all the year, seemingly attracted from miles
+around by probabilities of finding abundant food. Throughout the Western
+wilds they hang on the footsteps of man, needy adventurers, claiming their
+share of his spoils, disputing with the wolves and vultures for the refuse of
+his camp, and polishing the skeletons of the buffalo, with which he sometimes
+strews the plain. The more desolate the land, the closer the Raven
+follows in the trail of the emigrant, till its dismal croaking sounds ominous
+of hardship, and its plumage seems to foreshadow days as dark.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“One accustomed to the shrewdness and prudence of Crows in populous
+districts is at first surprised at an apparent familiarity the Raven often
+shows in the West. There no one would think of wasting ammunition on
+the worthless bird, and it comes to look upon man more as its provider than
+as an enemy. Nevertheless, like the rest of its tribe, the Raven is a sagacious
+bird, not likely to be twice deceived, and very ready to take a hint;
+he always has his wits about him, and keeps a bright lookout when anything
+stranger than a coyote is near. This wariness is something altogether different
+from the childlike timidity of little birds like Sparrows, that scurry
+away in terror from any unusual sight or sound, and unquestionably implies
+keen powers of observation coupled with no small degree of reasoning
+faculty. Almost every day during the winter of 1864-65 I must have
+passed within a few paces of Ravens stalking about the fort; and yet, when
+I wanted a specimen, it was not an easy matter to secure one. The birds
+assuredly knew the difference between a person going quietly about his business
+<!--270.png--><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span>
+and one “on mischief bent,” and their intelligent watchfulness rendered
+it quite impossible to approach them openly with gun in hand.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“Ravens are resident in the region about Fort Whipple, and their apparently
+diminished number in summer is simply due to the fact that they are
+then spread over a greater surface, are less restless, and better provided for
+in the matter of food. In winter, and especially when snow covered the
+ground, their numbers at the fort were simply incalculable. They dotted
+the ground everywhere during the day, and roosted in crowds on the neighboring
+pines by night. One patriarchal tree, that stood somewhat isolated,
+was a favorite resting-place for the Ravens and Buzzards, and gradually assumed
+a singular appearance, as if it had been whitewashed. This great pine
+overlooked a little open space where our beeves were slaughtered, and the
+banqueting there was never ended. All night long the wolves howled and
+barked as they tugged at the offal, till daylight sent them reluctant to their
+rocky fastnesses, when the great dark birds, with a premonitory stretching
+of the wings, flapped down to renew the feast. The Ravens and Buzzards
+seemed to get along very well together, quarrelling no more with each other
+than each species did with its own kind; but in the occasional disputes the
+smaller birds seemed to have rather the advantage of the heavier and clumsier
+gluttons. This comparative good-fellowship was in striking contrast to
+the behavior of Crows towards Turkey Buzzards.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“The Raven is not, on the whole, so noisy a bird as the Crow, though he
+croaks vigorously on occasion, and his caw may claim to be impressive, if not
+agreeable. But the queer sounds that the bird can utter, if he be so minded,
+are indescribable; even his ordinary cawing is susceptible of considerable
+modulation. A favorite amusement of his, when, his hunger appeased for
+the time, he feels particularly comfortable, is to settle snugly on the top of
+a pine-tree, and talk to himself. The performance generally begins with a
+loud caw, self-asserting, followed by a complacent chuckle; and then comes
+a series of comical syllables, so low as to be scarcely audible from the ground
+below, as if he were musing aloud, and tickled with his own fancies. Then
+he will raise his voice again, and file away at some old saw for a while, finishing
+with the inimitable ‘cork-drawing’ for which his tribe is famous.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“A Raven that I had slightly wounded in the wing and captured soon
+became quite tame, and developed a variety of amusing traits. Proving
+rather obtrusive and inconvenient in my narrow quarters, I undertook to tie
+him in a corner with a string round his leg. This he objected to, and it
+was astonishing to see the perseverance he showed in untying any number
+of knots I might make. It was a task that sometimes took him hours, but
+he never rested until it was done. I had no chain light enough for the purpose,
+but I finally got the better of him by twisting a wire with the cord.
+His intelligence did not reach in that direction more than six inches from
+his leg.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser observed the Raven common at San Antonio, frequenting the
+<!--271.png--><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 241]</span>
+slaughter-houses. In November, in the Baudera Hills, several came to his
+camp to feast on the offal of deer. Dr. Woodhouse also found them very
+abundant in Texas, the Indian Territory, and New Mexico, and especially
+so on the buffalo plains. In the Mexican Boundary Survey, Dr. Kennerly
+observed these birds everywhere in Northern Mexico, flocks of them following
+the train from point to point. They were not at all shy, but often came
+into camp in search of food.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Blakiston, having enjoyed unusual opportunities for observing the
+habits of the American Raven during his residence in high northern regions,
+characterizes the species as anything but solitary. During the day they are
+usually met with in pairs, except when drawn together in large numbers
+around the carcass of a dead animal. At night, during the winter, they
+repair to some chosen resting-place, usually a clump of trees on the edge of
+a prairie, and there roost in one immense body. One of these roosting-places
+was about a mile from Fort Carlton, and Captain Blakiston’s attention was
+first drawn to it by noticing that about sunset all the Ravens, from all quarters,
+were flying towards this point. Returning to the fort in the evening by
+that quarter, he found a clump of aspen-trees, none of them more than
+twenty-five feet high, filled with Ravens, who, at his approach, took wing
+and flew round and round. He also noted the wonderful regularity with
+which they repaired to their roosting-place in the evening and left it again
+in the morning, by pairs, on their day’s hunt. They always left in the morning,
+within a minute or two of the same time, earlier and earlier as the days
+grew longer, on cold or cloudy mornings a little later, usually just half an
+hour before sunrise. In April they all paired off, and their roosting-place
+became deserted. During an excursion about one hundred and fifty miles
+southwest of Fort Carlton, Captain Blakiston found several nests of Ravens
+with eggs, one of which was in a small tree near a lake, and was not more
+than fifteen feet above it. It contained six eggs, was about a foot in diameter,
+composed of sticks, and was lined with buffalo-hair and pieces of scarlet
+cloth, evidently picked up about an Indian camping-ground.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann states that while in California he always found the nests
+of the Raven placed high on bold precipitous cliffs, secure against danger;
+in the vast desolate plains of New Mexico he saw these birds building on
+low trees, and even on cactus-plants, less than three feet from the ground,
+showing how much circumstances and localities affect the habits of birds
+regarding incubation.</p>
+
+<p>A Raven, probably this species, is abundant on the plateau of Mexico.
+The Cerro Colorado, near Tehuacan, is the rendezvous of a large number of
+these birds, where, according to Sumichrast, at the time of the flowering of
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maguey</i>, they gather in great abundance, to feed on the blossoms of this
+plant, which are their favorite food.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boardman writes me that he has several times collected Ravens’ eggs
+at Grand Menan, but always found the nest a hard one to take, as they
+<!--272.png--><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span>
+usually build it under some high cliff. They make a very large and bulky
+nest, and, where not disturbed, use it several years in succession. They
+also breed very early. He once took a nest with eight eggs on the 10th
+of April, when the snow all around was quite deep. This was sent to
+the Smithsonian Institution. Its contents nearly filled a bushel basket.
+He does not regard the Ravens as migratory. Though they are apparently
+more numerous in winter than in summer, this is probably because they
+forsake the woods and come about the open fields and the banks of rivers
+for dead fish, and thus are more noticed. They are very shy, sagacious, and
+vigilant, so much so that it is almost impossible for one to get a shot at
+them. Crows avoid them, and the two are never seen together. The farmers
+of Grand Menan accuse them of pecking the eyes out of young lambs, and
+always try to destroy them, and they grow less and less numerous every
+year. The Ravens, he adds, appear to be on good terms with the Duck
+Hawks, as he has known a nest of the former within a few rods of one of
+the latter.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species, from Anderson River, measures 1.96 inches in
+length by 1.32 in breadth. Two from Grand Menan measure, one 2.05 inches
+by 1.30, the other 1.95 by 1.25. The ground-color of two of these is a
+soiled sea-green, that of the third is a light bluish-green. This is more sparingly
+marked with dots, blotches, and cloudings of faint purple and purplish-brown,
+chiefly at the larger end. The others are marked over the entire egg
+with blotches of varying size and depth of coloring, of a deep purple-brown;
+some of the markings are not readily distinguishable from black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cryptoleucus</b>, <span class="sc">Couch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-NECKED CROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cryptoleucus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Couch</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. VII</abbr>,
+April, 1854, 66 (Tamaulipas, Mexico).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 565
+<abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 284.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+The fourth quill is longest; the third and fifth equal; the second longer
+than the sixth; the first about equal to the seventh. Glossy black, with violet reflections;
+feathers of neck all round, back, and breast, snow-white at the base. Length,
+about 21.00; wing, 14.00; tail, 8.50. Feathers of throat lanceolate; bristly feathers
+along the base of the bill covering it for nearly two thirds its length.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of Rio Grande and Gila. Abundant on the Llano Estacado, and at Eagle
+Pass, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 494). Colorado (<span class="sc">Aiken</span>).</p>
+
+<p>In the white bases to the feathers of the neck, etc., there is a resemblance
+in this species to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucognaphalus</i> of Porto Rico; but the latter has
+entirely different proportions, blended instead of lanceolate feathers on the
+throat, exceedingly short instead of unusually long nasal plumes, and many
+other differences, and is in every feature totally distinct.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the distinctive habits or the extent of the distribution of the
+<!--273.png--><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 243]</span>
+White-necked Raven we have very little knowledge. It was first described
+by Lieutenant Couch, in 1854, from specimens obtained by him at Charco
+Escondido, Mexico, in May, 1853. Other specimens were afterwards procured
+by Dr. Kennerly, at Janos, Mexico, in 1855, and by Mr. Dresser at
+Eagle Pass, Texas, in March, 1864. The latter gives no notes as to its
+habits.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly’s note in regard to it is that it was not very common, and
+when seen was generally associated with the larger species of Raven. Lieutenant
+Couch merely mentions it as found in small numbers in Eastern
+Tamaulipas, generally near ranches.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. H. Clark writes that this species does not seem to possess the
+cunning or wariness of its congeners. It was met with, in the greatest
+abundance, about watering-places. It was not found habitually in great
+flocks, though at the head of the Limpia many were congregated and flying
+about the face of an immense rocky mountain wall, where they were
+probably nesting. Their note he describes as coarse, and less shrill than
+that of the common Crow. He met with the supposed nest in an arborescent
+cactus.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues does not appear to have met with this species in Arizona, but
+Lieutenant Bendire writes to Professor Baird from Tucson, April 12, 1872,
+that it is the most common Crow or Raven there. This he discovered
+accidentally, finding that three fourths of the Ravens he shot proved to be
+of this species; the others were the Colorado race of the Raven. Specimens
+of this Crow were obtained at Fort Buchanan by Dr. Irwin, at Pecos
+River by Dr. Anderson, and in the Indian Territory by Mr. McCarthy.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species, from Trout Creek, Texas, obtained June 20 by
+Charles S. McCarthy, measures 1.75 inches in length by 1.25 in breadth.
+The ground-color is a light grayish-green, and is pretty uniformly marked
+with fine dottings of mingled purple and brown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud</span></abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COMMON CROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corone</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 79
+<abbr title="plate 25, figure">pl. xxv, f.</abbr> 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon</span>. Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 37.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1828, 56.&mdash;<abbr title="Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 291.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 209 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus corone</i> of<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>).
+<span class="sc">Corvus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834,
+317; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 477, <abbr title="plate 156">pl. clvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1839, 150.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>,
+1842, 87, <abbr title="plate 225">pl. ccxxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 385.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 221.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span></abbr>
+Reise, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1839, 140.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title=" Zoölogy California and Oregon Route, Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. &amp; Or. Route, P. R. R. Rep. VI,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 82.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 566, <abbr title="plate 23">pl. xxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Caban. J. VI</abbr>,
+1858, 198.&mdash;<span class="sc">Schlegel</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Notice sur les Corbeaux</span>,
+10, <abbr title="plate One, figure">pl. I, f.</abbr> 16.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1861, 226.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 357.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297 (in part).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill longest; second shorter than sixth; first shorter than ninth.
+Glossy black with violet reflections, even on the belly. Length, 19.00 to 20.00; wing,
+13.00 to 13.50; tail about 8.00. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--274.png--><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 244]</span>
+<span class="sc">Hab.</span> United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; rare in the Middle Province and on
+Missouri Plains, and on northwest coast. <abbr title="North East">N. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 494). North
+to Great Slave Lake, Fort Rae, and Nelson River, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr></p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i> has no analogue in Europe, though the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. corone</i> somewhat
+resembles it. The most important feature of distinction appears to lie
+in the structure of the feathers of the head and neck, which in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. corone</i> are
+narrow, with the tips distinct, while in the American bird these tips are
+blended together and do not maintain their individuality. The feathers on
+the fore-neck in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">corone</i> are also <a name="note14" id="note14"></a>lanceolate and distinct, showing the outline
+of each one as in the Raven, while in the American Crow they are three
+times as broad, rounded, and entirely blended. Mr. Audubon further
+remarks that the neck of the European bird is glossed with green and blue,
+while that of the American has a decided purplish-brown tinge.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Maximilian states, in addition, that the note differs in the two
+species.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Common Crow of North America is found in great abundance
+in all the Eastern States, from Texas to Florida, and from the Missouri
+to Nova Scotia. A few are found beyond the Great Plains, and they also
+extend their migrations, in summer, into high Arctic regions. Richardson
+found them as far north as the 55th parallel, but was in error when he stated
+that beyond this they do not go. He adds that none approach within five or
+six hundred miles of Hudson’s Bay. They were observed at Cross Lake and
+at Lake Winnepeg by Mr. Kennicott, at Big Island by Mr. Reid, at Fort
+Rae by Mr. Clarke, and at Fort Anderson and on the Lower Anderson River
+by Mr. MacFarlane, who also found them breeding even at this high latitude.
+They were not seen in Russian America, and Dr. Cooper thinks that the
+species does not occur in California, or, if at all, only rarely, but that it is
+there replaced by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caurinus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found the Crow of very rare occurrence in the interior. A
+very few were seen in the Truckee meadows, in November, and others at the
+Humboldt marshes, in October. These western birds were exceedingly unsuspicious
+and familiar, so much so that those seen in the Humboldt marshes
+were walking about with all the familiarity of domestic pigeons, only hopping
+aside as they were approached. None were seen either in spring or
+summer.</p>
+
+<p>In Western Iowa Mr. Allen states that he saw but very few of this species,
+and even in Northern Illinois it was not very common. At the West
+this bird is reported to be held in better estimation than at the East, by the
+farmers. It is not known to pull corn, and seems to be entirely unsuspicious.
+It is regarded generally as a benefactor, and not only deserves, but
+receives, good treatment. In Indiana he found it more common.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues met with a single individual on the Labrador coast. In Nova
+Scotia it is much more abundant, and there, as on the Western prairies, being
+unmolested by the inhabitants, it is exceedingly unsuspicious, and will permit
+<!--275.png--><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 245]</span>
+a very near approach before it will fly, and even then will not move
+to a distance. In all of the United States east of the Mississippi it is very
+abundant. In Texas, between San Antonio and the Mexican frontier, it is
+not common; but Mr. Dresser found it very common in the northeast part
+of the State during the whole year.</p>
+
+<p>Probably no one of our birds, so wholly worthless for food, has been more
+hunted and destroyed than this species. In certain parts of the country it
+is held in great aversion by the farmers, and in some States bounty-laws
+have been enacted by legislatures to promote its destruction. Had not
+these birds been possessed of an extraordinary intelligence, they must long
+since have been exterminated or driven from a large part of the country.
+In some sections their numbers have been of late much diminished by the
+use of strychnine. During the month of May the Crow is very destructive
+in the cornfield, pulling up the grains as soon as they begin to vegetate, and
+compelling the farmer to replant perhaps several times. Wilson remarks that
+in the State of Delaware these birds collect in immense flocks and commit
+great devastation upon crops of standing corn. They also occasionally commit
+depredations in the <a name="note11" id="note11"></a>barn-yard, robbing hens’-nests of their eggs, and
+even destroying young chickens. They also destroy the eggs and young of
+other birds. The mischief they thus do is doubtless very great, and the
+ground for the prevalent prejudice against them is quite apparent. Yet it is
+equally demonstrable that this bird is surpassed, and probably is equalled,
+by no other in the vast amount of the benefits conferred upon agriculturalists.
+The evil it perpetrates is very limited, and is confined to but a short
+period, but during all the time it is resident the Crow is constantly engaged
+in the destruction of injurious insects and rodent quadrupeds. In the early
+spring it feeds almost wholly upon the most destructive grubs, and in
+extensive districts of Massachusetts, where these birds have been largely
+destroyed, the ravages of the May-bugs and the grasshoppers in pasture-lands
+have been a natural consequence of so short-sighted a policy.</p>
+
+<p>The persecutions to which the Crow is subjected have developed in them
+a wariness and a distrust that is foreign to their nature. They can only live
+by keeping on a constant lookout for dangers, and by learning to distinguish
+the weapons that threaten their destruction. As soon as anything is seen
+that causes alarm, the signal is at once given, and the warning passed from
+one to another.</p>
+
+<p>In New Jersey and in Pennsylvania, during the winter months, the Crows
+assemble in immense flocks, and their movements appear to be regulated by
+the guidance of a few chosen leaders. I received from the lips of the late
+John Cassin, an ornithologist hardly less remarkable for his outdoor observations
+than for his researches in the closet, only a few days before his
+death, a very surprising account of the movements of a large army of Crows,
+witnessed by himself, in the spring of 1868.</p>
+
+<p>On a Sunday morning in April, when Philadelphia was enveloped in a
+<!--276.png--><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 246]</span>
+fog so dense and impenetrable that it was hardly possible to distinguish objects
+across its streets, Mr. Cassin’s attention was called to an immense
+accumulation of these birds in Independence Square. The whole park he
+found, to his utter astonishment, occupied by an immense army of Crows.
+They filled all the trees, bending down the overloaded branches, and swarmed
+over and covered the ground. The entire space seemed alive with Crows.
+They had evidently become bewildered in the fog, and had strangely taken
+refuge in this small park in the very heart of Philadelphia. As if aware of
+their close proximity to danger, the whole assembly was quiet, orderly, and
+silent. A few birds, evidently acting as leaders, moved noiselessly back and
+forth through their ranks, as if giving tacit signals. These movements were
+followed by the departure of a few scouts, as if sent to make explorations,
+but they soon returned unsuccessful. Again were repeated the uneasy
+movements of their leaders, passing slowly and cautiously through their
+close ranks. After an apparently much longer consultation, another small
+party ascended to explore, wheeling round and round in wider and wider
+zones. At length, satisfied with their observations, they quietly returned,
+and made their report in a manner evidently understood, though not audibly
+expressed; for immediately the leaders passed again among the crowd, and,
+as if signals were given for a general movement, the whole of this immense
+congregation, numbering, Mr. Cassin estimated, hundreds of thousands, rose
+slowly and silently, preceded by their scouts, and, moving off in a westerly
+direction, were soon lost to view.</p>
+
+<p>When taken young, the Crow can be easily domesticated, and becomes a
+very entertaining, but a very mischievous pet. It is very secretive, hiding
+objects of no value to itself, and seems to delight in mischief. It displays
+often a wonderful intelligence, appears to understand and to obey certain
+directions, and manifests also remarkable quickness of vision. A tame Crow
+belonging to a family resident near Boston, and permitted to go at large,
+manifested all the attachment of a dog. It especially enjoyed the society
+of the children, and played with them in their games of hide and seek, surpassing
+them by its readiness in finding the secreted object. It was especially
+attached to the mistress of the house, flying to her whenever she
+approached, hovering over her head, and alighting on her shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>In a few instances the Crow has been taught to imitate articulate sounds.
+In one of these, in Grafton, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, the Crow not only vociferated a single
+monosyllable repeatedly, but at other times enunciated a short sentence of
+five syllables.</p>
+
+<p>A few are resident in Massachusetts during the year, but the greater portion
+move south in November and return in March. Those who remain
+during the winter are chiefly resident near the sea-shore. The Crow breeds
+from April to June, varying with the latitude of its residence. In Massachusetts
+it has full-grown young by June 1. It builds, usually in March, a
+large rudely constructed nest of sticks, moss, and bark, lined with finer
+<!--277.png--><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span>
+mosses, and sometimes with hair. The parent birds are very watchful and
+vigilant if their nest is in danger, and often expose their lives in their anxiety
+for their young. The male bird is attentive to his mate during incubation,
+and assists in feeding the young. The young are fed chiefly on insects,
+frogs, mice, and similar food.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Crow vary from 1.60 to 1.55 inches in length, and from
+1.20 to 1.10 in breadth. In their markings they exhibit surprising variations.
+They usually have a ground of a light sea-green, over which are
+scattered, more or less thickly, blotches, some of them quite large, of a dark-brown,
+almost black, with purplish reflections. These are chiefly about the
+larger end. Another quite common variety is of a deeper ground of green,
+very uniformly and thickly sprinkled with fine dottings of a sepia-brown.
+Others have a ground nearly white, slightly tinged with green, more sparingly
+spotted with small blotches of light purplish-brown. A nest found
+near Springfield contained eggs having the ground-color on one side a
+pinkish-gray, the rest being greenish-white, all spotted with brown.
+Another set of eggs from Hudson, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, were of a light bluish-green,
+entirely unspotted, resembling large Robin’s eggs; and Dr. Wood mentions
+another four, the ground of which was flesh-color, and the spots red.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA CROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+568, <abbr title="plate 67, figure">pl. lxvii, f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+About the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, but bill and feet larger. Tail less rounded.
+Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal; third rather longer than fifth. Color less
+violet above. Length, 19.50; wing, 12.00; tail, 7.70; tarsus, 2.60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern peninsula of Florida.</p>
+
+<p>This resident Crow of Florida differs in some marked features from that
+of the more northern localities in several characters. Although perhaps
+rather smaller, the bill and feet, especially the latter, are very considerably
+larger. The nasal feathers extend over the basal two fifths of the bill,
+instead of the half. The proportions of the bill are about the same; in
+the Florida bird it is rather the longer. The greatest difference is in the
+feet. The tarsal joint of the tibia is bare, the feathers scarcely coming
+below it, even anteriorly, instead of projecting some distance. The tarsus
+is almost a quarter of an inch longer, covered anteriorly by nine scutellæ,
+instead of eight. The outer lateral toe is shorter, not reaching the base
+of the middle claw. The middle toe and claw are considerably shorter than
+the tarsus; the middle claw is shorter than in the northern bird.</p>
+
+<p>The wing-formula differs somewhat; the third, fourth, and fifth quills are
+nearly equal, the third even longer than the fifth, instead of shorter. The
+<!--278.png--><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 248]</span>
+tail is short and very nearly even, the difference in length of feathers being
+less than half an inch, instead of an inch. This, however, may in part be
+owing to the absence of the middle pair.</p>
+
+<p>The colors differ somewhat from those of the common Crow. There is
+less violet, and the feathers of the back have almost a brassy gloss on their
+margins, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The specimen upon which these remarks are based, though apparently
+perfectly mature, is changing some of its feathers, such as the inner primaries,
+the middle tail-feathers, and the greater coverts. The long primaries
+and ten tail-feathers, however, are of full length. It is possible that the
+bird is really as large as the northern Crow, although this is hardly probable.
+It was killed on the mainland of the extreme southern portion of Florida,
+not far from Fort Dallas.</p>
+
+<p>No comparison of this bird is required with the Fish Crow, which has the
+middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus, not shorter, and the proportions
+much less.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common resident Crow of Florida exhibits so many peculiarities
+differing from the northern species, that Professor Baird, in his
+Birds of America, deemed it worthy of mention at least as a race, if not a
+distinct species. We have no account of its habits, and do not know if,
+in any respects, they differ from those of the common Crow. Dr. J. C.
+Cooper, in his brief manuscript notes on the birds of Florida, made in the
+spring of 1859, speaks of the Florida Crow as very common, as being quite
+maritime in its habits, and as having full-fledged young on the 20th of
+April. Three eggs of this race, obtained in Florida in the spring of 1871,
+by Mr. Maynard, differ not more from those of the Crow than do those of the
+latter occasionally from one another. They measure 1.73 by 1.20 inches;
+1.70 by 1.20; and 1.54 by 1.25. Their ground-color is a bright bluish-green,
+and they are all more or less marked, over the entire egg, with blotches of a
+mingled bronze and brown with violet shadings. The latter tints are more
+marked in one egg than in the others, and in this the spots are fewer and
+more at one end, the larger end being nearly free from markings. Their
+average capacity, as compared with the average of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, is as
+5.1 to 4.2.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus caurinus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NORTHWESTERN FISH CROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus caurinus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 569, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 211,
+<abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>,
+1869, 286 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh.
+Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 41 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California, One ">Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 285.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill longest; fifth and third about equal; second longer than sixth;
+first shorter than ninth. Color black, glossed with purple. Tail nearly even. Tarsus longer
+than middle toe and claw. Length about 16.50; wing about 11.00; tail about 7.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northwestern coast, from Columbia River to Sitka.</p>
+
+<p><!--279.png--><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 249]</span>
+This species is readily distinguished from the eastern Fish Crow by the
+larger size; the absence of green gloss on the belly; the tarsi longer than
+the middle toe and claw, instead of shorter; and the second quill being
+generally shorter than the sixth instead of longer, and considerably shorter
+than the culmen, instead of longer.</p>
+
+<p>It is rather to be compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, with which it agrees in
+colors, but from which it differs, essentially, in having the wing and tail
+very much shorter, while the bill is considerably longer, and in having the
+tarsus shorter than the culmen, instead of longer, as in all the other North
+American species. In this last respect it agrees with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i> (see
+synopsis, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 829) of Western Mexico; in this, however, the color and proportions
+are entirely different.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species appears to be confined to the seaboard of the Pacific,
+from Alaska to California inclusive. Smaller than the common Crow,
+in its more essential features it closely resembles that bird, while in all its
+habits it appears the exact counterpart of the Fish Crow, from which it is
+specifically and essentially distinct.</p>
+
+<p>It is found as far north as Sitka, several specimens having been procured
+at that point by Mr. Bischoff.</p>
+
+<p>In the opinion of Dr. Suckley, the marked differences in the habits of
+this species from those of the common Crow, even more than the great difference
+in size, sufficiently mark them as entirely distinct. The western
+Fish Crow is never wary or suspicious, like the common species, but in its
+impudent familiarity with man resembles the English Jackdaw, and hardly
+learns to be shy even after having been annoyed with the gun. In Oregon
+and Washington Territory, he states, this Crow is very abundant, and is one
+of the marked ornithological features of the country. The great abundance
+of fish, especially of salmon, in both of these divisions, amply supplies this
+species with food. At Puget Sound it is abundant throughout the year.
+During the winter it subsists principally upon the refuse food and offal
+thrown out by the natives from their lodges. He describes it as cunning,
+but very tame and impudent, allowing a very near approach, and retiring but
+a short distance when pursued. Like the Raven and the Herring Gull, these
+birds are in the habit of carrying clams high into the air and then dropping
+them, in order to break the shell. Dr. Suckley observed one fruitlessly trying
+to break the shell of a clam by letting it drop on soft ground. In this
+effort he persisted perseveringly as long as he was watched.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found a nest of this species at Fort Dalles. It was situated
+in a dense willow-thicket, near a lagoon on the Columbia, and contained
+three eggs. He describes them as about an inch and a half long, and very
+wide in their short diameter, of a dirty green ground with brown spots.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of it as much more gregarious and familiar than the
+common Crow, but otherwise resembling that bird in habits, being very sagacious,
+feeding upon almost everything animal and vegetable, differing rather
+<!--280.png--><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span>
+in the tone than in the character of its cries. Its chief dependence for
+food being on the sea, it is generally found along the beach, devouring dead
+fish and other objects thrown up by the waves. At high tide the birds leave
+the shore and resort to dwellings near the sea, where they devour the offal
+and any refuse, vegetable or animal. As soon as the tide changes they are
+sure to notice it and to return to their favorite feeding-ground. They are
+very troublesome to the Indians, stealing their fish exposed for drying, and
+other articles of food. From some superstitious awe of them the Indians
+never molest these birds, but set their children to watch and drive them
+away. They build in trees near the shore, and the young are fledged in May.</p>
+
+<p>In the southern half of California, Dr. Cooper states, these birds are
+rarely seen near the sea, preferring inland districts, and only occasionally
+coming to the shores of the bays to feed. During most of the year they
+associate in large flocks, feeding in company, and are gregarious even in the
+breeding-season, building in close proximity to one another. Frequently
+several nests may be found on the same tree. In this respect they are very
+unlike the eastern species, which never permit another pair near their nest.</p>
+
+<p>These birds were found by Dr. Cooper breeding as far south as San Diego,
+where they selected for their breeding-places the groves of evergreen oaks
+growing in ravines. Their nests were from twelve to forty feet from the
+ground. In the north they generally build in spruces. He describes their
+nests as strongly built of sticks, coarse on the outside, but finer on the inside,
+where they are mingled with roots, grasses, moss, horse-hair, etc., to form a soft
+lining. The eggs, four in number, have a ground-color of a dark shade of green,
+thickly marked with dark brown and olive. He gives their average measurement
+as 1.60 by 1.10 inches. At San Diego they are laid about April 15.</p>
+
+<p>Where unmolested, these birds have not yet become so shy as in the older
+districts, but they soon learn to apprehend the danger of a gun, and to evince
+the cunning characteristics of their tribe. They have not, as yet, manifested
+any disposition to disturb the growing crops, and the small depredations they
+commit are far more than counterbalanced by their destruction of immense
+numbers of grubs, grasshoppers, and other injurious insects. They obtain a
+large supply of food around the cattle-ranches.</p>
+
+<p>In northern California they feed largely on fish, and on the Columbia on
+clams and oysters.</p>
+
+<p>For reasons not well understood, they avoid particular districts during the
+breeding-season. Dr. Cooper has never noticed one, during this season, on
+the coast south of Santa Clara, has never seen one in the Colorado Valley,
+nor in the Sierra Nevada.</p>
+
+<p>At Visalia, where an extensive forest of oaks forms an oasis in the great
+Tulare plain, he met with large flocks of these birds, with the same gregarious
+habits as were observed on the coast.</p>
+
+<p>During the month of July, 1866, a large number of these Crows came
+every evening to roost in an alder-grove near the town of Santa Cruz. They
+<!--281.png--><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span>
+gathered in long, continuous flocks from the neighboring fields, flying rather
+high. All at once they would descend, with zigzag turns, to the low trees,
+sportively chasing and pecking at one another, and chattering in the air.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John K. Lord, who enjoyed an unusually good opportunity of comparing
+the habits of our common Crow with those of this species, has not the
+slightest doubt as to their distinctness, though so very like in all essential
+respects, as far as color, form of bill, and other details are concerned. The
+smaller size of this bird, the difference in voice, and their habit of building
+with mud a domed nest, sufficiently demonstrate their difference. This
+Crow he found principally near the sea-coast; retiring to the trees at high
+tide, following out its ebb and retreating before its flood, they feed on any
+marine food they can find. The caw of this species reminded him of the
+Jackdaws of Europe. During the breeding-season they abandoned the coast,
+from early May resorting by pairs to the interior. Selecting patches of open
+prairie, they build their nests in the bushes of the crab-apple or wild thorn,
+and something in the manner of the Magpie, arching over the top with
+sticks, with two openings for entrance and exit on either side. The inside
+is plastered with mud, and lined with a few loose grass-stalks. The eggs he
+found generally small, and of a lighter color than those of the common Crow.
+After nesting, they return with their young to the sea-coast, and remain in
+large flocks. During the breeding-season they feed on small reptiles, freshwater
+mollusks, insects, grubs, etc. Mr. Lord noticed them capturing butterflies
+flying near their nests. Their eggs range in number from five to seven.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species from Sitka measures 1.62 inches in length by 1.12
+in breadth. It is of an oblong-oval shape, pointed at one end. The ground-color
+is a light sea-green, with marks and blotches of olive-brown, of varying
+size and different shades.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ossifragus</b>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FISH CROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ossifragus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Five">Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 27, <abbr title="plate 37, figure">pl. xxxvii, f.</abbr>
+2.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 39.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828,
+57.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 385.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium,
+1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 216.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834,
+268; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 479, <abbr title="plate 146">pl. cxlvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839, 151.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 94, <abbr title="plate 226">pl.
+ccxxvi.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 571, <abbr title="plate 67, figure">pl. lxvii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+363.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill longest; second rather longer than seventh; first shorter than
+the ninth. Glossy black, with green and violet reflections; the gloss of the belly
+greenish. Length, about 15.50; wing, 10.50; tail, less than 7.00; tarsus shorter than
+the middle toe and claw.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Atlantic coast, from New Jersey to Florida.</p>
+
+<p>The Fish Crow of the Atlantic States is readily distinguishable from the
+common Crow by the much smaller size (16 inches instead of 20; wing,
+<!--282.png--><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 252]</span>
+about 11 inches instead of 13); the bill is broader at the base and tapers more
+rapidly to the end; the middle toe and claw are longer than the scutellate
+portion of the tarsus, not shorter, the inner claw not reaching to the base of
+the middle one. The tail is less rounded. The gloss on the belly is green
+instead of violet; that on the back is mixed with green, not entirely violet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Fish Crow of Eastern North America has a distribution
+restricted to the Southern Atlantic and the Gulf shore. It is found in the
+States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, the Carolinas,
+Georgia, and Florida, and, according to Audubon, thence to the mouth
+of the Mississippi. West of that river it appears to be very rarely met with.
+Dr. Würdemann obtained it at Calcasieu, <abbr title="Louisiana">La.</abbr> Mr. Allen, in a list of the
+birds of Massachusetts, published in 1864, names this species as an occasional
+visitor along the southern coast of that State, but I am not able to
+find any corroboration of the statement, and believe it to be a mistake. Dr.
+De Kay, in his Report on the birds of New York, states that this Crow is
+occasionally seen on the shores of Long Island, but Mr. Lawrence is confident
+that it never occurs farther north than Squaw Beach, in New Jersey.
+So, too, Mr. Townsend is quoted by both Audubon and Nuttall as authority
+for its occurrence on the Columbia River, of which we have no confirmation.</p>
+
+<p>This species was first described by Wilson, who met with it and observed
+its habits on the sea-coast of Georgia. In some respects its habits were
+the exact reverse of those of the common Crow, as the former regularly retired
+at evening into the interior to roost, and came down to the shores of
+the river Savannah, on the first appearance of day, to feed. Its voice first
+attracted his notice; there was something in it very different from the utterances
+of the Crow, being more hoarse and guttural, and more varied in its
+modulations. The mode of flight was also observed to be quite different,
+as the Fish Crow occasionally soars about in the manner of the Raven and
+of Hawks, without flapping its wings,&mdash;a flight which the Crow is never
+observed to make, and is probably not able to execute.</p>
+
+<p>The food was also observed to be unlike, as well as the manner of procuring
+it. The favorite haunt of this species seemed to be the banks of the
+river, up and down which they soared, and in a very dexterous manner
+snatched up with their claws dead fish, or other garbage found floating
+on the surface. This Crow was also seen to perch frequently on the back of
+cattle, in the manner of the Jackdaw of Europe. It was never seen to
+mingle with the common Crows; and never, like the latter, roosts among the
+reeds and marshes near the water, but always seeks the shelter of the woods,
+in which to pass the night.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, in his journey near the Mississippi, Wilson observed the same
+birds frequenting the borders of rivers and ponds, and feeding on the reptiles
+found in those waters. They were close attendants upon the cow-yards,
+and were more solitary, but much less shy and suspicious, than the common
+Crow. This species was also observed by Wilson in Cape May County, New
+<!--283.png--><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 253]</span>
+Jersey, and in the regions bordering on the Schuylkill and the Delaware, near
+Philadelphia, during the shad and herring fishing, or from March till June.</p>
+
+<p>During the breeding-season they were observed to separate into pairs, and
+to build their nests in tall trees near the sea or the river shore. One of their
+nests was in a tall wood at Great Egg Harbor, and they were presumed to
+have four or five young at a time.</p>
+
+<p>In the District of Columbia, Dr. Coues found the Fish Crow to be an
+abundant resident throughout the year, less wary and suspicious than the
+common Crow, and more confined to the borders of rivers. It was generally
+confounded with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Fish Crow appears to have received, even if it does not merit, an
+exemption from the general unpopularity of its race. It is generally believed
+to be at least a harmless species, and in its destruction of reptiles and vermin
+to be even beneficial. This belief, we apprehend, is for the most part
+well founded. Yet Mr. Audubon accuses these Crows of entering gardens
+and feeding upon the best fruits. He also states that, near Charleston, they
+commit such depredations upon the ripe figs, and become so troublesome
+generally in the gardens, that it is often found necessary to station a man
+near the fig-trees to shoot and destroy them.</p>
+
+<p>The Fish Crow is confined either to the maritime districts or to the banks
+of rivers branching from them. Audubon states that they ascend the Delaware
+to quite a distance, and that some breed in New Jersey every year, but
+that all retire to the South on the approach of cold weather. Some go up
+the Mississippi to the distance of five hundred miles, but return to the seashore
+in the winter. In East Florida, where they were very abundant, Mr.
+Audubon found them breeding in February, in South Carolina on the 20th
+of March, and in New Jersey a month later. On the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John’s River, during
+February, he saw them in flocks of several hundred, but all seemed
+mated and to move in pairs, sailing high in the air in the manner of Ravens.
+After these aerial excursions the whole body descended to the water’s edge to
+feed. When their fishing was over, they would alight in flocks on the live-oaks
+near the shore, and there keep up their gabbling, while they plumed
+themselves, for hours. They then returned to their fishing-grounds, where they
+remained until near sunset, moving into the interior to great distances, to roost
+on the loblolly-pines. These retreats were made in silence, but their return
+to the sea-shore in the early morning was made with noisy and lively demonstrations.
+They were then to be seen among the bays, rivers, salt ponds, and
+marshes, searching for small fry, and picking up any garbage they might find.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon also accuses them of robbing other birds of their eggs and
+young. This was especially observed on the Florida Keys, where they even
+dared to plunder the nests of the Cormorants and White Ibis. They feed
+largely on the small crabs called fiddlers, which they pursue and easily capture
+in their burrows. He has also seen them attack and pursue small Gulls
+and Terns, and attempt to make them disgorge the fish they have caught; but
+<!--284.png--><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span>
+as the flight of the latter is swifter, they are frequently unsuccessful in these
+attempts at robbery. This Crow can catch living fish with considerable
+dexterity, but cannot feed while on the wing.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter and early spring, Mr. Audubon states that these birds
+feed on various kinds of berries, especially those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ilex cassina</i> and of
+the common holly, and those of the exotic tallow-tree, now so common near
+Charleston (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stillingia sebifera</i>). In January and February these trees are
+much resorted to by the Crows, who greedily devour their white and oily seeds.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon found these birds breeding generally on moderate-sized trees
+of the loblolly-pine, building their nests towards the extremities of the
+branches, about twenty feet from the ground. The nests are smaller than
+those of the Crow, and are built of sticks, lined with dry grasses and moss,
+and neatly finished with fine fibrous roots. The eggs are five or six in number,
+and resemble those of the Crow, but are smaller.</p>
+
+<p>Two eggs of this species, from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Simon’s Island, measure, one 1.50
+in length by 1.10 in breadth, the other 1.52 by 1.09. Their ground-color is
+a light blue with a slight greenish tinge, marked over the entire egg with
+small blotches of a light brown. An egg from Great Egg Harbor, obtained
+by Wilson, from the old Peale Museum, and which may be a faded specimen,
+has no tinge of blue or green, but a ground of pinkish-gray, marked with
+smaller blotches and cloudings of dark drab. It measures 1.46 inches in
+length by one inch in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICICORVUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus Avium">Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850, 384. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus columbianus</i>,
+<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_284.jpg"
+ width="250" height="239"
+ alt="Illustration: Picicorvus columbianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Leaden-gray color, with black wings and tail. Bill longer than the head,
+considerably longer than the tarsus,
+attenuated, slightly decurved; tip
+without notch. Culmen and commissure
+curved; gonys straight or
+slightly concave, as long as the tarsi.
+Nostrils circular, completely covered
+by a full tuft of incumbent white
+bristly feathers. Tail much shorter
+than the wings, nearly even or
+slightly rounded. Wings pointed,
+reaching to the tip of tail. Third,
+fourth, and fifth quills longest. Tarsi
+short, scarcely longer than the middle
+toe, the hind toe and claw very
+large, reaching nearly to the middle
+of the middle claw, the lateral toe
+little shorter. A row of small scales
+on the middle of the sides of tarsus.
+Color of the single species leaden-gray, with black wings and tail.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+<!--285.png--><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 255]</span>
+ <img src="images/i_285a.jpg"
+ width="300" height="175"
+ alt="Illustration: Picicorvus columbianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">4461</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_285b.jpg"
+ width="300" height="167"
+ alt="Illustration: Nucifraga caryocatactes"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga caryocatactes.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">9673</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This genus is so similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga</i> as to be hardly separable; the
+principal difference being in the slender and more decurved and attenuated
+bill, with a slightly concave, instead of convex, culmen, and plain instead
+of spotted plumage. The differences of form are expressed by the accompanying
+outlines of the generic features of the two. But one species is
+known, this being peculiar to Western North America.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CLARKE’S CROW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus columbianus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 29, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span>
+Obs.</abbr> Wilson, 1824,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 38.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr>
+1828, 57.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1832, 218.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga columbiana</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 459, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839, 156.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842,
+127, <abbr title="plate 235">pl. ccxxxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual, One, second edition">Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 251.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 384.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span>,</abbr> 1837, 83.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 573.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="four"><span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 121 (British Columbia).&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 286.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870,
+289. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus megonyx</cite>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.”</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--286.png--><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail rounded or moderately graduated, the closed wings reaching nearly to
+its tip. Fourth quill longest; second considerably shorter than the sixth. General color
+bluish-ash, changing on the nasal feathers, the forehead, sides of head (especially around
+the eye), and chin, to white. The wings, including their inner surface, greenish-black,
+the secondaries and tertials, except the innermost, broadly tipped with white; tail white,
+the inner web of the fifth feather and the whole of the sixth, with the upper tail-coverts,
+greenish-black. The axillars plumbeous-black. Bill and feet black. Young similar in
+color, without additional markings of any kind. The gonys, however, convex, and the
+bill generally more like that of the Jays. Length of male (fresh), 12.00; wing, 7.00; tail,
+4.30; tarsus, 1.20.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+From Rocky Mountains to Pacific. East to Fort Kearney, north to Sitka,
+south to Arizona.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Clarke’s Crow was first met with by the parties composing the
+celebrated exploring party to the Rocky Mountains under the direction of
+Lewis and Clarke. It was described by Wilson in 1811, who was informed
+by individuals belonging to the expedition that these birds were
+found inhabiting the shores of the Columbia and the adjacent country in
+great numbers, frequenting the rivers and sea-shore, and that it seemed to
+have all the noisy and gregarious habits of the common Crow of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>In his account of this species, Mr. Nuttall states that during his journey
+westward in the month of July, he first observed individuals of this bird in
+a small grove of pines on the borders of Bear River, near where it falls into
+Lake Timpanagos. This was at a height of about seven thousand feet
+above the sea level, and in the <abbr title="forty-second">42d</abbr> parallel. Their habits appeared to him
+to correspond with those of the Nutcrackers of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>He afterwards saw a considerable flock of the young birds early in August,
+in a lofty ravine near the Three Buttes, a remarkable isolated mountain
+group about forty miles west of the Lewis River. They appeared somewhat
+shy, and were scattered through a grove of aspens, flying, with a slight
+chatter, from the tops of bushes and trees, to the ground. He was of the
+opinion that this species never descends below the mountain plains, but that
+it has a constant predilection for the pine forests.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Townsend afterwards found this species abundant on the Blue Mountains
+of Oregon. He describes its flight as very unlike that of a Crow,
+being performed in jerks, in the manner of a Woodpecker. At times, when
+sitting, it is said to keep up a constant scream, in a very harsh and grating
+voice, and in an unvaried and prolonged tone. He states that it breeds in
+very high pine-trees, and that he did not meet with it within five hundred
+miles of the Columbia River.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species one of the most abundant birds of the
+pine forests of the Sierra Nevada. East of this range it was also met with,
+though only in smaller numbers, in the cedar and piñon woods of the East
+Humboldt Mountains. He adds that it is a bird so curiously striking as
+at once to attract attention. It bears but very little resemblance to any
+bird of its family, and in its general appearance, flight, and notes approaches
+<!--287.png--><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span>
+so nearly to the Woodpeckers as to be usually known to the settlers as a
+bird of that tribe.</p>
+
+<p>He further remarks that its flight much resembles that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</i>,
+and, as it alights from the top of a tall dead tree, and sits quietly
+gazing around, it might readily be mistaken for one of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>. He
+describes them as being very active in their movements, now flying from a
+tree to the ground to pick up some article of food, now examining the excavations
+of an old dead stump or snag, or, on being approached, as flying up
+and alighting upon the extreme summit of a tree, out of gunshot. It is a
+very noisy bird, and its notes are harsh and discordant, though less so than
+are those of the Steller’s Jay, which is generally seen in the same localities.
+Its usual note is a harsh guttural <i class="birdcall">churr-churr</i>, generally uttered when two or
+more alight on the same tree. Occasionally an individual takes up a peculiar
+piping strain, which is immediately answered by all the others in the
+neighborhood, thus awakening the echoes of the surrounding solitude with
+their discordant cries. In regard to its nest he can give no positive information,
+but thinks that they breed in cavities in old dead trees and stumps,
+having found a nest in such a situation in the East Humboldt Mountains,
+which he thinks belonged to a pair of these birds which were flying about,
+and seen to enter this cavity.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry, in his Report on the zoölogy of his route, states that he
+found this species rather common along a large portion of it, and was thus
+enabled to study its habits at leisure. He found it strictly confined to the
+highlands and mountains, never, where he saw it, descending to a lower
+altitude than about four thousand feet. On the other hand, while crossing
+the Cascade Mountains at the line of perpetual snow, seven thousand feet
+above the sea-level, he has seen this bird, in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes
+torquatus</i>, flying over the snow-covered peaks three thousand feet above
+him.</p>
+
+<p>He first met with this bird on the spur of the Sierra Nevada, near Lassen’s
+Butte, and found it constantly, when in high and timbered regions,
+from there to the Columbia. He describes its habits as a compound, in
+about equal parts of those of the Jays and of the Woodpeckers. Its cry
+he speaks of as particularly harsh and disagreeable, something like that of
+Steller’s Jay, but louder and more discordant. It seems to combine the
+shrewdness with all the curiosity of the Jays and Crows, and from its
+shyness is a very difficult bird to shoot, the Doctor never being able to
+get directly within killing distance of one of them, but only obtaining
+specimens by concealing himself and waiting for them to approach him.
+Apparently from excess of caution, it almost invariably alights on a dry
+tree. Even when going to a living tree for its food, it always flies first into
+a dry one, if one is near, to reconnoitre, and, if the coast is clear, it begins
+to feed. At the first movement of an intruder, without uttering a note, it
+puts a safe distance between itself and its enemy.</p>
+
+<p><!--288.png--><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 258]</span>
+The food of this bird, at the time when Dr. Newberry visited its haunts,
+consisted exclusively of the seeds of the yellow pine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ponderosa</i>), in dislodging
+which from the cones the bird displays great dexterity. Both
+Maximilian’s Jay and Steller’s Jay were, at that time, feeding on the same
+seeds, but not so exclusively.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley obtained a specimen of this bird as far east as Milk River, in
+Nebraska, about two hundred miles east of the Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In crossing the Cascade Mountains, in 1853, Dr. Cooper found these birds
+quite abundant on the banks of the Yakima River, and from thence north
+wherever there were trees of the long-leaved pine, the seeds of which were
+its principal food. On returning to Vancouver during the severe cold weather
+of the following January, these birds appeared there in considerable numbers.
+At no other season of the year has he met with them west of the
+Cascade Mountains, and believes these migrations westward are only made
+in the severest weather. They extend eastward throughout Washington Territory,
+as Dr. Cooper has shot them at Fort Laramie, and met with a straggling
+pair even as far east as Fort Kearney. Dr. Cooper has never known
+these birds to eat anything except seeds and berries. They rarely descend to
+the ground, and never frequent river-banks, or other places, for fish or carrion.
+They may be seen on the tops of trees extracting seeds from cones,
+hanging head downwards, like a Chickadee. Dr. Cooper has observed this
+bird pecking at dead bark, in quest of insects. When feeding they are very
+shy, flying off, if approached, to a great distance before alighting. They are
+not known to visit the Coast Mountains south of San Francisco, but abound
+in the Rocky Mountains throughout our limits.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord notes the arrival of this species at Fort Colville, in May,
+in large flocks. They were hopping busily from branch to branch, amidst
+pine-trees.</p>
+
+<p>The statement made to Wilson that this species frequents rivers and seashores,
+and his inference that its formidable claws indicated that they feed
+on living animals, is controverted by Mr. Lord. They never frequent river-banks,
+never by any chance eat fish, and never capture any living thing.
+Their habits are strictly arboreal, and their food the seeds of pine-trees.
+These noisy seed-hunters use their formidable claws to enable them to hang
+on to the pine cones while they are extracting the seed, which they are
+obliged to get out from under scaly coverings. For this nature has given
+them feet and claws that serve the purpose of hands, and a powerful bill, like
+a small crowbar. The cone must be steadied when they pry it open, or it
+would snap and fall. One foot clasps it, and the powerful claws hold it
+firmly. The other foot, encircling a branch, supports the bird in every possible
+position, the long grasping claws being equal to any emergency. The
+cone is thus fixed, and the seeds are forced out from under the scales. Mr.
+Lord collected a large packet of seeds of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Abies douglassi</i> from the crops
+of these birds.</p>
+
+<p><!--289.png--><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span>
+On their arrival they assemble in immense flocks, and the noise they
+make he describes as a most discordant, continuous, grating clatter, intensified
+at times into a perfect shriek. These assemblies last about a week, after
+which they separate in pairs.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this bird was found by Mr. Lord in the top of a lofty pine at least
+two hundred feet high,&mdash;felled in cutting the boundary line. By chance
+he discovered the nest, about which the old birds were hovering, leaving no
+doubt of its identity. This nest was very large and composed of fir twigs,
+bits of bark, the leaves of the pine, fine root-fibres, with small pieces of
+moss, and gray lichens mixed carelessly with the other materials. It was
+shallow and round, and presented a large extent of surface beyond the margins
+of the hollow containing the eggs. The eggs were in fragments, much
+like the eggs of Steller’s Jay in color, but of a lighter shade of bluish-green.
+He thinks that their habit is to build in the very tallest pines.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly also met with this Crow west of Albuquerque, in New
+Mexico, in the thick pine woods skirting the eastern slope of the Rocky
+Mountains, where it was quite abundant. He rarely saw more than two or
+three together. None were met with after leaving the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>A single specimen of this crow was obtained at Sitka, by Bischoff.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">GYMNOKITTA</b>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian">Pr. Max.</abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus</i>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reise in das Innere Nord-Amerikas">Reise Nord. Amer.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841, 21. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. cyanocephala</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</i>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> “1850,” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> “1842,” preoccupied in Botany.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_289.jpg"
+ width="300" height="155"
+ alt="Illustration: Gymnokitta cyanocephala"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">16247</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill elongated, depressed, shorter than the tarsus, longer than the head,
+without notch, similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i> in shape. Culmen nearly straight; commissure
+curved; gonys ascending. Nostrils small, oval, entirely exposed, the bristly
+feathers at the base of the bill being very minute. Tail short, nearly even, much shorter
+than the pointed wings, which cover three fourths of the tail. Tarsi considerably longer
+than the middle toe. Color of the single species blue, most intense anteriorly; the throat
+streaked with white.</p>
+
+<p><!--290.png--><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 260]</span>
+The bill in this genus is not unlike that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</i>, and
+conspicuous among <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</i> by its uncovered nostrils.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala</b>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MAXIMILIAN’S JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841,
+21.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Voyage dans <abbr title="l'Amerique du Nord, 3">l’Am. du Nord, III</abbr></span>, 1843, 296. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala</i>, “<abbr title="Prince Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr.
+Max.</span></abbr> 1850,” <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 382.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One, six">Illust. I, <span class="muchsmaller">VI</span></abbr>, 1854, 165, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 83.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 574.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 193.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 292. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus cyanocephalus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax cassini</i>, <span class="sc">M’Call</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, June, 1851,
+216.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_290.jpg"
+ width="250" height="253"
+ alt="Illustration: Gymnokitta cyanocephala"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings considerably longer than the tail, and reaching to within an inch of
+its tip. Tail nearly even. General
+color dull blue, paler on the abdomen,
+the middle of which is tinged with
+ash; the head and neck of a much
+deeper and more intense blue, darker
+on the crown. Chin and forepart of
+the throat whitish, streaked with blue.
+Length, 10.00; wing, 5.90; tail, 4.50;
+tarsus, 1.50. Young bird not differing
+in markings.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rocky Mountains of Colorado,
+to Cascade <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr> of California and
+Oregon. Not on the Pacific coast?
+South to New Mexico and Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>The female is appreciably different
+from the male, both in size
+and plumage, being smaller, and
+of a light bluish-ash tint. This
+difference is readily appreciable when the birds are seen flying.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Maximilian’s Jay was discovered and first described by that
+eminent naturalist, Maximilian, Prince of Wied, in his book of travels in
+North America, published in 1841. Mr. Edward Kern, who was connected
+with Colonel Fremont’s exploring expedition in 1846, was the first to bring
+specimens of this interesting and remarkable bird to the notice of American
+naturalists, transmitting them to the Philadelphia Academy. The specimens
+procured by its discoverer were met with by him on Maria’s River,
+one of the tributaries of the Upper Missouri, in the extreme northern
+portion of our northwestern territory, a point much farther north than it
+has been met with by any other naturalist. As this species has since been
+seen in large numbers in New Mexico, it may be presumed to extend its
+movements over quite an extended area of distribution in the region of the
+Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p><!--291.png--><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span>
+According to the more recent observations of Mr. Ridgway, the Maximilian
+Jay inhabits exclusively the nut-pine and cedar woods on the interior
+mountain ranges, and is one of the most characteristic birds of those regions.
+This species he states to be eminently gregarious, even breeding in colonies,
+and in winter congregating in flocks, sometimes of thousands. Ever restless
+and in motion, as it moves it is constantly uttering its curious, querulous
+notes. It is a very conspicuous bird, and is one well worthy of particular
+attention. Its blue color is the only thing suggestive of its affinity to the
+Jay. All its habits are different, and its appearance is quite peculiar. It
+is as essentially migratory as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes migratoria</i>, its coming and its
+going being quite as sudden and uncertain. On one occasion, in visiting a
+nut-pine wood, Mr. Ridgway found it full of roving, noisy troops of these
+birds, but upon visiting the same locality the next day not one could be
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>He also states that these birds are exceedingly early in their nesting, as
+he met with companies of fully fledged young flying about on the 21st
+of April. Near Carson City, April 20, 1868, he found these birds abundant
+among the scattered cedars and nut-pines on the lower slopes of the hills.
+They were in pairs, often three or four pairs in company.</p>
+
+<p>The notes of this bird are both peculiar and curious. The usual ones are
+said to have some resemblance to the querulous wailings of the Screech
+Owl; but none, in his opinion, have any resemblance to the cry of the Catbird.</p>
+
+<p>It flies very swiftly, but with a gentle floating motion, very much in the
+manner of the Robin. In its movements among the small cedars, it generally
+alighted upon the summit of a tree, and, quietly sitting there, would
+look about in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</i>. In flying, it continually
+uttered a very peculiar querulous note, resembling very much one
+of the notes of the Magpie,&mdash;the peculiarly soft note of that bird uttered
+during the love-season, or when its nest is approached. In searching among
+the cedars, Mr. Ridgway found several of its nests. Nearly all had been
+deserted, and there were several families of fully fledged young flying about.
+One nest contained four fully feathered young. When these had been taken,
+and placed in a hat, they all jumped out, squalling vociferously. These
+nests were all saddled upon horizontal branches of cedars, and, except in
+their greater bulk, they closely resembled the nest of the eastern Blue Jay.</p>
+
+<p>In autumn and in winter the large flocks of these birds, as they fly back
+and forth over the hills, present a very peculiar appearance. Their flight is
+then very swift.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly, in November, 1853, frequently saw large flocks of these
+birds between the Puebla of Laguna and the Sierra Madre, about a hundred
+miles west of Albuquerque, in New Mexico. They were found chiefly frequenting
+the watercourses, and when startled would circle around, rising
+higher above their heads, uttering their singular cries; then suddenly descending
+<!--292.png--><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span>
+they would alight in the top of some tree on the adjoining cliffs.
+He compares its voice to that of the common Catbird.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. T. C. Henry also repeatedly noticed these birds in the vicinity of Fort
+Webster, in New Mexico. He first met with them near San Miguel, in
+July, 1852, where he observed a party of about thirty flitting through the
+cedars along the roadside. They were chiefly young birds, and were constantly
+alighting on the ground for the purpose of capturing lizards, which
+they killed with great readiness, and devoured. After that he repeatedly,
+in winter, saw these birds near Fort Webster, and usually in flocks of about
+forty or fifty. They evinced great wariness, and were very difficult of approach.</p>
+
+<p>The flocks would usually alight near the summit of a hill and pass rapidly
+down its sides, all the birds keeping quite near to each other, and frequently
+alighting on the ground. They appeared to be very social, and kept
+up a continual twittering note. This bird, so far as Dr. Henry observed it,
+is exclusively a mountain species, and never seen on the plains or bottom-lands,
+and was never observed singly, or even in a single pair, but always in
+companies.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry met with this species in the basin of the Des Chutes, in
+Oregon. He first noticed it in September. Early every morning flocks of
+from twenty-five to thirty of these birds came across, in their usual straggling
+flight, chattering as they flew to the trees on a hill near the camp, and then,
+from tree to tree, they made their way to the stream to drink. He describes
+their note, when flying or feeding, as a frequently repeated <i class="birdcall">ca-ca-că</i>. Sometimes,
+when made by a straggler separated from mate or flock, it was rather
+loud and harsh, but was usually soft and agreeable. When disturbed, their
+cry was harsher. They were very shy, and could only be shot by lying in
+wait for them. Subsequently he had an opportunity of seeing them feed,
+and of watching them carefully as they were eating the berries of the cedars,
+and in their habits and cries they seemed closely to resemble Jays. A specimen,
+previously killed, was found with its crop filled with the seeds of the
+yellow pine.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper has seen specimens of this bird from Washoe, just east of
+the California State line, and he was informed by Mr. Clarence King that
+they frequent the junipers on mountains near Mariposa.</p>
+
+<p>From Dr. Coues we learn that this bird is very abundant at Fort Whipple,
+where it remains all the year. It breeds in the retired portions of the
+neighboring mountains of San Francisco and Bill Williams, the young leaving
+the nest in July. As the same birds are ready to fly in April, at Carson
+City, it may be that they have two broods in Arizona. During the winter
+they collect in immense flocks, and in one instance Dr. Coues estimates
+their number at a thousand or more. In a more recent contribution to the
+Ibis (April, 1872), Dr. Coues gives a more full account of his observations
+in respect to this bird. In regard to geographical range he considers its
+<!--293.png--><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 263]</span>
+distribution very nearly the same with that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>. Mr. Aiken
+has recently met with these birds in Colorado Territory, where, however,
+Mr. Allen did not obtain specimens. General McCall found these birds
+abundant near Santa Fé, in New Mexico, at an altitude Of seven thousand
+feet; and the late Captain Feilner obtained specimens at Fort Crook, in
+Northeastern California. Dr. Coues considers its range to be the coniferous
+zone of vegetation within the geographical area bounded eastward
+by the foot-hills and slopes of the Rocky Mountains; westward by the
+Cascade and Coast ranges; northward, perhaps to Sitka, but undetermined;
+and somewhat so southward, not traced so far as the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tierra fria</i>
+of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues adds that, like most birds which subsist indifferently on varied
+animal or vegetable food, this species is not, strictly speaking, migratory,
+as it can find food in winter anywhere except at its loftiest points of
+distribution. A descent of a few thousand feet from the mountains thus
+answers all the purposes of a southward journey performed by other species,
+so far as food is concerned, while its hardy nature enables it to endure the
+rigors of winter. According to his observations, this bird feeds principally
+upon juniper berries and pine seeds, and also upon acorns and other small
+hard fruits.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues describes this bird as garrulous and vociferous, with curiously
+modulated chattering notes when at ease, and with extremely loud harsh
+cries when excited by fear or anger. It is also said to be restless and
+impetuous, as if of an unbalanced mind. Its attitudes on the ground, to
+which it frequently descends, are essentially Crow-like, and its gait is an
+easy walk or run, very different from the leaping manner of progress
+made by the Jays. When perching, its usual attitude is stiff and firm.
+Its flight resembles that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</i>. After breeding, these birds
+unite in immense flocks, but disperse again in pairs when the breeding-season
+commences.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing, so far, has been published in regard to the character of the
+eggs.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Corvinæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Garrulinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">GARRULINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings short, rounded; not longer or much shorter than the tail, which is graduated,
+sometimes excessively so. Wings reaching not much beyond the lower tail-coverts.
+Bristly feathers at base of bill variable. Bill nearly as long as the head, or shorter.
+Tarsi longer than the bill or than the middle toe. Outer lateral claws rather shorter than
+the inner.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding diagnosis may perhaps characterize the garruline birds,
+as compared with the Crows. The subdivisions of the group are as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--294.png--><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 264]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Nostrils moderate, completely covered by incumbent feathers.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail much longer than the wings; first primary attenuated, falcate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica.</b> Head without crest.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail about as long as the wings; first primary not falcate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura.</b> Head with lengthened narrow crest. Wing and tail
+blue, banded with black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta.</b> Head without crest. Above blue, with a gray patch
+on the back. No bands on wing and tail.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura.</b> Head without crest. Color above greenish; the
+head blue; lateral tail-feathers yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus.</b> Head full and bushy. Bill scarcely half the head,
+with white feathers over the nostrils. Plumage dull.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Nostrils very large, naked, uncovered by feathers.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus.</b> Head not crested; tail broad; wings two thirds as
+long as the tail.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta.</b> Head with a recurved crest; wings less than half as
+long as the tail.</p>
+
+<p>There is a very close relationship between the Jays and the Titmice, the
+chief difference being in size rather than in any other distinguishing feature.
+The feathers at the base of the bill, however, in the Jays, are bristly throughout,
+with lateral branches reaching to the very tip. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i> these feathers
+are inclined to be broader, with the shaft projecting considerably beyond the
+basal portion, or the lateral branches are confined to the basal portion, and
+extended forwards. There is no naked line of separation between the
+scutellæ on the outer side of the tarsi. The basal joint of the middle toe
+is united almost or quite to the end to the lateral, instead of half-way.
+The first primary is usually less than half the second, instead of rather
+more; the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, instead of the
+fifth being longer than the fourth.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICA</b>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1735 (<span class="sc">Gray</span>).</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, Ornithologia, 1760, and of Cuvier (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>). (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus pica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences, Second Series One">J. A. N. Sc. 2d Ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 47.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail very long, forming much more than half the total length; the
+feathers much graduated; the lateral scarcely more than half the middle. First primary
+falcate, curved, and attenuated. Bill about as high as broad at the base; the culmen and
+gonys much curved, and about equal; the bristly feathers reaching nearly to the middle
+of the bill. Nostrils nearly circular. Tarsi very long; middle toe scarcely more than
+two thirds the length. A patch of naked skin beneath and behind the eye.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar characteristic of this genus, in addition to the very long
+graduated tail, lies in the attenuated, falcate first primary. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</i>, which
+has an equally long or longer tail, has the first primary as in the Jays
+generally (besides having the nostrils exposed).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_295.jpg"
+ width="300" height="163"
+ alt="Illustration: Pica hudsonica"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">4547</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><!--295.png--><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 265]</span>
+A specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i> has the lateral tarsal plates with two or three
+transverse divisions on the lower third. This has not been observed by us
+to occur in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. hudsonica</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. caudata.</b> Head, neck, breast, interscapulars, lining of wing, tail-coverts
+and tibiæ, deep black: wings metallic greenish-blue; tail rich metallic green, the
+feathers passing through bronze and reddish-violet into violet-blue, at their tips.
+Scapulars, abdomen, sides, flanks, and inner webs of primaries, pure white.
+Sexes alike; young similar.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Bill and bare space around the eye black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 7.50; tail, 9.50 or less, its graduation less than half its length,
+4.50; culmen, 1.20; tarsus, 1.75; middle toe, 1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudata</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_55" id="fnanchor_55"></a><a href="#footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, over 8.00 (8.50 maximum); tail over 10.00 (13.50, max., its
+graduation more than half its length, 7.70); culmen, 1.55; tarsus, 1.75;
+middle toe, 1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern and Middle North America, exclusive
+of the Atlantic Province of United States and California
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Bill and bare space around the eye yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 7.50; tail, 10.50; its graduation, 5.00; culmen, 1.50; tarsus,
+1.75; middle toe, 1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i></span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--296.png--><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 266]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica caudata</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</b>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MAGPIE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus pica</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>,
+<abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 72">Phil. Trans. LXXII</abbr>,
+1772, 382.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 75,
+<abbr title="plate 35">pl. xxxv.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span>
+Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 40.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1828, 57.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+1832, 219.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 408, <abbr title="plate 357">pl. ccclvii</abbr>
+(not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus
+hudsonica</i>, <abbr title="Joseph Sabine, Appendix Narrative"><span class="sc">Jos. Sabine</span>,
+App. Narr.</abbr> Franklin’s Journey, 1823, 25, 671. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus hudsonica</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 383.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span></abbr> <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Reise Nord
+<abbr title="Amerika">Amer.</abbr></span>
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1839, 508.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Cabanis, <abbr title="Journal">Journ.</abbr> 1856, 197.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route">Zoöl. Cal. &amp; Or. Route</abbr>,
+<abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Reports Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>,
+1857, 84.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+576, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>,
+121 (British Columbia).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 213, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>,
+1869, 286 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>,
+1872, 39 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 296. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes hudsonicus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second Series One">2d Ser. I</abbr>,
+<abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1847, 47. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica melanoleuca</i>,
+“<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+157.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 99, <abbr title="plate 227">pl. ccxxvii</abbr>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_296.jpg"
+ width="250" height="316"
+ alt="Illustration: Pica nuttalli"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill and naked skin behind the eye black. General color black. The
+belly, scapulars, and inner webs of the
+primaries white; hind part of back
+grayish; exposed portion of the tail-feathers
+glossy green, tinged with
+purple and violet near the end; wings
+glossed with green; the secondaries and
+tertials with blue; throat-feathers spotted
+with white in younger specimens.
+Length, 19.00; wing, 8.50; tail, 13.00.
+Young in color and appearance similar
+generally to the adult.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+The northern regions of North
+America. The middle and western
+Provinces of the United States exclusive
+of California; Wisconsin, Michigan,
+and Northern Illinois, in winter.</p>
+
+<p>The American Magpie is almost
+exactly similar to the
+European, and differs only in
+larger size and disproportionably
+longer tail. According to Maximilian
+and other authors, the
+iris of the American bird has a grayish-blue outer ring, wanting in the
+European bird, and the voice is quite different. It is, however, difficult
+to consider the two birds otherwise than as geographical races of one primitive
+stock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The American Magpie has an extended western distribution
+from Arizona on the south to Alaska on the northwest. It has been met
+with as far to the east as the Missouri River, and is found from there to the
+Pacific. It is abundant at Sitka; it was observed at Ounga, one of the
+Shumagin Islands, and was obtained by Bischoff at Kodiak.</p>
+
+<!--297.png--><!--Plate 38-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_38.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 38"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="38">XXXVIII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_38-1" id="pl_38-1"></a><img src="images/pl_38-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53629.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_38-2" id="pl_38-2"></a><img src="images/pl_38-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16247.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_38-3" id="pl_38-3"></a><img src="images/pl_38-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3938.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_38-4" id="pl_38-4"></a><img src="images/pl_38-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 38 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</span>. Oregon, 4461.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--298.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p><!--299.png--><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 267]</span>
+Richardson observed these birds on the Saskatchewan, where a few remain
+even in winter, but are much more frequent in summer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lord, the naturalist of the British branch of the Northwest Boundary
+Survey, characterizes our Magpie as murderous, because of its cruel persecution
+of galled and suffering mules, its picking out the eyes of living animals,
+and its destruction of birds. These birds caused so much trouble to the
+party, in winter, at Colville, as to become utterly unbearable, and a large
+number were destroyed by strychnine. They were then so tame and
+impudent that he repeatedly gave them food from his hand without their
+showing any evidence of fear. He says they nest in March.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley states that this Magpie is abundant throughout the central
+region of Oregon and Washington Territory. He first met with it a hundred
+miles west of Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone. It became
+more abundant as the mountains were approached, and so continued almost
+as far west as the Cascade Mountains, where the dense forests were an
+effectual barrier. On Puget Sound he saw none until August, after which,
+during the fall, it was tolerably abundant. It breeds throughout the interior.
+He obtained a young bird, nearly fledged, about May 5, at Fort
+Dalles. At this place a few birds remain throughout the winter, but a
+majority retire farther south during the cold weather. One of its cries, he
+says, resembles a peculiar call of Steller’s Jay.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway regards this Magpie as one of the most characteristic and
+conspicuous birds of the interior region, distinguished both for the elegance
+of its form and the beauty of its plumage. While not at all rare in the
+fertile mountain cañons, the principal resort of this species is the rich bottom-land
+of the rivers. The usual note of the Magpie is a frequently uttered
+chatter, very peculiar, and, when once heard, easily recognized. During the
+nesting-season it utters a softer and more musical and plaintive note, sounding
+something like <i class="birdcall">kay´-e-ehk-kay-e</i>. It generally flies about in small flocks,
+and, like others of its family, is very fond of tormenting owls. In the winter,
+in company with the Ravens, it resorts to the slaughter-houses to feed on offal.
+The young differ but little in plumage from the adult, the metallic colors
+being even a little more vivid; the white spotting of the throat is characteristic
+of the immature bird.</p>
+
+<p>The nests were found by Mr. Ridgway in various situations. Some were
+in cedars, some in willows, and others in low shrubs. In every instance the
+nest was domed, the inner and real nest being enclosed in an immense thorny
+covering, which far exceeded it in bulk. In the side of this thorny protection
+is a winding passage leading into the nest, possibly designed to conceal the
+very long tail of the bird, which, if exposed to view, would endanger its safety.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper first met this bird east of the Cascade Mountains, near the
+Yakima, and from there in his journey northward as far as the 49th degree
+it was common, as well as in all the open unwooded regions until the
+mountains were passed on his return westward.</p>
+
+<p><!--300.png--><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 268]</span>
+Dr. Kennerly met with these birds on the Little Colorado in New Mexico,
+in December. He found them in great numbers soon after leaving the
+Rio Grande, and from time to time on the march to California. They seemed
+to live indifferently in the deep cañons among the hills or in the valleys,
+but were only found near water.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry first met with these birds on the banks of one of the
+tributaries of the Des Chutes, one hundred miles south of the Columbia,
+afterwards on the Columbia, but nowhere in large numbers. He regards
+them as much less gregarious in their habits than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli</i>, as all the
+birds he noticed were solitary or in pairs, while the Yellow-bills were often
+seen in flocks of several hundreds.</p>
+
+<p>All accounts of this bird agree in representing it as frequently a great
+source of annoyance to parties of exploration, especially in its attacks
+upon horses worn down and galled by fatigue and privations. In the memorable
+narrative of Colonel Pike’s journey in New Mexico, these birds, rendered
+bold and voracious by want, are described as assembling around that
+miserable party in great numbers, picking the sore backs of their perishing
+horses, and snatching at all the food they could reach. The party of Lewis
+and Clark, who were the first to add this bird to our fauna, also describe them
+as familiar and voracious, penetrating into their tents, snatching the meat
+even from their dishes, and frequently, when the hunters were engaged in
+dressing their game, seizing the meat suspended within a foot or two of
+their heads.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall, in his tour across the continent, found these birds so familiar
+and greedy as to be easily taken, as they approached the encampment for
+food, by the Indian boys, who kept them prisoners. They soon became
+reconciled to their confinement, and were continually hopping around and
+tugging and struggling for any offal thrown to them.</p>
+
+<p>Observers have reported this bird from different parts of Arizona and New
+Mexico; but Dr. Coues writes me that he never saw it at Fort Whipple, or
+elsewhere in the first-named Territory. He found it breeding, however, in
+the Raton Mountains, in June, under the following circumstances, recorded
+at the time in his journal.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquote">“Yesterday, the 8th, we were rolling over smooth prairie, ascending a
+little the while, but so gradually that only the change in the flora indicated
+the difference in elevation. The flowery verdure was passed, scrubby junipers
+came thicker and faster, and pine-clad mountain-tops took shape before us.
+We made the pass to-day, rounding along a picturesque ravine, and the
+noon halt gave me a chance to see something of the birds. Troops of
+beautiful Swallows were on wing, and as their backs turned in their wayward
+flight, the violet-green colors betrayed the species. A colony of them
+were breeding on the face of a cliff, apparently like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. lunifrons</i>, but the
+nests were not accessible. Whilst I was watching their movements, a harsh
+scream attracted my attention, and the next moment a beautiful Magpie
+<!--301.png--><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 269]</span>
+flew swiftly past with quivering wings, and with a flirt of the glittering tail
+and a curious evolution dashed into a dense thicket close by. In the hope
+of seeing him again, and perhaps of finding his nest, I hurried to the spot
+where he had disappeared, and pushed into the underbrush. In a few
+moments I stood in a little open space, surrounded on all sides and covered
+above with a network of vines interlacing the twigs and foliage so closely
+that the sun’s rays hardly struggled through. A pretty shady bower! and
+there, sure enough, was the nest, not likely to be overlooked, for it was as
+big as a bushel basket,&mdash;a globular mass, hung in the top of one of the
+taller saplings, about twelve feet from the ground. The mother bird was at
+home, and my bustling approach alarmed her; she flew out of the nest with
+loud cries of distress, which brought the male to her side in an instant. As
+I scrambled up the slender trunk, which swayed with my weight, both birds
+kept flying about my head with redoubled outcry, alighting for an instant,
+then dashing past again so close that I thought they would peck at me. As
+I had no means of preserving the nest, I would not take it down, and contented
+myself with such observations as I could make whilst bestriding a
+limb altogether too slender for comfort. It was nearly spherical in shape,
+seemed to be about eighteen inches in diameter, arched over, with a small
+hole on one side. The walls, composed entirely of interlaced twigs bristling
+outwardly in every direction, were extremely thick, the space inside being
+much less than one would expect, and seemingly hardly enough to accommodate
+the bird’s long tail, which I suppose must be held upright. The nest
+was lined with a little coarse dried grass, and contained six young ones
+nearly ready to fly. Authors state that the American Magpie lays only two
+eggs; but I suppose that this particular pair lived too far from scientific
+centres to find out what was expected of them. Other birds, noticed to-day,
+were Steller’s Jays among the pines and cedars, a flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</i>,
+apparently <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</i>, feeding on willow-buds along the rivulet that threaded the
+gorge, and some Robins.”</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this Magpie are somewhat larger than any I have seen of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>, and are differently marked and colored. Six specimens from
+the Sierra Nevada exhibit the following measurements: 1.40 × 0.98, 1.22
+× 1.00, 1.41 × 0.95, 1.28 × 0.95, 1.26 × 0.92, 1.32 × 0.96. Their ground-color
+is a grayish-white, or light gray with a yellowish tinge, spotted with
+blotches, dottings, and dashes of a purplish or violet brown. In some they
+are sparsely distributed, showing plainly the ground, more confluent at the
+larger end. In others they are finer, more generally and more thickly distributed.
+In others they are much larger and of deeper color, and cover the
+whole of the larger end with one large cloud of confluent markings. None
+of these closely resembles the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>. The usual number of eggs
+in a nest, according to Mr. Ridgway, varies from six to nine, although it is
+said that ten are sometimes found.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--302.png--><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 270]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica caudata</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuttalli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 450, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 152.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds
+Am.  IV</abbr>, 1842, 104, <abbr title="plate 228">pl. ccxxviii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 383.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual, One, second edition">Man. I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 236.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 84.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 578, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. xxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 54.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn.
+Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 295. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes nuttalli</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, 46.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill, and naked skin behind the eye, bright yellow; otherwise similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+hudsonica</i>. Length, 17.00; wing, 8.00; tail. 10.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+California (Sacramento Valley, and southern coast region).</p>
+
+<p>We cannot look upon the Yellow-billed Magpie otherwise than as a local
+race of the common kind, since it is well known that among the Jays many
+species have the bill either black or yellow according to sex, age, or locality;
+and as the Yellow-billed Magpie occupies a more southern locality than
+usual, and one very different from that of the black-billed species, it well
+may exhibit a special geographical variation. The great restriction in range
+is another argument in favor of its being a simple variety.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-billed Magpie seems to be exclusively a bird of
+California, where it is very abundant, and where it replaces almost entirely
+the more eastern form. Mr. Ridgway, who met with this variety only in
+the valley of the Sacramento, states that he there found it very abundant
+among the oaks of that region. It differed from the common Magpie in
+being exceedingly gregarious, moving about among the oak groves in small
+companies, incessantly chattering as it flew, or as it sat among the branches
+of the trees. He saw many of their nests in the tops of the oaks,&mdash;indeed,
+all were so situated,&mdash;yet he never met with the nests of the other species
+in a high tree, not even in the river valleys. The young of this Magpie
+have the white of the scapulars marked with rusty triangular spots.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found this Magpie abundant in the valleys of California, especially
+near the middle of the State, except during the spring months, when
+none were seen in the Santa Clara Valley, the supposition being that they
+had retired eastward to the mountains to build their nests. At Santa Barbara
+he found them numerous in April and May, and saw their nests in oak-trees.
+The young were already fledged by the 25th of April. The nest, he
+states, is composed of a large mass of coarse twigs twisted together in a
+spherical form, with a hole in the side. The eggs he saw resembled those
+of the other species, and are described as being whitish-green, spotted with
+cinereous-gray and olive-brown. They also breed abundantly about Monterey.
+They have not been traced to the northern border of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Their food, Dr. Cooper adds, consists of almost everything animal and
+vegetable that they can find, and they come about farms and gardens to pick
+up whatever they can meet with. They have a loud call that sounds like
+<!--303.png--><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 271]</span>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pait-pait</i>, with a variety of chattering notes, in tone resembling the human
+voice, which, indeed, they can be taught to imitate.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species from Monterey, California, is of a rounded oval
+shape, a little less obtuse at one end than the other. The ground-color is a
+light drab, so closely marked with fine cloudings of an obscure lavender
+color as nearly to conceal the ground, and to give the egg the appearance of
+an almost uniform violet-brown. It measures 1.20 inches in length by .90
+in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYANURA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 495, Appendix. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cristatus</i>,
+<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851 (not of <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, 1845).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_303.jpg"
+ width="300" height="224"
+ alt="Illustration: Cyanura cristata"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1423</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head crested. Wings and tail blue, with transverse black bars; head and
+back of the same color. Bill rather slender, somewhat broader than high at the base;
+culmen about equal to the head. Nostrils large, nearly circular, concealed by bristles.
+Tail about as long as the wings, lengthened, graduated. Hind claw large, longer than
+its digit.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Wings and tail deep blue, the latter, with the secondaries
+and tertials, sometimes also the greater coverts, barred with black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Greater coverts, tertials, secondaries, and tail-feathers tipped broadly
+with white; lower parts generally, including lateral and under parts of
+head, whitish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. cristata.</b> Head above, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump
+and upper tail-coverts, light ashy purplish-blue; a narrow frontal band,
+a loral spot, streak behind the eye, and collar round the neck, commencing
+under the crest, passing down across the end of the auriculars
+and expanding into a crescent across the jugulum, black; throat tinged
+with purplish-gray, the breast and sides with smoky-gray; abdomen,
+anal region, and crissum pure white. Wing, 5.70; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.25;
+tarsus, 1.35; middle toe, .85; crest, 2.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of
+North America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--304.png--><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 272]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> No white on wing or tail; lower parts deep blue.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. stelleri.</b> Color deep blue, less intense than on wings and tail, except
+dorsal region, which may be deep blue, ashy-brown, or sooty-black.
+Head and neck dark grayish-brown, dusky-blue, or deep
+black, the throat more grayish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">a.</i> No white patch over the eye; throat and chin not abruptly
+lighter than adjacent parts; secondary coverts not barred with
+black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Whole head, neck, jugulum, and dorsal region plain sooty-black;
+no blue streaks on forehead, or else these only faintly
+indicated. The blue everywhere of a uniform dull greenish-indigo
+shade. Depth of bill, .45; crest, 2.60; wing, 6.00;
+tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.35; tarsus, 1.75; middle toe, 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Northwest coast, from Sitka to the Columbia
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Whole head, neck, jugulum, and dorsal region plumbeous-umber;
+the forehead conspicuously streaked with blue, and
+the crest washed with the same. The blue of two very
+different shades, the wings and tail being deep indigo, the
+body and tail-coverts greenish cobalt-blue. Depth of bill,
+.35; crest, 2.80; wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.25; tarsus,
+1.55; middle toe, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sierra Nevada, from Fort Crook
+to Fort Tejon<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">b.</i> A patch of silky white over the eye; throat and chin abruptly
+lighter than the adjoining parts; secondary coverts barred distinctly
+with black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Whole crest, cheeks, and foreneck deep black; the crest
+scarcely tinged with blue; dorsal region light ashy-plumbeous;
+forehead conspicuously streaked with milk-white. The blue
+contrasted as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>. Depth of bill, .35; crest, 3.00;
+wing, 6.10; tail, 6.10; culmen, 1.25; tarsus, 1.65; middle toe,
+.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Whole crest, cheeks, and foreneck deep black, the crest
+strongly tinged with blue; dorsal region greenish plumbeous-blue.
+The blue nearly uniform; forehead conspicuously
+streaked with bluish-white. Depth of bill, .35; crest, 2.80;
+wing, 5.90; tail, 5.90; culmen, 1.30; tarsus, 1.60; middle toe,
+.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Highlands of Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_56" id="fnanchor_56"></a><a href="#footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Whole crest, cheeks, and foreneck deep blue, lores black;
+dorsal region deep purplish-blue; forehead conspicuously
+streaked with light blue. The blue of a uniform shade&mdash;deep
+purplish-indigo&mdash;throughout. Depth of bill, .40; length
+of crest, 2.50; wing, 5.80; tail, 5.80; culmen, 1.30; tarsus,
+1.60; middle toe, .95. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southeastern Mexico (Xalapa,
+Belize, etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_57" id="fnanchor_57"></a><a href="#footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The different varieties just indicated under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</i>, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis, macrolopha, diademata</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>, all appear to represent
+<!--305.png--><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 273]</span>
+well-marked and easily defined races of one primitive species, the gradation
+from one form to the other being very regular, and agreeing with the
+general variation attendant upon geographical distribution. Thus, beginning
+with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i>, we have the anterior part of head and body, including
+interscapular region, black, without any markings on the head. In
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i> the back is lighter, and a glossy blue shows on the forehead.
+In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i> the blue of posterior parts invades the anterior, tingeing them
+very decidedly, leaving the head black, with a blue shade to the crest;
+the forehead is glossed with bluish-white; the upper eyelids have a white
+spot. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i> the blue tinge is deeper, and pervades the entire body,
+except the side of the head. The shade of blue is different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i>,
+and more like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</i>, intermediate in habitat between
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>, is also intermediate in colors. The tail becomes
+rather more even, and the bill more slender, as we proceed from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i> to
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>. The bars on the secondary coverts become darker in the same
+progression.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus cristatus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span>
+Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, (10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr>,) 1758, 106; (12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr>,) 1766, 157.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 369.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 2, <abbr title="plate One, figure">pl. I, f.</abbr>
+1.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs.</abbr>
+Wilson, 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 41.&mdash;<span class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr title="Cabinet of Natural History">Cab. N. H.</abbr>
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1832, 62, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 11; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 475, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cristatus</i>, “<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclop.</abbr>
+890.”&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Dictionnaire 11"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Dict. XI</abbr>,
+477.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1828,
+58.&mdash;<abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F.
+Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 293.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+Galerie, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824, 160, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 110, <abbr title="plate 231">pl. ccxxxi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Caban. J.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>,
+192. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica cristata</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus cristatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 495.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="of North America">N.
+Am.</abbr> 1858, 580.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 364.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 297. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax cristatus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta cristata</i>,
+<span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals and Magazine of Natural History">Ann. Mag. N. H.</abbr> 1845, 261.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus cristatus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 376.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Crest about one third longer than the bill. Tail much graduated. General
+color above light purplish-blue; wings and tail-feathers ultramarine-blue; the secondaries
+and tertials, the greater wing-coverts, and the exposed surface of the tail, sharply banded
+with black and broadly tipped with white, except on the central tail-feathers. Beneath
+white; tinged with purplish-blue on the throat, and with bluish-brown on the sides.
+A black crescent on the forepart of the breast, the horns passing forward and connecting
+with a half-collar on the back of the neck. A narrow frontal line and loral region black;
+feathers on the base of the bill blue, like the crown. Female rather duller in color, and
+a little smaller. Length, 12.25; wing, 5.65; tail, 5.75.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America, west to the Missouri. Northeastern Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>,
+Ibis, 1865, 494). North to Red River and Moose Factory.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from north of the United States are larger than more southern
+ones. A series of specimens from Florida, brought by Mr. Boardman, are
+quite peculiar in some respects, and probably represent a local race resident
+there. In these Florida specimens the wing and tail are each an inch or
+<!--306.png--><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 274]</span>
+more shorter than in Pennsylvania examples, while the bill is not any
+smaller. The crest is very short; the white spaces on secondaries and tail-feathers
+more restricted.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_306.jpg"
+ width="250" height="286"
+ alt="Illustration: Cyanura cristata"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Blue
+Jay of North America is found
+throughout the continent, from
+the Atlantic coast to the Missouri
+Valley, and from Florida
+and Texas to the fur regions
+nearly or quite to the 56th
+parallel. It was found breeding
+near Lake Winnepeg by Donald
+Gunn. It was also observed in
+these regions by Sir John Richardson.
+It was met with by
+Captain Blakiston on the forks
+of the Saskatchewan, but not
+farther west.</p>
+
+<p>The entire family to which
+this Jay belongs, and of which
+it is a very conspicuous member,
+is nearly cosmopolitan as to distribution, and is distinguished by the
+remarkable intelligence of all its members. Its habits are striking, peculiar,
+and full of interest, often evincing sagacity, forethought, and intelligence
+strongly akin to reason. These traits belong not exclusively to any one
+species or generic subdivision, but are common to the whole family.</p>
+
+<p>When first met with in the wild and unexplored regions of our country,
+the Jay appears shy and suspicious of the intruder, man. Yet, curious to a
+remarkable degree, he follows the stranger, watches all his movements, hovers
+with great pertinacity about his steps, ever keeping at a respectful distance,
+even before he has been taught to beware of the deadly gun. Afterwards,
+as he becomes better acquainted with man, the Jay conforms his own
+conduct to the treatment he receives. Where he is hunted in wanton sport,
+because of brilliant plumage, or persecuted because of unjust prejudices and
+a bad reputation not deserved, he is shy and wary, shuns, as much as possible,
+human society, and, when the hunter intrudes into his retreat, seems to
+delight to follow and annoy him, and to give the alarm to all dwellers of
+the woods that their foe is approaching.</p>
+
+<p>In parts of the country, as in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and other Western
+States, where the Jay is unmolested and exempt from persecution, we find
+him as familiar and confiding as any of the favored birds of the Eastern
+States. In the groves of Iowa Mr. Allen found our Blue Jay nearly as
+unsuspicious as a Black-capped Titmouse. In Illinois he speaks of them as
+very abundant and half domestic. And again, in Indiana, in one of the
+<!--307.png--><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 275]</span>
+principal streets of Richmond, the same gentleman found the nest of these
+birds in a lilac-bush, under the window of a dwelling. In the summer of
+1843 I saw a nest of the Jay, filled with young, in a tree standing near the
+house of Mr. Audubon, in the city of New York. The habits of no two
+species can well be more unlike than are those which persecution on the
+one hand and kind treatment on the other have developed in this bird.</p>
+
+<p>The Blue Jay, wherever found, is more or less resident. This is especially
+the case in the more southern portions of its area of reproduction. In
+Texas, Dr. Lincecum informs us, this Jay remains both summer and winter.
+It is there said to build its nest of mud, a material rarely if ever used in
+more northern localities; and when placed not far from dwelling-houses,
+it is lined with cotton thread, rags of calico, and the like. They are, he
+writes, very intelligent and sensible birds, subsisting on insects, acorns,
+etc. He has occasionally known them to destroy bats. In Texas they seem
+to seek the protection of man, and to nest near dwellings as a means of
+safety against Hawks. They nest but once a year, and lay but four eggs.
+In a female dissected by him, he detected one hundred and twelve ova, and
+from these data he infers that the natural life of a Jay is about thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen mentions finding the Blue Jay in Kansas equally at home,
+and as vivacious and even more gayly colored than at the North. While
+it seemed to have forgotten none of the droll notes and fantastic ways
+always to be expected from it, there was added to its manners that familiarity
+which characterizes it in the more newly settled portions of the
+country, occasionally surprising one with some new expression of feeling
+or sentiment, or some unexpected eccentricity in its varied notes, perhaps
+developed by the more southern surroundings.</p>
+
+<p>The Blue Jay is arboreal in its habits. It prefers the shelter and security
+of thick covers to more open ground. It is omnivorous, eating either animal
+or vegetable food, though with an apparent preference for the former,
+feeding upon insects, their eggs and larvæ, and worms, wherever procurable.
+It also lays up large stores of acorns and beech mast for food in winter,
+when insects cannot be procured in sufficient abundance. Even at this season
+it hunts for and devours in large quantities the eggs of the destructive
+tent caterpillar.</p>
+
+<p>The Jay is charged with a propensity to destroy the eggs and young of the
+smaller birds, and has even been accused of killing full-grown birds. I am
+not able to verify these charges, but they seem to be too generally conceded
+to be disputed. These are the only serious grounds of complaint that can
+be brought against it, and are more than outweighed, tenfold, by the immense
+services it renders to man in the destruction of his enemies. Its depredations
+on the garden or the farm are too trivial to be mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The Blue Jay is conspicuous as a musician. He exhibits a variety in his
+notes, and occasionally a beauty and a harmony in his song, for which few
+give him due credit. Wilson compares his position among our singing birds
+<!--308.png--><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 276]</span>
+to that of the trumpeter in the band. His notes he varies to an almost
+infinite extent, at one time screaming with all his might, at another warbling
+with all the softness of tone and moderation of the Bluebird, and
+again imparting to his voice a grating harshness that is indescribable.</p>
+
+<p>The power of mimicry possessed by the Jay, though different from, is
+hardly surpassed by that of the Mocking-Bird. It especially delights to
+imitate the cries of the Sparrow Hawk, and at other times those of the Red-tailed
+and Red-shouldered Hawks are given with such similarity that the
+small birds fly to a covert, and the inmates of the poultry-yard are in the
+greatest alarm. Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, of Cleveland, on whose grounds a
+large colony of Jays took up their abode and became very familiar, has given
+me a very interesting account of their habits. The following is an extract:
+“They soon became so familiar as to feed about our yards and corn-cribs.
+At the dawn of every pleasant day throughout the year, the nesting-season
+excepted, a stranger in my house might well suppose that all the axles in
+the country were screeching aloud for lubrication, hearing the harsh and discordant
+utterances of these birds. During the day the poultry might be
+frequently seen running into their hiding-places, and the gobbler with his
+upturned eye searching the heavens for the enemy, all excited and alarmed
+by the mimic utterances of the adapt ventriloquists, the Jays, simulating the
+cries of the Red-shouldered and the Red-tailed Hawks. The domestic circle
+of the barn-yard evidently never gained any insight into the deception by experience;
+for, though the trick was repeated every few hours, the excitement
+would always be re-enacted.”</p>
+
+<p>When reared from the nest, these birds become very tame, and are perfectly
+reconciled to confinement. They very soon grow into amusing pets,
+learning to imitate the human voice, and to simulate almost every sound that
+they hear. Wilson gives an account of one that had been brought up in a
+family of a gentleman in South Carolina that displayed great intelligence,
+and had all the loquacity of a parrot. This bird could utter several words
+with great distinctness, and, whenever called, would immediately answer to
+its name with great sociability.</p>
+
+<p>The late Dr. Esteep, of Canton, Ohio, an experienced bird-fancier, assured
+Dr. Kirtland that he has invariably found the Blue Jay more ingenious,
+cunning, and teachable than any other species of bird he has ever attempted
+to instruct.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_39.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 39"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="39">XXXIX</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_39-1" id="pl_39-1"></a><img src="images/pl_39-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Oregon, 46040.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_39-2" id="pl_39-2"></a><img src="images/pl_39-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</span>. <i class="variation"><abbr title="variation">var</abbr></i>. frontalis. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Sierra Nevada, 53639.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_39-3" id="pl_39-3"></a><img src="images/pl_39-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura macrolopha</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 41015.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_39-4" id="pl_39-4"></a><img src="images/pl_39-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 39 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Xalapa, 16313.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Dr. Kirtland has also informed me of the almost invaluable services rendered
+to the farmers in his neighborhood, by the Blue Jays, in the destruction
+of caterpillars. When he first settled on his farm, he found every apple
+and wild-cherry tree in the vicinity extensively disfigured and denuded of
+its leaves by the larvæ of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Clisiocampa americana</i>, or the tent caterpillar.
+The evil was so extensive that even the best farmers despaired of counteracting
+it. Not long after the Jays colonized upon his place he found they
+were feeding their young quite extensively with these larvæ, and so
+<!--309.png--><!--plate 39, above-->
+<!--310.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--311.png--><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 277]</span>
+thoroughly that two or three years afterwards not a worm was to be seen
+in that neighborhood; and more recently he has searched for it in vain, in
+order to rear cabinet specimens of the moth.</p>
+
+<p>The Jay builds a strong coarse nest in the branch of some forest or orchard
+tree, or even in a low bush. It is formed of twigs rudely but strongly
+interwoven, and is lined with dark fibrous roots. The eggs are usually five,
+and rarely six in number.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are usually of a rounded-oval shape, obtuse, and
+of very equal size at either end. Their ground-color is a brownish-olive,
+varying in depth, and occasionally an olive-drab. They are sparingly spotted
+with darker olive-brown. In size they vary from 1.05 to 1.20 inches in
+length, and in breadth from .82 to .88 of an inch. Their average size is
+about 1.15 by .86 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">STELLER’S JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 370.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 158.&mdash;<span class="sc">Pallas</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoog. Rosso-As. I</abbr>, 1811, 393.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Zoölogical Journal Three"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 49.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Supplement, Synopsis">Suppl. Syn.</abbr> 1828, 433.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 453, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus
+stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Dictionnaire 12">Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 481.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, 44, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 229.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 154.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 107,
+<abbr title="plate 230">pl. ccxxx</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana">F. Bor.-Am.</abbr>?). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am.
+II</abbr>, 1831, 495, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax stelleri</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 40 (Alaska).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta stelleri</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221. <span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>,
+1857, 85. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus stelleri</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 377. <cite>Steller’s Crow</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>,
+Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, <abbr title="Species">Sp.</abbr> 139. <abbr title="Latham Synopsis One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Syn. I</abbr>, 387. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura s.</i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N.
+Am.</abbr> 1858, 581 (in part). <span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 122 (British Columbia; nest).&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall
+&amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 486 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 298 (in part).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Crest about one third longer than the bill. Fifth quill longest; second
+about equal to the secondary quills. Tail graduated; lateral feathers about .70 of an
+inch shortest. Head and neck all round, and forepart of breast, dark brownish-black.
+Back and lesser wing-coverts blackish-brown, the scapulars glossed with blue. Under
+parts, rump, tail-coverts, and wings greenish-blue; exposed surfaces of lesser quills dark
+indigo-blue; tertials and ends of tail-feathers rather obsoletely banded with black.
+Feathers of the forehead streaked with greenish-blue. Length, about 13.00; wing, 5.85;
+tail, 5.85; tarsus, 1.75 (1,921).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific coast of North America, from the Columbia River to Sitka; east to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Mary’s Mission, Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Suckley regarded Steller’s Jay as probably the most abundant
+bird of its size in all the wooded country between the Rocky Mountains
+and the Pacific. He describes it as tame, loquacious, and possessed of the
+most impudent curiosity. It is a hardy, tough bird, and a constant winter
+resident of Washington Territory. It is remarkable for its varied cries and
+<!--312.png--><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 278]</span>
+notes, and seems to have one for every emotion or pursuit in which it
+is engaged. It also has a great fondness for imitating the notes of other
+birds. Dr. Suckley states that frequently when pleasantly excited by the
+hope of obtaining a rare bird, in consequence of hearing an unknown note
+issuing from some clump of bushes or thicket, he has been not a little disappointed
+by finding that it had issued from this Jay. It mimics accurately
+the principal cry of the Catbird.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper also found it very common in all the forests on both sides of
+the Cascade Mountains. While it seemed to depend chiefly upon the forest
+for its food, in the winter it would make visits to the vicinity of houses, and
+steal anything eatable it could find within its reach, even potatoes. In
+these forages upon the gardens and farm-yards, they are both silent and
+watchful, evidently conscious of the peril of their undertaking, and when
+discovered they instantly fly off to the concealment of the forests. They
+also make visits to the Indian lodges when the owners are absent, and force
+their way into them if possible, one of their number keeping watch. In the
+forest they do not appear to be shy or timid, but boldly follow those who
+intrude upon their domain, screaming, and calling their companions around
+them. Hazel-nuts are one of their great articles of winter food; and Dr.
+Cooper states that, in order to break the shell, the Jay resorts to the ingenious
+expedient of taking them to a branch of a tree, fixing them in a
+crotch or cavity, and hammering them with its bill until it can reach the
+meat within. Their nest he describes as large, loosely built of sticks, and
+placed in a bush or low tree.</p>
+
+<p>At certain seasons of the year its food consisted almost entirely of the
+seeds of the pine, particularly of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. brachyptera</i>, which Dr. Newberry states he
+has often seen them extracting from the cones, and with which the stomachs
+of those he killed were usually filled. He found these birds ranging as far
+north as the line of the British Territory, and from the coast to the Rocky
+Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In his Western journey Mr. Nuttall met with these birds in the Blue Mountains
+of the Oregon, east of Walla-walla. There he found them scarce and
+shy. Afterwards he found them abundant in the pine forests of the Columbia,
+where their loud trumpeting clangor was heard at all hours of the day, calling
+out with a loud voice, <i class="birdcall">djay-djay</i>, or chattering with a variety of other notes,
+some of them similar to those of the common Blue Jay. They are more
+bold and familiar than our Jay. Watchful as a dog, no sooner does a
+stranger show himself in their vicinity than they neglect all other employment
+to come round him, following and sometimes scolding at him with great
+pertinacity and signs of irritability. At other times, stimulated by curiosity,
+they follow for a while in perfect silence, until something seems to arouse
+their ire, and then their vociferous cries are poured out with unceasing volubility
+till the intruder has passed from their view.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of May, Mr. Nuttall found a nest of these birds in a small
+<!--313.png--><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 279]</span>
+sapling of the Douglas fir, on the borders of a dense forest, and, some time
+after, a second nest with young, in an elevated branch of another fir, on the
+border of a rocky cliff. The first nest contained four eggs, of a pale green,
+marked with small olive-brown spots, varied with others inclining to a violet
+hue. The parents flew at him with the utmost anger and agitation, almost
+deafening him with their cries; and although he took only two of their eggs,
+the next day he found they had forsaken their nest. This nest was bulky,
+made of interlaced twigs and roots, with a stout layer of mud, and lined
+with black rootlets. One of the eggs taken by Mr. Nuttall is in my cabinet,
+and is as he describes it, except that the obscure markings of violet have
+nearly faded out. It measures 1.20 inches in length, and .90 in breadth, is
+oval in shape, and a little more obtuse at one end than at the other.</p>
+
+<p>This Jay was obtained by Steller at Nootka, on the west coast of Vancouver
+Island, in latitude 50<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. It was also found in abundance by Mr. Dall
+at Sitka, in British Columbia, where a number of specimens were obtained
+by Mr. Bischoff and by Mr. Elliot.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord states that this Jay ever makes its presence known by the
+constant utterance of discordant screams. It is continually hopping from
+bough to bough, darting down to catch an insect, performing short, erratic
+flights, and jerking up and down its crest of bright feathers. Its noisy song
+seems to be everywhere. It is the embodiment of restlessness, and, by dint
+of sheer impudence, attracts attention even from the hunter. He adds that
+it seemed fond of frequenting the haunts of man, and is always plentiful
+near Indian lodges or white men’s shanties. It is by no means epicurean
+in taste, but readily devours anything, whether seeds or salmon, grasshoppers
+or venison. Its nest he found artfully concealed amidst the thick foliage
+of a young pine-tree. It was composed of moss, small twigs, lichens,
+and fir fronds, and lined with deer’s hair. The average number of eggs laid
+appears to be seven.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SIERRA JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</i>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr> All reference to Steller’s Jay as occurring in California, excepting
+on the northern Coast Range, relate to this variety.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head, neck, and dorsal region plumbeous-umber, darker on the head, and
+posteriorly changing gradually into the light greenish-blue of the rest of the body; wings
+and tail deep indigo-blue, the tertials, secondaries, and tail conspicuously marked with
+broad and rather distant bars of black; primaries greenish light-blue, like the rump,
+abdomen, etc. Whole forehead conspicuously streaked with blue (the streaks forming
+two parallel series, where the feathers are not disarranged), and the crest strongly tinged
+with blue. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (53,639, Carson City, Nevada, April 30, 1868): wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00;
+culmen, 1.25; depth of bill, .35; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe, .90; crest, 2.80. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> (53,640,
+Carson City, Nevada, April 30, 1868): wing, 5.70; tail, 5.50. <i class="age">Young</i> with the blue of
+<!--314.png--><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 280]</span>
+the body and head entirely replaced by a sooty grayish; and that of the wings and tail
+duller, and less distinctly barred.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Whole length of the Sierra Nevada, from Fort Crook (where it approaches
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>) to Fort Tejon.</p>
+
+<p>In the colors of the body, wings, and tail, this well-marked race resembles
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. macrolopha</i> in every respect, except that the greater coverts are not barred
+with black; there being the same abrupt contrast between the deep blue of
+the wings and tail, and the light greenish-blue of the body, tail-coverts, and
+primaries,&mdash;seen only in these two forms. The variety is confined to the
+mountains of California and Western Nevada, extending along the Sierra
+Nevada about the entire length of the State, there being specimens in the
+collection from Fort Crook and Fort Tejon, and intermediate localities.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue-fronted Jay, so far as it was observed by Mr. Ridgway,
+was found to be exclusively an inhabitant of the pine woods of the Sierra
+Nevada, and is, with Clarke’s Nutcracker, one of the most characteristic
+birds of that region. In its general habits and manners, it greatly resembles
+the eastern Blue Jay, but is rather more shy, while its notes are very
+different, and do not possess the variety and flexibility of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</i>, but
+are in comparison harsh and discordant. The usual note is a hoarse, deep-toned
+monosyllabic squawk. Sometimes it utters a hollow sonorous chatter.</p>
+
+<p>Near Carson City one of these birds had been winged by a shot, and, in
+falling, alighted on the lower branches of a pine-tree. Upon an attempt to
+capture it, the bird began to ascend the tree limb by limb, at the same
+time uttering a perfect imitation of the cry of the Red-tailed Hawk, evidently
+in the hope of frightening away his tormentors. Dr. Newberry regards this
+Jay as the western counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cristata</i>. By its more conspicuous
+crest, its bold, defiant air, and its excessively harsh and disagreeable cry, it
+challenges and secures attention. He found it almost exclusively confined
+to the hilly and mountainous districts, choosing in preference those covered
+with pines.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann found these Jays abundant and resident as far south as
+Warner’s Ranch, where, though common, they were for some reason so
+unusually wild and vigilant as not to be easily procurable. In feeding, he
+observed that they seemed always to begin in the lower branches and
+ascend, hopping from twig to twig, to the topmost point, and, while thus
+employed, utter a harsh screaming note that can be heard to a considerable
+distance.</p>
+
+<p>This species, Dr. Cooper states, is numerous in the mountains of California,
+inhabiting the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, and the Coast
+Range as far south, at least, as Santa Cruz. Though showing a decided preference
+for the pine forests, they sometimes in winter frequent those of
+oaks. They are omnivorous, eating seeds, acorns, nuts, insects, and in winter
+even potatoes and dead fish. They are at times bold and prying, and at
+others very cautious and suspicious. They soon learn to appreciate a gun,
+<!--315.png--><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 281]</span>
+and show great sagacity in their movements to avoid its peril. On the
+Columbia they lay in May, and in California about a month earlier.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura stelleri</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-CRESTED JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta macrolopha</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc.Phila. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 118 (Albuquerque).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Garrulus stelleri</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 294, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr> (head-waters of Columbia;
+figure of a bird intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura
+macrolopha</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 582.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated American Birds, One, seventeen">Illust. Am. B, I, xvii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 300.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Crest nearly twice the length of the bill. Tail moderately graduated; the
+lateral feathers about .60 of an inch shorter than the middle. Fourth and fifth quills
+longest; second shorter than the secondaries. Head all round, throat, and forepart of
+the breast, black, the crest with a gloss of blue; rest of back dark ashy-brown with a
+gloss of greenish. Under parts, rump, tail-coverts, and outer surfaces of primaries,
+greenish-blue; greater coverts, secondaries, and tertials, and upper surface of tail-feathers
+bright blue, banded with black; forehead streaked with opaque white, passing behind
+into pale blue; a white patch over the eye. Chin grayish. Length, 12.50; wing, 5.85;
+tail, 5.85; tarsus, 1.70 (8,351).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Central line of Rocky Mountains from northern border of the United States to
+table-lands of Mexico; Fort Whipple, Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>Young birds have the bright blue of body and black of head replaced by
+a dull slate; the head unvaried.</p>
+
+<p>An apparent link between this variety and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i> is represented in
+the Smithsonian collection by three specimens from the region towards
+the head-waters of the Columbia, where the respective areas of distribution
+of the two overlap. In this the anterior parts of the body are nearly as
+black as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i> (much darker than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</i>), with the short crest; but
+the forehead (except in one specimen) is streaked with blue, and there is a
+white patch over the eye. As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>, there are no black bars on the
+greater wing-coverts. As this is an abundant form, whether permanent race
+or hybrid, it may be called <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">annectens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Long-crested Jay appears to occur throughout the central
+range of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Mexico, where it
+is replaced by a closely allied species or race, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</i> of Swainson.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this Jay only among the Wahsatch and the
+Uintah Mountains. They appeared to be rather common in those regions,
+though far from being abundant. In their manners and in their notes
+they are described as having been almost an exact counterpart of the
+Sierra Nevada form. Their notes, however, are said to be not so loud nor
+so coarse as those of the more western species. A nest, found by Mr. Ridgway,
+June 25, 1869, in Parley’s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, was in a small
+<!--316.png--><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 282]</span>
+fir-tree on the edge of a wood. It was saddled on a horizontal branch
+about fifteen feet from the ground, and contained six eggs. The base of the
+nest was composed of coarse strong sticks, rudely put together. Upon this
+was constructed a solid, firm plastering of mud of a uniform concave shape,
+lined with fine wiry roots. The external diameter is about nine inches, and
+the height of the nest four. The interior is five inches in diameter, and three
+in depth.</p>
+
+<p>The species was first described by Professor Baird, from specimens
+obtained by Dr. Kennerly, who writes that he first saw this bird among
+the lofty pines of the Sierra Madre in November, 1853. Leaving that
+range, he did not meet with it again until his party crossed the Aztec
+Mountains, in January, 1854, where it was less abundant than when first
+met with. It was, for the most part, found among the cedars on the high
+grounds, though occasionally seen among the clumps of large pines that
+were scattered along the valley. The party did not meet with it again.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this species a common and a resident bird in Arizona.
+It was observed to be almost exclusively an inhabitant of pine woods, and was
+generally to be met with only in small companies, never congregating in the
+manner of Woodhouse’s Jay. He describes it as very shy, vigilant, noisy,
+and tyrannical.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. macrolopha</i> measure 1.30 inches in length and .91 in breadth.
+Their ground-color is a light sea-green. They are somewhat sparingly
+spotted with fine markings of dark olive-brown, and lighter cloudings of a
+purplish or violet brown. They are oblong oval in shape, obtuse at either
+end, but more tapering at one end. They appear to be a little larger than
+the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</i>, and the ground-color is brighter, and the markings deeper
+and more of an olive hue.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYANOCITTA</b>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, Annals and <abbr title="Magazine of Natural History 15">Mag. N. H. XV</abbr>, 1845, 260. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus californicus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Vigors</span>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Head without crest. Wings and tail blue, without any bands. Back usually
+with a gray patch, different from the head. Bill about as broad as high at the base, and
+the culmen a little shorter than the head. Nostrils large, nearly circular, and concealed.
+Tail nearly equal to the wings, lengthened, graduated, or else shorter and nearly even.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is readily distinguished from the preceding by the entire
+absence of crest and of black bars on the blue of wings and tail. The
+species and races hitherto described will be found detailed in the accompanying
+synopsis. The characters indicated above are of no very great generic
+value, but as the group is a very natural one it will be as well to retain it.
+As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</i>, the species are peculiar to the United States and Mexico,
+one indeed being apparently confined to the Peninsula of Florida.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_317.jpg"
+ width="300" height="158"
+ alt="Illustration: Cyanocitta californica"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">8455</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><!--317.png--><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 283]</span>
+It would perhaps be not very far out of the way to consider Sections A
+and B as representing in their general characters, respectively, the types
+from which their subdivisions have sprung.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail longer than wings. A superciliary stripe of whitish streaks; jugular
+and pectoral feathers faintly edged with bluish, posteriorly forming an indistinct
+collar, interrupted medially. Ear-coverts dusky, except in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Forehead and nasal tufts hoary white; the superciliary stripe a continuous
+wash of the same. Scapulars blue like the wings; dorsal region (the interscapulars)
+as light-colored as the lower parts.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floridana.</b> Back and lower parts pale ashy-brown; lower tail-coverts
+bright blue. Wing, 4.50; tail, 5.70; bill, 1.20 and .35; tarsus,
+1.40; middle toe, .85. Wing-formula, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2, 10; first,
+1.80 shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, 1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Florida
+(only).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Forehead and nasal tufts bright blue; superciliary stripe composed of
+narrow streaks; scapulars ashy like the back; back much darker than the
+lower parts.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Lower tail-coverts bright blue, dorsal region not well-defined ashy;
+auriculars bluish, beneath continuous pure ash. Superciliary streak
+well defined. Wing, 5.15; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.35 and .30; tarsus,
+1.40; middle toe, .85. Wing-formula, fourth, fifth, and sixth
+equal; 7, 3, 8, 9 = 2; first, 1.80 shorter than longest. Graduation
+of tail, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains and Middle Province of
+United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Lower tail-coverts pure white; dorsal region well-defined ashy;
+auriculars blackish; beneath dull white, approaching ash on breast.
+Superciliary streak indistinct. Wing, 5.65; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.20
+and .35; tarsus, 1.42; middle toe, .90. Wing-formula, 5, 6, 7, 4,
+8, 3, 9, 10 = 2; first, 2.20 shorter than longest. Graduation
+of tail, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Orizaba; City of Mexico)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_58" id="fnanchor_58"></a><a href="#footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+<!--318.png--><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 284]</span>
+Superciliary streak sharply defined, conspicuous. Wing, 5.00;
+tail, 5.60; bill, 1.20 and .37; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe, .95. Wing-formula,
+4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2, 10; first, 2.10 shorter than longest.
+Graduation of tail, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of United States;
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>.</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail not longer than wings, or considerably shorter. No superciliary
+stripe, and no streaks on throat or jugulum. Auriculars blue like the crown.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ultramarina.</b> Lower parts whitish, conspicuously different from the
+upper.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Tail nearly, or perfectly even.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Length, 13.00; tail even; bill, 1.50; tail, 7.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_59" id="fnanchor_59"></a><a href="#footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Length, 11.50; tail very slightly rounded (graduation, .25 only);
+bill, 1.28 and .35; tail, 50. Above bright blue, dorsal region
+obscured slightly with ashy; beneath dull pale ash, becoming
+gradually whitish posteriorly, the crissum being pure ash. Lores
+blue. Tarsus, 1.45; middle toe, .95. Wing-formula, 5, 4 = 6, 7,
+3, 8, 9, 10, 2; first, 2.10 shorter than longest. Graduation of tail,
+.25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Lower Rio Grande
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent small"><i>Tail considerably rounded.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>, but dorsal region scarcely obscured by ashy.
+Lores black. Wing, 7.50; tail, 7.50; bill, 1.30 and .40; tarsus,
+1.60; middle toe, .90. Wing-formula, 5, 4, 6, 3 = 7, 8, 9, 2; first,
+2.75, shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico
+(Orizaba, Mirador, etc.)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_60" id="fnanchor_60"></a><a href="#footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Graduation of the colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i>, but the blue, instead of
+being a bright ultramarine, is very much paler and duller, and with
+a greenish cast, the whole dorsal region decidedly ashy; ash of the
+pectoral region much paler, and throat similar, instead of decidedly
+whitish, in contrast; pure white of posterior lower parts covering
+whole abdomen instead of being confined to crissum. Wing, 6.20;
+tail, 5.70; bill, 1.30 and .40; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, .97. Wing-formula,
+fourth, fifth, and sixth equal; 7, 3, 8, 9, 2; first, 2.20,
+shorter than longest. Graduation of tail, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern
+Rocky Mountains (Fort Buchanan, and Copper Mines, Arizona)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. unicolor.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_61" id="fnanchor_61"></a><a href="#footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></span>
+Lower parts bright blue, like the upper. Entirely
+<!--319.png--><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 285]</span>
+uniform rich ultramarine-blue; lores black. Wing, 6.70; tail, 6.70;
+bill, 1.30 and .50; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe, .95. Wing-formula, 5, 6,
+4, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2; first, 2.60 shorter than longest. Graduation of tail,
+1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico (Cordova, Mirador, etc.); Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>In the first section of this group we see the same indication of variation
+from a common type with the region that is so evident in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</i>. Thus,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta woodhousei</i> differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, much as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura macrolopha</i>
+does from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stelleri</i> (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>), in more slender bill and a greater
+percentage of blue; this invading the back and under parts, the lower tail-coverts
+especially. But here the parallel of modification ends, for the
+Mexican representative of the species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sumichrasti</i>) appears to revert
+back to the characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, having like it a minimum amount of
+blue, though this almost obliterates the superciliary stripe of white. In
+this respect there is more resemblance to the case of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fusca</i> and its
+three races in the three regions inhabited by these representative forms of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</i>; for, while the Mexican (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fusca</i>) and Californian (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+crissalis</i>) are very much alike, the one from the intervening region (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleuca</i>)
+is more different from the two extreme races than they are from each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>In the other section of the genus the relation between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i> and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> is a parallel to that between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura macrolopha</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. coronata</i>;
+the southern forms (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>) differing principally in the greater
+intensity and prevalence or amount of the blue. The relations of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i> to the two above mentioned are yet obscure, owing to the
+small material at command,&mdash;there being only two specimens of the former,
+and none of the latter, in the National Museum at Washington.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta floridana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus floridanus</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>, Travels, 1791, 291.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 444, <abbr title="plate 87">pl.
+lxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus floridanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, 11, <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man.
+I</abbr>, 1832, 230.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 154.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 118, <abbr title="plate 233">pl. ccxxxiii</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus floridanus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 495. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax floridanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta floridana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 377.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 586.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 298. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma floridana</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr>
+1851, 22. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cyaneus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 12">Nouv. Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 476 (not described).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Garrulus cærulescens</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 12">Nouv. Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 480.&mdash;<span class="sc">Ord.</span> <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc.
+I</abbr>, 1818, 347. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica cærulescens</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</i>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 11.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail much graduated; lateral feathers nearly 1.50 inches shortest. Tail an
+inch longer than the wings. Above blue, including scapulars; interscapular region and
+back brownish-ash, the former lighter. Forehead and sides of the crown, including
+the nasal feathers, hoary white. Sides of head and neck blue; the former tinged with
+blackish, the latter sending a streaked collar of the same entirely across the breast; region
+anterior to this collar dirty white, streaked on the edges of the feathers with blue; rest
+<!--320.png--><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 286]</span>
+of under parts dirty whitish-brown; under tail-coverts blue, the tibia tinged with the
+same. Length, 11.00; wing, 4.50; tail, 5.70; tarsus, 1.45.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Florida only, and quite local.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful species appears to be exclusively confined to
+the peninsula of Florida, and there is no authentic evidence that it has ever
+been found outside of the limits of that State. The statement of Bonaparte,
+that these birds are found in the States of Louisiana and Kentucky, has
+never been confirmed, and Mr. Audubon, who was for many years a resident
+of both States and familiar with the birds of each, was very positive the
+statement was without foundation. It has never been observed even in
+Georgia or Alabama, and Mr. Nuttall states that it is not found in any part
+of West Florida.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen, in his recent paper on the winter birds of East Florida, speaking
+of this species, states that it is numerous in the scrub, but does not appear
+to frequent the pine woods, the hummocks, or the swamps. He saw none
+along the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John’s, except at Blue Springs, but they occur in numbers a
+few miles back from the river.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bryant, in his Notes on the birds of Florida, mentions that this species
+is tolerably plentiful in the vicinity of Enterprise. He regarded it
+as exceedingly interesting on account of its limited geographical distribution.
+With no apparent obstacle to its movements, it is yet confined to
+a small part of the peninsula of Florida, its area of distribution north and
+south not exceeding three degrees of latitude, if so much. He saw none
+north of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Augustine, and none south of Jupiter’s Inlet. So far as he
+observed them, they were exclusively confined to the growth of scrub-oak,
+which in many places is so entangled with creeping plants that it is impossible
+to walk through without cutting a path. This growth is generally
+found on elevated ridges running parallel to the sea-coast. The most extensive
+of these, near Enterprise, is about three miles wide, and eighty feet
+above the lake.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of this species is said by Mr. Audubon to be performed at a
+short distance from the ground, and to consist either of a single sailing
+sweep, as it passes from one tree to another, or of continuous flappings with
+a slightly undulating motion, in the manner of the Canada Jay. Its notes
+are described as softer than those of the Blue Jay, and more frequently
+uttered. Its motions are also quicker and more abrupt. Its food is said to
+consist of snails, which it collects on the ground, insects, and various kinds
+of fruits and berries. It is also charged with being very destructive of eggs
+and young birds.</p>
+
+<p>The Florida Jay is said to be easily kept in confinement, feeding readily
+on dried or fresh fruit and the kernels of various nuts, and soon appears to
+be reconciled to its loss of liberty. It secures its food between its feet, and
+breaks it into pieces before swallowing it. In this way it feeds on the acorn
+of the live-oak, snails, and the seeds of the sword-palmetto.</p>
+
+<p><!--321.png--><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 287]</span>
+The nest of this Jay is formed of dry sticks, placed across each other,
+and, although rounded in form, is so lightly made that the birds may be
+seen through its interstices. It is lined with fibrous rootlets. Only one
+brood is raised in a season. Audubon’s descriptions of its eggs are inaccurate,
+and only applicable to those of the Blue Jay.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon observed a pair of these birds in confinement in New
+Orleans. They were fed upon rice and dry fruit. At dessert they were
+allowed their liberty, when they would fly to the table, feed on the almonds
+given them, and drink claret diluted with water. They attempted to mimic
+various sounds, but did so very imperfectly.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall states that at the approach of winter these birds retire to the
+south of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Augustine. He regards their voice as less harsh than that of
+the Blue Jay, and states that they have a variety of notes, some of which
+are probably imitations, and are said to resemble the song of the Wood
+Thrush and the calls of the common Jay.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of the Florida Jay before me is of a rounded oval shape, being
+nearly equally obtuse at either end. The ground-color is a light bluish-gray,
+marked almost exclusively at the larger end with a few small spots of a light
+rufous-brown. It has no near resemblance to the eggs of the California Jay,
+nor to those of any other Jay that I have seen. It measures 1.05 inches
+by .80.</p>
+
+<p>In its flight and action, Dr. Bryant thought the Florida Jay resembled
+the Mocking-Bird. It has none of the restless, suspicious manner of the
+Blue Jay. He never heard it utter more than a single note, this being
+much softer than the usual cry of the Blue Jay; its song he regarded as
+rather monotonous. It seldom flies more than a short distance at a time,
+and seems to trust for protection to the difficulty of access to its abode. It
+also evinces a great partiality for particular localities. Generally only a
+single pair is seen at a time, though in one place he has seen three pairs
+together. It is not fond of civilization, and is seldom known to frequent
+the vicinity of dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>A nest found by Dr. Bryant on the 15th of April was built in a scrub-oak
+about three feet from the ground. It was made of small twigs, compactly
+and carefully lined with fibres of the dwarf palmetto, that had apparently
+been brought a distance of half a mile. The cavity measured about
+five inches in breadth and one and a half in depth. The nest contained
+three eggs of a light blue, sparingly sprinkled with rufous, the spots being
+larger and more numerous towards the larger end. Another nest, found a
+few days later, contained five eggs of a more neutral tint, with the spots
+darker, larger, and more evenly distributed.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--322.png--><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 288]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</b>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus californicus</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 21, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</i>,
+<span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals ... Magazine 15">Ann. Mag. XV</abbr>, 1845, 342.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series,
+<abbr title="One, December">I, Dec.</abbr> 1847, 45.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 377.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 85.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 584.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 55.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 302. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax californicus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, <abbr title="Appendix">Ap.</abbr>
+1847, 201. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma californica</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 221.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes
+Rendus</span>, <abbr title="37, November">XXXVII, Nov.</abbr> 1853, 828; Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Orn.</abbr> Delattre. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 456, <abbr title="plate 362">pl. ccclxii</abbr> (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus
+ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 154.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 115, <abbr title="plate 232">pl. ccxxxii</abbr> (not
+of <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta superciliosa</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals ... Magazine 15">Ann. Mag. XV</abbr>, 1845, 260
+(type of genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</i>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus palliatus</i>, <span class="sc">Drapiez</span>,” <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Width of bill at base of lower mandible rather more than half the length
+of culmen. Lateral tail-feathers about an inch the shortest. Tail an inch longer than
+the wings. General color above, including the surface of the wings, bright blue, without
+bars. The whole back, including to some extent the scapulars, brownish-ash, very faintly
+glossed with blue in the adult. À streaked white superciliary line from a little anterior
+to the eye as far as the occiput. Sides of the head and neck blue, the region around and
+behind the eye, including lores and most of ear-coverts, black. The blue of the sides of
+the neck extends across the forepart of the breast, forming a crescent, interrupted in the
+middle. The under parts anterior to the crescent white, the feathers edged with blue;
+behind it dull white; the sides tinged with brown. Length, 12.25; wing, 5.00; tail,
+6.15; tarsus, 1.55. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2,841.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific Province from Columbia River to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; Carson City, Nevada
+(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_322.jpg"
+ width="250" height="198"
+ alt="Illustration: Cyanocitta californica"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Specimens from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas are rather smaller and perhaps whiter
+beneath than elsewhere; those from the eastern slope of Sierra Nevada are
+very large. Upon a careful
+comparison, we find that the
+supposed specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>
+in the Smithsonian collection
+from Mexico (Orizaba,
+etc.) constitute a quite different
+form, characterized by very
+indistinct superciliary white
+and bluish edges to throat
+and jugular feathers, and especially
+by the lengthened
+wings, which average 5.75
+inches instead of 5.00. In
+general respects the resemblance,
+as suggested by Sclater, is to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, and not to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i>.
+The dorsal patch is very distinct.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_40.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 40"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="40">XL</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_40-1" id="pl_40-1"></a><img src="images/pl_40-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 56642.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_40-2" id="pl_40-2"></a><img src="images/pl_40-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> sumichrasti. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Orizaba, 42129.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_40-3" id="pl_40-3"></a><img src="images/pl_40-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta woodhousii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53647.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_40-4" id="pl_40-4"></a><img src="images/pl_40-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 40 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta floridana</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 13734.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>One Mexican specimen (8,465 from Real del Monte?), presented by Mr.
+<!--323.png--><!--Plate 40-->
+<!--324.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--325.png--><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 289]</span>
+John Gould, differs again in having the dorsal patch obscured by a bluish
+wash; an unusual amount of blue edging to the throat and jugular feathers,
+and a dull brownish tinge to the belly. It almost suggests the possibility
+of a hybrid form between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The California Jay appears to be a Pacific coast species, occurring
+from the Columbia River southward to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, but not
+found in the interior at any considerable distance from the coast. Mr.
+Ridgway speaks of it as the Valley Jay of California, having been observed
+by him in abundance only among the oaks of the Sacramento Valley, the
+brushwood of the ravines, and the scattered pines of the foot-hills along the
+western base of the Sierra Nevada. It was also quite common, in April, in
+the vicinity of Carson City, where he found it breeding. Its notes and
+manners, he adds, are very similar to those of the Woodhouse Jay, belonging
+to the wooded regions of the interior, but the shrill cries of this species are
+even more piercing. There is, moreover, something in its appearance, caused
+by the sharp contrast of the bright blue, the light ash, and the pure white
+colors, by which it may be distinguished at a glance from the more uniformly
+colored <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heerman speaks of it as frequenting to some extent the same districts
+as Steller’s Jay, but also found in greater abundance throughout the valleys.
+He likewise describes it as noisy, alert, and cunning in its habits,
+wild and wary, and yet often seeking the habitations of man, near which
+to rear its young, drawn thither by the abundance of food found in such
+localities. Their nests, he states, are built in a thick-leaved bush, or on the
+lower branches of an oak, at but little height from the ground. They are
+constructed of twigs, and are lined with fine rootlets. The eggs, four in
+number, are, he says, emerald-green in color, profusely dotted with umber-brown
+spots.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry states that he found the trees and the thickets bordering
+the streams in the valleys the favorite haunts of the California Jay. As
+his party ascended among the evergreen forests of the higher grounds, and
+passed northeasterly from the Sacramento Valley, these birds were no
+longer met with, and long before reaching the Oregon line they lost sight
+of it altogether. Nor did they meet with it again until their return to
+California. This Jay, he adds, has all the sprightliness and restlessness of
+the family, but is less noisy, and its notes are far more agreeable than those
+of Steller’s Jay, by which it is replaced at the north.</p>
+
+<p>The Smithsonian Museum has a specimen of this species obtained on the
+Columbia by Townsend, and Mr. Nuttall mentions that early in October,
+on arriving at the forests of the Columbia, near Fort Vancouver, he met
+with it in company with Steller’s Jay. They were breeding in the dark
+pine woods, and by the 15th of June they were feeding their fully fledged
+young. He also states that they were found as far north as Fraser’s River,
+migrating to the south at the approach of winter. Without questioning the
+<!--326.png--><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 290]</span>
+correctness of this statement, it is worthy of mention that these birds have
+not been met there by more recent collectors, and that Dr. Newberry nowhere
+met with them in Oregon. Dr. Cooper suggests that, since then, the
+increased severity of the winters may have driven them permanently farther
+south.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall describes its habits as very much like those of the Blue Jay.
+It usually flies out to the tops of the tallest pines, jerks its tail, and perches
+playfully on some extreme branch, where, as if in anger, it calls <i class="birdcall">woit, woit-woit</i>,
+with an occasional recognition note of <i class="birdcall">twee-twee</i>. When pursued, it
+retreats to the shade of the loftiest branches. It feeds on insects, acorns,
+which it breaks up, and pine seeds. He describes it as a graceful, active,
+and shy bird, with a note much less harsh and loud than that of Steller’s
+Jay.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper remarks that this species is one of the most common and
+conspicuous of the birds of the State of California. They frequent every
+locality in which oak-trees are found, even within the limits of large towns,
+where they enter gardens and audaciously plunder the fruit. They have all
+the usual cunning of their tribe, and when alarmed become very quiet, and
+conceal themselves in the thick foliage. They are usually noisy and fearless,
+and their odd cries, grotesque actions, and bright plumage make them
+general favorites in spite of their depredations. They are also said to have
+a talent for mimicry, besides notes to express their various wants and ideas.</p>
+
+<p>They breed abundantly throughout the western parts of California, and
+construct a large and strong nest of twigs, roots, and grass. These are
+placed in a low tree or bush. They lay about five eggs, which Dr. Cooper
+describes as dark green marked with numerous pale brown blotches and
+spots, and measure 1.80 by 1.04 inches. At San Diego he found these eggs
+laid as early as April 5.</p>
+
+<p>This Jay inhabits the Coast Range of mountains to their summit, south
+of San Francisco, and the Sierra Nevada as far as the oaks extend, or to an
+elevation of from 1,000 to 5,000 feet. Dr. Cooper saw none on the east side
+of the Sierra Nevada in latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p>He describes their flight as slow and laborious, on account of their short
+wings, and states that they never fly far at a time. He also accuses them
+of being very destructive to the eggs of smaller birds, hunting for them in
+the spring, and watching the movements of other birds with great attention.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Xantus found these birds very abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, being,
+like all the other resident species there, much smaller than those occurring
+in more northern localities. Their habits are said to be very much the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>This species was taken in winter near Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard.</p>
+
+<p>Four eggs of this species from different parts of California present the
+following measurements: 1.20 × 0.85; 1.10 × 0.80; 1.13 × 0.80; 1.05 × 0.80.
+The measurements given by Dr. Cooper we are confident must be a mistake.
+<!--327.png--><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 291]</span>
+Their ground-color is a bright, but not a dark, emerald-green; and they are
+marked and blotched with faint purplish-brown, and deeper spots of dark
+umber. These spots are sparingly distributed, and are chiefly about the
+larger end. In one they are wholly of a light violet-brown. These eggs are
+of a perfectly oval shape.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles D. Gibbes, of Stockton, writes that he found in a garden in
+that city a nest built by a pair of these birds that had become half domesticated.
+It was placed in a very thick arbor of honeysuckle. The body of
+the nest was composed of clippings from a hedge of osage orange, with thorns
+on them half an inch long. These twigs were tied and interlaced with twine
+and bits of cotton strings. Within this frame was a layer of fine weeds and
+grasses nicely arranged, the whole lined with horse-hair. The nest was
+found in May, and contained five eggs. The parents kept a good deal
+about the kitchen door, and would steal anything they had an opportunity
+to take. They made use of an old nest in the same garden as a receptacle
+for their stolen goods; among other things was found a large slice of bread-and-butter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta californica</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WOODHOUSE’S JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta woodhousei</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 585, <abbr title="plate 59">pl. lix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds,
+20, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 304.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Size and general appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>. Bill slender. Graduation
+of tail one inch. Blue, with a very obscure ashy patch on the back. Sides of the head
+and neck and incomplete pectoral collar, blue; throat streaked with the same. Breast
+and belly uniform brownish-ash, glossed with blue; under tail-coverts bright blue. Sides
+of head, including lores, black, glossed with blue below; a streaked white superciliary
+line. Length, 11.50; wing, 5.35; tail, 6.10; tarsus, 1.60. <i class="age">Young.</i> All the blue, except
+that of the wings and tail, replaced by dull ash.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rocky Mountains and Middle Province of United States; north to Idaho and
+Wyoming (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); south to Northern Mexico; east to Wyoming and Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>The bluish wash on the back nearly obscuring the dorsal patch, the
+general ashy tinge of the under parts, the decided blue under tail-coverts,
+and the longer and much slenderer bill, distinguish this form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>,
+although probably both are geographical races of the same species.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird was first met with by Dr. Woodhouse among the San
+Francisco Mountains of New Mexico, and was given by him, in his Report
+of the Sitgreaves Expedition, as the California Jay. He states in regard to
+it, that wherever he found the piñon, or nut-pine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinus edulis</i>), growing
+in New Mexico, this bird was sure to be there in great numbers, feeding
+upon the fruit of those trees. Among the men it was known as the piñon
+bird. Its notes are said to be harsh and disagreeable. It was extremely
+<!--328.png--><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 292]</span>
+restless, and was continually in motion, flying from tree to tree, uttering its
+well-known cries.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway calls this a very interesting species, and states that it was
+found very abundant in the fertile cañons of the West Humboldt Mountains,
+as well as in all the extensive nut-pine and cedar woods to the eastward. On
+the Toyaba and East Humboldt Mountains, and the extensive piñon woods in
+Southern Idaho, it was equally common. In Utah, in the cañons of the
+Wahsatch Mountains, it was occasionally seen, though oftener observed in
+the valley of the Weber. When unmolested, this bird is, he states, very
+unsuspicious, and anything unusual at once excites its curiosity. Often
+when at work, in camp, skinning birds, on the edge of bushes, one of them
+would approach within a few feet, and quietly watch every movement. At
+Unionsville they were quite common in the gardens and around the door-yards
+of the town, and were very familiar and unsuspicious. Their cries
+greatly resembled those of the California Jay, and consisted of a repetition
+of harsh screeching notes.</p>
+
+<p>This species, according to Dr. Coues, is a resident and a very abundant
+species in Arizona, where it is one of the most characteristic species. It
+was found in all situations, but seemed to shun dense pine woods, and to
+prefer to keep on the open hillsides, among the scrub-oaks, etc. In winter
+it collects in rather large flocks, sometimes as many as fifty together. They
+are, however, usually seen in small groups of six or seven individuals.
+They are said to be a restless, vigilant, shy, and noisy species.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. C. E. Aiken found this bird a common and resident species in Colorado.
+He met with it along the foot of the mountains, in brush thickets, in
+which they also breed. The base and periphery of a nest found by him were
+composed of dead twigs, intermingled within with fine rootlets and horsehair.
+The eggs, four or five in number, are said to be laid about the first of
+May. They have a ground-color of a light bluish-green, and marked with
+reddish-brown specks, thickest at the larger end. They are of a rounded
+oval shape, much more pointed at one end, and rounded at the other, and
+average 1.06 inches in length by .80 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</i> (not of <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>!), <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 587, <abbr title="plate 60, figure">pl. lx. f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 21, <abbr title="plate 22, figure">pl. xxii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 305. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta
+sordida</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Report U. S. Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_41.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 41"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="41">XLI</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_41-1" id="pl_41-1"></a><img src="images/pl_41-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</span>. Orizaba, 38209.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_41-2" id="pl_41-2"></a><img src="images/pl_41-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> arizonæ. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 18279.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_41-3" id="pl_41-3"></a><img src="images/pl_41-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nova Scotia, 26940.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_41-4" id="pl_41-4"></a><img src="images/pl_41-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 41 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</span>. <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Colorado, 51642.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill short, thick; half as high as long. Wing considerably longer than the
+tail, which is slightly graduated (.50 of an inch). Upper surface (including whole side
+of head to the throat) light sky-blue, the whole dorsal region inclining to pure bluish-ashy.
+Beneath fine, uniform, pale ash for anterior half (including the throat), this
+gradually fading into white on the posterior portions (including whole abdomen), the
+<!--329.png--><!--Plate 41-->
+<!--330.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--331.png--><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 293]</span>
+lower tail-coverts being pure white. Lores blue. Length, 13.00; wing, 6.20; tail, 5.70;
+culmen, 1.30; depth of bill, .40; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, .97. Fourth, fifth, and sixth
+quills equal and longest, second shorter than ninth; first 2.20 shorter than longest.
+(18,279, Fort Buchanan, Arizona, December; Dr. Irwin.) <i class="age">Immature</i> (8,469 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Copper
+Mines, Arizona). The blue, except that of the wings and tail, replaced by dull ash;
+the blue feathers appearing in scattered patches.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Arizona (Copper Mines, J. H. Clark; and Fort Buchanan, Dr. Irwin, U. S. A.).</p>
+
+<p>The nearest ally of this race is the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> of Mexico, which, however,
+differs in many important respects; the differences between the two
+being giving in the synopsis (page 880), it is unnecessary to repeat them
+here. In both there is a tendency towards a party-colored bill; each example
+of the northern style, and most of those of the southern, having more
+or less whitish on the lower mandible.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing definite is known as to the habits or reproduction of this bird.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ULTRAMARINE JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Four">J. A. N. Sc. IV</abbr>, 1825, 386 (not of <span class="sc">Audubon</span>).&mdash;<abbr title="Temminck Planches Coloriées Two"><span class="sc">Temm.</span>
+Pl. Col. II</abbr>, 439. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Annals and Magazine 15">Ann. &amp; Mag. XV</abbr>, 1845, 260.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second Series One">2d Ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 45.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 588, <abbr title="plate 60, figure">pl. 60, f.</abbr>
+2.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds 21, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr>
+1850, 378. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta couchi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 588.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail rounded, but little graduated; lateral feather about a quarter of an
+inch shortest. Wings longer than the tail; when closed, reaching nearly to its middle.
+Above and on sides of head and neck bright blue; the lores blackish; the middle of the
+back slightly duller, the tips of some of the feathers dark brown. Beneath brownish-ash,
+paler on the chin and towards the anal region, which, with the crissum, is white. No
+trace of white or black on the sides of the head, nor of any streaks or collar on the
+breast. Length, (fresh,) 11.50; wing, 6.00; tail, (dried,) 5.40; tarsus, 1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+South side of valley of Rio Grande, near the coast, and southward.</p>
+
+<p>This well-marked species is quite different in form from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>,
+having a shorter, more even tail, much longer wings, and stouter feet. The
+absence of any collar or streaks on the breast and throat, of black or white
+on the side of the head, and of decided ash on the back, are very well
+marked features. There is also much more green in the blue of the head.</p>
+
+<p>As suggested in the <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> Report, the birds collected by Lieutenant Couch
+at Monterey, Mexico, although agreeing almost exactly with the original description
+of Bonaparte, are much smaller, and perhaps entitled to recognition
+as a separate form. The tail is nearly two inches less, 5.40 instead of 7.00,
+or over.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Ultramarine Jay is a well-marked species, and is specifically
+quite distinct from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californica</i>. It is found in the valley of the Rio
+Grande, and thence southward and eastward in the northern provinces of
+<!--332.png--><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 294]</span>
+Mexico. Though we know of no specimens having been procured on this
+side of the boundary line, their occurrence is quite probable. Lieutenant
+Couch met with this species near Monterey, Mexico, and from thence west
+to Parras. He describes it as being gregarious and eminently Jay-like
+in its habits. They are very noisy and vociferous in their outcries, and
+three or four of them suffice to keep a whole forest in an uproar. Near
+Guyapuco a large snake (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Georgia obsoleta</i>) was seen pursued by three or four
+of this species. The reptile was making every effort to escape from their combined
+attacks, and would, no doubt, have been killed by them, had they not
+been interfered with. The cause of so much animosity against the snake
+was explained when, on opening its stomach, three young of this species,
+about two thirds grown, were found.</p>
+
+<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Sumichrast found what he calls <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+ultramarina</i> in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta nana, “californica</i>”
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sumichrasti</i>), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i>, occurring in the alpine region, and
+with the three first named restricted to that locality. The limit of their
+extension is about that of the alpine region, that is, from an elevation
+of about 4,500 feet to the height of 10,500 feet. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</i> is also found on
+the plateau.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XANTHOURA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Avium">Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850. (Type, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus peruvianus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>”)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Head without crest. Throat black. Lateral tail-feathers bright yellow. Bill
+very stout, rather higher than broad; culmen curved from the base. Nostrils rather small,
+oval, concealed by a nasal tuft varying in length with species. Tail longer than the
+wings; graduated. The wings concave, rounded; the secondaries nearly as long as the
+primaries. Legs very stout; hind claw about half the total length of the toe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_332.jpg"
+ width="300" height="158"
+ alt="Illustration: Xanthoura luxuosa"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">4052</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</i> is composed of three so-called species, of different
+geographical distribution, and exhibits a progressive change from one to
+the other, with variation of latitude that enforces assent to the hypothesis
+<!--333.png--><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 295]</span>
+of their all belonging to one primitive form. These differences may be
+expressed as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span>
+Nasal tufts, patch on side of lower jaw and one
+above eye, (both eyelids,) bright blue; remainder of face and throat black.
+Back, and upper surface of wings and tail (the four central feathers), green, the
+latter tinged with blue at end; the rest of tail-feathers bright yellow. Belly
+and crissum varying from bright yellow to green. Forehead yellowish or
+whitish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Nasal tufts short, only covering the nostrils; whole top of head (except
+anteriorly) and nape bright blue.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+1. Body beneath, and crissum, green. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and South Texas
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+2. Body beneath, and crissum, yellow, sides more greenish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Guatemala and Honduras<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Nasal tuft elongated, forming an anterior crest, the feathers reaching far
+beyond nostrils. Whole top of head pale heavy yellow, glossed behind with
+bluish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+3. Body beneath, and crissum, very bright gamboge-yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Colombia, Ecuador, Bogota, and Bolivia<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, starting with the green-bellied <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</i> of the Rio Grande, we come
+to the yellow-bellied <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</i>; but intermediate localities show different
+proportions of the two colors. The nasal tufts in the first do not
+extend beyond the nasal fossæ; and the frontal yellowish is very narrow.
+In the second these tufts reach beyond the fossæ, and the frontal yellowish
+is more extended. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</i> again the nasal tufts have reached their
+maximum, while the frontal yellowish extends over the whole cap, leaving
+only a trace of blue on the nape.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura incas</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREEN JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus luxuosus</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> April, 1839, 100. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax luxuosus</i>, <span class="sc">Du Bus</span>,
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Esquisses Ornithologiques</span>, <abbr title="four"><span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1848, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1853, <abbr title="One, plate 1">I, pl. i</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 380.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 224.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 589. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica chloronota</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 750 (young
+male; name belongs to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus peruvianus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax cyanicapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 233 (note). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax yncas</i>, “<span class="sc">Boddært</span>,” <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>,
+<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, April, 1851, 115 (first added here to fauna of United States).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings shorter than the tail, which is much graduated, the lateral feathers
+1.25 inches shorter. Above green; beneath yellow, glossed continuously with green;
+inside of wings and outer four tail-feathers straw-yellow; rest of tail feathers green,
+glossed with blue. Sides of the head, and beneath from the bill to the forepart of the
+breast, velvet-black. Crown, nape, and a short maxillary stripe running up to the eye and
+involving the upper eyelid, brilliant blue; the nostril-feathers rather darker; the sides of
+the forehead whitish. Bill black; feet lead-color. Length, 11.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 5.40;
+tarsus, 1.65.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of Rio Grande, of Texas, and southward.</p>
+
+<p><!--334.png--><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 296]</span>
+As remarked above, the passage into the yellow-bellied <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</i> is
+gradual as we proceed south; and the latter, and perhaps even the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</i>, can
+only be considered as fellow races of a common original species.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_334.jpg"
+ width="250" height="166"
+ alt="Illustration: Xanthoura luxuosa"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Within the limits of the United States this beautiful species
+has thus far been only met with in
+Southeastern Texas in the lower valley
+of the Rio Grande. It was first
+described in 1839, by <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> Lesson, a
+French naturalist, from a Mexican
+specimen, and in 1851 was first
+brought to our notice as a bird of the
+United States by Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence
+of New York. Specimens of
+this bird were obtained by the party
+of the Mexican Boundary Survey,
+and by Lieutenant Couch on the Rio
+Grande, at Matamoras, New Leon, and
+San Diego, Mexico. The only note
+as to its habits by Lieutenant Couch is to the effect that it eats seeds and
+insects.</p>
+
+<p>The late Dr. Berlandier of Matamoras obtained specimens of this bird in
+the vicinity of that city, which were found among his collections. Among
+his manuscript notes occurs a description of the plumage and habits of
+this species, which he had described under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica cervantesii</i>.
+In this he states that this bird inhabits the whole eastern coast of Mexico,
+but that he has only met with it on the banks of the Rio Bravo del Norte,
+in the vicinity of Matamoras. It is said to be both carnivorous and graminivorous,
+and comes about the houses in search of the refuse. Although it
+can swallow whole grains of corn, before eating it breaks them with its
+beak, holding them between its claws, in the manner of birds of prey, and
+biting with great force. It is commonly known as <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pajaro verde</i>, or Greenbird.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser states that this species was common on the lower Rio Grande
+during the winter, but was not found on the Upper Rio Grande or in Texas,
+except as a straggler from Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>This bird, Mr. Sumichrast states, is common throughout the Department
+of Vera Cruz, where it is generally known by the name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Verde detoca</i> and
+<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Sonaja</i>. It is said to be one of the birds most generally diffused throughout
+the whole department. It inhabits both the hot and the temperate
+regions, and is found even at the foot of the alpine, to the altitude of nearly
+six thousand feet above the sea. It is also said to be abundant in other
+parts of Mexico. It was observed to be quite numerous on the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Tierra
+templada</i>, or table-lands, and also among the hills that bound the plains of
+Perote and Puebla on the east, by Mr. William S. Pease, a naturalist who
+<!--335.png--><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 297]</span>
+was with General Scott’s army in its campaign in Mexico. Mr. Pease stated
+that it lived on the sides of the hills throughout the year, and that its local
+name was <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pepe verde</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel George A. McCall, Inspector-General of the United States Army,
+was the first person to collect these birds within our limits. He obtained
+them in the forests that border the Rio Grande on the southeastern frontier
+of Texas. There he found them all mated in the month of May, and
+he felt no doubt that they had their nests in the extensive and almost
+impenetrable thickets of mimosa, commonly called chaparral. From the
+jealousy and pugnacity which these birds manifested on the approach, or
+appearance even, of the large boat-tailed Blackbirds of that country (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus
+macrurus</i>), which were nesting in great numbers in the vicinity, Colonel
+McCall was satisfied that the Jays were at that time also engaged in the
+duties of incubation and rearing their young. In character and temperament
+these birds appeared to be very active and lively, though less noisy than
+some other species of the family. Their gay plumage was exhibited to great
+advantage as they flitted from tree to tree, or dashed boldly in pursuit of
+such of their more plainly attired neighbors as ventured to intrude upon
+their domain.</p>
+
+<p>Captain J. P. McCown, also quoted by Mr. Cassin, furnishes some
+additional observations in regard to these birds. He states that during the
+several years that he was in Texas, he frequently saw these Jays, but never
+met with them above Ringgold Barracks, or north of the woods that skirt
+the Rio Grande. They seemed to prefer the acacia groves which have
+sprung up where the ground has been overflowed. He regards it as a rather
+cautious bird. He observed nests high up in the trees above mentioned,
+which he supposes belong to this species, though this was never positively
+ascertained. He had no doubt that they breed in Texas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PERISOREUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Saggio di una <abbr title="distribuzione metodica">dist. met.</abbr></span> 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus canadensis?</i>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am.II</abbr>, 1831, 495. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Feathers lax and full, especially on the back, and of very dull colors, without
+any blue. Head without distinct crest. Bill very short; broader than high. Culmen
+scarcely half the length of the head; straight to near the tip, then slightly curved; gonys
+more curved than culmen. Bill notched at tip. Nostrils round, covered by bristly feathers.
+Tail about equal to the wings; graduated. Tarsi rather short; but little longer
+than the middle toe. Plumage very soft, and without any lustre.</p>
+
+<p>The Canada Jay has a near ally in a species of northern Europe and
+Siberia,&mdash;the Siberian Jay (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. infaustus</i>). In size and proportions the two
+are quite identical, there being about the same proportionate length of wing
+and tail, and a general correspondence in the minutiæ of external anatomy.
+<!--336.png--><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 298]</span>
+In colors, however, they differ entirely; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. infaustus</i> having the head
+darker than the body, and uniform (instead of the contrary), and in having
+the lower primary and lower feathers of the greater coverts, as well as the
+greater part of the tail, bright rufous.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Dusky nuchal hood reaching forward to, or in front of, the eyes; plumbeous-black.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Dorsal feathers with white shafts in old and young. Tail-feathers not
+distinctly paler at ends.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+1. White frontal patch narrower than length of the bill; blending gradually
+with the blackish of the crown. Upper parts umber-brownish. Wing, 5.50;
+tail, 5.40; bill, .90 and .30. <i class="age">Young.</i> Entirely plumbeous-brown, feathers of
+head above bordered with paler. Beneath paler, whitish brown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Oregon, Washington <a name="note16" id="note16"></a>Territory, British Columbia, etc.
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Dorsal feathers without white shafts in old or young. Tail-feathers
+broadly tipped with dull white.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+2. White frontal patch much broader than length of bill; abruptly defined,
+with a convex outline behind, against the dusky of the occiput. Upper
+parts plumbeous, with a slight brownish cast. Wing, 5.25; tail, 5.80; bill,
+.95 and .35. <i class="age">Young.</i> Entirely uniform dark plumbeous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Canada,
+Maine, and Labrador to the Yukon
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>.</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Dusky nuchal hood not reaching to the eyes, but confined to the nape;
+bluish-plumbeous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+3. White frontal patch covering whole crown, melting gradually into the
+ashy of the nape; upper parts bluish-ashy. Wing, 6.00; tail, 6.00; bill, 1.00
+and .31. <i class="age">Young.</i> Bluish-plumbeous, inclining to ashy-white on the crown
+and cheeks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_336.jpg"
+ width="250" height="166"
+ alt="Illustration: Perisoreus canadensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis.</i><br />
+ <b class="specimen-number">18440 &nbsp; 8452</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>In the more slender form, longer and narrower bill, and paler tints
+with a predominance of
+the light colors, of the
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</i>, compared
+with the typical, or
+standard, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>,
+we see the peculiar
+impression of the
+middle region; while
+in the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, the
+more dusky tints, and
+predominance of darker
+colors, the influence
+of the well-known law
+affecting colors in birds of the northwest coast region is seen.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--337.png--><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 299]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CANADA JAY; WHISKEY-JACK; MOOSE-BIRD</b>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging">
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 158.&mdash;<span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">
+Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772,
+382.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 33, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 42.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 53; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 208, <abbr title="plate 107">pl. cvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> (Saggio,
+1831?) <abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1828, 58.&mdash;<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 295.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man.
+I</abbr>, 1832, 232.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 155.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 121, <abbr title="plate 234">pl. ccxxxiv</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, Appendix. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 375.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 219.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 85.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+590.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 226.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 366. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 12">Nouv. Dict. XII</abbr>, 1817, 479. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica nuchalis</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827 (Pica <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 14).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus trachyrrhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 296, <abbr title="plate 55">pl. lv</abbr> (young).
+“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>,” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_337.jpg"
+ width="250" height="234"
+ alt="Illustration: Perisoreus canadensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail graduated; lateral feathers about one inch shortest. Wings a little
+shorter than the tail. Head and neck
+and forepart of breast white. A
+rather sooty plumbeous nuchal patch,
+becoming darker behind, from the
+middle of the cap to the back, from
+which it is separated by an interrupted
+whitish collar. Rest of upper
+parts dark ashy-plumbeous; the outer
+primaries margined, the secondaries,
+tertials, and tail-feathers obscurely
+tipped with white. Beneath smoky-gray.
+Crissum whitish. Bill and feet
+black. Length, 10.70; wing, 5.75;
+tail, 6.00; tarsus, 1.40.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern Northern America
+into the northern part of United
+States; British America to Upper
+Yukon.</p>
+
+<p>The young of this species are everywhere of a dull sooty-plumbeous,
+lighter on the middle of the belly, and more bluish-plumbeous on the wings
+and tail. With increasing age the region about the base of the bill whitens.</p>
+
+<p>There is a decided bluish cast to the plumbeous of the tail. The white
+frontal patch has a convex posterior outline, and is abruptly defined against
+the blackish of the occiput and nape.</p>
+
+<p>All specimens from Canada and the Northeastern United States, to the
+interior of British America, are referrible to this variety; in the Yukon
+Territory specimens show a tendency to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i> of the northwest coast,
+having a narrower whitish frontal patch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Canada Jay was procured at Fort Simpson by Mr. Kennicott
+in August, September, and December, and at the same point by Mr.
+Ross in March and April, in the years 1860 and 1861. It was found breeding
+<!--338.png--><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 300]</span>
+in May at Anderson River Fort by Mr. MacFarlane. It was also procured
+at Big Island by Mr. Reid, at Nulato and Unalakleet by Mr. Dall, at
+<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s by Colonel Bulkley, at Fort Kenai by Bischoff, and at Fort Rae
+by Mr. Clarke. From the memoranda of Mr. MacFarlane, we have valuable
+information in regard to the nesting and breeding habits of this species. May
+24, at Fort Anderson, an Indian lad discovered a nest of this Jay. It was
+built in a tree, was composed of hay and feathers, and contained, with two
+young birds a few days old, an egg that was perfectly fresh. This bird, Mr.
+MacFarlane states, is tolerably numerous in that quarter. During the severe
+cold of winter it is not quite so common as at other seasons. It is by no
+means a difficult bird to shoot, as it will always venture into close proximity
+to man. Flesh or fish are certain to attract numbers of them, and
+they also cause great annoyance to the marten-hunter, by eating the bait
+placed in the traps used for capturing those animals. None of this species
+were observed on the Arctic coast, nor east of Horton River, Fort Anderson
+being the most northern point where Mr. MacFarlane saw any, in his journeys
+across the barren grounds.</p>
+
+<p>Other nests found in the same region were usually built in spruce-trees,
+on branches near the trunk, well concealed from view, and about ten feet
+from the ground. They were constructed of hay and feathers, supported
+underneath by a few willow sticks laid crosswise.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dall characterizes this species as a very bold and familiar bird, that
+will frequently fly down and steal away his dinner from some hungry dog,
+if he is not on the alert, or devour the fish hung up in camp by the Indians
+to dry. They breed very early, and occupy the same nest year after year.
+The nest is very large, and composed entirely of soft materials, moss, hair,
+and the like. On the 20th of April, Mr. Dall received a nest of this Jay
+containing four half-fledged young, so that they must lay in March. The
+bird was abundant everywhere on the Yukon River.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are known throughout the fur countries by the name of
+Whiskey-Jack, not from any supposed predilection for that beverage, but
+probably, as Mr. Kennicott has suggested, from a corruption of the Indian
+name for these birds, Wiss-ka-chon, which has been contorted into Whiskey-John
+and thence into Whiskey-Jack. Richardson observed these birds from
+Canada to the fur countries as far as latitude 69<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Throughout that region
+it is a constant attendant at the fur-posts and fishing-stations, and becomes
+so tame in the winter as to feed from the hand. Yet it is impatient of confinement,
+and soon pines away if deprived of its liberty. Its voice is said to
+be plaintive and squeaking, though it occasionally makes a low chattering.
+It hoards berries, pieces of meat, etc., in hollow trees, or between layers of
+bark, by which it is enabled to feed its young while the ground is still
+covered with snow.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry found this Jay as far to the south, in California, as the
+upper end of the Sacramento Valley, in latitude 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. The fact that the
+<!--339.png--><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 301]</span>
+isothermal line of this region passes south of Cincinnati, shows that climate
+and temperature do not regulate the range of this species. As observed in
+the summer months among the forests of Oregon, the Canada Jay appeared
+as a rather shy bird, exhibiting none of the familiarity and impudence exhibited
+in winter when made bold by hunger.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson mentions the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence as the southern boundary of this bird,
+a few only wintering in Northern New York and Vermont. But this is
+inexact. They are found resident throughout the year in a large part of
+Maine and in all the highlands of New Hampshire and Vermont. They
+are resident at Calais, where they breed in March at about latitude 45<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and
+descend in the winter to the southwest corner of Vermont, whence it is
+quite probable a few cross into Massachusetts, at Williamstown and Adams,
+though none have been detected, that I am aware. Wilson himself states
+that he was informed by a gentleman residing near Hudson, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, that these
+birds have been observed in that neighborhood in the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues met with these birds in Labrador. The first he saw were in a
+dense spruce forest. These were very shy, alighting only on the tops of the
+tallest trees, and flying off with loud harsh screams on his approach. Subsequently,
+at Rigolet, he found them abundant and very familiar. One or
+more were always to be seen hopping unconcernedly in the garden-patches
+around the houses, not in the least disturbed by the near presence of man,
+and showing no signs of fear even when very closely approached. He
+describes their voice as a harsh, discordant scream.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edward Harris, of Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, informed Mr. Audubon, that
+once, when fishing in a canoe in one of the lakes in the interior of Maine,
+these Jays were so fearless as to light on one end of his boat while he sat in
+the other, and helped themselves to his bait without taking any notice of
+him.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of the Canada Jay, found by Mr. Boardman near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen’s,
+New Brunswick, measures four and a half inches in diameter and three
+inches in height. The cavity is about three inches wide and two deep. The
+nest is woven above a rude platform of sticks and twigs crossed and interlaced,
+furnishing a roughly made hemispherical base and periphery. Upon
+this an inner and more artistic nest has been wrought, made of a soft felting
+of fine mosses closely impacted and lined with feathers. The nest contained
+three eggs.</p>
+
+<p>The egg of the Canada Jay measures 1.20 inches in length, by .82 of an
+inch in breadth. They are of an oblong-oval shape, and are more tapering
+at the smaller end than are most of the eggs of this family. The ground-color
+is of a light gray, with a slightly yellowish tinge over the entire
+egg, finely marked, more abundantly about the larger end, with points
+and blotches of slate-color and brown, and faint cloudings of an obscure
+lilac.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--340.png--><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 302]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ALASKAN GRAY JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 216.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>,
+1869, 286 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 40 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal.
+I</abbr>, 1870, 307.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+(8,454 Shoalwater Bay, <abbr title="Western Territory">W. T.</abbr>, March 10, 1854; Dr. J. G. Cooper.) Above
+plumbeous-umber, inclining to grayish-plumbeous on wings and tail; shafts of the dorsal
+feathers conspicuously white. Whole crown and nape, above the lores and auriculars,
+sooty-black; separated from the brown of the back by a whitish tint. Forehead (narrowly),
+nasal tufts, lores, whole lateral and under side of head, with jugulum, pure white, rest
+of lower parts a duller and more brownish white. Wing, 5.50; tail, 5.30; culmen, .93;
+tarsus, 1.20. <i class="age">Young</i> (5,904, Shoalwater Bay). Entirely plumbeous-brown, inclining to
+brownish-white beneath. Dorsal feathers with white shafts, and those of the forehead,
+crown, and nape, as well as the wing-coverts, with obsolete whitish borders.</p>
+
+<p>This form, as described above, seems to be peculiar to the northwest coast,
+reaching its extreme development in Washington Territory and Oregon.
+North of Sitka, and in the Yukon Territory, specimens incline toward the
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>, in broader frontal white, and purer plumbeous colors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper met with this variety at the mouth of the Columbia
+River in March in small scattered flocks, industriously seeking insects and
+seeds among the spruce-trees, occasionally whistling in a loud melodious
+tone like that of the Cardinal Grosbeak. He also states that the notes of this
+bird differ much from the other Jays in being clear and musical, and they
+sometimes show a considerable variety of song.</p>
+
+<p>This Jay, Mr. Lord states, is so familiar and confiding, and so fond of
+being near the habitations of man, that the settlers never harm it. In the
+cold weather he has seen it hop by the fire, ruffle up its feathers and
+warm itself without the least fear, keeping a sharp lookout for crumbs, and
+looking so beseechingly with its glittering gray eyes, that no one could
+refuse such an appeal for a stray morsel. It winters in British Columbia
+and Vancouver Island.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCKY MOUNTAIN GRAY JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+(61,084, Henry’s Fork, Wyoming <a name="note17" id="note17"></a>Territory, F. V. Hayden.) Above fine
+light bluish-plumbeous, becoming much lighter on the anterior portion of the back;
+tertials, secondaries, wing-coverts, primaries, and tail-feathers passing into whitish
+terminally, on the latter forming quite broad and distinct tips. A nuchal patch of a
+slightly darker tint than the back, and separated from it by the hoary whitish of the
+anterior dorsal region. Whole of the head (except the nuchal patch), with the anterior
+lower parts, as far as the breast, pure white; rest of lower parts ashy-white, becoming
+gradually more ashy posteriorly. Wing, 5.80; tail, 6.00; culmen, 1.00. <i class="age">Young</i> (18,440,
+<!--341.png--><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 303]</span>
+Fort Benton, April 23, J. A. Mullan). Generally ashy-plumbeous, with a decided bluish
+cast to wings and tail; orbital region, lores, forehead, and nasal tufts blackish; crown, a
+broad space below the eye from the bill across the auriculars, with the middle of the
+abdomen, pale hoary-ashy. Wings and tail as in the adult.</p>
+
+<p>This race, very different from the two styles found to the westward and
+eastward of it, is peculiar to Rocky Mountain regions, and apparently only
+occurring south of the northern boundary of the United States. A very
+large series of specimens, brought in at various times from numerous localities,
+substantiate the constancy of the characters pointed out above.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PSILORHINUS</b>, <span class="sc">Rüppell</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</i>, <span class="sc">Rüppell</span>, <abbr title="Museum Senckenbergianum">Mus. Senck.</abbr> 1837, 188. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica morio</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Color very dull brown above. Bill very stout, compressed, without notch;
+higher than broad at the nostrils; culmen curved from the base. Nostrils rounded; the
+anterior extremity rounded off into the bill; not covered by bristles, but fully exposed.
+Tail rather longer than the wings, graduated; the lateral feather three fourths the
+longest; secondaries and tertials nearly as long as the primaries. Legs stout and short,
+not equal to the head, and little longer than the bill from base.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_341.jpg"
+ width="300" height="170"
+ alt="Illustration: Psilorhinus morio"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">4114</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This genus embraces Jays of large size and very dull plumage. The thick
+bill, with the much curved culmen, the moderate tail, and the open nostrils,
+may serve to distinguish it from its allies. The nostril is very large, and its
+anterior portion is bevelled off to a greater degree than in any genus, except
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</i>. This last-mentioned genus has the same form of bill and of
+nostrils, but the head has a long recurved crest; the tail is twice as long as
+the wings; the lateral feather nearly half the middle; the lateral tarsal
+plates scutellate for the inferior half, etc.</p>
+
+<p><!--342.png--><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 304]</span>
+In the shape of the bill and the shortness of the primaries, compared
+with the broad tertials and secondaries, there is much resemblance to
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</i>. The nostrils are, however, uncovered, the legs much stouter
+and shorter, being shorter than the head instead of longer; the tail-feathers
+are broader, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN JAY.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica morio</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, <abbr title="seven"><span class="muchsmaller">VII</span></abbr>, 751.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Isis, 1831, 527.&mdash;<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Voyage de la Favorite,</span>
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 54 (said to have been killed at San Francisco, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Botta). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus
+morio</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, List, genera, 1841, 51.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 381.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr>
+1851, 226.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 592, <abbr title="plate 68, figure">pl. lxviii, f.</abbr> 1, 2. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica fuliginosa</i>,
+<span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Traité d’<abbr title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr></span> 1831, 333.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Rüppell</span>, <abbr title="Museum Senckenbergianum">Mus. Senck.</abbr>, 1837,
+<abbr title="plate 11, figure">pl. xi, f.</abbr> 2.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_342.jpg"
+ width="250" height="280"
+ alt="Illustration: Psilorhinus morio"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail much graduated; the lateral feathers about two inches shortest.
+Second quill equal to the secondaries; third
+and fourth longest. General color dark
+smoky-brown, becoming almost black on
+the head; the breast brownish-gray; nearly
+white about the anus; under tail-coverts
+tinged with brown; the exposed portion of
+the tail with a decided gloss of blue; bill
+and feet, in some specimens yellow, in
+others black. Length, 16.00; wing, 8.00;
+tail. 8.25; tarsus. 1.80.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rio Grande Valley, north-eastern
+Mexico, southward. Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856,
+300); ? Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 22); Honduras
+(<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, 113); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span>
+J.</abbr> 1861, 83); Vera Cruz, hot and temperate
+regions (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sumich.</span> Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 554).</p>
+
+<p>The difference in the color of the
+bill appears to be independent of sex.
+The feet of the yellow-billed birds
+are not of the same pure yellow.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus mexicanus</i> of Rüppell is described as having white tips to
+the tail-feathers; of these there is no trace in the adult specimens, male and
+female, from the Rio Grande, before us. He speaks of a supposed young
+bird sent from Tamaulipas, by Lindheimer, as being without these white
+tips.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_42.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 42"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="42">XLII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_42-1" id="pl_42-1"></a><img src="images/pl_42-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</span>. New Leon, New <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4052.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_42-2" id="pl_42-2"></a><img src="images/pl_42-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> New Leon, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4114.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_42-3" id="pl_42-3"></a><img src="images/pl_42-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura cristata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 12408.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_42-4" id="pl_42-4"></a><img src="images/pl_42-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 42 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis</span>. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>, Maine, 1920.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>A series of specimens of this species exhibits considerable diversities.
+Some skins from Mirador, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, not far from Vera Cruz, perhaps best represent
+the species as first described by Wagler. In these the head and neck
+are sooty-brown, becoming lighter on the jugulum and on the back. The
+wings and tail show a trace of dull bluish. In <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23,915 the under parts
+are sooty-gray, the bill and legs black; in 23,916 the colors are similar,
+<!--343.png--><!--Plate 42-->
+<!--344.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--345.png--><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 305]</span>
+with a fulvous tinge on the breast, the bill and feet yellow. In both the
+under surface of tail is brown to the end. In 23,917 the under parts, from
+breast to crissum inclusive, with the tibiæ, are brownish-white, the tail-feathers
+(excepting the two median) tipped with white for over an inch, the
+bill and feet black. This one also has an obscure dull bluish wash or
+patch along the feathers of the ramus of lower jaw not observed in other
+specimens.</p>
+
+<p>The specimens collected by Lieutenant Couch, and described in the Pacific
+Railroad Report are considerably smaller, and exhibit other differences which
+may prove of specific importance. In this case they will appropriately bear
+Rüppell’s name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mexicanus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is a Mexican species, occasionally extending its movements
+as far north as the valley of the Rio Grande, and probably crossing our lines
+into Texas, although of this there is as yet no positive evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of this species were procured by Lieutenant Couch at Boquillo,
+San Diego, and at China, in north-eastern Mexico, and were found by him
+living in forests of high trees. It is Jay-like in its habits, being decidedly
+gregarious, and having harsh and loud notes. Though making more noise
+than any other bird in the neighborhood, if one of their number is brought
+down by the discharge of a gun, the noise hushes them at once, and the rest
+move off in perfect silence.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumichrast, in his paper on the Distribution of the Birds of Vera
+Cruz, states that this species abounds in both the hot and the temperate
+regions of that department, and, indeed, the greater portions of Vera Cruz.
+He speaks of it as a bird well known and generally detested on account of
+its troublesome and noisy habits. It is found everywhere except in the
+alpine region, and it does not appear ever to go beyond a vertical elevation
+of 4,500 feet. This gentleman has been assured that the bird never makes
+any nest of its own, but invariably lays its eggs in those belonging to other
+birds. He does not so state, but we infer that he means to convey the idea
+that this Jay appropriates the nests of other birds in which to hatch its own
+young, not that, like the Cowbird, it leaves its eggs to be brought up by
+strangers.</p>
+
+<p>This Jay was met with by Mr. G. C. Taylor at Taulevi, in Honduras; and
+from that place eastward, as far as the Atlantic, he found it very common.
+It was generally seen or heard shrieking in the bushes by the roadsides. It
+was also found by Mr. Salvin to occur on the eastern road between Quiriqua
+and Iguana, on the road to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joseph Leyland found this species common both in Honduras and
+the Belize. It occurred in small flocks, which were very noisy, and annoyed
+the hunter by always giving the alarm.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Garrulinæ-->
+</div><!--end family Corvidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Tyrannidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--346.png--><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 306]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">TYRANNIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Tyrant Flycatchers.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Primary Characters.</span> Primaries ten. Bill in typical forms broad, triangular, much
+depressed, abruptly decurved and notched at tip, with long bristles along gape. Tarsi with
+scutellæ extending round the outer face of tarsus from the front to back; sometimes
+divided on the outer side. Bill with culmen nearly as long as the head, or shorter;
+straight to near the tip, then suddenly bent down into a conspicuous hook, with a notch
+behind it; tip of lower jaw also notched. Commissure straight to near the notch; gonys
+slightly convex. Nostrils oval or rounded, in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove,
+and more or less concealed by long bristles which extend from the posterior angle of the
+jaws along the base of the bill, becoming smaller, but reaching nearly to the median line
+of the forehead. These bristles with lateral branches at the base. Similar bristles are
+mixed in the loral feathers and margin the chin. Tarsi short, generally less than middle
+toe, completely enveloped by a series of large scales, which meet near the posterior edge
+of the inner side, and are separated either by naked skin or by a row of small scales.
+Sometimes a second series of rather large plates is seen on the posterior face of the tarsus,
+these, however, usually on the upper extremity only. Basal joint of middle toe united
+almost throughout to that of the outer toe, but more than half free on the inner side;
+outer lateral toe rather the longer. Wings and tail variable; first quill always more than
+three fourths the second. The outer primaries sometimes attenuated near the tip.</p>
+
+<p>The primary characters given above will serve to distinguish the North
+American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> from their allies; the essential features consisting in
+the peculiarity of the scales of the tarsus and the ten primaries. In the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> there are species as truly “flycatching,” and with a depressed
+bristly bill, but the nine (not ten) primaries, and the restriction of the scales
+to the anterior face of the tarsus, instead of extending entirely round the
+outer side, will readily separate them.</p>
+
+<p>The relationships of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> are closest to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotingidæ</i>. These
+last differ mainly in having the tarsus more or less reticulated, or covered in
+part at least with small angular scales, instead of continuous broad ones;
+and in the greater adhesion of the toes. The legs are shorter, and the body
+broader and more depressed. The bill is less abundantly provided with
+bristles, and the species do not appear to be strictly flycatchers, feeding
+more on berries and on stationary insects and larvæ, rather than capturing
+them on the wing. Two species of this family, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_62" id="fnanchor_62"></a><a href="#footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></span>
+and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus major</i>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_63" id="fnanchor_63"></a><a href="#footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></span>
+were introduced into the Birds of North America,
+from specimens collected by Lieutenant Couch in the valley of the Rio
+<!--347.png--><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 307]</span>
+Grande, not far from the border of the United States, but as they have not
+yet been detected within our limits, we have concluded to omit them in the
+present work.</p>
+
+<p>The bird fauna of America may be said to have one of its chief features
+in the great number and variety of its <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i>, the family being strictly
+a New World one. Nearly every possible diversity of form is exhibited by
+different members; the size, however, usually varying from that of our common
+Robin to that of the Kinglet, our smallest bird with exception of the
+Humming-Bird. Of the numerous subfamilies, however, only one, the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranninæ</i> proper, belongs to North America, and will be readily distinguished
+from other of our land birds by the family characters given at the
+head of this article, and which, as drawn up, apply rather to the subfamily
+than to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> generally.</p>
+
+<p>The North American species of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranninæ</i> may, for our present
+purposes, be divided into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranni</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</i>. The former are large,
+generally with bright color, pointed wings, with attenuated primaries and a
+colored crest in the middle of the crown. The others are plainer, smaller,
+without colored crest; the primaries not attenuated.</p>
+
+<p>The genera of our Flycatchers may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname">TYRANNI.</b> Size large; colors generally brilliant; crown with a brightly
+colored crest, usually concealed; outer primaries abruptly contracted or attenuated
+near the tip; upper scales of tarsus usually continuing round on the outside
+and behind. Nest in trees, very bulky, containing much downy material; eggs
+white or pinkish, with ovate dots of rich brown, of various shades.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus.</b> Tail excessively forked and lengthened; more than twice
+as long as the wings.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus.</b> Tail moderate; nearly even or slightly forked; less than
+the wings.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">TYRANNULI.</b> Size generally small; colors usually plain; crown without
+any colored crest concealed by the tips of the feathers; primaries normal; scales
+of the upper part of the tarsus usually continuing only to the middle of the
+outer face, and a second series opposite to them behind.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">1. Tail lengthened; about equal to the wings, which reach scarcely to its
+middle.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus.</b> Tarsus equal to the middle toe, which is decidedly longer
+than the hinder one. Tail even or rounded. Throat pale ash, rest of
+lower parts yellow generally, the primaries edged with rufous, and
+inner webs of tail-feathers with more or less of the same color. Nest
+in a cavity of a tree, of loose material; eggs whitish, with intricate
+tangled lines and streaks of dark brown, the general effect salmon-color.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis.</b> Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe, which is scarcely
+longer than the hind toe. Tail slightly forked. Bill very narrow. No
+light orbital ring, nor distinct bands on wings; both mandibles black.
+Nest attached to rocks or parts of buildings, very compact and bulky,
+containing much mud in its composition; eggs pure white, immaculate,
+or with very minute sparse dots near larger end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">2. Tail decidedly shorter than the wings, which reach beyond its middle.
+Tarsus shorter than the middle toe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<!--348.png--><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 308]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus.</b> Hind toe much longer than the lateral. Tail considerably
+forked. Wings long, pointed; much longer than the tail, reaching beyond
+the middle of the latter; first quill about equal to the fourth. Bill
+broad. Color olive-gray, and white, sometimes with a yellowish tinge
+beneath. Lower mandible pale-colored. Nest saucer-shaped, compact,
+and very small, saddled very securely upon a thick branch; eggs cream-colored,
+with a zone of lilac and rich brown blotches round the larger end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">3. Tail shorter than the wings, as in the last. Tarsus considerably longer
+than the middle toe; hind toe much longer than lateral. Tail nearly even,
+sometimes slightly rounded, but little shorter than the wings; first primary
+much shorter than the fourth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax.</b> Head moderately crested; tail about even. Bristles of
+bill reaching about half-way to tip. Legs stout. A conspicuous light
+orbital ring, and distinct bands on the wing. More or less tinged
+with sulphur-yellow on lower parts. Nest variously constructed,
+deeply cup-shaped, compact or loose, entirely of either grassy or fibrous
+and downy material, and fixed to slender twigs or lodged in a crotch
+between thick branches; eggs white, immaculate, or with blotches of
+brown round larger end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus.</b> Head decidedly crested. Tail forked. Bristles of bill
+reaching nearly to tip. Legs very weak and slender. Beneath more
+or less tinged with fulvous or ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus.</b> Head with a full crest. Tarsus but little longer than
+the middle toe; hind toe not longer than the lateral. Tail broad, even;
+first quill shorter than the fifth. Beneath, with whole crown bright
+red (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. obscurus</i>). Female very different, lacking the red,
+except posteriorly beneath, and with the breast obsoletely streaked.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MILVULUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 165.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes</i>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Avium <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Naturale, 1850 (in part).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_348.jpg"
+ width="250" height="178"
+ alt="Illustration: Milvulus forficatus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</i> (tail abnormal).<br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">7374</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill shorter than the head, and nearly equal to the tarsus. Tail nearly
+twice as long as the wing,
+excessively forked; the
+middle feathers scarcely
+half the lateral. First
+primary abruptly attenuated
+at the end, where
+it is very narrow and
+linear. Head with a
+concealed crest of red.</p>
+
+<p>This group is distinguished
+from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</i>
+by the very
+long tail, but the two
+species assigned by
+authors to North
+America, although agreeing in many respects, differ in some parts of their
+structure. The peculiarities of coloration are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--349.png--><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 309]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. forficatus.</b> Whitish-ash above; rump black. Tail-feathers rose-white
+with black tips; shoulders, axillars, and belly light vermilion. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle
+America, and open portions of Texas, Indian Territory, etc.; accidental in
+New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_64" id="fnanchor_64"></a><a href="#footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></span>
+Head above and tail black; the latter edged externally
+with white. Back ashy. Beneath pure white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America,
+accidental in Eastern United States.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus tyrannus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Geographical"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>Geog.</abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 38.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 196, <abbr title="plate 52">pl. lii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 168.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Journ.</abbr> 1861, 251.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 237.&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 572 (Trinidad; considers <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus, tyrannus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">monachus</i>
+as identical). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, 1854, 87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus
+savana</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 72, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Tyrant">Mon. Ty.</abbr> Shrikes;
+Quarterly <abbr title="Journal, Twenty, January">Jour. XX, Jan.</abbr> 1826, 282. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa savana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 1,
+<abbr title="plate One, figure">pl. I, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 387, <abbr title="plate 168">pl. clxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus savanus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>,
+List, 1841. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus milvulus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual, second edition One">Man., (2d ed.,) I</abbr>, 1840, 307. <cite>Fork-tailed
+Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Tyran a queue fourchue</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span> <abbr title="planches enluminéz">pl. enl.</abbr> 571.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Outer four primaries abruptly attenuated at the end, the sides of the attenuated
+portion parallel. Second and third quills longest; fourth little shorter, and not
+much exceeding the first. Tail very deeply forked; the external feather linear, and twice
+as long as the head and body alone. Top and sides of the head glossy black. Rump,
+upper tail-coverts, and tail almost black; the outer web of outer tail-feather yellowish-white
+for more than the basal half; rest of upper parts ash-gray. Under parts generally
+pure white. Wings dark brown; the outer primary and tertials edged with white.
+Crown with a concealed patch of yellow. Length, 14.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 10.00; depth
+of fork, 7.00. <i class="age">Young.</i> No colored patch on crown; wing-coverts (including the lesser)
+and tail-feathers, with their upper coverts, bordered with rusty ochraceous. Black of
+head, tail, etc., duller than in adult.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mexico to South America. Accidental in the United States. (New Jersey,
+Kentucky, and Mississippi, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.)</p>
+
+<p>This species claims a place in the fauna of the United States on account
+of two specimens captured in New Jersey, at long intervals, and one or two
+seen by Mr. Audubon in the southwest. It is, however, hardly proper to
+include it in our work on so slight a basis, and we only retain it for the
+purpose of referring to the notice of it by Mr. Audubon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Fork-tailed Flycatcher is of purely accidental occurrence in
+the United States. Two specimens, taken at long intervals, are said to have
+been captured in the United States. One of these was shot by Mr. Audubon,
+in June, 1832, near the city of Camden, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr> It was first observed
+<!--350.png--><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 310]</span>
+flying over a meadow, in pursuit of insects. It afterwards alighted on the
+top of a small detached tree, when it was secured. The bird appeared to
+have lost its way, was unsuspicious, and paid no attention when approached.
+On the wing, it seemed to make use of its long tail whenever it sought to
+suddenly turn in pursuit of its prey. On the ground, it vibrated its tail in
+the manner of a Sparrow-Hawk.</p>
+
+<p>When the bird fell to the ground severely wounded, it uttered a sharp
+squeak, which it repeated, accompanied by a smart clicking of the bill, when
+Mr. Audubon approached it. It lived only a few moments, and from this
+specimen he made his drawing.</p>
+
+<p>Several years previous to this, one of these birds had been shot near
+Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, but it was so far decayed when given to Mr. Audubon
+that it could not be preserved. It had been obtained among the Barrens
+late in October. Near Natchez, <abbr title="Mississippi">Miss.</abbr>, in August, 1822, Mr. Audubon was
+confident he saw two others of this species. They were high in the air, and
+were twittering in the manner of a Kingbird. He was, however, unable to
+secure them.</p>
+
+<p>Another straggler was obtained near Bridgton, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, early in December.
+From this specimen was made the engraving in Bonaparte’s Ornithology.
+It was given to Titian Peale by Mr. J. Woodcraft of that place.</p>
+
+<p>This Flycatcher is a resident in tropical South America from Guiana to La
+Plata, and in its habits resembles the swallow-tailed species of our southern
+fauna. It is said to be a solitary bird, remaining perched on the limb of
+a tree, from which, from time to time, it darts after passing insects; while
+standing, it is said to vibrate its long tail in the manner of the European
+Wagtail. It also occasionally utters a twitter not unlike the common note
+of the Kingbird. Besides insects, this bird also feeds on berries, as the
+bird obtained near Bridgton had its stomach distended with the fruit of the
+poke-weed.</p>
+
+<p>This species, according to Sumichrast, is found abundantly in winter in the
+savannas of the hot lands of Vera Cruz, and occurs to the height of about
+two thousand feet. He is not aware of its being resident.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Leyland found this species frequenting Old River and the pine ridges
+of Belize. They were also plentiful on the flats near Peten, and were
+occasionally found at Comayagua and Omoa, Honduras.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. C. W. Wyatt met with this Flycatcher in Colombia, South America,
+on the savanna in the neighborhood of Aquachica. When at Ocaña, he
+used to see them congregated in considerable numbers just before sunset,
+whirling round high up in the air, and darting down like rockets to the
+ground. He only found it frequenting the open part of the country, and he
+never met with it at a greater elevation than five thousand feet.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species obtained by Dr. Baldamus, from Cayenne, exhibits
+a strong resemblance to the egg of the common Kingbird. It has a clear
+white ground, and is spotted with deep and prominent marking of red and
+<!--351.png--><!--Plate 43-->
+<!--352.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--353.png--><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 311]</span>
+red-brown. They are of an oblong-oval shape, are tapering at one end, and
+measure .90 by .68 of an inch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_43.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="43">XLIII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-1" id="pl_43-1"></a><img src="images/pl_43-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 7375.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-2" id="pl_43-2"></a><img src="images/pl_43-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <a name="note19" id="note19"></a><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus verticalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16137.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-3" id="pl_43-3"></a><img src="images/pl_43-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1489.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-4" id="pl_43-4"></a><img src="images/pl_43-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Eastern U. S.">E. U. S.</abbr>, 6482.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-5" id="pl_43-5"></a><img src="images/pl_43-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus vociferans</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 31887.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-6" id="pl_43-6"></a><img src="images/pl_43-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 13719.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-7" id="pl_43-7"></a><img src="images/pl_43-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus couchi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Tamaulipas, 4001.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-8" id="pl_43-8"></a><img src="images/pl_43-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus dominicensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 13737.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_43-9" id="pl_43-9"></a><img src="images/pl_43-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 43 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus lawrencii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, 29344.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swain.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SCISSOR-TAIL; SWALLOW-TAIL FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa forficata</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 931.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807,
+71.&mdash;<span class="sc">Stephens</span>, in Shaw’s <abbr title="Zoölogy, Ten, two">Zoöl. X, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 413, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 15,
+<abbr title="plate two, figure">pl. ii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 426, <abbr title="plate 359, figure">pl. ccclix, f.</abbr> 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus forficatus</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>,
+Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Two">Exped., II</abbr>, 1823, 224.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall’s</span> Manual, <abbr title="One, second edition">I, (2d ed.,)</abbr> 1840, 309. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus
+forficatus</i>, “<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.&mdash;<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 38.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="of America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 197, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 79.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 237.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 169.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex. B. II</abbr>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl. 7.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c. <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 11.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw, <abbr title="General Zoölogy Birds 13, two">Gen. Zoöl. Birds, XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1826, 135. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Moucherolle
+a queue fourchue du Mexique</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span> <abbr title="planches enluminéz">pl. enl.</abbr> 677. <cite>Bird of Paradise</cite> of the
+Texans.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_353.jpg"
+ width="250" height="341"
+ alt="Illustration: Milvulus forficatus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wing with the outer primary only abruptly attenuated, and narrowly
+linear (for about .85 of an inch); the
+second but slightly emarginate; second
+quill longest; first and third equal. Tail
+very deeply forked, the lateral feathers
+twice as long as the body, all narrow
+and linear or subspatulate. Top and
+sides of the head very pale ash; the
+back a little darker, and faintly tinged
+with light brick-red; under parts nearly
+pure white, tinged towards the tail with
+light vermilion, rather more rose on the
+under wing-coverts; a patch on the side
+of the breast and along the fore-arm
+dark vermilion-red. Tail-feathers rosy
+white, tipped at the end for two or three
+inches with black. Rump dark brown,
+turning to black on the coverts. Wings
+very dark brown; the coverts and quills,
+excepting the primaries (and including
+the outer of these), edged with whitish.
+Crown with a concealed patch of white,
+having some orange-red in the centre.
+Length, 13.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 8.50;
+depth of fork, 5.80.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Middle America, from Panama
+northward; prairies and oak barrens of Texas, Indian Territory, and occasionally Southwest
+Missouri and Kansas. Accidental in Eastern States (New Jersey, <span class="sc">Turnbull</span>; District
+of Columbia? <span class="sc">Coues</span>); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1857, 204); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 121; <abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S.
+I.</abbr>); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Two"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> II</abbr>, 114); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr>, 1861, 252); Vera Cruz, hot and
+temperate regions (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 556).</p>
+
+<p>This exquisitely beautiful and graceful bird is quite abundant on the
+prairies of Southern Texas, and is everywhere conspicuous among its kindred
+<!--354.png--><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 312]</span>
+species. It is usually known as the Scissor-tail from the habit of closing
+and opening the long feathers of the tail like the blades of a pair of scissors.
+The adult female is very similar, though rather smaller. The young is not
+conspicuously different, only lacking the concealed patch of the head.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Swallow-tailed Flycatcher appears to be a common species
+from Central Texas to the Rio Grande, and thence throughout Mexico to
+Central America, as far south at least as Guatemala. It is also found in
+the Indian Territory, where it breeds, specimens of the nest and eggs having
+been obtained at the Kioway Agency by Dr. E. Palmer.</p>
+
+<p>It was found very plentiful at Langui, in Honduras, by Mr. G. C. Taylor,
+and also in fewer numbers in other localities. In the evening, just before
+roosting time, they were in the habit of assembling on the tops of certain
+favorite trees, where they remained until nearly dark. They then all went
+off to the woods. He generally met with them on open ground, not much
+encumbered by trees or brushwood.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser states that he found this very graceful bird quite abundant at
+Matamoras and in Western Texas, where it is known by the name of
+“Texan Bird of Paradise.” He found it as far east as the river Guadaloupe.
+It arrives, he states, in the neighborhood of San Antonio, late in March, and
+remains until the middle or latter end of October. It breeds abundantly
+near San Antonio, building its nest in a mesquite or other tree, and lays
+from three to four eggs, which, as he states, are pure white, blotched with
+large spots of a dark red color.</p>
+
+<p>He adds that these birds are of a quarrelsome and fearless disposition,
+rarely brooking intruders near their homes. During the breeding-season
+Mr. Dresser has often, when travelling, stopped to admire four or five of
+them fighting on the wing. They show their long tail-feathers and the
+rich scarlet color under their wings to the fullest advantage. After passing
+Guadaloupe River, he saw none of these birds to the eastward, though he
+was told they have occasionally been seen on Galveston Island.</p>
+
+<p>This Flycatcher was met with at Eagle Pass, in Lower Texas, and in
+Tamaulipas by Mr. Clark and Lieutenant Couch, in the Mexican Boundary
+Survey. None were found occurring west of the valley of the Rio Pecos.
+Mr. Clark states that he always saw them either following one another
+through the air, or perched upon some solitary twig. In their gyrations the
+scissors were always more or less expanded, suggesting the idea of balancers.
+Their nests were built of sticks, lined on the inside, though not
+very softly, with grass, and were placed almost invariably on dry limbs
+of the mesquite. They contained from three to five eggs, and, what was
+quite remarkable, more than one pair always seemed to have an interest in
+the same nest, over which they were all very watchful, and gave proofs of
+their courage by darting at the intruders. He describes their notes as short
+and sharp, without much variation, and they can be heard at quite a distance.
+The Mexicans imagine that this Flycatcher lives on the brains of other birds.</p>
+
+<p><!--355.png--><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 313]</span>
+Lieutenant Couch describes the Scissor-tail as shy, but of a very lively
+disposition. Usually four or more are seen in company, and seem to prefer
+the thinly wooded prairies to close thickets. In beauty, Lieutenant Couch
+considers it the queen of all the birds found in Northern Tamaulipas.
+This superiority is not owing so much to the brilliancy of its plumage, for
+in that it is excelled by several species, but to the inimitable grace and
+charm of its flight. Rising from the topmost branch of some acacia, it
+seems to float, rather than to fly; then descending perpendicularly, it retakes
+its position, uttering its usual note. He did not see it west of the Cadereita.
+Dr. Kennerly, in his march from the Gulf of Mexico into Western Texas,
+frequently met with these Flycatchers along his route. He usually saw them
+in the open prairie, or among the mesquite-bushes. When perched, they
+were generally on the top of a bush or a tall weed, and their tails were constantly
+in motion. When they darted off after some passing insect, they
+usually circled around, displaying the singular bifurcation of their tail, but
+seldom alighting again on the same bush. It was occasionally seen on the
+open prairie, flying for a long distance near the earth, as if in search of
+insects.</p>
+
+<p>In Vera Cruz this species is an inhabitant of the hot lands. A few individuals
+ascend, though very rarely, to the height of the city of Orizaba, or
+about 3,700 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall states that he met with this Flycatcher rather common along
+the banks of the Red River, near the confluence of the Kiamesha. He
+again met them, even more frequently, near the Great Salt River of Arkansas,
+in August. They seemed to be preying upon grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse not only found this species abundant in Texas, in the
+vicinity of San Antonio, but in the Indian Territory also it was quite common,
+particularly near the Cross Timbers. He found them breeding in the
+beginning of the month of July, on the Great Prairie. Its nest was built
+on the horizontal branch of a small scrub-oak, about six feet from the
+ground, and was composed of coarse dry grass and sticks. It contained
+four young birds nearly able to fly. On his approach the female flew from
+the nest to a bush near by. The male bird flew to a great height above
+him, circling round in the air, apparently watching his movements, and at
+the same time uttering a coarse scolding chirp.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gideon Lincecum, of Texas, writes that the Scissor-tail Flycatchers
+have greatly increased in numbers in that State since 1848. They are
+severe hunters of insects, and make great havoc among honey-bees. They
+are exclusively prairie birds. He adds that they construct their nests far out
+on the top branches of the live-oak or any other lone tree on the prairies.
+They seem to be a very playful bird, and delight in shooting rapidly upwards,
+cutting the air with their strong wings with such force that the sound
+may be heard to the distance of three hundred yards or more. Their notes
+are harsh and inharmonious. They leave Texas late in autumn, and return
+<!--356.png--><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 314]</span>
+again about the first of April. The resounding strokes of their wings and
+their oft-repeated cries are heard just before the dawn of day. They usually
+have but three eggs.</p>
+
+<p>A single individual of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</i>, and supposed to be one of this species,
+was seen by Mr. C. Drexler, May 6, 1861, but was not obtained, in the
+vicinity of Washington. Another bird of this species is mentioned by Mr.
+Abbott as having been taken near Trenton, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, April 15, 1872. It was a
+male bird in full health and feather. Its stomach was found to be full of
+small coleoptera, insects’ eggs, flies, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species vary greatly in size, from .92 by .75 to .80 by .60
+of an inch. They are in shape a rounded oval, and tapering at one end.
+The ground-color is white, marked with a few very large dark red spots,
+and occasionally of an obscure purple.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">TYRANNUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Leçons <abbr title="Anatomie Comparée">Anat. Comp.</abbr></span> 1799, 1800 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_356.jpg"
+ width="250" height="216"
+ alt="Illustration: Tyrannus carolinensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1513</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail nearly even, or moderately forked; rather shorter than the wings;
+the feathers broad, and widening
+somewhat at the ends.
+Wings long and pointed; the
+outer primaries rather abruptly
+attenuated near the end, the
+attenuated portion not linear,
+however. Head with a concealed
+patch of red on the
+crown.</p>
+
+<p>The species of this
+genus are especially characterized
+by their long,
+attenuated primaries, their
+moderately forked or
+nearly even tail, and the
+concealed colored crest in
+the crown. Their affinities
+are nearest to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</i>, from which the tail, shorter than the wings,
+instead of twice as long, or more, will always serve as a point of distinction.
+The attenuation of the primary differs in being less abrupt, and not truly
+linear, sloping gradually, and not bounded behind by a notch. We are
+unable to appreciate any other differences of importance.</p>
+
+<p>The character and extent of the attenuation of the primaries, the depth
+of the fork of the tail, with the size of the legs and bill, all vary considerably,
+and may, perhaps, serve as ground for further subdivisions. The bill, in
+particular, varies much in size in the North American species, from that of
+<!--357.png--><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 315]</span>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis</i>, where the culmen is but little more than half the head, to
+that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. dominicensis</i> (genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus</i> of Cabanis), where it is decidedly
+longer than the head, and almost as stout as that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurophagus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The North American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</i> (with their nearest Mexican
+allies) may be arranged by colors, accordingly as they are white beneath or
+yellow, in the following manner:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Under parts whitish, without any shade of yellow. A faint grayish-plumbeous
+pectoral band.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis.</b> Tail slightly rounded. Bill much shorter than the
+head. Above black, shading into dark plumbeous on the back. Tail
+abruptly and broadly margined and tipped with pure white. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus.</i>)
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America, north to the British Provinces, and
+south to Panama. Rare in the Western Province of North America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. dominicensis.</b> Tail moderately forked. Bill longer than the
+head. Above gray; the tail and wings brownish. The edges and tips
+of the tail narrowly margined with soiled white. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus.</i>) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+West Indies, New Granada, Panama, Florida, Georgia, and South
+Carolina.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Above ashy-olive, becoming purer ash on the head. Tail brown or black.
+Beneath yellow; the chin paler; the breast strongly shaded with olivaceous or
+ashy. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail nearly black; the outer edges of the outer webs of the feathers with
+the fibres united closely throughout, and colored similarly to the rest of the
+feathers; beneath sulphur-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis.</b> Tail slightly forked; external feather with the entire
+outer web and the outer half of the shaft abruptly yellowish-white.
+Pectoral band pale ashy, lighter than the back. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province
+of United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. vociferans.</b> Tail nearly even or slightly rounded; external
+feather with the shaft brown; the outer edge only of the outer web
+obscurely yellowish-white, and all the feathers fading into paler at the
+tip. Throat and breast broadly tinged with dark ashy-olive like the
+back. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plains and southern Middle Province of United States,
+south into Middle America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail brown, scarcely darker than the wings; outer edges of the outer
+webs of the tail-feathers olivaceous like the back, in contrast with the
+brown; the fibres loosened externally; shafts of tail-feathers white beneath.
+Beneath bright gamboge-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. melancholicus.</b>
+
+Tail quite deeply forked (.70 of an inch),
+brownish-black, the lighter edgings obsolete, and those on wings indistinct.
+Throat ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_65" id="fnanchor_65"></a><a href="#footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tail moderately forked (.30 of an inch), grayish-brown, the light edges
+conspicuous, as are also those of the wings. Throat white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle
+America, north to southern boundary of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p>In the Birds of North America a supposed new species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. couchi</i>, was
+mentioned as coming so close to the boundary line of the United States in
+<!--358.png--><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 316]</span>
+Texas as to warrant its introduction into our fauna. We have, however,
+concluded to give in the present work nothing but what has actually been
+found within its prescribed limits.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">KINGBIRD; BEE MARTIN.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Lanius tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 136. This belongs to the Cuban <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. matutinus</i>,
+according to Bonaparte. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa tyrannus</i>, (<span class="sc">Brisson</span>?) <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808,
+66, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 403; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 420, <abbr title="plate 79">pl. lxxix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 204, <abbr title="plate 56">pl. lvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="variation gamma">var. γ</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="delta">δ</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 302. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa rex</i>, <span class="sc">Barton</span>, Fragments <abbr title="Natural History of Pennsylvania">N. H. Penna.</abbr>
+1799, 18. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus pipiri</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 73, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Journ. Orn.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1855, 478.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 236. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus intrepidus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Galerie <abbr title="Oiseaux 1">Ois. I</abbr></span>, 1824, 214, <abbr title="plate 133">pl. cxxxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Tyrant Shrikes, Quarterly Journal">Mon. Ty. Shrikes, Quart. Jour.</abbr>
+1826, 274. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa animosa</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss der Doubletten"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz. Doubl.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 558. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gobe Mouche
+de la Caroline</i>, <span class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux 5">Ois. V</abbr>, 281, <abbr title="enlargement plate">enl. pl.</abbr> 676. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus leucogaster</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>,
+Shaw, <abbr title="General Zoölogy 13, 2">Gen. Zoöl. XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1826, 132. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 171.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 79.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 64, 113.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper
+&amp; Suckley</span>, 167.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 128.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 311.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_358.jpg"
+ width="250" height="239"
+ alt="Illustration: Tyrannus carolinensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Two, sometimes three, outer primaries abruptly attenuated at the end.
+Second quill longest; third little shorter; first rather longer than fourth, or nearly equal.
+Tail slightly rounded. Above dark bluish-ash.
+The top and sides of the head to beneath the
+eyes bluish-black. A concealed crest on the
+crown vermilion in the centre, white behind, and
+before partially mixed with orange. Lower
+parts pure white, tinged with pale bluish-ash on
+the sides of the throat and across the breast;
+sides of the breast and under the wings similar
+to, but rather lighter than, the back. Axillaries
+pale grayish-brown tipped with lighter. The
+wings dark brown, darkest towards the ends of
+the quills; the greater coverts and quills edged
+with white, most so on the tertials; the lesser
+coverts edged with paler. Upper tail-coverts
+and upper surface of the tail glossy black, the
+latter very dark brown beneath; all the feathers tipped, and the exterior margined
+externally with white, forming a conspicuous terminal band about .25 of an inch broad.
+Length, 8.50; wing, 4.65; tail, 3.70; tarsus, .75.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to Rocky Mountains. Occasional in various parts of the
+Western Province (Washington Territory, Salt Lake Valley, Truckee River, Nevada,
+etc.). South to Panama. Oaxaca, lowlands, March (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 302); Honduras
+(<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 55); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 120); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 476;
+<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.</abbr> 1865, 239, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pipiri</i>”); Panama, (<abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution; Lawrence, Annals New York Lyceum Seven">Mus. S. I.; <span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc.
+VII</abbr>, 295); Greytown, <abbr title="Nicaragua">Nic.</abbr>? (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. VIII</abbr>, 183); East of San Antonio, Texas
+(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 472; breeds); Upper Amazon, Peru, Nauta (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> and <abbr title="Salvin Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Salv.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr>
+1866, 189); Vera Cruz, hot region, resident (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557).</p>
+
+<p>The young of the year is similar; the colors duller, the concealed colored
+<!--359.png--><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 317]</span>
+patch on the crown wanting. The tail more rounded; the primaries not
+attenuated.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary in the amount of white margining the wing-feathers;
+the upper tail-coverts are also margined sometimes with white.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Kingbird or Bee Martin of North America is
+found throughout the continent, from Texas and Florida, on the south, as far
+to the north as the 57th parallel of north latitude. Westward, north of the
+44th parallel, it is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but south of this
+it has not been found west of the Rocky Mountains. It is included by Dr.
+Cooper among the birds of California, but I am not aware that it has ever
+been taken within the limits of that State. Mr. Allen regards the eastern
+slope of the Rocky Mountains its extreme western limit; but Mr. Ridgway
+states that this species was met with by him in various portions of the
+Great Basin, though always in less abundance than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>. Among
+the cottonwoods of the Truckee Valley, in Western Nevada, two or three
+pairs were seen in July and August. In the fertile Salt Lake Valley it was
+nearly or quite as common as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>, and was also met with in the
+fertile “parks” of the Wahsatch Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>This species not only has this widely extended area, but is also quite
+abundant wherever found. It is apparently as abundant throughout Nova
+Scotia as it is in the State of Florida. Richardson even found it common on
+the banks of the Saskatchewan, where he traced its northern migrations
+beyond the 57th parallel of latitude. It was found at the Carlton House
+early in May, and retired southward in September. It winters in Central
+and South America, and has been received by Mr. Lawrence from Panama.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found this species quite plentiful at the eastern base of the
+Rocky Mountains, in Washington Territory, and more sparingly at Puget
+Sound, where he obtained several specimens. They appeared to shun the
+dense forests near Puget Sound, but were moderately plentiful in the groves
+of low oaks, and among the cottonwood-trees fringing the lakes on Nisqually
+Plains, where, August 5, he obtained a nest with newly fledged young.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joseph Leyland found this species near Omoa, in Honduras, migratory.
+They came in flocks of two or three hundred, but remained only a
+short time before departing farther south. They flew high, and seemed very
+wild. This species was also met with, in May, at Playa Vicente, in the low
+lands of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard, and during the winter
+months is found throughout Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>No one of our common birds possesses more strongly marked characteristics
+of manners and habits than this species. Its pugnacious disposition
+during the breeding-season, the audacious boldness with which it will attack
+any birds larger than itself, the persistent tenacity with which it will continue
+these attacks, and the reckless courage with which it will maintain its
+unequal warfare, are well-known peculiarities of this interesting and familiar
+species. Its name, Kingbird, is given it on the supposition that it is superior
+<!--360.png--><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 318]</span>
+to all other birds in these contests. My own observations lead me to
+the conclusion that writers have somewhat exaggerated the quarrelsome disposition
+of this bird. I have never, or very rarely, known it to molest or
+attack any other birds than those which its own instinct prompts it to drive
+away in self-defence, such as Hawks, Owls, Eagles, Crows, Jays, Cuckoos, and
+Grakles. These it will always attack and drive off to quite a distance from
+their nests. Nothing can be more striking than the intrepidity with which
+one of these birds will pounce upon and harass birds vastly larger and more
+powerful than itself. The Kingbird is always <a name="note18" id="note18"></a>prompt to perceive the approach
+of one of these enemies, and always rushes out to meet it. Mounting
+in the air high above, it pounces down upon its back, upon which it will
+even rest, furiously pecking at the exposed flanks of its victim, and only
+leaving it to descend again and again with the same unrelenting animosity.
+In these encounters it always comes off conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson states that his jealous affection for his mate and for his nest and
+young makes him suspicious of every bird that happens to pass near his residence.
+But this is not the case in all instances. A pair of these birds
+nested, in the summer of 1871, and peacefully reared their young, in an
+apple-tree near my residence, within four feet of the nest of the Baltimore
+Oriole, and not more than eight or ten feet from the nest of a Robin, all
+in the same tree. The three pairs were on evident terms of amity and
+mutual good-will. The male Kingbird kept a sharp lookout for danger
+from the topmost bough, and seemed to have all under his special guardianship,
+but showed no disposition to molest or annoy them.</p>
+
+<p>The Purple Martin is said to be the implacable enemy of the Kingbird, and
+one of the few birds with which the latter maintains an unequal contest.
+Its superiority in flight gives the former great advantages, while its equal
+courage and strength render it more than a match. Audubon relates an
+instance in which the Kingbird was slain in one of these struggles.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson also narrates an encounter, of which he was an eyewitness, between
+one of this species and a Red-headed Woodpecker, in which the latter,
+while clinging on the rail of a fence, seemed to amuse itself with the violence
+of the Kingbird, playing bo-peep with it round the rail, while the
+latter became greatly irritated, and made repeated but vain attempts to strike
+at him.</p>
+
+<p>The Kingbird feeds almost exclusively upon winged insects, and consumes
+a vast number. It is on this account one of our most useful birds, but,
+unfortunately for its popularity, it is no respecter of kinds, and destroys
+large numbers of bees. In districts where hives of honey-bees abound, the
+Kingbird is not in good repute. Wilson suggests that they only destroy the
+drones, and rarely, if ever, meddle with the working bees. But this discrimination,
+even if real, is not appreciated by the raisers of bees, who
+regard this bird as their enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The Kingbirds arrive in Pennsylvania the latter part of April, and in New
+<!--361.png--><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 319]</span>
+England early in May, and leave for the South in September. They nest
+in May, selecting an upper branch, usually of an isolated tree, and often in
+an exposed situation. Their nests are large, broad, and comparatively shallow,
+and coarsely, though strongly, made of rude materials, such as twigs,
+withered plants, bits of rags, strings, etc. These are lined with fine rootlets,
+horse-hair, and fine grasses.</p>
+
+<p>The Kingbird has no song, but, instead, utters an incessant monotonous
+succession of twitterings, which vary in sharpness and loudness with the
+emotions that prompt them.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of the Kingbird when on the hunt for insects is peculiar and
+characteristic. It flies slowly over the field, with rapid vibrations of the
+wings, in the manner of Hawks, and soars or seems to float in the air in
+a manner equally similar. At other times it flies with great rapidity, and
+dives about in the air in the manner of a Swallow. It also exhibits great
+power and rapidity of flight when rushing forth to encounter a Hawk or
+an Eagle.</p>
+
+<p>As they are known occasionally to plunge into the water, and, emerging
+thence, to resume their seat on a high branch, to dry and dress their plumage,
+it has been conjectured that they feed on small fish, but this is unsupported
+by any positive evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Though the Kingbird usually builds in trees, it does not always select such
+situations. In the summer of 1851, passing over a bridge near the village
+of Aylesford, in Nova Scotia, I observed a Kingbird fly from a nest built on
+the projecting end of one of the planks of which the bridge was made. So
+remarkably exposed a position, open to view, and on a level with and within
+a few feet of a highway, must be quite unusual.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this bird are five, sometimes six, in number, and vary considerably
+in size. Their ground-color is white with a more or less decided
+roseate tinge, beautifully spotted with blotches and markings of purple,
+brown, and red-brown. In some, these are disposed in a confluent crown
+around the larger end; in others they are irregularly distributed over the
+entire egg. In length they vary from 1.05 to .86 of an inch, and in breadth
+from .72 to .70 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus dominicensis</b>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRAY KINGBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois. II</abbr>, 1760, 394, <abbr title="plate 38">pl. xxxviii</abbr>. fig. 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 172. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> β, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 302. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 392, <abbr title="plate 46">pl.
+xlvi.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 201, <abbr title="plate 55">pl. lv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal
+für <abbr title="Ornithologie">Ornith.</abbr></span> <abbr title="Three, November">III, Nov.</abbr> 1855, 478. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus griseus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>,
+1807, 76, <abbr title="plate 46">pl. xlvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Shrikes, Quarterly Journal 20">Mon. Shrikes, Quart. Jour. XX</abbr>, 1826, 276.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span>
+Consp.</abbr> 1850, 192 (Bonaparte makes two species).&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 236. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus
+matutinus</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> De La Sagra <abbr title="plate 14">pl. xiv</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--362.png--><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 320]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very large and stout. Tail conspicuously forked. Wings long; the
+first six quills attenuated abruptly, much longer than the seventh. Tertials much
+developed, nearly intermediate in length between the longest primaries and the shortest
+secondary. Above, and on the sides of the head and neck, ash-gray, shaded in places
+with brown, which forms the middle portion of each feather. Downy portion at the base
+of each feather above light ash, then light brown, tipped and edged with darker ash-gray.
+The mottled appearance is caused by the brown showing from under the feathers; the
+ear-coverts darker. A concealed colored patch on the crown, formed by the base of the
+feathers, white before and behind, orange in the middle. Lower parts grayish-white,
+tinged with ash across the breast, deepest anteriorly. Sides of the breast similar to, but
+lighter than, the back. Under wing-coverts and axillars pale sulphur-yellow. The wings
+brown, darker to the tips; the secondaries narrowly, the tertials more broadly, edged with
+dull white. Edges of the coverts paler. Alula dark brown. Tail similar in color to the
+quills. Upper tail-coverts brown. Bill and feet black. Length, 8.00; wing, 4.65; tail,
+4.00; tarsus, .76.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><i class="age">Young.</i> Lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts distinctly bordered with pale
+ochraceous; tail-feathers bordered all round with a deeper shade of the same. No
+colored patch on the crown.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+South Carolina coast, accidental; Florida Keys and West Indies; Nicaragua; New
+Granada; Santa Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 146, eggs); Carthagena, <abbr title="New Grenada">N. G.</abbr> (<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1860, 143); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 478, breeds; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.</abbr> 1865, 238, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mel. griseus</i>”);
+Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. J.</abbr> 169, breeds; <span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 287); <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas (<abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1860, 375); Sombrero (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1864, 99, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</i>”);
+Greytown, <abbr title="Nicaragua">Nicar.</abbr> (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann.</abbr> 183); <abbr title="Saint">Sta.</abbr> Bartholemy (<abbr title="Sundevall"><span class="sc">Sund.</span></abbr> 1869, 584); Massachusetts
+(<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 124).</p>
+
+<p>This species, though about the same size as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis</i>, is much
+more powerfully built, the bill and feet being much stronger, the former
+considerably longer than the head, and as large as that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurophagus
+sulphuratus</i>, though less compressed.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Nicaragua and New Granada appear to be almost perfectly
+identical with those from Florida and the West Indies, differing only
+in being just appreciably smaller, which, however, might be expected from
+their more southern habitat.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Gray Kingbird&mdash;the Pipiry Flycatcher of Audubon, or Gray
+Petchary of Jamaica&mdash;is, except in Florida, of scarcely more than occasional
+occurrence within the limits of the United States. A single specimen has been
+taken in Massachusetts. This was shot in Lynn, October 23, 1868, and was
+in immature plumage. The bird was shot on a tree near one of the streets
+of that city by Mr. Charles Goodall. Mr. Audubon also found these birds
+quite common on the Florida Keys, almost every Key, however small, having
+its pair. A pair was observed breeding in the college yard at Charleston,
+<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, by Dr. Bachman; and for at least three years in succession they regularly
+returned each year, and raised two broods in a season. This Flycatcher
+is abundant in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Cuba, Jamaica, and in the other West India Islands.
+In the first-named locality Mr. Alfred Newton found it one of the
+most conspicuous and commonest birds over the entire island. Its favorite
+station, he states, was the top of the spearlike unexpanded frond of a tall
+<!--363.png--><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 321]</span>
+mountain-cabbage tree, from which place, in the breeding-season, it darted
+down to attack almost any animal that passed near. Its favorite object of
+attack was the Green Heron (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butorides virescens</i>), at which it would make
+several well-directed swoops, never leaving it until it had driven it into some
+shelter, when, much pleased with its prowess, it would return to its lookout
+station and celebrate its victory with cries of triumph. On one occasion
+Mr. Newton observed a Gray Kingbird pursue a Green Heron out to sea
+for a quarter of a mile and back. It is described as a very clamorous bird,
+even when there is apparently no need; taking alarm from the domestic
+poultry, its oft-repeated notes were heard every morning before the dawn.
+This noise it continued pertinaciously till sundown. Its food consists of
+insects, which are caught with great dexterity on the wing. It also feeds
+very largely on the black berries of a myrtle-leaved parasite that grows
+abundantly on the orange-trees. The nest is often placed under the fronds
+or among the spathes of a cocoanut or mountain-cabbage tree, and sometimes
+in any ordinary situation. It is described as flat in construction and large
+for the size of the bird, being nearly a foot in diameter, composed of a platform
+of twigs, in the midst of which is hollowed a cup lined with fine roots.
+In <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix the eggs rarely exceeded three in number, and are spoken of as
+exceedingly beautiful when fresh, of a delicate creamy white, marked at the
+larger end with blotches and spots of pink or orange-brown, often disposed
+in a zone. He found their eggs from May till August.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Richard Hill, of Spanishtown, Jamaica, in some interesting notes furnished
+to Mr. Gosse, states that along the seaside savannas of that island
+migrant flocks of these birds swarm early in September. Numbers then
+congregate on the trees around the cattle ponds and about the open meadows,
+pursuing the swarms of insects which fill the air at sundown. These
+throngs are immediately joined by resident birds of this species, which
+gather about the same places, and do not return to their usual abodes until
+the breeding-season is at hand.</p>
+
+<p>The Jamaica bird is not exclusively an insect-feeder, but eats very freely
+of the sweet wild berries, especially those of the pimento. These ripen in
+September, and in groves of these this bird may always be found in
+abundance. By the end of September most of the migrant birds have left
+the island.</p>
+
+<p>This is among the earliest to breed of the birds of Jamaica. As early as
+January the mated pair is said to be in possession of some lofty tree,
+sounding at day-dawn a ceaseless shriek, which is composed of a repetition
+of three or four notes, sounding like <i class="birdcall">pē-chēē-ry</i>, according to Mr. Hill, and
+from which they derive their local name. In these localities they remain
+until autumn, when they quit these haunts and again congregate about the
+lowland ponds. In feeding, just before sunset, they usually sit, eight or ten
+in a row, on some exposed twig, darting from it in pursuit of their prey, and
+returning to it to devour whatever they have caught. They are rapid in
+<!--364.png--><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 322]</span>
+their movements, ever constantly and hurriedly changing their positions in
+flight. As they fly, they are able to check their speed suddenly, and to turn
+at the smallest imaginable angle. At times they move off in a straight
+line, gliding with motionless wings from one tree to another. When one descends
+to pick an insect from the surface of the water, it has the appearance
+of tumbling, and, in rising again, ascends with a singular motion of the wings,
+as if hurled into the air and endeavoring to recover itself.</p>
+
+<p>In the manner in which the male of this species will perch on the top of
+some lofty tree, and from that vantage-height scream defiance to all around
+him, and pursue any large bird that approaches, as described by Mr. Hill,
+all the audacity and courage of our Kingbird is exhibited. At the approach
+of a Vulture or a Hawk, he starts off in a horizontal line, after rising in
+the air to the same height as his adversary, and, hovering over him for
+a moment, descends upon the intruder’s back, rising and sinking as he
+repeats his attack, and shrieking all the while. In these attacks he is
+always triumphant.</p>
+
+<p>This Flycatcher is also charged by Mr. Hill with seizing upon the Humming-Birds
+as they hover over the blossoms in the garden, killing its prey
+by repeated blows struck on the branch, and then devouring them.</p>
+
+<p>The nest, according to Mr. Hill, is seldom found in any other tree than
+that of the palm kind. Among the web of fibres around the footstalk of
+each branch the nest is woven of cotton-wool and grass. The eggs, he adds,
+are four or five, of an ivory color, blotched with deep purple spots, intermingled
+with brown specks, the clusters thickening at the greater end. Mr.
+Gosse, on the contrary, never found the nest in a palm. One, taken from
+an upper limb of a bitterwood-tree that grew close to a friend’s door, at no
+great height, was a cup made of the stalks and tendrils of a small passion
+flower, the spiral tendrils very prettily arranged around the edge, and very
+neatly and thickly lined with black horse-hair. The other, made in a spondias
+bush, was a rather loose structure, smaller and less compact, almost entirely
+composed of tendrils, with no horse-hair, but a few shining black frond-ribs
+of a fern.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. March states that the migrant birds of this species return to Jamaica
+about the last of March, gradually disperse, and, like the resident birds, occupy
+their selected trees in solitary pairs, and immediately set about preparing
+their nests. At <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Catharine’s the first nest found was on the 14th of
+April, and the latest in the middle of July. They seldom build in the tree
+in which they perch, but select a lower tree near it. Some make their nests
+high, others low, usually at the extremity of a lateral branch. He describes
+them as loose structures of twigs and the stems of trailing plants, with the
+cup of grass, horse-hair, and vegetable fibre. The eggs are three, rarely
+four, of a long oval, with a ground of light cream-color, dashed around the
+larger end more or less thickly with blotches of burnt sienna, and with
+cloudings of pale bistre underneath.</p>
+
+<p><!--365.png--><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 323]</span>
+Mr. Audubon states that this Flycatcher reaches the Florida Keys about
+the first of April. He describes their usual flight as performed by a constant
+flutter of the wings, except when in chase, when they exhibit considerable
+power and speed. He noticed them pursue larger birds, such as
+Herons, Crows, Cuckoos, Grakles, and Hawks, following them quite a distance.
+They did not molest the Doves. They built their nests in a manner
+similar to the Kingbird, on the horizontal branches of the mangrove, almost
+invariably on the western side of the tree and of the island. Some were not
+more than two feet above the water, others were twenty feet. On one of the
+keys, although of small size, he saw several of their nests, and more than
+a dozen of the birds living amicably together.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. G. Cooper, who visited Florida in the spring of 1859, informed me,
+by letter, on his return, that when he reached Cape Florida, March 8, none
+of this species were to be seen on any of the keys. The first he noticed were
+about the first of May, near Fort Dallas on the mainland. As, however, it
+rarely appears at this place, he supposes they reached the keys some weeks
+sooner. About May 14 he found several pairs at the Cape, and, going up
+the coast to New Smyrna, he found them abundant about the marshy islands.
+On the first of June, with a companion, he went in a small boat for the express
+purpose of finding their nests; and, pushing the boat about among the
+islands which almost filled Mosquito Lagoon, he discovered three in one afternoon.
+They were all built among the small branches of low dead mangrove-trees,
+about ten feet from the ground, formed of a loose, open flooring of
+small twigs, with scarcely any lining of a finer material. One contained four
+eggs half hatched, another three young and one egg, the third four young
+just hatched. He preserved one nest and all the eggs, and presented them
+to the National Museum in Washington. The old birds showed no resentment,
+and neither came near nor followed him, differing very much in this
+respect from the fearless and devoted Kingbird. The only notes this bird
+was heard to utter were loud and harsh rattling cries. Dr. Bachman informed
+Dr. Cooper that these birds had become quite regular summer visitants
+of Charleston, where they continued to breed each season. Dr. Cooper
+saw none away from the Florida coast, and thinks that none go inland.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure from 1 to 1.05 inches in length, and from
+.70 to .72 of an inch in breadth. They are of an oblong oval shape, variously
+marked with large blotches and smaller spots of purple, red-brown,
+and a dark purplish-brown. The latter color, in a few cases, is found in
+large masses, covering nearly a fifth of the entire surface of the egg; not
+inaptly compared by Mr. Gosse to the sinuous outlines of lands, as represented
+on a terrestrial globe.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--366.png--><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 324]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus verticalis</b>, <span class="sc">Say</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARKANSAS FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus verticalis</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Two">Exped. II</abbr>, 1823, 60.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual Two">Man. II</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840,
+306.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 173.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 235.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A.
+Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 113 (<abbr title="British Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 168.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870,
+312. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa verticalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 18, <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog.
+IV</abbr>, 1838, 422, <abbr title="plate 359">pl. ccclix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 199, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes verticalis</i>,
+<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 1859, 77.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X.</abbr> <i>S</i>, 37.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+The four exterior quills attenuated very gently at the end, the first most
+so; third and fourth quills longest, second and fifth successively a little shorter. Tail
+slightly forked; bill shorter than the head. Crown, sides of head above the eyes, nape,
+and sides of neck pale lead-color, or ash-gray; a concealed crest on the crown, vermilion
+in the centre, and yellowish before and behind. Hind neck and back ash-gray, strongly
+tinged with light olivaceous-green, the gray turning to brown on the rump; upper tail-coverts
+nearly black, lower dusky; chin and part of ear-coverts dull white; throat and
+upper part of breast similar to the head, but lighter, and but slightly contrasted with the
+chin; rest of lower parts, with the under wing-coverts and axillars, yellow, deepening to
+gamboge on the belly, tinged with olivaceous on the breast. Wing brown, the coverts
+with indistinct ashy margins; secondaries and tertials edged with whitish; inner webs of
+primaries whitish towards the base. Tail nearly black above and glossy, duller brownish
+beneath; without olivaceous edgings. Exterior feather, with the outer web and the
+shaft, yellowish-white; inner edge of latter brown. Tips of remaining feathers paler.
+Bill and feet dark brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> rather smaller and colors less bright. Length of male,
+8.25; wing about 4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western North America, from the high Central Plains to the Pacific; Colima,
+Mexico. Accidental in Eastern States (New Jersey, <span class="sc">Turnbull</span>; Plymton, Maine, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>
+1865, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Ten">Pr. Bost. Soc., X</abbr>, 1865, 96).</p>
+
+<p>The young bird is, in general, quite similar, with the exception of the
+usual appearance of immaturity, the colored patch on the crown wanting.
+In one specimen the first primary only is attenuated, in others none exhibit
+this character.</p>
+
+<p>A specimen of this bird, shot at Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, is in the museum
+of the Philadelphia Academy, but this locality can only be considered as
+very exceptional.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Arkansas Flycatcher was first discovered by the party in
+Long’s Expedition in 1823, and described by Mr. Say. It is a bird of western
+North America, found from the great plains to the Pacific, and only accidentally
+occurring east. A single specimen is said to have been shot in
+Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, near Philadelphia. It has been met with in Texas as far
+east as the river Mimbres, and in Nebraska nearly to the Missouri River.
+The specimen from which the first description was made was obtained in the
+beginning of July, near the Platte River.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall, in his Western tour, first met with this species early in July,
+among the scanty wood on the banks of the northwest branch of the Platte
+River. He characterizes it as a bold and querulous bird. He found it
+<!--367.png--><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 325]</span>
+all the way from thence to the forests of the Columbia and the Wahlamet,
+and throughout California to latitude 32<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. He speaks of them as remarkably
+noisy and quarrelsome with each other, and, like the Kingbird, suffering
+nothing of the bird kind to approach them without exhibiting their predilection
+for dispute. He describes their note as a discordant, clicking warble,
+resembling <i class="birdcall">tsh’k-tsh’k-tshivait</i>,&mdash;sounding not unlike the creaking of a rusty
+door-hinge, something in the manner of a Kingbird, with a blending of the
+notes of the common Purple Grakle.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Townsend mentions finding this bird numerous along the banks of
+the Platte, particularly in the vicinity of trees. From that river to the
+banks of the Columbia, and as far as the ocean, it was a very common
+species. The males were wonderfully belligerent, fighting almost constantly
+and with great fury.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. G. Cooper states that in California this is an abundant species,
+arriving in that State about the 20th of March. None are known to remain
+within the State during the winter. Small parties of males come first, and
+are very quarrelsome until each one has selected its mate. This is not done
+for several weeks, and the earliest nest with eggs that he has found was on
+the 12th of May at Santa Barbara. The nest, built on a branch of a low oak
+near the town, was five inches wide, constructed of lichens, twigs, coarse
+grass, and wool, lined with hair. It contained four eggs, measuring .94 by
+.70 of an inch. He describes them as creamy-white, spotted with purple of
+two shades near the larger end.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are said to be almost an exact counterpart of the Kingbird,
+exhibiting the same courage in defence of their nests. Their notes are more
+varied and noisy, and they utter them almost constantly during the spring,
+often when flying and fighting. They are very destructive to bees, but compensate
+for this damage by destroying great quantities of noxious insects.
+They leave the State in October. At Puget Sound, early in June, Dr. Cooper
+found this species associating with the common Kingbird without any signs
+of disagreement, though their similar habits would naturally lead to disputes.
+He has even seen them together in parties of four about the period of mating.
+They do not approach the coast in Washington Territory.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found this species abundant in the central and western portions
+of Oregon and Washington Territory. He first noted their arrival from
+the South about May 15. The first notification of their presence is given
+by the skirmishes and quarrels incident to the love-season. Their battles
+are generally fought in the air, and present ludicrous alternations of pursuit
+and flight. At Fort Dalles their favorite breeding-places were oak-trees for
+the most part.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles D. Gibbes, of Stockton, informs us that these birds occasionally
+build their nests in the shrubbery about the gardens, but more frequently
+in large oak-trees, fifteen or twenty feet from the ground. They are constructed
+of weeds and grass firmly woven together, and lined with cotton,
+<!--368.png--><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 326]</span>
+feathers, strings, and other soft materials. They are usually secured to the
+limb on which they are placed by a portion of the string. The diameter of
+the cavity of the nest is about three inches, depth one and a half. Their
+eggs are laid in May and June, and are four, five, or six in number. They
+are described as white, marked with dark brown spots on the larger end.
+In some the spots, decreasing in size, extend to the smaller end.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy informs me that he has never detected this bird within the limits
+of Wisconsin, though he has no doubt that they may occasionally straggle
+into its limits, as have many of the birds peculiar to the Missouri region.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway gives it as one of the most abundant and familiar of
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> in the Sacramento Valley and the fertile portions of the
+Great Basin. He notes their excessively quarrelsome disposition, which far
+exceeds that of the eastern Kingbird, for fighting among themselves seems
+to be their chief amusement. As many as half a dozen of these birds were
+sometimes noticed pitching at one another promiscuously, in their playful
+combats; and when a nest was disturbed, the cries of the parents invariably
+brought to the vicinity all the birds of this species in the neighborhood,
+which, as soon as gathered together, began their aerial battles by attacking
+each other without regard apparently to individuals, accompanying the fight
+by a shrill twitter, very different from the loud rattling notes of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. carolinensis</i>.
+Indeed, all the notes of the western Kingbird are very conspicuously
+different from those of the eastern species, being weaker, and more twittering
+in their character. The nesting habits, the construction of the nest, and
+appearance of the eggs, are, however, almost perfectly identical.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway gives an interesting account (<abbr title="American Naturalist, August">Am. Nat., Aug.</abbr>, 1869) of a
+young bird of this species which became quite domesticated with his party
+in the geological survey of the 40th parallel. It had been taken about the
+middle of July, fully fledged, from the nest, by some Indians, and was fed
+with grasshoppers and flies until able to catch them for itself. When not
+in quest of food it remained quietly perched on Mr. Ridgway’s shoulder or
+his hat, or would perch on a rope extending from the top of the tent to a
+stake. At night it frequently roosted under an umbrella which hung outside
+of the tent. If permitted, it would have preferred to keep on its master’s
+shoulder, snuggling against his neck. In the morning it was sure to come
+fluttering about his head, singling him out from a dozen or more persons who
+lay around upon the ground. It had an insatiable appetite, and was ascertained
+by actual count to consume one hundred and twenty fat grasshoppers
+in a day. It soon learned its own name, Chippy, and always answered to
+the call. It followed Mr. Ridgway when on horseback, occasionally leaving
+to sport with other birds, but always returning to his shoulder or hat. It
+evidently preferred the society of the camp to that of his own race. It
+was once, by accident, nearly shot, and ever after held the gun in great dread.
+It went with Mr. Ridgway from camp to camp, continuing perfectly tame
+and domesticated, until, as was supposed, it fell a prey to a Hawk.</p>
+
+<p><!--369.png--><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 327]</span>
+The eggs of this species are not easily distinguishable from those of the
+common Kingbird. They have a ground-color of a crystalline whiteness,
+marked with bold dashes of reddish and purplish brown, the latter fewer
+and faint. They are oblong in shape, are pointed at one end, and measure
+1 inch in length by .70 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus vociferans</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus vociferans</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Tyrant Shrikes in Quarterly Journal <abbr title="Science, Twenty, January">Sc. XX, Jan.</abbr>
+1826, 273.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 368.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 174, <abbr title="plate 48">pl.
+xlviii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Border Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds 8, <abbr title="plate 10">pl. x</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 235.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal.
+I</abbr>, 1870, 314. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes vociferans</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 77. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus cassini</i>,
+<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Natural History Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H. V</abbr>, 1852, 39, <abbr title="plate three">pl. iii</abbr>, fig. 2 (Texas).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill from the forehead about as long as the head. Tail even or slightly
+rounded. Outer five primaries attenuated; the first four abruptly and deeply emarginated;
+third quill longest, second and fourth a little less, first shorter than the sixth, and
+half an inch less than the longest. Head and neck above and on the sides rather dark
+bluish-ash; the throat and breast similar, and only a little paler. Rest of upper parts
+olive-green tinged with gray, mixed with brown on the rump; the upper tail-coverts and
+surface of the tail nearly black; the outer web of the external feather and the tips of all
+pale brown. The chin is white, in strong contrast to the dark ash of the throat; the
+rest of the under parts bright sulphur-yellow (the sides olivaceous), palest on the under
+tail-coverts and inside of wing. A concealed vermilion patch in the crown, bordered by
+straw-yellow. Wing-feathers brown, tinged with olive, becoming paler towards the edge.
+Length, 8.80; wing, 5.25; tail, 4.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valley of Gila and southern California, eastward to Pecos River, Texas, and into
+Mexico, on table-lands; north along the Plains to Fort Laramie, south to Costa Rica.
+Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 383); Vera Paz (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 121); <abbr title="Western">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A.
+N. S.</abbr> 1866, 59); Vera Cruz, hot and <abbr title="temperate">temp.</abbr> regions, and Plateau (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 557.)</p>
+
+<p>The table of specific characters presented under the generic head will
+readily serve to distinguish this species from its near ally, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>. The
+white outer web of the exterior tail-feather in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</i>, compared with the
+brown web, only edged with whitish of the present bird, is always sufficient
+to separate them; while the deep ash of the jugulum, and the much lighter,
+more brownish shade of the wings, are entirely peculiar features.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird is abundant in Vera Cruz, where it is known by the
+name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Portuguéz</i>. According to Sumichrast, it belongs to the hot and
+temperate regions, rather than the alpine. It is also common in the Plateau,
+and is found in all parts of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona Dr. Coues states this bird to be an abundant summer resident,
+arriving in that Territory during the third week in April, and remaining
+until the latter part of September. It was found in every kind of locality.
+He furnishes no information as to its habits.</p>
+
+<p>During the Mexican Boundary Survey this species was taken on the
+<!--370.png--><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 328]</span>
+Colorado River, in California, by Dr. A. Schott, and at Los Nogales, Mexico,
+by Dr. Kennerly. It was also met with in the Sacramento Valley by Dr.
+Heermann; at Fort Thorn, New Mexico, by Dr. Henry; on the Pecos,
+Texas, by Captain Pope; and specimens from Mexico have been received
+from Mr. Gould. It does not appear to have been observed in Southwestern
+Texas by Mr. Dresser.</p>
+
+<p>This species Dr. Cooper states to be quite common throughout the southern
+half of California, and resident throughout the year at least as far north
+as Los Angeles. In color they greatly resemble the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. verticalis</i>, but are
+less lively and not so quarrelsome in their habits. During the early part of
+the year they begin to sing by daylight, generally from the top of some high
+tree. Their notes are said to be loud and much more musical than those of
+the other species, and their song exhibits considerable variety for a bird of
+this family. During the middle of the day they are rather quiet, and sit
+much of the time on their perch, occasionally catching an insect that comes
+very near, but they are supposed by Dr. Cooper to feed mostly in the very
+early morning. This observer found them breeding at San Diego as early
+as March 28, as well as subsequently. Their nest is said to be much larger
+and more firmly built than are those of others of the genus, being five and
+a half inches in external diameter and about two and a half in height. The
+cavity is three inches wide at the rim. The eggs, which he describes as
+white, with large scattered reddish-brown and umber blotches, measure .96
+of an inch in length and .70 in breadth. He found some of these birds in
+Santa Clara Valley in May, 1864. They appeared to be smaller and greener
+on the back than those from the South. They winter in large numbers at
+Santa Clara, in latitude 37<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.
+
+Dr. Coues found this a very abundant summer resident at Fort Whipple,
+breeding there in considerable numbers, and all leaving early in October.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway did not meet with this species anywhere in the Great Basin,
+nor in the Sacramento Valley. On the plains it is found as far north as
+Cheyenne and Laramie Peak, and in the southern portion of the Western
+Provinces extends westward to California.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens were obtained by Mr. George M. Skinner from Salamá, Vera
+Paz, in Central America. It was also taken, in February, near Oaxaca,
+Mexico, by Mr. Boucard.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this bird (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,828), in the Smithsonian Museum, was taken at
+Volcan de Colima, June, 1863, by Mr. John Xantus. It is a slight structure
+composed chiefly of wiry grass, mixed with bits of wool, and lined with
+finer grasses. The eggs are two in number, having a pure-white ground,
+freckled on the larger end with purplish-brown and grayish-lilac. These
+markings are more sparse and are finer than those of the eggs of any other
+species of this genus, so far as I am aware. One of the eggs has a few
+blotches of umber on the larger end. They measure, one .93 by .68 of an
+inch, the other .93 by .65.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--371.png--><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 329]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus melancholicus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COUCH’S KINGBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus couchi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 175, <abbr title="plate 49, figure">pl. xlix, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr>
+1862, 235.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill long as the head. Feet stout. Five outer primaries abruptly attenuated
+at the end; the third and fourth longest; the first a little longer than the sixth. Tail
+considerably forked (depth of fork about .30 of an inch, or more). Head, neck, and
+jugulum bluish-ashy, becoming nearly white on the throat, and shaded with yellow on
+the breast. Rest of lower parts gamboge-yellow. Rest of upper parts olive-green,
+tinged with ash anteriorly. Tail and primaries grayish-brown, the tail not the darker.
+Wing-coverts passing externally into pale, the tertials edged with almost white. Crown
+with a concealed patch of bright orange-red. Length, 9.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Middle America (both coasts), from southern border of United States, south to
+Guatemala; Tucson, Arizona (<span class="sc">Bendire</span>).</p>
+
+<p>All specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. melancholicus</i> from regions north of Guatemala are
+referrible to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>; all from Costa Rica southward, to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is only by comparing specimens from near the extreme northern and
+southern limits of the range of the species, that differences are readily discernible;
+and between these two extremes there is so gradual a transition that
+it is impossible to draw a line separating two well-marked varieties, so that it
+is necessary to assume an arbitrary geographical line, and determine specimens
+from the middle regions by their position, whether to the north or
+south of the line established. Specimens from Buenos Ayres, the Parana,
+and Brazil, to Peru and New Granada, are identical. Costa Rica specimens
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. satrapa</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>) have the dark tail of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</i> and white throat
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MYIARCHUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fauna Peruana</span>, 1844-46, 152.&mdash;<span class="sc">Burmeister</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Thiere Brasiliens,
+<abbr title="2">II</abbr>, Vögel</span>, 1856, 469.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tarsus equal to or not longer than the middle toe, which is decidedly
+longer than the hinder one. Bill wider at base than half the culmen. Tail broad, long,
+even, or slightly rounded, about equal to the wings, which scarcely reach the middle of the
+tail; the first primary shorter than the sixth. Head with elongated lanceolate distinct
+feathers. Above brownish-olive, throat ash, belly yellow. Tail and wing feathers varied
+with rufous.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is well marked among the American Flycatchers, and constitutes
+what Bonaparte called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ultimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannularum primæ</i>.
+The type is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa ferox</i> of Gmelin, (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannulus</i>,) which, as identified
+by Cabanis and Burmeister as above, appears to resemble our species
+very closely.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_372.jpg"
+ width="300" height="226"
+ alt="Illustration: Myiarchus mexicanus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1449</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>For an elaborate discussion of the various forms of this exceedingly difficult
+<!--372.png--><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 330]</span>
+genus, we are indebted to a recent monograph by Dr. Coues, in the
+Proceedings of the
+Philadelphia Academy,
+for June and
+July, 1872 (<abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 56-81).
+With the same
+material for our investigations,
+we have
+been led, after a very
+careful perusal of the
+valuable paper mentioned,
+and tedious
+critical comparison
+of the large material
+at our command, to
+adopt a somewhat
+difficult view of the
+relationship of the forms characterized. The following synopsis expresses
+their affinity as at present understood:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above olivaceous, usually uniform, sometimes darker,
+sometimes more ashy, on the head above. Head and jugulum more or less ashy,
+though the latter is sometimes very pale. Rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow,
+sometimes almost or quite white. Primaries, secondaries, and rectrices usually
+more or less edged on either web with rufous; but sometimes entirely destitute
+of this color.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center indent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Bill sub-conical; sometimes nearly terete, its depth equal to, or exceeding,
+its breadth in the middle portion; its lateral outlines moderately divergent
+basally; terminal hook abrupt, strong. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannulus.</b> No trace of rufous edgings on either wings or tail.
+Above ashy-olive, the pileum similar, the outer webs of wing-coverts and
+secondaries edged with whitish. Head, laterally and beneath, ashy, the
+throat and jugulum more whitish; rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow.
+Tail slightly rounded.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Pileum and nape umber-brown; upper surface umber-grayish. Bill
+dark brown. Wing, 3.50-3.70; tail, 3.60-3.90; culmen, .90-.95;
+tarsus, .80-.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South and Central America, from Bolivia and
+Southern Brazil to Costa Rica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannulus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_66" id="fnanchor_66"></a><a href="#footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Whole head and neck pure ash, paler on the throat, and darker on the
+pileum; upper surface greenish-ash. Bill black. Wing, 3.70; tail, 4.00;
+culmen, .82; tarsus, .91. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Ecuador and Guayaquil
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_67" id="fnanchor_67"></a><a href="#footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--373.png--><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 331]</span>
+2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. validus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_68" id="fnanchor_68"></a><a href="#footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></span>
+ All the wing-coverts, tertials, secondaries, primaries, and
+rectrices distinctly edged with rufous (the latter on both webs). Above
+olivaceous, more ashy anteriorly; the upper tail-coverts more rufescent;
+remiges broadly rufous on exterior edges; rectrices with the whole inner
+web (except a narrow streak along the shaft) and edge of outer web rufous.
+Head beneath, and entire throat and breast, deep ash; rest of lower parts
+sulphur-yellow, the junction of the two colors not well defined. Wing,
+3.80-4.20; tail, 3.80-4.20; culmen, 1.00; tarsus, .80-91; tail even;
+third and fourth quill longest. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinitus.</b> Outer webs of primaries distinctly edged with rufous (no
+other rufous on wings); inner webs of rectrices broadly, sometimes entirely,
+rufous, none on outer webs (except in young). Above olivaceous, varying
+from a greenish to an ashy cast, the pileum more brownish. Wing-coverts
+(both rows) broadly tipped with brownish ashy-whitish; tertials, secondaries,
+and lateral tail-feather broadly edged on outer web with the same. Head
+laterally and beneath ashy paler on the throat and jugulum; rest of lower
+parts delicate yellow, varying from a rich lemon to a pale sulphur tint.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Continental America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill dark brown (never black). Upper parts decidedly greenish; ash
+of throat and jugulum, and yellow of abdomen, etc., very deep.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Inner webs of rectrices wholly rufous, or with only a narrow
+strip of dusky along the shaft. Wing, 3.75-4.25; tail, 3.75-4.20;
+culmen, .95-1.00; tarsus, .85-.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of
+North America; in winter south through Eastern Mexico to
+Guatemala (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i> in Nicaragua)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill deep black; upper parts without a greenish, but, instead, an ashy-brownish
+cast; ash of throat and jugulum, and yellow of abdomen,
+etc., very pale.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Inner webs of rectrices broadly (but not entirely) rufous to the
+extreme tip, with a broad dusky stripe next the shaft.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Wing, 4.10-4.50; tail, 4.00-4.70; culmen, 1.10-1.20;
+tarsus, 1.00-1.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern and Western Mexico
+(Tehuantepec, Yucatan, Mazatlan, etc.)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_69" id="fnanchor_69"></a><a href="#footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Wing, 3.60-3.90; tail, 3.50-3.75; culmen, .90-1.00; tarsus,
+.80-.85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern South America, and Central America,
+from Paraguay to Costa Rica (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i> in Guatemala,
+and into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</i> in Tehuantepec)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_70" id="fnanchor_70"></a><a href="#footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+<!--374.png--><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 332]</span>
+Inner webs of rectrices almost entirely rufous to near the extreme
+tip, the end of the web, however, being brownish-dusky like the
+outer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Wing, 3.35-4.10; tail, 3.35-4.10; culmen, .80-1.00; tarsus,
+.80-.91. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, and
+Western Mexico (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i> in Tehuantepec,
+and in winter migrating into Eastern Mexico)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. stolidus.</b> Colors essentially nearly as the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinitus</i>.
+Primaries more or less distinctly edged with rufous, especially on inner
+quills; rectrices with inner webs more or less edged with rufous (found
+only terminally in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i>). Wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull
+ashy-whitish. Above brownish-slaty, with an olivaceous cast, the pileum
+more or less appreciably darker. Beneath ashy-white, without distinct
+yellow (except in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i>, in which the abdomen, etc., are pale
+sulphury yellow). Tail varying in shape from slightly rounded to distinctly
+emarginated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Indies.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Beneath entirely white, only faintly, or hardly appreciably, tinged
+with sulphur-yellow on the flanks.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Inner web of rectrices broadly edged with rufous for the whole
+length. Crown scarcely darker than the back. Tail distinctly
+emarginated. Wing, 3.15-3.50; tail, 3.30-3.60; culmen, .85-.95;
+tarsus, .80-85. (Bahaman specimens the larger). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Bahamas and Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_71" id="fnanchor_71"></a><a href="#footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Inner web of rectrices not edged with rufous except at extreme
+tip, where sometimes also absent. Crown decidedly darker than
+the back. Tail slightly rounded. Wing, 3.25-3.50; tail, 3.20-3.60;
+culmen, .85-95; tarsus, .85-90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_72" id="fnanchor_72"></a><a href="#footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Beneath white only on throat and jugulum, the abdomen, etc., being
+sulphur-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Inner webs of rectrices more or less distinctly edged with rufous
+for whole length. Pileum very much darker than the back. Wing,
+3.35-3.50; tail, 3.35-3.65; culmen, .90-.95; tarsus, .80-.85.
+Tail faintly doubly-rounded. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti, Jamaica, (and Yucatan?)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_73" id="fnanchor_73"></a><a href="#footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Bill much depressed, its depth only about half its width, in the middle
+portion; lateral outlines widely divergent basally; terminal hook weak.
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tristis.</b> Colors very variable, and amount of rufous exceedingly
+different in the different races. Inner webs of rectrices seldom edged with
+rufous; rufous sometimes entirely absent on both wings and tail, and sometimes
+the whole wing and both webs of rectrices distinctly edged with it.
+Above ashy-olive, usually with more or less of a greenish cast, the pileum
+<!--375.png--><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 333]</span>
+decidedly darker (except in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i>); throat and jugulum ashy-white;
+rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central and South America, and
+Jamaica.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Pileum sooty-brown, decidedly darker than the back; wings and tail
+entirely destitute of rufous edgings, except a faint tinge on outer webs
+of inner secondaries and rectrices, towards the base. Tail faintly
+rounded. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.10; culmen, .80; tarsus, .65. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Jamaica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_74" id="fnanchor_74"></a><a href="#footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Pileum grayish-brown, not appreciably darker than the back; outer
+webs of inner secondaries and primaries and rectrices faintly edged
+with rufous. Wing, 2.80-3.40; tail, 2,85-3.45; culmen, .85-.90;
+tarsus, .75-.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico, from northern boundary,
+south to Colima, Tehuantepec, Yucatan, and Salvador
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_75" id="fnanchor_75"></a><a href="#footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Pileum sooty-blackish, decidedly and abruptly darker than the back.
+Outer webs of wing-coverts, primaries, secondaries, and rectrices distinctly
+edged with rufous. Yellow beneath brighter than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i>.
+Wing, 3.20-3.30; tail, 3.15-3.30; culmen, .80-.85; tarsus, .75-.80.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central America from Panama to Guatemala (grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> in Tehuantepec, and Orizaba)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_76" id="fnanchor_76"></a><a href="#footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Pileum deep black, abruptly different from the greenish-olive of the
+back, and separated from it by a more ashy shade. Wings and tail
+wholly destitute of rufous edgings. Yellow beneath brighter than in
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>. Wing, 3.20; tail, 3.20; culmen, .85; tarsus, .78.
+Tail about even. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwest South America, from Ecuador
+northward (grading into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i> on Isthmus of Panama)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_77" id="fnanchor_77"></a><a href="#footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--376.png--><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 334]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa crinita</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 325.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 75, <abbr title="plate 13">pl.
+xiii.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Verzeichniss <abbr title="der Doubletten">Doubl.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 559.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 176;
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 423, <abbr title="plate 129">pl. cxxix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 209, <abbr title="plate 57">pl. lvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Tyrant Shrikes in Quarterly Journal, <abbr title="Twenty, January">XX, Jan.</abbr> 1826, 271.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 302.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 182. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>,
+Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula crinita</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 189.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kaup</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl.
+Soc.</abbr> 1851, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal für Ornithologie 3" lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journ. für Ornith. III</abbr>, 1855, 479.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 178.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 232.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 131. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax
+crinitus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1859, 73 (type, <abbr title="Journal">Journ.</abbr> 1861, 250). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa ludoviciana</i>,
+<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 934.&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index">Ind.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa virginiana cristata</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1760,
+412. <cite>Crested Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging">Figure: <span class="sc">Buffon</span> <abbr title="planches enluminéz">pl. enl.</abbr> 569, fig. 1.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_376.jpg"
+ width="250" height="259"
+ alt="Illustration: Myiarchus cinerascens"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head with a depressed crest. Third quill longest; fourth and second
+successively but little shorter; first a little longer than seventh; much shorter than sixth.
+Tail decidedly rounded or even graduated; the
+lateral feather about .25 of an inch shorter.
+Upper parts dull greenish-olive, with the feathers
+of the crown and to some extent of the
+back showing their brown centres; upper tail-coverts
+turning to pale rusty-brown. Small feathers
+at the base of the bill, ceres, sides of the head
+as high as the upper eyelid, sides of the neck,
+throat, and forepart of the breast, bluish-ashy;
+the rest of the lower parts, including axillaries
+and lower wing-coverts, bright sulphur-yellow.
+A pale ring round the eye. Sides of the breast
+and body tinged with olivaceous. The wings
+brown; the first and second rows of coverts,
+with the secondary and tertial quills, margined
+externally with dull white, or on the latter slightly
+tinged with olivaceous-yellow. Primaries margined externally for more than half their
+length from the base with ferruginous; great portion of the inner webs of all the quills
+very pale ferruginous. The two middle tail-feathers light brown, shafts paler; the rest
+have the outer web and a narrow line on the inner sides of the shaft brown, pale olivaceous
+on the outer edge; the remainder ferruginous to the very tip. Outer web of exterior
+feather dull brownish-yellow. Feet black. Bill dark brown above and at the tip
+below; paler towards the base. Length, 8.75; wing, 4.25; tail, 4.10; tarsus, .85.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to the Missouri and south to Eastern Texas (not yet
+observed farther west). Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 121); Cuba (<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert.</abbr> 1865, 239;
+<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 479); ? Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. J.</abbr> 186); Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 329);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 250; <abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 115); San Antonio, Texas
+(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 473, rare).</p>
+
+<p>The female appears to have no brown on the inner web of the quills along
+the shaft, or else it is confined chiefly to the outer feathers.</p>
+
+<p>The young is hardly appreciably different, having merely the wing-coverts
+tinged with rusty at the ends.</p>
+
+<p><!--377.png--><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 335]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Great-crested Flycatcher of eastern North America
+has a much more extended northern distribution than has been generally
+given it by earlier writers. Wilson speaks of it only as a bird of Pennsylvania.
+Audubon mentions their occurring as far as Massachusetts, but as
+confined to the mountains, and as entirely unknown farther eastward. Mr.
+Nuttall refers to it as nearly unknown in New England, and as never
+appearing near the coast.</p>
+
+<p>It is now known to be a regular though a somewhat rare summer resident,
+at least as far to the northeast as <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen, New Brunswick, latitude 45<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>
+north, longitude 67<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> west, and as far to the north in Vermont as Randolph,
+and Hamilton in Canada, both in about latitude 44<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Mr. Boardman mentions
+it as a regular summer visitant, and as breeding near Calais. Professor
+Verrill gives it as a rare summer visitant of Western Maine. Mr.
+McIlwraith states it to be a common summer resident of Hamilton, Canada
+West, where it arrives about the 10th of May, after which its harsh cry
+is heard in all parts of the woods. It winters in Central America and
+Panama.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter dated June 17, 1865, Mr. C. S. Paine of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, informed
+me that he had, within a few days, found a nest of this Flycatcher.
+It was built in the hollow of a decayed apple-tree, in one of its limbs. The
+nest was built up from the bottom of the cavity some eight inches, and contained
+six eggs. Though not very abundant in that neighborhood, Mr. Paine
+had been aware, for several years, of the occurrence of this Flycatcher, but
+had never before been able to ascertain its manner of nesting. He has
+since informed me that these Flycatchers have continued to occur every
+summer, as they always make their presence known by their harsh notes,
+which may be heard to quite a distance, and he knows that they breed there
+regularly every year. They are shy, and do not come about the buildings,
+but are generally seen in the woods and orchards.</p>
+
+<p>In Eastern Massachusetts they are not common, but scattered pairs have
+been met with in Concord, Acton, Newton, Hingham, and in other places.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues states that the Great-crested Flycatcher reaches Washington
+the third week in April, and leaves the last of September. It is a common
+summer resident, but is most numerous in the spring and autumn. It is
+found on the edge of open woods, and betrays its presence by its peculiar
+notes. In the western part of Massachusetts, Mr. Allen gives it as a rare
+summer visitant, having been taken by him from May 15 to September 17,
+and having been found breeding on Mount Tom by Mr. C. W. Bennett.
+It is found abundantly in the Middle and Southern States as far south as
+Florida and Texas, and occurs as far to the west as the Missouri River.
+Dr. Woodhouse found it very abundant in Texas and in the Indian Territory,
+and Mr. Dresser obtained specimens at San Antonio in the month of
+April.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the habits of this species, Wilson accuses it of being
+<!--378.png--><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 336]</span>
+addicted to eating bees equally with the Kingbird; but as this bird is known
+to feed largely on berries, and to feed its young to some extent with the
+same, the extent of such propensity may well be doubted. It is not so prone
+to attack birds larger than itself as is the Kingbird, which Wilson characterizes
+as cowardice, but which it would be more charitable to call prudence.
+It is said to be harsh, cruel, and vindictive to smaller birds and to weaker
+individuals of its own species.</p>
+
+<p>In its flight it moves with power, steadiness, and swiftness, and when in
+pursuit of insects follows its prey with great zeal and perseverance. When
+it captures a large insect, it retires to its perch and beats it against the
+limb. These birds are not in the least gregarious. They occur in isolated
+pairs, and appear to have no interest or sympathy with others than those of
+their own household. To each other, however, they are attentive and considerate,
+and they are devoted in their solicitude for their young.</p>
+
+<p>Their usual call-note is a sharp disagreeable squeak, which, once known, is
+easily recognized. Besides this it has a monotonous succession of squeaking,
+harsh notes, only a little less unpleasant. They raise but one brood in
+a season, and remain together in a family group of from six to eight until
+they leave, in the middle of September.</p>
+
+<p>During the early summer this species feeds chiefly upon insects of various
+kinds, which it catches with great facility, skill, and assiduity; afterwards, as
+if from choice, it chiefly eats ripe berries of various kinds of shrubs and
+plants, among which those of the poke-weed and the huckleberry are most
+noticeable. It nests altogether in hollows in trees, stumps, or limbs. It
+lines the bottoms of these hollows with a great variety of miscellaneous
+materials, and in quantities that vary with the size and shape of the place to
+be occupied. These beds are composed of loose hay, feathers, the hair of
+various small quadrupeds, etc., while the exuviæ of snakes are almost always
+to be met with.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs, four, five, or six in number, are peculiar and noticeably varied
+and beautiful in their style of markings, varying also somewhat in shape.
+Generally they are nearly spherical, and equally obtuse at either end.
+Occasionally they are an oblong oval, one end a very little more tapering
+than the other. Their ground-color is a beautiful light buff, rather than a
+cream-color, over which are waving lines, marblings, markings, and dots of a
+brilliant purple, and others of a more obscure shading. The lines are
+variously distributed, generally running from one pole of the egg to the
+other with striking effect, as if laid on with the delicate brush of an artist.
+In some eggs the whole surface is so closely covered with these intercrossing
+and waving lines, blending with the obscure cloudings of lilac, as nearly to
+conceal the ground. Usually the buff color is conspicuously apparent, and
+sets off the purple lines with great effect.</p>
+
+<p>An oblong-oval egg from New Jersey measures 1.10 inches in length by
+.70 of an inch in breadth. A more nearly spherical egg from Florida measures
+<!--379.png--><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 337]</span>
+.90 by .75 of an inch. These well represent the two extremes. Their
+average is about 1 inch by .75 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of all the members of this genus have a remarkable similarity,
+and can scarcely be mistaken for those of any other group.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</b>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula cinerascens</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum of Natural History, Five, September">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. Hist. V, Sept.</abbr> 1851, 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus
+cinerascens</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 1862, 133.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1871, 84.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A.
+N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 69. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 179, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 5.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span>
+X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 37, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus</i>,
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1859, 303 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill black, the width opposite the nostrils not half the length of culmen.
+Head crested. Tail even, the lateral feathers slightly shorter. Second, third, and fourth
+quills longest; first rather shorter than the seventh. Above dull grayish-olive; the
+centres of the feathers rather darker; the crown, rump, and upper tail-coverts tinged
+with brownish. The forehead and sides of the head and neck grayish-ash; the chin,
+throat, and forepart of the breast ashy-white; the middle of the breast white; the rest
+of the under parts very pale sulphur-yellow; wings and tail brown. Two bands across
+the wing, with outer edges of secondaries and tertials, dull white; the outer edges of the
+primaries light chestnut-brown (except towards the tip and on the outer feather); the
+inner edges tinged with the same. Whole of middle tail-feathers, with the outer webs
+(only) and the ends of the others brown; the rest of the inner webs reddish-chestnut,
+the outer web of exterior feather yellowish-white. Legs and bill black; lower mandible
+brownish at the base. Length about 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.10; tarsus, .90.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Coast of California, to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and across by the valley of Gila and Rio
+Grande to Northeastern Mexico. Seen as far north in Texas as San Antonio. Oaxaca
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 384); ? Guatemala
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 129);
+Vera Cruz hot regions, resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span>
+M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 473).</p>
+
+<p>In a young specimen the crown is more tinged with brown; the upper
+tail-coverts and the middle tail-feathers are chestnut, and, in fact, all the
+tail-feathers are of this color, except along both sides of the shaft on the
+central feathers, and along its outer side in the lateral ones.</p>
+
+<p>This species is easily distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. crinitus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. cooperi</i> by
+the brown tip of the tail; the colors paler than in the former, bill slenderer,
+and tarsi longer.</p>
+
+<p>A variety of this species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_78" id="fnanchor_78"></a><a href="#footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></span>)
+is found at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and distinguished
+chiefly by the considerably larger and stouter bill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Ash-throated or Mexican Flycatcher appears to be a common
+species, from San Antonio, Texas, its extreme northeastern point, southwesterly
+throughout Mexico as far south as Guatemala, and westward to
+the Pacific coast. It has been obtained in various parts of California
+by Mr. Cutts, Mr. Schott, Dr. Heermann, and others, as also on the Gila
+<!--380.png--><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 338]</span>
+River. Dr. Kennerly procured specimens at Los Nogales, Mexico, and
+others have met with it near the city of Mexico, at Saltillo, and in different
+parts of Western Texas. It was found breeding at Cape San Lucas by Mr.
+Xantus.</p>
+
+<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast found this species apparently
+confined to the hot region. He did not meet with it anywhere else.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser thinks that this Flycatcher does not reach San Antonio before
+the latter part of April. The first that came under his notice was one
+that he shot, on the <abbr title="twenty-third">23d</abbr> of that month, on the Medina River. It breeds
+near the Medina and the San Antonio Rivers, making its nest in a hollow tree,
+or taking possession of a deserted Woodpecker’s hole. Mr. Dresser observed
+these birds as far to the east as the Guadaloupe River, where they were common.
+Farther east he saw but very few. Their eggs he speaks of as peculiarly
+marked with a multitude of purple and brown dashes and lines on a
+dull yellowish-brown ground, and very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the Mexican Boundary Survey, individuals of this species were taken
+by Mr. A. Schott, March 31, on the Colorado Bottom; near the Gila River,
+New Mexico, December 31; and also at Eagle Pass, in Texas, date not given.
+Mr. J. H. Clark obtained a specimen at Frontera, Texas, where he mentions
+finding it in great abundance in damp places, or near the water. In May,
+1853, Lieutenant Couch secured several near Saltillo, and notes its occurrence
+among mesquite-bushes. In the following June, Dr. Kennerly found
+them very abundant at Los Nogales. Where two were found together, they
+were generally noticed to be uttering a loud chattering noise.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed in the survey of Lieutenant
+Williamson’s route between the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> and the 35th parallels, mentions
+finding this species abundant. His specimens were obtained near Posa
+Creek. He describes them as of shy and retiring habits, preferring the deep
+and shady forests where its insect food abounds. The nests, found in hollows
+of trees or in a deserted squirrel’s or Woodpecker’s hole, were composed of
+grasses and lined with feathers. The eggs, five in number, he describes as
+cream-colored, marked and speckled with purplish-red dashes and faint
+blotches of a neutral tint.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found them a common summer resident in Arizona, where they
+arrived in the third week in April and remained until the middle of September.
+They were seldom found among pine-trees, but appeared to prefer
+ravines, hillsides, and creek bottoms. Some wintered as high up in the Colorado
+Valley as Fort Mohave. At Fort Whipple young birds were first
+observed early in July.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper obtained one of this species at Fort Mohave, January 15, and
+is of the opinion that some may habitually winter in the Colorado Valley.
+In California they begin to arrive about March 10, and extend their range
+through very nearly the whole of the State. He describes their notes as
+few, loud, and harsh, but little varied, and uttered from time to time as they
+<!--381.png--><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 339]</span>
+fly after an insect from an accustomed perch, usually a lower dead limb of
+a forest tree. They prefer shady situations, and are said to feed late in the
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this species in all suitable localities, from the Sacramento
+Valley eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains. It was most abundant
+among the oaks of the plains between the Sacramento River and the
+Sierra Nevada; but in the wooded river valleys of the interior, as well as in
+the cedar and piñon or mahogany woods on the mountains of the latter
+region, it was also more or less frequently met with. In its manners it is
+described as a counterpart of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinitus</i>, but its notes, though
+generally similar in character, have not that strength which makes the
+vociferous screaming whistles of the eastern species so noticeable.</p>
+
+<p>This species, or a very closely allied race of it (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>) was procured
+at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus. It had the peculiarities of a
+southern race, stronger feet, stouter bill, and a generally smaller size.</p>
+
+<p>A few individuals of this species were found by Mr. Grayson inhabiting
+the islands of the Three Marias, on the Pacific coast of Mexico. He usually
+saw them among low bushes, darting from their perch after flies and other
+winged insects. They were very silent, and seldom uttered a note.</p>
+
+<p>Four eggs of this species from Matamoras, collected by the late Dr. Berlandier,
+have the following measurements: .82 by .75, .91 by .71, .95 by .75,
+.98 by .75 of an inch. Though having a very close resemblance to the eggs
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. crinita</i>, there are noticeable certain constant variations. The ground-color
+is a little lighter, and has a tinge of pinkish not found in the eggs of
+the eastern species. The markings are more in oblong plashes of irregular
+shape, and rarely exhibit the waving lines. There are more and larger
+blotches of a light purplish-brown. The eggs are a little more spherical in
+their general shape, and the markings are less abundant. The eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M.
+cooperi</i> have a still more roseate tint in the buff of the ground-color, are
+marked with smaller blotches of bright purple and much larger ones of
+lilac-brown. They measure .92 by .75 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SAYORNIS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> ? Ateneo italiano, 1854.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Comptes Rendus, 1854, Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Orn.</abbr> Delattre.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal für <abbr title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr></span> 1856, 1 (type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head with a blended depressed moderate crest. Tarsus decidedly longer
+than middle toe, which is scarcely longer than the hind toe. Bill rather narrow; width
+at base about half the culmen. Tail broad, long, slightly forked; equal to the wings,
+which are moderately pointed, and reach to the middle of the tail. First primary shorter
+than the sixth.</p>
+
+<p>This genus agrees with the preceding in the length of the broad tail, but
+<!--382.png--><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 340]</span>
+has a longer tarsus and a different style of coloration. The species are distinguished
+as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nigricans.</b> Sooty black; abdomen and edge of outer web of lateral
+tail-feather pure white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower tail-coverts pure white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Greater wing-coverts paler toward tips of outer webs. Wing,
+3.60; tail, 3.45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province, United States, and Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower tail-coverts blackish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Greater coverts not appreciably paler at ends. Wing, 3.35; tail,
+3.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, north of Panama
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_79" id="fnanchor_79"></a><a href="#footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Both rows of wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white; white
+edgings of secondaries very conspicuous. Wing, 3.35; tail, 3.30.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada; Venezuela
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_80" id="fnanchor_80"></a><a href="#footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus.</b> Grayish-olive above, and on sides of breast; beneath (including
+throat) white, tinged with sulphur-yellow. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Eastern Province United States; Eastern Mexico.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sayus.</b> Brownish-ashy, the tail and upper tail-coverts black; abdomen
+and crissum deep ochraceous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States,
+and whole of Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK PEWEE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis Birds of Mexico, Taylor's Philosophical Magazine One">Syn. Birds Mex. Taylor’s Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 367.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogy of California and Oregon Route, Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Zoöl. Cal. &amp; Or. Route, Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 81. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa
+nigricans</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 302, <abbr title="plate 474">pl. cccclxxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840,
+218, <abbr title="plate 60">pl. lx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 326. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius
+nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Tschudi Fauna <abbr title="Peruana">Peruan.</abbr> 1844-46,
+153 (Peru). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span> <abbr title="28">XXVIII</abbr>, 1854, notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr>
+87.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 183.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 38.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax nigricans</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie 4">Cab. Journ. für Ornith. IV</abbr>, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr> 1856, 2
+(type of genus).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. H. II</abbr>, 68. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa semiatra</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of Beechey's Voyage">Zoöl. Beechey
+Voy.</abbr> 1839, 17.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_383.jpg"
+ width="250" height="213"
+ alt="Illustration: Sayornis nigricans"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">3906</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--383.png--><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 341]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings rounded; second, third, and fourth longest; first rather shorter
+than sixth. Tarsi with a second row
+of scales behind. The head and
+neck all round, forepart and sides of
+the breast, dark sooty-brown; the
+rest of the upper parts similar, but
+lighter; faintly tinged with lead-color
+towards the tail. The middle of the
+breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts
+white; some of the latter,
+with the shafts and the centre, brown.
+The lower wing-coverts grayish-brown,
+edged with white. Wings
+dark brown; the edges of secondary
+coverts rather lighter; of primary
+coverts dull white. Edge of the
+exterior vane of the first primary and
+of secondaries white. Tail dark
+brown, with the greater part of the outer vane of the exterior tail-feather white; this
+color narrowing from the base to the tip. Bill and feet black. The tail rounded, rather
+emarginate; feathers broad; more obliquely truncate than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</i>. The bill slender;
+similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>. Length, nearly 7 inches; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.45.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+California coast (Umpqua Valley, Oregon, Newberry), and across by valley of
+Gila and Upper Rio Grande to New Leon, and south; Mazatlan. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859,
+383); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 296); Vera Cruz, <abbr title="temperate and alpine">temp. and alp.</abbr> regions, breeding (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B.
+Soc. I</abbr>, 557); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 60).</p>
+
+<p>The female appears to differ only in the smaller size. A young bird from
+San Francisco has two bands of rusty on the wing; the shoulders and
+hinder part of the back tinged with the same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Within our limits the Black Flycatcher has a distribution very
+nearly corresponding with that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens</i>. It is found from
+Oregon and California on the Pacific coast, to the valley of the Rio Grande,
+and thence south throughout Mexico. It also occurs as a resident in Guatemala.
+Specimens in the Smithsonian Museum are from various parts of
+Mexico, from New Mexico, and California.</p>
+
+<p>During his explorations in Northern Mexico, Lieutenant Couch first met
+with this species at Cadereita, Mexico, in April, occurring in abundance under
+the high banks of the stream which supplies the town with water. Its habits
+appeared to him to be much the same with those of the common Phœbe-Bird
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>). Its nest was supposed to be in the bank. Dr. Kennerly,
+who found it at Espia, Mexico, could not observe any difference in the habits
+from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>. They were both observed in the
+same vicinity, feeding alike on insects and having the same movements.</p>
+
+<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast says that this species is
+known by the common name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aguador</i>. It is very common in both the
+temperate and the colder regions of that State. It nests within the dwelling-houses
+in the city of Orizaba.</p>
+
+<p><!--384.png--><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 342]</span>
+Dr. Kennerly states that after passing the mountains of California, and
+descending into the valley of the San Gabriel River, he found these birds
+quite abundant on the Pueblo Creek in New Mexico, though he had noticed
+none previously. They were generally found perched upon the summit of a
+bush, from which they would occasionally make short excursions in search
+of prey. At the season in which they were observed, March, they were
+rarely found in pairs, from which he inferred they were already hatching.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann speaks of it as abundant throughout all California, and
+as constructing its nests in situations similar to those of the common
+eastern species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>). It seems to have a marked predilection for the
+vicinity of streams and lakes, where it is nearly always to be seen, perched
+upon a stake or branch. It occasionally darts into the air for an insect, and
+returns to the same place to renew its watch and to repeat these movements.
+The nest, composed of mud and mosses and lined with hair, is placed against
+the rocks, the rafters of a house or bridge, or against the inside of a large
+hollow tree, and the eggs, four or five in number, are pure white, speckled
+with red.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this Flycatcher a very abundant and permanent resident
+in the valleys of the Gila and Colorado, and the more southern portions of
+the Territory of Arizona generally. It was not observed in the immediate
+vicinity of Fort Whipple, though it was detected a few miles south of that
+locality. As it has been found on the Pacific coast so much farther north
+than the latitude of Fort Whipple, he thinks it may yet be met with,
+at least as a summer visitant to that place. In his journey from Arizona
+to the Pacific, he ascertained that it is common throughout Southern Arizona,
+being, among land birds, his most constant companion on the route.
+Perched generally in pairs upon the dense verdure that in many places
+overhangs the river, it pursued its constant vocation of securing the vagrant
+insects around it, constantly uttering its peculiar unmelodious notes.
+In all its movements the Pewee of the Eastern States was unmistakably
+reproduced. It was rather shy and wary. In Southern Arizona and California
+it remains throughout the winter. It seems to delight not only in
+river bottoms, but also in deep mountain gorges and precipitous cañons
+with small streams flowing through them.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry found this species quite common in Northern California,
+and specimens were also obtained as far to the north as the Umpqua Valley
+in Oregon. According to Dr. Cooper it is an abundant and resident species in
+all the lower parts of California, except the Colorado Valley, where he found
+none later than March 25, as they had all evidently passed on farther north.
+At San Diego, at that date, the following year (1862), all these birds had
+nests and eggs, and were there, as elsewhere, the first birds to build. Their
+nest, he states, is formed of an outer wall of mud about five and a quarter
+inches wide and three and a half high. It is built like that of the Barn
+Swallow, in little pellets, piled successively, as they dry, in the shape of
+<!--385.png--><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 343]</span>
+a half-cup. They are fastened to a wall, or sometimes placed on a shelf,
+beam, or ledge of a rock, but are always under some protecting cover, often
+under a bridge. They are lined with fine grass or moss, and horse or cow
+hair. The eggs, four or five in number, he describes as pure white, measuring
+.74 by .55 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is said to prefer the vicinity of human habitations, and also to
+keep about water, on account of the numerous flies they find in such situations.
+It will often sit for hours at a time on the end of a barn, or some
+other perch, uttering a monotonous but not unpleasant ditty, which resembles,
+according to Dr. Cooper, the sound of <i class="birdcall">pittic pittit</i>, alternately repeated, and
+quite like the cry of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>, which is its exact counterpart
+in habits. It is said to fly only a short distance at a time, turning and
+dodging quickly in pursuit of its prey, which it captures with a sharp snap
+of the bill.</p>
+
+<p>This species was met with by Mr. Ridgway only in the vicinity of Sacramento
+City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, where it seemed to replace our eastern Pewee, having the
+same familiarity and general habits, and with notes not distinguishable from
+some belonging to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species, as described by Dr. Cooper and by Dr. Heermann,
+are either pure white unspotted, or else white with fine red dots, in this
+respect resembling the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>, which present the same variations.
+The measurements of those in my cabinet vary from .75 by .56 of an
+inch to .78 by .60.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Salvin says that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i> is a resident species at Dueñas, in
+Guatemala, where it may always be found at a short distance from the village,
+up the stream of the river Guacatate. It also occurs about the lake.
+In its actions it is described as a lively and restless species, in this respect
+having but little resemblance to the Tyrant Flycatchers. It may always be
+found near water, generally sitting on a stone on the margin, from which it
+constantly darts to seize a fly or an insect from the surface. His remarks
+may, however, refer to the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PEWEE; PHŒBE-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 931.&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham</span>, Index, <abbr title="Ornithologicus Two">Orn. II</abbr>, 1790, 483.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 68, <abbr title="plate 40">pl. xl</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Obs. Wilson</abbr>, 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 115.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Synopsis, 68.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 122; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 424, <abbr title="plate 120">pl. cxx</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Synopsis, 1839, 43.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 223, <abbr title="plate 63">pl. lxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr title="Long">L.</abbr>
+Island, 1844, 42. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula fusca</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus
+fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 312. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Aulanax fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four">Cab.
+Journ. IV</abbr>, 1856, 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa atra</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 946.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 278. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa phœbe</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, Index <abbr title="Ornithologicus Two">Orn. II</abbr>, 1790, 489. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa
+nunciola</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 78, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius nunciola</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera,
+<!--386.png--><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 344]</span>
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa carolinensis fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology Two">Orn. II</abbr>, 1760, 367. <cite>Black-headed
+Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Arctic Zoölogy Two">Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 389, 269. <cite>Black-cap Flycatcher</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, Synopsis,
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 353. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidias fuscus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> M. H. II</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1859, 69 (type).&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span>
+Catal.</abbr> 1862, 234. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 184.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 133.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 1871, 299.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_386.jpg"
+ width="250" height="207"
+ alt="Illustration: Sayornis nigricans"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Sides of breast and upper parts dull olive-brown, fading slightly towards
+the tail. Top and sides of head dark brown.
+A few dull white feathers on the eyelids.
+Lower parts dull yellowish-white, mixed
+with brown on the chin, and in some individuals
+across the breast. Quills brown, the
+outer primary, secondaries, and tertials
+edged with dull white. In some individuals
+the greater coverts faintly edged with dull
+white. Tail brown; outer edge of lateral
+feather dull white; outer edges of the rest
+like the back. Tibiæ brown. Bill and feet
+black. Bill slender, edges nearly straight.
+Tail rather broad and slightly forked.
+Third quill longest; second and fourth
+nearly equal; the first shorter than sixth. Length, 7 inches; wing, 3.42; tail, 3.30.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America; Eastern Mexico to Mirador and Orizaba. Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Caban.</span>
+J. IV</abbr>, 1); Xalapa, (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 234); Vera Cruz, winter (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557);
+San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 773, rare).</p>
+
+<p>In autumn, and occasionally in early spring, the colors are much clearer
+and brighter. Whole lower parts sometimes bright sulphur-yellow; above,
+greenish-olive; top and sides of the head tinged with sooty. In the young
+of the year the colors are much duller; all the wing-coverts broadly tipped
+with light ferruginous, as also the extreme ends of the wings and tail-feathers.
+The brown is prevalent on the whole throat and breast; the hind
+part of the back, rump, and tail strongly ferruginous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Pewee, or Phœbe-Bird, a well-known harbinger of early
+spring, is a common species throughout the whole of eastern North America,
+from the Rio Grande, on the southwest, to the provinces of Nova Scotia
+and New Brunswick on the northeast, and as far west as the Missouri River.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse found it common both throughout Texas and in the Indian
+Territory. It was taken by Sumichrast in the Department of Vera
+Cruz, but he was in doubt whether it occurs there as a resident or is only
+migratory. It was observed at San Antonio, Texas, but only as a migrant,
+by both Dresser and Heermann; but at Houston, in that State, it evidently
+remains and breeds, as individuals were seen there in June by Dresser.
+Specimens were taken in February at Brownsville, Texas, by Lieutenant
+Couch, and afterwards in March on the opposite side of the river,&mdash;in
+Tamaulipas, Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>In South Carolina, Dr. Coues found these birds most common in the
+months of February and March, and again in October and November. He
+had no doubt that some remain and pass the winter, and that others are
+<!--387.png--><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 345]</span>
+resident in the State during the summer months, but believes the great
+majority go farther north to breed.</p>
+
+<p>In Western Maine it is a common summer visitant, breeding there in considerable
+numbers. Professor Verrill states that it is frequently seen there
+the first of March, becoming quite common by the first of April. It is also
+a summer visitant about Calais, where it breeds, but is rather rare. At
+Hamilton, Canada, Mr. McIlwraith reports it as a common summer resident,
+arriving about April 15.</p>
+
+<p>In Pennsylvania this species arrives among the earliest spring visitants,
+sometimes as early as the first week in March, and continues in that region
+until late in October. Wilson has seen specimens as late as the 12th of
+November. He states that in the month of February he met with them
+feeding on the smilax berries in the low, swampy woods of North and South
+Carolina. They were already chanting their simple, plaintive notes. In
+Massachusetts they usually arrive from the 15th to the 25th of March.
+In the warm spring of 1870 they were already abundant by the 10th.
+They were nesting early in April, and their first brood was ready to fly by
+the middle of May. They have two broods in a season, and occasionally
+perhaps three, as I have known fresh eggs in the middle of August. They
+leave late in October, unless the season be unusually open, when a few linger
+into November.</p>
+
+<p>Their well-known and monotonous, though not unpleasing, note of <i class="birdcall">pē-wēē</i>,
+or, as some hear it, <i class="birdcall">phœ-bēē</i>, is uttered with more force and frequency in
+early spring than later in the season, though they repeat the note throughout
+their residence north. It usually has some favorite situation, in which it
+remains all the morning, watching for insects and continually repeating its
+simple song. As he sits, he occasionally flirts his tail and darts out after
+each passing insect, always returning to the same twig.</p>
+
+<p>This species is attracted both to the vicinity of water and to the neighborhood
+of dwellings, probably for the same reason,&mdash;the abundance of insects in
+either situation. They are a familiar, confiding, and gentle bird, attached
+to localities, and returning to them year after year. They build in sheltered
+situations, as under a bridge, under a projecting rock, in the porches of
+houses, and in similar situations. I have known them to build on a small
+shelf in the porch of a dwelling; against the wall of a railroad-station, within
+reach of the passengers; and under a projecting window-sill, in full view
+of the family, entirely unmoved by the presence of the latter at mealtime.</p>
+
+<p>Their nests are constructed of small pellets of mud, placed in layers one
+above the other, in semicircular form, covered with mosses, and warmly lined
+with fine straw and feathers. When the nest is placed on a flat surface,&mdash;a
+shelf or a projecting rock,&mdash;it is circular in form, and mud is not made
+use of. A nest of this description, taken by Mr. Vickary in Lynn, and containing
+five eggs, was constructed on a ledge, protected by an overhanging
+<!--388.png--><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 346]</span>
+rock, only a few feet from the ground. It measured four and a half inches
+in diameter and three in height. The cavity was nearly three inches wide
+and one and a half deep. Its base was constructed of layers of fine leaves,
+strips of bark, roots of plants, and other miscellaneous materials. The
+great mass of the nest itself was made up of fine mosses closely interwoven,
+and strengthened by an intermixture of firmer plant fibres. The whole was
+carefully and softly lined with strips of the inner bark of various deciduous
+shrubs, fine roots, and finer grasses. The semicircular nests are usually
+placed out of reach of the weather under some projecting shelter.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson states that they often nest in eaves, and occasionally in an open
+well, five or six feet down, among the interstices of the side-walls. Nuttall
+has known them to nest in an empty kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>Their attachment to a locality, when once chosen, is remarkable, and is
+often persevered in under the most discouraging circumstances. In one instance,
+Nuttall states that a nest was built in the boathouse at Fresh Pond,
+Cambridge,&mdash;a place so common as to be almost a thoroughfare. Although
+with its young brood this nest was torn down by ruffian hands, the female
+immediately built a new one in the same spot, and laid five additional eggs.
+This was lined with the silvery shreds of a manilla rope, taken from the
+loft over the boathouse.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the common call-note, from which these birds derive their name,
+they have, during the love-season, a low twittering song with which they
+entertain their mates, but which is heard only when the birds are in company,
+and for a brief season.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of the Pewee is an alternation of soaring and a succession of
+light fluttering motions, more rapid when pursuing its prey than in its
+ordinary movements. Its crest is usually erected when it is in motion, or on
+the lookout for insects.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon found these birds in full song in Florida during the winter,
+and as lively as in spring, but met with none breeding south of Charleston.
+They leave Louisiana in February, and return to it in October. They feed
+largely on berries, especially during the winter, and Mr. Maynard found
+some in the spring of 1868 with hawthorn berries in their stomachs.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of the Pewee measure .80 of an inch in length and .60 in breadth.
+They are of a rounded oval shape, pointed at one end and much larger at the
+other. Their ground-color is a pure bright white, and generally unspotted;
+but a certain proportion, one set in every five or six, is distinctly marked
+with reddish-brown dots at the larger end.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--389.png--><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 347]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis sayus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAY’S PEWEE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa saya</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 20, <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>, fig. 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838,
+428, <abbr title="plate 359">pl. ccclix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 217, <abbr title="plate 59">pl. lix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus saya</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 311. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius saya</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1844-49, 249. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ochthœca
+sayĭ</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wiegmann Archiv</span>, 1847, <abbr title="one"><span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 255 (not type). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula saya</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 183. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax sayus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Journ.
+Orn.</abbr> 1856, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula pallida</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis Birds of Mexico, Number">Syn. Birds Mex. No.</abbr> 15, in Taylor’s
+<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 367. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis pallida</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 204. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis
+sayus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 185.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 9.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Theromyias saya</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> M. H. II</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1859, 68 (type).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above and on the sides of the head, neck, and breast, grayish-brown,
+darker on the crown; region about the eye dusky. The chin, throat, and upper part of
+the breast similar to the back, but rather lighter and tinged with the color of the rest of
+the lower parts, which are pale cinnamon. Under wing-coverts pale rusty-white. The
+wings of a rather deeper tint than the back, with the exterior vanes and tips of the quills
+darker. Edges of the greater and secondary coverts, of the outer vane of the outer
+primary, and of the secondaries and tertials, dull white. The upper tail-coverts and tail
+nearly black. Edge of outer vane of exterior tail-feather white. Bill dark brown,
+rather paler beneath. The feet brown. Second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal;
+fifth nearly equal to sixth; sixth much shorter than the fifth. Tail broad, emarginate.
+Tarsi with a posterior row of scales. Length, 7 inches; wing, 4.30; tail, 3.35.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Missouri and central High Plains, westward to the Pacific and south to Mexico.
+Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 366); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> List, 199); Vera Cruz, winter? (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. Bost.
+Soc. I</abbr>, 557); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 473, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A.
+N. S.</abbr> 1866, 60).</p>
+
+<p>The young of the year have the upper parts slightly tinged with ferruginous;
+two broad (ferruginous) bands on the wings formed by the tips of the
+first and second coverts. The quills and tail rather darker than in an adult
+specimen.</p>
+
+<p>Autumnal specimens are simply more deeply colored than spring examples,
+the plumage softer and more blended.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Say’s Flycatcher has an extended distribution throughout western
+North America, from Mexico, on the south, to the plains of the Saskatchewan
+on the north, and from the Rio Grande and the Missouri to the Pacific
+Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>It was first discovered by Mr. Titian Peale on the Arkansas River, near
+the Rocky Mountains, and described by Bonaparte. Mr. Peale noticed a
+difference in its voice from that of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>, and found it nesting
+in a tree, building a nest of mud and moss, lined with dried grasses. Its
+young were ready to fly in July. Richardson obtained individuals of this
+species at the Carlton House, May 13. It is not given by Cooper and
+Suckley in their Zoölogy of Washington Territory, but Dr. Newberry found
+it not uncommon throughout both Oregon and California.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumichrast ascertained the presence of this bird within the Department
+<!--390.png--><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 348]</span>
+of Vera Cruz, but whether there as resident or as exclusively migratory he
+was not able to state. It has also been found in winter throughout Mexico.
+Mr. J. H. Clark met with it near Fort Webster, in New Mexico, and describes
+it as particularly abundant about the copper mines. One of the shafts near
+the fort, and which was partially filled up, served as a sinkhole for the offal
+of the town, and around this quite a number of these birds could always be
+seen in pursuit of flies and insects attracted to the place. Mr. Clark observed
+that their sudden darting from their perch and their instantaneous return
+were not always attended with the capture of an insect, but seemed at times
+to be done only for amusement or exercise. Mr. Dresser first noticed these
+birds in November, when walking in the gardens of the arsenal at San
+Antonio. On his journey to Eagle Pass in December, he saw several daily,
+generally in pairs. They would perch on a bush by the roadside, occasionally
+darting off after some insect, and, as soon as he drew near, would fly off to a
+convenient perch some distance ahead, thus keeping in advance for miles.
+During the months of January and February they were not uncommon,
+but after that he lost sight of them altogether. They seemed to prefer
+the open country, as he generally found them on the prairies, and never
+in the mesquite thickets. Their stomachs were found to contain small
+insects.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse frequently met with these birds in Western Texas and in
+New Mexico. They seemed more silent and more shy than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>, but
+otherwise similar in their habits.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly met with this species at Bill Williams’s Fork, New Mexico,
+February 10, 1854. He states that he found them common in Texas, and as
+far to the westward as the Great Colorado River. They built their nests
+under the cliffs along the stream, and in notes and in every other respect
+closely resembled the common Pewee.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann mentions finding this species abundant in Southern California.
+It was more especially plentiful in the fall, at the time of its migration
+southward. He also found it in New Mexico, in the northern part of
+Texas, near El Paso, and in Sacramento Valley, though somewhat rare. In
+migrating, it prefers the deep valleys bordered by high hills, but also occurs
+on the open plains, where, perched on the stalk of some dead weed, or on a
+prominent rock, it darts forth in pursuit of its prey, to return to the same
+point.</p>
+
+<p>In Arizona, Dr. Coues found this Flycatcher common throughout the Territory.
+At Fort Whipple it was a summer resident. It was one of the first
+of the migratory birds to make its appearance in spring, arriving early in
+March, and remained among the last, staying until October. It winters
+in the Colorado Valley and the southern portions of the Territory generally.
+He found it frequenting almost exclusively open plains, in stunted chaparral
+and sage brush. In some other points of habits it is said to differ remarkably
+from our other Flycatchers. It does not habitually frequent cañons,
+<!--391.png--><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 349]</span>
+rocky gorges, and secluded banks of streams, as does <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>, nor does it
+inhabit forests, like other Flycatchers.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper regards this bird as mostly a winter visitor in the southern
+and western parts of California, where he has seen none later than March.
+In summer it is said to migrate to the great interior plains as far to the
+north as latitude 60<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. It arrives from the north at Los Angeles in September,
+and perhaps earlier in the northern part of the State, and possibly <a name="note25" id="note25"></a>breeds
+there east of the Sierras. Mr. Allen found it common in Colorado Territory,
+among the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In the arid portions of the Great Basin this species was often seen by Mr.
+Ridgway. In its natural state it preferred rocky shores of lakes or rivers,
+or similar places in the cañons of the mountains, where it attached its bulky
+down-lined nests to the inside of small caves or recesses in the rocks, usually
+building them upon a small projecting shelf. Wherever man has erected
+a building in those desert wastes,&mdash;as at the stage-stations along the road,
+or in the mining towns,&mdash;it immediately assumed the familiarity of our
+eastern Pewee, at once taking possession of any outbuilding or any abandoned
+dwelling. Its notes differ widely from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i> and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nigricans</i>, the common one consisting of a wailing <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">peer</i>, varied by a tremulous
+twitter, and more resembling certain tones of the Wood Pewees (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus
+virens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</i>), with others which occasionally call to mind
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This species has been observed as far to the east as Racine, Wisconsin,
+where it was taken by Dr. P. R. Hoy. The specimen was sent to Mr. Cassin,
+and its identity fully established. Dr. Palmer found it breeding near
+Fort Wingate, in Arizona, June 11, 1869, and Mr. Ridgway obtained its
+nests and eggs at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, May 23, 1868. One of these
+nests (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 13,588) he describes as a nearly globular mass, more flattened on
+top, 3.50 inches in depth by 4.00 in diameter, and composed chiefly of spiders’
+webs, with which is mixed very fine vegetable fibres, of various descriptions.
+This composition forms the bulk of the nest, and makes a closely matted
+and tenacious, but very soft structure; the neat but rather shallow cavity
+is lined solely with the grayish-white down of wild ducks. The nest was
+placed on a shelf inside a small cave on the shore of the island, at about
+ten or twelve feet from the water.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs are rounded at one end and pointed at the other, measure .82
+of an inch in length by .65 in breadth. They are of a uniform chalky white,
+and, so far as I am aware, entirely unspotted.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--392.png--><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 350]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CONTOPUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie 3">Journ. für Ornith. III</abbr>, <abbr title="November">Nov.</abbr> 1855, 479. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa virens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_392.jpg"
+ width="250" height="206"
+ alt="Illustration: Contopus borealis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">942</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tarsus very short, but stout; less than the middle toe and scarcely longer
+than the hinder; considerably less than the culmen. Bill quite broad at the base; wider
+than half the culmen. Tail
+moderately forked. Wings
+very long and much pointed,
+reaching beyond the middle
+of the tail; the first primary
+about equal to the fourth. All
+the primaries slender and rather
+acute, but not attenuated.
+Head moderately crested. Color
+olive above, pale yellowish
+beneath, with a darker patch
+on the sides of the breast.
+Under tail-coverts streaked in
+most species. A tuft of cottony-white
+feathers on each side of
+the rump (concealed in most
+species).</p>
+
+<p>This genus is pre-eminently characterized among North American Flycatchers
+by the very short tarsi, and the long and much pointed wings.</p>
+
+<p>In most other genera, as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayoris, Myiarchus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, a trace of a
+cottony tuft may be discovered by careful search on the flanks; but in the
+present genus, there is, in addition, the tufts on the rump, not found in the
+others. The species are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Cottony patch of white feathers on sides of the rump greatly developed, and
+conspicuous. Rictal bristles very short (about one fourth the length of the bill).
+Lower parts distinctly and abruptly white medially (somewhat interrupted on
+the breast).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. borealis.</b> First quill longer than the fourth, generally exceeding
+the third. Wing, 4.00 to 4.40; tail, 2.90 to 3.00; culmen, .90;
+tarsus, .60. Above dark olive-plumbeous, the tertials edged with
+whitish; lower parts a lighter shade of the same, laterally and across
+the breast (narrowly), the throat and middle line of the abdomen
+being abruptly white. Young not different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern parts of
+North America, to the north border of United States; on the mountain-ranges,
+farther south, on the interior ranges, penetrating through Mexico
+to Costa Rica.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Cottony patch on side of rump rudimentary and concealed. Rictal bristles
+strong (one half, or more, the length of the bill). Lower parts not distinctly
+white medially.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> First primary shorter than fifth, but exceeding the sixth. Tail shorter
+than wings.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<!--393.png--><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 351]</span>
+2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pertinax.</b> Wing more than 3.50. Grayish-olive, becoming lighter
+on the throat (indistinctly) and abdomen (decidedly). No distinct
+light bands on the wing. Rictal bristles about half the length of bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+The olive of a grayish cast, and not darker on the crown. Wing,
+4.45; tail, 3.90; depth of its fork, .35; culmen, .92; tarsus, .70.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, generally north into Arizona (Fort Whipple, <span class="sc">Coues</span>)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i></span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="indent3">
+The olive of a sooty cast, and darker on the crown. Wing, 3.60;
+tail, 3.10; its fork, .20; culmen, .83; tarsus, .61. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa
+Rica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_81" id="fnanchor_81"></a><a href="#footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brachytarsus.</b> Wing less than 3.00; colors much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>,
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, but wing-bands distinct, breast less grayish, and pileum
+decidedly darker than the back. Rictal bristles two thirds as long as
+the bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 2.65; tail, 2.55; culmen, .60; tarsus, .53. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Panama
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_82" id="fnanchor_82"></a><a href="#footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.55; culmen, .67; tarsus, .53. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Yucatan
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_83" id="fnanchor_83"></a><a href="#footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> First primary shorter than the sixth. Tail variable.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caribæus.</b> Bill much depressed, very long and broad, the sides
+more nearly parallel on the basal than on the terminal half; rictal bristles
+very strong (two thirds, or more, the length of the bill). Above
+olivaceous, generally rather dark, but varying in tint. Beneath whitish,
+or dull light-ochraceous, more brownish along the sides and (more
+faintly) across the breast. Axillars and lining of the wing deep light-ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Tail longer than wings; bill moderately depressed; rictal bristles
+three fourths as long as the bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Dark greenish-olive above; beneath dingy ochrey-yellowish.
+Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.90; culmen, .78; tarsus, .58. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_84" id="fnanchor_84"></a><a href="#footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Dark olive-gray above; beneath whitish, with scarcely any
+yellowish tinge. Wing, 3.00; tail, 3.05; culmen, .70; tarsus,
+.59. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_85" id="fnanchor_85"></a><a href="#footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Brownish-olive above; beneath deep dingy ochrey-yellowish.
+Wing, 2.85; tail, 2.90; culmen, .66; tarsus, .56. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_86" id="fnanchor_86"></a><a href="#footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Tail shorter than wing; bill excessively depressed; rictal bristles
+only one half as long as the bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+<!--394.png--><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 352]</span>
+Olive-plumbeous above; beneath dingy white (not interrupted
+on the breast); tinged posteriorly with sulphury (not
+ochrey) yellow; wing-bands pale ash. Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.65;
+culmen, .79; tarsus, .63. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Bahamas
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_87" id="fnanchor_87"></a><a href="#footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> First quill much longer than fifth (sometimes equal to fourth). Tail much
+shorter than the wing. Bill much smaller, less depressed, and more triangular;
+rictal bristles about one half the bill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens.</b> Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, but rather more
+olivaceous above, and more distinctly tinged with sulphur-yellow posteriorly
+beneath. Lining of the wings, and axillars, without any
+ochraceous tinge; lower tail-coverts distinctly grayish centrally.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Whitish of the lower parts not interrupted on the breast. Wing,
+3.40; tail, 2.90; culmen, .67; tarsus, .54. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province
+of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Whitish of medial lower parts interrupted by a grayish wash
+across the breast. Wing, 3.40; tail, 2.65 to 2.70; culmen, .70;
+tarsus, .54 to .56. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States, south
+throughout Middle America to Ecuador
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_88" id="fnanchor_88"></a><a href="#footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<!--395.png--><!--Plate 44-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_44.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="44">XLIV</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-1" id="pl_44-1"></a><img src="images/pl_44-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 38325.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-2" id="pl_44-2"></a><img src="images/pl_44-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 42141.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-3" id="pl_44-3"></a><img src="images/pl_44-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1632.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-4" id="pl_44-4"></a><img src="images/pl_44-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus richardsoni</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Colorado River">Col. R.</abbr>, 2962.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-5" id="pl_44-5"></a><img src="images/pl_44-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 38206.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-6" id="pl_44-6"></a><img src="images/pl_44-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax obscurus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53294.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-7" id="pl_44-7"></a><img src="images/pl_44-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hammondii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53305.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-8" id="pl_44-8"></a><img src="images/pl_44-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax traillii</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1025.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-9" id="pl_44-9"></a><img src="images/pl_44-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 41517.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-10" id="pl_44-10"></a><img src="images/pl_44-10.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 10"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2649.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-11" id="pl_44-11"></a><img src="images/pl_44-11.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 11"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1825.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-12" id="pl_44-12"></a><img src="images/pl_44-12.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 12"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2330.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_44-13" id="pl_44-13"></a><img src="images/pl_44-13.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 44 detail 13"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus palescens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Arizona, 40601.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--396.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--397.png--><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 353]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus borealis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> &amp; <abbr title="Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 141, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius borealis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 282.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 422; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 422, <abbr title="plate 174">pl. clxxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 41.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 212, <abbr title="plate 58">pl. lviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus cooperi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 298. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie 3">Journal für Ornithol. III</abbr>,
+<abbr title="November">Nov.</abbr> 1855, 479. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa inornata</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 282. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 188.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 169.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862,
+230.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 135.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 323. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus mesoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 43.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1859, 122, 151. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus nigricans</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab.
+J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 184.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_397.jpg"
+ width="250" height="294"
+ alt="Illustration: Contopus borealis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings long, much pointed; the second quill longest; the first longer than
+the third. Tail deeply forked. Tarsi short. The upper parts ashy-brown, showing
+darker brown centres of the feathers; this is eminently
+the case on the top of the head; the sides of
+the head and neck, of the breast and body, resembling
+the back, but with the edges of the feathers
+tinged with gray, leaving a darker central streak.
+The chin, throat, narrow line down the middle of the
+breast and body, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts
+white, or sometimes with a faint tinge of yellow.
+The lower tail-coverts somewhat streaked with brown
+in the centre. On each side of the rump, generally
+concealed by the wings, is an elongated bunch of
+white silky feathers. The wings and tail very dark
+brown, the former with the edges of the secondaries
+and tertials edged with dull white. The lower wing-coverts
+and axillaries grayish-brown. The tips of the
+primaries and tail-feathers rather paler. Feet and
+upper mandible black, lower mandible brown. The young of the year similar, but the
+color duller; edges of wing-feathers dull rusty instead of grayish-white. The feet light
+brown. Length, 7.50; wing, 4.33; tail, 3.30; tarsus, .60.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northern portions of whole of North America, throughout Rocky Mountains,
+south through elevated regions of Mexico to Costa Rica. Localities: Oaxaca, high regions,
+<abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 301); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 366); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Costa
+Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX,</abbr> 115); Veragua (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> 1870, 199); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis,
+1865, 474, winter).</p>
+
+<p>There is wonderfully little variation in this species, both in coloration and
+size, with different regions; in fact none other than individual can be
+observed. Contrary to the usual rule, spring specimens have a more
+appreciable sulphur-yellow tinge below.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This still comparatively rare species was first obtained by Richardson
+and described by Swainson. The specimen was shot on the Saskatchewan.
+No other was taken, and no information was obtained in reference
+to its habits. It appears to have been next met with by Mr. John Bethune,
+in Cambridge, June 7, 1830, in the woods of Mount Auburn. This and a
+<!--398.png--><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 354]</span>
+second specimen, obtained soon after, were females, on the point of incubation.
+A third female was shot in the following year, June 21. Supposed to
+be a new species, it was described by Mr. Nuttall as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus cooperi</i>. All
+the specimens procured had their stomachs filled with torn fragments of bees,
+wasps, and similar insects.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall, who watched the motions of two other living individuals of
+this species, states that they appeared tyrannical and quarrelsome even with
+each other. Their attacks were always accompanied with a whining, querulous
+twitter. The disputes seemed to be about the occupancy of certain territories.
+One bird, a female, appeared to confine herself to a small clump of red
+cedars, in the midst of a sandy piece of forest. From the tree-tops she kept
+a sharp lookout for passing insects, and pursued them, as they appeared, with
+great vigor and success, sometimes chasing them to the ground, and returning
+to her perch with a mouthful which she devoured at her leisure. When
+she resumed her position, she would occasionally quiver her wings and tail,
+erect her crest, keeping up a whistling call of <i class="birdcall">pŭ-pŭ</i>, uttered with variations.
+Besides this call the male had a short song which sounded like <i class="birdcall">ch’-phe’bēē</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The nest of this pair Mr. Nuttall discovered in the horizontal branch of a
+tall red cedar, fifty feet from the ground. It was made externally of interlaced
+dead twigs of the cedar, lined with wiry stems, and dry grasses, and
+fragments of lichens. It contained three young, which remained in the nest
+twenty-three days, and were fed on beetles and other insects. Before they
+left their nests they could fly as well as their parents. The male bird was
+very watchful, and would frequently follow Mr. Nuttall half a mile. They
+were in no way timid, and allowed him to investigate them and their premises
+without any signs of alarm.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832 the same pair, apparently, took possession of a small juniper, near
+the tree they had occupied the year before, in which, at the height of fifteen
+feet, they placed their nest. It contained four eggs which, except in their
+superior size, were precisely similar to those of the Wood Pewee, yellowish
+cream-color, with dark brown and lavender-purple spots, thinly dispersed.
+After removing two of these eggs, the others were accidentally rolled out of the
+nest. The pair constructed another nest, again in a cedar-tree, at a short distance.
+The next year they did not return to that locality. Mr. Nuttall afterwards
+met with individuals of this species in the fir woods on the Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of August, 1832, Mr. Audubon, in company with Mr. Nuttall,
+obtained the specimen of this species in Brookline, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, from which his
+drawing was made. In the course of his journey farther east, Audubon
+found it in Maine, on the Magdeleine Islands, and on the coast of Labrador.
+He afterwards met with it in Texas.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Boardman reports the Olive-sided Flycatcher as having of late years
+been very abundant during the summer in the dead woods about the lakes
+west of Calais, where formerly they were quite uncommon. Mr. Verrill
+mentions it as a summer visitant in Oxford County, in the western part of
+<!--399.png--><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 355]</span>
+the State, but not very common, and as undoubtedly breeding there. It was
+never observed there before the 20th of May. It is said to be more abundant
+at Lake Umbagog.</p>
+
+<p>In Western Massachusetts Mr. Allen regards this bird as a not very rare
+summer visitant. It arrives about May 12, breeds in high open woods, and
+is seldom seen at any distance from them. It leaves about the middle of
+September.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Brewster, who resides in Cambridge, in the neighborhood in
+which this species was first observed by Mr. Nuttall, informs me that these
+birds still continue to be found in that locality. He has himself met with
+five or six of their nests, all of which were placed near the extremity of
+some long horizontal branch, usually that of a pitch-pine, but on one occasion
+in that of an apple-tree. The eggs were laid about the 15th of June,
+in only one instance earlier. The females were very restless, and left their
+nest long before he had reached it, and, sitting on some dead branch continually
+uttered, in a complaining tone, notes resembling the syllables <i class="birdcall">pill-pill-pill</i>,
+occasionally varying to <i class="birdcall">pu-pu-pu</i>. The males were fierce and quarrelsome,
+and attacked indiscriminately everything that came near their
+domain, sometimes seeming even to fall out with their mates, fighting savagely
+with them for several seconds. When incubation was at all far
+advanced, the birds evinced considerable courage, darting down to within a
+few inches of his head, if he approached their nest, at the same time loudly
+snapping their bills.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this Flycatcher was found in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O.
+Welch, in June, 1858. It was built on the top of a dead cedar, and contained
+three eggs. It was a flat, shallow structure, five inches in its external
+diameter, and with a very imperfectly defined cavity. The greatest depth
+was less than half an inch. It was coarsely and loosely built of strips of
+the bark and fine twigs of the red cedar, roots, mosses, dry grasses, etc.
+The nest was so shallow, that, in climbing to it, two of the eggs were rolled
+out and broken.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles S. Paine has found this bird breeding in Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr> On
+one occasion he found its nest on the top of a tall hemlock-tree, but was not
+able to get to it.</p>
+
+<p>In Philadelphia, Mr. Trumbull found this species very rare. It passed
+north early in May, and south in September. Near Hamilton, Canada, it is
+very rare, none having been seen; and two specimens obtained near Toronto
+are all that Mr. McIlwraith is aware of having been taken in Canada West.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy informs me that this species used to be quite common near
+Racine, frequenting the edges of thick woods, where they nested. They have
+now become quite scarce. Some years since, he found one of their nests,
+just abandoned by the young birds, which their parents were engaged in
+feeding. It was on the horizontal branch of a maple, and was composed
+wholly of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">usneæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p><!--400.png--><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 356]</span>
+In Washington Territory this bird appears to be somewhat more common
+than in other portions of the United States. Dr. Suckley obtained a specimen
+at Fort Steilacoom, July 10, 1856. It was not very abundant about
+Puget Sound, and showed a preference for shady thickets and dense foliage,
+where it was not easily shot. Dr. Cooper speaks of it as very common,
+arriving early in May and frequenting the borders of woods, where, stationed
+on the tops of tall dead trees, it repeats a loud and melancholy cry throughout
+the day, during the whole of summer. It frequents small pine groves
+along the coast, and also in the interior, and remains until late in September.</p>
+
+<p>In California Dr. Cooper found this species rather common in the Coast
+Range towards Santa Cruz, where they had nests in May; but as these were
+built in high inaccessible branches, he was not able to examine them. He
+also found it at Lake Tahoe in September.</p>
+
+<p>This species was only met with by Mr. Ridgway in the pine woods high
+up on the East Humboldt, Wahsatch, and Uintah Mountains. There it was
+breeding, but was nowhere abundant, not more than two pairs being observed
+within an area of several miles. They preferred the rather open pine
+woods, and were shot from the highest branches. Their common note was a
+mellow <i class="birdcall">puer</i>, much like one of the whistling notes of the Cardinal Grosbeak
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser states it to be not uncommon near San Antonio in the winter
+season. Dr. Heermann mentions that two specimens of this species were
+obtained, to his knowledge, on the Cosumnes River, in California. It has
+been taken in winter, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard, and
+has been met with at Jalapa, and even as far south as Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>A single specimen of this bird was taken, August 29, 1840, at Nenortalik,
+Greenland, and sent to Copenhagen.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species measure .86 of an inch in length by .62 in breadth,
+and are rounded at one end and sharply tapering at the other. The ground-color
+is a rich cream-color with a roseate tint. They are beautifully marked
+around the larger end with a ring of confluent spots of lilac, purple, and
+red-brown. These vary in number and in the size of this crown, but the
+markings are invariably about the larger end, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis &amp; Heine</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEXICAN OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis et Heineanum, Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> et <span class="sc">Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 72.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue of American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862,
+231.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Philadelphia">Pr. Ac. Phil.</abbr> 1866, 60.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of America, One, plate 8">Illust. B. Am. I, pl. viii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Geological Survey California Ornithology One">Geol. Surv. Calif. Orn. I</abbr>, 324.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 324. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 301; 1859, 43; Ibis, 1859, 122, 440.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Nearly uniformly olive-gray, lighter on the throat and abdominal region,
+where is a strong tinge of ochraceous-yellow; feathers of the wings with faintly lighter
+<!--401.png--><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 357]</span>
+edges. Length about 8.00; wing, 4.45; tail, 3.90; depth of its fork, .35; culmen, .92;
+tarsus, .70. Rictal bristles long, about half the bill; lower mandible whitish. <i class="age">Young.</i>
+Similar, but with a stronger ochraceous tinge on the abdomen and lining of the wings,
+and two distinct ochraceous bands across the wing.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mexico generally, into southern borders of United States (Fort Whipple,
+Arizona; <span class="sc">Dr. Coues</span>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Coues found this species a rare summer resident at Fort
+Whipple, where a single specimen was taken August 20, in good plumage.
+This was its first introduction into the fauna of the United States. It is one
+of several Mexican and peninsular birds found in Upper Arizona, probably
+following the course of the valley of the Great Colorado River. No observations
+were made in reference to its habits.</p>
+
+<p>This species is abundant in the Department of Vera Cruz, according to
+Mr. Sumichrast, who gives it as confined to the alpine region. He found
+both it and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> common in the mountains of Orizaba, between the
+height of 3,600 and 7,500 feet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WOOD PEWEE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa virens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 327.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 936.&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham</span>,
+Index <abbr title="Ornithologicus">Orn.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Verz.</abbr> 1823, 563.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 285.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 93; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 425, <abbr title="plate 115">pl. cxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 42.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 231, <abbr title="plate 64">pl. lxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr title="Long">L.</abbr> Island, 1844, 43. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa
+querula</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 68, <abbr title="plate 39">pl. xxxix</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Wilson</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa
+rapax</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 81, <abbr title="plate 13, figure">pl. xiii, f.</abbr> 5. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula virens</i>, <abbr title="Richardson Appendix"><span class="sc">Rich.</span> App.</abbr>
+Back’s Voyage.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius virens</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus virens</i>,
+<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal für Ornithologie,</span>
+<abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, Nov. 1855, 479.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 190.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr>
+1862, 231.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 137.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+The second quill longest; the third a little shorter; the first shorter than
+the fourth; the latter nearly .40 longer than the fifth. The primaries more than an inch
+longer than the secondaries. The upper parts, sides of the head, neck, and breast, dark
+olivaceous-brown, the latter rather paler, the head darker. A narrow white ring round
+the eye. The lower parts pale yellowish, deepest on the abdomen; across the breast
+tinged with ash. This pale ash sometimes occupies the whole of the breast, and even
+occasionally extends up to the chin. It is also sometimes glossed with olivaceous. The
+wings and tail dark brown; generally deeper than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fuscus</i>. Two narrow bands
+across the wing, the outer edge of first primary and of the secondaries and tertials, dull
+white. The edges of the tail-feathers like the back; the outer one scarcely lighter.
+Upper mandible black; the lower yellow, but brown at the tip. Length, 6.15; wing,
+3.50; tail, 3.05.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to the borders of the high Central Plains. Localities:
+? Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Mexico (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 441); Cuba? (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. III</abbr>, 479;
+<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.</abbr> 1865, 239); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 248; <abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 115); Coban (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+List); Vera Cruz, alpine region, breeds (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 557); San Antonio, Texas
+and Eastern Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, breeds).</p>
+
+<p><!--402.png--><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 358]</span>
+Young birds are duller in plumage; the whitish markings of wing tinged
+with ferruginous; the lower mandible more dusky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Wood Pewee of eastern North America occurs in
+abundance from the Atlantic to the great plains, and from Texas to New
+Brunswick. It breeds from South Carolina and Texas north. It is found in
+Central and Southern Maine, but is not so abundant as it is farther south.
+It is found near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephens, <abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, and breeds in that vicinity, but is not
+common. It is a summer visitant at Norway, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, but Professor Verrill
+states that it is much less common than in Massachusetts, where it arrives
+the last of May. At Hamilton, in Canada, Mr. McIlwraith records this
+species as abundant in the summer, arriving there the middle of May. I am
+not aware of its having been taken north of the 45th parallel of latitude, with
+the exception of one at Red River, Minnesota, and another at Fort William
+by Mr. Kennicott. It is said by Dr. Coues to be a summer resident of South
+Carolina from the middle of April to the middle of October, and Mr. Dresser
+states that he found it very common in the wooded river-bottoms near San
+Antonio during the summer, not arriving there until late in April or early in
+May. Their call-note, he states, is a low prolonged whistle. Their stomachs
+were found to contain minute coleopterous insects. Dr. Woodhouse also
+speaks of it as common in Texas and in the Indian Territory. In the Department
+of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast found this species, as well as the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus pertinax</i>, common in the mountains of Orizaba, between the height
+of 3,600 and 7,500 feet.</p>
+
+<p>In Pennsylvania, Wilson states that the Wood Pewee is the latest of the
+summer birds in arriving, seldom coming before the 12th or 15th of May.
+He found it frequenting the shady high-timbered woods, where there is little
+underwood and an abundance of dead twigs and branches. It was generally
+found in low situations. He adds that it builds its nest on the upper
+side of a limb or branch, formed outwardly of moss and lined with various
+soft materials, and states that the female lays five white eggs, and that the
+brood leave the nest about the middle of June. Probably the last statement
+is correct as applied to Pennsylvania, but the intimation as to the color of
+the egg and some of the characteristics of the nest is so inaccurate as to
+make it doubtful whether Wilson could have ever seen the nest for himself.</p>
+
+<p>This species, like all its family, is a very expert catcher of insects, even
+the most minute, and has a wonderfully quick perception of their near
+presence, even when the light of day has nearly gone and in the deep gloom
+of thick woods. It takes its station on the end of a low dead limb, from
+which it darts out in quest of insects, sometimes for a single individual,
+which it seizes with a peculiar snap of its bill; and, frequently meeting insect
+after insect, it keeps up a constant snapping sound as it passes on, and finally
+returns to its post to resume its watch. During this watch it occasionally is
+heard to utter a low twitter, with a quivering movement of the wings and
+tail, and more rarely to enunciate a louder but still feeble call-note, sounding
+<!--403.png--><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 359]</span>
+like <i class="birdcall">pēē-ē</i>. These notes are continued until dark, and are also uttered
+throughout the season.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall states that this species at times displays a tyrannical disposition,
+and that it has been observed to chase a harmless Sparrow to the
+ground, because it happened to approach his station for collecting insects.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Audubon, some of these birds spend the winter months
+in the extreme Southern States, Louisiana and Florida, where they feed upon
+berries as well as insects.</p>
+
+<p>In Massachusetts the Wood Pewee is a very abundant species, and may
+usually be found in any open woods, or in an orchard of large spreading
+trees. In the latter situation it frequently breeds. It usually selects a
+lower dead limb of a tree, from ten to thirty feet from the ground, and occasionally,
+but more seldom, a living moss-grown branch. It always chooses
+one that is covered with small lichens, and saddles its nest upon its upper
+surface, so closely assimilated by its own external coating of lichens as not
+to be distinguishable from a natural protuberance on the limb. This structure
+is extremely beautiful, rivalling even the artistic nests of the Humming-Bird.
+It is cup-shaped, and a perfect segment of a sphere in shape. The
+periphery of the nest is made of fine root fibres, small lichens, and bits of
+cobwebs and other similar materials. The outer sides are entirely covered
+with a beautiful coating of mosses and lichens, glued to the materials with
+the saliva of the builder. The eggs are usually four in number, measure
+.78 of an inch in length and .55 in breadth. They are obtuse at one end
+and tapering at the other, have a ground of a rich cream-color, and are
+marked about the larger end with a wreath of blended purple, lilac, and red-brown
+in large and confluent spots. They hatch about the middle of June,
+leave the nest in July, and have but a single brood.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this species, taken in Lynn by Mr. Welch, and built on the
+dead branch of a forest tree, has a diameter of three and a height of one and
+a half inches. The cavity has a depth of one inch, and a diameter, at the
+rim, of two and a half inches. The base is flattened by its position. Its
+walls are strongly woven of fine dry stems, intermingled with vegetable
+down, covered externally with lichens, cemented to the exterior, apparently
+by the secretions of the bird. The base is thinner, and made of softer
+materials.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter months this species is present as a migrant in various
+parts of Mexico, south to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--404.png--><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 360]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SHORT-LEGGED PEWEE; WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula richardsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 146, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa richardsoni</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 299, <abbr title="plate 434">pl. ccccxxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula phœbe</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List,
+1838, 24. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa phœbe</i>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 42.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840,
+219, <abbr title="plate 61">pl. lxi</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Latham</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus phœbe</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840,
+319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus atriceps</i>, <span class="sc">D’Orbigny</span> (fide G. R. <span class="sc">Gray</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus richardsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 189.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870,
+325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus sordidulus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus plebeius</i>, (<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>)
+<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1862, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus bogotensis</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 459.
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula b.</i> <abbr title="Bonaparte Comptes Rendus, page"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Comp. Rend. p.</abbr> 196.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>. Bill broad. Wings very long and much
+pointed, considerably exceeding the tail; second quill longest; third a little shorter; first
+shorter than fourth, and about midway between distance from second to fifth (.60 of
+an inch). Primaries 1.20 inches longer than secondaries. Tail moderately forked.
+Above dark olive-brown (the head darker); the entire breast and sides of head, neck,
+and body of a paler shade of the same, tingeing strongly also the dull whitish throat and
+chin. Abdomen and under tail-coverts dirty pale-yellowish. Quills and tail dark
+blackish-brown; the secondaries narrowly, the tertials more broadly edged with whitish.
+Two quite indistinct bands of brownish-white across the wings. Lower mandible yellow;
+the tip brown. Length, 6.20; wing, 3.65; tail, 3.10.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High central dry plains to the Pacific; Rio Grande Valley, southward to Mexico;
+Labrador (<span class="sc">Audubon</span>). Localities: Orizaba, Guatemala, Coban (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 115); Matamoras, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, breeds); San
+Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, one <abbr title="specimen">spec.</abbr>); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 61).</p>
+
+<p>This species has a very close relationship to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>, agreeing with it in
+general shape of wings and in color. The wings are, however, still longer
+and more pointed; the primaries exceeding the secondaries by nearly 1.25
+inches. The proportions of the quills are nearly the same in both; the
+primaries, too, are similarly a little emarginated or attenuated towards the
+end. The tail is rather more deeply forked, the feathers broader. The
+bills are similar; the feet are larger and stouter.</p>
+
+<p>The general colors are almost precisely the same. The outer primary,
+however, lacks the decidedly white margin. The under parts are much
+darker anteriorly, the entire breast being nearly a uniform olive-brown, but
+little paler than the back; the throat, too, in some specimens, being scarcely
+paler. There is little or none of the pale sulphur-yellow of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> on the
+abdomen, and the under wing-coverts and axillaries are much darker olivaceous.
+In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> the middle line of the breast is always paler than the
+sides, or at least the connecting space is short.</p>
+
+<p>The lower mandible is generally yellow; in a few specimens, however, it
+is quite dusky, especially on its terminal half.</p>
+
+<p>The young bird has the darker head and broader light edgings, with the
+ferruginous tinge on the wing-markings, usually seen in young of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannulas</i>.</p>
+
+<p><!--405.png--><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 361]</span>
+A large series shows considerable variations; autumnal specimens have a
+more appreciable tinge of yellow on the lower parts, while summer individuals
+are more grayish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first obtained by Richardson in the Arctic
+regions, and described by Swainson. It was found in the neighborhood of
+the Cumberland House, where it frequented moist shady woods by the
+banks of rivers and lakes. It was supposed likely to travel in summer as
+far as the shores of the Great Slave Lake.</p>
+
+<p>Since its discovery by Richardson, this Flycatcher has been found to have
+a widely extended geographical range, as far to the south as Guatemala, and
+even Panama, and northward as far as the 60th parallel of latitude, and from
+the great plains to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>During the survey of the Mexican Boundary, specimens of this bird were
+obtained by Mr. J. H. Clark in El Paso, Texas, and in the month of May by
+Lieutenant Couch in Monterey, Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found that this bird was very common near Matamoras during
+the summer, and that they were breeding there. He also shot one specimen
+near San Antonio in May. Its stomach contained small insects. Dr.
+Coues thinks this Flycatcher an exceedingly abundant summer resident in the
+Territory of Arizona. It arrives there in spring about the first of May, the
+latest of the Flycatchers, and is deemed by the Doctor a counterpart of the
+eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>. It departs from that Territory about the third week
+in September. It is found in all situations, but most especially in open forests.</p>
+
+<p>This species arrives in California, according to Dr. Cooper, at least a fortnight
+earlier than the date of its earliest advent in Arizona as given by Dr.
+Coues, or about the 15th of April, and spends its summers in the most
+mountainous parts of the State. It is said to perch mainly on the lower
+dead limbs, watching for the passing insects, uttering occasionally a plaintive
+<i class="birdcall">pe-ah</i>. It is usually very silent, and seems to prefer the dark, solitary
+recesses of the forests.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy informs me that this Flycatcher is occasionally found in the
+neighborhood of Racine, but that it is rare. It keeps in the deep forest,
+and never comes near dwellings in the manner of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This bird was found breeding at Fort Tejon by Mr. Xantus, at Napa
+Valley by Mr. A. J. Grayson, and both in the Sacramento Valley and at
+Parley’s Park, among the Wahsatch Mountains, by Mr. Ridgway.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this bird in the Smithsonian Museum (10,076) from California,
+collected by W. Vuille, had been apparently saddled on the limb of a tree,
+in the manner of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>, having a broad flattened base, and a general
+resemblance to the nests of that species. It differs, however, somewhat in
+regard to materials, and most especially in having no lichens attached to the
+exterior. It has a diameter of three inches and a height of one and a half.
+The cavity is about one inch deep and two wide at the rim. The base and
+sides of this nest are largely composed of the exuviæ of chrysalides, intermingled
+<!--406.png--><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 362]</span>
+with hemp-like fibres of plants, stems, and fine dry grasses. The
+rim is firmly wrought of strong wiry stems, and a large portion of the inner
+nest is of the same material. The whole is warmly and thoroughly lined
+with the soft fine hair of small quadrupeds and with vegetable fibres.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Ridgway, this is the most abundant and generally diffused
+of all the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</i> of the Great Basin, as well as of California. It inhabits
+every grove of the lowest valleys, as well as the highest aspen copses on
+the mountains in the alpine region, and breeds abundantly in all these
+places. Resembling the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i> in its general habits, its appearance,
+and its every motion, it yet differs most widely from it in notes, the common
+one being a disagreeable weird squeak, very unlike the sad, wailing,
+but not unpleasant one of the eastern Wood Pewee. Mr. Ridgway relates
+that having shot a female bird, and taken her nest and eggs, he was surprised,
+a few days afterwards, to find the male with another mate, and a new nest
+built in precisely the same spot from which the other had been taken.
+Upon climbing to the nest, it was found to contain one egg; and the parents
+exhibited very unusual distress. When visited two or three days after, it
+was found to be deserted and the egg broken.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs, three in number, measure .69 of an inch in length and .53 in
+breadth. They have a ground of beautiful cream-color slightly tinged with
+a roseate tint, surrounded at the larger end with a wreath of purple and
+reddish-brown spots. A few smaller markings are sparingly distributed, but
+nearly all are about the larger end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">EMPIDONAX</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Journal für Ornithologie</span>, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, Nov. 1855, 480. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula
+pusilla</i>.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula</i> of most authors.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_406.jpg"
+ width="250" height="199"
+ alt="Illustration: Empidonax acadicus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1225</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tarsus lengthened, considerably longer than the bill, and exceeding the
+middle toe, which is decidedly longer than
+the hind toe. Bill variable. Tail very
+slightly forked, even, or rounded; a little
+shorter only than the wings, which are
+considerably rounded; the first primary
+much shorter than the fourth. Head
+moderately crested. Color olivaceous
+above, yellowish beneath; throat generally
+gray.</p>
+
+<p>The lengthened tarsi, the short
+toes, the short and rounded wings,
+and the plain dull olivaceous of the
+plumage, readily distinguish the
+species of this genus from any other North American Flycatchers. The
+upper plates of the tarsi in a good many species do not encircle the outside,
+but meet there a row on the posterior face.</p>
+
+<p><!--407.png--><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 363]</span>
+There are few species of North American birds more difficult to distinguish
+than the small Flycatchers, the characters, though constant, being very
+slight and almost inappreciable, except to a very acute observer.</p>
+
+<p>The following synopsis may aid in distinguishing the species:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Inner webs of secondaries edged with pinkish-buff.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Olive-brown above, whitish beneath; tibiæ ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. brunneus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_89" id="fnanchor_89"></a><a href="#footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></span>
+Third quill longest, first equal to seventh; tail slightly
+rounded. Russet-olive above, the crown, wings, and tail with a reddish-brown
+tinge; a yellowish-gray shade across the breast, and a faint
+sulphur-yellow tinge to posterior lower parts. Wing-bands broad,
+sharply defined, deep ochraceous; lining of wing and tibiæ slightly
+tinged with the same. Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.30; bill, .57 and .27; tarsus,
+.56; middle toe, .33. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Parana.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. axillaris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_90" id="fnanchor_90"></a><a href="#footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></span>
+Third quill longest, first equal to seventh; tail? Dark
+grayish-brown above, nearly uniform, breast ochraceous-olive; a just
+appreciable tinge of sulphur-yellow on abdomen. Wing-bands narrow,
+badly defined, in color nearly like the back; lining of the wing and
+tibiæ very deep ochraceous. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.50; bill, .60 and .30;
+tarsus, .60; middle toe, .43. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Orizaba.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Olive-green above, yellow beneath; tibiæ greenish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flavescens.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_91" id="fnanchor_91"></a><a href="#footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></span>
+Third, or third and fourth quills longest; first equal to
+eighth. Tail decidedly emarginated. Intense greenish-olive above, the
+crown with a decided russet tinge; beneath bright lemon-yellow, with
+a shade of fulvous-brown across the breast. Wing, 2.35 to 2.70; tail,
+2.20 to 2.40; bill, .59 and .30; tarsus, .66; middle toe, .35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa
+Rica.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. bairdi.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_92" id="fnanchor_92"></a><a href="#footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></span>
+Fourth quill longest, first shorter than eighth. Tail slightly
+emarginated. Dull greenish-olive above, nearly uniform; beneath
+clear sulphur-yellow, with a greenish-olive shade across the breast.
+Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.50; bill, .62 and .29; tarsus, .65; middle toe, .35.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico (<span class="sc">Mirador</span>).</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Inner webs of secondaries edged with yellowish or grayish white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Olive-green above, yellowish beneath.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">§. <i class="age">Young not mottled above.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flaviventris.</b> Bill broad, twice as wide as deep, and the culmen
+less than twice the breadth. Outer web of lateral tail-feather dusky,
+like the inner. Wing-bands narrow, whitish. Tail square.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Clear olive-green above, sulphur-yellow beneath; wing-bands
+sulphur-yellowish; lining of wing clear sulphury-yellow. Wing,
+<!--408.png--><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 364]</span>
+2.60; tail, 2.35, or less; bill, .57 and .27; tarsus, .66; middle toe,
+.37. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America, south through Eastern
+Mexico to Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Dull olive-gray above, pale, somewhat ochraceous, yellow beneath;
+wing-bands grayish-white; lining of wing strongly tinged with
+fulvous. Wing, 2.75; tail, 2.60 to 2.75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province
+of North America, south, through Western Mexico, to Colima
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. fulvipectus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_93" id="fnanchor_93"></a><a href="#footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></span>
+Bill narrow, the width but little more than the
+depth, and the culmen considerably more than twice the breadth at
+base. Outer web of lateral tail-feather distinctly whitish, very different
+from the dusky of the inner web. Tail deeply emarginated. Colors
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</i>, but wing-bands broad and buffy olive, and
+a deep shade of fulvous-olive across the breast. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.90;
+bill, .61 and .22; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .37. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> City of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Grayish or greenish olive above, whitish beneath.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">¶. <i>Tail deeply emarginated.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus.</b> Exact form and proportions of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvipectus</i>, but tarsus
+much longer proportionally. Ashy above, with a slight olive tinge;
+white beneath with no yellow tinge, and without distinct ashy shade
+across breast; sides of breast like the back. Orbital ring, wing-markings,
+and outer web of lateral tail-feather pale clear ashy. Wing,
+3.00; tail, 2.80; bill, .64 and .24; tarsus, .77; middle toe, .42.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. hammondi.</b> Very similar, but bill much smaller and less elongated.
+Color of upper parts the same as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>; but anterior lower parts
+nearly uniform ashy, the throat only indistinctly paler, and the posterior
+portions distinctly uniform pale sulphur-yellow. Outer web of lateral
+tail-feather less distinctly whitish. Wing, 2.85; tail, 2.55; bill, .50 and
+.20; tarsus, .64; middle toe, .34.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus.</b> Very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>, but bill much larger, broader,
+and the lateral outlines less straight. Outer web of lateral tail-feather
+not appreciably paler than the inner; whole throat distinctly whitish;
+wing-bands only about half as wide as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.60; bill, .57 and .27; tarsus, .66; middle toe,
+.35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, and Eastern
+Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">¶. <i>Tail doubly rounded.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_94" id="fnanchor_94"></a><a href="#footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></span><br />
+Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.20; bill, .54 and .25; tarsus, .62; middle toe,
+.33. Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, but wing-markings whiter. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Panama.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<!--409.png--><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 365]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. griseipectus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_95" id="fnanchor_95"></a><a href="#footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></span>
+Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>, but wing-bands whiter and
+narrower, very sharply defined; sides tinged with clear greenish;
+jugulum and sides of throat clear ashy. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.40; bill,
+.56 and .27; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guayaquil, Ecuador.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">¶. <i>Tail square, or slightly rounded; feathers acute at tips.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. pusillus.</b> Brownish-olive or olive-gray above, wing-bands olive
+or gray; beneath whitish, with a grayish shade across the breast, and
+a sulphur-yellow tinge posteriorly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Olive-grayish above, wing-bands much lighter, or whitish-gray.
+Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.70; bill, .69 and .26; tarsus, .67; middle toe,
+.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of North America, and Middle
+and Western Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Brownish-olive above, wing-bands but little lighter. Wing, 2.90;
+tail, 2.50; bill, .64 and .27; tarsus, .66; middle toe, .38. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Eastern Province of North America, and Eastern Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">§. <i class="age">Young with upper plumage transversely mottled. Wing-bands with a
+pale buff tinge; upper mandible brown.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. acadicus.</b> Grayish-green above, greenish-white beneath; throat
+purer white. Wing, 3.10; tail, 2.80; bill, .67 and .30; tarsus, .60;
+middle toe, .34. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, and Eastern
+Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50; bill, .66 and .30; tarsus, .62; middle toe,
+.33. Wing-bands whiter. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Panama
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_96" id="fnanchor_96"></a><a href="#footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, as well as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i>, autumnal birds have the plumage
+softer and the colors brighter than in spring; the brilliancy of the yellow
+shades is especially enhanced. The young of the year resemble the parents,
+but there is a greater tendency to light bands on the wings, which with the
+other markings of this region show an ochraceous tinge. The lower mandible
+is also usually tinged with dusky. In the young of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. acadica</i>, alone,
+there are light transverse bars over upper surface, as in the young of some
+species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bahamensis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. punensis</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--410.png--><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 366]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LITTLE FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Platyrhynchus pusillus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, May, 1827, 366. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula pusilla</i>,
+<abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 144, pl.&mdash;<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> Back’s Voyage, 1834-36, 144.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, 1847, 156. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839,
+288, <abbr title="plate 434">pl. ccccxxxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 236, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 194.
+<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 176.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax trailli</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 327 (Colorado River).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_410.jpg"
+ width="250" height="268"
+ alt="Illustration: Empidonax pusillus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Second, third, and fourth quills longest; first shorter than the sixth. Bill
+rather broad; yellow beneath. Tail even. Tarsi
+rather long. Above dirty olive-brown, paler and
+more tinged with brown towards the tail. Throat
+and breast white, tinged with grayish-olive on the
+sides, shading across the breast; belly and under
+tail-coverts very pale sulphur-yellow. Wings with
+two dirty narrow brownish-white bands slightly
+tinged with olive; the secondaries and tertials
+narrowly and inconspicuously margined with the
+same. First primary faintly edged with whitish;
+the outer web of first tail-feather paler than the
+inner, but not white. Under wing-coverts reddish
+ochraceous-yellow. A whitish ring round
+the eye. Length, 5.50; wing. 2.80; tail, 2.75.
+<i class="age">Young.</i> Wing-bands ochraceous instead of grayish.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains to the Pacific. Fur
+countries. Southward into Mexico. Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866,
+61); Vera Cruz, <abbr title="temperate region">temp. reg.</abbr> resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 557).</p>
+
+<p>This race represents the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i> in the region west of the Rocky
+Mountains. The present bird is paler colored than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i>, the olivaceous above
+much more grayish anteriorly, and more brownish posteriorly, the olive
+being thus less greenish and less uniform in tint; the brownish shade
+across the breast is lighter and more ashy, and the yellow tinge posteriorly
+beneath more faint; the wing-bands lighter and more grayish. In color,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> thus approximates somewhat to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus</i>, which, however, is a
+very distinct species, and more closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. hammondi</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>
+may be distinguished by much smaller size (the bill especially), the wing-bands
+grayish-white instead of olive-gray, and the tail emarginated instead
+of appreciably rounded; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i> lays a white egg like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>, while
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i> lay distinctly spotted ones, and build a very different nest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Professor Baird, in his Birds of North America, assigns to this
+species an area of distribution extending from the Great Plains to the
+Pacific, southward into Mexico, and north to the fur country. Dr. Hoy cites
+it as of Wisconsin in his List of the birds of that State, but without positive
+data for this claim; it has, however, since been actually taken, a summer
+<!--411.png--><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 367]</span>
+resident breeding in Jefferson County, in that State. This is its most eastern
+known occurrence. In the Smithsonian Museum are skins from Fort
+Steilacoom, Fort Tejon, and Mexico. This species is probably identical with
+the Little Tyrant Flycatcher, described by Swainson in the Fauna Boreali
+as both from Mexico and from the Arctic regions. Dr. Richardson was not
+able to supply anything in regard to its habits. They were first seen by
+him at the Carlton House on the 19th of May. For a few days they were
+found flitting about among low bushes on the banks of the river, after which
+they retired to moist shady woods lying farther north.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway mentions the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. pusillus</i> as the most common of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>
+in the Great Basin, as well as in California and the Rocky Mountains.
+It is chiefly, if not entirely, confined to the willows along streams,
+but it is as common in the river valleys as in the mountain “parks.” In all
+respects it is a counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>; its notes, as well as its manners,
+being the same. In Parley’s Park, in the Wahsatch Mountains, at an elevation
+of over 7,000 feet, they were breeding abundantly; about nightfall
+they became particularly active, chasing each other, with a merry twitter,
+through the willow thickets, or, as they perched upon a dry twig, uttered
+frequently, with swelling throats and raised crest, their odd but agreeable
+enunciation of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pretty dear</i>, as their notes were translated by the people of
+the locality.</p>
+
+<p>In the Department of Vera Cruz, Mexico, Mr. Sumichrast gives this species
+as a summer resident within the temperate region. He found it quite
+common around Orizaba in the months of June and July.</p>
+
+<p>It was also met with on the Mexican Boundary Survey in summer, having
+been taken in June at Los Nogales by Dr. Kennerly, and at <a name="note20" id="note20"></a>Rio Nazas,
+in Durango, by Lieutenant Couch, the same month.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues mentions it as moderately plentiful as a summer resident in
+Arizona. None of this genus were very common at Fort Whipple, but this
+one was by far the most characteristic species. It arrives there about the
+middle of April, and remains through September.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley found this species quite abundant in the vicinity of Fort
+Steilacoom, where it arrives early in May. It seems to prefer the vicinity
+of bushes and low trees at the edges of dense forests. This species, he adds,
+is rather less pugnacious than others of the group, and in habits generally
+more resembles the Vireo family. Its notes are said to be short but sweet,
+and just after sundown on warm summer evenings particularly low, plaintive,
+and soothing.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of it as found by him frequenting the dark and gloomy
+spruce forests, which it seems to prefer to more open places. He found it
+most numerous near the coast, but also saw a few at Puget Sound, where
+it arrived about the 25th of April. He speaks of its song as lively but
+monotonous. He found it very difficult to get a sight of this bird among
+the upper branches of the tall spruces, its color making it almost invisible in
+<!--412.png--><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 368]</span>
+the shade. One of these birds was observed to keep constantly on the
+border of a small pond and to drive away a Kingbird from the place. He
+adds that it has a peculiar short and lisping song of three notes, very different
+from those of the other species. In the fall the young birds uttered a
+very different call-note.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species breeding, June 23, at Parley’s Park, Utah.
+One nest was built on the horizontal branch of a willow, over a stream,
+about four feet from the ground. It was partly pensile. It was three
+inches deep and four in diameter; the cavity was two inches wide and one
+and a half deep. Externally the nest was somewhat loosely constructed of
+flaxen fibres of plants, soft strips of inner bark and straw, and lined more
+firmly with fine roots of plants. This structure was firmly bound around the
+smaller branches of the limb. The inner nest was much more compactly interwoven
+than the periphery. The eggs, four in number, were of a chalky
+whiteness, more pinkish when unblown, finely sprinkled at the larger end
+with reddish-brown dots. Length, .77 of an inch; breadth, .51.</p>
+
+<p>Another nest from the same locality was built in the upright fork of a
+wild rose, in the undergrowth of a willow thicket, and about four feet from
+the ground. It is a much more compact and homogeneous nest. Its external
+portion was almost wholly composed of the interweaving of the fine
+inner bark of deciduous shrubs, blended with a few stems of grasses, feathers,
+etc., and is lined with a few fine grass stems and fibrous roots. The
+eggs, four in number, have a pinkish-white ground, and are spotted at the
+larger end with reddish-brown and chestnut spots, in scattered groups.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1870 a son of Mr. Thure Kumlien, of Jefferson <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>,
+Wisconsin, found the nest and eggs of this species. Both parents were obtained,
+and were fully identified by Professor Baird. The nest was placed in
+a thick mass of coarse marsh grasses, near the ground, and firmly interwoven
+with the tops of the surrounding herbage. The grass and reeds, among which
+it was made, grew in the midst of water, and it was discovered by mere accident
+in a hunt for rail’s eggs. It was found, June 28, on the edge of Lake
+Koskonong. It is a large nest for the bird; its base and sides are made of
+masses of soft lichens and mosses, and within this a neat and firm nest is
+woven of bits of wool and fine wiry stems of grasses, and lined with
+the same. The eggs measure .70 by .54 of an inch, are white with a pinkish
+tinge, and are marked with reddish-brown and fainter lilac blotches at
+the larger end.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--413.png--><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 369]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax pusillus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TRAILL’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa trailli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 236; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 426, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib</span>. Syn.</abbr> 1839,
+43.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 234, <abbr title="plate 65">pl. lxv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula trailli</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus trailli</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 323. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax
+trailli</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 193.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 231.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+140.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Third quill longest; second scarcely shorter than fourth; first shorter than
+fifth, about .35 shorter than the longest. Primaries about .75 of an inch longer than
+secondaries. Tail even. Upper parts dark olive-green; lighter under the wings, and
+duller and more tinged with ash on nape and sides of the neck. Centre of the crown-feathers
+brown. A pale yellowish-white ring (in some specimens altogether white) round
+the eye. Loral feathers mixed with white. Chin and throat white; the breast and sides
+of throat light ash tinged with olive, its intensity varying in individuals, the former
+sometimes faintly tinged with olive. Sides of the breast much like the back. Middle of
+the belly nearly white; sides of the belly, abdomen, and the lower tail-coverts, sulphur-yellow.
+The quills and tail-feathers dark brown, as dark (if not more so) as these parts
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virens</i>. Two olivaceous yellow-white bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the
+first and second coverts, succeeded by a brown one; the edge of the first primary and of
+secondaries and tertials a little lighter shade of the same. The outer edge of the tail-feathers
+like the back; that of the lateral one rather lighter. Bill above dark brown;
+dull brownish beneath. Length, nearly 6.00; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.60. <i class="age">Young</i> with the
+wing-bands ochraceous instead of grayish-olive.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States and south to Mexico. Localities: ? Isthmus of Panama
+(<abbr title="Lawrence Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> VIII</abbr>, 63); ? San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, breeds); ? Costa
+Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 114); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 201). All these localities, except perhaps
+the last, are to be questioned, as being more properly in the habitat of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This species is most closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus</i>, but differs in larger
+size and the proportions of quills. The middle of the back is the same
+color in both, but instead of becoming lighter and tinged with ash on the
+rump and upper tail-coverts, these parts very rarely differ in color from the
+back. The markings on the wings, instead of being dirty white, are
+decidedly olivaceous-grayish. The yellow of the lower parts is deeper.
+The tail-feathers are rather broad, acuminate, and pointed; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i> they
+are narrow and more rounded, while the tail itself is emarginated, instead
+of square, as in the present bird. The bill is larger and fuller. The legs are
+decidedly shorter in proportion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Traill’s Flycatcher was first described by Mr. Audubon as a western
+bird, procured from Arkansas. In his subsequent reference to this species
+he also speaks of it as identical with several birds obtained by Townsend near
+the Columbia River, but which our present knowledge as to the distribution
+of this species compels us to presume to have been specimens of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax
+pusillus</i>, a closely allied species or race. That Traill’s Flycatcher does
+occur in Arkansas, on the other hand, is rendered probable by its abundance
+in other parts of the country, making this region directly within its range of
+<!--414.png--><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 370]</span>
+migration. Dr. Woodhouse found it very common both in Texas and in
+the Indian Territory. Mr. Dresser found it common during the summer
+season near San Antonio, and to the eastward, breeding there, and building a
+small hanging nest. He also had its eggs sent to him from Systerdale. The
+stomach of the specimen he procured contained minute insects. It is mentioned
+by Dr. E. Coues as found in South Carolina, but whether as a migrant
+or as a resident is not stated. Dr. William P. Turnbull refers to it as rare near
+Philadelphia, and as only a spring and autumnal migrant. Mr. McIlwraith
+cites it as a rare summer visitant near Hamilton, Canada West. It is
+mentioned by Mr. Boardman as found near Calais, but has not been recorded
+as occurring in Nova Scotia, as far as I am aware. In Western Maine, Professor
+Verrill found it a regular but not a common summer visitant, arriving
+there the third week in May. And Mr. Brewster found it breeding in considerable
+abundance near Lake Umbagog in the summer of 1872.</p>
+
+<p>In Massachusetts it has been found to occur very irregularly, and so far
+chiefly as a migrant, at least I am not aware that it has been known, except
+in a single instance, to breed within the limits of that State. It passes
+through the State about the middle of May, is rare some seasons, much more
+abundant for a few days in others. Near Springfield Mr. Allen regarded it
+as a rather rare summer visitant, arriving from the 10th to the 15th of May,
+and also mentioned it as probably breeding. A number have been taken in
+Lynn by Mr. Welch, but none have been observed to remain more than
+a day or two. Mr. Maynard once met with it on the 1st of June, 1869, in
+a swampy thicket. It was very shy, and he heard no note.</p>
+
+<p>This species was observed by Mr. Paine, at Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, where it was
+found to be a not uncommon, though very retiring and shy species. It
+was found frequenting shady thickets, on the borders of the mountain
+streams, and several of its nests were procured. The bird was thoroughly
+identified, specimens of the parents having been sent to Professor Baird for
+verification. Mr. Paine was not able to obtain much insight into the manners
+and habits of this species, on account of its shyness. The nests were
+always placed in low alder-bushes, near running streams, and not more than
+three or four feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Paine has since informed me that Traill’s Flycatcher reaches Central
+Vermont from the 20th to the 25th of May, and is one of the last birds to
+arrive, coming in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. borealis</i>. They all
+leave before the close of September. Mr. Paine has met with a great many
+nests of this species, but has only found one containing more than three
+eggs. It has a very simple song, consisting of but two notes. It has also a
+sort of twitter as it plays with its mate. They are usually found in thickets,
+for the most part near water, but not always, and are never seen in tall
+woods. They are occasionally seen chasing one another in the open fields.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Brewster informs me that he found Traill’s Flycatcher moderately
+common and breeding at the foot of Mount Washington, in the Glen,
+<!--415.png--><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 371]</span>
+in August, 1869, and in the township of Newry, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, in June, 1871. Their
+favorite haunts were the dense alder thickets along the runs and small
+streams, over these dark retreats, perched on some tall dead branch, full in
+the rays of the noonday sun. The male sang vigorously, occasionally
+darting out after some insect, and returning to the same perch. His song
+consisted of a single dissyllabic refrain, <i class="birdcall">ke´wing</i>, uttered in a harsh peevish
+tone at an interval of about thirty seconds, varied occasionally to <i class="birdcall">ke´wink</i>,
+or <i class="birdcall">ki-winch</i>. At each utterance his head is thrown upwards with a sudden
+jerk. They were retiring, but not shy, were easily approached, and were
+apparently not so restless as most Flycatchers.</p>
+
+<p>Near Washington, Dr. Coues found Traill’s Flycatcher a rare spring and
+fall visitant, a few possibly remaining to breed. They came about the last
+of April, and passed south the last of September. Professor Baird frequently
+met with them about Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p>
+
+<p>In Southern Illinois, Mr. Ridgway has found this species a rather common
+summer resident, chiefly met with in the open woods. It was found nesting
+in Northwestern Massachusetts by Mr. A. Hopkins, in Illinois by Mr. Tolman,
+in New Brunswick by Mr. Barnstow, and at Fort Resolution by Messrs.
+Kennicott, Ross, and Lockhart.</p>
+
+<p>I have myself found this species on the banks of the Androscoggin
+and Peabody Rivers in Gorham, and met with several of their nests.
+They were all in similar situations, and it was quite impossible to obtain
+a glimpse of the bird after she had left her nest. The nests were all made
+like those of the Indigo-Bird, externally of dry grasses and fine strips of
+bark, and lined with finer stems of grasses. The eggs were five in number,
+and incubation commenced about the first of June. I have discovered their
+nests at the same time among the foot-hills at the base of Mount Washington,
+its wooded sides being, at the time, covered with snow to the depth of
+several feet.</p>
+
+<p>Among the memoranda of Mr. Kennicott I find one dated Fort Resolution,
+July 9, mentioning the procuring of the parent nest and egg of this species.
+The nest was three feet from the ground, in a small spruce among thick low
+bushes. The female was shot on the nest, which contained two young and
+two eggs. Eggs of this species from Gorham, <abbr title="New Hampshire">N. H.</abbr>, and Coventry and
+Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, do not essentially vary in size or shape. They measure
+.63 of an inch in length, by .56 in breadth. Their ground-color is white,
+with a distinctly roseate tinge. They are oval in shape, a little less obtuse
+at one end, and marked almost entirely about the larger end with large and
+well-defined spots and blotches of purplish-brown.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--416.png--><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 372]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAST FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula minima</i>, <span class="sc"><abbr title="William">Wm.</abbr> M.</span> and <span class="sc">S. F. Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">Pr. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, July, 1843, 284.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Silliman American Journal of Science"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Sillim. Am. Jour. Sc.</abbr> July, 1844.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 343, <abbr title="plate 491">pl. ccccxci</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+141.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Second quill longest; third and fourth but little shorter; fifth a little less;
+first intermediate between fifth and sixth. Tail even. Above olive-brown, darker on
+the head, becoming paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts. The middle of the back
+most strongly olivaceous. The nape (in some individuals) and sides of the head tinged
+with ash. A ring round the eye and some of the loral feathers white; the chin and
+throat white. The sides of the throat and across the breast dull ash, the color on the
+latter sometimes nearly obsolete; sides of the breast similar to the back, but of a lighter
+tint; middle of the belly very pale yellowish-white, turning to pale sulphur-yellow on
+the sides of the belly, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts. Wings brown; two narrow white
+bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the first and second coverts, succeeded by one of
+brown. The edge of the first primary, and of the secondaries and tertials, white. Tail
+rather lighter brown, edged externally like the back. Feathers narrow, not acuminate,
+with the ends rather blunt. In autumn the white parts are strongly tinged with yellow.
+Length, about 5.00; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50. Young with ochraceous, instead of grayish-white
+wing-bands.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to Missouri Plains; Mirador; Orizaba; Belize. Localities:
+Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 384); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+441, and <abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr>); Coban, Escuintla, Dueñas (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229); San Antonio,
+Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 474, common, summer).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The distinctness of this species from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</i>, with which it
+had been previously confused, was first pointed out by the Messrs. Baird in
+1843, but it was some time before the complete differences between the two
+species and their distinctive habits and distribution were fully appreciated
+and known. This species, one of the commonest birds in the State of
+Massachusetts, where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. acadica</i> is nearly or quite unknown, was supposed
+by Mr. Nuttall to be the latter species, and under that name is treated
+and its history given. Wilson contributed to cause this error. For although
+his account of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</i> is in part correct, it is not wholly free from error,
+and probably the nest and eggs described as belonging to the latter were
+those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</i>. The discovery, by Professor Baird, of the nest and
+eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</i>, and their marked difference in all respects from those of
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</i>, which had hitherto been attributed to it, at once pointed out
+the errors that had prevailed, and permitted the real facts to be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is an abundant species throughout Eastern North America, occurring
+as a migrant in all the States between the Atlantic and the Great Plains,
+and breeding from the 40th parallel northward over an extent not fully defined,
+but probably to within the Arctic Circle. It occurs in great numbers from
+Maine to Nebraska, and, unlike all the other species of this genus, is not shy
+<!--417.png--><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 373]</span>
+or retiring, but frequents the open grounds, visits gardens, is found in the
+vicinity of dwellings, and breeds even in the vines that half conceal their
+windows and doors.</p>
+
+<p>This Flycatcher reaches Washington, according to Dr. Coues, the last of
+April, and remains about two weeks. It returns in autumn the third week
+in August, and remains till the last of September. It is only a spring and
+autumnal visitant, none breeding, and is rather common. It frequents the
+margins of small streams and brooks.</p>
+
+<p>I am not aware that the nest of this species has ever been procured farther
+south than New York City, yet it is given by Mr. Dresser as having been
+found common by him, through the summer, near San Antonio. It is not,
+however, mentioned by Dr. Woodhouse, nor by the Mexican Survey, nor was
+it met with by Sumichrast in Vera Cruz. It is cited by Dr. Coues as only
+a migrant in South Carolina. Near Philadelphia Mr. Turnbull gives it as
+a somewhat rare migrant, passing north in April and returning in September,
+but adds that a few remain to breed. I did not find it breeding in the vicinity
+of Newark, nor, among a very extensive collection of nests and eggs
+made in that neighborhood, were there any eggs of this species. It is mentioned
+by Mr. Boardman as occurring at Calais, and in the western part of the
+State Mr. Verrill found it a very common summer visitant, arriving there
+about the middle of May and breeding there in numbers. It is also an exceedingly
+frequent summer visitant at Hamilton, Canada West, according
+to Mr. McIlwraith. It is found during the winter months near Oaxaca,
+Mexico, according to Mr. Boucard, and has been met with throughout Mexico
+and south to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>In Massachusetts this Flycatcher is one of the most abundant and familiar
+species, arriving from about the 20th of April to the 1st of May. It is found
+most frequently in orchards, gardens, and open grounds, and very largely on
+the edges of woods, remaining until October. They are much addicted to
+particular localities, and return to the same spot year after year, if undisturbed.
+A pair that had established their hunting-grounds in an open area
+north of a dwelling in Roxbury returned to the same spot for several successive
+years, and would come regularly to the piazza of the house, where
+bits of cotton were exposed for the benefit of such of the whole feathered
+tribe as chose to avail themselves of it. Each year they drew nearer and
+nearer the house, until at last the nest was made in a clump of honeysuckle
+on the corner of the piazza, from which they would sally forth in quest of
+insects, entirely unmindful of the near presence of the family. I never
+observed the quarrelsome disposition that Nuttall speaks of, nor have I ever
+seen them molest other birds, even when the summer Yellow-Birds and the
+Chipping Sparrows have nested in the same clump. They are very silent
+birds, having no song and no other cry or note than a very feeble, guttural
+utterance, given out either as a single sound or as a succession of twitters.
+Their nest is a very common receptacle for the eggs of the Cow Blackbird.</p>
+
+<p><!--418.png--><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 374]</span>
+This species was found breeding at Fort Resolution, latitude 62<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, by Mr.
+Kennicott, the nest being in an alder-bush, and about five feet from the
+ground. It was also found nesting in the same locality by Mr. Ross and by
+Mr. Lockhart. Its nest was found at Lake Manitobah by Mr. McTavish,
+and at Fort Simpson by Mr. Ross.</p>
+
+<p>This species has been gradually undergoing certain modifications of habits
+and manners in consequence of its contact with civilization and becoming
+familiarized to the society of man. In nothing is this made more apparent
+than in the construction of its nests. Those made on the edge of woodlands
+or in remote orchards are wrought almost entirely of fine deciduous bark,
+hempen fibres of vegetables, feathers, dried fragments of insect cocoons, and
+other miscellaneous substances felted and impacted together; within this is
+a lining of fine strips of vegetable bark, woody fibres, fine lichens, and soft
+downy feathers. In some the lining is exclusively of fine pine leaves, in
+others with the seeds or pappus of compositaceous plants. The nests are
+always quite small, rarely measuring more than three inches in diameter or
+two in height. Those made in the vicinity of dwellings indicate their neighborhood
+by the variety of miscellaneous and convenient materials, such as
+bits of paper, rags, cotton, wool, and the larger and more conspicuous feathers
+of the poultry-yard. Where raw cotton was abundantly provided, I have
+known this material, strengthened with a few straws and woody fibres, with
+a lining of feathers, constitute the whole substance of the nest.</p>
+
+<p>One nest, constructed in a thick tamarack swamp in Wisconsin, is composed
+of a dense, impacted mass of a dirty white vegetable wool, intertwined
+at the base with shreds of bark, vegetable stems, and small black
+roots. The inner rim and frame of the nest are made of black, shining rootlets,
+intermingled with slender leaves and stems of dry sedges, and lined
+with the pappus of a small composite plant and a few feathers.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are pure white, never, so far as I am aware, spotted,
+of a rounded-oval shape, nearly equally obtuse at either end, and measuring
+about .60 of an inch in length by .50 in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SMALL GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Muscicapa acadica</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 947.&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Index Orn. II</abbr>, 1790,
+489.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 71 (from <span class="sc">Latham</span>).&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+1834, 256; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 429, <abbr title="plate 144">pl. cxliv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 221, <abbr title="plate 62">pl. lxii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 208.&mdash;<span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr title="Long">L.</abbr> Island, 1844, 40. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa querula</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>,
+<abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 77, <abbr title="plate 13, figure">pl. xiii, f.</abbr> 3 (not of <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platyrhynchus virescens</i>,
+<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula acadica</i>, <span class="sc">Richardson</span>, ? <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> List, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus acadica</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,
+<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+197.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 143.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+The second and third quills are longest, and about equal; the fourth a little
+shorter; the first about equal to the fifth, and about .35 less than the longest. Tail even.
+<!--419.png--><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 375]</span>
+The upper parts, with sides of the head and neck, olive-green; the crown very little if
+any darker. A yellowish-white ring round the eye. The sides of the body under the
+wings like the back, but fainter olive; a tinge of the same across the breast; the chin,
+throat, and middle of the belly white; the abdomen, lower tail and wing coverts, and
+sides of the body not covered by the wings, pale greenish-yellow. Edges of the first
+primary, secondaries, and tertials margined with dull yellowish-white, most broadly on
+the latter. Two transverse bands of pale yellowish (sometimes with an ochrey tinge)
+across the wings, formed by the tips of the secondary and primary coverts, succeeded by
+a brown one. Tail light brown, margined externally like the back. Upper mandible
+light brown above; pale yellow beneath. In autumn the lower parts are more yellow.
+Length, 5.65; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.75. <i class="age">Young</i> (60,892 Mt. Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, August 11, 1870;
+<span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>.) Whole upper surface with indistinct transverse bars of pale ochraceous;
+wing-markings light ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the Mississippi; Yucatan. Localities: Cuba (<abbr title="Lawrence Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span>
+VII</abbr>, 1860, 265; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rept.</abbr> 1865, 240); San Antonio, Texas, summer (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>,
+Ibis, 1865, 475).</p>
+
+<p>This species is very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>, but the upper parts are of a
+brighter and more uniform olive-green, much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo olivaceus</i>.
+The feathers of the crown lack the darker centre. There is less of the
+olivaceous-ash across the breast. The bands across the wing are light
+yellowish, instead of grayish-olive. There is much more yellow at the
+base of the lesser quills. The wings are longer, both proportionally and
+absolutely. The primaries exceed the secondaries by nearly an inch,
+instead of by only about .70; the proportions of the quills are much the
+same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species belongs to Eastern North America, but its distribution
+north and east is not determined with entire certainty. I have never
+met with or received any evidence of its breeding northeast of Philadelphia.
+Nuttall’s account of this bird so blends what he had ascertained
+in regard to the habits of a different species with what he derived from
+other writers, that his whole sketch must be passed as unreliable. It is
+shy and retiring in its habits, frequenting only lonely places, and would
+readily escape notice, so that its presence in New Jersey, New York, and
+even New England, may not be uncommon, although we do not know
+it. Mr. Lawrence mentions its occurring in the vicinity of New York
+City; but I can find no evidence whatever that a single specimen of this
+bird has ever been procured in any part of New England, except Mr.
+Allen’s mention of finding it near Springfield. That it is found in the
+immediate neighborhood of Philadelphia I have positive evidence, having
+received its nest and eggs, found in West Philadelphia. Mr. Turnbull
+gives it as of frequent occurrence from the beginning of May to the middle
+of September. He generally met with it in the most secluded parts of
+woods. Mr. McIlwraith calls it a rare summer resident near Hamilton,
+Canada West.</p>
+
+<p>I am informed by Mr. Thomas H. Jackson, an accurate observer, resident
+in Westchester, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, that this Flycatcher arrives in that neighborhood early
+<!--420.png--><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 376]</span>
+in May, constructing its nest about the first of June. This is generally
+placed on a drooping limb of a beech or dogwood tree at the height
+of from six to ten feet from the ground. It is never saddled on a limb
+like that of a Wood Pewee, neither is it pensile like those of the Vireos,
+but is built in the fork of a small limb, and securely fastened thereto by a
+strip of bark. The nest itself is mostly made of fine strips of bark or weed-stalks,
+woven together without much care as to neatness or strength, and so
+very slight is the structure that you may often count the eggs in the nest
+from below. Occasionally this bird constructs its nest of the blossoms of
+the hickory-tree, and when thus made is very neat and pretty.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are generally three in number (Mr. Jackson has never known
+more in a nest), and they are said to be of a rich cream-color, thinly spotted
+near the greater end. The Cow-Bird sometimes imposes on this species
+with its parasitic offspring, but not so often as upon other birds.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jackson also informs me that this is quite a common bird in some
+localities. In one piece of woodland, half a mile east of West Chester, he
+can every season meet with six or eight of their nests, while in another
+direction, in a wood apparently similar in every respect, he has never met
+with any.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen mentions finding this Flycatcher as a rare summer visitant
+in Western Massachusetts, where, as he states, it breeds in swamps and
+low moist thickets, which are its exclusive haunts. He characterizes it as one
+of the most spirited and tyrannical of this genus. It is said to have a short
+quick note, sounding like <i class="birdcall">quequeal</i>, which it utters hurriedly and sharply,
+and to have an erect, hawk-like attitude. He adds that it is very quarrelsome
+with its own species, a battle ensuing whenever two males meet.
+They pursue each other fiercely, with snapping bills and sharp, querulous,
+twittering notes. He found it a very shy bird, and difficult to collect, frequenting
+exclusively, so far as he was able to observe, thick alder-swamps
+and swampy thickets, keeping concealed among the thick bushes, or at a
+great distance.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson’s history of this species is quite brief, and he expressly states that
+it is a bird but little known. His account of its nest and eggs is inaccurate,
+and refers probably to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, as also the statement that it
+extends its migrations as far as Newfoundland. He found it inhabiting
+only the deepest solitary parts of the woods, stationed among the lower
+branches, uttering at short intervals a sudden, sharp squeak, heard at considerable
+distance through the woods. As it flies, it utters a low, querulous
+note, which it changes, on alighting, to its usual sharp cry. He adds that
+it is a rare and very solitary bird, always haunting the most gloomy, moist,
+and unfrequented parts of the forest, feeding on flying insects, devouring
+wild bees and huckleberries in their season.</p>
+
+<p>To this account Audubon furnishes but little additional that is reliable. He
+evidently confounded with it the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, repeats Wilson’s description of its
+<!--421.png--><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 377]</span>
+eggs, and is incorrect as to its northern distribution. He speaks of it as
+extremely pugnacious, chasing from its premises every intruder, and when
+once mated seldom leaving the vicinity of its nest except in pursuit of
+food. His description of the nest applies to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, but not
+to that of this species.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway writes me that in Southern Illinois it is the most abundant
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>, breeding in the same woods with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>. It is so
+exceedingly similar to that species in manners and general habits that they
+are hard to distinguish, and it requires a long acquaintance with the two
+in the woods to learn to distinguish them when seen or heard. A close
+attention, however, shows that the notes of the two are quite distinct.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser mentions finding this species not uncommon near San Antonio,
+Texas, during the summer. Its stomach was found to contain small
+insects. Dr. Woodhouse also speaks of it as common in Texas, New
+Mexico, and the Indian Territory, but at what season is not mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy writes me that this bird, quite common about Racine some
+twenty-five years ago, has now almost entirely disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Near Washington Dr. Coues found this Flycatcher a common summer
+resident, the most abundant of the kind, and the only one that breeds there
+in any numbers. They arrive the last of April, and remain until the last
+of September.</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful nest of this species was found by Mr. George O. Welch near
+Indianapolis, Indiana. It was fully identified, and the parent shot. This
+nest has a diameter of four inches, and a height of two. Its base is composed
+to a large extent of dried grasses, intermingled with masses of withered
+blossoms of different herbaceous plants. Above this is constructed a
+somewhat rudely interwoven nest, composed entirely of long, fine, wiry stems
+of grasses. The cavity is two inches wide and less than one in depth. The
+eggs, three in number, are exceedingly beautiful, and differ from all the
+eggs of this genus, having more resemblance to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopi</i>. They
+have an elongated oval shape, and are quite pointed at one end. They
+measure .78 by .56 of an inch. Their ground is a rich cream-color, tinged
+with a reddish-brown shading, and at the larger end the eggs are irregularly
+marked with scattered and vivid blotches of red and reddish-brown. The
+nest was found on the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of June.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--422.png--><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 378]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc"><abbr title="William">Wm.</abbr> M.</span> and <span class="sc">S. F. Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia One">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. I</abbr>, July, 1843,
+283.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid American Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Am. Journ.</abbr> Science, April, 1844.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 341, <abbr title="plate 490">pl.
+ccccxc.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula pusilla</i> (<span class="sc">Swainson</span>), <span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vidensk. Meddel.</abbr> for 1853,
+1854, 82.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gloger</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1854, 426. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hypoxanthus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span> (provisional
+name for eastern specimens). <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax difficilis</span>, <span class="sc">Baird</span> (provisional name
+for western). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1859, 198.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 229.&mdash;<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 126.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal; first intermediate between
+fifth and sixth. Tail nearly even, slightly rounded. Tarsi long. Above bright olive-green
+(back very similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo noveboracensis</i>); crown rather darker. A
+broad yellow ring round the eye. The sides of the head, neck, breast and body, and a
+band across the breast like the back, but lighter; the rest of the lower parts bright
+greenish sulphur-yellow; no white or ashy anywhere on the body. Quills dark brown;
+two bands on the wing formed by the tips of the primary and secondary coverts, the
+outer edge of the first primary and of the secondaries and tertials pale yellow, or greenish-yellow.
+The tail-feathers brown, with the exterior edges like the back. The bill dark
+brown above, yellow beneath. The feet black. In the autumn the colors are purer, the
+yellow is deeper, and the markings on the wings of an ochrey tint. Length, 5.15; wing,
+2.83; tail, 2.45.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States, and Eastern Middle America, south to Costa Rica. Localities:
+Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 122); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 441); Choctun, Dueñas
+(<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 114); Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> VIII</abbr>, 63); Vera
+Cruz, winter, resident? (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865,
+475).</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from the eastern regions of North and Middle America,
+though varying slightly among themselves, all agree in the characters which
+distinguish them from the western series.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This well-marked species was first obtained in Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>,
+and described by the Bairds in 1843. It has since remained a comparatively
+rare and scattered species, and has been only seldom met with. I found it
+breeding in the vicinity of Halifax, and also among the Grand Menan
+Islands, and in both cases was so fortunate as to be able to obtain its nest
+and eggs. It has been found near Calais by Mr. Boardman, and its nest
+also procured. It has also been found breeding near Trenton, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, by
+Dr. Slack, and in a not distant locality in the same State by Dr. Abbott.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues observed the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher to be a rather rare
+spring and autumnal visitant at Washington. As specimens were taken there
+July 28, undoubtedly they occasionally breed there. They appear early in
+May, and go south the latter part of September.</p>
+
+<p>Two specimens of Flycatcher, identified as of this species, are recorded
+by Professor Reinhardt as having been taken at Godthaab, Greenland, in
+1853.</p>
+
+<p>Sumichrast met with this species in Vera Cruz, but whether as a resident
+<!--423.png--><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 379]</span>
+or only as a migrant he could not determine. Mr. Dresser states that it is
+common in the summer near San Antonio, arriving there in April. Dr.
+Coues met it in its migrations through South Carolina. Dr. Turnbull speaks
+of it as rare in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, where it arrives in the
+middle of April on its way north. It has been found throughout Eastern
+Mexico and Guatemala, and as far south as Panama.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Verrill regarded this species as a summer resident in Western Maine,
+though he never met with its nest, and at no time very common. Specimens
+were procured between the last of May and the middle of June. It
+was found, though very rare, by Mr. McIlwraith, at Hamilton, where it was
+supposed to be a summer resident. Specimens were taken about the middle
+of May.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy detected this species in the summer of 1869, in the vicinity of
+Racine, and although he had no doubt that they had a nest in the vicinity,
+he was not able to discover it. He was surprised to find that the male of
+this species has quite a pretty song. This fact has since been confirmed by
+the observations of Mr. Boardman, who has heard this bird give forth quite
+a pleasing, though somewhat monotonous trill. This, according to Dr. Hoy,
+resembles <i class="birdcall">Pēa-wāyk-pēa-wāyoc</i>, several times repeated in a soft and not unpleasant
+call or song.</p>
+
+<p>In Western Massachusetts Mr. Allen has found this species rather rare.
+Those met with have all been taken from May 15 to June 5. Dr. Coues,
+in his List of the birds of New England, expresses his conviction that this
+species is probably much less rare than collectors have generally supposed.
+It harbors very closely in shady woods and thickets, and is very rarely to be
+met with anywhere else. In the distance it is not easily distinguished from
+other species of this genus, and may have been allowed to go unsought,
+mistaken for a much more common species. Mr. Allen has generally met
+with quite a number each year in May, sometimes several in a single excursion.
+Mr. Maynard took eight specimens in a few hours, May 31, in Eastern
+Massachusetts, and Mr. Welch obtained an unusual number in a single season.
+Dr. Coues has also met with them near Washington during their breeding-season.</p>
+
+<p>At Grand Menan I found the nest of this species in a low alder-bush, on
+the edge of a thicket, but within a few feet of the shore. The nest was
+about two feet from the ground, placed in the fork of the bush, and bearing
+a close resemblance to the nest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</i>. It was loosely
+made of soft strips of the inner bark of deciduous trees, and lined with
+yellow stems of grasses. It was not large for the bird, but the conspicuous
+color of the materials at once betrayed the nest as we chanced to land within
+a few feet of it. The female immediately slid from it, and was not seen
+again, but her mate was undisturbed by our presence. Afterwards other
+nests were obtained at Halifax, on the edge of swampy woods, made of
+stubble, and placed in low bushes. All the eggs I obtained were white, of a
+<!--424.png--><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 380]</span>
+slightly more chalky hue than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, and more oblong. Those
+procured by Mr. Boardman were sprinkled with minute dots of reddish-brown.
+Their measurement is .68 by .52 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax difficilis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 198 (under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flaviventris</i>) <abbr title="plate 76, figure">pl. lxxvi, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870,
+328.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>, but tail much longer, and colors lighter and duller.
+The olive above less green, and the sulphur-yellow beneath less pure, having an ochraceous
+cast, this especially marked on the edge of the wing; wing-bands grayish rather
+than yellowish white. Measurements, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (58,550, Parley’s Park, Wahsatch Mountains,
+Utah, August 5, 1869; <span class="sc">C. King</span>, <span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>): Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.80; wing-formula, 3,
+4, 2, 5, 6, 1. <i class="age">Young.</i> Wing-bands ochraceous, instead of grayish-white, with a sulphur-yellow
+tinge.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western Province of United States, and Western Mexico. (Mazatlan, Colima,
+etc.) Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 62).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Flycatcher is a western form, closely allied to our eastern
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. flaviventris</i>. It was met with by Dr. Coues in Arizona, where it was
+rather rare, and appeared to be a summer resident. It arrives in that
+Territory about the middle of April, and remains there until the latter part
+of September. Dr. Coues found it difficult to distinguish this form from
+our eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper obtained at Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, specimens of the western types of
+this bird, having darker markings on the wing, which, however, he regards
+as only indicative of a young plumage, and not of specific distinctness. He
+found these birds chiefly frequenting woods of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coniferæ</i>, and very silent,
+which, so far as the observation has any value, indicates a marked difference
+between the eastern and the western birds.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are also different from any of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E.
+flaviventris</i> that I have ever seen, and are more like the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. trailli</i>
+than of the other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>. They measure .73 of an inch in
+length, by .58 in breadth, have a creamy-white ground, marked at the
+larger end with reddish-brown and purplish markings. They are of an
+oblong-oval shape. Mr. Ridgway met with this species only once in his
+western explorations, when he obtained a pair in a thick pine woods on the
+Wahsatch Mountains, in June. They were exceedingly retiring, and frequented
+dark woods, whose solitudes were shared besides only by the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus auduboni</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi</i>. Their note was a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pit</i>, much
+more like that of some Warblers than like the notes of the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This species, called by Mr. Grayson “The Lonely Flycatcher,” was found
+<!--425.png--><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 381]</span>
+by him quite common in the Three Marias, islands off the Pacific coast
+of Mexico, as well as on the main coast, and also in California. The
+accustomed places of resort of this solitary little bird were, he states, the
+most retired and secluded dells of the forest. He there met with it beneath
+the canopy of the natural and shady grottos formed by the overlapping
+branches, intermingled with innumerable creeping plants, sitting upon some
+low twig watching for a passing fly. At other times it might be seen
+frequenting some secluded and shady little brook, near the surface of
+which it often darted upon the flies that skimmed over the surface of the
+water, ever and anon uttering a low and plaintive one-syllabled note.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax obscurus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WRIGHT’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Tyrannula obscura</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis Mexican Birds, in Philosophical Magazine One">Syn. Mex. Birds, in Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 367. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax
+obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 200, <abbr title="plate 49, figure">pl. xlix, f.</abbr> 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds
+9, <abbr title="plate 11, figure">pl. xi, f.</abbr> 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 329. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax
+wrighti</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 200 (name proposed in case this should prove not
+to be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. obscura</i> of Swainson).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very narrow. Tarsi long. Wing rounded. Second, third, and fourth
+quills longest; first shorter than sixth, sometimes than seventh and eighth. Tail rounded.
+Above dull brownish-olive, paler on the rump, tinged with gray on the head. Loral
+region and space round the eye whitish. Throat and forepart of the breast grayish-white,
+slightly tinged with olive across the latter; the rest of the under parts pale
+yellowish. Wings and tail brown; the former with two conspicuous bands of brownish-white;
+the outer primary edged, the secondaries and tertials edged and tipped with the
+same. The outer web of the external tail-feather white, in strong contrast. Length,
+5.75; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.55; tarsus, .70. <i class="age">Young.</i> Wing-bands yellowish-gray, or grayish-buff
+(not ochraceous); upper parts with a brownish wash; abdomen tinged with dull buff.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rocky Mountains and Middle Province of United States, and table-lands of
+Mexico. Localities: La Parada, Mexico (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230); Vera Cruz, winter,
+perhaps resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1866, 63).</p>
+
+<p>The most decided character of this species is seen in the combination
+of the narrow bill and the white outer margin of the external tail-feather,
+together with the long tarsi. The bill measured across opposite the middle
+of the nostrils is less than half its length from the forehead, instead of
+being considerably more, as in nearly all the other North American species,
+except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</i>. From this, however, the longer tail, edged externally
+with white; the longer bill and tarsus, the more rounded wings, the
+paler throat, etc., will distinguish it. Some specimens (spring and summer
+individuals) are very pale, showing scarcely any yellow beneath; the
+upper parts more tinged with gray. Sometimes there is a decidedly hoary
+frontlet.</p>
+
+<p>A young specimen (53,303, <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Upper Humboldt Valley, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, September
+<!--426.png--><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 382]</span>
+16, 1868; C. King, R. Ridgway) is remarkable for its pale and unusually
+grayish colors. There is nowhere any tinge of yellow, and scarcely any of
+brown, the colors being simply clear ash and pure dull white, except the
+dusky of wings and tail. In these respects it differs from all others in the
+collection; there can be no doubt, however, that it is the same species as
+the brownish individuals obtained in the same locality.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Flycatcher appears to have been first described as a Mexican
+species by Swainson in 1827. Since then it has been obtained by Sumichrast
+in the Department of Vera Cruz, but whether resident or only
+migratory he was unable to decide. Specimens were obtained at El Paso,
+in Texas, by Mr. C. Wright, on the Mexican Boundary Survey. Dr. Coues
+found this bird a summer resident in Arizona, but rare. It arrives there
+early in April, and remains until October. Dr. Cooper first observed this
+species at Fort Mohave about April 1, and a few afterwards until May 25.
+They kept among low bushes, were generally silent, or with only a single
+lisping chirp. Occasionally they flew a short distance after insects in the
+general manner of this genus. We are indebted to Mr. Ridgway for all the
+knowledge we possess in reference to the habits and nesting of this rare
+species.</p>
+
+<p>He met with them in all the aspen groves and thickets of the high
+mountain regions, from the Sierra Nevada to the Wahsatch and Uintah
+Mountains. The aspen copses at the head of the cañons of the highest
+and well-watered ranges of the Great Basin were their favorite resort; but
+they were sometimes seen in the “mahogany” woods on the spurs, and
+occasionally, even, on the willows in the river valleys. Their common note
+was a weird <i class="birdcall">sweer</i>, much like the call of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris pinus</i>, but very often,
+especially when the nest was approached, they uttered a soft liquid <i class="birdcall">whit</i>. In
+the Toyabe Mountains, where these little Flycatchers were breeding abundantly
+in the aspen copses, Mr. Ridgway found them to be so unsuspicious
+that several were taken from the nest with his hand; and one which was
+shot at and slightly wounded returned to her nest and suffered herself to
+be taken off without showing any alarm.</p>
+
+<p>A nest obtained by Mr. Ridgway near Austin, in Nevada, July 3, 1868,
+was built in the crotch of a small aspen, about five feet from the ground.
+This nest is a very neat, homogeneous, compact structure, cup-like in shape,
+three inches in diameter, and two and a half in height. Its cavity is one
+and a half inches in depth, and three inches across the rim. It is composed
+almost entirely of strips of soft and bleached fragments of the inner bark
+of deciduous trees and shrubs, and hempen fibres of various plants. The
+inner nest is a lining made of finer materials of the same, with a few fine
+roots and feathers.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs, three in number, are of a uniform creamy white, unspotted,
+and not unlike the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</i>. They measure .73 of an
+inch in length, and .60 in breadth.</p>
+
+<p><!--427.png--><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 383]</span>
+The nest and eggs of this species were also found by Mr. C. S. McCarthy,
+in Dodge Valley, July 2, 1859. The nest was in a low flowering bush, and
+was a few feet from the ground. It was likewise found breeding at Camp
+Grant, Arizona, by Dr. Palmer.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hammondi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HAMMOND’S FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula hammondi</i>, <span class="sc">De Vesey</span> (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>), <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> May, 1858. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax hammondi</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 199, <abbr title="plate 76, figure">pl. lxxvi, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 230.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 330.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail moderately forked; the feathers acutely pointed. Third quill longest;
+second and then fourth a little shorter. First much shorter than fifth, a little longer than
+sixth. Bill very slender; dark brown. Above dark olive-green, considerably darker on
+the head. Breast and sides of the body light olive-green, the throat grayish-white; the
+rest of under parts bright sulphur-yellow. A whitish ring round the eye. Wings and
+tail dark brown; the former with two olivaceous gray bands across the coverts; the
+latter with the outer edge a little paler than elsewhere, but not at all white. Length,
+5.50; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.50; tarsus, .67.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mexico and Western Province of United States (Clark’s Fork; Fort Laramie;
+Fort Tejon, Orizaba, and numerous intermediate points). North to Lesser Slave Lake,
+where breeding abundantly (<span class="sc">S. Jones</span>, <abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr>). Localities: Vera Cruz, winter,
+perhaps resident (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span> M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 62).</p>
+
+<p>In this species the olive-green on the sides is scarcely distinguishable
+from that on the back, although becoming more yellow on the middle of the
+breast. There is a decided ashy shade on the whole head. The only light
+edging to the quills is seen on the terminal half of the secondaries. The
+upper mandible and feet are black; the tip of the lower (and in one specimen
+the whole) dark brown. The fork of the tail measures a quarter of an
+inch in depth; the longest quill exceeds the first by .40.</p>
+
+<p>This species is at once distinguishable from all the North American
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannulas</i>, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, by the extreme narrowness as well as shortness
+of the bill. This is only .25 of an inch wide at the posterior angle of the
+mouth, and only .19 at the nostrils. Its colors above are those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i>,
+while the general effect is much more that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>, although less
+brightly olive. The throat is grayish, not of the same yellow with the
+belly; the ring round the eye white, not yellow; the olive of the breast
+much more continuous and distinct; the bands on the wings dull grayish
+instead of clear greenish-yellow. The tail, instead of being nearly even, is
+quite deeply forked. The bill is scarcely half as wide, and brownish, not
+yellow, beneath. The tarsus has the same peculiar scutellation.</p>
+
+<p>The differences from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. obscurus</i> are less easily expressed. It is, however,
+considerably smaller, and more olivaceous above and below, the tarsi very
+much shorter; the most tangible character is seen in the absence of the
+<!--428.png--><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 384]</span>
+white on the outer web of the external tail-feather, which is only a little
+paler brown than elsewhere. The abdomen is much more distinctly yellowish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered in the vicinity of Fort Tejon,
+<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. Xantus, in 1858, and described by him in the Proceedings
+of the Philadelphia Academy. It has since been taken in other parts of
+California and Mexico. Sumichrast found it in the Department of Vera
+Cruz; and Dr. Coues has taken it in Arizona, where he regarded it as a
+rather rare summer resident, arriving late in April and remaining until the
+third week in October.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper obtained a single specimen of this species at Fort Mohave,
+May 20. It closely resembled <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i> in its habits at that time, and
+he mistook it for that species. He afterwards met with others, as supposed,
+of these birds, on Catalina Island, in June. They kept in low trees, and
+uttered a few faint lisping notes. The first of this species arrived at Santa
+Cruz, March 13, and they were numerous during the summer, disappearing
+in September. April 27, Dr. Cooper found the first nest. It was built on
+the horizontal branch of a negundo-tree, about eighteen feet from the
+ground. He found four others afterwards, from four to ten feet high, either
+on horizontal branches or on forks of small trees. They contained three or
+four eggs each, or young. The last one with eggs was found as late as
+June 29, probably a second nest of a pair that had been robbed. These
+nests were all thick walled, composed externally of dry mosses and downy
+buds, with a few strips of bark and leaves, and slender woody fibres,
+and often with a few hairs or feathers lining the inside. Externally the
+nests were about four inches wide and two and a half high. The cavity
+was two inches wide and one and a half deep. The eggs were white with
+brown blotches and specks near the larger end, disposed mostly in a circle.
+They measured .68 by .52 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>These birds, he further states, frequented only the darkest groves along
+the river, and had a very few simple call-notes of a monotonous character.
+They were so very shy that he could not get near enough to determine
+the species, which in all probability was not this species, but the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. pusillus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. hammondi</i> was met with by Mr. Ridgway only in the East Humboldt
+Mountains, where, in September, it was found in the thickest groves
+of tall aspens. It seemed to be confined to these localities, and was much
+more secluded than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>. Its common note was a soft <i class="birdcall">pit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A number of nests and eggs sent, with the parent birds, from Lesser Slave
+Lake, by Mr. Strachan Jones, show that its eggs are unspotted creamy-white,
+like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. minimus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>. Indeed, a number of nests
+and eggs of the former of these two species, also accompanied by the parent
+birds, could not be distinguished, except by their apparently just appreciably
+larger size, on the average.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--429.png--><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 385]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MITREPHORUS</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 44. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. phæocercus</i>.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_429.jpg"
+ width="250" height="206"
+ alt="Illustration: 40602 female"
+ />
+ <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">40602</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+ </div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar in general character to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. empidonax</i>, but with fulvous, fulvous-olive
+and rufous tints, instead of clear olive, gray, white,
+and sulphur-yellow. Head crested; bristles of gape
+reaching nearly to tip of bill. Feet very weak.</p>
+
+<p>The type of this genus (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. phæocercus</i>)
+is quite different in form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>,
+the nearest North American ally, but both
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. pallescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</i> could with little
+violence be placed in it. There is no positive
+character to separate the latter from
+the average of species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, except
+it be the color. The crest is not at all conspicuous, nor is there any
+appreciable difference of form; while in the form of the bill these species
+are much nearer <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i> than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</i>. The legs, however, are
+weaker, and the rictal bristles longer.</p>
+
+<p>There are two forms of the group, as defined by Sclater: one embracing
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. phæocercus</i>, Sclater (Mexico and Guatemala), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. aurantiiventris</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence">Lawr.</abbr>
+(Costa Rica); the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. fulvifrons</i>, Giraud, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</i>, Coues. The
+differences between the last two, which are probably merely races of one
+species, may be expressed as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fulvifrons.</b> Olivaceous above; beneath ochraceous-fulvous; darkest on
+the breast, paler on throat and crissum. External edge of outer tail-feathers
+whitish.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+Olive of back fulvous; under parts decided ochrey-fulvous. Wing-bands
+tinged with ochraceous; wing rather pointed. First quill equal to sixth;
+third, longest. Wing, 2.65; tail, 2.40; tarsus, .61. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_97" id="fnanchor_97"></a><a href="#footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+Olive of back grayish; beneath obscurely ochrey-fulvous and much paler;
+wing-bands grayish-white; wing rather rounded. First quill shorter than
+sixth; fourth longest. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .55.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--430.png--><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 386]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus fulvifrons</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BUFF-BREASTED LEAST FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus pallescens</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Philad. Ac.</abbr> 1866, 63 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Calif. I</abbr>, 334. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus fulvifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of America, One, plate 19">Illust. B. Am. I, pl. xix</abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above fulvous-gray, with an ashy cast on the tail and crown; lighter
+across the nape. Two grayish-white bands across the wings, and the terminal half of the
+secondaries and outer web of lateral tail-feather broadly edged with the same. Whole
+lower parts, including the lores and cheeks, and lining of wing, light ochraceous, very
+deeply ochraceous across the breast and on the sides, nearly white on the abdomen and
+crissum. Upper mandible deep black, lower whitish (“bright orange-yellow” in life);
+feet deep black. Wing-formula: second, third, and fourth quills equal and longest, 5, 6, 1.
+Tail very slightly emarginated, but lateral feather a little the shortest. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Length,
+4.75; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.00; culmen, .54 (measured to concealed base); breadth of bill,
+.24; tarsus, .54; middle toe, .28. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Colors paler; deep ochraceous of breast, etc.,
+less distinct.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern border of Middle Province of United States (Fort Whipple, Arizona).</p>
+
+<p>The true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. fulvifrons</i> of Mexico differs simply in deeper colors, the
+shade above being decidedly fulvous, instead of grayish, and the lower parts
+much more deeply ochraceous, the abdomen not approaching white; the
+wing-markings are also tinged with ochraceous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, both new to our fauna and previously undescribed,
+was taken by Dr. Coues at Fort Whipple. It belongs to a newly established
+genus of Flycatchers, recently established by Mr. Sclater, similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>.
+So far as known, its members are more or less tropical in their residence.
+It is a rare summer resident at Fort Whipple, arriving there early
+in May. Nothing is stated in reference to its habits, except that they correspond
+with those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonaces</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PYROCEPHALUS</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> of Beagle, 1838, 44.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_430.jpg"
+ width="250" height="157"
+ alt="Illustration: Pyrocephalus rubineus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">38206</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tarsus moderate, very little longer than the middle toe; hind toe not
+longer than the lateral. Bill
+slender, very narrow at the base.
+Tail broad, even, considerably
+shorter than the wings (about
+four fifths), which reach beyond
+the middle of the tail.
+First quill shorter than the
+fifth. Head with a conspicuous
+rounded crest. Sexes dissimilar.
+Male with the crown
+and lower parts red (except in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus</i>); tail, back, and
+wings dark brown.</p>
+
+<p><!--431.png--><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 387]</span>
+The single North American species of this genus is readily distinguished
+among other Flycatchers by the bright red of the under parts. The female
+is quite different in color from the male, being peculiar in this respect among
+North American Flycatchers.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. obscurus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_98" id="fnanchor_98"></a><a href="#footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></span>
+Entirely uniform sepia-brown beneath, with a wine-purple
+tinge posteriorly and on the forehead. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Peru.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. rubineus.</b> Whole crown, and entire lower parts (except lining of wing),
+brilliant scarlet-red; a stripe on side of the head, and entire upper parts,
+sepia-brownish. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Whitish anteriorly beneath, more or less reddish
+posteriorly; anterior portion with dusky streaks; crown dusky. <i class="age">Young</i>
+without any red; feathers above bordered with lighter; streaks beneath
+numerous. Length, about 5.50.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+The brown of a dark sepia cast, edges of wing-feathers not appreciably
+paler, the red with a slight carmine shade. No whitish on the edge of
+outer nor on tips of other tail-feathers. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_99" id="fnanchor_99"></a><a href="#footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Similar to last, but outer web of lateral tail-feather distinctly whitish,
+the rest tipped slightly with whitish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South America
+(Bogota and Guayaquil)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_100" id="fnanchor_100"></a><a href="#footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+The brown of a decided grayish cast, and edges of wing-feathers very
+distinctly paler; red more scarlet (but equally intense). No whitish
+tips to tail-feathers, and no white edge to the outer. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle
+America; north into southern border of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED FLYCATCHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 115. <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations, One, four">Ill. I,
+<span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1853, 127, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 201.&mdash;<span class="sc">Salvadori</span>, <abbr lang="it" xml:lang="it" title=" Atti della Società ... Milano">Atti. Milan.</abbr>
+<abbr title="seven">vii</abbr>, 1864.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 38. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula coronata</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831,
+529. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus nanus</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, Sitgreave’s Report, 1853, 75 (not of <span class="sc">Gould</span>).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 45, 56, 366; 1864, 176.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis,
+1859, 442.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 227.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 399 (Guatemala).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum, two">Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, 1859, 68.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 333.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head with a full rounded or globular crest. Tail even. Crown and whole
+under parts bright carmine-red; rest of upper parts, including the cheeks as far as the
+bill, and the lining of the wing, dull grayish-brown; the upper tail-coverts darker; the
+tail almost black; greater and middle wing-coverts and edges of secondaries and tertials
+<!--432.png--><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 388]</span>
+dull white towards the edges. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, without the crest; the crown brown, like
+the back; the under parts whitish anteriorly, streaked with brown; behind white, tinged
+with red or ochraceous. Length of male about 5.50; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.75. <i class="age">Young</i>
+resembling the female, but lacking any trace of red, and with each feather of the upper
+parts bordered with whitish, producing a very variegated appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Valleys of Rio Grande and Gila southward. Localities: Honduras (<span class="sc">Moore</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 55); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 296); Vera Cruz, hot to alpine regions (<abbr title="Sumichrast Memoires Boston Society One"><span class="sc">Sum.</span>
+M. B. S. I</abbr>, 557); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, 201); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 64).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_432.jpg"
+ width="250" height="203"
+ alt="Illustration: Pyrocephalus rubineus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Every stage between the youngest plumage described and the adult male
+may be found in a large series of immature specimens: the shade of the red
+in both sexes frequently varies, it being
+sometimes of a slightly rosaceous tint,
+and again decidedly inclining to orange;
+its amount in the female varies almost
+with the individual. The two South
+American races (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i> and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</i>;
+see synopsis) differ in having the
+brown of upper parts, etc., very decidedly
+darker; no appreciable light edgings to
+wing-feathers, and sometimes an appreciably
+more intense red. One of
+them (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>) has a distinct white outer edge to lateral tail-feather, and
+slight whitish tips to the other; the other has no more than a trace of
+these markings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This brilliant species is a rare summer visitant to Texas, New
+Mexico, Arizona, and probably Southern California. It is found throughout
+Middle America. It has only within a few years been known as a resident
+within our territory, but was first observed in Texas by Captain McCown, of
+the United States Army, in 1850, and its claim to a place in our fauna
+publicly made by Mr. G. N. Lawrence. Captain McCown, in some notes on
+the habits of certain Texan birds, published in the Annals of the <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>
+Lyceum, speaks of this Flycatcher as being seldom seen, and of his having
+noticed not more than a dozen in Western Texas. He always found them
+near ponds of water, in the vicinity of the Rio Grande, generally on a tree
+or a stake near the water. He only met with one nest, and this was inaccessible.
+It was built on an acacia over the water.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch, in a letter to Mr. Cassin, states that he first met with
+this bird at Charco Escondido, in Tamaulipas, on the 10th of March. The
+males had come in advance of the females, as the latter were not observed
+until several weeks afterwards. Early in the morning, and again about sunset,
+one of these birds came to the artificial lake constructed there for the supply
+of water to the inhabitants. It appeared to be of a very quiet and inoffensive
+disposition, usually sitting on the upper branches of the trees, occasionally
+uttering a low chirp. He subsequently met with these birds in Nueva
+<!--433.png--><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 389]</span>
+Leon. In their habits they appeared to be in some respects similar to the
+smaller northern Flycatchers.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Henry also met with these birds in the vicinity of Fort Webster, in
+New Mexico; he found them exceedingly rare, and his observations were
+confirmatory of their partiality for the neighborhood of water. His first
+specimen was obtained on the Rio Mimbres, near Fort Webster, in the
+month of March.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with an individual of this Flycatcher near the settlement
+of Quihi, in Texas, in the month of May. It was breeding in a thicket.
+He did not hear it utter any note.</p>
+
+<p>According to the observations of Mr. Sumichrast, this bird is very
+abundant throughout the entire Department of Vera Cruz, common everywhere,
+at all heights, in the hot, the temperate, and the alpine regions. Mr.
+Dresser obtained a fine male specimen from the San Pedro River, near San
+Antonio, in August. Another, a young male, was obtained September 25.
+It was very shy, and made its way through the low bushes like the Hedge
+Sparrow of Europe. A third was obtained April 5, after much difficulty.
+It was not so shy as the others, but kept more in the open country, always
+perching on some elevated place. Its note resembled that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus
+forficatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This bird, according to Dr. Coues, is not found as far to the north as Fort
+Whipple, among the mountains, though it extends up the valley of the
+Colorado to an equally high latitude. It is also said to be common in the
+valley of the Gila and in Southern Arizona generally.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. E. C. Taylor (Ibis, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 86) mentions finding this Flycatcher tolerably
+abundant both at Ciudad Bolivar and at Barcelona, but he did not meet
+with a specimen on the island of Trinidad. He notes its great resemblance
+in habits to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapæ</i> of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly reports that these birds were often observed by him at
+various points on the road, from Boca Grande to Los Nogales. It generally
+selected its perch on the topmost branch of some bush or tree, awaiting the
+approach of its insect food, and then sallying out to capture it. Sometimes
+it poised itself in a graceful manner in the air, while its bright plumage
+glistened in the sun like some brightly colored flower.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann procured a specimen of this Flycatcher at Fort Yuma,
+where he was informed that it was quite common in spring. He saw other
+individuals of this species at Tucson in Sonora. These birds, he states,
+station themselves upon the topmost branches of trees, and when pursued
+appear quite wild, flying to a considerable distance before again alighting.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper saw at Fort Mohave, May 24, a bird which he had no doubt
+was an individual of this species, but he was not able to procure it. It
+perched upon the tops of bushes, and would not suffer him to approach within
+shooting distance. One has since been taken by Mr. W. W. Holden in
+Colorado Valley, <abbr title="latitude">lat.</abbr> 34<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, April 18.</p>
+
+<p><!--434.png--><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 390]</span>
+Mr. Joseph Leyland found this species common on the flats near Peten,
+in Guatemala, as also on the pine ridges of Belize. They have, he states,
+a singular habit of spinning round and round on the wing, and then
+dropping suddenly with wings loose and fluttering as though shot,&mdash;apparently
+done for amusement. They lay three or four light-colored eggs
+in a small nest composed of light grass and lined with cottony materials.
+Mr. Xantus found the nest and eggs of this species at San José, Mexico,
+May 16, 1861.</p>
+</div><!--end family Tyrannidæ-->
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Alcedinidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--435.png--><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 391]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALCEDINIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Kingfishers.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+<abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Head large; bill long, strong, straight, and sub-pyramidal, usually longer than
+the head. Tongue very small. Wings short; legs small; the outer and middle toes
+united to their middle. Toes with the usual number of joints (2, 3, 4, 5).</p>
+
+<p>The gape of the bill in the Kingfishers is large, reaching to beneath the
+eyes. The third primary is generally longest; the first decidedly shorter;
+the secondaries vary from twelve to fifteen in number, all nearly equal.
+The secondaries cover at least three quarters of the wing. The tail is short,
+the feathers twelve in number; they are rather narrow, the outer usually
+shorter. The lower part of the tibia is bare, leaving the joint and the tarsus
+uncovered. The tarsus is covered anteriorly with plates; behind, it is
+shagreen-like or granulated. The hind toe is connected with the inner, so
+as to form with it and the others a regular sole, which extends unbroken
+beneath the middle and outer as far as the latter are united. The inner toe
+is much shorter than the outer. The claws are sharp; the middle expanded
+on its inner edge, but not pectinated.</p>
+
+<p>The North American species of Kingfisher belong to the subfamily
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cerylinæ</i>, characterized by the crested head, and the plumage varying with
+sex and age. The single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</i> includes two types, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</i> and
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CERYLE</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1828, 316, ch. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo rudis</i> of Africa.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 336. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. alcyon</i>, in part.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill long, straight, and strong, the culmen slightly advancing on the forehead
+and sloping to the acute tip; the sides much compressed; the lateral margins rather
+dilated at the base, and straight to the tip; the gonys long and ascending. Tail rather
+long and broad. Tarsi short and stout.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is distinguished from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo</i> (confined to the Old
+World) by the longer tail, an indented groove on each side the culmen,
+inner toe much longer than the hinder instead of equal, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The two species of North American Kingfishers belong to two different
+subgenera of modern systematists, the one to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr>, the other
+to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i>, Kaup. The characters of these subgenera are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr> (1854). Bill very stout and thick. Tarsus about
+equal to the hind toe; much shorter than the inner anterior. Plumage
+without metallic gloss; the occipital feathers much elongated, linear, and
+distinct. Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. alcyon</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</b>, Kaup (1849). Size smaller and shape more slender than in
+<!--436.png--><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 392]</span>
+the preceding. Bill long, thin. Tarsi longer than hind toe; almost or quite as
+long as the inner anterior. Plumage with a green metallic gloss above; the
+occiput with a crest of rather short, indistinct feathers. Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. amazona</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_436.jpg"
+ width="300" height="172"
+ alt="Illustration: Ceryle alcyon"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1640</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</i> was established by Boie on the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo rudis</i>, of Linnæus,
+an African species. Modern systematists separate the American Kingfishers
+from those of the Old World, and if correct in so doing, another generic
+name must be selected for the former. If the two American sections be
+combined into one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i> of Kaup (type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo amazona</i>) must be
+taken as being the older, unless, indeed, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</i> of Swainson (1837) be
+admissible. This appears to have been based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</i>, although
+including also some Old World species.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BELTED KINGFISHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 180.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 59.&mdash;<span class="sc">Audubon</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 384, <abbr title="plate 77">pl. lxxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J.
+VI</abbr>, 1858, 102. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1828, 316.&mdash;<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American">N. Am.</abbr> Oology, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1857, 110, <abbr title="plate four">pl. iv</abbr>, fig. 52 (egg).&mdash;<span class="sc">Wood</span>, <abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, 1868, 379 (nesting).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 158.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 167.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Chicago Academy, One, one">Ch.
+Ac. I, i</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen 3">Abh. Nat. III</abbr>, 1872, 29 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+125.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 337.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 300. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaceryle alcyon</i>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie, 1, 2"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span> Handb. Sp. Orn. I, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1851, 25, <abbr title="plate 412">pl. ccccxii</abbr>, fig. 3108-9. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida ludoviciana</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 452. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo jaguacate</cite>, <span class="sc">Dumont</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Dictionnaire des science naturelles 1">Dict. Sc. Nat.
+I</abbr>, 1816, 455” (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo guacu</cite>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 19">Nouv. Dict. XIX</abbr>, 1818, 406,”
+(<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle alcyon</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Two">Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 151.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head with a long crest. Above ashy-blue, without metallic lustre. Beneath,
+with a concealed band across the occiput, and a spot anterior to the eye, pure white.
+A band across the breast, and the sides of the body under the wings, like the back.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_45.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="45">XLV</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-1" id="pl_45-1"></a><img src="images/pl_45-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3906.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-2" id="pl_45-2"></a><img src="images/pl_45-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 957.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-3" id="pl_45-3"></a><img src="images/pl_45-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis sayus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 52286.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-4" id="pl_45-4"></a><img src="images/pl_45-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Puget Sound, 11871.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-5" id="pl_45-5"></a><img src="images/pl_45-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nevada, 53277.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-6" id="pl_45-6"></a><img src="images/pl_45-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 25207. ½ <abbr title="natural">nat.</abbr> size.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-7" id="pl_45-7"></a><img src="images/pl_45-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1010.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-8" id="pl_45-8"></a><img src="images/pl_45-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center"><a name="note21" id="note21"></a>8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura vauxi</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Puget Sound, 15955.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_45-9" id="pl_45-9"></a><img src="images/pl_45-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 45 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle americana</span>, <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 6194. ½ <abbr title="natural">nat.</abbr> size.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--437.png--><!--Plate 45-->
+<!--438.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="small"><!--439.png--><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 393]</span>
+Primaries white on the basal half, the terminal unspotted. Tail with transverse bands
+and spots of white. <i class="sex">Female</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">young</i> with sides of body and a band across the
+belly below the pectoral one
+light chestnut; the pectoral band
+more or less tinged with the
+same. Length of adult about
+12.75 inches; wing, 6.00.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_439.jpg"
+ width="250" height="248"
+ alt="Illustration: Ceryle alcyon"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+The entire continent of
+North America to Panama, including
+West Indies. Localities:
+Honduras (<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>
+1859, 53; <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 116); <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr>
+Cruz, winter (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+67); Belize (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 131);
+York Factory, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Murray</span>,
+<abbr title="Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, January">Edinb. Phil. J. Jan.</abbr> 1860); Cuba
+(<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab. J.</span> IV</abbr>, 101; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep.
+I</abbr>, 1866, 292); Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>,
+<abbr title="Boston Society Seven">Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859); Jamaica
+(<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 81); Orizaba
+(<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 253); Panama
+(<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861,
+318 <abbr title="note">n.</abbr>); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab. J.</span></abbr> 1862,
+162; <abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 118); Tobago (<abbr title="Jardine Annals Magazine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span> Ann. Mag.</abbr> 19, 80); Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>,
+Ibis, 1865, 471); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 59); <abbr title="Saint">Sta.</abbr> Bartholemy (<abbr title="Sundevall Öfversigt"><span class="sc">Sund.</span> Ofv.</abbr>
+1869, 585).</p>
+
+<p>This species varies considerably in size with locality, as do so many
+others. Western specimens are appreciably larger, especially those from the
+northwest coast. According to Nuttall and Audubon, it is the female that
+has the transverse band of chestnut across the belly. In this they may be
+correct; but several specimens in the Smithsonian collection marked female
+(perhaps erroneously) show no indication of the chestnut.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_101" id="fnanchor_101"></a><a href="#footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Two closely allied but much larger species belong to Middle and South
+America. They differ in having the whole body beneath of a reddish
+color.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Belted Kingfisher of North America is a widely
+distributed species at all times, and in the summer is found in every portion
+of North America, to the Arctic Ocean on the north, and from the Atlantic
+to the Pacific. It is more or less resident throughout the year, and in
+mild and open winters a few have been known to linger throughout New
+England, and even in higher latitudes. In 1857 Captain Blakiston found
+it remaining on the lower part of the Saskatchewan River until the 7th
+of October; and afterwards, in 1859, at Pembina, on the 1st of May, he observed
+<!--440.png--><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 394]</span>
+them to be present, although the river was not yet open. Those
+that have migrated to the south make their reappearance in spring throughout
+the continent as soon as, and not unfrequently before, the ice has disappeared
+from the rivers and ponds.</p>
+
+<p>It occurs in extreme northern latitudes. Mr. MacFarlane received skins
+from the Eskimos obtained on the Arctic coast, and Mr. Dall found them
+breeding at Fort Yukon, where it was quite common on all the small streams
+flowing into that river. It was also found by Dr. Richardson frequenting
+all the large streams of the fur countries, as far at least as the 67th parallel.
+In California a larger race than our Atlantic species is found abundantly
+along the coast, and about nearly every stream or lake in which the water
+is not turbid and muddy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. A. Newton reports this bird as a winter visitant at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, leaving
+the island late in April. It frequents mangrove swamps and the mouths
+of small streams, sometimes fishing half a mile out at sea. The stomach of
+one contained shells of crabs. The occurrence of two specimens of this
+species in Ireland is recorded by Mr. Thompson.</p>
+
+<p>The Kingfisher is an eminently unsocial species. It is never found other
+than in solitary pairs, and these are very rarely seen together. They feed
+almost entirely upon fish, which they capture by plunging into the water,
+and which they always swallow whole on emerging from their bath. Undigested
+portions of their food, such as scales, bones, etc., they have the
+power of occasionally ejecting from their stomachs. They may usually be
+noticed by the side of streams, mill-ponds, and lakes, stationed on some convenient
+position that enables them to overlook a deep place suitable for
+their purpose, and they rarely make a plunge without accomplishing their
+object.</p>
+
+<p>The cry of the Kingfisher, uttered when he is disturbed, or when moving
+from place to place, and occasionally just as he is about to make a plunge,
+is loud and harsh, and resembles the noise made by a watchman’s rattle.
+This noise he makes repeatedly at all hours, and most especially at night,
+during the breeding-season, whenever he returns to the nest with food for
+his mate or young.</p>
+
+<p>They nest in deep holes excavated by themselves in the sides of streams,
+ponds, or cliffs, not always in the immediate vicinity of water. These excavations
+are often near their accustomed fishing-grounds, in some neighboring
+bank, usually not many feet from the ground, always in dry gravel, and
+sufficiently high to be in no danger of inundation. They make their
+burrow with great industry and rapidity, relieving one another from time
+to time, and working incessantly until the result is satisfactorily accomplished.
+When digging through a soft fine sand-bank their progress is
+surprising, sometimes making a deep excavation in a single night. The
+pages of “The American Naturalist” contain several animated controversies
+as to the depth, the shape, and the equipments of these passages.
+<!--441.png--><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 395]</span>
+The result of the evidence thus given seems to be that the holes the
+Kingfishers make are not less than four nor more than fifteen feet in
+length; that some are perfectly straight, while some, just before their
+termination, turn to the right, and others to the left; and that all have,
+at or near the terminus, an enlarged space in which the eggs are deposited.
+Here the eggs are usually laid on the bare sand, there being very rarely, if
+ever, any attempt to construct a nest. The use of hay, dry grass, and feathers,
+spoken of by the older writers, does not appear to be confirmed by more
+recent testimony. Yet it is quite possible that in certain situations the use
+of dry materials may be resorted to to protect the eggs from a too damp
+soil.</p>
+
+<p>The place chosen for the excavation is not always near water. In the
+spring of 1855 I found the nest of a Kingfisher in a bank by the side of the
+carriage path on Mount Washington, more than a mile from any water. It
+was a shallow excavation, made that season, and contained fresh eggs the
+latter part of May. The food of the pair was taken near the dam of a sawmill
+on Peabody River. In another instance a pair of Kingfishers made
+their abode in a sand-bank in the midst of the village of Hingham, within
+two rods of the main street, and within a few feet of a dwelling, and not in
+the near vicinity of water. Here the confidence they displayed was not
+misplaced. They were protected, and their singular habits carefully and
+curiously watched. During the day they were cautious, reticent, and rarely
+seen, but during the night they seemed to be passing back and forth continually,
+the return of each parent being announced by a loud rattling cry.
+Later in the season, when the young required constant attention, these nocturnal
+noises seemed nearly incessant, and became almost a nuisance to the
+family.</p>
+
+<p>The Kingfisher, having once selected a situation for its nest, is very
+tenacious of it, and rarely forsakes it unless compelled to by too great
+annoyances. They will submit to be robbed time after time, and still
+return to the same spot and renew their attempts. They are devoted to
+their young, exhibit great solicitude if their safety is threatened, and will
+suffer themselves to be taken from their nest rather than leave it, and
+immediately return to it again.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dall observed a male bird of this species digging other holes in the
+bank near his nest, apparently for amusement or occupation. They were
+never more than two feet in length and about eight inches in diameter. He
+seemed to abandon them as soon as made, though seen to retire into one to
+eat a fish he had captured.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are usually six, rarely seven, in number, and are of a beautifully
+clear crystal whiteness. They are very nearly spherical in shape, and measure
+1.31 by 1.06 inches.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--442.png--><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 396]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle americana</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</b>, <span class="sc">Tschudi</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS KINGFISHER; GREEN KINGFISHER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo americana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 451 (in part). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle americana</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>,
+Annals <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> Lyceum, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1851, 118 (first introduction into the fauna of
+United States).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, Illustrations, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1855, 255.&mdash;<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American Oology One">N. Am. Oology, I</abbr>,
+1857, 3, <abbr title="plate four, figure">pl. iv, f.</abbr> 53 (egg).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 159, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mex.
+B. II</abbr>; Birds 7, <abbr title="plate 7">pl. vii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 339. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo viridis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 19">Nouv. Dict. XIX</abbr>, 1818, 413 (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle cabanisi</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie 1"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span> Handb. sp. Orn.
+I</abbr>, 27.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum Two"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 147. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo cabanisi</i>, <span class="sc">Tschudi</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head slightly crested. Upper parts, together with a pectoral and abdominal
+band of blotches, glossy green, as also a line on each side the throat. Under parts
+generally, a collar on the back of the neck, and a double series of spots on the quills,
+white. <i class="sex">Female</i> with a broad band of chestnut across the breast. <i class="age">Young</i> of both sexes
+similar to the adult, but white beneath tinged with buff, and marking on breast more
+obsolete. Length about 8.00; wing, 3.14.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rio Grande region of Texas and southward. Localities: Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P.
+Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 358); Bogota (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1853, 130); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 286);
+Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 131); Honduras (Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 117); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865,
+472, breeds); Colorado River (<span class="sc">Coues</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 59); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y.
+Lyc. IX</abbr>, 118).</p>
+
+<p>This species is much smaller than the Northern or Belted Kingfisher, and
+is easily distinguishable by the diagnostic marks already given. The sexes
+appear to differ, like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. alcyon</i>, namely, the female being distinguished
+by a rufous pectoral band, which is wanting in the male.</p>
+
+<p>Tschudi and Cabanis separate the northern from the more southern bird
+under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cabanisi</i>; Tschudi retaining the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i>
+for specimens resident in eastern South America. The differences are
+said to consist in the larger size, longer bill, greater extension of the white
+of the throat, and the decided spotting on the wing-coverts and quills of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</i>. Though these differences are readily appreciable, they correspond
+so entirely with natural laws, distinguishing northern and southern individuals
+of most resident species, that it is only fair to consider them as
+merely modifications of a single species.</p>
+
+<p>Several other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</i> proper are found in Tropical America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as is certainly known, this species is only found within
+our fauna as a bird of Texas, where it is occasional, rather than common, and
+confined to its western limits. From information received, I am confident
+that it will yet become known as at least of rare occurrence in Southern
+Florida, and possibly along the whole gulf coast. It was first noticed as a
+bird of the United States by Captain McCown, and added to our list by
+Mr. Lawrence, in 1851. It has since then been occasionally taken near the
+Rio Grande and in all the northeastern portions of Mexico. It is said to
+be found nearly throughout Mexico, and to be abundant also in Central
+America.</p>
+
+<p><!--443.png--><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 397]</span>
+Mr. Dresser noticed several of these birds at Matamoras, in August, and
+afterwards found them common on the Nueces and the Leona Rivers, in
+which places they were breeding. In December he saw others near Eagle
+Pass. They were nowhere so abundant as the common belted species.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues states that they have been observed on several points on the
+Colorado River between Fort Mohave and Fort Yuma,&mdash;the only instances
+of their occurrence in the United States other than on the Rio Grande. We
+have but little information in regard to their habits, but there is no reason
+to suppose that they differ in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Salvin states that this species occurs abundantly everywhere upon
+the small streams in the Atlantic coast region, and in the interior of Central
+America. It was frequently observed near Dueñas, both on the Guacalate
+and on the outlet of Lake Dueñas. And Mr. J. F. Hamilton, in his
+Notes on the birds from the province of Santo Paulo, in Brazil, states that
+he found this species several times in the vicinity of shallow pools, most
+especially those of which the banks were well wooded. Several times he
+saw them perched on logs projecting a few feet out of the water. Dr. Burmeister
+speaks of this bird (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>) as the most common species
+of Kingfisher in Brazil. It is there met with everywhere near the small
+brooks, on the overhanging branches, and plunging into the water after its
+prey, which consists especially of small fish. It is less shy than other
+species, coming quite near to the settlements and being easily shot. Its
+nest is found in holes in the banks.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. E. C. Taylor also mentions finding this species pretty common in the
+island of Trinidad, especially among the mangroves in the swamps and
+lagoons.</p>
+
+<p>Eggs marked as those of Kingfishers were found in the collection of the
+late Dr. Berlandier, of Matamoras, and are presumed to belong to this
+species, though no notes in relation to their parentage, and none referring
+to this bird, were found among his papers. Except in size, they closely
+resembled eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. alcyon</i>, being of a pure bright crystal-white color,
+and measuring 1.06 inches in length by .61 in breadth.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_443.jpg"
+ width="250" height="143"
+ alt="Illustration: Sternum of Ceryle alcyon"
+ />
+  <p class="center small">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+</div><!--end family Alcedinidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Caprimulgidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--444.png--><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 398]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CAPRIMULGIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Goatsuckers.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very short; the gape enormously long and wide, opening to beneath or
+behind the eyes. Culmen variable. Toes connected by a movable skin; secondaries
+lengthened; plumage soft, sometimes very full and loose, as in the Owls.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding diagnosis in connection with that of the order will suffice
+to separate the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i> from their allies. Their closest relatives are
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, next to which perhaps may be reckoned the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In defining the subdivisions of this family, we make use of an excellent
+monograph of the American species by Dr. Sclater, in Proceedings of the
+Zoölogical Society, London, 1866, 123. He establishes three subfamilies as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podarginæ.</b> Claw of middle toe not pectinated; outer toe with five
+phalanges. Sternum with two pairs of posterior fissures.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Outer pair of posterior sternal fissures much deeper than inner
+pair; tarsus long and naked. Eggs colorless. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podargus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Batrachostomus</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægotheles</i>, Old World.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Outer pair of posterior fissures much deeper than inner pair;
+tarsus extremely short and feathered. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</i>, New World.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornithinæ.</b> Claw of middle toe not pectinated; outer toe with
+five phalanges. Sternum with one pair of shallow posterior fissures. Eggs
+colorless. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis</i>, New World.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ.</b> Claw of middle toe pectinated; outer toe with four
+phalanges only. Sternum with one pair of shallow posterior fissures. Eggs
+colored (colorless in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli</i>, Baird).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glabrirostres.</i> Rictus smooth. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</i>,
+New World. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lyncornis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eurystopodus</i>, Old World.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setirostres.</i> Rictus armed with strong bristles. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotornis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrodipteryx</i>, Old World; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis</i>,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis</i>, New World.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Sclater is of the opinion that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podargus</i> may ultimately have to be
+placed in a different family from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>, with or without the
+other genera placed under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podarginæ</i>; of these <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</i>, the sole New
+World genus has species in Middle (including Jamaica) and South America.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis caripensis</i>, the single representative of the second subfamily, is
+found in Trinidad, Venezuela, and Colombia. It lives in caverns and deep
+chasms of the rocks, becoming excessively fat (whence the scientific name),
+and is said to feed on fruits. The bill is large and powerful, more like
+that of a Hawk than a Goatsucker.</p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Caprimulginæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CAPRIMULGINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Outer toes with four digits only; claw of middle toe pectinated. Sternum
+with one pair only of sternal fissures or notches. Toes scutellate above. Hind toe
+directed a little more than half forward, nostrils separated; rather nearer the commissure
+than the culmen.</p>
+
+<p><!--445.png--><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 399]</span>
+The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</i> have been divided by Dr. Sclater as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. Glabrirostres.</b> Rictus smooth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+I. Tarsus stout, longer than middle toe, entirely naked <span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> Tarsus moderate, shorter than middle toe, more or less clothed with
+feathers.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<i class="subset">a.</i> Tail short, almost square<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<i class="subset">b.</i> Tail elongated, a little forked<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles.</i></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">B. Setirostres.</b> Rictus bristled.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="primary-subset">Aerial.</b> Tarsi short, more or less clothed.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Wings normal, second and third quills longest.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">1. Tail moderate, rounded at tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">2. Tail elongated, even at tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">3. Tail very long, forked or bifurcate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Wings abnormal in male; outer six quills nearly equal<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terrestrial.</b> Tarsi elongated, naked.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Bill moderately broad; nasal aperture scarcely prominent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Bill very broad; nasal aperture much projecting (Jamaica)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_445.jpg"
+ width="300" height="184"
+ alt="Illustration: Chordeiles popetue"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1605</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Of the genera enumerated above, only two certainly belong to the fauna
+of the United States (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>), although there is some
+reason to suppose that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</i> should be included, as among the manuscript
+drawings of Dr. Berlandier, of birds collected at Matamoras on the
+Lower Rio Grande, is one that can be readily referred to no other than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">N.
+albicollis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_102" id="fnanchor_102"></a><a href="#footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></span>
+The briefest diagnoses of these three genera will be as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles.</b> Gape without bristles; tarsi moderate, partly feathered; tail narrow,
+slightly forked; plumage rather compact.</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--446.png--><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 400]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus.</b> Gape with bristles; tarsi moderate, partly feathered; tail broad, considerably
+rounded; plumage soft.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus.</b> Gape with bristles; tarsi lengthened, bare; tail broad, rounded;
+plumage soft.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CHORDEILES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Fauna <abbr title="Boreali-Americana Two">Bor. Amer. II</abbr>, 1831, 496. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus virginianus</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill small, the nostrils depressed; the gape with feeble, inconspicuous
+bristles. Wings long, narrow, and pointed; the first quill nearly or quite equal to the
+second. Tail rather narrow, slightly forked; plumage quite compact. Habits diurnal
+or crepuscular.</p>
+
+<p>Many species of this genus belong to America, although but two that are
+well characterized enter into the fauna of the United States. These are
+easily distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue.</b> White patch on primaries extending over the five outer quills,
+anterior to their middle portion. No rufous spots on quills, anterior to the
+white patch.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Dark mottling predominating on upper parts; lower tail-coverts distinctly
+banded.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 8.00; tail, 4.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States
+and Northwest coast<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 6.90; tail, 4.00. More rufous mottling on scapulars and
+jugulum, and a decided ochraceous tinge below. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West
+Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_103" id="fnanchor_103"></a><a href="#footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Light mottling predominating on upper parts; lower tail-coverts
+only very indistinctly and sparsely banded.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Size of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. acutipennis.</b> White patch on primaries extending over only four outer
+quills, and beyond their middle portion; distinct rufous spots on quills,
+anterior to the white patch.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 6.20 to 6.50; tail, 3.90 to 4.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_104" id="fnanchor_104"></a><a href="#footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Wing, 7.00 to 7.30; tail, 4.40 to 4.75; Colors not appreciably
+different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, north into southern border of
+United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--447.png--><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 401]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NIGHT-HAWK; BULL-BAT.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus popetue</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 56, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles
+popetue</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 151.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 113
+(<abbr title="British Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr> nesting).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 166.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 122. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus americanus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1812, 65, <abbr title="plate 140, figure">pl. cxl. f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles americanus</i>, <span class="sc">DeKay</span>, <abbr title="New York Zoölogy Two">N. Y.
+Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1844, 34, <abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus virginianus</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1760, 477 (in
+part only).&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 273, <abbr title="plate 147">pl. cxlvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858.&mdash;<span class="sc">Warthausen</span>,
+<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 373 (nesting). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus (Chordeiles) virginianus</i>,
+<abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor.-Am. II.</abbr> 1831, 62. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles virginianus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="of America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 159, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> and Oregon Route, 79; <abbr title="Report Pacific Railway Survey Six">Rep. P.
+R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857. <cite>Long-winged Goatsucker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 337.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_447.jpg"
+ width="250" height="191"
+ alt="Illustration: Chordeiles popetue"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Male, above greenish-black, but with little mottling on the head and back.
+Wing-coverts varied with
+grayish; scapulars with yellowish-rufous.
+A nuchal band
+of fine gray mottling, behind
+which is another coarser one
+of rufous spots. A white V-shaped
+mark on the throat;
+behind this a collar of pale
+rufous blotches, and another
+on the breast of grayish
+mottling. Under parts banded
+transversely with dull yellowish
+or reddish-white and
+brown. Wing-quills quite
+uniformly brown. The five
+outer primaries with a white
+blotch (about half an inch
+long) midway between the
+tip and carpal joint, not extending on the outer web of the outer quill. Tail with a
+terminal white patch, which does not reach the outer edge of the feathers. <i class="sex">Female</i> without
+the caudal white patch, the white tail-bands more mottled, the white of the throat
+mixed with reddish. Length of male, 9.50; wing, 8.20.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States and north to Hudson Bay; in winter visits Greater Antilles,
+and southward to Central America (Rio Janeiro, <span class="sc">Pelzeln</span>); said to breed in <a name="note22" id="note22"></a>Jamaica. In
+Rocky Mountains, replaced by the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</i>. Localities: Trout Lake, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr>
+(<span class="sc">Murray</span>, <abbr title="Edinburgh Philosophical Journal">Edinb. Phil. Journ.</abbr> 1860); Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Boston Society Seven">Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859); Guatemala.
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 275); Cuba (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>); Jamaica (<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 285, breeds);
+Matamoras (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 471, breeds); Rio Janeiro, January (<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Pelzeln Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens 1"><span class="sc">Pelz.</span>, Orn. Bras.
+I</abbr>, 14); Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 203).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Night-Hawk of North America is a very common
+species throughout a widely extended area, and within the United States
+breeds wherever found. Its range extends from Florida and Texas to the
+extreme northern latitudes, and from the Atlantic at least to the great Central
+Plains. It has been found as far to the south as Panama.</p>
+
+<p>At Matamoras Mr. Dresser found this species abundant during the summer
+<!--448.png--><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 402]</span>
+season, and towards dusk thousands of these birds and of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. texensis</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henryi</i> might be seen flying in towards the river from the prairies,
+this one being the least common of the three. In Northern Florida it is
+also a common species, and I have rarely received any collection of eggs
+from that State without the eggs of this bird being found among them.
+They are known there as Bull-bats.</p>
+
+<p>In many of its habits, as well as in its well-marked generic distinctions,
+this species exhibits so many and such well-marked differences from the
+Whippoorwill that there seem to be no good reasons for confounding two
+birds so very unlike. It is especially much less nocturnal, and has, strictly
+speaking, no claim to its common name, as indicating it to be a bird of the
+night, which it is not. It is crepuscular, rather than nocturnal, and even
+this habit is more due to the flight of the insects upon which it feeds at
+morning and at evening than to any organization of the bird rendering it
+necessary. It may not unfrequently be seen on the wing, even in bright
+sunny weather, at midday, in pursuit of its winged prey. This is especially
+noticeable with such birds as are wont to frequent our large cities, which may
+be seen throughout all hours of the day sailing high in the air. Generally,
+however, it is most lively early in the morning and just before nightfall,
+when its supply of insect food is most abundant. But it is never to be
+found on the wing after dark. As soon as the twilight deepens into the
+shades of night all retire to rest as regularly, if not at quite as early an
+hour, as other birds in regard to the diurnal habits of which there is no
+question.</p>
+
+<p>This species appears to be equally abundant throughout the fur countries,
+where, Dr. Richardson states, few birds are better known. In the higher
+latitudes to which these birds resort the sun does not set during their stay,
+and all their pursuit of insects must be made by sunlight.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter this species leaves the United States, retiring to Mexico,
+Central America, and the northern portions of South America. Specimens
+from Mexico were in the Rivoli collection. They were taken by Barruel
+in Nicaragua, by Salvin in Guatemala, in Jamaica by Gosse, and in Cuba by
+both Lembeye and Gundlach.</p>
+
+<p>The movements, evolutions, and general habits of this species, in the pursuit
+of their prey, bear little resemblance to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomi</i>, but
+are much more like those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconidæ</i>. They fly high in the air, often
+so high as to be hardly visible, and traverse the air, moving backward and
+forward in the manner of a Hawk. At times they remain perfectly stationary
+for several moments, and then suddenly and rapidly dart off, their wings
+causing a very peculiar vibratory sound. As they fly they utter a very loud
+and shrill cry which it is almost impossible to describe, but often appearing
+to come from close at hand when the bird is high in the air. Richardson
+compares this sound to the vibration of a tense cord in a violent gust of
+wind.</p>
+
+<p><!--449.png--><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 403]</span>
+In some of the peculiarities of its breeding the Mosquito-Hawk displays
+several very marked variations of habit from the Whippoorwill. While
+the latter always deposits its eggs under the cover of shady trees and in
+thick woods, these birds select an open rock, a barren heath, or an exposed
+hillside for their breeding-place. This is not unfrequently in wild spots in the
+vicinity of a wood, but is always open to the sun. I have even known the
+eggs carelessly dropped on the bare ground in a corner of a potato-field, and
+have found the female sitting on her eggs in all the bright glare of a noonday
+sun in June, and to all appearance undisturbed by its brilliance. A
+more common situation for the eggs is a slight hollow of a bare rock, the
+dark weather-beaten shades of which, with its brown and slate-colored
+mosses and lichens, resembling both the parent and the egg in their coloring,
+are well adapted to screen them from observation or detection.</p>
+
+<p>The great abundance of insect life of certain kinds in the vicinity of our
+large cities has of late years attracted these birds. Each summer their
+number in Boston has perceptibly increased, and through June and July,
+at almost all hours of the day, most especially in the afternoon, they may
+be seen or heard sailing high in the air over its crowded streets. The
+modern style of house-building, with flat Mansard roofs, has also added to
+the inducements, affording safe and convenient shelter to the birds at night,
+and serving also for the deposition of their eggs. In quite a number of instances
+in the summers of 1870 and 1871 they were known to lay their
+eggs and to rear their young on the flat roofs of houses in the southern and
+western sections of the city. I have also been informed by the late Mr.
+Turnbull, of Philadelphia, that the flat roofs of large warehouses near the
+river in that city are made similar use of.</p>
+
+<p>If approached when sitting on her eggs, the female will suffer herself to
+be almost trodden on before she will leave them, and when she does it is
+only to tumble at the feet of the intruder and endeavor to draw him away
+from her treasures by well-feigned lameness and pretended disability. Her
+imitation of a wounded bird is so perfect as to deceive almost any one not
+aware of her cunning devices.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this bird are always two in number, elliptical in shape,
+and equally obtuse at either end. They exhibit marked variations in size,
+in ground-color, and in the shades and number of their markings. In certain
+characteristics and in their general effect they are alike, and all resemble
+oblong-oval dark-colored pebble-stones. Their safety in the exposed
+positions in which they are laid is increased by this resemblance to the
+stones among which they lie. They vary in length from 1.30 to 1.13 inches,
+and in breadth from .84 to .94 of an inch. Their ground is of various
+shades of stone-color, in some of a dirty white, in others with a tinge of
+yellow or blue, and in yet others a clay-color. The markings are more or
+less diffused over the entire egg, and differ more or less with each specimen,
+the prevailing colors being varying shades of slate and of yellowish-brown.
+<!--450.png--><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 404]</span>
+With all these variations the eggs are readily recognizable, and bear no resemblance
+to any others except those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</i>. From the
+former they are easily distinguished by the greater size, but from the latter
+they can only be separated by considerations of locality.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN NIGHT-HAWK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of California and Texas One">Illust. Birds of Cal. &amp; Tex. I</abbr>, 1855, 233.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 153, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 133.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 343.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i>, but the male considerably lighter, with a greater
+predominance of the light mottlings, producing a more grayish aspect; the female more
+rufous. Wing-patch of the male larger (at least an inch long), and, like the tail-patch,
+crossing the whole breadth of the feather.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western Province of North America, except Pacific Coast region. Matamoras
+to San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 471); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866,
+58).</p>
+
+<p>In examining a large series of Night-Hawks, we find the differences indicated
+above, in specimens from the Black Hills, Rocky Mountains, and the
+adjacent regions, to be quite decided and constant. Skins, however, from
+Washington, Oregon, and California, seem darker even than the typical
+eastern. There is no prominent difference beyond the lighter colors of male,
+and greater distinctness, extent, and purity of the white or light markings,
+and in the white patches of wing and tail, crossing the outer webs of all the
+feathers; the general proportions and pattern of coloration being quite the
+same. It will therefore seem proper to consider <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henryi</i> as a local race,
+characteristic of the region in which it occurs, and as such noteworthy,
+but not entitled to independent rank.</p>
+
+<p>Another race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr>, similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</i>, but considerably
+smaller (7.50, wing, 7.00), is resident in Cuba and Jamaica. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue</i> is
+also said to breed in the latter island, but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i> is probably referred to.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This form, whether we regard it as a good species, or only a
+western race of the common Night-Hawk, was first described as a new variety
+by Mr. Cassin, in 1855, from specimens procured at Fort Webster,
+New Mexico, by Dr. Henry, in honor of whom it was named. Its claim to
+be considered a distinct race or species rests chiefly upon its constantly different
+colorations.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper, who regarded this form not specifically distinct from the Night-Hawk,
+states that it is not found near the coast border of California.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly encountered it in abundance in the vicinity of Los Nogales,
+in Sonora, in June. Late in the afternoon they came in great numbers
+around the camp. They kept circling round and round, and approached the
+earth nearer and nearer with the declining sun.</p>
+
+<p><!--451.png--><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 405]</span>
+Mr. Dresser found them very abundant at Matamoras, and as far east as
+the Sal Colorado, beyond which he did not meet with any. About dusk,
+thousands of these birds might be seen flying in towards the river from the
+prairies. At San Antonio, where Mr. Dresser found both <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+texensis</i>, he never procured a single specimen of this bird, nor did Dr. Heermann
+ever meet with one there.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues says these birds are abundant throughout the Territory of
+Arizona. At Fort Whipple it is a summer resident, arriving in April
+and remaining until October, being particularly numerous in August and
+September. Mr. Drexler made a large collection of these birds at Fort
+Bridger, in Utah, all of which showed such constant differences from eastern
+specimens as to indicate in his opinion the propriety of a specific
+separation.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this bird taken at Fort Crook, California, by Lieutenant Fulner,
+measures 1.25 inches in length by .92 of an inch in breadth. While resembling
+in general effect an egg of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. popetue</i>, it is lighter in colorings, and
+varies from any of that bird I have ever seen. Its ground-color is that of
+clay, over which are diffused curious aggregations of small spots and cloudings
+of yellowish-brown, mingled with lilac. These markings are quite
+small and separate, but are grouped in such close proximity into several
+collections as to give them the appearance of large blotches; and the blending
+of these two shades is so general as to produce the effect of a color
+quite different from either, except upon a close inspection, or an examination
+through a magnifying glass.</p>
+
+<p>This variety was met with at the Forks of the Saskatchewan, in June,
+1858, by Captain Blakiston, and specimens were obtained on the Saskatchewan
+Plains, by <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> Bourgeau, in the summer of the same year. The latter
+also procured its eggs. These are said to have been three in number, described
+as light olive, blotched with black more thickly at one end than
+the other. No mention of shape is made. This description, incomplete as
+it is, indicates a great dissimilarity with eggs of this bird, fully identified in
+the Smithsonian collection.</p>
+
+<p>The western variety was met with by Mr. Ridgway throughout the entire
+extent of his route across the Great Basin. It bred everywhere, laying its
+eggs on the bare ground, beneath a sage-bush, usually on the foot-hills of
+the mountains, or on the mesas. In August and September they congregate
+in immense flocks, appearing in the evening. Not the slightest difference
+in habits, manners, or notes, was observed between this and the eastern
+Night-Hawk.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--452.png--><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 406]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles acutipennis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS NIGHT-HAWK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles brasilianus</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V</abbr>, May, 1851, 114 (not of
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 238. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles sapiti</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus Avium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1849, 63. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles texensis</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum, Six, December">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, Dec.</abbr> 1856, 167.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 154, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 7, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 345. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus texensis</i>, <span class="sc">Warthausen</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 376 (nesting).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Much smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i>, but somewhat similar. White on the
+wing extending over only four outer primaries, the bases of which, as well as the remaining
+ones, with other quills, have round rufous spots on both webs. Under tail-coverts
+and abdomen with a strong yellowish-rufous tinge. Female more rufous and without the
+white spot of the tail. Length, 8.75; wing, 7.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Basins of Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado Rivers, and west to Gulf of California;
+South as far, at least, as Costa Rica. Localities: Matamoras to San Antonio (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>,
+Ibis, 1865, 471, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>; <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 58); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span>
+An. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 120); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 204).</p>
+
+<p>The markings of this species are quite different from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles
+popetue</i>. In average specimens the prevailing color above may be described
+as a mixed gray, yellowish-rusty, black, and brown, in varied but very fine
+mottlings. The top of the head is rather uniformly brown, with a few
+mottlings of grayish-rusty, although the concealed portion of the feathers is
+much varied. On the nape is a finely mottled collar of grayish and black,
+not very conspicuously defined, and rather interrupted on the median line.
+A similar collar is seen on the forepart of the breast. The middle of the
+back and the rump exhibit a coarser mottling of the same without any
+rufous. The scapulars and wing-coverts are beautifully variegated, much as
+in some of the Waders, the pattern very irregular and scarcely capable of
+definition. There are, however, a good many large round spots of pale
+yellowish-rusty, very conspicuous among the other markings. There is
+quite a large blotch of white on the wing, situated considerably nearer the
+tip than the carpal joint. It only involves four primaries, and extends
+across both outer and inner webs. The four first primaries anterior to the
+white blotches, and the remaining ones nearly from their tips, exhibit a
+series of large round rufous spots not seen in the other North American
+species. The other wing-quills have also similar markings. There is a
+large V-shaped white mark on the throat, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i>, though rather
+larger proportionally. Posterior to this there are some rather conspicuous
+blotches of rufous, behind which is the obscure finely mottled collar of gray
+and brown already referred to. The breast and remaining under parts are
+dull white transversely banded with brown, with a strong tinge of yellowish-rufous
+on the abdomen, about the vent, and on the under tail-coverts. The
+tail is dark brown with about eight transverse bars of lighter; the last are
+<!--453.png--><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 407]</span>
+white, and extend across both vanes; the others less continuous, and yellowish-rufous
+beneath as well as above, especially on the inner vane.</p>
+
+<p>The females are quite similar, but lack the white patch of the tail, have
+more numerous rufous spots on quills, and are perhaps more fulvous in
+general appearance. Young birds, however, would hardly be recognized as
+the same, except when taken with adults, owing to the predominance of a
+pale cinnamon shade above, and a decided tinge of the same on all the
+white and gray markings. Nearly all the primaries have a border of this
+color.</p>
+
+<p>The variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</i> of South America (see synopsis) is very similar,
+differing merely in smaller dimensions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Texan Night-Hawk occurs in the valley of the Rio Grande
+from Texas on the east, through New Mexico, Arizona, Southern California,
+and Cape San Lucas. It is found in the northern provinces of Mexico during
+the summer months, and thence southward to Central America. It was
+found at Dueñas, in Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin, and also at Coban. Mr.
+Xantus found it breeding at Cape San Lucas in May.</p>
+
+<p>This species was first added to our fauna by Mr. Lawrence, in 1851, as a
+bird of Texas, supposed to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brasilianus</i>, and in 1856 described by the
+same writer as a new species.</p>
+
+<p>According to Dr. Cooper, it makes its first appearance at Fort Mohave by
+the 17th of April, and soon after becomes quite numerous, hunting in companies
+after sunset, and hiding during the day on the ground under low
+bushes. By the 25th of May they had all paired, but continued nearly
+silent, making only a low croaking when approached. They flew in the
+manner of the common species, but seemed to sail in rather smaller circles.
+Dr. Cooper found them as far west as the Coast Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues states that this species is common in the Colorado Valley, even
+farther north than the latitude of Fort Whipple. It was not, however, met
+with by him at that port, nor indeed for some fifty miles to the south of it,
+and then only in the summer. He adds that it extends from the Rio
+Grande Valley westward to the Pacific. It was found abundant at Cape
+<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Dr. Xantus.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found it very common at Matamoras during the summer season,
+and thence to San Antonio and to the eastward of that place. At San
+Antonio, in the spring, he first noticed them on the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, when he
+saw seven or eight flying about at noonday. A few days later they had become
+very numerous. They remained about San Antonio until the end of
+September, and soon after disappeared. He noticed none later than the first
+week in October.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. H. Clark met with this species at Ringgold Barracks, Texas, in
+June. They were to be seen sitting about in the heat of the day, at which
+time they could be easily approached. During the hottest days they did not
+sally forth in quest of food until late in the evening. On one occasion, near
+<!--454.png--><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 408]</span>
+El Paso, Mr. Clark saw these birds congregated in such quantities over a
+mud-hole from which were issuing myriads of insects, that he felt that the
+discharge among them of mustard-seed shot would involve a wanton destruction.
+This species is not known, according to his account, to make a swoop
+in the manner of the common species. It does not utter the same hoarse
+sounds, nor does it ever fly so high.</p>
+
+<p>Among the notes of the late Dr. Berlandier, of Matamoras, we find references
+to this species, to which he gives the common name of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pauraque</i>, and
+in his collection of eggs are many that unquestionably are those of this
+bird, and which are, in all respects but size, in close affinity to the eggs of
+the common Night-Hawk. These eggs measure 1.18 inches in length by
+.87 of an inch in breadth. Their ground-color, seen through a magnifying
+glass, is of clear crystal whiteness, but is so closely covered by overlaying
+markings as not to be discernible to the eye. They are marked over the entire
+surface with small irregular confluent spots and blotches, which are a blending
+of black, umber, and purplish-gray markings. These combinations give
+to the egg the appearance of a piece of polished marble of a dark gray color.
+They are both smaller and of a lighter color than those of the common
+eastern bird.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ANTROSTOMUS</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>,
+ <span class="sc">Icones Avium</span>, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_454.jpg"
+ width="250" height="169"
+ alt="Illustration: Antrostomus nuttalli"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very small, with tubular nostrils, and the gape with long, stiff, sometimes
+pectinated bristles projecting beyond the end of the bill. Tarsi moderate, partly
+feathered above. Tail broad, rounded;
+wings broad and rounded; first
+quill shorter than third; plumage soft
+and lax. Habit nocturnal.</p>
+
+<p>In what the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>
+really differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus</i>
+proper, we are quite unable to
+say, as in the many variations
+of form of both New and Old
+World species of these two divisions
+respectively, it is said to
+be not difficult to find species in
+each, almost identical in form. In the want of suitable material for comparison,
+we shall follow Sclater in using <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i> for the New World
+species.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent">
+<!--455.png--><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 409]</span>
+<b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_105" id="fnanchor_105"></a><a href="#footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Bristles of gape with lateral filaments. Light tail-spaces confined to inner
+web of feathers.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Dark markings on crown longitudinal. Ochraceous or white gular collar in form
+of a narrow band across jugulum.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis.</b> Throat ochraceous, with sparse, narrow, transverse
+bars of black; jugular collar more whitish, with broader but more distant
+black bars. Crissum barred, and inner webs of primaries with
+black prevailing. Wing, 8.90; tail, 6.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Louisianian region of
+the Eastern Province of United States (Florida and the Carolinas to
+Arkansas). Costa Rica.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Bristles of gape without lateral filaments; light tail-spaces covering both
+webs.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Throat black, with sparse, narrow, transverse bars of pale brown. Crissum
+barred, and inner webs of primaries with black greatly predominating.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. macromystax.</b> Crown pale brown and whitish very coarsely
+mottled with dusky; lower parts clouded with whitish, in conspicuous
+contrast with the ground color. Light tail patch restricted to less than
+terminal third, and decreasing in breadth toward the middle feathers.
+Bristles of gape enormously long and stout; bill compressed, nostrils
+large.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+White patch on end of tail confined to three outer feathers, and
+decreasing very rapidly in extent to the inner. Wing, 6.60; tail,
+5.30; rictal bristles, 1.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Mirador, La Parada)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_106" id="fnanchor_106"></a><a href="#footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+White patch on end of tail, on four outer feathers, and just
+appreciably decreasing in extent toward the inner. Wing, 7.00;
+tail, 5.50; rictal bristles, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_107" id="fnanchor_107"></a><a href="#footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus.</b> Crown ash, finely mottled or minutely sprinkled with
+dusky; lower parts without whitish cloudings. White tail-patch covering
+more than terminal half, and decreasing in breadth toward the outer
+feather. Bristles of gape moderate, slender; bill weaker, less compressed,
+and nostrils smaller. Wing, 6.40; tail, 5.10; rictal bristles,
+1.50 or less. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, south to
+Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Dark markings of crown transverse. Gular collar pure white, covering
+nearly whole throat.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Throat pure white, without any markings. Crissum immaculate; inner
+webs of primaries with ochraceous very largely predominating.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. nuttalli.</b> White space of tail occupying about the terminal fourth,
+or less, on three feathers, and gradually decreasing inwardly. Wing,
+5.75; tail, 3.90; rictal bristles less than 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province
+of United States, from the Plains to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--456.png--><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 410]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHUCK-WILL’S WIDOW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 1028.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832,
+273, <abbr title="plate 52">pl. lii</abbr>; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 401.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 151, <abbr title="plate 41">pl. xli</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Warthausen</span>,
+<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 368 (nesting). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Icones Avium, 1838?&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Illustrated North American Birds One">Illust. N. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, 1855, 236.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 147.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 300. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 57, <abbr title="plate 25">pl.
+xxv</abbr> (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus brachypterus</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw’s <abbr title="Zoölogy Ten One">Zoöl. X, I</abbr>, 1825? 150.
+<cite>Short-winged Goatsucker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 434.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_456.jpg"
+ width="300" height="251"
+ alt="Illustration: Antrostomus carolinensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">6493</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bristles of the bill with lateral filaments. Wing nearly nine inches long.
+Top of the head finely mottled reddish-brown, longitudinally streaked with black. The
+prevailing shade above and below pale rufous. Terminal two-thirds of the tail-feathers
+(except the four central) rufous white; outer webs of all mottled, however, nearly to
+the tips. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the white patch on the tail. Length, 12.00; wing, 8.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+South Atlantic and Gulf States to Veragua; Cuba in winter. Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.
+IV</abbr>, 6, winter); San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 70, breeds); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span>
+IX</abbr>, 120); Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 303).</p>
+
+<p>This, according to Sclater, is the largest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomi</i> and the only
+species with lateral filaments to the bristles of the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>The extent of the white spaces on the inner webs of tail-feathers varies
+with the individual, but in none does it occupy less than the terminal half.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_46.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="46">XLVI</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-1" id="pl_46-1"></a><img src="images/pl_46-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Florida, 17160.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-2" id="pl_46-2"></a><img src="images/pl_46-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 12085.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-3" id="pl_46-3"></a><img src="images/pl_46-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 38324.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-4" id="pl_46-4"></a><img src="images/pl_46-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 38323.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-5" id="pl_46-5"></a><img src="images/pl_46-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles texensis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 42189.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-6" id="pl_46-6"></a><img src="images/pl_46-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx ochrocephalus</span>. Colorado.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-7" id="pl_46-7"></a><img src="images/pl_46-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Mexico, 30705.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-8" id="pl_46-8"></a><img src="images/pl_46-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa carpalis</span>. Arizona, 62372.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_46-9" id="pl_46-9"></a><img src="images/pl_46-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 46 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus caboti</span>. Nahant, 62373.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. rufus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus rufus</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert and Gmelin from Planches Enluminéz"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span> et <span class="sc">Gmel.</span> ex Pl. Enl.</abbr> 735 (?);
+<!--457.png--><!--Plate 46-->
+<!--458.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--459.png--><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 411]</span>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus r.</i> <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 136; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. rutilus</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Burmeister Systematische Uebersicht 2"><span class="sc">Burm.</span> Syst. Ueb. II</abbr>,
+385) and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. ornatus</i> (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 586, <abbr title="plate 45">pl. xlv</abbr>), of South America,
+appear to be the nearest relatives of this species, agreeing very closely in
+coloration; but both have the rictal bristles simple, without lateral filaments,
+and would thus seem to be distinct species. In the latter, the white spaces
+of the tail are found only on the second and third feathers, instead of on the
+outer three, while the former is said to have no such markings at all.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The exact extent of the geographical range of this species is
+not very clearly defined. Rarely anywhere a very abundant species, it is
+more common throughout Florida than in any other State. It is also found,
+more or less frequently, in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
+Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Dr. Woodhouse mentions finding it
+common in the Creek and Cherokee countries of the Indian Territory, and
+also extending into Texas and New Mexico. Mr. Dresser noticed several
+of this species on the Medina River, in Texas, April 28, and afterwards
+in May. On the 18th of the same month he again found it very numerous
+at New Braunfels, and also, on the 20th, at Bastrop. Dr. Heermann states
+that these birds visit the neighborhood of San Antonio in the spring, and
+remain there to raise their young.</p>
+
+<p>James River, Virginia, has been assigned as the extreme northern limit
+of its migrations, but I can find no evidence of its occurring so far north,
+except as an accidental visitant. Wilson, indeed, claims to have met with
+it between Richmond and Petersburg, and also on the Cumberland River.
+Dr. Bachman states that it is not a common bird even in the neighborhood
+of Charleston. Mr. Audubon, who claimed to be a very close and careful
+observer of the habits of this species, states that it is seldom to be met
+with beyond the then southern limits of the Choctaw nation, in Mississippi,
+or the Carolinas on the Atlantic coast.</p>
+
+<p>I have been informed by Dr. Kollock that these birds are rather common
+at Cheraw, in the northern part of South Carolina. Dr. Bryant found them
+quite abundant near Indian River, in Florida, though he makes no mention
+of them in his paper on the birds of that State. Mr. Cassin informed me
+that Colonel McCall met with this bird in New Mexico. Lembeye includes
+it among the birds of Cuba, but in reality refers to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>These birds, according to Mr. Audubon, are not residents, but make their
+appearance within the United States about the middle of March. They are
+nocturnal in their habits, remaining silent and keeping within the shady recesses
+of the forests during the daytime. As soon as the sun has disappeared
+and the night insects are in motion, this species issues forth from its
+retreat, and begins to give utterance to the peculiar cries from which it
+receives its trivial name, and which are said to resemble the syllables <i class="birdcall">chuck-wills-wi-dow</i>.
+These sounds are said to be repeated with great rapidity, yet
+with clearness and power, six or seven times in as many seconds. They are
+only uttered for a brief period in the early evening.</p>
+
+<p><!--460.png--><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 412]</span>
+Mr. Audubon states that deep ravines, shady swamps, and extensive pine
+groves, are resorted to by this species for safety during the day, and for food
+during the night. Their notes are seldom heard in cloudy weather, and
+never during rain. They roost in hollow trees, standing as well as prostrate,
+which they never leave by day except during incubation. He adds that
+whenever he has surprised them in such situations they never attempt to
+make their escape by flying out, but draw back to the farthest corner, ruffle
+their feathers, open their mouths to the fullest extent, and utter a hissing
+sound. When taken to the light, they open and close their eyes in rapid
+succession, snap their bills in the manner of a Flycatcher, and attempt to
+shuffle off. When given their liberty, they fly straight forward until quite
+out of sight, readily passing between the trees in their course.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of this bird is light, like that of the Whippoorwill, and even
+more elevated and graceful. It is performed by easy flapping of the wings,
+with occasional sailings and curving sweeps. It sweeps, at night, over
+the open fields, ascending, descending, or sailing with graceful motions in
+pursuit of night beetles, moths, and other insects, repeatedly passing and
+repassing over the same area, and occasionally alighting on the ground to
+capture its prey. Occasionally it pauses to alight on a stake or a tall plant,
+and again utters its peculiar refrain, and then resumes its search for insects.
+And thus it passes pleasant summer nights.</p>
+
+<p>Like all the birds of this family, the Chuck-will’s Widow makes no nest,
+but deposits her eggs on the ground, often among a collection of dry deciduous
+leaves, in the forest. These are two in number, and the spot chosen for
+them are thickets, and the darker and more solitary portions of woods. Dr.
+Bryant, who took several of their eggs in Florida, informed me that they
+were in each instance found deposited on beds of dry leaves, but with no
+attempt at any nest, and always in thick woods.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes, Mr. Audubon thinks, the parent bird scratches a small space
+on the ground, among the leaves, before she deposits her eggs. If either
+their eggs or their young are meddled with, these birds are sure to take the
+alarm and transport them to some distant part of the forest. In this both
+parents take part. After this removal Mr. Audubon found it impossible,
+even with the aid of a dog, to find them again. On one occasion he actually
+witnessed the act of removal of the eggs, and presumed that they also
+treat the young in the same manner when they are quite small. The eggs
+were carried off in the capacious mouths of these birds, each parent taking
+one and flying off, skimming closely to the ground until lost to sight among
+the branches and the trees. To what distance they were carried he was
+unable to ascertain.</p>
+
+<p>During the period of incubation they are silent, and do not repeat their
+peculiar cries until just before they are preparing to depart on their southern
+migrations, in August.</p>
+
+<p>The food of these birds consists chiefly, if not altogether, of the larger
+<!--461.png--><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 413]</span>
+nocturnal insects, for swallowing which their mouths are admirably adapted,
+opening with a prodigious expansion, and assisted by numerous long bristles,
+which prevent the escape of an insect once within their enclosure. In a
+single instance the remains of a small bird are said to have been found within
+the stomach of one of this species.</p>
+
+<p>The inner side of each middle claw of the <i class="birdname">Chuck-will’s Widow</i> is deeply
+pectinated. The apparent use of this appendage, as in the other species in
+which it is found, appears to be as an aid in adjusting the plumage, and
+perhaps to assist in removing vermin.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this bird are never more than two in number. They are
+oval in shape, large for the size of the bird, and alike at either end. Their
+ground-color is a clear crystal white. They are more or less spotted, and
+marked over their entire surface with blotches of varying size, of a dark
+purplish-brown, and cloudings of a grayish-lavender color, with smaller occasional
+markings of a light raw-umber brown. In shape and markings
+they very closely resemble those of the Whippoorwill, differing chiefly in
+their much larger size. They measure 1.44 inches in length by 1.06 in
+breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHIPPOORWILL.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus vociferus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Five">Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 71, <abbr title="plate 41, figures">pl. xli, f.</abbr> 1, 2, 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 443; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 405, <abbr title="plate 85">pl. lxxxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 155, <abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span>
+Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 98. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Two">J. A. N.
+Sc. II</abbr>, 1852, 122.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Illustrations One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 236.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 148.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+119.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 300. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus virginianus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Am.
+Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 55, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus clamator</cite>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 10">Nouv. Dict. X</abbr>, 1817,
+234” (<span class="sc">Cassin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus vociferans</i>, <span class="sc">Warthausen</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. J.</abbr> 1868, 369 (nesting).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bristles without lateral filaments. Wing about 6.50 inches long. Top of
+the head ashy-brown, longitudinally streaked with black. Terminal half of the tail-feathers
+(except the four central) dirty white on both outer and inner webs. Length,
+10.00; wing, 6.50. <i class="sex">Female</i> without white on the tail.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the Plains; south to Guatemala (Tehuantepec, Orizaba,
+Guatemala). Coban (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 275).</p>
+
+<p>In this species the bristles at the base of the bill, though stiff and long,
+are without the lateral filaments of the Chuck-will’s Widow. The wings are
+rather short; the second quill longest; the first intermediate between the
+third and fourth. The tail is rounded; the outer feathers about half an
+inch shorter than the middle ones.</p>
+
+<p>The colors of this species are very difficult to describe, although there is
+quite a similarity to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis</i>, from which its greatly inferior
+size will at once distinguish it. The top of the head is an ashy gray, finely
+mottled, with a broad median stripe of black; all the feathers with a narrow
+stripe of the same along their centres. The back and rump are somewhat
+<!--462.png--><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 414]</span>
+similar, though of a different shade. There is a collar of white on the
+under side of the neck, posterior to which the upper part of the breast is
+finely mottled, somewhat as on the top of the head. The belly is dirty
+white, with indistinct transverse bands and mottlings of brown. The wings
+are brown; each quill with a series of round rufous spots on both webs,
+quite conspicuous on the outer side of the primaries when the wings are
+folded. The terminal half of the outer three tail-feathers is of a dirty white.</p>
+
+<p>The female is smaller; the collar on the throat is tinged with fulvous.
+The conspicuous white patch of the tail is wanting, the tips only of the
+outer three feathers being of a pale brownish-fulvous.</p>
+
+<p>Mexican and Guatemalan specimens are identical with those from the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The well-known Whippoorwill has an extended range throughout
+the eastern portion of North America, from the Atlantic to the valley
+of the Missouri, and from Southern Florida to about the 50th parallel of
+north latitude. Dr. Richardson observed this bird on the northern shores
+of Lake Huron, but did not meet with it at any point farther north. It is
+found throughout New England and in portions of New Brunswick and
+Nova Scotia, but is rare in the latter places, and is not common in the vicinity
+of Calais. It breeds from Florida northward. It has not been found as
+far west as Texas. It was noticed by Mr. Say at Pembina. It is given by
+Dr. Hall, of Montreal, as common in that neighborhood, and by Mr. McIlwraith
+as an abundant summer resident around Hamilton, Canada. Dr.
+Lembeye names it as a resident Cuban species, and Dr. Gundlach informed
+me that he had taken its eggs within that island. I have also received its
+eggs from various portions of Florida.</p>
+
+<p>The Whippoorwill is nowhere a resident species in any portion of the
+United States. They make their appearance in the Southern States early
+in March, and very gradually proceed northward, entering Pennsylvania
+early in April, but not being seen in New York or New England until the
+last of that month, and sometimes not until the 10th of May. Mr. Maynard
+mentions their first appearance in Massachusetts as from the 19th to the
+24th of May, but I have repeatedly known them in full cry near Boston at
+least a fortnight earlier than this, and in the western part of the State Mr.
+Allen has noted their arrival by the 25th of April. They leave in the latter
+part of September. Mr. Allen also observed the abundant presence of
+these birds in Western Iowa, where he heard their notes as late as the 20th
+of September.</p>
+
+<p>In its habits the Whippoorwill is very nearly the counterpart of the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>. Like that bird, it is exclusively nocturnal, keeping, during the
+day, closely within the recesses of dark woods, and remaining perfectly
+silent, uttering no note even when disturbed in these retreats. In very
+cloudy weather, late in the day, these birds may be seen hunting for insects,
+but this is not usual, and they utter no sound until it is quite dark.</p>
+
+<p><!--463.png--><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 415]</span>
+Like the preceding species, this bird receives its common name of Whippoorwill
+from its nocturnal cry, which has some slight resemblance to these
+three sounds; but the cry is so rapidly enunciated and so incessantly repeated
+that a fertile imagination may give various interpretations to the
+sounds. They are never uttered when the bird is in motion, but usually at
+short intervals, when resting on a fence, or bush, or any other object near the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>Their flight is noiseless to an incredible degree, and they rarely fly far at
+a time. They are usually very shy, and are easily startled if approached.
+At night, as soon as the twilight disappears, these birds issue from their retreats,
+and fly out into more open spaces in quest of their favorite food.
+As many of the nocturnal insects, moths, beetles, and others, are attracted
+about dwellings by lights, the Whippoorwill is frequently enticed, in pursuit,
+into the same vicinity. For several successive seasons these birds have
+appeared nearly every summer evening within my grounds, often within a
+few feet of the house. They never suffer a very near approach, but fly as
+soon as they notice any movement. Their pursuit of insects is somewhat
+different from that narrated of the preceding species, their flights being
+usually quite brief, without any perceptible sailing, and more in the manner
+of Flycatchers. Their song is given out at intervals throughout the night,
+until near the dawn.</p>
+
+<p>The nocturnal habits of this bird have prevented a general or accurate
+knowledge of its true character. Strange as it may seem, in many parts
+of the country the Night-Hawk and the Whippoorwill are supposed to be
+one and the same bird, even by those not ill informed in other respects.
+This was found to be the case in Pennsylvania by Wilson, and is equally
+true of many portions of New England, though disputed by Mr. Audubon.</p>
+
+<p>Like the Chuck-will’s Widow, this species removes its eggs, and also its
+young, to a distant and safer locality, if they are visited and handled. Wilson
+once, in passing through a piece of wood, came accidentally upon a
+young bird of this species. The parent attempted to draw him away by
+well-feigned stratagems. Wilson stopped and sketched the bird, and, returning
+again, after a short absence, to the same place, in search of a pencil he
+had left behind, found that the bird had been spirited away by its vigilant
+parent.</p>
+
+<p>When disturbed by an intrusive approach, the Whippoorwill resorts to
+various expedients to divert attention to herself from her offspring. She
+flutters about as if wounded and unable to fly, beats the ground with her
+wings as if not able to rise from it, and enacts these feints in a manner to
+deceive even the most wary, risking her own life to save her offspring.</p>
+
+<p>The Whippoorwills construct no nest, but deposit their eggs in the thickest
+and most shady portions of the woods, among fallen leaves, in hollows
+slightly excavated for that purpose, or upon the leaves themselves. For
+this purpose elevated and dry places are always selected, often near some
+<!--464.png--><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 416]</span>
+fallen log. There they deposit two eggs, elliptical in shape. Their young,
+when first hatched, are perfectly helpless, and their safety largely depends
+upon their great similarity to small pieces of mouldy earth. They grow
+rapidly, and are soon able to follow their mother and to partially care for
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The egg of the Whippoorwill has a strong family resemblance to those
+of both species of European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgi</i>, and is a complete miniature of that
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis</i>. In shape it is oblong and oval, equally obtuse at either
+end. Resembling the egg of the Chuck-will’s Widow, it is yet more noticeable
+for the purity of its colors and the beauty of their contrast. The ground-color
+is a clear and pure shade of cream-white. The whole egg is irregularly
+spotted and marbled with lines and patches of purplish-lavender,
+mingled with reddish-brown. The former are fainter, and as if partially
+obscured, the brown usually much more distinct. The eggs measure 1.25
+inches in length by .88 of an inch in breadth. Wilson’s account of its egg
+is wholly inaccurate.</p>
+
+<p>In the extreme Southern States these eggs are deposited in April, in
+Virginia and Pennsylvania about the middle of May, and farther north not
+until early in June. The young are hatched and able to care for themselves
+during July, but, with the female, rarely leave the woods. The notes of the
+male are once more occasionally heard in August. Mr. Allen has heard
+them late in September, but I have never happened to notice their cries
+later than August.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall states that the young of these birds, at an early age, run about
+with remarkable celerity, and that they utter, at short intervals a <i class="birdcall">pé-ūgh</i>,
+in a low mournful tone. Their food appears to consist of various kinds of
+nocturnal insects, besides ants, grasshoppers, and other kinds not nocturnal,
+frequenting decaying wood and shady thickets.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_464a.jpg"
+ width="151" height="209"
+ alt="Illustration: Left foot of Antrostomus vociferus"
+ />
+  <p class="center">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus vociferus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_464b.jpg"
+ width="226" height="196"
+ alt="Illustration: Left foot of Nyctibius jamaicensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius jamaicensis</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--465.png--><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 417]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus nuttalli</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NUTTALL’S WHIPPOORWILL; POOR-WILL.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus nuttalli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, <abbr title="plate 495">pl. ccccxcv</abbr>, Appendix. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus
+nuttalli</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1852, 123.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Illustrations One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 237.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogy California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> and Oregon Route, 77; <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV.</span></abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 149.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 166.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California One">Orn. Cal.
+I</abbr>, 1870, 341.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Rictal bristles without any lateral filaments; wing, about 5.50; the top of the
+head hoary gray, with narrow and transverse, not longitudinal bands. Tail above, except
+the central feathers, nearly black on the terminal half, the extreme tip only (in the outer
+feather of each side) being white for nearly an inch, diminishing on the second and third.
+Length, 8.00; wing, 5.50. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the white tip of tail. Audubon describes the
+male as follows: “Bill, black; iris, dark hazel; feet, reddish-purple; scales and claws,
+darker; general color of upper parts dark brownish-gray, lighter on the head and medial
+tail-feathers, which extend half an inch beyond the others, all which are minutely streaked
+and sprinkled with brownish-black and ash-gray. Quills and coverts dull cinnamon color,
+spotted in bars with brownish-black; tips of former mottled with light and dark brown;
+three lateral tail-feathers barred with dark brown and cinnamon, and tipped with white.
+Throat brown, annulated with black; a band of white across foreneck; beneath the
+latter black, mixed with bars of light yellowish-gray and black lines. Under tail-coverts
+dull yellow. Length, 7.25; wing, 5.75; bill, edge, .19; second and third quills nearly
+equal. Tail to end of upper feathers, 3.50; tarsus, .63; middle toe, .63; claw, .25;
+strongly pectinated.”</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+High Central Plains to the Pacific coast. San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis,
+1865, 471, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 58); Guanajuata, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>,
+<abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 1014).</p>
+
+<p>Nuttall’s Whippoorwill is readily distinguished from the other North American
+species by the transverse, not longitudinal, lines on the top of head, the
+narrow white tip of tail on both webs, and the inferior size, as well as by
+numerous other points of difference.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first described by Mr. Audubon from a specimen
+obtained near the Rocky Mountains, but with no information in regard
+to any peculiarities of habit. From Mr. Nuttall we learn that these birds
+were first observed by him on the 10th of June, amidst the naked granite
+hills of the sources of the Upper Platte River, called Sweet-Water. It was
+about twilight, and from the clefts of the rocks they were uttering at intervals
+a low wailing cry, in the manner of the Whippoorwill, and sounding
+like the cry of the young of that species, or <i class="birdcall">pē-cū</i>. Afterwards, on the 7th
+of August, when encamped on the high ravine of the insulated mountains
+so conspicuous from Lewis River, called the Three Buttes, this bird was
+again observed, as it flew from under a stone near the summit of the mountain.
+It flew about hawking for insects near their elevated camp, for two
+or three hours, but was now silent. On the 16th of June, near the banks
+of the Sandy River of the Colorado, Mr. Nuttall again heard its nocturnal
+cry, which he says sounded like <i class="birdcall">pēvai</i>.</p>
+
+<p><!--466.png--><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 418]</span>
+Dr. Cooper did not meet with this bird in the Colorado Valley, but he
+heard their nocturnal call, which he says sounds like <i class="birdcall">poor-will</i>, on the barren
+mountains west of the valley, in May. He has never seen or heard any
+west of the Coast Range, nor in the Santa Clara Valley in the spring. They
+are, however, said to be common in the hot interior valleys, and remain near
+San Francisco as late as November, usually hiding on the ground, and flying
+at dusk in short, fitful courses in pursuit of insects. Dr. Cooper adds
+that they inhabit the almost bare and barren sage-plains east of the Sierra
+Nevada, where their rather sad whistle is heard all night during the spring,
+sounding like an echoing answer to the cry of the eastern species.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Suckley, in the Report on the Zoölogy of Washington Territory, speaks
+of this species as moderately abundant in the interior of that Territory, as
+well as of Oregon. East of the Cascade Mountains, at Fort Dalles, they can
+be heard on almost any fine night in spring or early summer. Their cries
+closely resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</i>, but are more feeble, and not so incessantly
+kept up. Dr. Cooper, in the same report, also speaks of finding this
+bird common near the Yakima River, in 1853. Two specimens were killed
+in the daytime by a whip. Late in the evening he found them flying near
+the ground. Dr. Woodhouse, in passing down the Little Colorado River, in
+New Mexico, found this bird quite abundant, as also among the San Francisco
+Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry met with this species in all the parts of California and
+Oregon visited by him. Near the shores of Rhett Lake he met with its
+nest containing two young nearly ready to fly. The old bird fluttered off as
+if disabled, and by her cries and strange movements induced one of the party
+to pursue her. The young resembled those of the eastern species, were of a
+gray-brown color, marbled with black, and had large, dark, and soft eyes.
+They were quite passive when caught.</p>
+
+<p>This species was observed by Mr. J. H. Clark near Rio Mimbres, in New
+Mexico. From the manner in which it flew, it seemed so similar to the
+Woodcock that until a specimen was obtained it was supposed to belong to
+that family. He saw none east of the Rio Grande, but met with it as far west
+as Santa Cruz. It was nowhere abundant, and was generally solitary. It
+was found usually among the tall grass of the valleys, and occasionally on the
+plains. It was only once observed to alight upon a bush, but almost invariably,
+when started up, it flew down again among the grass at a short distance.</p>
+
+<p>A single specimen of this bird was taken by Dr. Kennerly on the Great
+Colorado River. Dr. Heermann met with two specimens among the mountains
+bordering the Tejon Valley, and he was informed by Dr. Milhau that a
+small species of Whippoorwill was abundant round that fort in the spring
+and summer.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann killed one of these birds on the Medina, in Texas; and
+during the summer, passing along Devil’s River, he heard their notes every
+evening, and judged that the birds were abundant. Mr. Dresser obtained a
+<!--467.png--><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 419]</span>
+single specimen, shot near the town of San Antonio, where it was of uncommon
+occurrence. He received also another specimen from Fort Stockton.
+During his stay at Matamoras he did not notice this bird, but was
+informed that a kind resembling this species was very common at a rancho
+about twenty-five miles distant, on the Monterey road. Dr. Coues found
+this species particularly abundant throughout Arizona. At Fort Whipple it
+was a summer resident, arriving there late in April and remaining until
+October. So numerous was it in some localities, that around the campfires
+of the traveller a perfect chorus of their plaintive two-syllabled notes
+was continued incessantly through the night, some of the performers being
+so near that the sharp click of their mandibles was distinctly audible.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen found this species abundant on the lower parts of the
+mountains in Colorado, and heard the notes of scores of them near the
+mouth of Ogden Cañon on several occasions after nightfall. Though so
+numerous, all efforts to procure specimens were futile, as it did not usually
+manifest its presence till after it became too dark for it to be clearly distinguished.
+He saw it last, October 7, during a severe snow-storm on the
+mountains north of Ogden. It had been quite common during the greater
+part of September. He also met with this bird at an elevation of 7,000
+feet. He had previously ascertained its presence throughout Kansas from
+Leavenworth to Fort Hays.</p>
+
+<p>From these varied observations the range of this species may be given as
+from the valley of the Rio Grande and the more northern States of Mexico,
+throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and the Great Plains nearly to the Pacific,
+in California, Oregon, and Washington Territory.</p>
+
+<p>The egg of this species (13,587) was obtained among the East Humboldt
+Mountains, by Mr. Robert Ridgway, July 20, 1868. Its measurement is
+1.06 inches in length by .81 of an inch in breadth. It is of a regularly
+elliptical form, being equally rounded at either end. Its color is a clear
+dead-white, entirely unspotted. The egg was found deposited on the bare
+ground beneath a sage-bush, on a foot-slope of the mountains. The nest
+was nothing more than a bare spot, apparently worn by the body of the bird.
+When found, the male bird was sitting on the egg, and was shot as it flew
+from the spot.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Salvin (Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 64) mentions taking, April 20, 1860, on the mountains
+of Santa Barbara, Central America, a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>, a female,
+with two eggs. This is spoken of as nearly allied to, perhaps identical with,
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>. Its eggs are, however, spoken of as white, measuring 1.05
+inches by .80 of an inch, almost exactly the size of the eggs of this species.
+Mr. Salvin adds: “I do not quite understand these eggs being white, except
+by supposing them to be accidentally so. In other respects, i. e. in form
+and texture, they agree with the eggs of other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>.
+These eggs, two in number, were on the ground at the foot of a large pine-tree.
+There was no nest.”</p>
+
+<p><!--468.png--><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 420]</span>
+In regard to the parentage of the eggs thus discovered, the coloration and
+size of which correspond so closely with those of the Poor-will, Mr. Salvin
+writes, in a letter dated March 10, 1872: “In respect to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</i>
+which lays white eggs in Guatemala, I have carefully examined the skin of
+the female sent to me with the eggs in question, and represented as their
+parent. It certainly is not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. nuttalli</i>, but appears to belong to the species
+described by Wagler as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. macromystax</i>. This species is very closely
+allied to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>, but appears to be sufficiently distinct, inasmuch as
+the rictal bristles are very long, the throat is almost without white feathers,
+and the white on the tail is more limited in extent than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>.
+The true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i> is frequently found in winter in Guatemala, but is
+probably only a migrant. The other species would certainly appear to be a
+resident in South Mexico and Guatemala. With respect to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. nuttalli</i>, I
+may add that I have recently acquired a skin from Guanajuata, in Mexico.
+This is the first instance of the occurrence of the species in Mexico at all,
+that I am aware of.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway met with the Poor-will from the eastern slope of the Sierra
+Nevada to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains. He describes its notes as
+much like those of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. vociferus</i>, except that the first syllable is
+left off, the call sounding like simply <i class="birdcall">poor-will</i>, the accent on the last syllable.
+It frequents chiefly the dry <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesa</i> and foot-hills of the mountains, and
+lives almost entirely on the ground, where its two white unspotted eggs are
+deposited beneath some small scraggy sage-bush, without any sign of a nest
+whatever. Both sexes incubate.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_468a.jpg"
+ width="300" height="357"
+ alt="Illustration: Sternum of Chordeiles virginianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles virginianus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_468b.jpg"
+ width="300" height="170"
+ alt="Illustration: Sternum of Nyctibius jamaicensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius jamaicensis</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_468c.jpg"
+ width="300" height="168"
+ alt="Illustration: Sternum of Caprimulgus stictomus"
+ />
+  <p class="center">Sternum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus stictomus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+</div><!--end subfamily Caprimulginæ-->
+</div><!--end family Caprimulgidæ-->
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Cypselidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--469.png--><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 421]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CYPSELIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Swifts.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill very small, without notch, triangular, much broader than high; the culmen
+not one sixth the gape. Anterior toes cleft to the base, each with three joints, (in the
+typical species,) and covered with skin or feathers; the middle claw without any serrations;
+the lateral toes nearly equal to the middle. Bill without bristles, but with minute feathers
+extending along the under margin of the nostrils. Tail-feathers ten. Nostrils elongated,
+superior, and very close together. Plumage compact. Primaries ten, elongated, falcate.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, or Swifts, are Swallow-like birds, generally of rather dull
+plumage and medium size. They were formerly associated with the true
+Swallows on account of their small, deeply cleft bill, wide gape, short feet,
+and long wings, but are very different in all the essentials of structure,
+belonging, indeed, to a different order or suborder. The bill is much smaller
+and shorter; the edges greatly inflected; the nostrils superior, instead of
+lateral, and without bristles. The wing is more falcate, with ten primaries
+instead of nine. The tail has ten feathers instead of twelve. The feet are
+weaker, without distinct scutellæ; the hind toe is more or less versatile, the
+anterior toes frequently lack the normal number of joints, and there are
+other features which clearly justify the wide separation here given, especially
+the difference in the vocal organs. Strange as the statement may be, their
+nearest relatives are the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i>, or Humming-Birds, notwithstanding
+the bills of the two are as opposite in shape as can readily be conceived.
+The sternum of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i> is also very different from that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</i>,
+as will be shown by the accompanying figure. There are no emarginations
+or openings in the posterior edge, which is regularly curved. The
+keel rises high, for the attachment of the powerful pectoral muscles. The
+manubrium is almost entirely wanting.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_469a.jpg"
+ width="300" height="355"
+ alt="Illustration: Chætura pelagica"
+ />
+  <p class="center"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_469b.jpg"
+ width="300" height="222"
+ alt="Illustration: Progne subis"
+ />
+  <p class="center"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>In this family, as in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>, we find deviations in certain
+forms from the normal number of phalanges to the toes, which serve to
+divide it into two sections. In one, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</i>, these are 2, 3, 4, and 5, as
+<!--470.png--><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 422]</span>
+usual; but in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</i> they are 2, 3, 3, and 3, as shown in the accompanying
+cut borrowed from Dr. Sclater’s masterly memoir on the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>,
+(<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> London, 1865, 593), which also serves as the basis of the
+arrangement here presented.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px">
+ <img src="images/i_470a.jpg"
+ width="188" height="225"
+ alt="Illustration: Left foot of Chætura zonaris."
+ />
+  <p class="center small">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura zonaris</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px">
+ <img src="images/i_470b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="304"
+ alt="Illustration: Left foot of Panyptila melanoleuca."
+ />
+  <p class="center small">Left foot of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ.</b> Tarsi feathered; phalanges of the middle and outer toes three
+each (instead of four and five). Hind toe directed either forward or to one
+side, not backward.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tarsi feathered; toes bare; hind toe directed forward<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Both tarsi and toes feathered; hind toe lateral<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ.</b> Tarsi bare; phalanges of toes normal (four in middle toe,
+five in outer). Hind toe directed backwards, though sometimes versatile.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Tarsi longer than middle toe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Tail-feathers spinous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Shafts of tail-feathers projecting beyond the plumage<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Shafts not projecting, (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephæcetes</i>)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Tail-feathers not spinous<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tarsi shorter than middle toe<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Swifts are cosmopolite, occurring throughout the globe. All the
+genera enumerated above are well represented in the New World, except
+the last two, which are exclusively East Indian and Polynesian. Species of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia</i> make the “edible bird’s-nests” which are so much sought after in
+China and Japan. These are constructed entirely out of the hardened saliva
+of the bird, although formerly supposed to be made of some kind of sea-weed.
+All the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i> have the salivary glands highly developed, and use the secretion
+to cement together the twigs or other substances of which the nest is constructed,
+as well as to attach this to its support. The eggs are always white.</p>
+
+<p>There are many interesting peculiarities connected with the modification
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>, some of which may be briefly adverted to. Those of our
+common Chimney Swallow will be referred to in the proper place. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila
+sancti-hieronymæ</i> of Guatemala attaches a tube some feet in length to
+the under side of an overhanging rock, constructed of the pappus or seed-down
+of plants, caught flying in the air. Entrance to this is from below,
+and the eggs are laid on a kind of shelf near the top. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura poliura</i> of
+Brazil again makes a very similar tube-nest (more contracted below) out of
+the seeds of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trixis divaricata</i>, suspends it to a horizontal branch, and covers
+<!--471.png--><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 423]</span>
+the outside with feathers of various colors. As there is no shelf to receive
+the eggs, it is believed that these are cemented against the sides of the
+tube, and brooded on by the bird while in an upright position. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon
+klecho</i>, of Java, etc., builds a narrow flat platform on a horizontal
+branch, of feathers, moss, etc., cemented together, and lays in it a single
+egg. The nest is so small that the bird sits on the branch and covers the
+egg with the end of her belly.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the almost incredible rapidity in flight of the Swifts, and the great
+height in the air at which they usually keep themselves, the North American
+species are, of all our land birds, the most difficult to procure, only flying
+sufficiently near the surface of the ground to be reached by a gun in damp
+weather, and then requiring great skill to shoot them. Their nests, too,
+are generally situated in inaccessible places, usually high perpendicular
+or overhanging mountain-cliffs. Although our four species are sufficiently
+abundant, and are frequently seen in flocks of thousands, it is only the common
+Chimney Swift that is to be met with at all regularly in museums.</p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Cypselinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CYPSELINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p>The essential character of this subfamily, as stated already, is to be found
+in the feathered tarsus; the reduction of the normal number of phalanges in
+the middle toe from 4 to 3, and of the outer toe from 5 to 3, as well as
+in the anterior or lateral position of the hind toe, not posterior. Of the
+two genera assigned to it by Dr. Sclater, one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus</i>, is enlarged by him so
+as to include the small West Indian Palm Swifts, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachornis</i> of Gosse.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PANYPTILA</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Wiegmann">Wiegm.</abbr> Archiv, 1847, <abbr title="One"><span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 345.&mdash;<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Burmeister</span>, Thiere <abbr title="Brasiliens">Bras.</abbr> Vögel</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1856, 368. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo cayanensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p>
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudoprocne</i>, <span class="sc">Streubel</span>, Isis, 1848, 357. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px">
+ <img src="images/i_471.jpg"
+ width="250" height="107"
+ alt="Illustration: Panyptila melanoleuca"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">6018</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail half as long as the wings, moderately forked; the feathers rather
+lanceolate, rounded at
+tip, the shafts stiffened,
+but not projecting. First
+primary shorter than the
+second. Tarsi, toes, and
+claws very thick and
+stout; the former shorter
+than the middle toe and
+claw, which is rather
+longer than the lateral
+one; middle claw longer
+than its digit. Hind toe very short; half versatile, or inserted on the side of the tarsus.
+Tarsi and toes feathered to the claws, except on the under surfaces.</p>
+
+<p><!--472.png--><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 424]</span>
+Three species of this genus are described by authors, all of them black,
+with white throat, and a patch of the same on each side of rump, and otherwise
+varied with this color. The type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cayanensis</i> is much the smallest
+(4.70), and has the tail more deeply forked than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanoleuca</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Synopsis of Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cayanensis.</b> Glossy intense black; a supraloral spot of white; white
+of throat transversely defined posteriorly. Tail deeply forked, the lateral
+feathers excessively attenuated and acute.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 4.80; middle tail-feather, 1.20, external, 2.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cayenne
+and Brazil<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_108" id="fnanchor_108"></a><a href="#footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 7.30; middle tail-feather, 1.90, external, 3.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guatemala
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-hieronymi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_109" id="fnanchor_109"></a><a href="#footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanoleuca.</b> Lustreless dull black; no supraloral white spot, but
+instead a hoary wash; white of throat extending back along middle of
+abdomen to the vent. Tail moderately forked, the lateral feathers obtuse.
+Wing, 5.75; middle tail-feather, 2.30, outer, 2.85. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province
+of United States, south to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus melanoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 118 (San Francisco
+Mountains, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1855, 248. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 141, <abbr title="plate 18, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 125 (Guatemala).&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1865, 607.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b, 36, <abbr title="plate 18, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>,
+<abbr title="Ibid Ten"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> X</abbr>, c, 10.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 347.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wings very long; tail forked; tarsi and feet covered with feathers.
+Black all over, except the chin, throat, middle of the belly as far as the vent, a patch
+on each side of the rump, the edge of the outer primary, and blotches on the inner webs
+of the median tail-feathers, near the base, which are white, as is also a band across the
+ends of the secondaries. Length, 5.50; wing, 5.50; tail, 2.70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and southern Rocky Mountains, to Guatemala.
+Localities: Cajon Pass (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866,
+57); San Diego (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>).</p>
+
+<p>Although there is no difference in size between Rocky Mountain and
+Guatemalan specimens, the only two of the latter in the collection are darker
+colored, showing scarcely any indication of the frontal and supraloral whitish
+so conspicuous in most northern skins. In the Guatemalan female (30,837,
+Dueñas, February 13) the dusky of the lateral, and white of the medial,
+portions of the breast blend gradually together, there not being that sharp
+<!--473.png--><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 425]</span>
+line of junction seen in all the others, including the male from Guatemala
+(30,836, Dueñas, Nov.).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_473.jpg"
+ width="250" height="228"
+ alt="Illustration: Panyptila melanoleuca"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This new species was first discovered by Dr. Kennerly on Bill
+Williams Fork, New Mexico, February 16, 1854. He speaks of it as a
+very curious and interesting bird, found by him only among the cañons of
+that stream, and not observed
+elsewhere during their journey.
+Large flocks could be seen at any
+time in the vicinity of those
+cañons, flying and circling around
+very high, and far beyond the
+reach of shot. Towards the close
+of the day, when the sun had sunk
+behind the hills, they occasionally
+descended lower. He only met
+with them where the walls of the
+cañons were very high, and consisted
+of almost perpendicular
+masses of rock. At times they
+were seen to sweep low down, and then to ascend nearly perpendicularly
+very near the stones, as if examining them in order to select a place for
+their nests. The construction of these had obviously not then commenced.
+Dr. Kennerly saw none engaged in the work, nor did he observe any old
+nests, unless they build after the manner of the common Cliff Swallow,
+which were also abundant in that region. Mr. Möllhausen was of the
+opinion that these birds build in the holes and crevices of the cliffs. In
+their flight and habits they appeared to closely resemble the common
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann met with this species several times, first in San Fernando
+Pass, near Los Angelos, and again near Palm Spring, between the Colorado
+desert and Vallicita, at another time near Tucson, and once also in Texas.
+He always found them flying at a great height, either far beyond or on the
+extreme limit of gunshot range. From the extent of their wings they
+seemed formed to live in the air, where they pass most of their time gliding
+about in extensive circles, with apparently very little motion of the wings.
+During pleasant weather they found their insect prey in the upper air, but,
+when cloudy or rainy, they flew nearer the ground in their pursuit. When
+on the ground, they were observed to rise with difficulty, owing to the
+shortness of their legs and the length of their wings. When they rest,
+they always alight on some elevated point whence they can throw themselves
+into the air, and take to wing. Numbers were observed flying
+about the rocks near Tucson, but none were heard to utter a note. They
+were sociable among themselves, gathering in large flocks, but never
+mingled with the Swallows. He states that they construct their nests in
+<!--474.png--><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 426]</span>
+the crevices of rocks, and that their eggs are pure white, and of an elongated
+form.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this species rather sparingly distributed throughout Arizona,
+always in the neighborhood of cliffs and precipices, which it exclusively
+inhabits. From Inscription Rock, about one day’s march from
+Whipple’s Pass, to the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona, he found these
+birds in great numbers, except along the valley of the Colorado Chiquito,
+where there were no suitable cliffs for their habitation. He generally found
+them congregated in considerable, sometimes in immense, numbers in the
+vicinity of huge cliffs and piles of rocks. Their note, he adds, is an often and
+quickly repeated twitter, loud and shrill, and quite different from that of
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>. He states that they build their nest upon the vertical faces
+of precipitous rocks.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with a Swift in the same region referred to by Dr.
+Coues, which he called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis saxatilis</i>, which may possibly be the same
+species, but of which no specimen was procured. They were breeding in
+the crevices of the rocks. The description, however, does not at all correspond.</p>
+
+<p>This species has lately been met with by Mr. Salvin, in Guatemala, where
+it is by no means common, and so very local that its presence might readily
+have been overlooked. He found it near Dueñas, in a gorge with precipitous
+rocks on the right hand, along the course of the river Guacalate. His
+attention was drawn to a noise coming from the rocks, which he at first took
+to be bats in some of the cracks. After watching for some time, he saw two
+Swifts dart into a crack in the rock twenty feet from the ground, and the
+noise became louder than before. Resorting to several expedients, in vain,
+to make them fly out, he climbed up part way, and there found one of them
+killed by a random shot of his gun. Another discharge of his gun brought
+out five or six more, which were immediately pursued by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle serripennis</i>.
+He obtained three specimens in all. The spot was evidently their
+common roosting-place, and by the noise they made he judged they were
+there in large numbers. He found them about the middle of February.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper met with this species near Fort Mohave, but saw none before
+May. On the 7th of June, near the head of Mohave River, he found a few
+about some lofty granite cliffs, and succeeded in obtaining one. Their flight
+was exceedingly swift and changeable, and they were very difficult to shoot.
+He also found them about some high rocky bluffs close to the sea-shore,
+twelve miles north of San Diego. They were seen the last of March, but
+may have been there for a month previously.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen encountered this little-known Swift near Colorado City, where
+it was quite numerous about the high cliffs in the “Garden of the Gods,”
+and of which, with great difficulty, he procured four specimens. It was
+nesting in inaccessible crevices and weather-beaten holes in the rocks, about
+midway up the high vertical cliffs, some of which were not less than three
+<!--475.png--><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 427]</span>
+hundred feet high. It seemed to be very wary, and flew with great velocity,
+rarely descending within reach of the guns.</p>
+
+<p>The White-throated Swift was met with in great abundance by Mr. Ridgway
+at the East Humboldt Mountains, and was seen by him more sparingly
+in the Toyabe and Wahsatch. In the former mountains it inhabited the high
+limestone cliffs which walled the cañons, congregating in thousands, and
+nesting in the chinks or crevices of the rocks, in company with the Violet-green
+Swallow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycincta thalassina</i>). It was a very noisy species, having
+a vigorous chatter, reminding one somewhat of the notes of young Baltimore
+Orioles when being fed by their parents. It was also very pugnacious, a
+couple now and then being seen to fasten upon one another high up in the
+air, and, clinging together, falling, whirling round and round in their descent,
+nearly to the ground, when they would let go each other, and separate.
+A couple would often rush by with almost inconceivable velocity, one in
+chase of the other. Their flight was usually very high, or, if they occasionally
+descended, it was so swiftly that Mr. Ridgway only succeeded in shooting
+three specimens, while he found it utterly impossible to reach their nests,
+which were in the horizontal fissures in the face of the overhanging cliff.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Cypselinæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Chæturinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">CHÆTURINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p>This subfamily is characterized by having the normal number of phalanges
+to the middle and outer toes (4 and 5, instead of 3 and 3), the backward
+position of the hind toe, and the naked tarsi, which do not even appear to
+be scutellate, but covered with a soft skin. Of the two North American
+genera, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i> has spinous projections at the end of the tail-feathers,
+while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i> the shafts of the tail-feathers, though stiffened, do not
+project beyond the plume.</p>
+
+<p>This subfamily appears to be composed of two definable sections, with
+subdivisions as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail forked; spinous points of the feathers not extending far beyond the
+webs, or entirely wanting. Feathering of the sides of the forehead extending
+forward outside the nostrils nearly to their anterior end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<i class="subset">a.</i> No trace of spinous points to tail-feathers. Feathering of frontal points
+almost completely enclosing the nostrils between them. No light collar
+round the neck; sides of the forehead with a hoary suffusion<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Spinous points of tail-feathers distinct. A light collar round the neck.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. Nostril as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i>. Sides of forehead with a hoary suffusion.
+Collar chestnut. Wing less than 5.50. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rutila.</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+2. Feathered frontal points narrower, not reaching anterior end of
+nostril. Sides of forehead without hoary suffusion. Collar white.
+Wing more than 8.00<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne.</i></p>
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail rounded; spinous points of the feathers much elongated and projecting.
+Feathering of sides of forehead scarcely reaching beyond posterior end of nostril.
+Wing less than 5.50<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura.</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--476.png--><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 428]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">NEPHŒCETES</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 142. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo nigra</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_476a.jpg"
+ width="300" height="119"
+ alt="Illustration: Nephœcetes niger"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">11871</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail rather less than half the wings; quite deeply forked (less so in the
+female); the feathers obtusely acuminate; the shafts scarcely stiffened. First quill
+longest. Tarsi and toes completely bare, and covered with naked skin, without distinct
+indications of scutellæ. Tarsus rather longer than middle toe; the three anterior toes
+about equal, with moderately stout claws. Claw of middle toe much shorter than its
+digit. Hind toe not versatile, but truly posterior and opposite, with its claw rather
+longer than the middle toe without it. Toes all slender; claws moderate. Nostrils
+widely ovate, the feathers margining its entire lower edge.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_476b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="161"
+ alt="Illustration: Nephœcetes niger"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The comparative characters of this genus will be found in the diagnostic
+tables at the head of the
+family. According to
+Sclater, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides</i> of
+Streubel (<span class="sc">Isis</span>, 1848,
+366) with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. fumigatus</i>
+as type, may have to be
+taken for this genus, as
+it was named by Streubel
+as an alternative
+to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne</i>, which
+belongs to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>.
+Until this question
+of synonymy can be
+decided positively, we retain <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The single North American species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">N. niger</i>, has a singular distribution,
+being abundant near Puget Sound in summer, and again found in Jamaica
+and Cuba, without having been met with in any intermediate locality,
+except in the Province of Huatasco, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> The West India specimens are
+rather smaller, but otherwise not distinguishable.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--477.png--><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 429]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK SWIFT.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Hirundo niger</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 1025. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus niger</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 1847, 63.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Illustrated Birds of Jamaica, plate 10"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Illust. B. Jam pl. x</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Gundlach and Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Six"><span class="sc">Gundl. &amp; Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI</abbr>, 1858, 268.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span>
+P. Z. S.</abbr> 1865, 615. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 142.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>,
+<abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, twenty">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, xx.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 349. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus borealis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Nine, November">P. A. N. S. Philad. IX, Nov.</abbr> 1857, 202.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1865, 615.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo apus dominicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1760, 514, <abbr title="plate 46, figure">pl. xlvi, f.</abbr> 3.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Wing the length of the body. General color rather lustrous dark sooty-brown,
+with a greenish gloss, becoming a very little lighter on the breast anteriorly
+below, but rather more so on the neck and head above. The feathers on top of the head
+edged with light gray, which forms a continuous wash on each side of the forehead
+above, and anterior to the usual black crescent in front of the eye. Occasionally some
+feathers of the under parts behind are narrowly edged with gray. Bill and feet black.
+Length, 6.75; wing, 6.75; tail, 3.00, the depth of its fork about .45 in the male, and
+scarcely .15 in the female.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Washington Territory, Oregon, Nevada, and Orizaba (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i>); Cuba and
+Jamaica (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</i>), breeds. Vera Cruz; breeds (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 562).</p>
+
+<p>The tail is considerably more forked in the male than in the female, in
+which it is sometimes nearly even, and in the males its depth varies considerably.</p>
+
+<p>Jamaican specimens (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</i>) are rather smaller, considerably blacker,
+and seem to have narrower tail-feathers, even when the other dimensions are
+about equal.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the Puget Sound bird visits the West Indies is not known; but
+the difference in size and colors between them and the West Indian birds
+would seem to indicate that they select a more directly southern region.
+The fact that the Orizaba specimen is most like the Northwest Coast birds
+favors this latter supposition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Swift is of irregular and local occurrence in the West
+Indies and in Western North America. Specimens were obtained at Simiahmoo
+Bay, Washington Territory, by Dr. Kennerly, in July, 1857. Dr.
+Cooper saw a black Swift, which he thinks may have been this species, in
+<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pah-Ute Cañon</span>, west of Fort Mohave, May 29, 1861, and again at Santa
+Barbara, May, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gundlach, in his ornithological explorations in Cuba, in 1858, met
+with this species among the mountains between Cienfuegos and Trinidad, on
+the southern coast of that island, and also in the eastern parts of the Sierra
+Maestra. He saw these birds for the first time in the month of May, near
+Bayamo, where they commonly arrived every morning about one hour after
+sunrise, and flew in a circular direction over the river at a considerable
+height, making their evolutions always in the same place, apparently employed
+in catching the insects attracted by the proximity of the river.
+<!--478.png--><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 430]</span>
+In the month of June they came every day towards noon, whenever it
+threatened to rain, and sometimes returned again after sunset. When tired
+of their exercise they always flew together towards the mountains, where he
+had no doubt their breeding-places existed. He states that when one of
+these birds flies in chase of another, it emits a soft continued note, not
+unlike a song. Having taken many young birds in the month of June, he
+supposes that these Swifts breed in April and May.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated by Sumichrast to have been occasionally met with in the table-lands
+of Mexico, and that it is resident and breeds within the State of Vera
+Cruz, Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>A single specimen of this bird was known to Gosse to have been taken
+near Spanishtown in Jamaica, in 1843, in company with many others. Mr.
+March, in his paper on the birds of this island, gives a similar account of
+the habits of this species to that of Dr. Gundlach. He states that it was
+rarely seen except at early dawn, or in dull and cloudy weather, or after
+rain in an afternoon. He has sometimes procured specimens from Healthshire
+and the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Catharine Hills. The only place known to him as their
+actual resort is a cave in the lower <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Catharine Hills, near the ferry,
+where they harbor in the narrow deep galleries and fissures of the limestone
+rocks.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord cites this species as among the earliest of the spring visitors
+seen by him in British Columbia. On a foggy morning early in June,
+the insects being low, these birds were hovering close to the ground, and he
+obtained four specimens. He saw no more until the fall of the year, when
+they again made their appearance in large numbers, among the many other
+birds of that season. He again saw this Swift at Fort Colville.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Prevost, <abbr title="Royal Navy">R. N.</abbr>, obtained a single specimen of this bird on Vancouver
+Island, which Mr. Sclater compared with Gosse’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus niger</i>,
+from Jamaica. He, however, is not satisfied as to their identity, and is
+inclined to regard the two birds as distinct.</p>
+
+<p>According to Captain Feilner, this species breeds in the middle of June,
+on high rocks on the Klamath River, about eight miles above Judah’s
+Cave.</p>
+
+<p>The Black Swift was seen by Mr. Ridgway, during his western tour, only
+once, when, about the middle of June, an assembly of several hundreds
+was observed early one morning hovering over the Carson River, below
+Fort Churchill, in Nevada. In the immediate vicinity was an immense
+rocky cliff, where he supposed they nested. In their flight they much resembled
+Chimney-Swallows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>), only they appeared much larger.
+They were perfectly silent. On the Truckee River, near Pyramid Lake,
+in May of the same year, he found the remains of one which had been
+killed by a hawk, but the species was not seen there alive.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--479.png--><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 431]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CHÆTURA</b>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw’s <abbr title="General Zoölogy Birds, 13, two">Gen. Zoöl. Birds, XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1825, 76. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, 971. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus spinicauda.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_479.jpg"
+ width="250" height="121"
+ alt="Illustration: Chætura pelagica"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1010</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail very short, scarcely more than two fifths the wings; slightly rounded;
+the shafts stiffened and extending
+some distance beyond
+the feathers in a rigid spine.
+First primary longest. Legs
+covered by a naked skin,
+without scutellæ or feathers.
+Tarsus longer than middle
+toe. Lateral toes equal,
+nearly as long as the middle.
+Hind toe scarcely versatile,
+or quite posterior; including
+claw, less than the middle anterior without it. Toes slender; claws moderate. Feathers
+of the base of the bill not extending beyond the beginning of the nostrils.</p>
+
+<p>By the arrangement of the genera on page 1018, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rutila</i> and large
+white-collared species are excluded from the present genus as restricted.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</i>, as here defined, is a genus of very extensive distribution, species
+occurring not only in North and South America, but also in Africa and Asia.
+Among the several American members, three styles are distinguishable,
+these probably representing only as many species; the several more closely
+allied forms being, in all probability, but geographical modifications of these
+three types. They may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Plumage with no marked contrast of shades.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica.</b> Nearly uniformly dusky grayish-brown, the throat, however,
+very much lighter, and the rump just appreciably so.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Above glossy dusky-brown, hardly appreciably paler on the rump;
+abdomen scarcely paler than the back. Wing, 5.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern
+Province North America
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Above glossy blackish-dusky, very decidedly paler on the rump;
+abdomen very much paler than the back. Wing, 4.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific
+Province of North America, south to Guatemala (from whence specimens
+are much darker, almost black above, and slightly smaller)
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Above glossy black, fading into sooty dusky on the rump; abdomen
+like the rump. Wing, 4.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South America (Cayenne,
+Tobago)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliura</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_110" id="fnanchor_110"></a><a href="#footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Plumage with marked contrast of shades.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cinereiventris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_111" id="fnanchor_111"></a><a href="#footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></span>
+Upper parts, except the rump, glossy, intense blue-black;
+rump and lower parts bluish-cinereous, conspicuously different.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--480.png--><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 432]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. spinicauda.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_112" id="fnanchor_112"></a><a href="#footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></span>
+Upper parts glossy black, with a white band across the
+rump. Below sooty-whitish, with indistinct black marks on the breast,
+wing, 3.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cayenne and Brazil.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHIMNEY SWALLOW.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo pelagica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ, edition"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. ed.</abbr> 10, 1758, 192. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo pelasgia</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat.
+I</abbr>, 1766, 345.&mdash;<abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Five"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 48, <abbr title="plate 39, figure">pl. xxxix, fig.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus pelasgia</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 329; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 419, <abbr title="plate 158">pl. clviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelasgia</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, in
+Shaw’s <abbr title="General Zoölogy Birds, 13, 2">Gen. Zoöl. Birds, XIII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1825, 76.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1840, 164, <abbr title="plate 44">pl.
+xliv.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 144.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 116.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, Birds <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr> 301.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis pelasgia</i>, “<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>”&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 64.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 241.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne pelasgia</i>, <span class="sc">Streubel</span>, Isis, 1848, 363. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aculeated Swallow</i>, <abbr title="Pennant Arctic Zoölogy Two"><span class="sc">Penn.</span> Arc.
+Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1785, 432. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus pelasgius</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Journ.</abbr> 1858.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_480.jpg"
+ width="250" height="214"
+ alt="Illustration: Chætura pelagica"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail slightly rounded. Sooty-brown all over, except on the throat, which
+becomes considerably lighter from the
+breast to the bill. Above with a
+greenish tinge; the rump a little
+paler. Length, 5.25; wing, 5.10; tail,
+2.15.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to
+slopes of Rocky Mountains?</p>
+
+<p>The etymology of the specific
+name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</i>, used by Linnæus,
+of this bird, in the twelfth
+edition of Systema Naturæ,
+has always been a question.
+We find that the word in the
+tenth edition is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</i>, referring
+probably to the supposed
+passage over the Caribbean Sea in its annual migrations.</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura vauxi</i>, the western representative of this bird, is extremely similar,
+but distinguishable by considerably smaller size, much lighter, almost white,
+throat, paler rump, and under parts decidedly lighter than the back. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+poliura</i>, which much resembles it, is blacker above, and much darker below.
+(See synopsis on page 1027.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Chimney Swallow of North America has an extended
+range throughout the eastern portions of the continent, from the
+Atlantic to the 50th parallel of northern latitude. It was not met with by
+Dr. Richardson in the fur regions, but was found by Say at Pembina, on
+<!--481.png--><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 433]</span>
+the Red River, in what is now the northern part of Minnesota. Its western
+range is not well determined, but is presumed to be terminated by the great
+plains. It has been found as far west as Bijoux Hill, in Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p>In its habits, especially during the breeding-season, this Swift presents
+many remarkable differences from the European species. While the latter
+are shy and retiring, shunning the places frequented by man, and breeding
+chiefly in caves or ruined and deserted habitations, their representatives in
+eastern North America, like all the Swallow family here, have, immediately
+upon the erection of the dwellings of civilized life, manifested their appreciation
+of the protection they afford, by an entire change in their habits in
+regard to the location of their nests. When the country was first settled,
+these birds were known to breed only in the hollow trunks of forest trees.
+The chimneys of the dwellings of civilized communities presented sufficient
+inducements, in their greater convenience, to tempt this bird to forsake their
+primitive breeding-places. The change in this respect has been nearly complete.
+And now, in the older portions of the country, they are not known
+to resort to hollow trees for any other purpose than as an occasional roosting-place.</p>
+
+<p>In wild portions of the country, where natural facilities are still afforded
+to these Swifts, they are occasionally found breeding within the hollows
+of decaying trees. Mr. George A. Boardman, of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen, <abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, writes
+that in his neighborhood this bird continues to build in the hollows of
+trees. He adds, that in the summer of 1863 he found them building within
+a hollow birch. He also met with one of their nests built against a board
+in an old winter logging-camp, at a distance from any chimney. Mr.
+Ridgway has also met with the nest of this bird inside the trunk of a large
+sycamore-tree, and also mentions finding another attached to the planks of
+an outbuilding, in the Wabash valley of Southeastern Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen found this species quite numerous in Kansas, where it
+was breeding chiefly in the hollow trees of the forests, which it always
+seems naturally to prefer to chimneys, to which it is compelled to resort, in
+most of the longer settled districts, or else wholly to abandon the country.</p>
+
+<p>The Chimney Swallow is known to breed throughout the Central and
+Northern States, from Virginia to Canada. Dr. Woodhouse states that he
+found this species very abundant throughout the Indian Territory, as also in
+Texas, and New Mexico, even to California. It was not, however, taken at
+San Antonio by Mr. Dresser, nor in any portion of Texas, and was not procured
+by any of the naturalists in the other Western expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>The Chimney Swallow is crepuscular, rather than nocturnal, in its habits,
+preferring to hunt for its insect prey in dull and cloudy weather, or in the
+early morning and the latter part of the afternoon. In this it is probably
+influenced by the abundance or scarcity of insects, as it is not unfrequently
+to be seen hawking for insects in the bright glare of noon. When
+they have young, they often continue to feed them until quite late at night.
+<!--482.png--><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 434]</span>
+They are not, however, to be regarded as nocturnal, as they are only known
+to do this during a brief period.</p>
+
+<p>The nest of this species is a very peculiar and remarkable structure. It
+is composed of small twigs of nearly uniform size, wrought and interwoven
+into a neat semicircular basket. In selecting the twigs with which they are
+to construct their nests, the Swifts break from the tree the ends of living
+branches, which they gather with great skill and adroitness while on the
+wing. Sweeping upon the coveted twig somewhat as a Hawk rushes on its
+prey, it divides it at the desired place, and bears it off to its nest. This is
+a well-attested fact, familiar to all who have ever watched these birds in
+the early morning as they are at work constructing their nests.</p>
+
+<p>Each one of these twigs is strongly fastened to its fellows by an adhesive
+saliva secreted by the bird, and by the same cement the whole structure is
+made to adhere to the side of the chimney in which it is built. This saliva,
+as it dries, hardens into a tough glue-like substance, as firm even as the
+twigs it unites. In separating nests from the sides of chimneys, I have
+known portions of the brick to which it was fastened part sooner than the
+cement. When moistened, however, by long-continued rains, the weight of
+their contents will sometimes cause these nests to part, and the whole is
+precipitated to the bottom. The young birds cling very tenaciously to the
+sides of the chimneys with their bills and claws. They not only are often
+able, in these accidents, to save themselves from falling, but even at a
+very early age can cling to the sides of the chimney and work their way
+to the top. They always leave their nest and climb to the upper part of
+the chimney several days before they can fly, and are there fed by their
+parents.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally the young birds fall to the bottom of the chimney, out of the
+reach or notice of their parents. I have never been able to induce them to
+take any food, although they keep uttering pitiful cries of hunger. In such
+cases the young birds placed on the roof near their native chimney soon
+manage to climb to its base, and there receive the aid of the old birds.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs are four in number, somewhat elliptical in form, though somewhat
+less obtuse at one end than the other. They are of a pure white
+color, and are never spotted. They vary but little in size or shape, and
+measure from .75 to .81 of an inch in length, and from .50 to .55 in breadth.</p>
+
+<p>In New England the Chimney Swallow raises but one brood in a season.
+In Pennsylvania it is said to have two.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--483.png--><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 435]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</b> (<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</b>, (<abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">DeKay</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON CHIMNEY SWIFT.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus vauxi</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Eight">J. A. N. Sc. VIII</abbr>, 1839, 148 (Columbia River).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative,
+1839. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura vauxi</i>, <span class="sc">DeKay</span>, <abbr title="New York Zoölogy Two">N. Y. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1844, 36.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+145, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 282.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, 100 (Guatemala).&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>,
+<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> x, b, <abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xviii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 165.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 351. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis vauxi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="28">XXVIII</abbr>, 1854; notes Delattre,
+90.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 250.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route, 78; Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">Zoöl. Cal. and Or. Route, 78; P. R. R.
+Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Light sooty-brown; rump and under parts paler; lightest on the chin and
+throat. Length, 4.50; wing, 4.75; tail, 1.90.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific coast, from Puget’s Sound to California. West coast to Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, 100); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 204).</p>
+
+<p>This species bears a very close resemblance to the common Chimney Swallow
+of the Eastern States, being only readily distinguishable by its much
+smaller size, 4.50 inches instead of 5.25. The wing, too, is nearly an inch
+shorter. The tarsus and the middle toe, however, seem absolutely longer.
+The rump is a little paler than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>, as well as the under parts,
+where the chin and throat are lighter, almost dirty white, and gradually
+becoming a little darker behind, although even the hinder part of the belly
+is much lighter than the back, even in strong contrast, instead of being of
+the same color with it. Guatemalan specimens are much darker.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This western Swift was first discovered by Mr. Townsend on the
+Columbia River, where he found it having the primitive habits of the eastern
+species, and breeding in hollow trees, forming a nest in a similar manner, and
+laying four pure-white eggs. It differs from the common bird in its smaller
+size and lighter color. It is said to occur from Puget Sound to California.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper met with these birds May 4, 1864, in the Coast Range, twelve
+miles south of Santa Clara. He was of the opinion that they had nests in
+hollow trees at the summit of the mountains, but he was not able to find
+any. He did not observe any at Fort Vancouver in the summer of 1853,
+nor did he learn whether these birds are found in the central valleys of
+California. In 1866 they were observed to make their first appearance at
+Santa Cruz on the 4th of May, though as they rarely descended to the town
+they might have been on the hills earlier than this. On the 5th of October
+he observed five of them, in company with a large flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo bicolor</i>,
+spending the morning in hunting insects near the town. They were apparently
+delayed in their migration southward by a thick fog and cold south-wind.
+They may have been a late brood from the north.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kennerly obtained a single specimen of this species at the Straits of
+Fuca, showing that these birds sometimes extend their migrations up to the
+49th parallel. Neither Dr. Suckley nor Dr. Cooper was able to find this
+Swift anywhere in Washington Territory.</p>
+
+<p><!--484.png--><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 436]</span>
+Dr. Newberry observed this species quite common in California, but could
+obtain no specimens, owing to the height at which they flew. He saw nothing
+of it in Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>Two specimens of this species obtained in Mexico by <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> de Saussure are
+in the collection of Dr. Sclater.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway saw on the Truckee River, near Pyramid Lake, in May,
+1868, what he supposes to have been this species. It was not common,
+only a few individuals being observed every evening just before dusk, flying
+overhead exactly in the manner of Chimney Swallows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pelagica</i>), which
+they also exactly resembled in appearance. They flew so high that specimens
+could not be obtained. They were entirely silent, and appeared at no
+other time than in the evening, in these respects differing strikingly from
+the eastern species.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Chæturinæ-->
+</div><!--end family Cypselidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Trochilidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--485.png--><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 437]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">TROCHILIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Humming-Birds.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Least of all birds; sternum very deep; bill subulate, and generally longer than
+the head, straight, arched, or upcurved. Tongue composed of two lengthened cylindrical
+united tubes, capable of great protrusion, and bifid at tip; nostrils basal, linear, and
+covered by an operculum; wings lengthened, pointed; first quill usually longest except
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aithurus</i>, where it is the second; primaries, 10; secondaries, 6; tail of ten feathers.
+Tarsi and feet very diminutive, claws very sharp. (<span class="sc">Gould.</span>)</p>
+
+<p>There is no group of birds so interesting to the ornithologist or to the
+casual observer as the Humming-Birds, at once the smallest in size, the most
+gorgeously beautiful in color, and almost the most abundant in species, of
+any single family of birds. They are strictly confined to the continent and
+islands of America, and are most abundant in the Central American and
+Andean States, though single species range almost to the Arctic regions on
+the north and to Patagonia on the south, as well as from the sea-coast to
+the frozen summits of the Andes. Many are very limited in their range;
+some confined to particular islands, even though of small dimensions, or to
+the summits of certain mountain-peaks.</p>
+
+<p>The bill of the Humming-Bird is awl-shaped or subulate; thin, and sharp-pointed;
+straight or curved; sometimes as long as the head, sometimes
+much longer. The mandibles are excavated to the tip for the lodgement of
+the tongue, and form a tube by the close apposition of their cutting edges.
+There is no indication of stiff bristly feathers at the base of the mouth.
+The tongue has some resemblance to that of the Woodpecker in the elongation
+of the cornua backwards, so as to pass round the back of the skull, and
+then anteriorly to the base of the bill. The tongue itself is of very peculiar
+structure, consisting anteriorly of two hollow threads closed at the ends and
+united behind. The food of the Humming-Bird consists almost entirely of
+insects, which are captured by protruding the tongue in flowers of various
+shapes without opening the bill very wide.</p>
+
+<p>The genera of Humming-Birds are very difficult to define. This is partly
+owing to the great number of the species, of which nearly four hundred and
+fifty have been recognized by authors, all of them with but few exceptions
+diminutive in size and almost requiring a lens for their critical examination,
+so that characters for generic separation, distinct enough in other families, are
+here overlooked or not fully appreciated. A still greater difficulty, perhaps, is
+the great difference in form, especially of the tail, between the male and female,
+the young male occupying an intermediate position. The coloration, too, is
+almost always very different with sex and age, and usually any generic
+characters derived from features other than those of bill, feet, and wing do
+not apply to the females at all.</p>
+
+<p>In the large number of species of Humming-Birds arranged in about one
+<!--486.png--><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 438]</span>
+hundred and thirty genera, only two subfamilies have been recognized, as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phæthornithinæ.</b> Anterior toes connected at the base. No metallic lustre
+to the dull plumage.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ.</b> Anterior toes not connected at the base. Plumage brilliant,
+with more or less of metallic lustre, at least in the males.</p>
+
+<p>The first-mentioned subfamily embraces five genera, and about fifty
+species, none of which are found in the United States. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ</i>
+count nearly four hundred species and one hundred and twenty-five genera,
+and in the absence of any successful attempt to arrange them in subordinate
+groups, the difficulties of determination on the part of the tyro may readily
+be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>Of the seven genera accredited to North America, with their ten species,
+we cannot pretend to do more than present an artificial analysis, which may
+serve to define them as compared with each other, but bear little reference
+to the family as a whole. The characters are selected partly from the shape
+of tail and partly from color.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> All the North American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> have metallic green
+backs, excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>, this color extending over the top of head,
+except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i> (metallic red and violet), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i> (bluish-black). The
+latter alone has a white stripe through the eye. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</i> alone has the tail
+tipped with white in the male. Females of all the species except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>
+have tail tipped with white; all have it rounded. All females lack the metallic
+throat. The males of the several genera belonging to North America may be
+distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <i>Bill covered with feathers between nostrils.</i></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Top of head green.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Feathers of throat not elongated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tail rounded or slightly emarginated, the feathers broad, rounded, and
+metallic rufous-purple, or greenish-blue. Wing more than 2.50<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tail more or less forked; feathers pointed, narrow, and without rufous
+or blue. Wing much less than 2.00<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Throat-feathers elongated laterally into a kind of ruff. Tail-feathers edged
+or banded with cinnamon at base.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Tail cuneate, the outer primary attenuated at end. Innermost tail-feather
+green above.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Tail dusky at end<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Tail tipped with white<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tail nearly even, and emarginated. Outer primary not attenuated at
+end. Innermost tail-feather brown above<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula.</i></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Top of head metallic red or violet.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+Metallic feathers of side of throat much elongated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte.</i></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <i>Bill bare of feathers between the nostrils.</i></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">C.</b> Top of head bluish-black; a white line through eye.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Metallic feathers of side of throat not elongated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tail nearly even, and slightly emarginated. Lateral feathers very
+broad and obtuse at end<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica.</i></p>
+
+<p><!--487.png--><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 439]</span>
+We have included <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</i> in the list of United States genera on
+exceedingly doubtful evidence of the occurrence of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. mango</i>, which was
+said to have been taken at Key West, and sent to Mr. Audubon, who figured
+it. The species, however, proves to be one belonging to Brazil, and not the
+Jamaican form (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. porphyrura</i>, Gould), which might possibly have straggled
+there.</p>
+
+<p>In reference to the large number of species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i>, it may be well
+to remark that many differ by very slight, sometimes quite inappreciable
+characters, and are to be looked on as only climatic or geographical varieties.
+All those given for the United States are, however, well marked.</p>
+
+<p>Additional species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> will doubtless yet be detected within
+our limits, especially in Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern Texas, where
+almost any of the Mexican table-land species may be looked for, such as
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte floresi</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax cyanopogon</i>, etc. South Florida will probably yet
+furnish to us the Bahaman <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Doricha evelynæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following synopsis expresses, perhaps, a more natural arrangement of
+the genera:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Nasal operculum entirely covered by the frontal feathers; base of the bill
+narrow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail forked, and unvariegated in the male. Outer primary strongly
+bowed, or curved inward at the end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula.</b> Tail deeply emarginated in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, somewhat doubly rounded in
+<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, but outer feather not longest; the feathers spatulate; outer primary
+very strongly bowed, and very broad at end. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Gorget feathers
+linear, much elongated; only their terminal half colored; crown green
+like the back. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Similar in form, but the intermediate feathers of tail
+longer than the external, instead of shorter.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus.</b> Tail deeply emarginated in the male, the feathers attenuated
+toward tips; doubly rounded in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, and broader; outer primary
+strongly bowed, but narrow at end. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Gorget feathers broad, short,
+squamate; colored blue or crimson to their bases. Crown green like
+the back.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte.</b> Tail as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, but the external feather abruptly narrower
+than the next, with its edges nearly parallel. Outer primary as
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>. Crown metallic (violet or crimson) like the throat.
+<i class="sex">Female</i> like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail rounded or graduated, and variegated in the male. Outer primary
+only slightly bowed, and narrow at end, except in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus.</b> Tail graduated in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, the feathers attenuated at ends.
+Outer primary abruptly attenuated, the end turned outwards. Gorget
+feathers broad, elongated laterally, rose-purple or fire-color; crown
+green like the back; tail-feathers edged with rufous. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with tail less
+graduated, and the feathers broader at ends. Outer primary broader,
+and not attenuated and turned outward at end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis.</b> Sexes alike in form. Tail rounded; outer primary bowed at
+end, rather narrow in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Gorget feathers much elongated, posteriorly
+and laterally; tail-feathers tipped with white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Tail rounded, or slightly emarginated, and usually unvariegated in either
+<!--488.png--><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 440]</span>
+sex; the feathers very broad, and rounded at the ends; primaries normal,
+the outer broad to the end, and moderately bowed.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_113" id="fnanchor_113"></a><a href="#footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></span>
+Bill cylindrical, considerably curved. Wing very long,
+reaching to, or beyond, the tip of the very broad tail. Size large (wing,
+2.50, or more). The male dark-colored (green or black) beneath. Sexes
+sometimes alike (in West Indies).</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Nasal operculum entirely uncovered; base of bill very broad. Female
+with tail-feathers not tipped with white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica.</b> Sexes alike in form. First primary longest, much
+bowed toward end. Tail more than two thirds the wing, nearly square
+(a little emarginated in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, slightly rounded in the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>), the feathers
+very broad, rounded at ends. Color, metallic green above, white or
+rufous glossed with green below; a conspicuous white post-ocular
+stripe, and an auricular one of black beneath it. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Forehead and
+chin black or metallic blue; throat rich metallic green. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Forehead
+dull brownish-green; chin and throat white, glossed with green, or
+plain ochraceous; tail plain bluish-black or purplish-rufous, the middle
+feathers more or less green.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias.</b> Sexes alike in form and color. General form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>,
+but tail emarginated, instead of rounded. Color nearly uniform
+green, with or without white throat and abdomen. Tail grayish-dusky,
+with an obscure subterminal band of black (with basal three fourths
+white in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. chionurus</i>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The habits and manners of the whole family of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> are, in
+many striking respects, entirely peculiar to themselves, and without any known
+correspondence or close resemblance to those of any other kinds of birds,
+either in America or elsewhere. This family is found exclusively in America,
+<!--489.png--><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 441]</span>
+either in the islands or on the continent, and number in all not far from
+four hundred species, distributed into various subdivisions and genera, but
+all possessing, to a very large degree, the same common peculiarities, of
+which the well-known Ruby-throat of eastern North America may be taken
+as eminently typical. The habits and peculiarities of this numerous family
+have been closely studied, and many valuable facts in relation to them have
+been contributed by various naturalists; by none, perhaps, with more intelligent
+attention than by the eminent Swiss naturalist, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> H. de Saussure, in
+his visit to the West India Islands and Mexico, to whose observations
+we are largely indebted.</p>
+
+<p>On the first visit of this naturalist to a savanna in the island of Jamaica,
+he at once noticed what he at first took to be a brilliant green insect,
+of rapid flight, approaching him by successive alternations of movements
+and pauses, and rapidly gliding among and over the network of interlacing
+shrubs. He was surprised by the extraordinary dexterity with which it
+avoided the movements of his net, and yet more astonished to find, when he
+had captured it, that he had taken a bird, and not an insect.</p>
+
+<p>He soon satisfied himself that this entire family not only have the form
+and aspect of insects, but that they have also the same movements, the
+same habits, and the same manner of living, with certain insects. Their
+flight is exactly like that of an insect, and in this respect they form a remarkably
+exceptional group among birds. When we notice their long wings
+in our cabinet specimens, we naturally suppose that they use these instruments
+of flight in the same manner with the Swallow or the Swift. Yet
+investigation shows that, so very far from this, these wings, comparatively so
+very long, vibrate even more rapidly than do those of birds with proportionately
+the smallest wings, such as the Grebe, the Loon, and the Penguin, and
+that, more than this, they vibrate with an intensity so vastly superior, that
+they become wholly invisible in the wonderful rapidity of their movements.</p>
+
+<p>The altogether exceptional character of their flight is a subject for never-ceasing
+astonishment. Until we actually witness it, we should never conceive
+it to be possible for a bird to vibrate its wings with so great a rapidity,
+and by them to support itself in the air in the same manner with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthraces</i>
+and other aerial insects. This feat is rendered all the more surprising by the
+extreme narrowness of the wing and the comparative weight of the body,
+which is quite considerable, on account of the compactness of the flesh and
+bones, and the small size of the birds themselves, whose wings displace but
+a small quantity of air. The resistance of the air to the stroke of the wing
+of a bird should be, not in proportion to the surface of that wing, but to its
+square, or even to its cube, if the movement is very rapid. Hence it follows
+that a due proportion being required as between the weight of the body and
+the surface of this organ, a small bird cannot keep itself poised in the
+air except by means of vibrations more rapid than those of a larger kind.
+This is, without doubt, one explanation of the fact that Humming-Birds, in
+<!--490.png--><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 442]</span>
+their flight, are so insect-like. They pass from bush to bush as if suspended
+in the air, and pause over each flower, vibrating their wings, in precisely the
+same manner with the Sphinxes, and with the same humming sounds.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of the Humming-Bird is of two kinds. One of these is used
+for a horizontal movement, and is so rapid that one can hardly follow it
+with the eye. This is accompanied by a kind of hissing sound. The other
+seems to keep the body in the air immovable, in one spot. For the latter
+purpose the bird assumes a position nearly vertical, and beats its wings with
+great intensity. These organs must vibrate all the more rapidly, because
+the immobility of the body requires a shorter stroke, and therefore the more
+frequently repeated. The equilibrium of the body is preserved by the alternate
+up and down strokes of the wings, no inconsiderable force being required
+to keep its immobility, besides that requisite for neutralizing the
+weight of the body.</p>
+
+<p>The Humming-Bird is entirely aerial. They pass with the rapidity of an
+arrow, stop, rest for a few seconds on some small branch, and then suddenly
+depart with so much rapidity that we cannot trace its flight. They
+disappear as if by enchantment. Their life is one of feverish excitement.
+They seem to live more intensely than any other being on our globe. From
+morning to night they traverse the air in quest of honeyed flowers. They
+come like a flash of light, assume a vertical position without any support,
+throw their tail forward, expanding it like a fan, vibrating their wings with
+such rapidity that they become absolutely invisible, plunging, at the same
+time, their thread-like tongues to the bottom of some long corolla, and then
+they have gone as suddenly as they came. They are never known to rest
+on a branch in order more at their leisure to plunge their tongue into the
+flower. Their life is too short for this delay; they are in too great haste;
+they can only stop long enough to beat their wings before each flower for a
+few seconds, but long enough to reach its bottom and to devour its inhabitants.
+When we take into consideration how entirely aerial is their life, and
+the prodigious relative force requisite to enable them to keep suspended in
+the air during the entire day, almost incessantly, either in rapid motion or
+accomplishing the most violent vibrations, we can but be amazed at the
+extraordinary powers of flight and endurance they manifest.</p>
+
+<p>The Humming-Bird enjoys even the most tropical heat, avoids shade,
+and is easily overcome by cold. Though some travellers speak of having
+met with these birds in the depths of forests, Saussure discredits their
+statements, having never found any in such situations. They prefer open
+flowery fields, meadows, gardens, and shrubbery, delighting to glitter in
+the sun’s rays, and to mingle with the swarm of resplendent insects with
+which tropical regions abound, and with the habits of which their own so
+well accord. Nearly all live in the open sun, only a very few are more or
+less crepuscular and never to be seen except very early in the morning or in
+the evening twilight.</p>
+
+<p><!--491.png--><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 443]</span>
+Mr. Salvin is of the opinion that Humming-Birds do not remain long on
+the wing at once, but rest frequently, choosing for that purpose a small dead
+or leafless twig at the top, or just within the branches of the tree. While
+in this position they trim their feathers and clean their bill, all the time
+keeping up an incessant jerking of their wings and tail.</p>
+
+<p>In Mexico, where these birds are very abundant, they are attracted by the
+blossoms of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agave americana</i>, and swarm around them like so many
+beetles. As they fly, they skim over the fields, rifle the flowers, mingling
+with the bees and the butterflies, and during the seasons of bloom, at certain
+hours of the day, the fields appear perfectly alive with them. The ear
+receives unceasingly the whistling sounds of their flight, and their shrill
+cries, resembling in their sharp accent the clash of weapons. Although the
+Humming-Bird always migrates at the approach of cold weather, yet it is
+often to be found at very considerable elevations. The traveller Bourcier
+met with them on the crater of Pichincha, and <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monsieur">M.</abbr> Saussure obtained specimens
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax lucifer</i> in the Sierra de Cuernavaca, at the height of
+more than 9,500 feet.</p>
+
+<p>While we must accept as a well-established fact that the Humming-Birds
+feed on insects, demonstrated long since by naturalists, it is equally true
+that they are very fond of the nectar of flowers, and that this, to a certain
+extent, constitutes their nourishment. This is shown by the sustenance
+which captive Humming-Birds receive from honey and other sweet substances,
+food to which a purely insectivorous bird could hardly adapt itself.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding their diminutive size the Humming-Birds are notorious
+for their aggressive disposition. They attack with great fury anything that
+excites their animosity, and maintain constant warfare with whatever is
+obnoxious to them, expressly the Sphinxes or Hawk-Moths. Whenever
+one of these inoffensive moths, two or three times the size of a Humming-Bird,
+chances to come too early into the garden and encounters one of these
+birds, he must give way or meet with certain injury. At sight of the
+insect the bird attacks it with his pointed beak with great fury. The
+Sphinx, overcome in this unlooked-for attack, beats a retreat, but, soon
+returning to the attractive flowers, is again and again assaulted by its infuriated
+enemy. Certain destruction awaits these insects if they do not
+retire from the field before their delicate wings, lacerated in these attacks,
+can no longer support them, and they fall to the ground to perish from other
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>In other things the Humming-Bird also shows itself all the more impertinent
+and aggressive that it is small and weak. It takes offence at everything
+that moves near it. It attacks birds much larger than itself, and
+is rarely disturbed or molested by those it thus assails. All other birds
+must make way. It is possible that in some of these attacks it may be influenced
+by an instinctive prompting of advantages to be gained, as in the
+case of the spider, in whose nets they are liable to be entangled, and whose
+<!--492.png--><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 444]</span>
+webs often seriously incommode them. When a Humming-Bird perceives a
+spider in the midst of its net, it rarely fails to make an attack, and with
+such rapidity that one cannot follow the movement, but in the twinkling of
+an eye the spider has disappeared. This is not only done to small spiders,
+which doubtless they devour, but also to others too large to be thus eaten.</p>
+
+<p>Not content with thus chastising small enemies, the Humming-Bird also
+contends with others far more powerful, and which give them a good deal
+of trouble. They have been known to engage in an unequal contest with the
+Sparrow-Hawk, yet rarely without coming off the conquerors. In this strife
+they have the advantage of numbers, their diminutive size, and the rapidity
+and the irregularity of their own movements. Several unite in these attacks,
+and, in rushing upon their powerful enemy, they always aim at his
+eyes. The Hawk soon appreciates his inability to contend with these tormenting
+little furies, and beats an ignominious retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Advantage is taken of this aggressive disposition of these birds, by the
+hunter, to capture them. In their combats with one another, or in their
+rash attacks upon various offensive objects, even upon the person of the
+snarer himself, they are made prisoners through their own rashness and
+reckless impetuosity.</p>
+
+<p>In enumerating the prominent characteristics of this remarkable family,
+we should not omit to refer to the lavish profusion of colors of every tint
+and shade, excelling in lustre and brilliancy even the costliest gems, with
+which Nature has adorned their plumage. And not only are nearly all the
+birds of this group thus decked out with hues of the most dazzling brightness
+and splendor, when alive and resplendent in the tropical sun, but many
+also display the most wonderfully varying shades and colors, according to
+the position in which they are presented to the eye. The sides of the fibres
+of each feather are of a different color from the surface, and change as seen
+in a front or an oblique direction, and while living, these birds, by their
+movements, can cause these feathers to change very suddenly to very different
+hues. Thus the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i> can change in a twinkling the vivid
+fire-color of its expanded throat to a light green, and the species known as
+the Mexican Star (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cynanthus lucifer</i>) changes from a bright crimson to an
+equally brilliant blue.</p>
+
+<p>The nests and the eggs of the Humming-Birds, though in a few exceptional
+cases differing as to the form and position of the former, are similar, so far as
+known, in the whole family. The eggs are always two in number, white
+and unspotted, oblong in shape, and equally obtuse at either end. The only
+differences to be noticed are in the relative variations in size. The nests
+are generally saddled upon the upper side of a horizontal branch, are cup-like
+in shape, and are largely made up of various kinds of soft vegetable
+down, covered by an outward coating of lichens and mosses fastened upon
+them by the glue-like saliva of the bird. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i> the soft inner portion
+of the nest is composed of the delicate downy covering of the leaf-buds
+<!--493.png--><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 445]</span>
+of several kinds of oaks. In Georgia the color of this down is of a deep
+nankeen hue, but in New England it is nearly always white. At first the nest
+is made of this substance alone, and the entire complement of eggs, never
+more than two, is sometimes laid before the covering of lichens is put on by
+the male bird, who seems to amuse himself with this while his mate is sitting
+upon her eggs.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">STELLULA</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction to Trochilidae">Introd. Trochil.</abbr> 1861, 90. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill rather longer than the head; straight. Wings much developed, reaching
+beyond the tail, which is short, nearly even, or slightly rounded, and with the inner-most
+feathers abruptly short; the outer feather rather narrower
+and more linear than the others, which have a rather
+spatulate form. Metallic throat-feathers elongated and rather
+linear and loose, not forming a continuous metallic surface.
+Central tail-feather without green.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_493.jpg"
+ width="200" height="181"
+ alt="Illustration: Stellula calliope"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">17992</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This genus, established by Gould, has a slight resemblance
+to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</i>, but differs in absence of the
+attenuated tip of outer primary. The outer three tail-feathers
+are longest and nearly even (the second rather longest), the fourth
+and fifth equal and abruptly a little shorter, the latter without any green.
+The feathers are rather broad and wider terminally (the outermost least so),
+and are obtusely rounded at end. The tail of the female is quite similar.
+The absence of green on the tail in the male seems a good character. But
+one species is known of the genus.</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax</i> is a closely allied genus, in which the tail is considerably
+longer. One species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyanopogon</i>, will probably be yet detected in New
+Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CALLIOPE HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Z. S.</abbr> 1847, 11 (Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera,
+<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 100.&mdash;<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bonaparte Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Rev. Mag. Zoöl.</abbr> 1854, 257.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 142">Mon. Troch. III, pl. cxlii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Xantus</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1859, 190.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, 23">Illust. Birds N. A. I, xxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula
+calliope</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction Trochilidæ">Introd. Troch.</abbr> 1861, 90.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 363.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male</i> above, except on tail, golden-green, beneath white, the sides glossed
+with green, the flanks somewhat with rusty; crissum pure white. Throat-feathers pure
+white at base, terminal half violet-red, more reddish than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</i>; the sides of
+neck pure white. Tail-feathers brown, edged at base, especially on inner webs, but inconspicuously,
+with rufous; the ends paler, as if faded; central feathers like the rest;
+under mandible yellow. Length, 2.75; wing, 1.60; tail, 1.00; bill above to base of
+feathers, .55. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the metallic gorget (replaced by a few dusky specks), and
+the throat-feathers not elongated; no green on sides, and more tinged with rufous beneath.
+A white crescent under the eye. Tail more rounded and less emarginate than in the male.
+<!--494.png--><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 446]</span>
+The outer three feathers green at base, then black, and tipped with white; the fourth
+green and black; the fifth green, with a dusky shade at end; all, except central, edged
+internally at base with rufous. The under mandible is paler at base than elsewhere, but
+not yellowish-white as in the male.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mountains of Washington Territory, Oregon, and California, to Northern
+Mexico. East to East Humboldt Mountains (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Fort Tejon (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>); Fort
+Crook (<span class="sc">Feilner</span>).</p>
+
+<p>The male bird is easily distinguished from other North American species
+by its very small size, the snowy-white bases of the elongated loose throat-feathers,
+and by the shape of the tail, as also the absence, at least in the
+several males before us, of decided metallic green on the central tail-feathers.
+The females resemble those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. heloisæ</i> most closely, but have longer bills
+and wings, broader tail-feathers, and their rufous confined to the edges,
+instead of crossing the entire basal portion. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>
+are much larger, and have tails marked more as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. heloisæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting species was first met with as a Mexican Humming-Bird,
+on the high table-lands of that republic, by Signor Floresi. His
+specimens were obtained in the neighborhood of the Real del Monte mines.
+As it was a comparatively rare bird, and only met with in the winter
+months, it was rightly conjectured to be only a migrant in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>This species is new to the fauna of North America, and was first brought
+to the attention of naturalists by Mr. J. K. Lord, one of the British commissioners
+on the Northwest Boundary Survey. It is presumed to be a
+mountain species, found in the highlands of British Columbia, Washington
+Territory, Oregon, California, and Northern Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Early in May Mr. Lord was stationed on the Little Spokan River, superintending
+the building of a bridge. The snow was still remaining in patches,
+and no flowers were in bloom except the brilliant pink <i class="name">Ribes</i>, or flowering
+currant. Around the blossoms of this shrub he found congregated quite a
+number of Humming-Birds. The bushes seemed to him to literally gleam
+with their flashing colors. They were all male birds, and of two species;
+and upon obtaining several of both they proved to be, one the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus
+rufus</i>, the other the present species, one of the smallest of Humming-Birds,
+and in life conspicuous for a frill of minute pinnated feathers, encircling the
+throat, of a delicate magenta tint, which can be raised or depressed at will.
+A few days after the females arrived, and the species then dispersed in
+pairs.</p>
+
+<p>He afterwards ascertained that they prefer rocky hillsides at great altitudes,
+where only pine-trees, rock plants, and an alpine flora are found. He
+frequently shot these birds above the line of perpetual snow. Their favorite
+resting-place was on the extreme point of a dead pine-tree, where, if undisturbed,
+they would sit for hours. The site chosen for the nest was
+usually the branch of a young pine, where it was artfully concealed amidst
+the fronds at the very end, and rocked like a cradle by every passing breeze.</p>
+
+<p><!--495.png--><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 447]</span>
+Dr. Cooper thinks that he met with this species in August, 1853, on the
+summit of the Cascade Mountains, but mistook the specimens for the young
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Early in June, 1859, Mr. John Feilner found these birds breeding near
+Pitt River, California, and obtained their nests.</p>
+
+<p>This species was obtained by Mr. Ridgway only on the East Humboldt
+Mountains, in Eastern Nevada. The two or three specimens shot were
+females, obtained in August and September, and at the time mistaken for
+the young of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</i>, which was abundant at that locality.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. W. J. Hoffman writes, in relation to this species, that on the 20th of
+July, 1871, being in camp at Big Pines, a place about twenty-seven miles
+north of Camp Independence, California, on a mountain stream, the banks
+of which are covered with an undergrowth of cottonwood and small bushes,
+he frequently saw and heard Humming-Birds flying around him. He at
+length discovered a nest, which was perched on a limb directly over the
+swift current, where it was sometimes subjected to the spray. The limb
+was but half an inch in thickness, and the nest was attached to it by means
+of thin fibres of vegetable material and hairs. It contained two eggs. The
+parents were taken, and proved to be this species. There were many birds
+of the same kind at this point, constantly on the tops of the small pines
+in search of insects.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">TROCHILUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, Systema Naturæ, 1748 (<span class="sc">Agassiz</span>).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_495a.jpg"
+ width="200" height="138"
+ alt="Illustration: Trochilus colubris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1101</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Metallic gorget of throat nearly even all round. Tail forked; the feathers
+lanceolate, acute, becoming gradually narrower from the
+central to the exterior. Inner six
+primaries abruptly and considerably
+smaller than the outer four, with the
+inner web notched at the end.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_495b.jpg"
+ width="200" height="197"
+ alt="Illustration: Trochilus colubris"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris.</i> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1100</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The female has the outer tail-feathers
+lanceolate, as in the
+male, though much broader. The outer feathers are
+broad to the terminal third, where they become
+rapidly pointed, the tip only somewhat rounded; the sides of this attenuated
+portion (one or other, or both) broadly and concavely emarginated, which distinguishes
+them from the females of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>, in which the
+tail is broadly linear to near the end, which is much rounded without any
+distinct concavity.</p>
+
+<p>A peculiarity is observable in the wing of the two species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>
+as restricted, especially in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>, which we have not noticed in other
+North American genera. The outer four primaries are of the usual shape,
+and diminish gradually in size; the remaining six, however, are abruptly
+<!--496.png--><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 448]</span>
+much smaller, more linear, and nearly equal in width (about that of inner
+web of the fourth), so that the interval between the fifth and fourth is from
+two to five times as great as that between the fifth and sixth. The inner
+web of these reduced primaries is also emarginated at the end. This character
+is even sometimes seen in the females, but to a less extent, and may
+serve to distinguish both <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alexandri</i> from other allied species
+where other marks are obscured.</p>
+
+<p>The following diagnosis will serve to distinguish the species found in the
+United States:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above and on the sides metallic green. A ruff of
+metallic feathers from the bill to the breast, behind which is a whitish collar,
+confluent with a narrow abdominal stripe; a white spot behind the eye. Tail-feathers
+without light margins.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><br />
+Tail deeply forked (.30 of an inch). Throat bright coppery-red from the
+chin. Tail of female rounded, emarginated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+Larger. Tail slightly forked (.10 of an inch). Throat gorget with violet,
+steel, green, or blue reflections behind; anteriorly opaque velvety-black.
+Tail of female graduated; scarcely emarginated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. alexandri.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 191.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 26, <abbr title="plate 10">pl.
+x.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 248, <abbr title="plate 47">pl. xlvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 190, <abbr title="plate 253">pl.
+ccliii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 131.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 154.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 111.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds Florida">B. Fla.</abbr> 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornisyma colubris</i>, <span class="sc">Deville</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue et Magazine de Zoologie">Rev. et Mag. Zool.</abbr> May, 1852
+(habits). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus aureigaster</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span> (alcoholic specimens).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail in the male deeply forked; the feathers all narrow lanceolate-acute.
+In the female slightly rounded and emarginate; the feathers broader, though pointed.
+Male, uniform metallic green above; a ruby-red gorget (blackish near the bill), with no
+conspicuous ruff; a white collar on the jugulum; sides of body greenish; tail-feathers
+uniformly brownish-violet. Female, without the red on the throat; the tail rounded
+and emarginate, the inner feathers shorter than the outer; the tail-feathers banded with
+black, and the outer tipped with white; no rufous or cinnamon on the tail in either sex.
+Length, 3.25; wing, 1.60; tail, 1.25; bill, .65. <i class="age">Young</i> males are like the females; the
+throat usually spotted, sometimes with red; the tail is, in shape, more like that of the old
+male.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern North America to the high Central Plains; south to Brazil. Localities:
+Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 288); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 129); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>,
+98; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One">Gundl. Rep. I</abbr>, 1866, 291); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470, breeds); Veragua
+(<abbr title="Salvin Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Salv.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 208).</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus aureigaster</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureigula?</i>) of Lawrence, described from an
+alcoholic specimen in the Smithsonian collection, differs in having a
+green throat, becoming golden towards the chin. It is quite probable, however,
+that the difference is the result of immersion in spirits.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_47.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="47">XLVII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-1" id="pl_47-1"></a><img src="images/pl_47-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 44959.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-2" id="pl_47-2"></a><img src="images/pl_47-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2713.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-3" id="pl_47-3"></a><img src="images/pl_47-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-4" id="pl_47-4"></a><img src="images/pl_47-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Oregon, 2896.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-5" id="pl_47-5"></a><img src="images/pl_47-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 10847.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-6" id="pl_47-6"></a><img src="images/pl_47-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 25874.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-7" id="pl_47-7"></a><img src="images/pl_47-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5501.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-8" id="pl_47-8"></a><img src="images/pl_47-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 39397.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_47-9" id="pl_47-9"></a><img src="images/pl_47-9.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 47 detail 9"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 17992.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The red of the throat appears paler in some Mexican and Guatemalan
+<!--497.png--><!--Plate 47-->
+<!--498.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--499.png--><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 449]</span>
+skins; others, however, are not distinguishable from the northern specimens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is found throughout eastern North America, as far
+west as the Missouri Valley, and breeds from Florida and the valley of the
+Rio Grande to high northern latitudes. Richardson states that it ranges at
+least to the 57th parallel, and probably even farther north. He obtained
+specimens on the plains of the Saskatchewan, and Mr. Drummond found
+one of its nests near the source of the Elk River. Mr. Dresser found this
+bird breeding in Southwestern Texas, and also resident there during the
+winter months, and I have received their nests and eggs from Florida and
+Georgia. It was found by Mr. Skinner to be abundant in Guatemala during
+the winter months, on the southern slope of the great Cordillera, showing
+that it chooses for its winter retreat the moderate climate afforded by a region
+lying between the elevations of three and four thousand feet, where
+it winters in large numbers. Mr. Salvin noted their first arrival in
+Guatemala as early as the 24th of August. From that date the number
+rapidly increased until the first week in October, when it had become by
+far the most common species about Dueñas. It seemed also to be universally
+distributed, being equally common at Coban, at San Geronimo, and the
+plains of Salamá.</p>
+
+<p>The birds of this species make their appearance on our southern border
+late in March, and slowly move northward in their migrations, reaching
+Upper Georgia about the 10th of April, Pennsylvania from the last of
+April to about the middle of May, and farther north the last of May or the
+first of June. They nest in Massachusetts about the 10th of June, and are
+about thirteen days between the full number of eggs and the appearance of
+the young. They resent any approach to their nest, and will even make
+angry movements around the head of the intruder, uttering a sharp outcry.
+Other than this I have never heard them utter any note.</p>
+
+<p>Attempts to keep in confinement the Humming-Bird have been only partially
+successful. They have been known to live, at the best, only a few
+months, and soon perish, partly from imperfect nourishment and unsuitable
+food, and probably also from insufficient warmth.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous examinations of stomachs of these birds, taken in a natural
+state, demonstrate that minute insects constitute a very large proportion of
+their necessary food. These are swallowed whole. The young birds feed
+by putting their own bills down the throats of their parents, sucking probably
+a prepared sustenance of nectar and fragments of insects. They raise,
+I think, but one brood in a season. The young soon learn to take care of
+themselves, and appear to remain some time after their parents have left.
+They leave New England in September, and have all passed southward beyond
+our limits by November.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this bird, from Dr. Gerhardt, of Georgia, measures 1.75 inches
+in its external diameter and 1.50 in height. Its cavity measures 1.00
+<!--500.png--><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 450]</span>
+in depth and 1.25 inches in breadth. It is of very homogeneous construction,
+the material of which it is made being almost exclusively a substance
+of vegetable origin, resembling wool, coarse in fibre, but soft, warm,
+and yielding, of a deep buff color. This is strengthened, on the outside, by
+various small woody fibres; the whole, on the outer surface, entirely and
+compactly covered by a thatching of small lichens, a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parmelia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A nest obtained in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O. Welch, in June, 1860,
+was built on a horizontal branch of an apple-tree. <a name="note36" id="note36"></a>It measures 1.50 inches
+in height, and 2.25 in its external diameter. The cavity is more shallow,
+measuring .70 of an inch in depth and 1.00 in diameter. It is equally
+homogeneous in its composition, being made of very similar materials. In
+this case, however, the soft woolly material of which it is woven is finer in
+fibre, softer and more silky, and of the purest white color. It is strengthened
+on the base with pieces of bark, and on the sides with fine vegetable
+fibres. The whole nest is beautifully covered with a compact coating of
+lichens, a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parmelia</i>, but different from those of the Georgian nest.</p>
+
+<p>The fine silk-like substance of which the nest from Lynn is chiefly composed
+is supposed to be the soft down which appears on the young and
+unexpanded leaves of the red-oak, immediately before their full development.
+The buds of several of the oaks are fitted for a climate liable to
+severe winters, by being protected by separate downy scales surrounding
+each leaf. In Massachusetts the red-oak is an abundant tree, expands its
+leaves at a convenient season for the Humming-Bird, and these soft silky
+scales which have fulfilled their mission of protection to the embryo leaves
+are turned to a good account by our tiny and watchful architect. The species
+in Georgia evidently make use of similar materials from one of the
+southern oaks.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs measure .50 by .35 of an inch, and are of a pure dull white.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri</b>, <abbr title="Bourcier"><span class="sc">Bourc.</span></abbr> &amp; <span class="sc">Mulsant</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-CHINNED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri</i>, <span class="sc">Bourcier &amp; Mulsant</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Lyons 9">Ann. de la Soc. d’Agric. de Lyons, IX</abbr>, 1846,
+330.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr>  <abbr title="second series Two">2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 269.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations North American Birds, One, five">Ill. N.
+Am. Birds, I, <span class="muchsmaller">V</span></abbr>, 1854, 141, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Trochilidæ, <abbr title="fourteen, September"><span class="muchsmaller">XIV</span>, Sept.</abbr> 1857,
+plate.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 133, <abbr title="plate 44, figure">pl. xliv, f.</abbr> 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Birds Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> M. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 6, <abbr title="plate 5, figure">pl.
+v, f.</abbr> 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 56.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 353.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>. Tail slightly forked; the chin and upper
+part of the throat opaque velvety-black, without metallic reflections, which are confined
+to the posterior border of the gorget, and are violet, sometimes changing to steel blue or
+green, instead of coppery-red. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the metallic scales; the tail-feathers
+tipped with white; the tail graduated, not emarginated; the innermost feather among the
+longest. Length of male, 3.30; wing, 1.70; tail, 126; bill, .75.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast of California, southward, and east to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains,
+Utah.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_501a.jpg"
+ width="200" height="130"
+ alt="Illustration: Trochilus alexandri"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> Trochilus alexandri.</i> <b class="specimen-number">4963</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><!--501.png--><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 451]</span>
+The chief characters of this species are to be found in the violet,
+steel-blue, or steel-green reflections of the hinder part of the gorget, varying
+with the situation of the feathers and the specimen, as distinguished
+from the bright fiery or coppery red of the other. The chin and upper
+part of the throat extending beneath the eyes
+are opaque velvety or greenish black, without
+metallic lustre, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i> it is only the
+extreme chin which is thus dull in appearance.
+The bill is about .10 of an inch longer, the tail
+less deeply forked, and tinged with green at the
+end.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_501b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="199"
+ alt="Illustration: Trochilus alexandri"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>It is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the female of this species from
+that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>. The size is rather
+larger, and the tail rounded, without any
+distinct emargination; the middle feathers
+being .15 of an inch longer than the lateral
+ones, instead of actually shorter. The
+color is much the same. The primaries
+are also much broader in the present species.</p>
+
+<p>In both species the outer tail-feathers,
+though broader than in the male, are quite
+acutely pointed on the terminal third, one
+side or the other of which is slightly concave, instead of being linear to near
+the end, and rounded without any concavity, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Humming-Bird, originally described as a Mexican species,
+is found from the highlands of that republic northward, not only to the
+southern borders of the western United States, but as far north as the 58th
+parallel. It was first discovered on the table-lands of Mexico, east of the
+city, by Signor Floresi, a distinguished naturalist, who devoted himself to
+the study of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</i> of Mexico, but was first added to the fauna of
+North America by Dr. Heermann, who detected it, and obtained several
+specimens, within the burying-ground of Sacramento City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> There several
+pairs remained during the period of incubation, and reared their young,
+finding both food and shelter among the flowering plants of that cemetery.
+He found several of their nests which were essentially similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T.
+colubris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper met with this species along the Mohave River. He saw the
+first on the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of June. He also found one of their nests built in a dark
+willow-thicket in the fork of a tree, eight feet from the ground. Those
+afterwards found near Santa Barbara were all built near the end of hanging
+branches of the sycamore, constructed of white down from willow catkins,
+agglutinated by the bird’s saliva, and thus fastened to the branch on which
+it rested. These were built in the latter part of April, and early in May
+<!--502.png--><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 452]</span>
+contained two eggs, exactly resembling those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>, and measuring
+.51 by .32 of an inch.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards Mr. W. W. Holden obtained a specimen in the Colorado Valley,
+March 20.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord, one of the English commissioners of the Northwestern
+Boundary Survey, met with this species near his camping-place on the western
+slope of the Rocky Mountains. This was near a lake, by the margin of
+which, with other trees, grew a number of the black birch. On these trees
+he found a sweet gummy sap exuding plentifully from splits in the bark,
+and on this sap hosts of insects, large and small, were regaling themselves.
+As the sap was very sticky, numbers of the smaller winged insects were
+trapped in it. Busily employed in picking off and devouring these captive
+insects were several very sombre-looking Humming-Birds, poising themselves
+over the flowers, and nipping off, as with delicate forceps, the imprisoned
+insects. Upon securing one of these birds, he ascertained that it
+belonged to this species. This was pretty satisfactory proof that they are
+insect-eaters. Not only on this occasion, but many times afterwards, Mr.
+Lord saw this bird pick the insects from the tree; and the stomachs of those
+he killed, on being opened, were filled with various kinds of winged insects.
+He found this bird lingering around lakes, pools, and swamps, where these
+birches grow. They generally build in the birch or alder, selecting the fork
+of a branch high up.</p>
+
+<p>This species bears a very close resemblance in size, appearance, and markings,
+to the common eastern species, but is readily distinguishable by the
+difference in the color of the chin and the shape of the tail.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1851, on a trip to Sonora, Mexico, Dr. Heermann found
+these birds abundant in the arid country around Guaymas, where amid the
+scanty vegetation they had constructed their nests in the month of April.
+He also afterwards found them on Dry Creek and the Cosumnes River.</p>
+
+<p>According to the observations of Mr. Ridgway, this species has quite an
+extended distribution in the West. He found it in varying abundance from
+the Sacramento Valley, in California, to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains
+in Utah.</p>
+
+<p>At Sacramento it was more abundant than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna</i>, nesting in the
+door-yards and in gardens, but particularly in the thick copses of small oaks
+in the outskirts of the city. In the Great Basin it associated with the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i> in the western portion, and with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus</i> to the eastward,
+nesting everywhere, from the lowest valleys to a height of eight or
+nine thousand feet in the mountains.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--503.png--><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 453]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CALYPTE</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction">Introd.</abbr> Trochilidæ, 1861, 87. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmya costæ</i>.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px">
+ <img src="images/i_503a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="151"
+ alt="Illustration: Calypte costæ"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">39399</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> &nbsp; <b class="specimen-number">39400</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px">
+ <img src="images/i_503b.jpg"
+ width="200" height="133"
+ alt="Illustration: Calypte costæ"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill longer than the head, straight or slightly curved; tail rather short.
+Outer primary not attenuated at end. Top of head, as well
+as throat, with metallic scale-like feathers, a decided and
+elongated ruff on each
+side the neck.</p>
+
+<p>The metallic
+feathers on top
+of head, the attenuated
+outer tail-feathers (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+helenæ</i>), and the elongated ruff, distinguish
+the males of this genus very readily from
+any other in North America.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species">Species.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> No rufous on tail-feathers; tail forked or emarginated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lateral tail-feather as broad as the others; tail emarginated. Rump and
+middle tail-feathers blue.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. helenæ.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_114" id="fnanchor_114"></a><a href="#footnote_114" class="fnanchor">
+</a></span>
+Very small (wing, 1.15); metallic hood and ruff of
+the male purplish-red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lateral tail-feather abruptly narrower than the others, tail forked. Rump
+and middle tail-feathers green.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna.</b> Large (wing, 2.00); outer tail-feather with a double
+curve, the end inclining outward. Metallic hood and ruff of the male
+purplish-red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. costæ.</b> Small (wing, 1.75); outer tail-feather with a simple
+curve, the end inclining inward. Metallic hood and ruff of the male
+violet-blue. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern California, Arizona, and Mexico.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Inner webs of tail-feathers mostly rufous, and outer webs edged with the
+same. Tail rounded. Lateral tail-feather abruptly narrower than the others.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floresi.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_115" id="fnanchor_115"></a><a href="#footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></span>
+Size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna</i>. Hood and ruff of the male crimson.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of Mexico (Bolanos).</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--504.png--><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 454]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ANNA HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya anna</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Oiseaux Mouches</span>, 1830, (? <abbr title="plate 124">pl. cxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus anna</i>, <span class="sc">Jardine</span>,
+<abbr title="Naturalist's Library">Nat. Lib.</abbr> Humming-Birds, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 93, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 428, <abbr title="plate 428">pl. ccccxxviii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 188, <abbr title="plate 252">pl. cclii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 56 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calliphlox
+anna</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. III</abbr>, 1846, 3.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Journal, second series One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Journ. 2d ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 32.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus (Atthis) anna</i>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> Extraheft for 1853, 1854, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 12.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus icterocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 712 (male with forehead covered
+with yellow pollen). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis anna</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 137. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte annæ</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction">Introd.</abbr> Trochilidæ.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 358.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_504a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="246"
+ alt="Illustration: Calypte anna"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">5501</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> &nbsp; <b class="specimen-number">44953</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Largest of North American species of Humming-Bird. Tail deeply forked;
+external feather narrow, linear. Top of the head, throat, and a moderate ruff, metallic
+crimson-red, with purple reflections. Rest of
+upper parts and a band across the breast green.
+Tail-feathers purplish-brown, darkest centrally. In
+the female the tail is slightly rounded, not emarginate;
+the scales of the head and throat are wanting.
+Tail barred with black, and tipped with white.
+Length, about 3.60; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.45.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mexico and coast region of California.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_504b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="182"
+ alt="Illustration: Calypte anna"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floresi</i> of the table-lands of
+Mexico resembles this species in every
+respect except the tail, which is somewhat
+like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>. The
+only North American species to which the
+male of this bird bears any resemblance is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. costæ</i>, which has the same
+metallic crown and other generic features. The latter, however, is much
+smaller; has the metallic reflections varied,
+chiefly violet, instead of nearly uniform purplish-red.
+The tail is much less deeply forked,
+the depth being only about .10 of an inch, instead
+of .32; the outer feather is much narrower.
+The females of the two, however,
+appear to be distinguishable only by their
+relative size. The absence of rufous, and the
+rounded, not graduated, tail always separates the female of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</i> from that
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>. The larger size is the chief distinction from the
+female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</i>, while the size and less acutely pointed outer tail-feathers
+distinguish it from the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We have never seen any specimens of this bird taken out of California,
+nor quoted of late years as occurring in Mexico, although stated by Gould to
+belong to the table-lands.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful Humming-Bird is found from the high table-lands
+of Mexico throughout the western portions of that region, and through
+<!--505.png--><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 455]</span>
+all the coast country of California, from the slopes of the Sierra to the
+ocean. It was first taken in Mexico, and named in honor of Anna, Duchess
+of Rivoli. Mr. Nuttall was the first of our own naturalists to take it within
+our territory. He captured a female on its nest near Santa Barbara. This
+was described and figured by Audubon. The nest was attached to a small
+burnt twig of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Photinia</i>, and was small for the bird, being only 1.25 inches in
+breadth. It was somewhat conic in shape, made of the down of willow catkins,
+intermixed with their scales, and a few feathers, the latter forming the
+lining. It had none of the neatness of the nests of our common species,
+and was so rough on the outside that Mr. Nuttall waited several days in
+expectation of its being completed, and found the female sitting on two
+eggs when he caught her. Dr. Cooper, however, thinks this description
+applies much better to the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. alexandri</i>, as all that he has seen of
+this species are twice as large, and covered externally with lichens, even
+when on branches not covered with these parasites.</p>
+
+<p><a name="note24" id="note24"></a>Dr. Gambel, in his paper published in 1846 on the birds of California,
+describes this as a very abundant species, numbers of which pass the entire
+winter in California. At such times he found them inhabiting sheltered
+hillsides and plains, where, at all seasons, a few bushy plants were in flower
+and furnished them with a scanty subsistence. In the latter part of February
+and during March they appeared in greater numbers. About the Pueblo
+the vineyards and the gardens were their favorite resort, where they build a
+delicate downy nest in small flowering bushes, or in a concealed spot about
+a fence. In April and May they may be seen in almost every garden.</p>
+
+<p>In the wilder portions of the country Dr. Gambel found them attaching
+their nest almost exclusively to low horizontal branches of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quercus agrifolia</i>,
+or evergreen oak, so common in that region. The nest he describes
+as small, only about an inch in depth, and 1.25 inches in diameter, formed in
+the most delicate manner of pappus and down of various plants matted into
+a soft felt, with spider’s-webs, which he frequently observed them collecting
+for the purpose, in the spring, along hedges and fence-rows. The base of
+the nest is formed of a few dried male aments of the oak, which, with the
+adjoining felt-like matting of pappus, are agglutinated and bound around
+the twig with a thick layer of spider’s-webs. The note of this bird, he
+states, is a slender <i class="birdcall">chep</i>, frequently repeated. During the breeding-season
+they are very pugnacious, darting like meteors among the trees, uttering a
+loud and repeated twittering scold. They also have the habit of ascending
+to a considerable height, and then of descending with great rapidity, uttering
+at the same time a peculiar cry. The glutinous pollen of a tubular flower
+upon which these birds feed often adheres to the rigid feathers of the crown,
+and causes the bird to seem to have a bright yellow head. Nuttall, who
+never obtained the male of this species, but saw them in this condition, supposed
+this to be a yellow spot in the crown, and hence his supposed species
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><!--506.png--><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 456]</span>
+In California, south of San Francisco, this species was also observed, by
+Dr. Cooper, to be a constant resident in mild winters, remaining among the
+foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, at least fifteen hundred feet above the sea.
+There he has found them quite common in February. At that season flowers,
+and consequently insects, are more abundant than in the dry summers.
+The males are in fine plumage early in January.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that the nests of this species are built at various heights
+and positions, often in gardens, and sometimes on dead branches, without
+any attempt at concealment except the outside covering of lichens. He
+has found them made almost wholly of mosses, with only a lining of
+feathers and down of plants. In the neighborhood of San Francisco the
+young are sometimes hatched as early as the middle of March. This species
+appears to be more hardy than the others, being common along the coast
+border, though Dr. Cooper saw none near the summits of the Sierra Nevada.</p>
+
+<p>The notes of the male bird, he states, are like the sound produced by the
+filing of a saw or the whetting of a scythe. They enter familiarly into the
+city of San Francisco, and even venture into rooms, attracted by the flowers.
+They are bold and confident, approach to within a few feet of man, but at
+the least motion disappear like a flash.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann found this species quite common at San Diego in March,
+and in its full spring plumage. In September he procured a number of
+specimens on a small island in the Cosumnes River. While on the wing
+in pursuit of insects, or after alighting on a small branch, he heard them
+utter a very weak twitter, continued for a minute or more.</p>
+
+<p>A nest of this species from Petaluma is about 1.50 inches in diameter,
+and 1.00 in height, and bears no resemblance to the one described by Nuttall.
+It is made of a commingling of mosses and vegetable down, covered
+externally with a fine yellow lichen. The eggs measure .60 by .40 of an
+inch, and are about ten per cent larger than those of any other North
+American Humming-Bird.</p>
+
+<p>Another nest of this Humming-Bird, obtained in Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr.
+Emanuel Samuels, measures 1.75 inches in diameter, and about 1.00 in
+height. Its cavity is one inch in diameter at the rim, and half an inch in
+depth. Its lining is composed of such soft materials that its limits are not
+well defined. The base of the nest is made of feathers, mosses, and lichens
+of several varieties of the smaller kinds. The periphery and rim of the nest
+are of nearly the same materials. The inner fabric consists of a mass of a
+dirty-white vegetable wool, with a lining of the very finest and softest of
+feathers, intermingled with down from the seeds of some species of silkweed.
+The predominant lichen in the base and sides of the nest is the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ramalina menziesii</i>, which is peculiar to California. The nest contained a
+single egg.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--507.png--><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 457]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">COSTA’S HUMMING-BIRD; RUFFED HUMMER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya costæ</i>, <span class="sc">Bourcier</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1839, 294 (Lower California).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Lyons 9">Ann. Sc.
+Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Lyon,</abbr> 1840, 225, <abbr title="table two">tab. ii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Prevost &amp; Des Murs</span>, Voyage de la
+Venus, <abbr title="Zoology One">Zool. I</abbr>, 1855, 194, Atlas, <abbr title="table two, figures">tab. ii, f.</abbr> 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus costæ</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus
+Avium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1850, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis costæ</i>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie">Cab. Jour. für Orn.</abbr> Extraheft,
+1853, 1854.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 138, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes ten">P. R. R. x</abbr>, b,
+36, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte costæ</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Humming-Birds.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 360.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail very slightly emarginated and rounded; exterior feather very narrow,
+and linear. A very long ruff on each side of the throat. Head above and below, with
+the ruff, covered with metallic red, purple and violet (sometimes steel green). Remaining
+upper parts and sides of the body green. Throat under and between the ruffs, side
+of head behind the eye, anal region, and under tail-coverts whitish. Female with the tail
+rounded, scarcely emarginate; barred with black, and tipped with white. The metallic
+colors of the head wanting. Length, 3.20; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.10; bill, .68.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Mexico, Southern California, and the Colorado Basin, Monterey (<span class="sc">Neboux</span>). Arizona
+(<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 57).</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary considerably in the color of the ruff, which, however, is
+only occasionally green; violet being the prevailing shade. The length of
+this appendage varies considerably.</p>
+
+<p>The female of this species differs much from the male in the absence of
+the metallic scales on the head and throat. It has a close resemblance to
+the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i>, although the bill is smaller and narrower. The tail-feathers
+are narrower, more linear, and less acutely pointed at the tip. The
+black on the outer tail-feathers, instead of extending very nearly to the
+base, is confined to the terminal half, the basal portion being green. All
+the tail-feathers are terminated by white, although that on the fourth and
+fifth is very narrow. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. colubris</i> this color is confined to the three outer
+ones. The much smaller size will alone distinguish it from the female
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. anna</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is a Mexican bird, first discovered by Signor Floresi
+among the valleys of the Sierra Madre, in that country, throughout the western
+portions of which it is said to be an abundant species, as well as
+along our southern borders, whence it extends into New Mexico, the Colorado
+Valley, Southern California, and Arizona. It was first described by
+Bourcier in 1839, and named in honor of the Marquis de Costa, of Chambery.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Xantus found this species exceedingly abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.
+It has also been found on the eastern coast of the Gulf of California, at
+Guaymas, and Mazatlan, and also on the table-lands of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>It was first added to our fauna by Dr. Kennerly, who obtained specimens
+near Bill Williams Fork, in New Mexico, February 9, 1854. At that early
+season a few flowers had already expanded beneath the genial rays of the
+sun, and around them the party rarely failed to find these beautiful birds.
+<!--508.png--><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 458]</span>
+They had already paired, and were constantly to be seen hovering over the
+flowers. Their notes consisted of a rapid chirping sound. As Dr. Kennerly’s
+party approached the coast of California, where the valleys abounded with
+flowers of every hue, these birds continued flitting before them in great numbers.
+Dr. Coues states that this species was not taken at Fort Whipple, though
+abundantly distributed throughout the Territory, particularly in its southern
+and southwestern portions, and found about fifty miles south of Prescott.
+It is presumed to winter within the Territory, and also within the valley of
+the Colorado. Dr. Cooper did not observe any at Fort Mohave until March
+5, and they were not numerous afterwards. At San Diego, in 1862, when
+the spring was unusually backward, he saw none before April 22, and he has
+since met with them as far north as San Francisco, where, however, they are
+rare. The notes uttered by the male he compares to the highest and sharpest
+note that can be drawn from a violin. Nothing more is known as to their
+distinctive specific peculiarities.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SELASPHORUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 324. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus rufus</i>.)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_508.jpg"
+ width="250" height="198"
+ alt="Illustration: Selasphorus rufus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">2896</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>As already stated, the characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, as distinguished from
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i> (to which it is most nearly related, through the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. floresi</i>), consist in
+the lack of metallic feathers on the crown, and
+in the attenuation of the outer primary, and the
+pointed and acuminate cuneate (instead of
+forked) tail.</p>
+
+<p>As distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, the quills
+diminish gradually, instead of showing an abrupt
+transition between the fourth and fifth, so
+characteristic of the two species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</i>, as
+restricted. The very attenuated tip of the outer
+primary is a character entirely peculiar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The two North American species, though strictly congeneric, differ from
+each other considerably in details of form, as well as in color. They may
+be distinguished from each other and from their two Central American
+allies as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Feathers of the metallic gorget not elongated laterally.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus.</b> Above continuous metallic green; tail-feathers merely
+edged with rufous. Gorget purplish-red.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 1.90; tail, 1.40; bill (from forehead), .66. Gorget rich solferino-purple,
+the feathers grayish-white beneath the surface. Outer primary
+with its attenuated tip turned outward. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains and
+Middle Province of United States, south to Guatemala
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+<!--509.png--><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 459]</span>
+Wing, 1.65; tail, 1.20; bill, .41. Gorget dull velvety-crimson, the
+feathers ochraceous beneath the surface. Outer primary apparently
+with its attenuated tip curved inward. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_116" id="fnanchor_116"></a><a href="#footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Feathers of the metallic gorget much elongated laterally.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus.</b> Above chiefly rufous, overlaid by green (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. scintilla</i>,
+which is almost wholly green above); tail-feathers rufous with a shaft-streak
+of dusky. Gorget fiery red. Attenuated tip of outer primary curved
+inwards.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 1.60; tail, 1.30; bill, .65. Rufous prevailing above; gorget
+very brilliant. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of North America, from East
+Humboldt Mountains to the Pacific. North to Sitka, south to Mirador
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00 to 1.10; bill, .42. Continuous green above;
+gorget not brilliant, but with a dusty appearance. Tail less graduated.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica and Chiriqui
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_117" id="fnanchor_117"></a><a href="#footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUFOUS-BACKED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 497.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Four"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 555, <abbr title="plate 372">pl.
+ccclxxii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F.-Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 324.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 200, <abbr title="plate 254">pl. ccliv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 134.&mdash;<cite>Cooper &amp; Suckley</cite>,
+164.&mdash;<cite>Dall &amp; Bannister</cite>, <abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy One">Trans. Chicago Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).&mdash;<cite>Finsch</cite>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen 3">Abh. Nat.
+III</abbr>, 1872, 29 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 355. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus collaris</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>
+(Bonaparte). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus sitkensis</i>, <span class="sc">Rathke</span> (Bonaparte). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmia sasin</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>
+(Bonaparte).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail strongly cuneate and wedge-shaped. Upper parts, lower tail-coverts,
+and breast cinnamon. A trace of metallic green on the crown, which sometimes extends
+over the back, never on the belly. Throat coppery red, with a well-developed ruff of
+the same; below this a white collar. Tail-feathers cinnamon, edged or streaked at the
+end with purplish-brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the rufous of the back covered or replaced with
+green; less cinnamon on the breast. Traces only of metallic feathers on the throat. Tail
+rufous, banded with black and tipped with white; middle feathers glossed with green at
+the end. Tail still cuneate. Length of male, 3.50; wing, 1.55; tail, 1.30.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+West coast of North America, and across from Gulf of California to the Upper
+Rio Grande Valley, and along the table-lands of Mexico, south; in Middle Province east
+to East Humboldt Mountains.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><!--510.png--><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 460]</span>
+Specimens from the table-lands of Mexico are smaller than those from
+Oregon, and have yellower, less ruby throats.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_510.jpg"
+ width="250" height="184"
+ alt="Illustration: Selasphorus rufus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This brilliant species has an extended distribution throughout
+the western part of North America, being found from the valley of the Rio
+Grande to the Pacific, and from Mexico to
+Sitka. It was first discovered near Nootka
+Sound, by that distinguished navigator, Captain
+Cook, and described by Latham, and has
+been met with as far to the south as Real del
+Monte, on the table-lands of Mexico, by Mr.
+Taylor, whose specimens were described by
+Mr. Swainson.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found it very abundant at Arizona,
+near Fort Whipple, as it is also along the whole slope of the Rocky
+Mountains. It is a summer resident in that Territory, and breeds there abundantly,
+arriving at Fort Whipple April 10, and remaining until the middle
+of September, being found in all situations, particularly meadows, open
+copses, ravines, etc., where flowers are most abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dall gives them as common summer residents at Sitka. Bischoff
+obtained sixteen specimens. Dr. Suckley says they are very abundant in
+the western provinces of both Oregon and Washington Territory, and in
+Vancouver Island. They appear to be very hardy, and are one of the earliest
+of the migratory birds to arrive in spring. At Fort Steilacoom, latitude
+47<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, they appeared April 10. They are supposed to commence their southern
+migrations from that region in September,&mdash;a move induced by the
+scarcity of flowers and lack of means of captivating insects, rather than by
+cold. In Washington Territory their incubation commences about the 10th
+of May, and is made evident by the fierce and angry battles continually occurring
+between the male birds, in which they tilt at each other at full
+speed, at the same time keeping up a loud and vociferous squeaking and
+buzzing.</p>
+
+<p>A nest with eggs, of this species, obtained by Dr. Cooper near Fort
+Slaughter, May 23, was found in the forked branch of a snowberry-bush.
+It was composed principally of fine green moss, lined internally with the
+delicate floss of the cottonwood, and externally bordered most artistically
+with rock lichens. The female was on the nest, and allowed so near an approach
+as almost to admit of being grasped by the hand. The nest was 2.00
+inches in diameter and 1.50 in height. The eggs measured .45 by .33 of an
+inch, and were white, as in all the species.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that the appearance of this species at the Straits of
+Fuca is coincident with the blossoming of the red-flowering currant, which
+begins to bloom on the Columbia March 10. The male of this species has
+a remarkable habit, when a stranger or a wild animal approaches its nest, of
+rising to a great height in the air, and of then darting down perpendicularly
+<!--511.png--><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 461]</span>
+upon the intruder, producing a hollow rushing sound, like that of the Night-Hawk,
+but of a much sharper tone. These sounds are produced by the
+wings. In July, when flowers are more abundant among the mountain summits,
+they leave the lower country. Dr. Cooper found them abundant in
+August at an elevation of nearly six thousand feet, and where ice was
+formed at night in their camp.</p>
+
+<p>In California, Dr. Cooper has not found any of this species remaining in
+winter, even at San Diego, where, however, he has known them to arrive as
+early as the 5th of February. He also saw several on the <abbr title="twenty-second">22d</abbr> of the same
+month feeding among the flowers of the evergreen gooseberry. By the first
+of April they were swarming about San Diego. Their young are hatched
+before the middle of June. When perching, this species is said to utter a
+shrill wiry call, like the highest note of a violin. They also produce a curious
+kind of bleating sound. They are among the most noisy and lively of
+their race, are very quarrelsome, chase each other away from favorite flowers,
+rising into the air until out of sight, chirping as they go in the most excited
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lord noticed the arrival of this species at Little Spokan River, in
+latitude 49<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, early in May. He found their nests usually in low shrubs and
+close to rippling streams. The females of this and other species are said to
+arrive about a week later than the males.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann for several successive seasons found many pairs of these
+birds breeding in the vicinity of San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall compares the appearance of the male birds of this species,
+when he approached too near their nests, to an angry coal of brilliant fire,
+as they darted upon him, passing within a few inches of his face as they
+returned again and again to the attack, making a sound as of a breaking
+twig.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse, who found this bird abundant in New Mexico, particularly
+in the vicinity of Santa Fé, speaks of the great noise they make for so
+small a bird, and of their quarrelsome and pugnacious disposition.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. R. Brown, in his synopsis of the birds of Vancouver Island, notes the
+appearance of this species, from the end of March to the beginning of May,
+according to the state of the season. Its nest was built on the tips of low
+bushes, or the under branches of trees. This was the only species of Humming-Bird
+seen west of the Cascade Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>The Rufous Hummer was first noticed by Mr. Ridgway in the valley of the
+Truckee River, in August, where it was the only species shot, and was extremely
+abundant among the sunflowers which ornament the meadows. In
+May of the succeeding year, when the same locality was again visited, not
+one of this species was to be found, its place being apparently supplied by
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. alexandri</i>, which was quite common, and breeding. Eastward it was
+met with as far as the East Humboldt Mountains, where, however, only a
+single pair was seen, and one of them shot, in September.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--512.png--><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 462]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROAD-TAILED HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus platycercus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 441 (Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ">Mon. Trochilid.</abbr> or Humming-Birds, <abbr title="Three"><span class="muchsmaller">III</span></abbr>, May, 1852.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 135, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>, figs. 1 and 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1868 (Lake Tahoe).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Ornithology California One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Orn. Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 357. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismia tricolor</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, Colibris, 125 (no date) <abbr title="plate 14">pl. xiv</abbr>
+(Brazil).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Trochilide. 1831, 156, <abbr title="plate 60">pl. lx</abbr> (Mexico).&mdash;<span class="sc">Jardine</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist's Library Two">Nat. Lib. II</abbr>, 77,
+<abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya montana</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr title="Trochilidæ">Trochilid.</abbr> 1831, 161, <abbr title="plate 63">pl. lxiii</abbr>, adult, and 163;
+<abbr title="plate 64">pl. lxiv</abbr>, young (Mexico).</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_512.jpg"
+ width="250" height="161"
+ alt="Illustration: Selasphorus platycercus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">10847</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> &nbsp; <b class="specimen-number">10750</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Outer primaries greatly attenuated at the end and turned outward. Outer
+tail-feathers nearly linear, but widening a little from the base; its width .20 of an inch.
+Tail slightly graduated and emarginate.
+<i class="sex">Male</i> above and on the
+sides metallic green; chin and
+throat light reddish-purple, behind
+which, and along the belly
+to the tail, is a good deal of white.
+Wings and tail dusky purplish;
+the tail-feathers, excepting the
+internal and external ones, edged
+towards the base with light
+cinnamon. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the
+metallic gorget; the throat-feathers
+with dusky centres. The tail
+somewhat cuneate, as in the male,
+the feathers less pointed; the outer three cinnamon-rufous at base (this extending somewhat
+along the outer edges), then black, and broadly tipped with white (much as in the
+male <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa</i>), the inner two feathers green, the fourth with black spot at end, and
+only edged at base with rufous. The sides and crissum also tinged with cinnamon.
+Length, 3.50; wing, 1.92; tail, 1.40. Bill, gape, .80.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Table-lands of Mexico and Rocky Mountains, and Middle Province of United
+States, north to Wyoming Territory. Uintah, Wahsatch, and East Humboldt Mountains
+(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Sierra Nevada (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 288); Guatemala
+(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 129); Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 57).</p>
+
+<p>A decided character of this species among its North American relatives is
+the rufous outer border of the exterior tail-feathers. This rufous in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>
+pervades most of the feathers, instead of being restricted as above. Females
+of the two species are not dissimilar: those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus</i> are larger, less
+rufous beneath; the tail-feathers broader and less pointed, and with the
+inner two (on each side) entirely green to base (the fourth edged with
+rufous), instead of being principally rufous, except at tip.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Mirador, Mexico, are undistinguishable from those of
+Fort Bridger; those from Guatemala are smaller than the Mexican.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Until recently this Humming-Bird has been presumed to be an
+exclusively Mexican and Central American species. Until taken within our
+limits, it had been supposed to be confined on the north to the Mexican plateau,
+<!--513.png--><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 463]</span>
+westward to the city, and thence southward to Guatemala, while throughout
+this region it is said to be very generally and very plentifully distributed.
+It was first taken, in 1851, by Mr. J. H. Clark, near El Paso, Texas. Subsequently
+numerous specimens were seen by Dr. Coues on the summit of
+Whipple’s Pass of the Rocky Mountains, in July, feeding among clumps
+of wild roses. It was not noticed near Fort Whipple, though the range
+of this species is now well known to include New Mexico and Arizona, as
+far north, at least, as Fort Bridger in Wyoming. It was found breeding
+abundantly in the vicinity of Fort Grant, Arizona, by Dr. Palmer.</p>
+
+<p>This Humming-Bird was found by Mr. Allen more or less common among
+the foot-hills, as well as among the mountains, of Colorado, and extending
+several miles out on the plains. On Mount Lincoln, in Colorado, he found
+it exceedingly numerous, and though larger and otherwise different from the
+eastern Ruby-throat, it might easily be mistaken for it. The shrill whistling
+of its wings, he adds, is a peculiarity one is sure to notice. This Humming-Bird
+continued to be common on the sides of Mount Lincoln to far above
+the timber line, being apparently as much at home among the bright flowers
+growing on the highest parts of the mountain as in the valleys.</p>
+
+<p>At Lake Tahoe, at an elevation of six thousand feet, Dr. Cooper found
+the young of this species quite common near the middle of September.
+Supposing them to be the more common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>, he only obtained a single
+specimen. He thinks that these birds extend their northern migrations as
+far as the Blue Mountains, near Snake River, Oregon, and that they are the
+ones referred to by Nuttall as seen by him in autumn, and supposed to be
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The nests of this species procured by Dr. Palmer were large for the size
+of the bird, unusually broad and shallow, composed of soft downy pappus
+from seeds of plants, and vegetable down, with the outer walls covered with
+mosses and lichens. The eggs are not distinguishable from those of the
+other species.</p>
+
+<p>The Rocky Mountain or Broad-tailed Hummer, according to Mr. Ridgway’s
+observations, is the most abundant species in the Great Basin, though
+he did not see it to recognize it west of the East Humboldt Mountains. It
+is essentially a bird of the mountains, since in that region there are few
+flowers elsewhere; yet in the gardens of Salt Lake City, an altitude far below
+its usual habitat, it was abundant. Its favorite resorts are the flowery
+slopes of the higher and well-watered mountain-ranges of the Great Basin
+and Rocky Mountain system, at an average elevation of about eight or
+nine thousand feet, yet it will be found wherever flowers are abundant.
+Mr. Ridgway saw one at an altitude of about twelve thousand feet, in July,
+on the East Humboldt Mountains, but it merely passed rapidly by him. In
+the Wahsatch Mountains, particularly in the neighborhood of Salt Lake
+City, this species was most plentiful. It there nested abundantly in the
+scrub-oaks on the hills or slopes of the cañons.</p>
+
+<p><!--514.png--><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 464]</span>
+The male bird is very pugnacious, and was observed to attack and drive
+away an <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accipiter fuscus</i>, the Hawk retreating as rapidly as possible. When
+the nest is approached, the male often rises high into the air and then sweeps
+down almost to the head of the intruder, its swift descent being accompanied
+by a very peculiar shrill, screeching buzz, of an extraordinary degree
+of loudness to be produced by so small a creature. The same sound Mr.
+Ridgway noticed when the bird was passing overhead, in a manner not observed
+in any other species, its horizontal flight being by a peculiar undulating
+course. The shrill noise made by the male of this species he suggests
+may be caused by the curious attenuated and stiffened outer primary. He
+noticed a curious piece of ingenuity in nest-making on the part of this species.
+The nest in question was fastened upon a dead twig of a small cottonwood-tree;
+the loosening bark, which probably had separated after the nest was
+finished, had allowed the nest to turn around so as to hang beneath the
+branch, thus spilling the eggs upon the ground. The owners, however, built
+another nest upon the top of the branch, fastening its sides to that of the
+old one, and making the new nest lighter and less bulky, so that the weight
+of the older nest kept the other in a permanently upright position.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ATTHIS</b>, <span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Reichenbach Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Cab. Jour. f. Orn.</abbr> extraheft für</span> 1853, 1854. Appendix B. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmya
+heloisa</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr title="Delattre"><span class="sc">Del.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_514.jpg"
+ width="200" height="148"
+ alt="Illustration: Atthis heloisa"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">25874</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> &nbsp; <b class="specimen-number">24618</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Size very diminutive; bill short, scarcely longer than the head. Outer
+primary attenuated nearly as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>; the tail graduated, the feathers, however,
+not lanceolate-acute, but rounded at end, and tipped with
+white in the male.</p>
+
+<p>This genus seems closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>,
+agreeing in character of throat, the curious
+attenuation of outer primary, and the general
+shape of the tail, with its rufous base and edging.
+The feathers, however, are not lanceolate
+and pointed, either sharply as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>, or obtusely
+as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i>, but are more equal to near the end, where they round
+off. The white tip of the tail in the male seems to be the principal reason
+why Mr. Gould removes the single species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, where it was
+previously placed by him, and where perhaps it might have not inappropriately
+remained.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--515.png--><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 465]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa</b>, <span class="sc">Less. &amp; Del.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HELOISA’S HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornysmya heloisa</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson &amp; Delattre</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1838, 15 (Xalapa). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mellisuga heloisa</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gray &amp; Mitchell</span>, <abbr title="General Birds One">Gen. Birds, I</abbr>, 113. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tryphæna heloisa</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Trochilidæ Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Troch.
+Rev. Mag. Zoöl.</abbr> 1854, 257. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus heloisæ</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 141">Mon. Trochil. III, pl. cxli</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisæ</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> extraheft, 1853, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 12.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Introduction Trochilidæ">Introd. Trochil.</abbr>
+1861, 89.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, 21, Twelve">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, xxi, <span class="muchsmaller">XII</span></abbr>, plate.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 361.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Above metallic green with golden reflections; beneath white; the sides
+of breast glossed with green; the flanks with rufous, which tinges the crissum very faintly;
+gorget brilliant violet or light purplish-red, bordered behind by clear white. All the tail-feathers
+rufous-cinnamon for basal half; the three outer black centrally and tipped with
+white (mixed with reddish on the third); the fourth green, centrally tipped with black;
+the central entirely green for the exposed portion, perhaps glossed with blackish at the
+end. Length, 2.70; wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00; exposed part of bill above, .45. <i class="sex">Female.</i>
+Outer primary not attenuated. Colors similar to male, wanting the metallic gorget; the
+feathers spotted with dusky; crissum and flanks more rufous; innermost tail-feathers
+entirely green; other feathers as in male, but with the central black encroaching on the
+basal rufous; third and fourth feathers tipped with reddish-white.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern New Mexico and Texas, to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of this species into the fauna of the United States is
+based on a female specimen collected by Mr. J. H. Clark at El Paso, Texas,
+and for a time supposed to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>, but after a careful examination
+by Mr. Lawrence, pronounced to belong to this species. Its range is
+southward along the highlands to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>The species is very much like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> in shape, and hardly differs
+more than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i> do from each other. The male is easily
+distinguished from its allies; the females are closely related to those of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>, differing in much shorter bill (.55 to .65), much less rufous on the
+more nearly even tail, with broader feathers, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species claims a place within the fauna of North America,
+probably only as an accidental visitor, on the ground of a single specimen,&mdash;a
+female, taken by Mr. J. H. Clark at El Paso, Texas. It was at first mistaken
+for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus rufus</i>. It is a Mexican and Central American species,
+ranging throughout the highlands at least as far to the south as Guatemala,
+where it was taken by Mr. Salvin.</p>
+
+<p>It was first discovered on the highlands of Mexico by Mr. Delattre, who
+procured his specimens between Jalapa and Quatepu. It is crepuscular in
+its habits, collecting its food only in the morning or in the evening. Mr.
+Delattre states that the male bird is known to rise very early in the morning,
+and is never seen in quest of food later than nine in the forenoon. It
+very seldom goes to any distance from its mate or young, seeming to prefer
+to frequent the flowers in the edge of forests, but does not disdain those of
+the open fields. Mr. Salvin received specimens of this species taken in a
+<!--516.png--><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 466]</span>
+place called Chimachoyo near Calderas, in the Volcan de Fuego, and other
+specimens taken in the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tierra caliente</i>, near Coban, showing that, like many
+other species, it is found in very different climates.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HELIOPÆDICA</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Mon. Trochilidæ, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, Introd. Trochil. 1861, 60. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus
+melanotus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_516.jpg"
+ width="250" height="232"
+ alt="Illustration: Heliopædica xantusi"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">17767</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> &emsp;<b class="specimen-number">16935</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill longer than head, depressed, broad at its exposed base; the frontal
+feathers not advancing forward beyond the beginning of the nostrils, nor so far as those
+of the chin. Hind toe shorter than the lateral,
+tarsi feathered; outer primary not attenuated.
+Tail nearly even, slightly rounded and emarginate,
+the feathers broad, the webs nearly even. Metallic
+feathers of throat not elongated. Female quite
+similar in form.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is quite peculiar among those
+of North America in the exposure of the
+base of bill, which is entirely bare between
+the lengthened nostrils, instead of covered
+by the frontal feathers. This makes the
+bill appear very broad, although it really
+is more so than in the other genera. The feathers on the chin extend considerably
+beyond those of the forehead, instead of to about the same line.
+The tail and its feathers are much broader than in the other genera.</p>
+
+<p>The two known species of this genus may be distinguished by the following
+characters:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above metallic green; tail plain black or chestnut,
+glossed with green, and without white in either sex. A conspicuous white post-ocular
+stripe, and a blackish auricular one beneath it; beneath with more or less
+green. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Forehead, chin, and side of head deep black or metallic dark blue;
+throat and jugulum brilliant green. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Front dull brownish-green; chin, throat,
+and jugulum white or ochraceous, with or without a green gloss.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. melanotis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_118" id="fnanchor_118"></a><a href="#footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></span>
+ <i class="sex">Male.</i> Belly white, glossed with green; tail black beneath;
+base of bill, all round, brilliant blue; white cheek-stripe beginning back of
+the eye. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Beneath white glossed with green; tail bluish-black.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guatemala and table-lands of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. xantusi.</b> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Belly cinnamon; tail beneath purplish-cinnamon; chin
+black; white cheek-stripe beginning at the bill. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Beneath plain pale
+rufous; tail deep rufous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--517.png--><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 467]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">XANTUS’S HUMMING-BIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amazilia xantusi</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Seven">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, April, 1860, 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica
+xantusi</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Two, plate 65">Mon. Troch. II, pl. lxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Introduction to the Trochilidæ"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Introd. Troch.</abbr> 61.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds of North America, eleven">Ill.
+Birds N. Am. <span class="muchsmaller">XI</span></abbr>, plate.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 365. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica castaneocauda</i>,
+<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1860, 145 (female).&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated Birds of North America, One, 22">Illust. Birds N. Am.
+I, xxii.</abbr></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px">
+ <img src="images/i_517.jpg"
+ width="250" height="196"
+ alt="Illustration: Heliopædica xantusi"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+<i class="sex">Male.</i> Above metallic green; the forehead, cheeks, and chin velvety black
+(the former with a deep blue gloss). A distinct white stripe from bill, through and
+behind the eye. Throat and forepart of breast brilliant
+metallic green; rest of under parts cinnamon-rufous;
+all the tail-feathers purplish-rufous,&mdash;the central
+glossed with green above, near the edges, the others
+obscurely edged with blackish along ends. Bill red
+at base, black at end. Length, 3.50; wing, 2.10; tail,
+1.40; exposed portion of bill above, .65. <i class="sex">Female.</i>
+Forehead and all under parts light cinnamon beneath,
+without any green, or any dusky specks on throat;
+white cheek-stripe appreciable, but tinged with rufous.
+Tail as in male, but the central feathers entirely green
+above, the other, except the outer, with a dusky greenish or purplish spot on each web
+near the end. Whole upper mandible apparently dusky; base of lower, red.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>This well-marked and interesting species we owe to Mr. Xantus, together
+with many other birds of the west coast. It is sufficiently distinct to require
+no comparison other than that given under the general head; it can be separated
+from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. melanotis</i> in all stages of plumage by the rufous tail.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary sometimes in the intensity of the rufous shade, and, as
+stated, it is probable that the forehead, instead of being black, in full plumage
+is deep blue, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is a new and well-marked species, and although belonging
+to the North American fauna cannot be claimed for the United States, having
+thus far been only taken at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and described
+by Mr. Lawrence in 1860. Nothing is known as to its specific habits.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--518.png--><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 468]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">THAUMATIAS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Very similar in general form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</i>, but the tail emarginated,
+instead of rounded, the feathers narrower and less rounded at the ends. The coloration
+quite different. Sexes alike, in all the species. Color nearly uniform green, with the
+anal region white, the wings and tail dusky. Many species with the whole lower parts,
+except laterally, pure white. One species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. chionurus</i>) with the tail white, except the
+ends of the feathers and the intermediæ.</p>
+
+<p>The species are all of rather small size and rather plain appearance, from
+the uniformity of their green, or green and white, coloring. They belong to
+northern South America, and to Central America north to Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>The genus is included in the North American fauna solely upon the
+accidental occurrence of one species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. linnæi</i>) in Eastern Massachusetts.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LINNÆUS’S EMERALD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bonaparte Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Rev. et Mag. de Zoöl.</abbr> 1854, 255. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias l.</i> <span class="sc">Gould</span>,
+<abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, plate">Monog. Trochilid. pl.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trochilus tobaci</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 498. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trochilus tobagensis</i>,
+<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trochilus tobago</i>, <span class="sc">Shaw</span>, <abbr title="General Zoölogy, eight">Gen. Zoöl. viii</abbr>, 350. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya
+viridissima</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Histoire Naturelle"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Hist. Nat.</abbr> 257, <abbr title="plate 75">pl. lxxv</abbr>. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">? L’Oiseau-mouche à poitrine verte</i>
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus maculatus</i>), <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> et <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux Doré, tome 1"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Dor. tom. I</abbr>, 87, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Argyrtria
+maculata</i>, <span class="sc">Maynard</span>, Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 128 (Cambridge, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>!).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Continuous green, darker above, more brilliant, and of an emerald tint on
+the throat and jugulum; crissum, anal region, and middle of the abdomen, white.
+Primaries plain dusky. Tail blackish, with a faint reflection of dark blue subterminally,
+and of dull green basally, the lateral feathers obscurely tipped with dull dark ashy.
+Sexes alike. Wing, about 2.00; bill, .70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northern Brazil, Guiana, Tobago, and Bogota (<span class="sc">Gould</span>)?? Accidental in the
+eastern United States (Cambridge, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, <span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p>
+
+<p>This race much resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. albiventris</i>, (<abbr title="Reichenbach"><span class="sc">Reichenb.</span></abbr>) <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> (<span class="sc">Gould</span>,
+<abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Volume Five, page 301">Monog. Troch., Vol. V, p. ccci</abbr>), of Brazil, but is said to be smaller and with
+less white on the abdomen and the under tail-coverts tinged with gray.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The single specimen of this Humming-Bird, referred to by both
+Mr. Maynard and Mr. Allen<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_119" id="fnanchor_119"></a><a href="#footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></span>
+as having been taken in Massachusetts, is said
+to have been shot by Mr. William Brewster in the summer of 1868, in Cambridge,
+near Mount Auburn. It was secured by accident, and was presumed
+to be, when taken, a female specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus colubris</i>. It was sent to
+Mr. Vickary, of Lynn, to be mounted, and the question has been raised if
+by chance a South American bird may not have been substituted for the
+original. This, however, Mr. Vickary is positive could not have happened.
+Nothing distinctive was observed as to its habits. In view, however, of the
+possibility of an error, the propriety of including it in our fauna is very
+questionable.</p>
+</div><!--end family Trochilidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start interim page-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--519.png--><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 469]</span></p>
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<p>The three families next in order are those generally known as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</i>,
+in their more restricted sense, that is, having the toes arranged in pairs,
+two before and two behind. In the present case the anterior toes are the
+inner and the middle (the second and third), the posterior being the hinder
+and outer (the first and fourth); where, as is sometimes the case, a hind toe is
+wanting, it is the first, or the hind toe proper.</p>
+
+<p>By this definition we exclude the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trogonidæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bucconidæ</i>, and the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galbuilidæ</i>, which likewise have the toes in pairs, but in which they are differently
+combined.</p>
+
+<p>The North American families, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</i>,
+are defined as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Upper mandible not movable nor hinged. Tarsus with transverse scutellæ.
+Bill without a naked skin, or cere, at the base; lower mandible much longer
+than deep, the end not truncated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tongue short, and not extensible; not barbed at the point.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill hooked or curved at tip; not constructed for hammering. No
+nasal tufts<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tongue long and cylindrical, and generally capable of great extension;
+barbed at the point.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill not hooked, but nearly straight; strong, and constructed for hammering.
+Thick nasal tufts at base of the bill (except in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</i>)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ.</i></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Upper mandible movable or hinged. Tarsus without transverse scutellæ.
+Bill with a naked skin, or cere, at the base; lower mandible not longer than
+deep, its end truncated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Tongue short and thick, fleshy.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill enormously large, much curved, the upper mandible hooked, both
+much arched<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ.</i></p>
+</div><!--end interim page-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Cuculidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--520.png--><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 470]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CUCULIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Cuckoos.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill compressed, usually more or less lengthened and with decurved culmen.
+Rictal bristles few or none. Nostrils exposed, no nasal tufts. Tail long and soft, of
+eight to twelve feathers. Toes in pairs, deeply cleft or not united, the outer anterior toe
+usually versatile, but directed rather laterally than backward.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</i> form a strongly marked group of birds, easily distinguished
+among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</i> by the characters given above. The outer toe is
+versatile, but in the American form is more lateral than posterior in the
+skin, standing sideways, or even anterior, more frequently than behind.</p>
+
+<p>Modern systematists divide the family into six or more subfamilies, of
+which two only are American, none of these having more than ten tail-feathers.
+These may be characterized as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ.</b> Face covered with feathers; bill elongated, more or less
+cylindrical, straight or curved. Tail of ten feathers.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill about the length of the head, or not longer; curved. Loral
+feathers soft. Legs weak, tarsus shorter than the toes. Arboreal<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Bill longer than the head; straight. Loral feathers stiff, bristly. Tarsi
+much longer than the toes. Terrestrial<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaginæ.</b> Face naked. Bill much compressed, with a sharp crest.
+Tail of eight feathers. Bill shorter than and nearly as high as the head<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Coccyginæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">COCCYGINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">GEOCOCCYX</b>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 524.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Classification Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 325.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill long and strong, slightly compressed, and at least as long as the head;
+head crested; loral feathers, and those at base of bill, stiffened and bristly. Nostrils
+elongated, linear. A naked colored skin around and behind the eye; the eyelids ciliated.
+Tarsi longer than the toes; very stout. Wings very short and concave; the tertials as
+long as the primaries. Tail longer than the head and body; composed of ten narrow,
+much graduated feathers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_521.jpg"
+ width="300" height="256"
+ alt="Illustration: Geococcyx californianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">12925</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>This remarkable genus is represented in the United States by a single
+species, known as the Paisano, Chaparral Cock, or sometimes Road-Runner,
+on account of its frequenting public highways. Its very long legs enable
+it to run with great rapidity, faster even than a fleet horse. A second
+species occurs in Mexico, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx affinis</i> of Hartlaub. This is smaller,
+and differently proportioned. In both the feathers above are bronzed brown
+<!--521.png--><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 471]</span>
+and green; nearly all with opaque white edges; beneath white, with black
+streaks on the sides of neck and breast; the feathers with broad white tips;
+the principal differences are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. californianus.</b> Bill above, about 2.00; gape nearly straight to near
+tip; nostril behind middle of gape. Feathers of throat and upper part of
+breast light brownish, with shaft-streaks of black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southwestern
+United States, from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and Southern California to Texas.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. affinis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_120" id="fnanchor_120"></a><a href="#footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></span>
+Bill above about 1.60; gape gently curved throughout. Nostril
+opposite middle of gape. Feathers of throat and breast fulvous-white,
+without shaft-streaks, except on the sides, where they are broad and abruptly
+defined. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico, from Mazatlan to Xalapa.</p>
+
+<p>This last species is common at Mazatlan, as well as elsewhere in Mexico,
+and may yet be found in Arizona.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--522.png--><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 472]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PAISANO; ROAD-RUNNER; CHAPARRAL COCK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera californiana</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr title="Complément Buffon Six">Buff. VI</abbr>, 1829, 420.&mdash;<span class="sc">Botta</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Annales du Muséum">Ann. du Mus.</abbr>
+1835, 121, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to San Francisco). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx variegata</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis,
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1831, 524. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera bottæ</i> (<span class="sc">Blainville</span>), <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, Traité d’<abbr title="Ornithologie One">Orn. I</abbr>, 1831, 145.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diplopterus viaticus</i> (<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1831, 541 (no description). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx viaticus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 215.&mdash;<span class="sc">M’Call</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, July, 1847, 234.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span>
+Consp.</abbr> 1850, 97.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp. Zygod. in Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 5.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia">J.
+A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1853, 270.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> and Oregon Route,
+91, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six">P. R. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, 1857. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera marginata</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>, Isis, 1832, 991; <abbr title="table 26">tab. xxvi</abbr>
+(fig. of head and foot). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma longicauda</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 325.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">Pr. A. N. S. I</abbr>, 1843, 263. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr>
+series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1849, 215 (not of <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 213, <abbr title="plate 36">pl. xxxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 324, 1862.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>S</i>, 59 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds
+<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 73.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 368.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail very long; the lateral feathers much shortest. An erectile crest on
+the head. A bare skin around and behind the eye. Legs very long and stout.</p>
+
+<p class="small">All the feathers of the upper parts and wings of a dull metallic olivaceous-green,
+broadly edged with white near the end. There is, however, a tinge of black in the green
+along the line of white, which itself is suffused with brown. On the neck the black preponderates.
+The sides and under surface of the neck have the white feathers streaked
+centrally with black, next to which is a brownish suffusion. The remaining under parts
+are whitish, immaculate. Primary quills tipped with white, and with a median band
+across the outer webs. Central tail-feathers olive-brown; the others clear dark green,
+all edged, and (except the central two) broadly tipped with white. Top of the head
+dark blackish-blue. Length, 20 to 23 inches; wing, about 6.50; tail, 12 to 13. Size
+generally very variable.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_522.jpg"
+ width="250" height="193"
+ alt="Illustration: Geococcyx californianus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Middle Texas, New Mexico, and California to Central Mexico. Seen as far
+north as Fort Reading, California, and Fort Chadbourne, Texas. Localities: Southeast
+Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 466, resident); W. Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 57);
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>); Kioway Agency (<span class="sc">Dr. Palmer</span>).</p>
+
+<p><!--523.png--><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 473]</span>
+There are seemingly no differences of plumage depending on sex, age, or
+season.</p>
+
+<p>In calling this species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</i> we do not feel entirely sure
+that we have selected the earliest name. Hartlaub and other authors give
+1829 as the date of Lesson’s <abbr title="Volume Six">Vol. VI</abbr>, of complement to Buffon (<abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 420).
+A copy of this volume in the Library of Congress bears date of 1834 upon
+the titlepage. It is, however, quoted at the date of 1829 by Engelmann,
+so that the copy referred to above may possibly be a second edition, or with
+a new post-dated titlepage. In this uncertainty, however, we prefer to
+retain the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Botta, in his description of the bird (the original of Lesson’s species),
+speaks of it as occurring from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to San Francisco. Specimens
+from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, brought by Mr. Xantus, are smaller than those of
+Upper California, but otherwise apparently identical.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This very remarkable bird, variously named, in Mexico, Texas,
+and California, the Paisano, the Road-Runner, the Chaparral Cock, the Ground
+Cuckoo, the Prairie Cock, and the Corre-camino, is one of the most curious
+and interesting of the recent additions to our ornithological lists. It is found
+throughout Northern Mexico, Texas as far north as Port Chadbourne, and in
+California as far as Fort Reading. It is also abundant in portions of Arizona
+and New Mexico, and is supposed to be resident in all these districts. It
+is described as very remarkable for great swiftness of foot, in which it
+appears to be equalled by no other North American bird. In Mexico, and
+in some parts of the United States, it is not unusual to hunt these birds,
+as a matter of amusement, on horseback, and to pursue them with hounds,&mdash;a
+test of their fleetness in which they are said to often make a longer race
+than their pursuers anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>This bird habitually frequents the ground. When walking or running, its
+long tail is borne in an erect position, and often assumes a variety of grotesque
+positions. While thus more or less terrestrial in its habits, and sharing with
+gallinaceous birds many of their peculiarities, it has no other affinities with
+them, but ranks in a very different ornithological division, being classed with
+the Cuckoos.</p>
+
+<p>This bird was first brought to the attention of American naturalists by
+Dr. William Gambel, who published a description of it in 1845. Two years
+afterwards Colonel McCall published the first satisfactory account that has
+been given of its habits and manners of life. He states that though this
+bird is zygodactyle, with toes disposed in opposite pairs, yet that the reversibility
+of the outer toe favors its use for climbing or perching, as well as for
+movements on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The food of the Ground Cuckoo consists of coleopterous and almost every
+other description of insects, and where snails abound they also are greedily
+eaten. These are usually taken either from the ground or a branch, and carried
+to a particular spot, where the shell is broken and its contents eaten.
+<!--524.png--><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 474]</span>
+Piles of these shells are often found thus collected in places frequented by
+them. They are also said to be ready and expert in catching their prey in
+the air, sometimes springing up to the height of eight or ten feet. In these
+performances the wings and tail are expanded for but a moment, the bill is
+heard to snap as the insect is seized, and the bird drops again suddenly to
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel McCall adds that the general impression that its powers of flight
+are very limited is not correct. When suddenly alarmed in open ground, it
+rises with a light quick motion, and flies some hundreds of yards continuously
+with an ease that attests its ability to maintain even a longer flight.
+He has often seen it climb to the top of a straight leafless branch, and there
+sit, apparently to enjoy the first rays of the morning sun.</p>
+
+<p>They are shy and retiring in disposition, wary, vigilant, and cautious, so
+that it is generally difficult to approach them on the open ground. When
+suddenly surprised and driven to fly a considerable distance for cover, though
+they fly with evident ease, they rarely rise higher than six or eight feet from
+the ground. In evidence of its wonderful swiftness of foot, Colonel McCall
+states that when on one occasion, approaching Limpia Creek, in Texas, with
+a small party, he discovered a Chaparral Cock in the open road, about a
+hundred yards in advance, for his amusement he put spurs to his horse, and
+dashed after the bird with one of the men. It was thus pursued for full four
+hundred yards along a smooth and level road, over which with straightened
+neck and slightly expanded wings it swiftly glided without seeming to
+touch the ground. When at last it sought shelter in the thicket, they had
+not gained upon it more than fifty yards.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McCown kept a young half-grown bird in confinement, but it refused
+to eat, and soon died; others, however, have been more fortunate, and
+have succeeded in taming them.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann states that the stomachs of all these birds examined by
+him were filled with the grasshoppers and the large black beetles found on
+the plains. A nest of this bird was found by him, built on the branches
+of the cactus, and constructed of loose sticks put negligently together in
+a manner similar to the nests of the Yellow-billed Cuckoos. It contained
+two large white and nearly spherical eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gambel states that these birds devour reptiles as well as other insects,
+which is also confirmed by the observations of Mr. Arthur Schott.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Couch mentions that this bird, called Paisano by the Mexicans,
+is also held in high estimation by them on account of its enmity to the rattle-snake,
+which it usually succeeds in killing in fair combat. Though by
+no means deficient in courage, it is represented as remarkably quiet and
+harmless in its habits. The only note he heard from it was a weak scream,
+which is seldom uttered. It is unsocial, is never seen in flocks, and rarely
+wanders from its restricted locality.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to their note, Dr. Cooper mentions hearing one at Fort Mohave
+<!--525.png--><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 475]</span>
+making a low cooing noise like that of a dove, for which it was at first mistaken.
+He afterwards heard it cooing harshly and chattering its mandibles
+together, at the same time jerking up its tail and erecting its crest.</p>
+
+<p>Where not molested, Dr. Cooper states that they become quite tame, and
+seem to have a preference for towns and houses. At Santa Barbara he
+observed one young bird nearly fledged as early as May.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. A. J. Grayson had one of these birds in confinement, which became
+quite tame, and readily fed upon any kind of raw meat, but preferred lizards
+and small birds, the latter of which it swallowed, feathers and all. If given
+to him alive, he would play with them awhile before swallowing them, as a cat
+does with a mouse. They are sometimes tamed, and kept about gardens to kill
+mice and insects. Dr. Kennerly also states that when taken alive they soon
+become quite tame, and willingly remain about a house, soon destroying all
+the mice in the vicinity, which they catch with as much dexterity as a cat.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found this bird abundant throughout the mesquite regions, and
+more particularly so near the Rio Grande. He found its eggs near San Antonio
+in April and May, and received them even as late as the <abbr title="twenty-third">23d</abbr> of September.
+They build a clumsy nest of mesquite twigs, placed at some height
+on a bough or in a hollow tree, and lay from two to four pure white eggs.
+The stomachs examined by Mr. Dresser were found to contain small snakes,
+lizards, and ticks. He had one in a semi-domesticated state at Matamoras,
+which became very tame, and was so mischievous that he could not let it
+remain in the house. It would steal and hide everything that it could carry
+off, and was particularly fond of tearing up letters and upsetting the inkstand.
+It was never caged or tied up, and would frequently pay the neighbors a
+visit, always returning before evening. He fed it on raw meat and lizards. It
+flew with great ease, and was very fond of perching on the house-top. This
+bird had a singular antipathy to a tame parrot, and whenever the latter was
+let out of the cage, it would get into a rage, and either go to the house-top
+or decamp to some of the neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are white, of a rounded oval, equal at either end, and measure
+1.60 by 1.22 inches.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">COCCYGUS</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Classification of Birds Two">Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 322.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head without crest; feathers about base of bill soft; bill nearly as long
+as the head, decurved, slender, and attenuated towards the end. Nostrils linear. Wings
+lengthened, reaching the middle of the tail; the tertials short. Tail of ten graduated
+feathers. Feet weak; tarsi shorter than the middle toe.</p>
+
+<p>The species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</i> are readily distinguished from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</i>
+by their arboreal habits, confining themselves mainly to trees, instead of
+living habitually on the ground. The plumage is soft, fine, and compact.</p>
+
+<p><!--526.png--><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 476]</span>
+The American Cuckoos differ from the European (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus</i>) by having
+lengthened naked tarsi, instead of very short feathered ones. The nostrils,
+too, are elongated instead of rounded. The habits of the two are entirely
+different, the American species rearing their own young, instead of laying
+the eggs in the nests of other birds, like the European Cuckoo and the
+American Cowbird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_526.jpg"
+ width="300" height="198"
+ alt="Illustration: Coccygus americanus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1541</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The following synopsis will serve to distinguish the North American species
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</i>, with their more nearly related southern allies, all of them
+being of a light greenish color above, tinged with ashy towards the head:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail-feathers except two middle ones black, with broad, sharply defined
+terminal spaces of white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower mandible yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><a name="note35" id="note35"></a>1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus.</b> Beneath pure white, with an ashy shade across the
+jugulum. Inner webs of primaries mostly rufous. Auriculars nearly
+concolor with the nape. Length, 12.00; wing, 5.45; tail, 5.64; culmen,
+1.00; tarsus, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> United States (very rare in the Western
+Province), Jamaica, Porto Rico.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor.</b> Beneath ochraceous, generally paler anteriorly. Inner
+webs of primaries without any rufous. Auriculars blackish, conspicuously
+different from the nape. Length, 12.00; wing, 5.30; tail,
+7.50; graduation of tail, 2.75. Tail-spots about 1.00 long. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+West Indies, and Northern and Eastern South America, Southern
+Florida.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower mandible blackish like the upper (pale blue in life).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. melanocoryphus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_121" id="fnanchor_121"></a><a href="#footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></span>
+Colors similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i>, but
+upper parts more brown. Wing, 4.50; tail, 5.85; graduation of the
+tail, 2.00. Tail-spots about .50 long. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America (Buenos
+Ayres, Peru, La Plata, Cayenne, etc.).</p>
+
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<!--527.png--><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 477]</span>
+<b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail-feathers all grayish-brown, with narrow terminal, obscure spots of
+white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Lower mandible blackish like the upper (pale blue in life?).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. erythrophthalmus.</b> No rufous on primaries, except in young (which
+have black bill, brown tail-feathers, etc.). Beneath continuous white,
+with a faint ashy-buff shade across the jugulum; above grayish-brown.
+Bare eyelids bright red in the adult. Length, 11.30; wing, 5.12; tail,
+6.24; tarsus, .90; culmen, 1.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of the United
+States, south through eastern Middle America to Bogota.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap</span></abbr>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 170, 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs.
+Wilson</abbr>, 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 47.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 18,
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>; 520, <abbr title="plate 2">pl. ii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 293, <abbr title="plate 275">pl. cclxxv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 76.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 322.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1868 (Sacramento, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>)&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+83.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 371. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys americanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cureus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, <abbr title="European">Eur.</abbr> Birds, 1842.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Cuculus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 170, 13. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Cuculus dominicus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Systema One">Syst. I</abbr>, 1790, 221 (considered distinct by <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus dominicus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus carolinensis</i> (<span class="sc">Brisson</span>), <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 13, <abbr title="plate 28">pl.
+xxviii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus cinerosus</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Manuel 4">Man. IV</abbr>, 1835, 277. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus pyrrhopterus</i>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Dictionnaire"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Dict.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> March, 1864, 120 (Jamaica; no
+rufous externally on wing). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Coccygus julieni</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, June,
+1864, 42, 99 (Sombrero Island; no rufous on wing).</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_527.jpg"
+ width="250" height="199"
+ alt="Illustration: Coccygus americanus."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Upper mandible and tip of lower, black; rest of lower mandible and
+cutting edges of the upper, yellow.
+Upper parts of a metallic greenish-olive,
+slightly tinged with ash towards
+the bill; beneath white. Tail-feathers
+(except the median, which are like
+the back) black, tipped with white
+for about an inch on the outer feathers,
+the external one with the outer edge
+almost entirely white. Quills orange-cinnamon;
+the terminal portion and
+a gloss on the outer webs olive; iris
+brown. Length, 12.00; wing, 5.95;
+tail, 6.35.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States to the
+Missouri plains. California and Nevada
+(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>); Mazatlan; Jamaica;
+Porto Rico. Localities: ? <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 149, eggs!); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>,
+154; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Rep. I</abbr>, 1866, 295); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 279?) Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span>
+J.</abbr> 1862, 167); Lower Rio Grande (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 466, breeds).</p>
+
+<p>There is considerable variation in the amount of rufous in the quills;
+sometimes this shows very distinctly externally, sometimes it is entirely
+replaced by the bronzed olive of the back. A greater amount of the rufous
+<!--528.png--><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 478]</span>
+seems to characterize the more southern and Jamaica specimens, which also
+are smaller; northern specimens, however, show similar variations. In the
+immature birds the under surface of the tail-feathers is gray, not black, so
+that the contrast with the white tips is very indistinct, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>,
+in which, however, these light tips are much narrower, while the bill is
+entirely black.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of this bird from regions west of the Missouri, and especially
+one from Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico, are appreciably larger than
+eastern, with decidedly longer bill. One brought from Mazatlan by Mr.
+Xantus is undistinguishable from the long-billed western variety.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is distributed throughout North
+America from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to California.
+It has been met with in all the principal West India Islands.
+I have received specimens of its eggs and nest from Southwestern Texas.
+Audubon mentions finding this bird high up on the Mississippi River, on
+the upper branches of the Arkansas, and in Upper Canada, as well as in
+every State between these limits. Mr. Newton found it breeding in the island
+of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Mr. Gosse mentions it as a bird of Jamaica, and Lembeye
+gives it among those of Cuba, and Mr. Salvin found it in Central America.
+It is known to breed from the West Indies and Florida to Minnesota, and
+from New Brunswick to Texas. It does not appear to have been met with
+in any of the government expeditions, except by Dr. Woodhouse, who speaks
+of it as very common in the Indian Territory, Texas, and New Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>This species was seen on one occasion, and heard at other times, near Sacramento
+City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. Ridgway, in June, 1867. It was there rare, or at
+least not common, and found principally in the willow-thickets. It was
+again met with in July, of the same year, along the Truckee River, in Nevada,
+where, also, it appeared to be very rare.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson traced it as far north as Lake Ontario, and speaks of finding it
+numerous in the Chickasaw and Choctaw nations, and as breeding in the
+upper part of Georgia. He seems to have observed very carefully its habits,
+and to have enjoyed favorable opportunities for his observations. His account
+of their nesting is interesting. He states that, in marked contrast to
+the singularly unparental conduct of their European relatives, the American
+Cuckoos build their own nest, hatch their own eggs, and rear their own
+young, and that in conjugal and parental affection they seem to be surpassed
+by no other birds. He adds that they begin to pair early in May, and commence
+building about the 10th of that month. He describes their nest as
+usually fixed among the horizontal branches of an apple-tree; sometimes in
+a solitary thorn, crab, or cedar, in some retired part of the woods. It is constructed
+with little art, and scarcely any concavity, of small sticks and
+twigs, intermixed with green weeds and blossoms of the maple. On this
+almost flat bed the eggs, usually three or four in number, are placed; these
+are of a uniform greenish-blue color, and of a size proportionate to that of
+<!--529.png--><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 479]</span>
+the bird. While the female is sitting, the male is usually not far distant, and
+gives the alarm by his notes when any person is approaching. The female
+sits so close that you may almost reach her with your hand, and then precipitates
+herself to the ground, feigning lameness to draw you away from the spot,
+fluttering, trailing her wings, and tumbling over in the manner of the Woodcock
+and other birds. Both parents unite in providing food for the young.
+This consists chiefly of caterpillars, particularly such as infest apple-trees.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of this species as not abundant anywhere, therein
+differing from Wilson’s statements, but more in accordance with my own observations.
+They are, as a species, pretty generally distributed, but at the
+same time their numbers are materially affected by the character of the
+locality, as they are chiefly to be met with on low grounds and in damp
+places. Mr. Audubon also describes their nest as simple and flat, composed
+of a few dry sticks and grass, formed much like that of the Carolina Dove,
+and like it fastened to a horizontal branch, often within reach. He subsequently
+states that when in Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, in the early part of June, 1837,
+he was invited by Mr. Rhett to visit his grounds in the vicinity of that city,
+for the purpose of viewing a nest of this bird. The following is his account
+of it: “A nest, which was placed near the centre of a tree of moderate size,
+was reached by a son of the gentleman on whose grounds we were. One of
+the old birds, which was sitting upon it, left its situation only when within
+a few inches of the climber’s hand, and silently glided off to another tree
+close by. Two young Cuckoos, nearly able to fly, scrambled off from their
+tenement among the branches of the tree, and were caught. The nest was
+taken, and carefully handed to me. It still contained three young Cuckoos,
+all of different sizes, the smallest apparently just hatched, the next in size
+probably several days old, while the largest, covered with pin-feathers, would
+have been able to leave the nest in about a week. There were also in the
+nest two eggs, one containing a chick, the other fresh or lately laid. The
+two young birds which escaped from the nest clung so firmly to the branches
+by their feet, that our attempts to dislodge them were of no avail, and we
+were obliged to reach them with the hand. On looking at all these birds,
+our surprise was great, as no two of them were of the same size, which
+clearly showed that they had been hatched at different periods, and I should
+suppose the largest to have been fully three weeks older than any of the
+rest. Mr. Rhett assured us that he had observed the same in another nest,
+placed in a tree within a few paces of his house. He stated that eleven
+young Cuckoos had been successively hatched and reared in it by the same
+pair of old birds in one season, and that young birds and eggs were to be
+seen in it at the same time for many weeks in succession.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall states that the nest of this bird is usually forsaken by the owner
+if the eggs are handled before the commencement of incubation. They are
+very tenacious and affectionate towards their young, and sit so close as almost
+to allow of being taken off by the hand. They then frequently precipitate
+<!--530.png--><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 480]</span>
+themselves to the ground, fluttering, tumbling, and feigning lameness, in
+the manner of many other affectionate and artful birds, to draw the intruder
+away from the vicinity of the brood. At such times, the mother also utters
+the most uncouth guttural sounds as she runs along the ground. While the
+female is engaged in sitting on her charge, the male takes his station at no
+great distance, and gives alarm by his notes, on the approach of an intruder.
+When the young are hatched, both unite in the labor of providing them with
+food. He subsequently states that these birds hatch several broods in a
+season, which he inferred from the fact of his meeting with a nest containing
+eggs as late as the 28th of August. He also speaks of finding in one
+instance an egg of the Cuckoo laid in the nest of a Catbird, and in another
+instance (June 15) an egg in the nest of a Robin. Such instances must,
+however, be very rare. No other writer mentions any similar instance, and
+none have ever fallen under my observations.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gosse, in his Birds of Jamaica, describes the Yellow-bill as among
+the birds of that island, speaks of it as among the regular visitants in spring,
+but makes no mention of its breeding there.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edward Newton, in his paper on the birds of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix (Ibis, 1859,
+p. 149), gives an interesting account of its breeding in that locality. He adds
+his testimony to the general credit given to this species for the conjugal
+affection they evince. On one occasion, he says, a male having been shot,
+and shrieking as it fell, the female instantly flew to the spot, and fluttered
+along the ground in the manner that an old hen Partridge or other bird would
+do, to lead astray the pursuer of her young. On June 2, 1858, he shot a
+female of this species, having an egg in her ovary nearly ready for exclusion;
+it was quite soft, but had its proper color. On the 29th of the same month,
+while riding, he saw the white terminal spots of a Cuckoo’s tail projecting
+from a small nest on a manchineel that overhung the path. It was built
+in a very open situation, and the bird, as he rode underneath, was not more
+than a yard above his head. She sat with nearly all her neck and breast outside
+the nest, which was only just large enough to contain the eggs. She did not
+fly off until after he had tied up the pony hard by, and had almost touched her
+with his whip. There were three eggs, laid side by side in a row, <em>along</em> which
+the bird had been sitting. The nest was at some distance from the stem of
+the tree, and placed loosely on the bough. It was a mere platform of small
+sticks laid one across another, with a few finer twigs and a little grass as a
+lining; so slightly was it put together, that, on attempting to take it from the
+tree, it fell to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>No writer besides Mr. Audubon makes any mention of, or appears to have
+been aware of, the peculiar habits of these birds in hatching out their successive
+depositions of eggs, one by one. In this respect they are eccentric, and
+do not always exhibit this trait. While I have repeatedly observed facts
+exactly corresponding with those noticed by Mr. Audubon in the garden of
+Mr. Rhett, at other times I have found in the opening of the season three or
+<!--531.png--><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 481]</span>
+four eggs laid before incubation commenced, and all hatched before others
+were deposited. Then the parents seemed to depend, in no small degree,
+upon the warmth of the bodies of the older offspring to compensate to the
+younger for their own neglect, as well as for the exposed and insufficient
+warmth of the nest. I have repeatedly found in a nest three young and
+two eggs, one of the latter nearly fresh, one with the embryo half developed,
+while of the young birds one would be just out of the shell, one half fledged,
+and one just ready to fly. My attention was first called to these peculiarities
+of hatching as early as 1834, by finding, in Cambridge, in a nest with
+three young birds, an egg which, instead of proving to be addled, as I anticipated,
+was perfectly fresh, and evidently just laid. Subsequent observations
+in successive seasons led to the conviction that both this species and the
+Black-billed Cuckoo share in these peculiarities, and that it is a general, but
+not a universal practice. These facts were communicated to Mr. Audubon,
+but not before his attention had been called to the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>In referring to these peculiarities of the American Cuckoo, Mr. Audubon
+finds in them a closely connecting link with the European bird, and Mr.
+Darwin, carrying still farther the same idea, finds in them also data for regarding
+our birds as only one remove from the vagaries of the European
+Cuckoo. At the first glance there may seem to be some plausibility in these
+deductions. The mere apology for a nest of our Cuckoos and their alternations
+of laying and hatching may, to some extent, be regarded as but one
+remove from the total neglect of the European to build any nest, making,
+instead, successive depositions in the nests of other birds. But there are
+other peculiarities of our Cuckoos to be taken into consideration, totally
+variant from the polygamous, unconjugal, and unparental European. Their
+devotion to their mates and to their offspring, in which both sexes vie with
+each other; their extended breeding-season, varying from one to nearly four
+months,&mdash;all these characteristics separate them by a long interval from
+their namesakes of the Old World.</p>
+
+<p>If the nests of the Cuckoos are incomplete and insufficient, so are also
+those of the most exemplary of parents, the whole tribe of Pigeons, and,
+like the latter, our Cuckoos more than atone for such deficiencies by the devoted
+fidelity with which they adhere to their post of duty even in the face
+of imminent dangers; while, after the first offspring of the season have been
+hatched, the warmth of their bodies becomes an additional protection from
+the exposure of the bare platform on which they are deposited.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of an oblong-oval shape, equally obtuse
+at either end, and measure 1.30 inches in length by 1.00 in breadth.
+They vary considerably in size, their minimum breadth being .90 of an
+inch, and the length 1.20 inches. Their color is a uniform light bluish-green,
+extremely fugitive, and fading even in the closed drawer of a
+cabinet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><!--532.png--><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 482]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus minor</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MANGROVE CUCKOO.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Cuculus minor</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 411. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Coccyzus minor</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie">Cab.
+Journal für Orn.</abbr> 1856, 104 (Cuba).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 78.&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus
+seniculus</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index One"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. I</abbr>, 1790, 219. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus seniculus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 558.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 390, <abbr title="plate 169">pl. clxix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 303, <abbr title="plate 277">pl.
+cclxxvii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds Jamaica, 281.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys
+seniculus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus dominicus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 323.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Lower mandible yellow, except at the tip. Body above olivaceous, strongly
+tinged with ashy towards and on the head. Beneath pale yellowish-brown, darkest on
+the legs and abdomen, becoming lighter to the bill. An elongated spot of dark plumbeous
+behind the eye. Inner edges of the quills and under wing-coverts like the belly. Tail-feathers,
+except the central, black, with a sharply defined tip of white for about an inch,
+this color not extending along the outer web of the quill. Length about 12.00; wing
+about 5.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Florida Keys to West Indies. Localities: ? <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 150);
+Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J. IV</abbr>, 154; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 295); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 281).</p>
+
+<p>This species is readily distinguishable by its fulvous under parts, dark ear-coverts,
+and lack of rufous on inner webs of quills. It has the yellow bill
+and dark tail, with broad white tips, of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, although the white
+does not extend along the outer web of the feathers.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Audubon, this species is a regular summer visitor to
+Key West and the other Florida keys.</p>
+
+<p>This species is more especially West Indian, occurring in nearly all the
+islands. There are some local variations in color (Porto-Rican being much
+redder, Bahaman paler), as well as in size, but in a large series from the same
+island there will be found such differences as to warrant us in considering
+all as one species. In a very large series before us, we cannot see any
+tangible difference, although Cabanis and Sclater recognize a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. nesiotes</i> from
+the Antillean West Indies, as distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. seniculus</i> from South
+American and the windward West Indies; the former, smaller and paler,
+and, according to Cabanis, with the white of tip of tail confined to the inner
+web; the latter darker beneath, and larger. These characters I do not find
+substantiated, nor have I seen one specimen without white in both webs at
+the ends of the tail-feathers.</p>
+
+<p>As the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i> is the earliest one for at least the South American
+race, we retain it in preference to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</i>, as although scarcely <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>
+in this genus, it is so compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piaya</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species claims a place in the fauna of North America as a
+resident of the Florida keys. This is the only locality positively known as
+its habitat within the limits of the territory of the United States. The
+only specimen referred to in the ninth volume of the Pacific Railroad Surveys
+was supposed to have been obtained in Florida. Mr. Nuttall, who
+<!--533.png--><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 483]</span>
+was the first to include the Mangrove Cuckoo among North American birds,
+speaks of it as an inhabitant chiefly of Cayenne, and as occasionally visiting
+the extreme Southern States. Mr. Audubon, who was the first to meet
+with the species within the limits of the United States, only obtained specimens
+of it in Florida, near Key West. I have seen a specimen which was
+given to Mr. John G. Bell as having been procured in Southern Mississippi.
+Mr. Gosse obtained specimens of this bird in Jamaica, though he had no
+opportunity of observing its domestic economy. In the month of January
+the specimens he dissected had eggs in their ovaries as large as duck-shot.
+Dr. Gundlach gives it as a Cuban bird, but does not mention it as
+one that breeds on that island. The Newtons met with this species in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Croix, but appear to have regarded it as not a summer resident, but only in
+the light of a visitant in the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. March, referring without doubt to this species, mentions it as a constant
+resident in the island of Jamaica, where it is common in the lowlands
+during summer. It is said to breed from March to July, building in the
+low branches of trees or in shrubs. The nest is described as a structure
+composed of a few dry sticks, so loosely put together that it falls to pieces
+on any attempt to remove it. Three, rarely four, eggs are laid, which are
+of a glaucous-green color, oval, generally round at both ends, and varying
+in size from 1.25 inches by .90 to 1.38 inches by 1 inch.</p>
+
+<p>Of late years no specimens seem to have been obtained in Florida, either
+by Maynard or by the many other explorers of the Peninsula; and even
+if the earlier notices are correct, we may have to consider it as merely a
+straggler from the Bahamas, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara
+zena</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon, who was the only one of our naturalists who met with
+the nest and eggs, discovered them near Key West. He describes the nest
+as slightly constructed of dry twigs, and as almost flat, nearly resembling
+that of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo. The eggs are the same in number and
+form as those of that species, but are somewhat larger. It is said to raise
+two broods in one season, and to feed its young on insects until they are
+able to provide for themselves. An old bird, caught on its nest, which Mr.
+Audubon saw confined in a cage, refused all food and soon pined itself to
+death,&mdash;thus evincing, in his opinion, the great affection these birds have for
+their own eggs. An egg in the Smithsonian Institution collection, given me
+by Mr. John G. Bell of New York, is said to have been obtained in Mississippi
+with the parent bird. Its color has slightly faded, and, except in
+its greater comparative breadth, it is not distinguishable from the eggs of
+the Yellow-bill.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--534.png--><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 484]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus erythrophthalmus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus erythrophthalmus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 16, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus erythrophthalmus</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Observations .. Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, 48.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, <abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog.
+I</abbr>, 1832, 170; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 523, <abbr title="plate 32">pl. xxxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 300, <abbr title="plate 276">pl. cclxxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 77.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 323.&mdash;<cite>Samuels</cite>, 85. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys
+erythrophthalmus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyzus dominicus</i>, (<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>) <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span>
+Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 556 (not of <span class="sc">Latham</span>, which belongs rather to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i>, on account
+of the red quills and white edge of outer tail-feather).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill entirely black. Upper parts generally of a metallic greenish-olive, ashy
+towards the base of the bill; beneath pure white, with a brownish-yellow tinge on the
+throat. Inner webs of the quills tinged with cinnamon. Under surface of all the tail-feathers
+hoary ash-gray. All, except the central on either side, suffused with darker to
+the short, bluish-white, and not well-defined tip. A naked red skin round the eye.
+Length, about 12.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 6.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+United States to the Missouri plains, south to Bogota. Localities: Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.
+IV</abbr>, 154, nests; <abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 295); Guatemala (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 276);
+Mexico and Bogota (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 323); <abbr title="Isthmus">Isth.</abbr> Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Seven"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, 62);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 128).</p>
+
+<p>This species differs from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americanus</i> in the black bill, and the
+absence of black on the tail-feathers, the white tips of which are much
+shorter and less abruptly defined. One specimen (5,253) from the Upper
+Missouri has a much stronger tinge of yellowish-cinnamon on the inner
+webs of the quills than the others. The sexes are quite similar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-billed Cuckoo, so closely allied with the common
+species in respect to size, appearance, habits, and all its general characteristics,
+is also distributed throughout very nearly the same localities, where,
+however, it is usually regarded as a much less abundant bird. It is found
+throughout the United States as far west as the Missouri plains. Dr.
+Woodhouse met with this bird in his expedition down the Zuni and Colorado
+Rivers, but states that he saw but very few, either in Texas or in the
+Indian Territory. Lembeye, De la Sagra, and Dr. Gundlach include it as a
+visitant, in the winter months, to Cuba. Mr. Audubon met with this
+Cuckoo in Louisiana only a few times in the course of his various researches,
+and never in any Western State except Ohio. He does not seem
+to have been aware that it ever breeds south of North Carolina. From
+thence to Maine, and even as far north as the Canadas, Nova Scotia, and
+Southern Labrador, he gives as its distribution during the breeding-season.
+He also regarded it as much more common in low and wooded ground
+on the borders of the sea, where it frequents the edges of woods rather than
+their interior, and chiefly on the edges of creeks, and in damp places. Mr.
+Nuttall appeared to have regarded it as very nearly as common as the Yellow-bill
+throughout the United States, and as extending its migrations as far
+north as Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. He states that it is found in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+<!--535.png--><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 485]</span>
+Domingo and Guiana, and also, on the authority of Mr. Abbott, that it
+breeds in Georgia as early as the 1st of April. Mr. Audubon says it was
+never met with by Dr. Bachman in South Carolina. It certainly breeds,
+however, as far south, at least, as Georgia, as the nest and eggs of this species
+were taken at Varnell Station, in the northwestern part of that State,
+by the late Dr. Alexander Gerhardt.</p>
+
+<p>It is not mentioned by either Dr. Gambel or Dr. Heermann as among the
+birds of the Pacific Coast, and it does not appear to have been actually
+obtained by any of the expeditions to the Pacific beyond the Indian Territory.
+Its distribution, therefore, during the breeding-season, would seem to
+be from Georgia to Canada, and from Texas to Minnesota, inclusive of all the
+intermediate territory. Dr. Newberry frequently saw and heard what he
+supposed to have been this species, in the trees bordering Cow Creek, near
+Fort Reading, but as he did not secure a specimen, he may have been mistaken.
+It has been taken at Devil’s Lake, in Minnesota, and in the Red
+River Settlement.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson describes the nest of this bird as generally built in a cedar, much
+in the same manner, and of nearly the same materials, as that of the Yellow-bill;
+the eggs are smaller than those of that bird, usually four or five in
+number, and of a deeper greenish-blue.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of the nest as built in places similar to those chosen
+by the other species, as formed of the same materials, and arranged with quite
+as little art. He gives the number of eggs as from four to six, of a greenish-blue,
+nearly equal at both ends, but rather smaller than those of the Yellow-bill,
+rounder, and of a much deeper tint of green. He gives their measurement
+as 1.50 inches in length and .87 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nuttall, whose description more nearly corresponds with my own observations,
+speaks of this species as usually retiring into the woods to breed,
+being less familiar than the former species, and choosing an evergreen bush
+or sapling for the site of the nest, which is made of twigs pretty well put
+together, but still little more than a concave flooring, and lined with moss
+occasionally, and withered catkins of the hickory. The eggs are described
+as smaller, and three to five in number, of a bluish-green. The female sits
+very close on the nest, admitting a near approach before flying. He also
+speaks of this species as being less timorous than the Yellow-billed, and
+states that near the nest, with young, he has observed the parent composedly
+sit and plume itself for a considerable time without showing any alarm at
+his presence.</p>
+
+<p>In all the instances in which I have observed the nest of this species, I
+have invariably found it in retired damp places, usually near the edges of
+woods, and built, not in trees, after the manner of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo,
+but in bushes and in low shrubbery, often not more than two or three feet
+from the ground. The nest, without being at all remarkable for its finish,
+or the nicety of its arrangement, is much more artistic and elaborate than
+<!--536.png--><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 486]</span>
+that of the Yellow-bill. It is composed of twigs, roots, fine strips of bark,
+and moss, and is sometimes interwoven and partially lined with the soft catkins
+of trees and blossoms of plants. The eggs vary from three to six in number,
+and are often found to have been deposited, and incubation commenced
+on them, at irregular intervals, and to be in various stages of development
+in the same nest. I have hardly been able to observe a sufficient number
+of their nests to be able to state whether this species carries this irregularity
+so far as the Yellow-bill, nor am I aware that it has ever been known to
+extend its incubations into so late a period of the season. It is, if anything,
+more devoted to its offspring than the Yellow-bill. Both parents are assiduous
+in the duties of incubation, and in supplying food to each other and
+to their offspring. In one instance, where the female had been shot by a
+thoughtless boy, as she flew from the nest, the male bird successfully devoted
+himself to the solitary duty of rearing the brood of five. At the time of
+the death of the female the nest contained two eggs and three young birds.
+The writer was present when the bird was shot, and was unable to interpose
+in season to prevent it. Returning to the spot not long afterwards, he found
+the widowed male sitting upon the nest, and so unwilling to leave it as
+almost to permit himself to be captured by the hand. His fidelity and his
+entreaties were not disregarded. His nest, eggs, and young, were left undisturbed;
+and, as they were visited from time to time, the young nestlings
+were found to thrive under his vigilant care. The eggs were hatched out,
+and in time the whole five were reared in safety. This single incident
+shows how wide is the interval between these Cuckoos and their European
+namesakes.</p>
+
+<p>The egg resembles that of the other, but is more spherical and of a much
+darker shade of green. The color is equally fugitive, and even in a <a name="note26" id="note26"></a>closed
+cabinet fades so that the eggs of the two species are undistinguishable, except
+in size and shape. This egg averages 1.10 inches in length by .90 of
+an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CROTOPHAGA</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, Systema Naturæ, 1756. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill as long as the head, very much compressed; the culmen elevated into
+a high crest, extending above the level of the forehead. Nostrils exposed, elongated.
+Point of bill much decurved. Wings lengthened, extending beyond the base of the tail,
+the fourth or fifth quill longest. Tail lengthened, of eight graduated feathers. Toes long,
+with well-developed claws.</p>
+
+<p>The feathers in this genus are entirely black; those on the head and neck
+with a peculiar stiffened metallic or scale-like border. The species are not
+numerous, and are entirely confined to America.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_537.jpg"
+ width="300" height="204"
+ alt="Illustration: Crotophaga ani"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">8639</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i>, two species have heretofore been recognized in the United
+<!--537.png--><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 487]</span>
+States, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rugirostris</i>. We are, however, satisfied that there is but
+one here and in the West Indies, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani</i> (extending to South America). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+major</i> of South America, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sulcirostris</i>, found from Mexico southward,
+are the other species, and are easily distinguishable by the following characters
+among others:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. major.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_122" id="fnanchor_122"></a><a href="#footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></span>
+Length, 17.00; wing, 7.50; outline of culmen abruptly
+angulated in the middle. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil and Trinidad.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ani.</b> Length, 13.00 to 15.00; wing, 6.00; culmen gently curved from
+base. Bill smooth or with a few <a name="note27" id="note27"></a>transverse wrinkles. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northeastern
+South America, West Indies, and South Florida.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sulcirostris.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_123" id="fnanchor_123"></a><a href="#footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></span>
+Length, 12.00; wing, 5.00; culmen gently curved.
+Bill with several <a name="note28" id="note28"></a>grooves parallel to culmen. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America,
+from Yucatan, south to Ecuador.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--538.png--><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 488]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE ANI; THE SAVANNA BLACKBIRD.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 154.&mdash;<span class="sc">Burmeister</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Thiere Brasiliens">Th. Bras.</abbr> (Vögel.)</span> 1856,
+254.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 72, <abbr title="plate 84, figure">pl. lxxxiv, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum, four">Mus. Hein. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>,
+100. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga minor</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Traité d'Ornithologie"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Traité Orn.</abbr> 1831, 130. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga lævirostra</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+<abbr title="Animals in Menageries, Two and a quarter Centuries">An. in Menag. 2¼ Cent.</abbr> 1838, 321. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga rugirostra</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Two and a quarter Centuries">2¼ Cent.</abbr>
+1838, 321, fig. 65, bill.&mdash;<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Burmeister Thiere Brasiliens 2"><span class="sc">Burm.</span> Th. Bras. II</abbr>, 1856, 235.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 71, <abbr title="plate 84, figure">pl. lxxxiv, f.</abbr> 1.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_538.jpg"
+ width="250" height="184"
+ alt="Illustration: Crotophaga ani"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill at the nostrils nearly twice as high as broad; the nostrils elliptical, a
+little oblique, situated in the middle of the lower half of the upper mandible. Gonys
+nearly straight. Indications of
+faint transverse wrinkles along the
+upper portion of the bill, nearly
+perpendicular to the culmen. Legs
+stout; tarsus longer than middle
+toe, with seven broad scutellæ
+anteriorly extending round to the
+middle of each side; the remaining
+or posterior portion of each
+side with a series of quadrangular
+plates, corresponding nearly to the
+anterior ones, the series meeting
+behind in a sharp ridge. The
+wings reach over the basal third
+of the tail. The primary quills are
+broad and acute, the fourth longest; the first about equal to the tertials. The tail is
+graduated, the outer about an inch and a half shorter than the middle ones.</p>
+
+<p class="small">The color generally is black, with steel-blue reflections above, changing sometimes into
+violet; duller beneath. The pointed feathers of the head, neck, and breast, with a bronzy
+metallic border, appearing also to some extent on the wing-coverts and upper part of
+back. Iris brown. Length, 13.20; wing, 6.00; tail, 8.30; tarsus, 1.48.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+West Indies; South Florida. Accidental near Philadelphia. Localities: <abbr title="Santa">Sta.</abbr>
+Cruz (<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 148).</p>
+
+<p>As already remarked, we do not find reason to admit more than one
+species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</i> in the United States and the West Indies, as in the
+great variation in size, and to some extent in shape of bill, there is nothing
+constant. The species can hardly be considered more than a straggler in
+the United States, although a considerable number of specimens have been
+seen or taken within its limits. That in the Smithsonian collection was
+killed on the Tortugas; but there is one in the collection of the Philadelphia
+Academy, killed near Philadelphia by Mr. John Krider, and presented by
+him. Mr. Audubon also possessed a pair said to have been killed near New
+Orleans.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, the common Savanna Blackbird of the West India
+Islands, is probably only an accidental visitant of the United States, and
+may not strictly belong to the avi-fauna of North America.</p>
+
+<p><!--539.png--><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 489]</span>
+It is common throughout the West Indies, and in South America as far south
+as Brazil. Gosse states it to be one of the most abundant birds of Jamaica.
+In speaking of its breeding habits he mentions that it was universally maintained
+by the inhabitants that these birds unite and build in company an
+immense nest of basket-work, made by the united labors of the flock. This
+is said to be placed on a high tree, where many parents bring forth and educate
+a common family. This statement is reiterated by Mr. Hill, who says
+that a small flock of about six individuals build but one large and capacious
+nest, to which they resort in common, and rear their young together.</p>
+
+<p>In July Mr. Gosse found the nest of one of these birds in a <a name="note29" id="note29"></a><i lang="es" xml:lang="es">guazuma</i>
+tree. It was a large mass of interwoven twigs, and was lined with leaves.
+There were eight eggs in the nest, and the shells of many others were scattered
+beneath the tree.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Newton found these birds very common in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. He mentions
+meeting with a nest of this species June 17. It was about five feet from
+the ground, on a large tamarind-tree. He speaks of it as a rude collection
+of sticks and twigs, large and deep, partly filled with dry leaves, among
+which were fourteen eggs, and around the margin were stuck upright a few
+dead twigs of tamarind. Five days afterwards he went to the nest, where he
+found but nine eggs, two of which he took. Three days later he found but
+four eggs in the nest, it having been robbed in the interim; but six days
+afterwards the number had again been increased to eight. He never found
+the eggs covered up as if intentionally done. The nest was evidently common
+property. There were generally two or three birds sitting close to or
+on it, and up in the tree perhaps four or five more, who would continue
+screeching all the time he was there. Mr. Newton adds that when the egg
+is fresh the cretaceous deposit on the shell is very soft and easily scored,
+but it soon hardens. It is mentioned in De Sagra’s list as one of the common
+birds of Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. F. Hamilton, in his interesting paper (Ibis, July, 1871) on the
+birds of Brazil, mentions finding this species very common at Santo Paulo.
+There was scarcely an open piece of ground where there were but few bushes
+that had not its flock of these birds. They were especially fond of marshy
+ground. They were also often to be seen running about among a herd of
+cattle, picking up the insects disturbed by the animals. They seemed utterly
+regardless of danger, and would scarcely do more than flit from one bush
+to another, even when the numbers of their flock were being greatly thinned.
+When concealed in the long grass, they would allow themselves to be almost
+trodden on before rising. The Brazilians seldom molest them, as their flesh
+is not good to eat.</p>
+
+<p>This bird is known as the Black Witch in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix,&mdash;a name Mr. Newton
+supposes to be due to its peculiar call-note, which sounds like <i class="birdcall">que-yuch</i>. Its
+familiar habits and its grotesque appearance make it universally known. It
+is a favorite object of attack to the Chickaree Flycatcher, in which encounters
+<!--540.png--><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 490]</span>
+it is apt to lose its presence of mind, and to be forced to make an ignominious
+retreat.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are said to be attracted by collections of cattle and horses,
+upon the bodies of which they are often seen to alight, feeding upon the
+ticks with which they are infested. They are at once familiar and wary,
+permitting a limited acquaintance, but a too near approach sets the whole
+flock in motion. It moves in a very peculiar gliding flight. In feeding it
+is omnivorous; besides insects of all kinds, such as ticks, grasshoppers, beetles,
+etc., it eats berries of various kinds, lizards, and other kinds of food.
+It catches insects on the ground by very active jumps, pursues them on the
+wing, and with its sharp thin bill digs them out in the earth. They hop
+about and over the bodies of cattle, especially when they are lying down,
+and when grazing they have been observed clinging to a cow’s tail, picking
+insects from it as far down even as its extremity.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hill states that these birds are downward, not upward, climbers.
+They enter a tree by alighting on the extremity of some main branch, and
+reach its centre by creeping along the stem, and seldom penetrate far among
+the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species are of a regularly oval shape, equally obtuse at
+either end. In color they are of a uniform light-blue, with a very slight
+tinge of green. This is usually covered, but not entirely concealed, by a
+white cretaceous coating. When fresh, this may readily be rubbed off, but
+becomes hard and not easily removed. The eggs vary in size from 1.40 to
+1.50 inches in length, and in breadth from 1.10 to 1.15 inches.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Coccyginæ-->
+</div><!--end family Cuculidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Picidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--541.png--><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 491]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Woodpeckers.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Outer toe turned backwards permanently, not versatile laterally, the basal
+portion of the tongue capable of great protrusion.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding characters combined appear to express the essential characters
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>. In addition, it may be stated that the tongue itself is
+quite small, flat, and short, acute and horny, usually armed along the edges
+with recurved hooks. The horns of the hyoid apparatus are generally very
+long, and curve round the back of the skull, frequently to the base of the
+bill, playing in a sheath, when the tongue is thrown forward out of the
+mouth to transfix an insect.</p>
+
+<p>There are twelve tail-feathers, of which the outer is, however, very small
+and rudimentary (lying concealed between the outer and adjacent feathers),
+so that only ten are usually counted. The tail is nearly even, or cuneate,
+never forked, the shafts very rigid in the true Woodpeckers; soft in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</i>. The outer primary is generally very short, or spurious,
+but not wanting. The bill is chisel or wedge shaped, with sharp angles
+and ridges and straight culmen; sometimes the culmen is a little curved,
+in which case it is smoother, and without the ridges. The tarsi in the North
+American forms are covered with large plates anteriorly, posteriorly with
+small ones, usually more or less polygonal. The claws are compressed,
+much curved, very strong and acute.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i> are found all over the world with the exception of Madagascar,
+Australia, the Moluccas, and Polynesia. America is well provided with
+them, more than half of the described species belonging to the New World.</p>
+
+<p>The subfamilies of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i> may be most easily distinguished as follows,
+although other characters could readily be given:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ.</b> Tail-feathers pointed, and lanceolate at end; the shafts very
+rigid, thickened and elastic.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ.</b> Tail soft and short, about half the length of wing; the feathers
+without stiffened shafts, rather narrow, linear, and rounded at end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ.</b> Tail soft and rather long, about three fourths the length of
+wing; the feathers broad, and obtusely rounded at end.</p>
+
+<p>Of these subfamilies the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i> alone occur north of Mexico. The
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</i>, to which the well-known Wryneck of England (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jynx torquilla</i>)
+belongs, are exclusively Old World; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</i> belong principally to
+the tropical regions of America, although a few species occur in Africa and
+India. One species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumnus micromegas</i>, Sundevall, belongs to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Domingo,
+although erroneously assigned to Brazil. This is the giant of the
+group, being about the size of the White-bellied Nuthatch (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis</i>)
+the other species being mostly very diminutive, varying from three to four
+inches in length.</p>
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Picinæ-->
+<!--542.png--><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 492]</span>
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">PICINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p>The diagnosis on the preceding page will serve to distinguish this group
+from its allies, without the necessity of going into greater detail. It includes
+by far the largest percentage of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i>, and in the great variations
+of form has been variously subdivided by authors into sections. Professor
+Sundevall, in his able monograph,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_124" id="fnanchor_124"></a><a href="#footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></span>
+establishes the following four series, referring
+all to the single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles.</b> Neck slender, elongated. Nostrils concealed by
+bristles. Tail-feathers black or brownish, immaculate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres.</b> Neck not slender, and shorter. Nostrils concealed
+by bristles. Bill stout, cuneate, with the nasal ridges widely distant
+from each other.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres.</b> Neck not slender. Nostrils covered, nasal ridges
+of bill placed near the culmen (or at least nearer it than the lower
+edge of the upper mandible), for the most part obsolete anteriorly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares.</b> Nostrils open, uncovered by bristly hairs. Neck and
+bill various.</p>
+
+<p>Of these series, the first and second correspond with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ</i>, as given below,
+while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colapteæ</i> both belong to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres</i>. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</i>
+are not represented in North America, and by only one group, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Celeus</i>, in any
+portion of the continent.</p>
+
+<p>In the following account of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i>, we shall not pretend to discuss
+the relationship of the North American species to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i> in general,
+referring to Sundevall’s work, and the monographs of Malherbe and Cassin,
+for information on the subject. For our present purposes they may be conveniently,
+even if artificially, arranged in the following sections:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ.</b> Bill variable in length; the outlines above and below nearly
+straight; the ends truncated; a prominent ridge on the side of the
+mandible springing from the middle of the base, or a little below, and
+running out either on the commissure, or extending parallel to and a
+little above it, to the end, sometimes obliterated or confluent with the
+lateral bevel of the bill. Nostrils considerably overhung by the lateral
+ridge, more or less linear, and concealed by thick bushy tufts of feathers
+at the base of the bill. Outer posterior toe generally longer than the
+anterior.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ.</b> Bill rather long; the outlines, that of the culmen especially,
+decidedly curved. The lateral ridge much nearest the culmen,
+and, though quite distinct at the base, disappearing before coming to
+the lower edge of the mandible; not overhanging the nostrils, which
+are broadly oval, rounded anteriorly, and not concealed by the bristly
+feathers at the base. Outer pair of toes nearly equal; the anterior
+rather longer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colapteæ.</b> Bill rather long, much depressed, and the upper outline
+<!--543.png--><!--Plate 48-->
+<!--544.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--545.png--><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 493]</span>
+much curved to the acutely pointed (not truncate) tip. The commissure
+considerably curved. Bill without any ridges. The nostrils broadly
+oval, and much exposed. Anterior outer toe longest.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_48.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 48"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="48">XLVIII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_48-1" id="pl_48-1"></a><img src="images/pl_48-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 12925.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_48-2" id="pl_48-2"></a><img src="images/pl_48-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 8639.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_48-3" id="pl_48-3"></a><img src="images/pl_48-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 1541.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_48-4" id="pl_48-4"></a><img src="images/pl_48-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus minor</span>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_48-5" id="pl_48-5"></a><img src="images/pl_48-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 48 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus erythrophthalmus</span>. 27028.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The preceding diagnoses will serve to distinguish the three groups sufficiently
+for our present purposes; the bill being strongest in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</i> and
+best fitted for cutting into trees by its more perfect wedge-shape, with
+strengthening ridges, as well as by the lateral bevelling of both mandibles,
+which are nearly equal in thickness at the base, and with their outlines
+nearly straight. The lateral ridge is prominent, extending to the edge or
+end of the bill, and overhangs the nostrils, which are narrow and hidden.
+The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colapteæ</i> have the upper mandible more curved
+(the commissure likewise), the lower mandible smaller and weaker, the
+bill with little or no lateral bevelling. The nostrils are broadly oval and
+exposed. In the former, however, there is a distinct lateral ridge visible
+for a short distance from the base of the bill; while in the other there
+is no ridge at all, and the mandible is greatly curved.</p>
+
+<p>In all the species of North American Woodpeckers, there is more or less
+red on the head in the male, and frequently in the female. The eggs of all
+are lustrous polished white, without any markings, and laid in hollow trees,
+upon a bed of chips, no material being carried in for the construction of the
+nest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICEÆ</b>.</p>
+
+<p>With the common characters, as already given, there are several well-marked
+generic groups in this section of Woodpeckers which may be arranged
+for the United States species as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Posterior outer toe longer than the anterior outer one. (Fourth toe longer
+than third.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lateral ridge starting above the middle of the base of the bill, and
+extending to the tip.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus.</b> Lateral ridge above the middle of the lateral profile
+of the bill when opposite the end of the nostrils, which are ovate, and
+rounded anteriorly. Bill much depressed, very long; gonys very long.
+Posterior outer toe considerably longer than the anterior. Primaries
+long, attenuated towards the tip. Spurious quill nearly half the second.
+Shafts of four middle tail-feathers remarkably stout, of equal size, and
+abruptly very much larger than the others; two middle tail-feathers
+narrower towards bases than towards end.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_125" id="fnanchor_125"></a><a href="#footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></span>
+A pointed occipital crest.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus.</b> Lateral ridge in the middle of the lateral profile opposite the
+end of the nostrils, which are ovate and sharp-pointed anteriorly. Bill
+moderate, nearly as broad as high.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><!--546.png--><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 494]</span>
+Outer hind toe moderately longer than the outer fore toe. Primaries
+broad to the tip, and rounded. Spurious primary not one third the
+second quill.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides.</b> Lateral ridge below the middle of the profile, opposite
+the end of the ovate acute nostrils, which it greatly overhangs. Bill
+greatly depressed; lower mandible deeper than the upper. Inner
+hind toe wanting, leaving only three toes. Tufts of nasal bristles very
+full and long.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lateral ridge starting below the middle of the base of the bill, and
+running as a distinct ridge into the edge of the commissure at about its
+middle; the terminal half of the mandible rounded on the sides, although
+the truncate tip is distinctly bevelled laterally.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus.</b> Nostrils considerably overhung by the lateral ridge,
+very small, linear. Gonys as long as the culmen, from the nostrils.
+Tips of tail-feathers elongated and linear, not cuneate. Wings very
+long; exposed portion of spurious primary about one fourth that of
+second quill.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Posterior outer toe considerably shorter than the anterior outer one. (Fourth
+toe shorter than third).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus.</b> Bill depressed. Lateral ridge above the middle of
+the lateral profile near the base. Nostrils elliptical, wide, and rounded
+anteriorly. Tail almost as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i>. A pointed occipital crest,
+as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, and not found in the other genera.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangement in the preceding diagnosis is perhaps not perfectly
+natural, although sufficiently so for our present purpose. Thus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>,
+in having the lateral ridge extending to the end of the bill, is like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>,
+but the nostrils are broader, more open, and not acute anteriorly. The tail-feathers
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i> differ greatly from those of the others in being
+abruptly acuminate, the points elongated, narrow, and nearly linear, instead
+of being gently cuneate at the ends. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i> belong
+to Sundevall’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles</i>, with their long slender neck, and elongated
+occipital crest (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopinæ</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr>); the other genera to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres</i>, with
+shorter, thicker neck, and no crest (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopinæ</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr>). But no two
+genera in the subfamily are more distinct than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CAMPEPHILUS</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, List of Genera? 1840. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. principalis</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapicus</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Mémoires de l'Academie">Mém. Ac.</abbr> de Metz, 1849, 317.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill considerably longer than the head, much depressed, or broader than
+high at the base, becoming somewhat compressed near the middle and gradually bevelled
+off at the tip. Culmen very slightly curved, gonys as concave, the curve scarcely appreciable;
+commissure straight. Culmen with a parallel ridge on each side, starting a
+little above the centre of the basal outline of the bill, the ridge projecting outwards and
+downwards, and a slight concavity between it and the acute ridge of the culmen. Gonys
+considerably more than half the commissure. Nostrils oval below the lateral ridge near
+the base of the bill; concealed by the bristly feathers directed forward. Similar feathers
+are seen at the sides of the lower jaw and on the chin.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_547.jpg"
+ width="300" height="337"
+ alt="Illustration: Campephilus principalis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">3869</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><!--547.png--><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 495]</span>
+Feet large; outer hind toe much longest; claw of inner fore toe reaching to middle of
+outer fore claw; inner hind toe scarcely more than half the outer one; its claw reaching
+as far as the base of the inner anterior claw, considerably more than half the outer
+anterior toe. Tarsus rather shorter than the inner fore toe. Tail long, cuneate; shafts
+of the four middle feathers abruptly much larger than the others, and with a deep groove
+running continuously along their under surface; webs of the two middle feathers
+deflected, almost against each other, so that the feathers appear narrower at the base
+than terminally. Wings long and pointed, the third, fourth, and fifth quills longest;
+sixth secondary longest, leaving six “tertials,” instead of three or four as usual; primaries
+long, attenuated. Color continuous black, relieved by white patches. Head with a
+pointed occipital crest.</p>
+
+<p>This genus embraces the largest known kind of Woodpecker, and is confined
+to America. Of the two species usually assigned to it, only one occurs
+within the limits of the United States, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. imperialis</i>, given by Audubon,
+and by subsequent authors on his credit, really belonging to Southern Mexico
+and Central America. The diagnoses of the species are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar">
+<!--548.png--><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 496]</span>
+<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Bill ivory-white. Body entirely glossy blue-black. A
+scapular stripe, secondaries, ends of inner primaries, and under wing-coverts,
+white. Crest scarlet in the male, black in the female.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. principalis.</b> A white stripe on each side of the neck. Bristly
+feathers at the base of the bill white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+White neck-stripe not extending to the base of the bill. Black
+feathers of crest longer than the scarlet. Wing, 10.00; culmen, 2.60.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Gulf region of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+White stripe reaching the base of the bill. Scarlet feathers of crest
+longer than the black. Wing, 9.50; culmen, 2.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_126" id="fnanchor_126"></a><a href="#footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. imperialis.</b> No white stripe on the sides of the neck. More white
+on the wings. Bristly feathers at the base of the bill black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South
+Mexico; Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus principalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 173.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 20, <abbr title="plate 39, figure">pl.
+xxxix, f.</abbr> 6.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 341;
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 525, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 214, <abbr title="plate 256">pl. cclvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus avium picinarum">Consp.
+Pic.</abbr> 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopus principalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>,
+List Genera, 1840.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 83.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum, Four, two"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>,
+100.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468 (breeds in Brazos and Trinity, Texas).&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr>
+53.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, Birds <abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Florida, 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus (Megapicus) principalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Con.
+Zyg. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 7. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus principalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Consp. 1850, 132. <cite>White-billed
+Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One">Car. I</abbr>, 16.&mdash;<span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth and fifth quills equal; third a little shorter. Bill horn-white.
+Body entirely of a glossy blue-black (glossed with green below); a white stripe beginning
+half an inch posterior to the commissure, and passing down the sides of the neck, and
+extending down each side of the back. Under wing-coverts, and the entire exposed
+portion of the secondary quills, with ends of the inner primaries, bristles, and a short
+stripe at the base of the bill, white. Crest scarlet, upper surface black. Length, 21.00;
+wing, 10.00. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, without any red on the head, and with two spots of white
+on the end of the outer tail-feather.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern Atlantic and Gulf States. North to North Carolina and mouth of the
+Ohio; west to Arkansas and Eastern Texas. Localities: Brazos and Trinity Rivers,
+Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468, breeds).</p>
+
+<p>In the male the entire crown (with its elongated feathers) is black. The
+scarlet commences just above the middle of the eye, and, passing backwards
+a short distance, widens behind and bends down as far as the level of the
+under edge of the lower jaw. The feathers which spring from the back of
+the head are much elongated above; considerably longer than those of
+the crown. In the specimen before us the black feathers of the crest do
+not reach as far back as the scarlet.</p>
+
+<p>Reference has already been made to the Cuban variety of the Ivory-billed
+<!--549.png--><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 497]</span>
+Woodpecker named <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i> by Mr. Cassin, and differing in smaller size;
+extension of the white cheek-stripe to the very base of the bill, and the
+excess in length of the upper black feathers of the crest over the scarlet.
+These features appear to be constant, and characteristic of a local race.</p>
+
+<p>For the reasons already adduced, we drop <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. imperialis</i> from the list of
+North American birds, although given as such by Audubon.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_549.jpg"
+ width="250" height="344"
+ alt="Illustration: Campephilus principalis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as we have information in regard to the geographical distribution
+of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker, it is chiefly restricted in its range
+to the extreme Southern States,
+and especially to those bordering
+on the Gulf of Mexico. Wilson
+states that very few, if any, are
+ever found north of Virginia,
+and not many even in that State.
+His first specimen was obtained
+near Wilmington, <abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr> It is
+not migratory, but is a resident
+where found.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon, who is more
+full than any other writer in his
+account of this bird, assigns to it a
+more extended distribution. He
+states that in descending the
+Ohio River he met with it near
+the confluence of that river with
+the Mississippi, and adds that it
+is frequently met with in following
+the windings of the latter
+river either downwards towards
+the sea, or upwards in the direction
+of the Missouri. On the Atlantic
+he was inclined to make North Carolina the limit of its northern
+distribution, though now and then individuals of the species have been
+accidentally met with as far north as Maryland. To the westward of the
+Mississippi he states that it is found in all the dense forests bordering the
+streams which empty into it, from the very declivities of the Rocky Mountains.
+The lower parts of the Carolinas, Georgia, North Florida, Alabama,
+Louisiana, and Mississippi, are, however, its favorite resorts, and in those
+States it constantly resides.</p>
+
+<p>It was observed by Dr. Woodhouse in the timber on the Arkansas River,
+and in Eastern Texas, but quite rarely in both places. It was not, however,
+met with in any other of the government expeditions, either to the Pacific,
+in the survey of the railroad routes, or in that for the survey of the Mexican
+boundary line. It is given as a bird of Cuba by De la Sagra, in his catalogue
+<!--550.png--><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 498]</span>
+of the birds of that island, as observed by him, October, 1850, and by Dr.
+John Gundlach, in his list of the birds that breed in Cuba. It is not mentioned
+by Gosse among the birds of Jamaica, nor by the Newtons as found
+in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. As it is not a migratory bird, it may be regarded as breeding in
+all its localities, except where it is obviously an accidental visitant.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, who never met with the nest of this Woodpecker, states, on the
+authority of reliable informants, that it breeds in the large-timbered cypress
+swamps of the Carolinas. In the trunks of these trees at a considerable
+height from the ground, both parents working alternately, these birds dig out
+a large and capacious cavity for their eggs and young. Trees thus dug out
+have frequently been cut down with both the eggs and the young in them.
+The hole was described to Wilson as generally a little winding, to keep out
+the rain, and sometimes five feet deep. The eggs were said to be generally
+four, sometimes five in number, as large as pullets’, pure white, and equally
+thick at both ends. The young make their appearance about the middle or
+end of June.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon, whose account of the breeding-habits of the Ivory-bill is
+given from his own immediate observations, supplies a more minute and detailed
+history of its nesting. He states that it breeds earlier in spring than
+any other species of its tribe, and that he has observed it boring a hole for
+that purpose as early as the beginning of March. This hole he believed to
+be always made in the trunk of a live tree, generally an ash or a hackberry,
+and at a great height. It pays great regard to the particular situation of the
+tree and the inclination of the trunk, both with a view to retirement and to
+secure the aperture against rains. To prevent the latter injury, the hole is
+generally dug immediately under the protection of a large branch. It is
+first bored horizontally a few inches, then directly downward, and not in a
+spiral direction, as Wilson was informed. This cavity is sometimes not
+more than ten inches in depth, while at other times it reaches nearly three
+feet downward into the heart of the tree. The older the bird, the deeper its
+hole, in the opinion of Mr. Audubon. The average diameter of the different
+nests which Mr. Audubon examined was about seven inches in the inner
+parts, although the entrance is only just large enough to admit the bird.
+Both birds work most assiduously in making these excavations. Mr. Audubon
+states that in two instances where the Woodpeckers saw him watching
+them at their labors, while they were digging their nests, they abandoned
+them. For the first brood, he states, there are generally six eggs. These are
+deposited on a few chips at the bottom of the hole, and are of a pure white
+color. The young may be seen creeping out of their holes about a fortnight
+before they venture to fly to any other tree. The second brood makes its
+appearance about the 15th of August. In Kentucky and Indiana the Ivory-bill
+seldom raises more than one brood in a season. Its flight is described
+by Audubon as graceful in the extreme, though seldom prolonged to more
+than a few hundred yards at a time, except when it has occasion to cross a
+<!--551.png--><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 499]</span>
+large river. It then flies in deep undulations, opening its wings at first to
+their full extent, and nearly closing them to renew their impulse. The
+transit from tree to tree is performed by a single sweep, as if the bird had
+been swung in a curved line from the one to the other.</p>
+
+<p>Except during the love-season it never utters a sound when on the wing.
+On alighting, or when, in ascending a tree, it leaps against the upper parts
+of the trunk, its remarkable voice may be constantly heard in a clear, loud,
+and rather plaintive tone, sometimes to the distance of half a mile, and
+resembling the false high note of a clarionet. This may be represented by
+the monosyllable <i class="birdcall">pait</i> thrice repeated.</p>
+
+<p>The food of this Woodpecker consists principally of beetles, larvæ, and
+large grubs. They are also especially fond of ripe wild grapes, which they
+eat with great avidity, hanging by their claws to the vines, often in the
+position of a Titmouse. They also eat ripe persimmons, hackberries, and
+other fruit, but are not known to disturb standing corn nor the fruits of the
+orchard.</p>
+
+<p>These birds attack decaying trees so energetically as often to cause them
+to fall. So great is their strength, that Audubon has known one of them
+to detach, at a single blow, a strip of bark eight inches long, and, by beginning
+at the top branch of a dead tree, tear off the bark to the extent of
+thirty feet in the course of a few hours, all the while sounding its loud
+notes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon further states that this species generally moves in pairs, that
+the female is the least shy and the most clamorous, and that, except when
+digging a hole for the reception of their eggs, they are not known to
+excavate living trees, but only those attacked by worms. When wounded,
+they seek the nearest tree, and ascend with great rapidity by successive hops.
+When taken by the hand, they strike with great violence, and inflict severe
+wounds with their bills and claws.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser states that these birds were found on the Brazos River, and
+also on the Trinity, where they were by no means rare.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson dwells at some length and with great force upon the great value
+of these birds to our forests. They never injure sound trees, only those
+diseased and infested with insects. The pine timber of the Southern States
+is often destroyed, thousands of acres in a season, by the larvæ of certain insects.
+In Wilson’s day this was noticeable in the vicinity of Georgetown,
+<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and was attributed by him to the blind destruction of this and other
+insect-eating birds.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species (<abbr title="Smithsonian Collection, Number">Smith. Coll., No.</abbr> 16,196) taken near Wilmington,
+<abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr>, by Mr. N. Giles, measures 1.35 inches in length by .95 of an
+inch in breadth. It is of a highly polished porcelain whiteness, and is much
+more oblong in shape and more pointed than are the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus
+pileatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--552.png--><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 500]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1748. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus martius</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_552.jpg"
+ width="250" height="192"
+ alt="Illustration: Picus villosus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">884</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill equal to the head, or a little longer; the lateral ridges conspicuous,
+starting about the middle of the
+base of the bill; the basal
+elongated oval nostrils nearest
+the commissure; the ridges of
+the culmen and gonys acute,
+and very nearly straight, or
+slightly convex towards the
+tip; the bill but little broader
+than high at the base, becoming
+compressed considerably before
+the middle. Feet much as in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>; the outer posterior
+toe longest; the outer
+anterior about intermediate
+between it and the inner anterior;
+the inner posterior
+reaching to the base of the claw
+of the inner anterior. Tarsus about equal to the inner anterior toe; shorter than the
+two other long toes. Wings rather long, reaching to the middle of the tail, rather rounded;
+the fourth and fifth quills longest; the quills rather broad and rounded.</p>
+
+<p>In the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, as characterized above, are contained several subdivisions
+more or less entitled to distinct rank, and corresponding with
+peculiar patterns of coloration. Thus, taking the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> as the type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+borealis</i> has proportionally much longer primaries; the spurious primary
+smaller; the bill is considerably more attenuated, and even concave in its
+lateral outlines. The wings are still longer in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. albolarvatus</i>. The species
+may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Black above, and white beneath. Wings spotted with white; a black
+maxillary stripe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Two white stripes on the side of the head, one above, and the other
+below, the ear-coverts, which are mostly black. First quill shorter than
+sixth. Tail-feathers broad and obtuse at ends, the narrowed tips of middle
+feathers very short.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DRYOBATES</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>. Middle of back streaked longitudinally and continuously
+with white. Maxillary and auricular black stripes not confluent;
+the latter running into the black of the nape. Beneath white
+without spots. Red of head confined to a narrow nuchal band.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus.</b> Outer tail-feathers immaculate white, great variation
+in size with latitude. Length, 7.00 to 10.00.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+All the quills, with middle and greater wing-coverts, with
+large white spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern North America
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Innermost quills and some of the coverts entirely black,
+or unspotted with white. Remaining spots reduced in size.
+<!--553.png--><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 501]</span>
+(<abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</i> similar, but much smaller, 7.00, and lower parts
+smoky-brown.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and western North America,
+and south to Costa Rica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pubescens.</b> Outer tail-feather white, with transverse black
+bands; length about 6.25.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+All the quills, with middle and greater wing-coverts, with
+large white spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern North America
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Innermost quills and some of the coverts entirely black;
+remaining white spots reduced in size. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western North
+America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DYCTIOPICUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Whole back banded transversely with black
+and white. Beneath white, with black spots on sides. Maxillary
+and auricular black stripes confluent at their posterior ends, the latter
+not running into the nape. In the males at least half of top of head
+red. Length, about 6.50.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris.</b> Anterior portion of the back banded with white;
+lores and nasal tufts smoky brown. Black stripes on sides of the
+head very much narrower than the white ones, and not connected
+with the black of the shoulders. <i class="sex">Male</i> with the whole crown red.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Outer web of lateral tail-feathers barred with black to the
+base. White bands on back exceeding the black ones in width;
+red of the crown very continuous, on the forehead predominating
+over the black and white. (Sometimes the black at
+base of inner web of lateral tail-feather divided by white
+bars.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern and Eastern Mexico, and Rio Grande
+region of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">Outer web of lateral tail-feather barred with black only
+toward end. Red of crown much broken anteriorly, and in
+less amount than the black and white mixed with it. White
+bands of the back not wider, generally much narrower than
+the black ones.</p>
+
+<p class="indent5">
+Bill, .90; tarsus, .70. Red of crown extending almost to
+the bill. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico, up to Western Arizona
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent5">
+Bill, 1.10; tarsus, .75. Red of crown disappearing about
+on a line above the eye. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli.</b> Anterior portion of back not banded with white; lores
+and nasal tufts white. Black stripes on side of the head very much
+broader than the white ones, and connected by a narrow strip with the
+black of the shoulders. <i class="sex">Male</i> with only the nape and occiput red.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California (only).</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> One white stripe, only, on side of head, and this occupying whole
+auricular region. Tail-feathers narrowed at ends, the points of the middle
+ones much elongated. First quill longer than sixth. Bill very small, much
+shorter than head.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PHRENOPICUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Back and wings transversely banded with
+black and white, and sides spotted with black, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis.</b> Red of male restricted to a concealed narrow
+line on each side of the occiput, at the junction of the white and
+black. Maxillary black stripe very broad and conspicuous, running
+back to the series of black spots on sides of breast. Three outer
+<!--554.png--><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 502]</span>
+tail-feathers more or less white, with a few bars of black near their
+ends, principally on inner webs. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Atlantic States.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Body entirely continuous black; head all round immaculate white. First
+quill shorter than sixth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XENOPICUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. Tail and primaries as in “A,” but much more
+lengthened. Bill as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</i>, but more slender.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. albolarvatus.</b> Red of male a narrow transverse occipital
+crescent, between the white and the black. Basal half, or more, of
+primaries variegated with white, this continuous nearly to the
+end of outer webs; inner webs of secondaries with large white
+spots toward their base. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges,
+Pacific Province, United States.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DRYOBATES</b></span>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, 1826. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fide</i> <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr>)</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> 1854.</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopipo</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and and Heine, Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1863, 62.</p>
+
+<p>According to Cabanis, as above cited, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</i>, as established by Boie in
+1826, had the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i> as type, although extended in 1828 to cover a
+much wider ground. As a subgeneric name, therefore, it must take preference
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</i> of Bonaparte, which, like all the allied names of this
+author, Cabanis rejects at any rate as hybrid and inadmissible.</p>
+
+<p>The synopsis under the head of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i> will serve to distinguish the
+species in brief.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_554.jpg"
+ width="250" height="281"
+ alt="Illustration: Picus harrisi"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus harrisi.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The small black and white Woodpeckers of North America exhibit great
+variations in size and markings, and it
+is extremely difficult to say what is a
+distinct species and what a mere geographical
+race. In none of our birds is
+the difference in size between specimens
+from a high and a low latitude so great,
+and numerous nominal species have been
+established on this ground alone. There
+is also much variation with locality in
+the amount of white spotting on the
+wings, as well as the comparative width
+of the white and black bars in the banded
+species. The under parts, too, vary from
+pure white to smoky-brown. To these
+variations in what may be considered as
+good species is to be added the further perplexities caused by hybridism,
+which seems to prevail to an unusual extent among some Woodpeckers,
+where the area of distribution of one species is overlapped by a close ally.
+This, which can be most satisfactorily demonstrated in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, is also
+<!--555.png--><!--Plate 49-->
+<!--556.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--557.png--><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 503]</span>
+probably the case in the black and white species, and renders the final settlement
+of the questions involved very difficult.</p>
+
+<p>After a careful consideration of the subject, we are not inclined to admit
+any species or permanent varieties of the group of four-toed small white
+and black Woodpeckers as North or Middle American, other than those mentioned
+in the preceding synopsis.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_49.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="49">XLIX</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-1" id="pl_49-1"></a><img src="images/pl_49-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 3869.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-2" id="pl_49-2"></a><img src="images/pl_49-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Arkansas.?</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-3" id="pl_49-3"></a><img src="images/pl_49-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 884.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-4" id="pl_49-4"></a><img src="images/pl_49-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-5" id="pl_49-5"></a><img src="images/pl_49-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol juvenile">♂ juv.</abbr> Iowa, 13172.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-6" id="pl_49-6"></a><img src="images/pl_49-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1291.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-7" id="pl_49-7"></a><img src="images/pl_49-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_49-8" id="pl_49-8"></a><img src="images/pl_49-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 49 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Georgia, 1878.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HAIRY WOODPECKER; LARGER SAPSUCKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</b>.&mdash;Northern and Western regions.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus leucomelas</i>, <span class="sc">Boddært</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz">Tabl. Pl. Enl.</abbr> 1783 (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 345, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1, <span class="sc">Gray</span>).&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1863, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates leucomelas</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum, four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 67. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus canadensis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 437.&mdash;? <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 231.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 188, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 177.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>,
+1842, 235, <abbr title="plate 258">pl. cclviii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 137.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+villosus</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">Philos. Trans. LXII,</abbr> 1772, 383.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 84.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1868, 45.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>,
+<abbr title="Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences One">Tr. Chicago Ac. Sc. I</abbr>, 1869, 274 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen 3">Abh. Nat. III</abbr>, 1872, 60 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>,
+87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna-Boreali Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F.-Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 305. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+phillipsi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 186, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 177.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 238, <abbr title="plate 259">pl. cclix</abbr> (immature, with yellow crown).&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man.
+I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 686.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus martinæ</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 181, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 178.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842,
+240, <abbr title="plate 260">pl. cclx</abbr> (young male, with red feathers on crown).&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus rubricapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 685 (same as preceding). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+septentrionalis</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 684.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</b>.&mdash;Middle States.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1758, 175.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807,
+64, <abbr title="plate 120">pl. cxx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology, ONe">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 150, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 164, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842,
+244, <abbr title="plate 262">pl. cclxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 137.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picinarum">Mon. Pic.</abbr> 17.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 84. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus leucomelanus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 18 (young male in summer). <cite>Hairy Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates
+villosus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum, four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 2, 66.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</b>.&mdash;Southern States.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana">F. B. A.</abbr> 1831, 306.&mdash;<span class="sc">Trudeau</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, 1837,
+404 (very young male, with crown spotted with yellow).&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839,
+194, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 259, <abbr title="plate 265">pl. cclxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Nuttal Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d
+ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 684.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost.
+Soc.</abbr> 1859 (Bahamas, winter).&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 302.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above black, with a white band down the middle of the back. All the
+middle and larger wing-coverts and all the quills with conspicuous spots of white. Two
+white stripes on each side of the head; the upper scarcely confluent behind, the lower
+not at all so; two black stripes confluent with the black of the nape. Beneath white.
+Three outer tail-feathers with the exposed portions white. Length, 8.00 to 11.00; wing,
+4.00 to 5.00; bill, 1.00 to 1.25. <i class="sex">Male</i>, with a nuchal scarlet crescent (wanting in the
+female) covering the white, generally continuous, but often interrupted in the middle.
+<!--558.png--><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 504]</span>
+Immature bird of either sex with more or less of the whole crown spotted with red
+or yellow, or both, sometimes the red almost continuous.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+North America, to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, and (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>)
+along the 49th parallel to British Columbia; Sitka; accidental in England.</p>
+
+<p>In the infinite variation shown by a large number of specimens in the
+markings of the wings, so relied on by authors to distinguish the species of
+the black and white spotted North American Woodpeckers having a longitudinal
+band of white down the back, it will be perhaps our best plan to cut
+them rigorously down to two, the old-fashioned and time-honored <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>
+and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>; since the larger and more perfect the series, the more difficult
+it is to draw the line between them and their more western representatives.
+The size varies very greatly, and no two are alike in regard to the
+extent and number of the white spots. Beginning at one end of the chain,
+we find the white to predominate in the more eastern specimens. Thus in
+one (20,601) from Canada, and generally from the north, every wing-covert
+(except the smallest) and every quill shows externally conspicuous spots or
+bands of white; the middle coverts a terminal band and central spot; the
+greater coverts two bands on the outer web, and one more basal on the inner;
+and every quill is marked with a succession of spots in pairs throughout its
+length,&mdash;the outer web as bands reaching nearly to the shaft; the inner
+as more circular, larger spots. The alula alone is unspotted. This is the
+typical marking of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. leucomelas</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i> of authors. The white
+markings are all larger respectively than in other forms.</p>
+
+<p>The next stage is seen in typical or average <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> for the Middle
+States. Here the markings are much the same, but the white is more restricted,
+and on the outer webs of the feathers forms rounded spots rather
+than bands. Some Carlisle specimens have two spots on the middle coverts
+as described, others lack the basal one. Another stage is exhibited by a specimen
+from Illinois, in which with two spots on the middle coverts there is but
+one terminal on the outer web of the greater, and a reduction in number
+of spots on the inner webs of innermost secondaries, terminal outer spots
+not having the corresponding inner. This form is quite prevalent westward
+and on the Upper Missouri, but cannot be considered as strictly geographical,
+since a Massachusetts and a Georgia skin agree in the same characters.</p>
+
+<p>In all this variation there is little diminution in the number of spots
+visible externally, nor so far have we seen any from the region east of the
+Missouri plains that lack white spots on every covert (except the smallest
+ones) and every quill, and with few exceptions on both webs of the latter.
+It is therefore this style that we propose to consider as pure <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>,
+irrespective of variations in the size or shape of the spots, of the amount of
+white on tail and back, or of the bird itself. Any deviation from this may be
+called a variety. It has the distribution already mentioned, and extends along
+the Upper Missouri to British Columbia and Sitka, straggling into Washington
+Territory, where, however, it is found with the more typical western form,
+<!--559.png--><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 505]</span>
+<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>. A specimen collected by Mr. Hepburn at Caribou, on the Upper
+Fraser, is absolutely undistinguishable from typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canadensis</i> in size
+and markings.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to the western race or variety, hardly to be called species,
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> of Audubon. Here the extreme of condition most opposed to
+typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i> is shown by the entire absence of white on the exposed surface
+of the wing, except on the outer webs of the four or five longest primaries,
+where the spots are very small. (We have never seen them entirely
+wanting.) The white of the back, too, may be normal in amount, or else
+much restricted. Concealed white spots on some of the feathers will be
+seen on raising them. The white of tail-feathers sometimes shows black
+spots or blotches, especially on the inner web of the second. These features
+belong more especially to specimens from the coast region of Oregon and
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding eastward from the Northern Pacific Coast we next find specimens
+showing a few white streaks on the greater coverts and next on the
+middle coverts. The spots on the secondaries, too, begin to show themselves;
+but as a general rule they do not occur on the innermost of the greater
+coverts and of the secondaries. This, therefore, may be considered as the
+limit of a variety, characterized by the absence at least of spots in these
+members of the wing.</p>
+
+<p>With the variation in spots in the western variety we have, as already
+remarked, differences in amount of white on the tail and the back, as well as
+in the color of the belly, which is sometimes pure white, sometimes of a
+smoky gray; this latter variation not at all parallel with other differences or
+with geographical distribution, and equally observable in eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>.
+The size, too, varies somewhat, but not to the same extent as on the Atlantic
+side. Here, however, we have <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus jardini</i> of Mexico and Central America,
+as the small southern race, absolutely undistinguishable from dark-breasted
+Oregon specimens, except in size (length, 7.00; wing, 3.90; bill above, .85),
+and perhaps a more fulvous tinge on the under parts. The specimens before
+me have one or two black spots on the inner web of the next to the outer
+tail-feather, as in darker varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>, but these are not symmetrical
+or constant in either, and are to be looked on as mere indications of the
+general tendency to melanism.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This common and familiar species of Woodpecker has an extended
+range throughout eastern North America. Specimens in the Smithsonian
+Institution have been collected from almost every portion of North
+America east of the Rocky Mountains. Wilson speaks of it as common
+throughout the continent from Hudson’s Bay to Carolina and Georgia. Mr.
+Audubon, who regarded <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus martinæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. phillipsi</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canadensis</i> as distinct
+species, instead of varieties of this Woodpecker, states, in regard to its distribution,
+that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> is a constant resident both in the maritime and
+inland districts from Texas to New Hampshire, as well as in all the wooded
+<!--560.png--><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 506]</span>
+tracts intervening between the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi, and
+the northern borders of the great lake. He adds that not an individual was
+found by him or by his sons in Maine, where he did, however, obtain in great
+abundance the variety he called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. canadensis</i>. According to Sir John Richardson
+it is found as far to the north as the <abbr title="sixty-third">63d</abbr> parallel. It remains all the
+year round in the fur countries, and is the most common species up to the
+fifty-sixth degree of latitude, north of which it yields in frequency to the
+three-toed species. Dr. Woodhouse speaks of it as common in Texas and
+in the Indian Territory. Although not crossing the Rocky Mountains in
+the United States, it reaches the Pacific Coast of British Columbia, and is
+found north as far as Sitka, and perhaps still farther, thus replacing the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>. It is a resident, and not a migratory, species, and wherever found
+it also breeds. Several specimens have been killed in England.</p>
+
+<p>According to the observations of Wilson, this Woodpecker frequents the
+orchards and cultivated grounds, and is less wild and more domestic than
+most of the species. In May, with its mate, it seeks the retirement of the
+woods to breed, selecting a branch already hollowed, or excavating one for
+itself. In the former case the nest has been known to be four or five feet
+from the opening. When it excavates its own opening, it digs horizontally
+six or eight inches into the body of the tree, and then downward
+to about twice that distance, carrying up the chips in the bill or scraping
+them out with the feet. They not unfrequently breed in orchards,
+and have been even known to excavate their holes in the rails of old
+fences. The female lays five white eggs, which are usually hatched out
+early in June.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon observed these birds, at all seasons, in almost every possible
+locality, from the isolated trees of large towns and cities, even to the very
+midst of the salt marshes about the mouth of the Mississippi. He found
+the excavation for the nest more frequently running obliquely than perpendicularly.
+In the Southern States they rear two broods in a season, the first
+appearing the last of May, the second usually about the first of August. In
+the middle and northern districts they rarely raise more than one. Those
+which Mr. Audubon observed to raise more than one brood in a season made
+use of the same excavation for both, and not unfrequently within a few yards
+of a house. The eggs of the first brood he found usually six in number, and
+of the second four. Where they have but one brood, the number varies from
+four to six, and in two instances he has found seven. The measure given by
+him is one inch in length by .69 of an inch in breadth. They are elliptical
+or almost equally rounded at both ends, smooth, pure white, and translucent.
+The young remain in the nest until well able to fly.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon states that the Hairy Woodpecker becomes, during the winter
+months, a very common bird in all parts of the Southern States, coming
+to the farm-yards with the downy species to glean the grains of corn left by
+the cattle. At this season their visits to the corn-cribs are extremely frequent.
+<!--561.png--><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 507]</span>
+They may also be seen clinging to the stalks of the sugar-cane, boring
+them, and evidently enjoying the sweet juices of that plant.</p>
+
+<p>Their flight is short and rapid, resembling that of other allied species.
+They are not social, never more than the members of one family being seen
+together. They feed chiefly on insects and their larvæ, often seizing the
+former on the wing. In the autumn they occasionally eat berries, seeds,
+and small fruit. Their notes are sharp and loud, uttered in monosyllables,
+at times with great frequency.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species, taken in Roxbury, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, is of a pure crystal whiteness,
+oblong in shape, and equally rounded at either end, measuring 1.01
+inches in length by .72 of an inch in breadth. Another, from Georgia, is
+more rounded at one end, and measures 1.02 inches in length and .75 of an
+inch in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HARRIS’S WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 191, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 178.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 242, <abbr title="plate 261">pl. cclxi</abbr> (dark-bellied variety).&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 627.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 87.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> 17.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Association">Pr. R. Art. Ass.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 111 (nesting).&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52 (Oregon).&mdash;<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>,
+<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1869, 562 (Alpine regions of Vera Cruz).&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>,
+<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1868, 47.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> J.</abbr> 1862, 175.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 200.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper
+&amp; Suckley</span>, 159.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 375. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus inornatus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus">Bon.
+Consp.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Trichopicus) harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates
+harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 68 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</i>, 69.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus jardini</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Rev.
+Zoöl.</abbr> <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1845, 374 (Mexico).&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1862, 175. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus hyloscopus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp;
+Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 69 (white-bellied form).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>; the innermost of the greater wing-coverts and
+of the secondary quills without any white spots externally; varying from this to the
+entire absence of exposed white on wing except on the outer web of longest primaries.
+Belly varying from pure white to smoky or fulvous gray, white of tail-feathers very
+rarely blotched with black. Average length, in north, 9.00; wing, 5.00; exposed part of
+culmen, 1.15.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</i> much smaller. Length, 7.00; wing, 3.90; culmen, .85.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Whole of Western United States, west of the Missouri plains, extending into
+Mexico and Central America, where it passes into the smallest and darkest southern extreme,
+known as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. jardini</i>. Localities: West Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52);
+Vera Cruz, Alpine regions (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1869, 562).</p>
+
+<p>In the preceding article we have given some general remarks on Harris’s
+Woodpecker, and shown why we cannot consider it a well-defined species.
+If the specimens from the extreme west were constant in themselves, and the
+variations, as with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</i>, occurred along the line of contact with
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>, we might refer to hybrids many of the intermediate forms; but as
+scarcely any two are alike, even on the Pacific coast, such a view is inadmissible.
+As, however, in the extreme limits of variation, there is yet a
+<!--562.png--><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 508]</span>
+difference from eastern specimens, and this is characteristic of a large area
+of country, it may be proper to recognize the form by the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. jardini</i> appears to be nothing more than the most southern race
+of this dark western form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, and shows the smallest, as well as
+the darkest, extreme to which the species attains. In Southern Mexico
+typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> and this form grade insensibly together. The minimum
+of size and maximum darkness of colors are reached in Costa Rica.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This variety was first described by Mr. Audubon from specimens
+obtained by Mr. Townsend on the Columbia River. No information was
+obtained in regard to its habits, which, it may be presumed, do not vary very
+essentially from those of the more familiar <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>. In regard
+to its geographical distribution, it has been found in more or less abundance
+from Nebraska to the Pacific, and from Mexico to British America. It is
+known to occur in Texas on the Rio Grande, in New Mexico, in Arizona,
+Nebraska, California, Oregon, and Washington Territory.</p>
+
+<p>This indicates a very general distribution throughout Western North
+America from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, and
+from New Mexico and Texas probably to the limits of the forests in the
+northwest. It seems to take the place of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> in the far west. Dr.
+Heermann, in his notes on the birds of California (Journal of Philadelphia
+Academy, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 270), says it is not a common bird, although it is occasionally
+met with in that State. Dr. Gambel, however, states that it occupies, on the
+western coast, the same place that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> does on the Atlantic, but
+seems to have a greater partiality for the pine woods. Dr. Woodhouse did
+not meet with it in the expedition to the Zuñi and Colorado. Dr. Newberry
+speaks of it (U. S. <abbr title="Pacific Boundary Report Survey Six">P. B. R. Survey, VI</abbr>,&mdash;Zoölogy, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 89) as not uncommon
+in the wooded districts of Northern California and Oregon. Dr. Kennerly,
+in his report on the birds obtained by Lieutenant Whipple’s party, states
+that Harris’s Woodpecker was found along the Little Colorado River in the
+month of December, wherever the cottonwood trees grew (U. S. <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr>
+Survey, <abbr title="Ten, Part Six">X, Pt. VI</abbr>, 21). It is not mentioned by Dr. Heermann in his Report
+on the birds of Lieutenant Parke’s explorations near the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d.</abbr> parallel. The
+same writer, in his Report on the birds of Lieutenant Williamson’s party,
+speaks of this bird as having been occasionally observed during the survey,
+but as a somewhat rare species, though procured in Northern California and
+at Tejon Pass. Dr. Suckley speaks of it as quite abundant at Fort Dalles,
+where he found it among the true pines, and at Fort Steilacoom, among the
+firs (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. douglasi</i>), and as a winter resident in both localities (Natural History
+of Washington Territory, Zoölogy, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 159). Dr. Cooper states that
+Harris’s Woodpecker is the most abundant species in Washington Territory,
+being found on both sides of the Cascade Mountains, frequenting the lower
+parts of the great coniferous trees. He found it a constant resident in May,
+burrowing out a nest in a dead tree, sometimes only four feet from the
+ground. He describes its cries and habits as so exactly like those of the
+<!--563.png--><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 509]</span>
+larger Sapsucker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>) of the Atlantic States, that, were there not
+constant and unchangeable differences in plumage, it would be taken for
+the same species. He furnishes no description of the eggs, but it is quite
+probable that there is no appreciable difference between them and those of
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues mentions this species as one of the most common and characteristic
+birds in the vicinity of Fort Whipple. Dr. Heermann speaks of its having clear
+trumpet-like notes that betray its locality and render it an easy bird to shoot.</p>
+
+<p>In California Dr. Cooper found this chiefly a northern bird, frequenting
+the forests of all kinds up to the summits of the Sierra Nevada, and also
+resident as far south as Santa Barbara, descending, in winter, to the eastern
+branches of the Colorado and to Tejon Pass. He found it more common
+in the higher Coast Range near Santa Cruz, and still more so toward the
+Columbia River. Its cry, he adds, is louder than that of most of the small
+Woodpeckers, and it is rather shy, especially when it imagines itself pursued.
+It feeds at times on fruits and berries, and sometimes it visits gardens.
+It is known as one of the “Sapsuckers,” but does more good than harm in
+the orchard, destroying both insects and their larvæ.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John K. Lord states that this Woodpecker is by far the most abundant
+species in the district through which his party passed. He found it on Vancouver’s
+Island, and along the entire course of the boundary-line, south through
+Oregon and California, and north to Fort Simpson. A few remained at Colville
+during the winter, but the greater number retired to the coast and returned in
+April and May. In the latter month they mate, and bore out a hole in a dead
+tree. They use no lining for the nest, but lay the eggs on the bare wood. Their
+favorite haunts are the stumps of trees growing round swamps or prairie-land.</p>
+
+<p>This Woodpecker was met with by Mr. Ridgway in all wooded portions
+of the Great Basin, but was most abundant among the pines on the mountains.
+In all respects, it is a perfect counterpart of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> of the
+east.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">DOWNY WOODPECKER; LESSER SAPSUCKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 15.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 65, <abbr title="plate 121">pl.
+cxxi.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 153, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>
+23.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 81; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 539, <abbr title="plate 112">pl. cxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 249,
+<abbr title="plate 263">pl. cclxiii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 89.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picinarum">Mon. Pic.</abbr> 17.&mdash;<abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span class="sc">Malb.</span>
+Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 119, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> 1863, 20.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 334.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>,
+<abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 44.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chicago Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 274 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>,
+<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen">Abh. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1872, 60 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 89.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 304. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+(Dendrocopus) pubescens</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 307. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Trichopicus) pubescens</i>,
+<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Zyg. Ateneo Italiano</abbr>, 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus medianus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831,
+308. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus meridionalis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 308 (small southern race). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+leconti</i>, <span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Four">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IV</abbr>, 1848, 489, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr> (Georgia; three-toed specimen,
+first toe wanting. Type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates pubescens</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span></abbr>
+<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1863, 63.</p>
+
+<!--564.png--><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 510]</span>
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+A miniature of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>. Above black, with a white band down the
+back. Two white stripes on the side of the head; the lower of opposite sides always
+separated behind, the upper sometimes confluent on the nape. Two stripes of black
+on the side of the head, the lower not running into the forehead. Beneath white; all
+the middle and greater coverts and all the quills with white spots, the larger coverts
+with two series each; tertiaries or inner secondaries all banded with white. Two outer
+tail-feathers white, with two bands of black at end; third white at tip and externally,
+crissum sometimes spotted with black. Length, about 6.25; wing, 3.75. <i class="sex">Male</i> with red,
+terminating the white feathers on the nape. <i class="age">Young</i> with whole top of head red.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern United States, towards the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, into
+British Columbia and the Humboldt Mountains, and north to the limits of the woods;
+along whole Yukon River; perhaps to the Pacific, north of the 49th parallel; Kodiak.
+Localities: San Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468). Accidental in England.</p>
+
+<p>The remarks already made on the variation of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i> apply equally
+well here; all the differences in size and markings with locality being almost
+exactly reproduced. The western variety, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gairdneri</i>, is equally uncertain
+in characters as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>, and as little entitled to specific distinction. As
+in the previous instance, we shall call typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> those specimens in
+which all the middle and greater coverts and all the quills including the
+innermost secondaries are spotted with white, while those in which any of
+these feathers, whether all the coverts, as in Oregon birds, or only a few of
+them, are unspotted, may be called <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Of typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> in the Eastern States there are minor variations, but
+not of much account. Thus the forehead itself, apart from the white nasal
+tufts, is sometimes white, connecting with the white superciliary stripe;
+more frequently, however, the whole forehead is black. Northern specimens
+are larger and have larger white spots, and not unfrequently the black cheek-stripe
+is invaded anteriorly by white, which, however, is appreciable at the
+base of the feathers. The black bars on the tail are much restricted in
+specimens from the Yukon. Southern specimens are smaller and darker,
+with smaller spots on the wings.</p>
+
+<p>In all the changes of the two species, there is no difficulty in distinguishing
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pubescens</i> from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> by the black bars on outer tail-feathers of
+the former, and their absence in the latter. The crissum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> is sometimes
+somewhat spotted with blackish. The white markings on the coverts
+are larger in proportion, and there are almost always two series of white
+spots on the greater coverts, as in northern varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</i>, not one, as
+in most of those from the Middle States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, like the Hairy Woodpecker, is a resident rather
+than a migratory species, and breeds wherever it is met with. It also seems
+to have very nearly the same geographical distribution with that species. Dr.
+Woodhouse found it common throughout the Indian Territory, Texas, and
+New Mexico. It does not, however, appear to have been collected by any
+of the parties engaged in the Pacific Railroad surveys, nor by that upon
+the survey of the Mexican boundary. Of seventeen specimens given by
+<!--565.png--><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 511]</span>
+Professor Baird in 1858 as in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution,
+six are from Pennsylvania, two from Massachusetts, two from Missouri,
+one from Bonhomme Island in Nebraska, and the rest from Fort Leavenworth,
+Salt Creek, Fort Riley, and Platte River in Kansas. It is quite
+common throughout the coast region of Alaska, exclusive of the Aleutians,
+and throughout the entire valley of the Yukon. Wilson makes no mention
+of its geographical distribution, probably because he found it everywhere
+common, to the extent of his own investigations. Audubon speaks of it as
+very generally distributed from the lower parts of Louisiana to Labrador,
+and as far westward as he travelled.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Richardson states that this species is a constant inhabitant of the
+fur countries up to the 58th parallel. It seeks its food principally on the
+maple, elm, and ash, and, north of latitude 54<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, where these trees are not
+found, on the aspen and birch.</p>
+
+<p>According to Wilson, these birds select a suitable place for the excavation
+of their nest, about the middle of May. An apple, pear, or cherry tree, often
+in the near neighborhood of a farm-house, is generally fixed upon for this
+purpose. The work of excavation is begun by the male, who cuts a hole in the
+solid wood as circular as if described with a pair of compasses. He is occasionally
+relieved by the female, both parties working with the most indefatigable
+diligence. The direction of the hole, when made in the body of
+the tree, is downward by an angle of forty degrees for the distance of six or
+eight inches, and then directly downward for ten or twelve more. Within,
+the excavation is roomy, capacious, and as smooth as if polished by the hand
+of the most finished workman. The entrance is, however, left only just
+large enough to admit the bodies of the birds. During their labor they even
+take the pains to carry their chips to a distance, to prevent suspicion.
+This operation sometimes occupies the chief part of a week. The eggs are
+generally six in number, pure white, and laid on the smooth bottom of the
+cavity. The male supplies the female with food while she is sitting. The
+young generally leave the nest about the last of June.</p>
+
+<p>The same writer also gives an interesting account of the impudent coolness
+of the House Wren, who, coveting the well-built home of this Woodpecker, and
+unable to excavate such an apartment for itself, waits until the poor Woodpeckers
+have completed their work, and then attacks them with violence and
+drives them off from the nest they have been at so much pains to prepare. He
+states that he saw a striking example of this, where the Woodpeckers, after
+commencing in a cherry-tree, within a few yards of the house, and having
+made considerable progress, were turned out by the Wren. They began again
+on a pear-tree in the garden, a few yards off, when, after digging out a most
+complete apartment, and laying one egg, they were once more assaulted by
+the same impertinent intruder, and finally forced to abandon the place.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon gives substantially the same account of their nesting, only
+he assigns an earlier period, the middle of April, for its commencement, and
+<!--566.png--><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 512]</span>
+describes the entrance to the excavation as often being at right angles to the
+trunk for a few inches before it descends. He states that in the Southern
+and Middle States two broods are raised in a season, farther north seldom
+more than one.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, speaks of this Woodpecker as being one
+of the most common and familiar, in Vermont, of the family. They are to be
+met with in his neighborhood at all seasons of the year, though he is of the
+opinion that many of them go south to spend the winter. They deposit their
+eggs about the first of June in the very snug little excavations they prepare.
+The male bird will sometimes prepare a separate apartment for himself, apart
+from his mate. Mr. Paine has taken the male in such a hole by himself, and
+without any nest or eggs, evidently only prepared for shelter.</p>
+
+<p>This Woodpecker has a single note or cry, sounding like <i class="birdcall">chink</i>, which it
+frequently repeats. When it flies, and often when it alights, this cry is
+more shrill and prolonged. They are very industrious, and are constantly
+employed in search of insects, chiefly in orchards and the more open
+groves. The orchard is its favorite resort, and it is particularly fond of boring
+the bark of apple-trees for insects. This fact, and the erroneous impression
+that it taps the trees for the sap, has given to these birds the common
+name of Sapsuckers, and has caused an unjust prejudice against them.
+So far from doing any injury to the trees, they are of great and unmixed
+benefit. Wilson, who was at great pains to investigate the matter, declares
+that he invariably found that those trees that were thus marked by the
+Woodpecker were uniformly the most thriving and the most productive.
+“Here, then,” adds Wilson, “is a whole species&mdash;I may say genus&mdash;of
+birds, which Providence seems to have formed for the protection of our fruit
+and forest trees from the ravages of vermin, which every day destroy millions
+of those noxious insects that would otherwise blast the hopes of the
+husbandman, and even promote the fertility of the tree, and in return
+are proscribed by those who ought to have been their protectors.”</p>
+
+<p>The egg of this species is nearly spherical, pure white, and measures .83 by
+.72 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GAIRDNER’S WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus gairdneri</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 317.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 180.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer.
+IV</abbr>, 1842, 252 (not figured).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 91, <abbr title="plate 85, figures">pl. lxxxv, f.</abbr> 2, 3.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1866, 17.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 44.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 159.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 334.&mdash;<abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Picidæ, I</abbr>, 123.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863,
+201.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 377.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 111.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus meridionalis</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 690 (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Gambel</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences One">J. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, 1847, 55, 105. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus turati</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ One">Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 125, <abbr title="table">tab.</abbr> 29
+(small race, 5.50, from Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, nearest <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates turati</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp;
+Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 65. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates homorus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>,
+2, 1863, 65 (larger, more spotted style).</p>
+
+<!--567.png--><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 513]</span>
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i> in size and markings, but with less white on the wings.
+Varies from entire absence of exposed white spots on the middle and greater wing-coverts
+and innermost secondaries, with small spots on the quills, to spots on most of their
+feathers, but absent on some, and the spots generally larger.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific coast of United States to Rocky Mountains. Darkest and with least
+white in Western Oregon and Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In the preceding article we have given the comparative characters of this
+form, which we can only consider as a variety, and not very permanent or
+strongly marked at that.</p>
+
+<p>As in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, this race varies much in the color of the under parts,
+which are sometimes pure white, sometimes smoky-brown. It is suggested
+that this is partly due to a soiling derived from inhabiting charred trees.
+It is, at any rate, of no specific value.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Gairdner’s Woodpecker is the western representative and counterpart
+of the Downy Woodpecker of the east, resembling it in size and
+general habits, and only differing from it in certain exceptional characteristics
+already mentioned. It is found throughout western North America,
+probably from Mexico to the British Possessions, and from the eastern base
+of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper met with it in California, chiefly in the northern parts of the
+State, but did not observe any south of the Santa Clara Valley. Dr. Coues
+saw none in Arizona, or possibly a single specimen not positively ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found one of its nests near Santa Clara, on the 24th of May,
+containing young. It had been burrowed in a small and partly rotten tree,
+and was about five feet from the ground. From the fact that they were
+found breeding so far south he infers that among the mountains they probably
+occur much farther to the south, as do most other northern birds. He
+found them frequenting chiefly the smaller trees in the vicinity of the evergreen
+woods, where they were to be seen at all seasons industriously tapping
+the bark to obtain insects.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry mentions finding them very common in Oregon, and also
+in Northern California. In Washington Territory, Dr. Suckley found them
+extremely common on the Lower Columbia, especially among the willow-trees
+lining its banks. They were resident throughout the winter, and in these
+situations were very abundant. In January, 1856, he found them so abundant
+among the willows growing on the islands in the delta of the Willamette,
+that he readily obtained eight specimens in the space of an hour. At
+that season they were very unwary, giving little heed to the presence of man,
+not even allowing the near discharge of a gun to interfere with their busy
+search for food.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann speaks of it as neither common nor especially rare. He
+obtained several specimens among the mountains of Northern California.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lord met with these Woodpeckers abundantly in the Northwestern
+<!--568.png--><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 514]</span>
+Boundary Survey. They differed slightly in their habits from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>,
+generally hunting for insects on the maples, alders, and stunted oaks, rather
+than on the pine-trees. Specimens were taken on Vancouver Island, Sumass
+Prairie, Colville, and the west slope of the Rocky Mountains at an altitude
+of seven thousand feet above the sea-level.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway found this Woodpecker to be unaccountably rare in the
+Sierra Nevada and all portions of the Great Basin, as well as in the Wahsatch
+and Uintah Mountains, even in places where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> was at all
+times abundant. Indeed, he only met with it on two or three occasions, in
+the fall: first in the Upper Humboldt Valley, in September, where it was
+rare in the thickets along the streams; and again in the Wahsatch Mountains,
+where but a single brood of young was met with in August.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species from Oregon, obtained by Mr. Ricksecker, is larger
+than that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, but similar in shape, being very nearly spherical.
+It measures .96 of an inch in length by .85 in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">DYCTIOPICUS</b></span>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Ateneo Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.)</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis &amp; <abbr title="Heine">Hein.</abbr></span> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Four">Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 74. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Small species, banded above transversely with black or brown and white.</p>
+
+<p>Of this group there are two sections,&mdash;one with the central tail-feathers
+entirely black, from Mexico and the United States (three species); the other
+with their feathers like the lateral black, banded or spotted with white
+(three species from southern South America). The northern section is characterized
+as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> All the larger coverts and quills with white spots becoming
+transverse bands on innermost secondaries. Cheeks black with a supra-orbital and a
+malar stripe of white. Back banded alternately with black and white, but not on upper
+tail-coverts, nor four central tail-feathers. Beneath whitish, sides with elongated black
+spots; flanks and crissum transversely barred. Tail-feathers, except as mentioned, with
+spots or <a name="note30" id="note30"></a>transverse bars of black. Head of male with red patch above (restricted in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>), each feather with a white spot below the red. <i class="sex">Female</i> without red.</p>
+
+<p>The characters of the species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, with its varieties, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, will
+be found under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--569.png--><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 515]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</b>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 511 (Mexico).&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 138.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span>
+P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 307.&mdash;<abbr title="Sundevall Conspectus"><span class="sc">Sund.</span> Consp.</abbr> 18.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 94, <abbr title="plate 41, figure">pl. xli, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Report of the Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, 4, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 333.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1863, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 48.&mdash;<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i>c</i>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 18.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 379. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Dyctiopicus) scalaris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo
+scalaris</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus.</abbr> 74. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus gracilis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 90
+(Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus parvus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabot</span>, Boston <abbr title="Journal of Natural History Five">Jour. N. H. V</abbr>, 1845, 90 (Sisal, Yucatan).
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus orizabæ</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 196 (Orizaba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus bogotus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr.
+A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 196; <abbr title="Journal Academy Natural Sciences Five">Jour. A. N. S. V</abbr>, 1863, 460, <abbr title="plate 52, figure">pl. lii, f.</abbr> 1 (<abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus bairdi</i>
+(<abbr title="Sclater manuscript"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> MSS.</abbr>), <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ One">Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 118, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="planche 27, figures">t. xxvii, f.</abbr> 7, 8.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 333, (?) <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>
+64, 177 (city of <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>).&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 76.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1863, 196.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52 (perhaps <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis,
+1865, 468. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Texas and New Mexico, to Arizona; south through Eastern Mexico
+to Yucatan. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="manuscript">MSS.</abbr> <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Arizona;
+Western Mexico and Tres Marias.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Back banded transversely with black and white from nape to rump (not
+upper tail-coverts). Quills and coverts with spots of white; forming bands on the
+secondaries. Two white stripes on sides of head. Top of head red, spotted with white.
+Nasal tufts brown. Beneath brownish-white, with black spots on sides, becoming bands
+behind. Outer tail-feathers more or less banded. Length, about 6.50; wing, 3.50 to
+4.50; tail, about 2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Guatemala, Mexico, and adjacent southern parts of United States. Localities:
+Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 367); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 357); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+136); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 333); <abbr title="South East">S. E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468, breeds); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr>
+Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 205).</p>
+
+<p>In the above diagnosis we have endeavored to express the average of
+characters belonging to a Woodpecker to which many names, based on
+trifling geographical variations, have been assigned, but which legitimately
+can be only considered as one species. This is among the smallest of the
+North American Woodpeckers, and in all its variations the wings are long,
+reaching as far as the short feathers of the tail. The upper parts generally
+are black, on the back, rump, and exposed feathers of the wings banded
+transversely with white, the black bands rather the narrower; the quills and
+larger coverts spotted with the same on both webs, becoming bands on the
+innermost secondaries. The upper tail-coverts and two inner tail-feathers
+on either side are black. The white bands of the back extend all the way
+up to the neck, without any interscapular interruption. The under parts
+are of a pale smoky brownish-white, almost with a lilac tinge; on the sides
+of the breast and belly are a few scattered small but elongated spots. The
+posterior parts of the sides under the wing and the under tail-coverts are
+obscurely banded transversely with black. The top of the head, extending
+from a narrow sooty frontlet at the base of the bill to a short, broad nuchal
+crest, is crimson in the male, each feather with a white spot between the
+<!--570.png--><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 516]</span>
+crimson and the dark brown base of the feathers. The brown nasal tuft is
+scarcely different from the feathers of the forehead.</p>
+
+<p>In a large series of specimens of this species, from a wide area of distribution,
+considerable differences are appreciable in size, but fewer in coloration than
+might be expected. Yucatan birds are the least (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus parvus</i>, Cabot; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vagatus</i>,
+Cassin), the wing measuring 3.30 inches. Those from Southern Mexico
+are but little larger (wing, 3.60). In Northern Mexico the wing is nearly
+4 inches; in New Mexico it is 4.30. The markings vary but little. The black
+and white bands on the back are about of equal width, but sometimes one,
+sometimes the other, appears the larger; the more eastern have, perhaps, the
+most white. The pattern on the tail is quite constant. Thus, assuming the
+three outer feathers to be white, banded with black, the outermost may be
+said to have seven transverse bars of black, of which the terminal four
+(sometimes five) are distinct and perfect, the basal three (or two) confluent
+into one on the inner web (the extreme base of the feather white). The
+next feather has, perhaps, the same number of dark bands, but here only
+two (sometimes three) are continuous and complete; the innermost united
+together, the outer showing as scallops. The third feather has no continuous
+bands (or only one), all the inner portions being fused; the outer mere scallops,
+sometimes an oblique edging; generally, however, the interspaces of
+the dark bands are more or less distinctly traceable through their dusky suffusion,
+especially on the inner web of the outer feather. The number of free
+bands thus varies slightly, but the general pattern is the same. This condition
+prevails in nearly all the specimens before us from Yucatan and Mexico
+(in only one specimen from Arizona, and one or two from Texas), and is
+probably the typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> of Wagler.</p>
+
+<p>In specimens from the Rio Grande and across to Arizona the seven bands
+of the outer feather are frequently continuous and complete on both webs
+to the base, a slight suffusion only indicating the tendency to union in the
+inner web. The other feathers are much as described, except that the white
+interspaces of the black scallops penetrate deeper towards the shaft. This
+is perhaps the race to which the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bairdi</i> has been applied. We do
+not find, however, any decided reduction in the amount of red on the anterior
+portion of the head, as stated for this species (perhaps it is less continuous
+towards the front), except in immature birds; young females possibly
+losing the immature red of the crown, as with typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A third type of tail-marking is seen in specimens from the Pacific coast,
+and from the Tres Marias especially; also in some skins from Southwestern
+Arizona. Here the extreme forehead is black, with white spots; the red of
+the crown not so continuous anteriorly even as in the last-mentioned race.
+The general pattern of tail is as described, and the bars on the inner webs
+are also confluent towards the base, but we have only two or three transverse
+bars at the end of the outer feathers; the rest of outer web entirely
+white, this color also invading the inner. The second feather is similarly
+<!--571.png--><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 517]</span>
+marked, sometimes with only one spot on outer web; the third has the
+black scallops restricted. This may be called <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>, as most specimens
+in the Smithsonian collection were furnished by Colonel Grayson.
+The size is equal to the largest typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We next come to the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas bird, described by Mr. Xantus as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+lucasanus</i>. Here the bill and feet become disproportionally larger and more
+robust than in any described; the black bands of the back larger than the
+white, perhaps fewer in number. The continuous red of the head also appears
+restricted to a stripe above and behind the eye and on the occiput, although
+there are some scattered feathers as far forward as above the eyes.
+The specimens are, however, not in very good plumage, and this marking
+cannot be very well defined; the red may really be as continuous forward as
+in the last variety. The nasal tufts are brown, as in the typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.
+The outer three tail-feathers in most specimens show still more white, with
+one or two indistinct terminal bands only on the outer two; one or two
+additional spots, especially on inner web, and the sub-basal patch of inner
+web greatly reduced. Specimens vary here in this respect, as in other races
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, but the average is as described.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the decided difference between typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i>,
+the discovery of the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i> makes it possible to consider both
+as extremes of one species. To <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, however, it is but one step farther;
+a restriction of the red to the posterior half of the top of head, the white
+instead of brown nasal feathers, and the whiter under parts being the only
+positive characters. The markings of the tail are almost identical with those
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i>. The anterior portion of the back is, however, not banded, as
+in the several varieties described. For this reason it may therefore be questioned
+whether, if <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> are one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i> should not belong
+to the same series.</p>
+
+<p>We thus find that the amount of black on the tail is greatest in Southern
+and Southeastern Mexican specimens, and farther north it begins to
+diminish; in Western Mexico it is still more reduced, while at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas the white is as great in amount as in the Upper Californian <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+nuttalli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The characters given above for the different varieties or races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+scalaris</i>, as far as they relate to the tail, may be expressed in the following
+table, illustrated by the accompanying diagram, showing the markings of
+outer tail-feather in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Outer tail-feathers with seven distinct transverse black bands.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+These bands confluent on inner web near the base
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Bands distinct on inner web
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Bands on outer tail-feather distinct on outer webs at end only, obsolete
+or wanting towards base (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tarsus, .68. Bill and legs as in average
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Tarsus, .78. Bill and legs very stout
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p><!--572.png--><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 518]</span></p>
+
+<table>
+ <tr><td class="center">
+   <div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px">
+    <img src="images/i_572a.jpg"
+    width="150" height="500"
+    alt="Tail-feather picus scalaris"/>
+    </div></td>
+  <td class="center">
+   <div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px">
+    <img src="images/i_572b.jpg"
+    width="150" height="451"
+    alt="Tail-feather picus nuttalli"/>
+    </div>
+  </td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="center">Outermost tail-feather of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris.</i><br /><b class="specimen-number">6105</b></td>
+     <td class="center">Outermost tail-feather of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli.</i><br /><b class="specimen-number">4482</b> </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species belongs to our southern and southwestern fauna,
+entering our borders from Mexico, occurring from the valley of the Rio
+Grande to Southeastern California, and the slopes of
+the Rocky Mountains south of the 35th parallel.
+It is found throughout Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Samuel Cabot obtained a single specimen of
+this bird at Yucatan, which he described under the
+name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. parvus</i>, in the Boston Journal of Natural
+History, <abbr title="Five, page">V, p.</abbr> 92. It was procured early in December,
+1841, in the neighborhood of Ticul, Yucatan.
+Dr. Kennerly considered it a not uncommon species
+in the vicinity of Boca Grande; especially wherever
+there were large trees. The same naturalist, in his
+Report on the birds of Lieutenant Whipple’s expedition,
+states that he very often saw this bird near
+San Antonio, Texas, as well as during the march
+several hundred miles west of that place, but that,
+after leaving the Rio Grande, he did not meet with it until he reached the
+head-waters of Bill Williams Fork. From thence to the Great Colorado
+River he saw it frequently, wherever there was any timber; but it was
+very shy, alighting on the tops of the leafless cotton-wood trees, and keeping
+a vigilant lookout.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds of Lieutenant J. G. Parke’s
+expedition, states that he observed this Woodpecker in the southernmost
+portion of California, and found it more and more abundant as he advanced
+towards Texas, where it was quite common. The same naturalist, in his
+Report on the birds of Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, remarks that he
+procured this bird first at Vallicita, but found it abounding in the woods
+about Fort Yuma. He considered the species as new to the California
+fauna, though frequently seen in Texas, several of the expeditions having
+collected it.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Woodhouse, in his Report on the birds of Sitgreaves’s expedition to
+the Zuñi and the Colorado speaks of finding this beautiful little Woodpecker
+abundant in Texas, east of the Pecos River. During his stay in San Antonio
+and its vicinity, he became quite familiar with it. It was to be seen,
+at all times, flying from tree to tree, and lighting on the trunk of the mesquites
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Algarobia</i>), closely searching for its insect-food. In its habits and
+notes, he states, it much resembles the common Hairy Woodpecker. Dr.
+Woodhouse elsewhere remarks that he did not meet with this bird west of
+the Rio San Pedro, in Texas. In regard to its breeding-habits, so far as I am
+aware, they are inferred rather than known. It is quite probable they are
+not unlike those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, which it so closely resembles. The
+eggs in the collection of the Smithsonian were obtained with the collections
+<!--573.png--><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 519]</span>
+of the late Dr. Berlandier of Matamoras, in the province of Tamaulipas,
+Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper states that this Woodpecker is abundant in the Colorado Valley,
+and that they are sometimes seen on the bushes covering the neighboring
+mountains. In habits he regards them the exact counterpart of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>,
+to which they are allied.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found them resident and very common throughout all Texas
+and Northeastern Mexico. It breeds abundantly about San Antonio, boring
+into any tree it finds most suitable for its purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues regards Fort Whipple as about the northern limit of this species
+in Arizona. It is not very common, is only a summer resident, and breeds
+sparingly there. Farther south, throughout the Territory, and in the Colorado
+Valley, he found it abundant. It does not cross the Colorado Desert
+into California, and is there replaced by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>. It extends south into
+Central America. A bird shot by Dr. Coues, June 5, appeared to be incubating;
+young birds were taken just fledged July 10. The nest was in the
+top of a live-oak tree. Malherbe, who speaks of this Woodpecker as exclusively
+Mexican, states that he has been informed that it is abundant in
+that country, where it may be seen at all times, climbing over the trunks
+and branches of trees. It is said to be very familiar and unwary, living commonly
+in gardens and orchards through the greater part of the year, and
+many of them nesting there, though in regard to their manner of nesting he
+has no information.</p>
+
+<p>The egg of this Woodpecker in shape is most similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>,
+being of an oblong-oval. It is larger than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, and not of so clear
+a white color. It measures exactly one inch in length by .75 of an inch in
+breadth.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</b>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CAPE WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus lucasanus</i>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1859, 298, 302.&mdash;<span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ One">Mon. Picidæ, I</abbr>,
+166.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 381.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+General appearance that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>. Bill stout, as long
+as or longer than the head. Above black, banded transversely with white on the back
+and scapulars to the nape, the white narrower band, the rump and inner tail-feathers entirely
+black; quills with a row of white spots on each web; the outer square, the inner
+rounded, these spots on the tertials becoming transversely quadrangular. Beneath brownish-white,
+with rounded black spots on the sides of the breast, passing behind on the flanks
+and under tail-coverts into transverse bars. Greater inner wing-coverts transversely
+barred. Outer two tail-feathers white, with one, sometimes two terminal bars, next to
+which are one or two bars on the inner web only; third feather black, the outer web
+mostly white, with traces of a terminal black bar; sometimes there is a greater predominance
+of black on the inner web. Two white stripes on side of head, one starting
+above, the other below the eye, with a tendency to meet behind and form a whitish
+<!--574.png--><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 520]</span>
+collar on the nape. Male with the entire top of the head streaked with red, becoming
+more conspicuous behind; each red streak with a white spot at base. Feathers covering
+the nostrils smoky-brown. Length, 7.15; extent, 12.15; wing, 4.00; bill above, 1.00;
+middle toe and claw, .80; tarsus, .76.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>Of the distinctness of this bird as a species from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> I
+had at one time no doubt; but the discovery that the otherwise typical
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> from Mazatlan and Western Mexico generally have the same markings
+on the tail has induced me to consider it as a kind of connecting link.
+I have, however, thought it best to give a detailed description for comparison.
+Of about the same size with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, the bill and feet are much
+larger. The legs, indeed, are nearly, if not quite, as large as those of
+male <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> from Pennsylvania; the bill, however, is somewhat less.
+The relations to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris</i> are seen in the dorsal bands extending to the
+nape, the smoky-brown feathers of the nostrils, the red on the whole top
+of head (scattering anteriorly), the brownish shade beneath, the width of
+the white cheek-bands, etc. On the other hand, it has the black bands of
+the back rather wider than the white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>, and the white outer
+tail-feathers even less banded with black. The two outer are entirely white,
+with one terminal black bar; one or two spots on the outer web; and two
+or three bands on the inner, with a sub-basal patch on the inner web, even
+smaller than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>. It is rarely that even two continuous transverse
+bands can be seen to cross both webs of the tail. The bill and feet are
+much larger.</p>
+
+<p>The following measurements taken from the largest specimens before us
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</i>, and one of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, will illustrate what has been said of
+the size of bill and feet of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lucasanus</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary="measurement of bill and feet">
+<tr class="t"><td class="l r"></td>
+    <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus.</i></td>
+    <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lucasanus.</i></td>
+    <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli.</i></td>
+    <td class="center r b"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l"></td>
+    <td class="center l r b">884 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="center r b"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 12939</td>
+    <td class="center r b"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 4482</td>
+    <td class="center r b"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 6105</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Bill from forehead,</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">1.26</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">1.10</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.90</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.99</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Tarsus,</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.76</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.76</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.70</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Middle toe and claw,</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.87</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.84</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.75</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.65</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Claw alone,</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.39</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.34</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.32</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.31</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftspace l r">Outer hind toe and claw,</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.95</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.84</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.79</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.80</td></tr>
+<tr class="b"><td class="leftspace l r">Claw alone,</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.40</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.32</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.31</td>
+    <td class="rightspace r">.31</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Nothing distinctive is known of the habits of this race.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--575.png--><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 521]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</b>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NUTTALL’S WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">Pr. A. N. Sc. I</abbr>, April, 1843, 259 (Los Angeles, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 93.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus avium picinarum">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 19.&mdash;<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Mon. Pic. I</abbr>, 100.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 50.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870,
+378. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</i>, (<span class="sc">Wagler</span>) <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second series, One, December">2d ser. I, Dec.</abbr> 1847, 55,
+<abbr title="plate 9, figures">pl. ix, f.</abbr> 2, 3 (not of <span class="sc">Wagler</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus wilsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1849, 529.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>
+Consp.</abbr> 1850, 138. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Trichopicus) wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten.
+Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Back black, banded transversely with white, but not on upper tail-coverts,
+nor as far forward as the neck. Greater and middle coverts and quills with spots or
+bands of white. Crown black, with white spots, sometimes wanting. On the nape a
+patch of white, behind this unbanded black. Occiput and nape crimson in the male.
+Tufts of feathers at the base of the bill white. Sides of the head black, with two white
+stripes, one above the eye and passing down on the side of the neck, the other below
+and cut off behind by black. Under parts smoky yellowish-white, spotted on the sides
+of the breast, and banded on flank and crissum with black. Predominant character of
+the outer tail-feather white, with two or three interrupted bands towards end; none at
+base. Length, about 7.00; wing, 4.50. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the top of the head uniform black,
+or sometimes spotted with white.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Coast region of California.</p>
+
+<p>Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest; second intermediate
+between the seventh and eighth. General color above black, barred
+transversely with white on the back, rump, and flanks; the upper surface
+of tail and tail-coverts, and a broad patch on the upper part of the back about
+half an inch long, pure black. The white bands measure about .12 of an
+inch, the black about twice as much. The top of the head is black, each
+feather with a short streak of white; on the extreme occiput and the nape
+is a transverse patch of crimson, each feather having a white spot just below
+the crimson. The crimson patch is usually as far from the base of the bill
+above as this is from its point. The sides of the head may be described as
+black; a white stripe commences on the upper edge of the eye, and, passing
+backwards, margins the crimson, and extends on down the side of the neck
+to a patch of white, apparently connected with its fellow on the opposite
+side by white spots. Another narrow white stripe commences at the
+nostrils, (the bristles of which are whitish,) and passes as far as the occiput,
+where it ceases in the middle of the black of the cheeks. There are thus
+two white streaks on the side of the head bordering a black one passing
+through the eye. The under parts generally are white, with a dirty yellow
+tinge. The sides of the breast and body are faintly streaked with black;
+the flanks barred with the same. The under coverts are barred with black.</p>
+
+<p>The three outer tail-feathers are yellowish-white, with two or three interrupted
+bars of black on the posterior or terminal fourth, and a concealed
+patch of black on the inner web near the end. Only the terminal band is
+<!--576.png--><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 522]</span>
+continuous across, sometimes the others; always interrupted along the
+shaft, and even reduced to rounded spots of black on one or both webs. No
+distinct bands are visible on raising the crissum. The black patch on inner
+web of outer tail-feather near the base increases on the second and third,
+on the latter leaving the end only with an oblique white patch. The bands
+on the under surface have a tendency to a transversely cordate and interrupted,
+rather than a continuous, linear arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>Young birds have the whole top of head red, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris</i>, with or
+without white at the base of the red. The white nasal tufts and other
+characters will, however, distinguish them.</p>
+
+<p>This bird, though widely different in appearance from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, may nevertheless,
+without any violence, be regarded as but one extreme of a species
+of which the lighter examples of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i>) are the other, the transition
+towards <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i> being through <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</i>, and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</i>,
+each in that succession showing a nearer approach to the distinctive
+features of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>. We have not seen any intermediate specimens, however.
+The pure white instead of smoky-brown nasal tufts, and their greater
+development, are the only characters which show a marked difference from
+the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>; but the other differences are nothing more than
+an extension of the black markings and restriction of the red in the male,
+the result of a melanistic tendency in the Pacific region.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered by Dr. Gambel near Los Angeles,
+<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and described by him in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
+Academy. Afterwards, in his paper on the birds of California, published in
+the Academy’s Journal, mistaking it for the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. scalaris</i> of Wagler, he furnished
+a fuller description of the bird and its habits, and gave with it illustrations
+of both sexes. So far as now known, it appears to be confined to
+the regions in California and Oregon west of the Coast Range, extending as
+far south as San Diego, representing, in its distribution on the Pacific, the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis</i> of the Atlantic States. One specimen in the Smithsonian collections
+was obtained on Umpqua River, in Oregon Territory; the others at
+Santa Clara, San Francisco, Petaluma, Bodega, and Yreka, in California. Dr.
+Woodhouse says, in his Report on the birds of the Zuñi and Colorado expedition,
+that he has only seen this bird in California, from which region he
+has examined numerous specimens. Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds
+of Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, states that this Woodpecker is occasionally
+found in the mountains of Northern California, but that it is much
+more abundant in the valleys. Dr. Gambel found it abundant in California
+at all seasons. He describes it as having the usual habits of Woodpeckers,
+familiarly examining the fence-rails and orchard-trees for its insect-fare.
+He found it breeding at Santa Barbara, and on the 1st of May discovered a
+nest containing young in the dead stump of an oak, about fifteen feet from
+the ground. The hole for entrance was remarkably small, but inside appeared
+large and deep. The parents were constantly bringing insects and larvæ.</p>
+
+<p><!--577.png--><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 523]</span>
+Dr. Cooper states that this Woodpecker is quite abundant towards the
+coast of California, and among the foothills west of the Sierra Nevada. It
+frequents the oaks and the smaller trees almost exclusively, avoiding the
+coniferous forests. It is very industrious, and not easily frightened, when
+engaged in hammering on the bark of trees allowing a very near approach.
+At other times, when pursued, it becomes more wary and suspicious. April
+20, 1862, Dr. Cooper discovered a nest of this bird near San Diego. It was
+in a rotten stump, and was only about four feet from the ground. He captured
+the female on her nest, which contained five eggs of a pure pearly
+whiteness.</p>
+
+<p>These birds are said to remain throughout the year in the valleys, and to
+migrate very little, if at all. Dr. Cooper has not observed it west of the
+Coast Range, except near Santa Barbara, nor has he seen any around gardens
+or orchards. None have been observed north or east of the State. East of
+the mountains it is replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Xantus mentions finding a nest containing two eggs in a hole in the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cereus giganteus</i>, about fifteen feet from the ground. The excavation made
+by the bird was about a foot and a half deep and six inches wide.</p>
+
+<p>This Woodpecker Mr. Ridgway saw only in the Sacramento Valley, where,
+in June, it appeared to be a common species among the oaks of the plains.
+He did not learn anything of its habits, but describes its notes as very
+peculiar, the usual one being a prolonged querulous rattling call, unlike
+that of any other bird known to him.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PHRENOPICUS</b></span>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Vol. Zygod. Ateneo Ital.</abbr> 1854. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1863, 70. Same type.</p>
+
+<p>This subgenus is closely related in external form to the preceding, differing
+in rather longer and more pointed wings and tail, the latter especially,
+and a very small, short bill. The first quill (excluding the spurious one) is
+considerably longer than the sixth, not shorter. The tail-feathers are much
+attenuated at end. The most marked differences in coloration of the type
+species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis</i>, consists in the absence of the post-ocular black patch,
+leaving the whole auricular region white, and in the restriction of the red
+to a very narrow line on each side, usually concealed.</p>
+
+<p>Some authors place <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus stricklandi</i> of Mexico (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xylocopus
+stricklandi</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine">Cab. and Hein.</abbr>) in this section, to which it may indeed belong as
+far as the wing is concerned, but the markings are entirely different.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--578.png--><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 524]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</b>, <span class="sc">Vieill.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus borealis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 66, <abbr title="plate 122">pl. cxxii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Stephens</span>, in Shaw’s
+<abbr title="General Zoölogy Nine">Gen. Zoöl. IX</abbr>, 1817, 174.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 96.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1863, 201.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1868, 50.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 305.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr>
+1866, 21. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Threnopipo borealis</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 70. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus querulus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 103, <abbr title="plate 15, figure">pl. xv, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 21.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Isis, 1829, 510.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 12, <abbr title="plate 389">pl. ccclxxxix</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>,
+1842, 254, <abbr title="plate 264">pl. cclxiv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 137.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863 (southernmost
+race). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Phrenopicus) querulus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus leucotis</i>,
+<span class="sc">Illiger</span> (fide Lichtenstein in letter to Wagler; perhaps only a catalogue name).&mdash;<abbr title="Lichtenstein Verzeichniss"><span class="sc">Licht.</span>
+Verzeich.</abbr> 1823, 12, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 81. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus vieilloti</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 20.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill (not counting the spurious) longest. First nearer tip of fifth
+than of sixth, intermediate between the two. Upper parts, with top and sides of the
+head, black. Back, rump, and scapulars banded transversely with white; quills spotted
+with white on both webs; middle and greater coverts spotted. Bristles of bill, under
+parts generally, and a silky patch on the side of the head, white. Sides of breast and
+body streaked with black. First and second outer tail-feathers white, barred with black
+on inner web. Outer web of the third mostly white. A short, very inconspicuous
+narrow streak of silky scarlet on the side of the head a short distance behind the eye,
+along the junction of the white and black (this is wanting in the female); a narrow short
+line of white just above the eye. Length, about 7.25; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.25.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Hab. Southern States, becoming very rare north to Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>This species differs from the other banded Woodpeckers, as stated in the
+diagnosis, in having a large patch of white behind the eye, including the
+ears and sides of head, and not traversed by a black post-ocular stripe. The
+bands of the back, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nuttalli</i>, do not reach the nape, nor extend over
+the upper tail-covert. The white patch occupies almost exactly the same
+area as the black one in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</i>; the white space covered by the supra-orbital
+and malar stripes, and the white patch on side of nape, of the latter
+species being here black.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Cassin, southern specimens which he distinguishes as
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. querulus</i> from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borealis</i> of Pennsylvania, differ in smaller number of
+transverse bars on the back, and shorter quills, and in fewer white spots on
+the wing-coverts and outer primaries. The black band on the back of neck
+is wider. This therefore exhibits the same tendency to melanism, in more
+southern specimens, that has been already indicated for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</i>,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-cockaded Woodpecker has a restricted distribution to the
+Southeastern Atlantic States, being rarely met with so far north as Pennsylvania.
+Georgia and Florida are the only localities represented in the Smithsonian
+collection, though other Southern States not named have furnished
+specimens. It has been met with as far to the west as Eastern Texas and the
+Indian Territory, where Dr. Woodhouse speaks of having found them common.
+<!--579.png--><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 525]</span>
+(Report of an Expedition down the Zuñi and Colorado Rivers,
+Zoölogy, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 89.) Wilson only met with it in the pine woods of North Carolina,
+Georgia, and South Carolina, and does not appear to have been acquainted
+with its habits. Audubon speaks of it as being found abundantly
+from Texas to New Jersey, and as far inland as Tennessee, and as nowhere
+more numerous than in the pine barrens of Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas.
+He found these birds mated in Florida as early as January, and
+engaged in preparing a breeding-place in February. The nest, he states, is
+not unfrequently bored in a decayed stump about thirty feet high. The eggs
+he describes as smooth and pure white, and as usually four in number,
+though he has found as many as six in a nest. The young crawl out of their
+holes before they are able to fly, and wait on the branches to receive the food
+brought by their parents until they are able to shift for themselves. During
+the breeding-season the call of these birds is more than usually lively and
+petulant, and is reiterated through the pine woods where it is chiefly
+found.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson compares the common call-notes of these birds to the querulous
+cries of young birds. His attention was first directed to them by this
+peculiarity. He characterizes the species as restless, active, and clamorous.</p>
+
+<p>Though almost exclusively a Southern species, and principally found south
+of North Carolina, individuals have been known to wander much farther
+north. Mr. G. N. Lawrence obtained a specimen of this bird in Hoboken,
+<abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, opposite New York City.</p>
+
+<p>In quickness of motion this Woodpecker is said to be equalled by very
+few of the family. Mr. Audubon states that it glides upwards and sideways,
+along the trunks and branches, on the lower as well as the upper sides of
+the latter, moving with great celerity, and occasionally uttering a short, shrill,
+clear cry, that can be heard at a considerable distance. Mr. Audubon kept
+a wounded one several days. It soon cut its way out of a cage, and ascended
+the wall of the room as it would a tree, seizing such spiders and
+insects as it was able to find. Other than this it would take no food, and
+was set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In the stomach of one dissected were found small ants and a few minute
+coleopterous insects. In Florida it mates in January and nests in February.
+In the winter it seeks shelter in holes, as also in stormy weather. Mr.
+Audubon states that it occasionally feeds on grain and on small fruits.
+Some go to the ground to search for those that have fallen from trees. They
+are always found in pairs, and during the breeding-season are very pugnacious.</p>
+
+<p>An egg of this species obtained near Wilmington, <abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr>, by Mr. N. Giles,
+measures .95 by .70 of an inch. It is pure white, appeared less glossy than
+the eggs of most Woodpeckers, and was of a more elliptical shape. Another
+egg of this bird sent to me by Mr. Samuel Pasco of Monticello, <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>,
+measures .98 by .70 of an inch, being even more oblong in shape, and corresponds
+<!--580.png--><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 526]</span>
+also in the absence of that brilliant polish so common in most
+Woodpeckers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">XENOPICUS</b></span>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 83. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 74. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<p>This section of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i> is not appreciably different in form from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+villosus</i>, which may be taken as the American type of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>. The
+plumage appears softer, however, and the uniformly black body with white
+head and white patch at base of primaries will readily distinguish it from
+any allied group.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Five, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct.</abbr> 1850, 106 (California). <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>
+Consp. Zyg. At. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr>
+<abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series, <abbr title="Two, January">II, Jan.</abbr> 1853, 257, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. and Oreg.</abbr> Route,
+9, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six">Rep. P. R. R. VI</abbr>, 1857. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Xenopicus) albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>
+1858, 96.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 202.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. Art. Ins. IV</abbr>,
+1864, 112 (<abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Colville; nesting).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 160.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, Birds
+<abbr title="North America Nine">N. Am. IX</abbr>, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 29.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology of California One">Orn.
+Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 382. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus albolarvatus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863,
+74. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus albolarvatus</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title=" Illustrated Birds of America, One, plate 29">Illust. Birds Am. I, pl. xxix</abbr>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_580.jpg"
+ width="250" height="194"
+ alt="Illustration: Picus albolarvatus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth and fifth quills equal and longest; tip of first equidistant between
+sixth and seventh. Entirely bluish-black,
+excepting the head and neck, and the outer
+edges of the primaries (except outermost),
+and the concealed bases of all the quills,
+which are white. Length, about 9.00;
+wing, 5.25. Male with a narrow crescent
+of red on the occiput.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cascade Mountains of Oregon and
+southward into California. Sierra Nevada.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This very plainly marked
+Woodpecker, formerly considered very
+rare, is now known to be abundant in
+the mountains of Northern California and Nevada, as also in the mountain-ranges
+of Washington Territory and Oregon. Dr. Cooper found it quite
+common near the summits of the Sierra Nevada, latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, in September,
+1863, and procured three specimens. Three years previously he had met
+with it at Fort Dalles, Columbia River. He thinks that its chief range of
+distribution will be found to be between those two points. He also found
+it as far north as Fort Colville, in the northern part of Washington Territory,
+latitude 49<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. He characterizes it as a rather silent bird.</p>
+
+<p><!--581.png--><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 527]</span>
+Dr. Newberry only met with this bird among the Cascade Mountains, in
+Oregon, where he did not find it common.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. G. Bell, who first discovered this species, in the vicinity of Sutter’s
+Mills, in California, on the American River, represents it as frequenting the
+higher branches of the pines, keeping almost out of gunshot range. Active
+and restless in its movements, it uttered at rare intervals a sharp and clear
+note, while busily pursuing its search for food.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John K. Lord states that the only place in which he saw this very
+rare bird was in the open timbered country about the Colville Valley and
+Spokan River. He has observed that this Woodpecker almost invariably
+haunts woods of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinus ponderosa</i>, and never retires into the thick damp
+forest. It arrives in small numbers at Colville, in April, and disappears
+again in October and November, or as soon as the snow begins to fall. Although
+he did not succeed in obtaining its eggs, he saw a pair nesting in the
+month of May in a hole bored in the branch of a very tall pine-tree. It
+seldom flies far, but darts from tree to tree with a short jerking flight, and
+always, while flying, utters a sharp, clear, chirping cry. Mr. Ridgway found
+it to be common in the pine forests of the Sierra Nevada, in the region of
+the Donner Lake Pass. It was first observed in July, at an altitude of about
+five thousand feet, on the western slope of that range, where it was seen playing
+about the tops of the tallest dead pines. On various occasions, at all seasons,
+it was afterwards found to be quite plentiful on the eastern slope, in the
+neighborhood of Carson City, Nevada. Its habits and manners are described
+as much like those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>, but it is of a livelier and more restless
+disposition. Its notes have some resemblance to those of that species, but
+are of a more rattling character. It is easily recognized, when seen, by its
+strikingly peculiar plumage.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--582.png--><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 528]</span>
+<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">PICOIDES</b>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lacépède"><span class="sc">Lacep.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lacépède Mémoires de l'Institut"><span class="sc">Lacep.</span> Mem. Inst.</abbr> 1799. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus tridactylus</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</i>, <abbr title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr> Shaw, <abbr title="General Zoölogy">Gen. Zoöl.</abbr> 1815.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 311.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_582.jpg"
+ width="250" height="207"
+ alt="Illustration: Picoides arcticus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">39143</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill about as long as the head, very much depressed at the base; the
+outlines nearly straight; the lateral
+ridge at its base much nearer the
+commissure than the culmen, so as
+to bring the large, rather linear nostrils
+close to the edge of the commissure.
+The gonys very long, equal to
+the distance from the nostrils to the
+tip of the bill. Feet with only
+three toes, the first or inner hinder
+one being wanting; the outer
+lateral a little longer than the
+inner, but slightly exceeded by the
+hind toe, which is about equal to
+the tarsus. Wings very long,
+reaching beyond the middle of the
+tail, the tip of the first quill
+between those of sixth and seventh.
+Color black above, with a broad patch of yellow on the crown; white beneath, transversely
+banded on the sides. Quills, but not wing-coverts, with round spots. Lateral
+tail-feathers white, without bands on exposed portion, except in European specimens.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiarities of this genus consist in the absence of the inner hind
+toe and the great depression of the bill. The figure above fails to represent
+the median ridge of the bill as viewed from above.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> The American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</i> agree in being black above
+and white beneath; the crown with a square yellow patch in the male; a white stripe
+behind the eye, and another from the loral region beneath the eye; the quills (but not
+the coverts) spotted with white; the sides banded transversely with black. The diagnostic
+characters (including the European species) are as <span style="white-space:nowrap;">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. arcticus.</b> Dorsal region without white markings; no supraloral white
+stripe or streak, nor nuchal band of white. Four middle tail-feathers wholly
+black; the next pair with the basal half black; the outer two pairs almost
+wholly white, without any dark bars. Entire sides heavily banded with
+black; crissum immaculate; sides of the breast continuously black. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.
+Crown with a patch of yellow, varying from lemon, through gamboge, to
+orange, and not surrounded by any whitish markings or suffusion. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.
+Crown lustrous black, without any yellow, and destitute of white streaks
+or other markings. Wing, 4.85 to 5.25; tail, 3.60; culmen, 1.40 to 1.55.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern parts of North America. In winter just within the
+northern border of the United States, but farther south on high mountain-ranges.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><!--583.png--><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 529]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tridactylus.</b> Dorsal region with white markings, of various amount
+and direction; a more or less distinct supraloral white streak or stripe, and
+a more or less apparent nuchal band of the same. Four to six middle tail-feathers
+entirely black; when six, the remainder are white, with distinct
+black bars to their ends; when four, they are white without any black bars,
+except occasionally a few toward the base. Sides always with black streaks
+or markings, but they are sometimes very sparse; crissum banded with
+black, or immaculate; sides of the breast not continuously black. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.
+Crown with a patch of gamboge, amber, or sulphur-yellow, surrounded by
+a whitish suffusion or markings. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Crown without any yellow, but distinctly
+streaked, speckled, or suffused with whitish (very seldom plain black).</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Six middle tail-feathers wholly black. Europe and Asia.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Sides and crissum heavily barred with black (black bars about as
+wide as the white ones).</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Back usually transversely spotted with white; occasionally
+longitudinally striped with the same in Scandinavian examples.
+Wing, 4.80 to 5.10; tail, 3.80 to 4.00; culmen, 1.20 to 1.35.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_127" id="fnanchor_127"></a><a href="#footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Sides and crissum almost free from black bars; black bars on the
+outer tail-feathers very much narrower than the white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Back always (?) striped longitudinally with white. Wing,
+4.70 to 4.75; tail, 3.65 to 3.90; culmen, 1.20 to 1.35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Siberia and Northern Russia
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_128" id="fnanchor_128"></a><a href="#footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Four middle tail-feathers, only, wholly black. North America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">Sides heavily barred with black, but crissum without bars, except
+beneath the surface. Three outer tail-feathers without black bars,
+except sometimes on the basal portion of the inner webs. Wing,
+4.40 to 5.10; tail, 3.40 to 3.70; culmen, 1.10 to 1.25.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Back transversely spotted or barred with white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Hudson’s Bay region; south in winter to northern border of
+Eastern United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent4">
+Back longitudinally striped with white at all seasons. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Rocky Mountains; north to Alaska
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</i></span>.</p>
+<!--I AN HERE-->
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--584.png--><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 530]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus,</b> <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Apternus) arcticus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 313. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus arcticus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List,
+1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 139.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of the California and Oregon Route">Zoöl. Cal. and Oreg. Route</abbr>, 91, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">Rep.
+P. R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus arcticus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 182.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Six">Amer.
+VI</abbr>, 1842, 266, <abbr title="plate 268">pl. cclxviii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 691.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus One">Consp. I</abbr>, 1866, 15. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Two"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, 14, <abbr title="plate 14, figure">pl. xiv, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 198, <abbr title="plate 132">pl. cxxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia arctica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides
+arcticus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Genera of Birds">Gen.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 98.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr>
+Woolwich, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 112 (Cascade Mountains).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy of Sciences">Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc.</abbr> 1868 (Lake
+Tahoe and Sierra Nevada).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 94.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 384.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_584.jpg"
+ width="250" height="220"
+ alt="Illustration: Picoides arcticus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Above entirely uniform glossy bluish-black; a square patch on the middle
+of the crown saffron-yellow, and a few
+white spots on the outer edges of both
+webs of the primary and secondary
+quills. Beneath white, on the sides of
+whole body, axillars, and inner wing-coverts
+banded transversely with black.
+Crissum white, with a few spots anteriorly.
+A narrow concealed white
+line from the eye a short distance backwards,
+and a white stripe from the
+extreme forehead (meeting anteriorly)
+under the eye, and down the sides of
+the neck, bordered below by a narrow
+stripe of black. Bristly feathers of the
+base of the bill brown; sometimes a
+few gray intermixed. Exposed portion
+of two outer tail-feathers (first and
+second) white; the third obliquely white at end, tipped with black. Sometimes these
+feathers with a narrow black tip.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Northern North America; south to northern borders of United States in winter.
+Massachusetts (<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr>, 1870, 129). Sierra Nevada, south to 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Lake
+Tahoe (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>); Carson City (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p>
+
+<p>This species differs from the other American three-toed Woodpeckers
+chiefly in having the back entirely black. The white line from the eye is
+usually almost imperceptible, if not wanting entirely. Specimens vary very
+little; one from Slave Lake has a longer bill than usual, and the top of
+head more orange. The size of the vertex patch varies; sometimes the
+frontal whitish is inappreciable. None of the females before me have any
+white spots in the black of head, as in that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The variations in this species are very slight, being chiefly in the shade of
+the yellow patch on the crown, which varies from a sulphur tint to a rich
+orange. Sometimes there is the faintest trace of a whitish post-ocular
+streak, but usually this is wholly absent. Western and Eastern examples
+appear to be identical.</p>
+
+<!--585.png--><!--Plate 50-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_50.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="50">L.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-1" id="pl_50-1"></a><img src="images/pl_50-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides arcticus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Nova Scotia, 26923.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-2" id="pl_50-2"></a><img src="images/pl_50-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides americanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> New Brunswick, 39143.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-3" id="pl_50-3"></a><img src="images/pl_50-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 4482.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-4" id="pl_50-4"></a><img src="images/pl_50-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 46804.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-5" id="pl_50-5"></a><img src="images/pl_50-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus scalaris</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas, 9933.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-6" id="pl_50-6"></a><img src="images/pl_50-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus nuttalli</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5400.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-7" id="pl_50-7"></a><img src="images/pl_50-7.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 7"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16066.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_50-8" id="pl_50-8"></a><img src="images/pl_50-8.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 50 detail 8"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--586.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p><!--587.png--><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 531]</span>
+<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species has a well-defined and extended distribution, from
+the Pacific to the Atlantic, and from the northern portions of the United
+States to the extreme Arctic regions. In the United States it has been found
+as far south as Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio, but rarely; and, so far as
+I am aware, it is a winter visitant only to any but the extreme northern portions
+of the Union, except along the line of the Rocky Mountains and the
+Sierra Nevada. Audubon says it occurs in Northern Massachusetts, and in
+all portions of Maine that are covered by forests of tall trees, where it constantly
+resides. He saw a few in the Great Pine Forest of Pennsylvania,
+and Dr. Bachman noticed several in the neighborhood of Niagara Falls,
+and was of the opinion that it breeds in the northern part of New York.
+The same writer describes the nesting-place of the Arctic Woodpecker as
+generally bored in the body of a sound tree, near its first large branches.
+He observed no particular choice as to the timber, having seen it in oaks,
+pines, etc. The nest, like that of most of this family, is worked out by both
+sexes, and requires fully a week for its completion. Its usual depth is
+from twenty to twenty-four inches. It is smooth and broad at the bottom,
+although so narrow at its entrance as to appear scarcely sufficient to enable
+one of the birds to enter it. The eggs are from four to six, rather rounded
+and pure white. Only one brood is raised in the season. The young follow
+their parents until the autumn. In the southern districts where these
+Woodpeckers are found, their numbers are greatly increased in the winter
+by accessions from the North.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found this species quite numerous, in September, in the vicinity
+of Lake Tahoe and the summits of the Sierra Nevada, above an altitude of
+six thousand feet. From thence this bird has a northern range chiefly on
+the east side of these mountains and of the Cascade Range. None were
+seen near the Lower Columbia. At the lake they were quite fearless, coming
+close to the hotel, and industriously rapping the trees in the evening and
+in the early morning. Farther north Dr. Cooper found them very wild,
+owing probably to their having been hunted by the Indians for their skins,
+which they consider very valuable. He noticed their burrows in low pine-trees
+near the lake, where he had no doubt they also raise their young. Dr.
+Cooper has always found them very silent birds, though in the spring they
+probably have more variety of calls. The only note he heard was a shrill,
+harsh, rattling cry, quite distinct from that of any other Woodpecker.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of this Woodpecker is described as rapid, gliding, and greatly
+undulated. Occasionally it will fly to quite a distance before it alights,
+uttering, from time to time, a loud shrill note.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Verrill says this bird is very common in Western Maine, in
+the spring, fall, and winter, or from the middle of October to the middle or
+end of March. It is not known to occur there in the summer. Near Calais
+a few are seen, and it is supposed to breed, but is not common. In Massachusetts
+it is only a rare and accidental visitant, occurring usually late in
+<!--588.png--><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 532]</span>
+winter or in March. Two were taken near Salem in November. It is also
+a rare winter visitant near Hamilton in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway met with but a single individual of this species during his
+Western explorations. This was shot in February, near Carson City, Nevada;
+it was busily engaged in pecking upon the trunk of a large pine, and was
+perfectly silent.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John K. Lord obtained a single specimen of this bird on the summit
+of the Cascade Mountains. It was late in September, and getting cold; the
+bird was flying restlessly from tree to tree, but not searching for insects.
+Both when on the wing and when clinging to a tree, it was continually
+uttering a shrill, plaintive cry. Its favorite tree is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinus contorta</i>, which
+grows at great altitudes. It is found chiefly on hill-tops, while in the valleys
+and lower plains it is replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides hirsutus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eggs of this species were obtained by Professor Agassiz on the northern
+shore of Lake Superior. They were slightly ovate, nearly spherical, rounded
+at one end and abruptly pointed at the other, of a crystal whiteness, and
+measured .91 of an inch in length by .70 in breadth.</p>
+
+<p>An egg received from Mr. Krieghoff is small in proportion to the size
+of the bird, nearly spherical in form, and of a uniform dull-white color. It
+measures .92 of an inch in length by .76 in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</b>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE WHITE-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus hirsutus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 68, <abbr title="plate 124">pl. cxxiv</abbr> (European specimen).&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 27 (mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</i>).&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839,
+184, <abbr title="plate 417">pl. ccccxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, <abbr title="plate 269">pl. cclxix</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,)
+1840, 622. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus hirsutus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides hirsutus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+98.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 95. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus undulatus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 69 (based
+on <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches enluminéz">Pl. enl.</abbr> 553, fictitious species?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus undatus</i>, <abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus undosus</i>, <abbr title="Cuvier"><span class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Regnum Animale">R. A.</abbr>
+1829, 451 (all based on same figure). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia undulata</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein.
+IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 28. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor. Am.</abbr> 1831, 311, <abbr title="plate 56">pl. lvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides
+americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vögel Deutschlands</span>, 1831, 195.&mdash;<span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Monograph">Mon.</abbr> Picidæ, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+176, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>, 36.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue British Museum Three">Cat. Br. Mus. III</abbr>, 3, 4, 1868, 30. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus
+americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Classification Two">Class. II</abbr>, 1837, 306. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus avium picinarum">Consp. Av. Picin.</abbr> 1866, 15. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides dorsalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 100, <abbr title="plate 85, figure">pl.
+lxxxv, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870 (under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. americanus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia dorsalis</i>,
+<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus dorsalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1866, 14.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Black above. The back markings of white, transverse in summer, and
+longitudinal in winter; these extend to the rump, which is sometimes almost wholly
+white. A white line from behind the eye, widening on the nape, and a broader one
+under the eye from the loral region, but not extending on the forehead; occiput and sides
+of head uniform black. Quills, but not coverts, spotted on both webs with white, seen on
+inner webs of inner secondaries. Under parts, including crissum, white; the sides, including
+axillars and lining of wing, banded transversely with black. Exposed portion of outer
+three tail-feathers white; that of third much less, and sometimes with a narrow tip of
+black. Upper tail-coverts sometimes tipped with white, and occasionally, but very rarely,
+<!--589.png--><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 533]</span>
+banded with the same. Top of the head spotted, streaked, or suffused with white; the
+crown of the male with a yellow patch. Nasal bristles black, mixed with gray. Female
+with the whole top of head usually spotted with white, very rarely entirely black.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Arctic regions of North America; southward in the Rocky Mountains to Fort
+Buchanan; northern border of the Eastern United States, in winter (Massachusetts,
+<span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p>
+
+<p>This species varies considerably in its markings, especially in the amount
+of white above. The head is sometimes more coarsely spotted with white
+than in the average; very rarely are the white spots wanting, leaving merely
+the broad malar and interrupted post-ocular stripe. The rictal black stripe
+is sometimes much obscured by white. In typical specimens from the Hudson
+Bay and Labrador Provinces, which seem to be darkest, the feathers of
+the centre of the back have three transverse bars of white (one of them
+terminal), rather narrower than the intermediate black bars; the basal white
+ones disappearing both anteriorly and posteriorly, leaving but two. In
+specimens from the Mackenzie River district there is a greater development
+of white; the white bands being broader than the black, and sometimes
+extending along the shafts so as to reduce the black bars to pairs of spots.
+The next step is the disappearance of these spots on one side or the other, or
+on both, leaving the end of the feathers entirely white, especially anteriorly,
+where the back may have a longitudinal stripe of white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>.
+Usually, however, in this extreme, the upper tail-coverts remain banded
+transversely. In all the specimens from the Rocky Mountains of the United
+States, especially Laramie Peak, this white back, unbarred except on the
+rump, is a constant character, and added to it we have a broad nuchal patch
+of white running into that of the back and connected with the white post-ocular
+stripe. The bands, too, on the sides of the body, are less distinct. It
+was to this state of plumage that the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. dorsalis</i> was applied, in
+1858, and although in view of the connecting links it may not be entitled to
+consideration as a distinct race, this tendency to a permanence of the longitudinal
+direction of the white markings above seems to be especially characteristic
+of the Rocky Mountain region, appearing only in winter birds from
+elsewhere. This same character prevails in all the Rocky Mountain specimens
+from more northern regions, including those from Fort Liard, and in
+only one not found in that region, namely, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,905, collected at Nulato by
+Mr. Dall. Here the middle of the back is very white, although the nuchal
+band is less distinct. Other specimens from that locality and the Yukon
+River generally, as also from Kodiak, distinctly show the transverse bars.</p>
+
+<p>In one specimen (29,126) from the Mackenzie River, all the upper tail-coverts
+are banded decidedly with white, and the wing-coverts spotted with
+the same. Even the central tail-feathers show white scallops. The back is,
+however, banded transversely very distinctly, not longitudinally.</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. americanus</i> in all stages of color is distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i> by the
+white along the middle of the back, the absence of distinct frontal white
+<!--590.png--><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 534]</span>
+and black bands, more numerous spots of white on the head, etc. The inner
+webs of inner secondaries are banded with white, not uniform black. The
+maxillary black stripe is rather larger than the rictal white one, not smaller.
+The size is decidedly smaller. Females almost always have the top of head
+spotted with white instead of uniform black, which is the rule in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that the difference in the amount of white on the upper
+parts of this species is to some extent due to age and season, the winter
+specimens and the young showing it to the greatest degree. Still, however,
+there is a decided geographical relationship, as already indicated.</p>
+
+<p>This race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tridactylus</i> can be easily distinguished from the European
+form of Northern and Alpine Europe by the tail-feathers; of these, the outer
+three are white (the rest black) as far as exposed, without any bands; the
+tip of the third being white only at the end. The supra-ocular white stripe
+is very narrow and scarcely appreciable; the crissum white and unbanded.
+The back is banded transversely in one variety, striped longitudinally in the
+other. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tridactylus</i> the outer two feathers on each side are white,
+banded with black; the outer with the bands regular and equal from base;
+the second black, except one or two terminal bands. The crissum is well
+banded with black; the back striped longitudinally with white; the supra-ocular
+white stripe almost as broad as the infra-ocular. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crisoleucus</i>, of
+Siberia, is similar to the last, but differs in white crissum, and from both
+species in the almost entire absence of dark bands on the sides, showing the
+Arctic maximum of white.</p>
+
+<p>We follow Sundevall in using the specific name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i>, Brehm, for this
+species, as being the first legitimately belonging to it. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. hirsutus</i> of Vieillot,
+usually adopted, is based on a European bird, and agrees with it, though
+referred by the author to the American. The name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</i>, Vieillot,
+selected by Cabanis, is based on Buffon’s figure (<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches enluminéz">Pl. enl.</abbr> 553) of a bird said
+to be from Cayenne, with four toes; the whole top of the head red from base
+of bill to end of occiput, with the edges of the dorsal feathers narrowly
+white, and with the three lateral tail-feathers regularly banded with black,
+tipped with red; the fourth, banded white and black on outer web, tipped
+with black. None of those features belong to the bird of Arctic America,
+and the markings answer, if to either, better to the European.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This rare and interesting species, so far as has been ascertained,
+is nowhere a common or well-known bird. It is probably exclusively of
+Arctic residence, and only occasionally or very rarely is found so far south as
+Massachusetts. In the winter of 1836 I found a specimen exposed for sale
+in the Boston market, which was sent in alcohol to Mr. Audubon. Two
+specimens have been taken in Lynn, by Mr. Welch, in 1868. They occur,
+also, in Southern Wisconsin in the winter, where Mr. Kumlien has several
+times, in successive winters, obtained single individuals.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Richardson states that this bird is to be met with in all the
+forests of spruce and fir lying between Lake Superior and the Arctic Sea, and
+<!--591.png--><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 535]</span>
+that it is the most common Woodpecker north of Great Slave Lake, whence
+it has frequently been sent to the Smithsonian Institution. It is said to
+greatly resemble <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. villosus</i> in habits, except that it seeks its food principally
+upon decaying trees of the pine tribe, in which it frequently makes
+holes large enough to bury itself. It is not migratory.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPHYROPICUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. Ateneo Italiano</abbr>, May, 1854. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. thyroideus</i>) preoccupied
+in crustaceans.</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 101. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius</i>,) <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A.
+N. S.</abbr> 1866, 52 (anatomy).</p>
+
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 2, 1863, 80. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. varius</i>.)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_591.jpg"
+ width="250" height="183"
+ alt="Illustration: Sphyropicus nuchalis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">20511</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> </p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, but the lateral ridge, which is very prominent, running
+out distinctly to the commissure
+at about its middle,
+beyond which the bill is
+rounded without any angles
+at all. The culmen and
+gonys are very nearly
+straight, but slightly convex,
+the bill tapering rapidly
+to a point; the lateral
+outline concave to very
+near the slightly bevelled
+tip. Outer pair of toes
+longest; the hinder exterior
+rather longest; the
+inner posterior toe very
+short, less than the inner
+anterior without its claw.
+Wings long and pointed; the third, excluding the spurious, longest. Tail-feathers very
+broad, abruptly acuminate, with a very long linear tip. Tongue scarcely extensible.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</i>, instituted in 1858, proves to be so strongly marked
+in its characters that Dr. Coues proposes to make it the type of a distinct
+subfamily, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicinæ</i> (<abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Acad.</abbr> 1866, 52). In addition to the peculiarities
+already indicated, there is a remarkable feature in the tongue, which,
+according to Dr. Coues, Dr. Hoy, Dr. Bryant, and others, is incapable of protrusion
+much beyond the tip of the bill, or not more than the third of an
+inch. Dr. Coues states that the apo-hyal and cerato-hyal elements of the
+hyoid bone do not reach back much beyond the tympano-maxillary articulation,
+instead of extending round, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</i>, over the occiput to the top of the
+cranium, or even curving into an osseous groove around the orbit. The basihyals
+supporting the tongue are shorter and differently shaped. The tongue
+itself is short and flattened, with a superior longitudinal median groove and
+a corresponding inferior ridge; the tip is broad and flattened and obtusely
+<!--592.png--><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 536]</span>
+rounded, and with numerous long and soft bristly hairs. This is, of course,
+very different from the long, extensile, acutely pointed tongue of other
+Woodpeckers, with its tip armed with a few strong, sharp, short, recurved
+barbs.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hoy and Dr. Coues maintain that the food of these Woodpeckers consists
+mainly of the cambium or soft inner bark of trees, which is cut out
+in patches sometimes of several inches in extent, and usually producing
+square holes in the bark, not rounded ones. As may be supposed, such proceedings
+are very injurious to the trees, and justly call down the vengeance
+of their proprietors. This diet is varied with insects and fruits, when they
+can be had, but it is believed that cambium is their principal sustenance.</p>
+
+<p>This strongly marked genus appears to be composed of two sections and
+three well-defined species; the first being characterized by having the back
+variegated with whitish, and the jugulum with a sharply defined crescentic
+patch of black, though the latter is sometimes concealed by red, when the
+whole head and neck are of the latter color, and the sharply defined striped
+pattern of the cephalic regions, seen in the normal plumage, obliterated.
+Comparing the extreme conditions of plumage to be seen in this type, as in
+the females of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> and of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</i>, the differences appear wide indeed, and
+few would entertain for a moment a suspicion of their specific identity; yet
+upon carefully examining a sufficiently large series of specimens, we find
+these extremes to be connected by an unbroken transition, and are thus led
+to view these different conditions as manifestations of a peculiar law principally
+affecting a certain color, which leads us irresistibly to the conclusion
+that the group which at first seemed to compose a section of the genus is in
+reality only an association of forms of specific identity. Beginning with the
+birds of the Atlantic region (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>), we find in this series the minimum
+amount of red; indeed, many adult females occur which lack this color entirely,
+having not only the whole throat white, but the entire pileum glossy-black;
+usually, however, the latter is crimson. In adult males from this
+region the front and crown are always crimson, sharply defined, and bordered
+laterally and posteriorly with glossy-black; and below the black occipital
+band is another of dirty white; the crimson of the throat is wholly confined
+between the continuous broad, black malar stripes, and there is no
+tinge of red on the auriculars; there is a broad, sharply defined stripe of
+white beginning with the nasal tufts, passing beneath the black loral and
+auricular stripe, and continuing downward into the yellowish of the abdomen,
+giving the large, glossy-black pectoral area a sharply defined outline;
+the dirty whitish nuchal band is continued forward beneath the black occipital
+crescent to above the middle of the eye. The pattern just described
+will be found in ninety-nine out of a hundred specimens from the Eastern
+Province of North America (also the West Indies and whole of Mexico);
+but a single adult male, from Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,071, W. M. Baird), has
+the whitish nuchal band distinctly tinged with red, though differing in
+<!--593.png--><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 537]</span>
+this respect only, while an adult female, from Washington, D. C. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,260,
+C. Drexler), has the lower part of the throat much mixed with red.</p>
+
+<p>Taking next the specimens from the Rocky Mountains and Middle Province
+of the United States (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nuchalis</i>), we find that <em>all</em> the specimens possess
+<em>both</em> these additional amounts of the red, there being always a red, instead
+of dirty-white, nuchal crescent, while in the female the lower part of
+the throat is always more or less red; in addition, the male has the red of
+the throat reaching laterally to the white stripe, thus interrupting the black
+malar one, which is always unbroken in the eastern form; and in addition,
+the auriculars are frequently mixed with red. Proceeding towards the Columbia
+River, we find the red increasing, or escaping the limits to which it is
+confined in the normal pattern, staining the white and black areas in different
+places, and tingeing the whitish which borders the black pectoral area.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, in the series from the Pacific coast (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ruber</i>), we find the whole
+normal pattern rendered scarcely definable&mdash;sometimes entirely obliterated&mdash;by
+the extension of the red, which covers continuously the whole head,
+neck, and breast; but nearly always the normal pattern may be traced, the
+feathers of the normally black areas being dusky beneath the surface, and
+those of the usual white stripes very white for the concealed portion.
+Usually, in this form, the red of the breast covers only the black pectoral
+area; but in extreme specimens it reaches back to the middle of the body
+beneath, and stains the white spots of the back.</p>
+
+<p>With the increase of the red as we proceed westward, there is also a decrease
+in the amount of white above; thus, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> the whole back is
+irregularly spotted with dirty white and black,&mdash;the former predominating,
+the latter most conspicuous as a medial, broken broad stripe,&mdash;and the
+lateral tail-feathers are much variegated by white spots. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> the
+back is mostly unbroken glossy-black, with two parallel <em>narrow</em> stripes of
+white converging at their lower ends; and the lateral tail-feather is almost
+wholly black, having merely a narrow white border toward the end. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ruber</i>
+is most like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>, but has the white still more restricted.</p>
+
+<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> the bill is dark brown, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> it is deep black, and in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</i>
+wax-brown. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> the yellow of the lower parts is deepest, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>
+just appreciable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Wing with a white patch on the middle and greater coverts. Markings
+along the sides with a longitudinal tendency.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius.</b> Back variegated medially with brownish-white; secondaries
+with transverse rows of white spots.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><i class="identifying-characteristic">White and black stripes on side of head sharply defined, as is also
+the black pectoral crescent. Red confined to isolated patches,&mdash;two
+large ones, one on the crown and one on the throat; when there is
+more, only a tinge on the auriculars, and a crescent on nape.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Crown sometimes glossy black without a trace of red on the female;
+no tinge of scarlet on the nape. Red of the throat entirely confined
+<!--594.png--><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 538]</span>
+within the broad, continuous black maxillary stripe. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the
+throat wholly white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America, south
+in winter into West Indies, and over whole of Mexico, to Guatemala
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Crown always red in adult. A nuchal crescent of scarlet in both
+sexes. Red of the throat not confined by the black maxillary stripe,
+which is interrupted by it in the middle, allowing the red to touch the
+white stripe; a tinge of red on the auriculars. <i class="sex">Female</i> always with
+more or less red on lower part of the throat. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains
+and Middle Province of United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3"><i class="identifying-characteristic">White and black stripes on side of head obsolete, as is also the black
+pectoral crescent, caused by being overspread by a continuous red
+wash extending over whole head, neck, and breast.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Whole head, neck, and breast red, with the light and dark stripes of
+the normal pattern only faintly traceable. Sexes similar. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific
+Province of United States, north to British Columbia
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. williamsoni.</b> Back unvariegated; secondaries without bands of
+white spots.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">Whole crown and upper parts (except lower part of rump and
+upper tail-coverts, and wing-patch), a stripe on side of head, a broader
+one on side of the throat, and the whole jugulum and sides of the
+breast, unbroken glossy-black; abdomen bright lemon-yellow. <i class="sex">Male</i>
+with a narrow stripe of scarlet on middle of the throat. <i class="sex">Female</i> with
+it white. <i class="age">Young</i> like the adult. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Wing without a white patch. Markings on sides regularly transverse.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. thyroideus.</b> Head all round light brown; abdomen bright lemon-yellow;
+rump and upper tail-coverts white. Entire upper surface, with
+sides, regularly and continuously barred with black and white, in nearly
+equal amount; the black bars usually coalesced on the jugulum into a more
+or less extensive patch. <i class="sex">Male</i> with the throat tinged medially with scarlet.
+<i class="sex">Female</i> without any red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States.</p>
+
+<!--595.png--><!--Plate 51-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_51.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="51">LI</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_51-1" id="pl_51-1"></a><img src="images/pl_51-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_51-2" id="pl_51-2"></a><img src="images/pl_51-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2107.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_51-3" id="pl_51-3"></a><img src="images/pl_51-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Wyoming, 10769.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_51-4" id="pl_51-4"></a><img src="images/pl_51-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Wyoming, 10783.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_51-5" id="pl_51-5"></a><img src="images/pl_51-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus williamsoni</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16090.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_51-6" id="pl_51-6"></a><img src="images/pl_51-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 51 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus ruber</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6038.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--596.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--597.png--><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 539]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One">L. Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 176.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique">Ois. Am.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 63, <abbr title="plate 118, 119">pl. cxviii,
+cxix.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 147, <abbr title="plate 9, figure">pl. ix, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 16.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 519; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 537, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 190.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of American Four">Amer. IV</abbr>,
+1842, 263, <abbr title="plate 267">pl. cclxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 138.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span> Cab. Jour.
+VI</abbr>, 1858, 416 (refers to peculiar tongue).&mdash;<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 270 (Jamaica).&mdash;<span class="sc">Newton</span>,
+Ibis, 1860, 308 (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix).&mdash;<span class="sc">Taylor</span>, Ibis, 1860, 119 (Honduras).&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 33.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Dendrocopus) varius</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>,
+1831, 309. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus varius</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod. Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus
+varius</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus.</abbr> 80. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus atrothorax</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><span class="sc">Lesson</span>, Traité d’Ornithologie</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+1831, 229.&mdash;<span class="sc">Pucheran</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique 7">Rev. Zoöl. VII</abbr>, 1835, 21. (Refers it to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius</i>.)
+<cite>Yellow-bellied Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N.
+Am.</abbr> 1858, 103.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 367 (Xalapa).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 335 (Orizaba).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Ibis, 1859, 136 (Guatemala).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1860, 119 (Honduras).&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> Journal, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>,
+1856, 102.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, Repertorium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1866, 294 (Cuba).&mdash;<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr>
+1859 (Bahamas).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1865, 91 (Anatomy of tongue.)&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468 (breeds
+in Texas).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 96.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 306.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_597.jpg"
+ width="250" height="290"
+ alt="Illustration: Sphyropicus varius"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Third quill longest; second a little shorter; first between fourth and fifth
+considerably shorter. General color above black,
+much variegated with white. Feathers of the
+back and rump brownish-white, spotted with
+black. Crown crimson, bordered by black on
+the sides of the head and nape. A streak from
+above the eye, and a broad stripe from the
+bristles of the bill, passing below the eye, and
+into the yellowish of the belly, enclosing a black
+post-ocular one, and a stripe along the edges of
+the wing-coverts, white. A triangular broad
+patch of scarlet on the chin, bordered on each
+side by black stripes from the lower mandible
+which meet behind, and extend into a large
+quadrate spot on the breast. Rest of under parts
+yellowish-white, or yellow, streaked and banded
+on the sides with black. Inner web of inner
+tail-feather white, spotted with black. Outer
+feathers black, edged and spotted with white.
+Quills spotted with white. Length, 8.25; wing, about 4.75; tail, 3.30. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the
+red of the throat replaced by white. Immature bird without black on the breast, or red
+on top of the head, as in every intermediate stage to the perfect plumage.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Atlantic coast to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains; Greenland;
+West Indies; whole of Mexico, to Guatemala. Localities: ? Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858,
+305); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 335); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 367); Yucatan (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y.
+Lyc. IX</abbr>, 205); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 136); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 119); Cuba (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span>
+J. IV</abbr>, 102); (<abbr title="Gundlach Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 294); Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>,
+1859; <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1867, 65); Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr> 270); <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 308);
+<abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 468; breeds).</p>
+
+<p>There is an occasional variation in the markings of the tail-feathers.
+Thus, in <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 782, from Carlisle, the innermost one is entirely black, while
+<!--598.png--><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 540]</span>
+in 4,631, from the Upper Missouri, the outer web of the same feather has
+nearly, and in 2,107, from Carlisle, it has quite, as much white as the inner
+web. The outer webs do not appear to vary so much.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from the whole of Mexico, including even the west coast, are
+referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>; they are probably winter migrants from the eastern
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>A female, from Washington, D. C. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,260, C. Drexler), has the lower
+half of the throat much mixed with red, as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>; but there is no
+trace of this color on the nape. A male from Carlisle (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,071, W. M.
+Baird) has the nape distinctly tinged with red, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>, but the black
+malar stripe is uninterrupted. Similar specimens have been taken in New
+England, by Messrs. Brewster and Henshaw.</p>
+
+<p>Many females occur with the entire pileum glossy-black, there being no
+trace of red, though there are sometimes specks of white.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-bellied Woodpecker is found throughout the United
+States, from the Gulf of Mexico on the south and the Atlantic on the east
+to the Rocky Mountains, and is met with as far to the north as the 61st
+parallel of latitude. Sir John Richardson found it common in the fur countries,
+being the only Woodpecker that visits those regions in flocks. He
+observed the Yellow-bellied Woodpecker on the north shore of Lake Huron
+on the 14th of April, in 1825, and in 1827 it made its first appearance for
+the season, on the plains of the Saskatchewan, on the 14th of May. Swainson
+received specimens of this Woodpecker from Mexico. De la Sagra and
+Dr. Gundlach both give it in their list of Cuban birds, though not as breeding
+on that island. Gosse obtained several specimens in the months of
+December, January, and February, in Jamaica, where he regarded it as only
+a winter migrant from the northern continent. It is not given by the Newtons
+among the birds of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, but appears in Sclater’s list of the birds
+of Central America, on the authority of Mr. George M. Skinner. Two
+specimens have been taken in Greenland.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, in his account of its breeding habits, speaks of it as a resident
+bird from Cayenne to Hudson’s Bay, as being common in the States of Kentucky
+and Ohio, and as having been found in the neighborhood of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis.
+He describes the habits of this species as similar to those of the Hairy and
+Downy Woodpeckers, with which it generally associates. The only nest of
+this bird which Wilson ever met with was in the body of an old pear-tree,
+about ten or eleven feet from the ground. The hole was almost exactly circular,
+small for the size of the bird, so that it crept in and out with difficulty;
+but the excavation suddenly widened, descending by a small angle, and then
+running downward about fifteen inches. On the smooth solid wood lay four
+white eggs. This was about the 25th of May.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon, on the other hand, speaks of this species as returning to
+Louisiana and the other Southern States only about the beginning of October,
+remaining there during the winter, and again taking its departure before
+<!--599.png--><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 541]</span>
+the beginning of April, after which period he never observed it in those districts.
+A few only, according to the same authority, breed in Kentucky, but
+the greater number migrate to the more northern parts of the Union. He
+describes it, in its habits, as preferring the interior of the forest during the
+spring and summer, seldom showing itself near the habitation of man at
+those seasons. It generally, he adds, bores its nest at a considerable height,
+and usually in the trunk of an undecayed tree, immediately beneath a large
+branch, and on its southern side. The hole is worked out by the male as well
+as the female, in the manner followed by the other species, and to the depth
+of from fifteen to twenty-four inches. The aperture is just large enough to
+admit the birds, but the whole widens gradually towards the bottom, where
+it is large and roomy. The eggs, which are from four to six, and pure white,
+with a slight blush, are deposited on the chips without any nest. The
+young seldom leave the hole until they are fully fledged.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon elsewhere speaks of having found this species extremely
+abundant in the upper parts of the State of Maine and in the Provinces of
+Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; but he saw none in Newfoundland or
+Labrador.</p>
+
+<p>For my specimens of the eggs of this species and valuable information as
+to its habits, I am indebted to Mr. Charles S. Paine, of East Bethel, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>,
+in which State it seems to be quite abundant. In a letter written in the
+summer of 1860, he furnishes the results of his observations relative to their
+habits, so far as they have fallen under his notice.</p>
+
+<p>The Yellow-bellied Woodpeckers reach the central and northern parts of
+that State about the 10th of April. They soon make their presence known
+there by their loud and continued drumming, rather than tapping, on the
+trunks and larger branches of decaying trees. Of this drumming they seem
+to be peculiarly fond, especially where they can produce a loud ringing
+sound. Sometimes, when Mr. Paine had been engaged in the process of preparing
+maple sugar, he had left a few empty wooden buckets hanging on the
+branches of trees, until needed for use. Upon these the bird will drum,
+apparently with the greatest delight. At times they would experiment upon
+the tin pails, but, being unable to obtain good standing-ground, they did not
+follow it up. On such occasions their drumming did not appear to be
+done in the pursuit of worms or food, but was very evidently for their own
+entertainment, or in a spirit of rivalry one with another, as if seeking to
+please their mates. When two male birds meet, they pursue each other
+through the woods with great clamor. They have a loud, distinct, and lively
+note, but their favorite music appears to be this drumming. They mate and
+commence the excavation of their nests the last week in April. Their eggs
+are usually deposited, in this section, somewhere between the 20th of May
+and the first of June. The excavations for their nests are usually made in
+the tops of large decaying trees. He adds that he found four or five of
+these nests that year. The eggs of one of these he was able to obtain without
+<!--600.png--><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 542]</span>
+much trouble, the others had hatched. When the young leave their
+nests they usually keep together, and often four or five may be seen playing
+about the bark of the same tree while waiting for their parents to bring
+them their food.</p>
+
+<p>This species is far more abundant at the West than it is in the New England
+States. In the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts
+it is very rarely met with. It is commonly known as the Sap-Sucker, and
+much better deserves that name than do other species to which this term is
+also applied. Owing to the peculiar formation of its tongue and the muscles
+connected with it, it feeds less readily upon insects, and they form a smaller
+proportion of its food. In the spring of the year these birds prey largely
+upon the inner bark of trees, and where they exist in great numbers often do
+a great deal of mischief. In April, 1868, I visited gardens in Racine, in company
+with Dr. Hoy, where these Woodpeckers had every successive spring
+committed their ravages, and was eyewitness to their performance. Their
+punctures were unlike those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</i>, being much deeper, penetrating
+the inner bark, and, being repeated in close proximity, becomes entirely
+stripped off after a while, often resulting in the girdling and complete destruction
+of the tree. In one garden of some considerable size, all the mountain-ash
+and white-pine trees had thus been killed. In prairie countries,
+where trees are a deficiency and their cultivation both important and attended
+with difficulty, these birds prove a great pest, and in a few hours may
+destroy the labor of many years. These habits, so well known to most of
+our Western farmers, appear to have entirely escaped the notice of our older
+ornithologists.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found these birds near San Antonio at all seasons of the year,
+but rather rare. He shot a couple near the Medina River, and Dr. Heermann
+also procured the eggs in that neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway says that in Southern Illinois this Woodpecker is only a
+winter resident, coming from the north in September or October, and departing
+in April. It is the only one of the eight species of Woodpeckers of
+that section which does not breed there, and also the only one which is not
+resident.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of its eggs from Vermont measure .95 by .70 of an inch. They
+are of an oval shape, a little less rounded at one end than at the other.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE RED-NAPED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 103, <abbr title="plate 35">pl. xxxv</abbr>, figs. 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus
+nuchalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Ibid">Ib.</abbr> 921.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1866, 53.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal.
+Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 204.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 390.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus varius occidentalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 1866, 34. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus nuchalis</i>,
+<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span></abbr> 82.</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--601.png--><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 543]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Markings, generally, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>. A red nuchal crescent. Belly yellowish-white.
+The red of the throat extending over and obliterating the black stripe from the
+lower mandible, except on the side of the jaw. Post-ocular black patch tinged with red.
+Secondaries with little or no white on outer webs. Tail-feathers black, scarcely varied;
+the innermost with inner web, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>. Female similar, but with the chin white;
+the throat red, bordered, as in male, by a black stripe from the bill to the black pectoral
+patch. Length, 8.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 3.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Middle Province of United States. Localities: Fort Mohave (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal.
+Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 53).</p>
+
+<p>This bird, first indicated as a simple variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>, is yet as decidedly
+distinct and constant in its markings as a large number of what are considered
+to be valid species. The principal differences from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> have been
+mentioned above: they consist mainly in the greater development of red, as
+seen in wider throat-patch; nuchal crescent; tinge on cheek; a greater
+amount of black, shown in unspotted outer webs of secondaries and blacker
+tail, and in the paler colors below. The most striking peculiarity is in the
+half-red throat of the female, which is entirely white in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>. The light
+markings of the back are more distinctly arranged in two lines enclosing a
+median of black, which show no concealed white spots as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>. The
+breast is much paler, only slightly tinged with yellow, instead of the rich
+color to which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i> owes its trivial name.</p>
+
+<p>Young birds vary in color to the same excessive degree as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This form, closely allied to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>, was at first known only
+from the southern Rocky Mountains. Afterwards a large number of specimens
+were obtained by Mr. C. Drexler at Fort Bridger, in Utah.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper procured a female specimen of this species at Fort Mohave, on
+the 20th of February, 1861, which had probably wandered in a storm from
+the mountains, and which was the only one he met with. Dr. Heermann
+states, also, that they were not rare at Fort Yuma. Dr. Cooper’s bird was
+silent and inactive, as if exhausted by a long flight. He also saw these birds
+rather common as he crossed the mountains near latitude 48<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> in September,
+1860, and noticed a great similarity in their habits to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>.
+They chiefly frequented small deciduous trees, fed in the usual manner of
+other Woodpeckers, and had also a shrill, unvaried call or note of alarm.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues found this Woodpecker an abundant and a permanent resident
+in Arizona. Its distinctness as a species he did not question. Everywhere
+common, it seemed to prefer live cottonwood-trees and willows. Two specimens
+of this race have been taken in New England,&mdash;one in New Hampshire
+by Mr. William Brewster, the other in Cambridge by Mr. Henshaw.</p>
+
+<p>The Red-naped Woodpecker was found by Mr. Ridgway to be one of the
+most abundant and characteristic species of the Wahsatch and Uintah
+Mountains. It was also found, in greater or less numbers, throughout the
+Great Basin, in the region of his route, and was even obtained on the eastern
+Sierra Nevada, where, however, only one specimen was seen. Its favorite
+resort, during summer, was the aspen groves in the mountains, at an altitude
+<!--602.png--><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 544]</span>
+averaging about seven thousand feet; and even when pine woods were near
+the aspens were invariably chosen as nesting-places. Its excavations were
+always in living trees, and the abandoned ones were taken possession of by
+Purple Martins and White-bellied Swallows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta
+bicolor</i>) as nesting-places. In winter it was found among the cottonwoods
+and willows of the river valleys. Its habits, manners, and notes are described
+as almost perfectly similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus varius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE RED-BREASTED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus ruber</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 429.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 151.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn.
+Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 179, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 261, <abbr title="plate 266">pl. cclxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes ruber</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, <abbr title="Proceedings British Association">Pr. Br. Assoc.</abbr> for 1835.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Conspectus"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 115. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus ruber</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zyg. Aten.
+Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 67. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus
+ruber</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 104.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 160.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr>
+51.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 392. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus ruber</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein.
+IV</abbr>, 1863, 82.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill longest; third intermediate between fourth and fifth. Bill
+brown wax-color. Head and neck all round, and breast, carmine-red. Above black,
+central line of back from nape to rump spotted with whitish; rump, wing-coverts, and
+inner web of the inner tail-feathers white, the latter with a series of round black spots.
+Belly sulphur-yellow, streaked with brown on the sides. Narrow space around and a
+little in front of the eye black. A yellowish stripe from the nostrils, a short distance
+below and behind the eye. Length, about 8.50; wing, 5.00; tail, 3.40. Sexes similar.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific slopes of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>As stated in the remarks before the synopsis on page 1133, there is every
+reason for considering this as merely a geographical race of a species, of
+which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i> are the other forms. The differences from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</i>
+consist merely in an excessive amount of red, this obliterating the normal
+pattern of the cephalic portions; and in an increased amount of black, or a
+manifestation of the melanistic tendency so often distinguishing birds of the
+Pacific coast region from their eastern co-specific representatives.</p>
+
+<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nuchalis</i> is exactly intermediate in all respects between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ruber</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S.
+varius</i>,&mdash;the extremes,&mdash;while each of the latter is connected with the intermediate
+race by specimens combining the characters of both races.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The geographical distribution of this form seems to be restricted
+to the Pacific coast region.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper only met with these birds three times in Washington Territory.
+This was in spring and fall. He speaks of them as being very shy, silent,
+and retiring, remaining among the dense tops of the dark forest trees.
+Whether it resides and breeds in the Territory he had no means of determining.
+Dr. Suckley saw but one specimen, and regarded it as confined, for
+the most part, to the close vicinity of the coast.</p>
+
+<p><!--603.png--><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 545]</span>
+Mr. Audubon assigns to it the same distribution, but is only able to give
+the information in regard to its habits which he derived from the observations
+of Mr. Nuttall, which, however, do not correspond with those of Dr.
+Cooper. Mr. Nuttall states that this species, seen in the forests of the Columbia
+and the Blue Mountains, has most of the habits of the common Red-headed
+species. He concedes that it is less familiar, and that it keeps generally
+among the tall fir-trees, in the dead trunks of which it burrows out a
+hole for a nest, sometimes at a great elevation. On approaching one that
+was feeding its young in one of these situations, it uttered a loud reverberating
+<i class="birdcall">t’rr</i>, and seemed angry and solicitous at his approach. He adds that
+this species also inhabits California, as well as the northwest coast up to
+Nootka, and that it is found eastward as far as the central chain of the
+Rocky Mountains. An egg taken from a nest which contained four was
+1.25 in length and .75 of an inch in breadth. It was smooth, equally
+rounded at both ends, though somewhat elongated, and pure white.</p>
+
+<p>We are confident that there must be some mistake in this statement.
+The disproportion between the length and the breadth is unprecedented.
+Even in the most oblong egg there is rarely so much as twenty-five per cent
+difference.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Birds of California, speaks of it as rather a northern bird,
+having seen none south of Santa Clara, and there only in the mountains of
+the Coast Range in early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann found this form not at all rare in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
+and occasionally met a stray one among the valleys. Their call-note
+was similar to the cry of a child in distress, and was very disagreeable.
+In their quick, restless motions, and their untiring diligence in quest of food,
+they resemble the rest of the Woodpecker family.</p>
+
+<p>It was noticed by Mr. Ridgway only on the Sierra Nevada, and he is not
+certain that he saw it on the eastern slope of that range.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus williamsoni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WILLIAMSON’S WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus williamsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> California and Oregon Route, 89, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Reports Six">P. R. R. Repts.
+VI</abbr>, 1857, <abbr title="plate 34">pl. xxxiv</abbr>, fig. 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes rubrigularis</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>
+Annals and <abbr title="Magazine of Natural History, third">Mag. N. H. 3d</abbr> series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 1858, 127.&mdash;<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1858, 2, <abbr title="plate 131">pl. cxxxi</abbr>.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus williamsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 105, <abbr title="plate 34, figure">pl. xxxiv, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr>
+1866, 54.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 204.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 393. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus
+williamsoni</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Four"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV</abbr>, 1863, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes williamsoni</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue British Museum">Catal. Br. Mus.</abbr> 1868, 116.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Rich black; middle line of belly yellow; central line of chin and throat
+above red. A large patch on the wing, rump, and upper tail-coverts, a line from the forehead
+beneath the eye, and another from its upper border, white. Tail entirely black. Exposed
+<!--604.png--><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 546]</span>
+surface of quills without any white, except on the outer primaries. Female with
+the chin white instead of red. Length, 9.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.70.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rocky Mountains to the Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada. Localities: West
+Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54).</p>
+
+<p>Head and neck all round, sides of breast and body, upper parts generally,
+wings, and tail, glossy greenish-black. A well-defined white stripe from the
+nostrils (including the bristly nasal feathers) passing backwards under the
+eye; another, nearly parallel, starting at the upper part of the eye, and nearly
+meeting its fellow on the occiput. Chin and throat red along their central
+line. A large patch on the wing, including the exposed portions of the
+middle and greater coverts, white, although the anterior lesser coverts are
+black. The inner face of the wings, excepting the smaller coverts, is black,
+banded transversely on the inner primaries with white; the sides of body
+behind and under tail-coverts white, with broadly V-shaped bands of black,
+which color on the latter occupies the whole central portion of the feathers.
+Rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; back with a few indistinct
+and concealed spots of the same. Quills black; the margins of exterior
+primaries spotted with white, the inner margins only of the remaining quills
+with similar but larger and more transverse blotches. Middle of the body,
+from the breast to the vent, sulphur-yellow, with the exception of the
+type which had been preserved in alcohol (which sometimes extracts the
+red of feathers). We have seen no specimen (except young birds, marked
+female), in a considerable number, without red on the chin, and are inclined
+to think that both sexes exhibit this character. Young birds from the Rocky
+Mountains are very similar to the adult, but have the throat marked white,
+and the inner web of innermost tail-feather banded with the same color.
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 16,090, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> ad. (Fort Crook, California), has a single crimson feather in
+the middle of the forehead.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This comparatively new species of Woodpecker was first discovered
+by Dr. Newberry in the pine forest on the eastern border of the
+upper Klamath Lake. Its habits appeared to him to be very similar to those
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gairdneri</i>, which inhabit the same region. The individual
+he procured was creeping up the trunk of a large yellow pine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. brachyptera</i>),
+searching for insects in the bark. Its cry was very like that of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. harrisi</i>. Although killed by the first fire, a second discharge was required
+to detach it from the limb to which it clung fast.</p>
+
+<p>According to Dr. Coues, it is resident and not uncommon in the Territory
+of Arizona, occurring exclusively among the pine-trees. It is said to range
+from both slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, from as far north
+at least as Oregon. Fort Whipple is supposed to be about its southern
+limit. Dr. Coues states that this species possesses the anatomical peculiarities
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>, and that its habits entirely correspond. Mr. Allen found
+it abundant on the sides of Mount Lincoln, in Colorado Territory.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper met with a straggler of this species in the valley of the Colorado,
+<!--605.png--><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 547]</span>
+shot on the 12th of March, 1861. In September, 1863, he found them
+rather common near the summit of the Sierra Nevada, latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, where he
+shot two. It has since been met with at Laramie Peak, and near the mouth
+of the Klamath River.</p>
+
+<p>It was found by Mr. Ridgway on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada,
+and again on the Wahsatch Mountains; in both regions inhabiting the pine
+forests exclusively, and in neither place at all common. It occurred so seldom
+that Mr. Ridgway could learn but little concerning the peculiarities of
+its habits, etc. Its common note is a plaintive wailing squeal, much like
+that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i> (common to all the members of the genus), but other notes
+were heard which were quite peculiar.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus thyroideus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN-HEADED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus thyroideus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1851, 349 (California).&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second series Two">2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 270.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes thyroideus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1854, 201, <abbr title="plate 32">pl. xxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus thyroideus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp. Zygod.
+Aten. Ital.</abbr> 1854, 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus thyroideus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 106&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>,
+<abbr title="Illustrations Birds of North America, Two, plate">Ill. Birds N. Am. II, pl.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cass.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1863, 204.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 52.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Birds of America, One, plate 35">B. Am. I, pl. xxxv</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1,
+1870, 394. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Picus nataliæ</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie">Cab. Journ. f. Ornith.</abbr> 1854, 171.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+About the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. varius</i>. Head dark ashy-brown; general color ashy-brown;
+head and neck scarcely marked; middle line of belly sulphur-yellow; rump and
+upper coverts pure white; rest of body apparently encircled by narrow transverse and
+continuous bands (crossing the wings and tail) of black, the outer spaces becoming whiter
+behind; a large round black patch on the breast. No red on top of the head. Male with
+reddish chin. Length, about 9.00; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.10.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cascade and Coast Ranges of California and Oregon; Sierra Nevada, Wahsatch,
+and Rocky Mountains. Localities: West Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54).</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the characters already assigned, the crown of the head is
+indistinctly streaked or spotted with black. The under coverts are barred
+with black. The tail-feathers are black, the inner and outer barred transversely
+with white on both webs; the shafts, however, entirely black. The
+quills are all spotted with white on both webs.</p>
+
+<p>The jugular black patch shows more or less indication of the transverse
+bands, and is sometimes wanting, leaving the bands distinct. In one specimen
+(38,285 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Laramie Peak) it is remarkably large and almost unbroken,
+while the black malar stripe is decidedly indicated; on the back the black
+bars much exceed in width the light ones, which are nearly white. The
+generic rictal white stripe is usually inappreciable, as also the black maxillary
+one, although both can be detected in some specimens.</p>
+
+<p>A young bird is not appreciably different from the adult.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper regards this bird as quite a rare species. He has
+never met with it, and doubts if it is ever found so far south as San Francisco.
+<!--606.png--><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 548]</span>
+Mr. J. G. Bell, of New York, was the first to meet with this bird in
+the Lower Sierra Nevada.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann procured specimens among the southern mines, near the
+Colorado River, where they were especially frequenting the pine-trees in
+search of their food. He saw none of them alight on an oak, though those
+trees were abundant in that locality. It has since been met with near Fort
+Crook, and Dr. Cooper thinks it probable they may be more common in the
+mountains of Eastern Oregon and in those of Central Utah.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues says that it is resident, but very rare, in Arizona. It frequents
+pine-trees by preference. Its range is said to include both slopes of the Rocky
+Mountains, from Oregon to the Rio Grande, and probably to Sonora.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this rare Woodpecker on the Sierra Nevada and
+Wahsatch Mountains, where it inhabited the same woods with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. williamsoni</i>;
+it appeared to have the same manners and notes as that species, but it
+was so seldom met with that nothing satisfactory could be learned concerning
+its habits. Its conspicuously barred coloration gives it much the appearance
+of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</i>, when flying.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">HYLOTOMUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Mémoires de l'Academie de">Mém. Ac.</abbr> Metz, 1849, 322. (Not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, 1831.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Zygod. in Aten. Ital.</abbr> May, 1854. (Not of <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylatomus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 107. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pileatus</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phlæotomus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span></abbr> 1863. (Same type.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill a little longer than the head; considerably depressed, or broader than
+high at the base; shaped much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, except shorter, and without the
+bristly feathers directed forwards at the base of the lower jaw. Gonys about half the
+length of the commissure. Tarsus shorter than any toe, except the inner posterior.
+Outer posterior toe shorter than the outer anterior, and a little longer than the inner
+anterior. Inner posterior very short, not half the outer anterior; about half the inner
+anterior one. Tail long, graduated; the longer feathers much incurved at the tip. Wing
+longer than the tail, reaching to the middle of the exposed surface of tail; considerably
+graduated, though pointed; the fourth and fifth quills longest. Color uniform black.
+Head with pointed occipital crest. A stripe from nasal tufts beneath the eye and down
+side of neck, throat, lining of wing, and basal portion of under surface of quills, white;
+some species with the abdomen and sides barred black and brownish-white; others with
+a white scapular stripe in addition. Male with whole crown and crest and maxillary
+patch red; female with only the crest red.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is similar in general appearance and size to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>, but
+differs essentially in many respects; the differences being, however, mostly
+those which distinguish all other Woodpeckers from the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>,
+which is unique in the peculiar structure of the tail-feathers, the great
+graduation of the tertials (sixth, instead of third or fourth, longest), and very
+long gonys with the flat tuft of hair like feathers at its base. The less development
+of the outer hind toe in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i>, which is about exactly intermediate
+<!--607.png--><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 549]</span>
+between the outer and inner anterior, the outer largest, instead of being
+longest, and having the outer anterior intermediate between it and the
+inner, the shorter bill, the gonys fully half the length of the commissure,
+are additional distinctive features.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_607.jpg"
+ width="300" height="249"
+ alt="Illustration: Hylotomus pileatus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1723</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</i> there are several species in tropical America, all differing,
+however, in transversely banded lower parts, while some have a broad white
+scapular stripe; in these features of coloration (but in these only, for the head
+pattern is always much as in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. pileatus</i>) they resemble closely species
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. guatemalensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. albirostris</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. malherbei</i>, etc.,) found in
+the same region; one (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. scapularis</i>, of Mexico) even has a whitish ivory-like
+bill. They may all be distinguished from the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</i>,
+however, by the generic differences.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--608.png--><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 550]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK WOODCOCK; LOG-COCK.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus System Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I.</abbr> 1766, 173.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 58,
+<abbr title="plate 110">pl. cx.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 27, <abbr title="plate 29, figure">pl. xxix, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827,
+<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 74; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 533, <abbr title="plate 111">pl. cxi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842,
+266, <abbr title="plate 257">pl. cclvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span> Cab. Jour. VI.</abbr> 1858, 352.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 8. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+(Dryotomus) pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 304. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List,
+1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Avium"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850, 132. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus Zygodactyl in Ateneo Italiano One"><span class="sc">Bon.</span>
+Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital. I.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 332.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 59. <cite>Pileated
+Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+107.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. Art. Inst. IV</abbr>, 212.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 161.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis,
+1865, 469 (<abbr title="East">E.</abbr> Texas, but not Rio Grande).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 396. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceophloeus
+pileatus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1862, 176. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotoma</i>, preoccupied by Latreille!!) <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heineanum, Four, two"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp;
+Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. IV, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1863.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 99.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 302.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_608.jpg"
+ width="250" height="229"
+ alt="Illustration: Hylotomus pileatus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth and fifth quills equal and longest; third intermediate between sixth
+and seventh. Bill blue-black; more horn-color beneath. General color of body, wings,
+and tail dull greenish-black.
+A narrow white streak from
+just above the eye to the occiput;
+a wider one from the
+nostril feathers (inclusive),
+under the eye and along the
+side of the head and neck;
+sides of the breast (concealed
+by the wing), axillaries, and
+under wing-coverts, and concealed
+bases of all the quills,
+with chin and beneath the
+head, white, tinged with sulphur-yellow.
+Entire crown
+from the base of the bill to
+a well-developed occipital
+crest, as also a patch on the
+ramus of the lower jaw,
+scarlet-red. A few faint
+white crescents on the sides
+of the body and on the abdomen.
+Longer primaries generally tipped with white. Length, about 18.00; wing, 9.50.
+<i class="sex">Female</i> without the red on the cheek, and the anterior half of that on the top of the
+head replaced by black.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Wooded parts of North America from Atlantic to Pacific. Localities: E. Texas
+(not Rio Grande!), (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 469, breeds).</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of this species from Fort Liard in the Northern Rocky Mountains,
+and from Puget Sound region, are nearly four inches longer than those
+from the Southern Atlantic States, and are scarcely exceeded in size by the
+Ivory-billed Woodpecker.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from the northwest coast region (Columbia River, British
+<!--609.png--><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 551]</span>
+Columbia, etc.) have no trace of the white spots on ends of outer primaries,
+always found in eastern specimens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> No member of this large family has a wider distribution than
+the Pileated Woodpecker, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the extremest
+limits of the northern forests, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
+It seems to be a resident everywhere but in its extreme northern localities,
+rather than a migratory species. There are specimens in the Smithsonian
+collection from Nelson River, on the north, to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Johns River, Florida, on
+the south, and from Pennsylvania on the east to the Rio Grande and the Columbia
+on the west. Sir John Richardson (<cite>Fauna Boreali-Americana</cite>, <abbr title="Two, page">II, p.</abbr>
+304) speaks of it as resident all the year in the interior of the fur countries,
+up to the <abbr title="sixty-second">62d</abbr> or <abbr title="sixty-third">63d</abbr> parallels, rarely appearing near Hudson’s Bay, but frequenting
+the gloomiest recesses of the forests that skirt the Rocky Mountains.
+Dr. Woodhouse, in his Report on the natural history of the expedition
+down the Zuñi and the Colorado Rivers, speaks of this Woodpecker as
+having been found abundant in the Indian Territory, Texas, and New
+Mexico. Neither Dr. Gambel nor Dr. Heermann give it in their lists of the
+birds of California, nor does Dr. Newberry mention meeting with it in his
+Report of the zoölogy of his route. Dr. Suckley, however, speaks of the
+Log-Cock as abundant in the vicinity of Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory,
+during summer, and Dr. Cooper also mentions it as an abundant and
+constant resident in the forests of the Territory. I have occasionally met
+with it in the wilder portions of New Hampshire and Maine, but have nowhere
+been so fortunate as to observe its nest or its breeding-habits. It has
+always seemed a very shy bird, difficult of approach, always keeping at a
+safe distance, and ever greeting your attempts for a nearer view with a loud,
+cackling cry, not unlike a derisive laugh.</p>
+
+<p>According to the observations of Wilson, their eggs are deposited in the
+hole of a tree dug out by themselves, no other materials being used but the
+soft chips of rotten wood. The female lays six eggs, of a snowy whiteness,
+and they are said to raise two broods in a season.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon states that it almost always breeds in the interior of the
+forest, and frequently on trees placed in deep swamps over the water, appearing
+to give a preference to the southern side of the tree, on which side
+the hole is usually found to which they retreat in the winter and during
+stormy weather. The hole is sometimes bored perpendicularly, but occasionally
+in the form of that of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. The usual depth
+is from twelve to eighteen inches, the breadth from two and a half to three,
+and at the bottom five or six. He believed they raise but a single brood
+in a season. The young follow their parents a long while, sometimes until
+the return of spring.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. Bachman gives an interesting account of a pair of Pileated
+Woodpeckers building a nest in an old elm-tree in a swamp, and occupying
+it the first year. Early the next spring two Bluebirds took possession of
+<!--610.png--><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 552]</span>
+it, and there had young. Before they were half grown the Woodpeckers
+returned to the place, and, despite the cries and reiterated attacks of the
+Bluebirds, took out the young and carried them away to some distance.
+Next, the nest itself was disposed of, the hole cleaned and enlarged, and
+there they raised their brood. The tree was large, but so situated that Dr.
+Bachman could reach the nest from the branches of another. The hole was
+eighteen inches deep, and he could touch the bottom with his hand. The
+eggs, six in number, were laid on fragments of chips expressly left by the
+birds, and were large, white, and translucent. Before the Woodpeckers began
+to sit, he robbed them of their eggs to see if they would lay a second time.
+They waited a few days as if undecided, and then he heard the female at
+work again, deepening the hole and making it broader at the bottom. She
+soon recommenced laying, this time depositing five eggs. He suffered her
+to bring out her young, both birds alternately incubating, and each visiting
+the other at intervals, looking in at the hole to see if all were right and well
+there, and flying off afterwards in search of food. When the young were
+old enough, he took them home and endeavored to raise them. Three
+died, refusing all food. With two he was more successful. But even these
+he found untamable and destructive and troublesome pets, which he was at
+last glad to release.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper, who observed this species in Washington Territory, discovered
+a pair early in April on Whitby’s Island, burrowing out a hole for their
+nest in a dead trunk, about thirty feet from the ground. They worked alternately,
+and were very watchful, keeping perfectly silent while they heard any
+noise near by. He found the place by noticing chips on the bushes below,
+and after watching silently for some time, one of them began to work, now
+and then protruding its bill full of chips, and, after cautiously looking round,
+dropping them.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, the Pileated Woodpecker
+is very rare in Vermont, and extremely shy. It is difficult to approach one
+nearer than from fifteen to twenty rods, except by surprise. He adds that
+in only a single instance has he been able to shoot one. This fell with a
+broken wing. Before he could reach it, the bird commenced climbing a tree,
+and nearly escaped. When overtaken, it fought furiously, and wounded Mr.
+Paine severely in the hand, setting up at the same time a loud outcry, not
+unlike that of a domestic hen. He has never met with its nest, although he
+has several times seen the young when just able to leave it. The elder
+Mr. Paine states that, some fifty years previous, this species was abundant in
+Vermont, and not at all timid, and is of the opinion that their present shyness
+is all that exempts them from extermination.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found this Woodpecker resident and quite numerous in Texas
+near all the large rivers, where the timber is heavy. A few were seen on
+the Medina, and their eggs obtained there, but they were not abundant in
+that district. On the Colorado and Brazos Rivers these birds were very common,
+<!--611.png--><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 553]</span>
+and Mr. Dresser found several nests in huge cottonwood-trees, but had
+no means of getting to them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. K. Lord assigns to this species a wide western range, being common
+both east and west of the Cascades, and on the west slope of the Rocky
+Mountains. He met with it north as far as Fort Rupert in Vancouver
+Island, and south through Oregon and California. He found them at Colville
+during the winter. He states that they nest in May, generally in a
+tall dead pine-tree, at a great height.</p>
+
+<p>For my first specimens of the eggs of this species I am under obligations
+to Dr. Cornelius Kollock, of Cheraw, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr> They were obtained by him
+from excavations made in large trees at the height of about twenty-five feet
+from the ground, and in localities at no great distance from the inhabited
+parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this species from South Carolina and Florida are of a very
+brilliant crystalline whiteness, of a rounded-oval shape, and measure 1.25
+inches in length by 1.02 in breadth. Northern specimens are probably
+larger.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CENTUREÆ</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The United States genera of this section are very similar to each other,
+and may be most easily distinguished by color, as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus.</b> Back and wings banded transversely with black and white. Crown more
+or less red; rest of head with under parts grayish, and with red or yellow tinge on the
+middle of the abdomen. Rump white.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes.</b> Upper parts uniform black, without bands, with or without a white
+rump; variable beneath, but without transverse bands.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CENTURUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Classification of Birds Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 310. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus</i>, <abbr title="Malherbe Mémoires Académie de Metz"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Mém. Acad. Metz</abbr>, 1849, 360. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill about the length of the head, or a little longer; decidedly compressed,
+except at the extreme base. A lateral ridge starting a little below the culmen at the base
+of the bill, and angular for half the length of the bill, then becoming obsolete, though
+traceable nearly to the tip. Culmen considerably curved from the base; gonys nearly
+straight. Nostrils very broad, elliptical; situated about midway on the side of the mandible,
+near the base; partly concealed. Outer pairs of toes unequal, the anterior toe
+longest. Wings long, broad; third to fifth primaries equal and longest. Tail-feathers
+rather narrow, stiffened.</p>
+
+<p>The species are all banded above transversely with black and white; the
+rump white. The head and under parts are brown, or grayish, the latter
+sometimes much the lighter. The belly with a red or yellow tinge. The
+under tail-coverts with V-shaped dark marks. The North American species
+of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</i> may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">
+<!--612.png--><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 554]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus.</b> Middle of belly reddish; whole crown and nape red in male.
+Nape, only, red in female.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Forehead reddish; beneath soiled ashy-white; abdomen pinkish-red;
+crissum with sagittate marks of dusky. Wing, 5.25; tail, 3.80; bill,
+1.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United States
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Forehead smoky-white; beneath smoky-olive, middle of abdomen carmine-red;
+crissum with broad transverse bars of dusky. Wing, 4.50;
+tail, 2.60; bill, 1.08. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central America; Venezuela
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_129" id="fnanchor_129"></a><a href="#footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. aurifrons.</b> Middle of belly yellowish; red of crown, in male, confined
+to an ovoid vertical patch. Nape and forehead gamboge-yellow; white of
+rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate. <i class="sex">Female</i> without any red on the
+crown.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Inner webs of middle tail-feathers unvariegated black. Lower parts
+dirty ashy-whitish, abdomen dilute gamboge-yellow. Wing, 5.20; tail,
+3.60; bill, 1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico, north to the Rio Grande
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Inner webs of middle tail-feathers spotted with white. Lower parts
+smoky-olive, belly bright orange-yellow. Wing, 4.70; tail, 2.80; bill,
+1.16. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_130" id="fnanchor_130"></a><a href="#footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. uropygialis.</b> Middle of the belly yellowish. Nape and forehead soft
+smoky grayish-brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> without red or yellow on head. White of
+rump and upper tail-coverts with transverse dusky bars. Inner webs of
+middle tail-feathers spotted with white. Wing, 5.30; tail, 3.70; bill, 1.35.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Mexico, north into Colorado, region of Middle Province of
+United States.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_52.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 52"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="52">LII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_52-1" id="pl_52-1"></a><img src="images/pl_52-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 868.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_52-2" id="pl_52-2"></a><img src="images/pl_52-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 6128.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_52-3" id="pl_52-3"></a><img src="images/pl_52-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Texas, 6121.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_52-4" id="pl_52-4"></a><img src="images/pl_52-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> 6118.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_52-5" id="pl_52-5"></a><img src="images/pl_52-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 52 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr></p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_52-6" id="pl_52-6"></a><img src="images/pl_52-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate  detail "
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Texas.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus carolinus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 174.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 113, <abbr title="plate 7, figure">pl. vii,
+f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 169, <abbr title="plate 415">pl. ccccxv</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 270,
+<abbr title="plate 270">pl. cclxx.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 418.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</i>,
+<abbr title="Swainson Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Sw. Bp.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, <abbr title="Avium">Av.</abbr> 1850, 119.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 109.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span>
+Jour.</abbr> 1862, 324.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 469 (resident in Texas).&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr>
+1862, 342.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 99.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 306. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>
+Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 310 (error). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus griseus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 52, <abbr title="plate 116">pl.
+cxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus erythrauchen</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> Avium, 1827. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus zebra</i>, <span class="sc">Boddært</span>,
+<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz">Tabl. pl. enl</abbr>. (Gray, genera).</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal, and longest; second, or outermost,
+and seventh about equal. Top of the head and nape crimson-red. Forehead whitish,
+strongly tinged with light red, a shade of which is also seen on the cheek, still stronger on
+the middle of the belly. Under parts brownish-white, with a faint wash of yellowish on
+the belly. Back, rump, and wing-coverts banded black and white; upper tail-covert white,
+with occasional blotches. Tail-feathers black; first transversely banded with white; second
+less so; all the rest with whitish tips. Inner feathers banded with white on the
+<!--613.png--><!--Plate 52-->
+<!--614.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--615.png--><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 555]</span>
+inner web; the outer web with a stripe of white along the middle. Length, 9.75; wing,
+about 5.00. Female with the crown ashy; forehead pale red; nape bright red.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_615a.jpg"
+ width="250" height="178"
+ alt="Illustration: Centurus carolinus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">865</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+North America,
+from Atlantic coast to the
+eastern slope of the Rocky
+Mountains. Localities:
+Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865,
+469, resident).</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary considerably
+in size (with
+latitude), and in the
+tinge of reddish on
+chin, breast, etc. The
+width of the dorsal
+bands differs in different
+specimens. The
+rump is banded; upper
+tail-coverts are generally immaculate, but are sometimes dashed with
+black. Specimens from the Mississippi Valley are generally more brightly
+colored than those from the Atlantic
+States, the lower parts more strongly
+tinged with red. Florida examples are
+smaller than northern ones, the black bars
+broader, the lower parts deeper ashy and
+strongly tinged with red, but of a more
+purplish shade than in western ones.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_615b.jpg"
+ width="250" height="294"
+ alt="Illustration: Centurus carolinus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-bellied Woodpecker
+is distributed throughout North
+America, from the Atlantic Coast to
+the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains.
+It is, however, much more abundant
+in the more southern and western
+portions. In the collections of the
+Smithsonian Institution none are recorded
+from farther north than Pennsylvania
+on the east and Nebraska Territory on the west, while others were
+obtained as far south as Florida. Nor am I aware that it is found, except
+very rarely, north of Pennsylvania on the Atlantic coast. I have never met
+with it in Eastern Massachusetts, although Mr. Audubon speaks of it as breeding
+from Maryland to Nova Scotia. Dr. Woodhouse found it common in the
+Indian Territory and in Texas. Wilson speaks of having found it abundant
+in Upper Canada, and in the northern parts of the State of New York. He
+also refers to its inhabiting the whole Atlantic States as far as Georgia and
+the southern extremity of Florida. Its absence in Eastern Massachusetts
+was noticed by Mr. Nuttall. It is not given by Thompson or Paine as
+<!--616.png--><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 556]</span>
+one of the birds of Vermont, nor does Lieutenant Bland mention it as one
+of the birds of Nova Scotia, and it is not included by Sir John Richardson
+in the <cite>Fauna Boreali-Americana</cite>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of it as generally more confined to the interior of
+forests than the Hairy Woodpecker, especially during the breeding-season.
+He further states that he never met with its nest in Louisiana or South
+Carolina, but that it was not rare in Kentucky, and that, from the State of
+Maryland to Nova Scotia, it breeds in all convenient places, usually more in
+the woods than out of them. He also states that he has found the nests in
+orchards in Pennsylvania, generally not far from the junction of a branch
+with the trunk. He describes the hole as bored in the ordinary manner.
+The eggs are seldom more than four in number, and measure 1.06 inches in
+length and .75 of an inch in breadth. They are of an elliptical form, smooth,
+pure white, and translucent. They are not known to raise more than one
+brood in a season.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson speaks of this species as more shy and less domestic than the Red-headed
+or any of the other spotted Woodpeckers, and also as more solitary.
+He adds that it prefers the largest high-timbered woods and the tallest decayed
+trees of the forest, seldom appearing near the ground, on the fences,
+or in orchards or open fields. In regard to their nesting, he says that the
+pair, in conjunction, dig out a circular cavity for the nest in the lower
+side of some lofty branch that makes a considerable angle with the horizon.
+Sometimes they excavate this in the solid wood, but more generally in a
+hollow limb, some fifteen inches above where it becomes solid. This is
+usually done early in April. The female lays five eggs, of a pure white, or
+almost semi-transparent. The young generally make their appearance
+towards the latter part of May. Wilson was of the opinion that they produced
+two broods in a season.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found this bird resident and abundant in Texas. It is also
+equally abundant in Louisiana and in Florida, and Mr. Ridgway considers
+it very common in Southern Illinois. Neither Mr. Boardman nor Mr.
+Verrill have found it in Maine. Mr. McIlwraith has, however, taken three
+specimens at Hamilton, Canada West, May 3, near Chatham. Mr. Allen
+gives it as a summer visitant in Western Massachusetts, having seen one on
+the 13th of May, 1863. It has also been taken several times in Connecticut,
+by Professor Emmons, who met with it, during the breeding-season, in
+the extreme western part of the State. Mr. Lawrence has found it near
+New York City, and Mr. Turnbull in Eastern Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs vary from an oblong to a somewhat rounded oval shape, are of a
+bright crystalline whiteness, and their measurements average 1.02 inches in
+length by .88 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--617.png--><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 557]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus aurifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 512.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr> 53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> 1862, 323.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 399.
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus flaviventris</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Animals in Manageries">Anim. in Menag.</abbr> 1838 (2½ centenaries), 354.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 110, <abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Ten">P. R. Rep. X</abbr>, c, 18.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis,
+1865, 469 (resident in Texas).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Mexican Boundary Survey Two">Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, 5, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus elegans</i>,
+<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lycem Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, May, 1851, 116. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus santacruzi</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>,
+<abbr title="Annals New York Lycem Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1851, 123 (not of<abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus ornatus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr>
+1839, 102.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth and fifth quills nearly equal; third a little shorter; longer than the
+fourth. Back banded transversely with black and white; rump and upper tail-coverts
+pure white. Crown with a subquadrate spot of crimson, about half an inch wide and
+long; and separated from the gamboge-yellow at the base of the bill by dirty white,
+from the orbit and occiput by brownish-ash. Nape half-way round the neck orange-yellow.
+Under part generally, and sides of head, dirty white. Middle of belly gamboge-yellow.
+Tail-feathers all entirely black, except the outer, which has some obscure bars
+of white. Length about 9.50; wing, 5.00. Female without the red of the crown.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Rio Grande region of the United States, south into Mexico. Probably Arizona.
+Localities: Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 252); Texas, south of San Antonio (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>,
+Ibis, 1865, 469, resident).</p>
+
+<p>Young birds are not different from adults, except in showing indication of
+dark shaft-lines beneath, becoming broader behind on the sides. The yellow
+of the nape extends over the whole side of the head.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful Woodpecker is abundant throughout the valley
+of the Rio Grande, from Eagle Pass to its mouth; how far to the west within
+our boundaries it occurs, I am not able to state. It is common throughout
+Mexico, and was found in the Guatemalan collection of Van Patten, though
+not mentioned by Sclater and Salvin. Dr. Woodhouse, in his Report on the
+zoölogy of Captain Sitgreaves’s expedition, speaks of finding it quite abundant
+in the neighborhood of San Antonio, Texas. He adds that west of the
+Rio San Pedro he did not meet with it. He speaks of it as having a loud,
+sharp cry, which it utters as it flies from tree to tree. He observed it mostly
+on the trunks of the mesquite (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Algarobia</i>), diligently searching in the usual
+manner of Woodpeckers. In the Report upon the birds of the Mexican
+Boundary Survey, it is mentioned by Mr. Clark as abundant on the Lower
+Rio Grande, as very shy, and as keeping chiefly about the mesquite. Lieutenant
+Couch speaks of it as very common throughout Tamaulipas.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser found the Yellow-bellied Woodpecker plentiful from the
+Rio Grande to San Antonio, and as far north and east as the Guadaloupe,
+after which he lost sight of it. Wherever the mesquite-trees were large,
+there it was sure to be found, and very sparingly elsewhere. Near San
+Antonio it is quite common, but not so much so as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. carolinus</i>. At
+Eagle Pass, however, it was the more abundant of the two. He found it
+<!--618.png--><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 558]</span>
+breeding near San Antonio, boring for its nest-hole into a mesquite-tree.
+Mr. Dresser was informed by Dr. Heermann, who has seen many of their
+nests, that he never found them in any other tree.</p>
+
+<p>These birds were found breeding by Dr. Berlandier, and his collection. contained
+quite a number of their eggs. Nothing was found among his papers
+in relation to their habits or their manner of breeding. Their eggs, procured
+by him, are of an oblong-oval shape, and measure 1.05 inches in length by
+.85 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GILA WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus uropygialis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 120 (Bill Williams
+River, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>)&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of North America"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="Three, plate 36">III, pl. xxxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1862, 330.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>,
+<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 54.&mdash;<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, b <abbr title="plate 36">pl. xxxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>, c, 17.
+<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <a name="ARI" id="ARI"></a><abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. Avi.</abbr> 1866, 54 (<abbr title="South">S.</abbr> Arizona).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 399. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus
+hypopolius</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Pucheran</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue et Magazine">Rev. et Mag.</abbr> 1853, 163 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus (Centurus) hypopolius</i>,
+<span class="sc">Wagler</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus kaupii</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, 1855.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> <a name="BrMex" id="BrMex"></a><abbr title="British Museum">Br. Mex.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus
+sulfureiventer</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Handbuch</span>, Picinæ, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1854, 410, figs. 4411, 4412.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Third, fourth, and fifth quills longest, and about equal. Back, rump, and
+upper tail-coverts transversely barred with black and white, purest on the two latter.
+Head and neck all round pale dirty-brown, or brownish-ash, darkest above. A small
+subquadrate patch of red on the middle of the crown, separated from the bill by dirty
+white. Middle of the abdomen gamboge-yellow; under tail-coverts and anal region
+strongly barred with black. First and second outer tail-feathers banded black and white,
+as is also the inner web of the inner tail-feather; the outer web of the latter with a
+white stripe. Length, about 9.00; wing, 5.00. Female with the head uniform brownish-ash,
+without any red or yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Lower Colorado River of the West, to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. South to Mazatlan.
+Localities: W. Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 54).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered by Dr. Kennerly in his route
+along the 35th parallel, and described by Professor Baird, in 1854. The
+Doctor encountered it almost continually during the entire march along the
+Big Sandy, Bill Williams Fork, and the Great Colorado; but it was so very
+shy that he had great difficulty in procuring specimens. Seated in the top of
+the tree, it was ever on guard; and, upon the approach of danger, flew away,
+accompanying its flight with the utterance of very peculiar notes. Its flight
+was in an undulating line, like that of other birds of this class.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann found this Woodpecker abundant on the banks of the
+Gila River among the mesquite-trees. The giant cactus, often forty feet
+high, which grows abundantly on the arid hillsides throughout that whole
+section of country, was frequently found filled with holes bored out by
+this bird. The pith of the plant is extracted until a chamber of suitable
+size is obtained, when the juice exuding from the wounded surface hardens,
+and forms a smooth dry coating to the cavity, thus making a convenient
+<!--619.png--><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 559]</span>
+place for the purposes of incubation. At Tucson, in Arizona, he found it
+frequenting the cornfields, where it might be seen alighting on the old hedge-posts
+in search of insects. Its note, he adds, resembles very much that of
+the Red-headed Woodpecker. He afterwards met with this bird in California,
+in considerable numbers, on the Colorado. Besides its ordinary notes,
+resembling those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</i>, it varies them with a soft
+plaintive cry, as if hurt or wounded. He found their stomachs filled with
+the white gelatinous berry of a parasitic plant which grows abundantly on
+the mesquite-trees, and the fruit of which forms the principal food of many
+species of birds during the fall.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues gives this bird as rare and probably accidental in the immediate
+vicinity of Fort Whipple, but as a common bird in the valleys of the Gila
+and of the Lower Colorado, where it has the local name of <i lang="en" xml:lang="en">Suwarrow</i>, or
+<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Saguaro</i>, on account of its partiality for the large cactuses, with the juice of
+which plant its plumage is often found stained.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper found this Woodpecker abundant in winter at Fort Mohave,
+when they feed chiefly on the berries of the mistletoe, and are very shy.
+He rarely saw them pecking at the trees, but they seemed to depend for a
+living on insects, which were numerous on the foliage during the spring.
+They have a loud note of alarm, strikingly similar to that of the <a name="note31" id="note31"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phainopepla
+nitens</i>, which associated with them in the mistletoe-boughs.</p>
+
+<p>About the 25th of March he found them preparing their nests in burrows
+near the dead tops of trees, none of them, so far as he saw, being accessible.
+By the last of May they had entirely deserted the mistletoe, and were probably
+feeding their young on insects.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">MELANERPES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus erythrocephalus</i>.)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus</i> (Section 3), <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr title="Mémoires Academie de"> Mém. Ac.</abbr></span> Metz, 1849, 365.</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus torquatus</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill about equal to the head; broader than high at the base, but becoming
+compressed immediately anterior to the commencement of the gonys. Culmen and
+gonys with a moderately decided angular ridge; both decidedly curved from the very
+base. A rather prominent acute ridge commences at the base of the mandible, a little
+below the ridge of the culmen, and proceeds but a short distance anterior to the nostrils
+(about one third of the way), when it sinks down, and the bill is then smooth. The
+lateral outlines are gently concave from the basal two thirds; then gently convex to the
+tip, which does not exhibit any abrupt bevelling. Nostrils open, broadly oval; not concealed
+by the feathers, nor entirely basal. Fork of chin less than half lower jaw. The
+outer pair of toes equal. Wings long, broad; lengthened. Tail-feathers broad, with
+lengthened points.</p>
+
+<p class="small">The species all have the back black, without any spots or streaks anywhere.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_620.jpg"
+ width="300" height="221"
+ alt="Illustration: Melanerpes erythrocephalus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">883</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> </p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>Dr. Coues places <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. torquatus</i> in a new genus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</i>, characterized
+by a peculiar texture of the under part and nuchal collar, in which the
+<!--620.png--><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 560]</span>
+fibres are disconnected on their terminal portion, enlarged and stiffened,
+almost bristle-like; otherwise the characters are much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</i>. It
+should, however, be noted, that the feathers of the red portion of the head in
+the other species have the same texture.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Sexes similar. <i class="age">Young</i> very different from the adult.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. torquatus.</b> Feathers of the lower parts, as well as of frontal, lateral,
+and under portions of the head, with the fibres bristle-like. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Coues</span>.) Upper parts wholly uniform, continuous, very metallic blackish-green.
+<i class="age">Adult.</i> Forehead, lores, cheeks, and chin deep crimson, of a burnt-carmine
+tint; jugulum, breast, and a ring entirely around the nape, grayish-white;
+abdomen light carmine. Back glossed with purplish-bronze. <i class="age">Young</i>
+without the red of the head, and lacking the grayish nuchal collar; abdomen
+only tinged with red, no purple or bronze tints above. Wing, 6.70; tail,
+4.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of the United States, from the Black Hills
+to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. erythrocephalus.</b> Feathers generally soft, blended; those of the whole
+head and neck with stiffened and bristle-like fibres in the adult. Secondaries,
+rump, and upper tail-coverts, with whole lower parts from the neck, continuous
+pure white. Two lateral tail-feathers tipped with white. <i class="age">Adult.</i>
+Whole head and neck bright venous-crimson or blood-red, with a black
+convex posterior border across the jugulum; back, wings, and tail glossy
+blue-black. <i class="age">Young.</i> Head and neck grayish, streaked with dusky; back
+and scapulars grayish, spotted with black; secondaries with two or three
+black bands; breast tinged with grayish, and with sparse dusky streaks.
+Wing, 5.90; tail, 3.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of the United States, west
+to the Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Sexes dissimilar; young like the adult.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus.</b> Forehead and a broad crescent across the middle of the
+throat (the two areas connected by a narrow strip across the lore), white,
+more or less tinged with sulphur-yellow. Rump, upper tail-coverts, abdomen,
+<!--621.png--><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 561]</span>
+sides, and crissum, with patch on base of primaries, pure white,
+the sides and breast with black streaks. Other portions glossy blue-black.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Whole crown and nape carmine. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the occiput and nape
+alone red.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>More than the anterior half of the pectoral band immaculate.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the white frontal, black coronal, and red occipital bands
+of about equal width. Forehead and throat only slightly tinged
+with sulphur-yellow. Wing, 5.80; tail, 3.90; bill, 1.27. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Pacific Province of United States, and Northern and Western
+Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the white frontal band only about half as wide as the
+black coronal, which is only about half as wide as the red occipital,
+band or patch. Forehead and throat bright sulphur-yellow.
+Wing, 5.40; tail, 3.65; bill, 1.23. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Lower California
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><i>Nearly the whole of the black pectoral band variegated with white streaks.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Relative width of the white, black, and red areas on the crown as in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i>. Wing, 5.50; tail, 3.75; bill, 1.22. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America,
+south of Orizaba and Mirador
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_131" id="fnanchor_131"></a><a href="#footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indent2"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Nape, only, red (as in females of preceding races); <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> without
+any red.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">
+Whole breast streaked, the black and white being in about equal
+amount. Wing, 5.70; tail, 3.90; bill, 1.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada
+… <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_132" id="fnanchor_132"></a><a href="#footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEWIS’S WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus torquatus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 31, <abbr title="plate 20">pl. xx</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>
+82.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 176, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 280, <abbr title="plate 272">pl.
+cclxxii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 115.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>,
+<abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phil.</abbr> <abbr title="second series Two">2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 270.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. &amp; Or.</abbr>
+Route, 90, in <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">P. R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 115.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp;
+Suckley</span>, 161.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 327.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceeings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864,
+112 (nesting).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 406. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus montanus</i>, <span class="sc">Ord.</span> in Guthrie’s
+<abbr title="Geography Second American edition Two">Geog. 2d Am. ed. II</abbr>, 1815, 316. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus lewisii</i>, <span class="sc">Drapiez.</span> (Gray.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus torquatus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Feathers on the under parts bristle-like. Fourth quill longest; then third
+and fifth. Above dark glossy-green. Breast, lower part of the neck, and a narrow collar
+all round, hoary grayish-white. Around the base of the bill and sides of the head to
+<!--622.png--><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 562]</span>
+behind the eyes, dark crimson. Belly blood-red, streaked finely with hoary whitish.
+Wings and tail entirely uniform dark glossy-green. Female similar. Length about 10.50;
+wing, 6.50. Young without the nuchal collar, and the red of head replaced by black.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western America from Black Hills to Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiarities in the feathers of the under parts have already been adverted
+to. This structure appears to be essentially connected with the red
+feathers, since these have the same texture in the other species of the genus,
+wherever the color occurs. The remark may perhaps apply generally to the
+red feathers of most, if not all, Woodpeckers, and may be connected with
+some chemical or physical condition yet to be determined.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Lewis’s Woodpecker would seem to have a distribution throughout
+the Pacific Coast, from the sea-shore to the mountains, and from Puget
+Sound to the Gulf of California, and extending to the eastern border of the
+Great Plains, within the limits of the United States. They were first observed
+by Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, in their memorable journey to the
+Pacific. Subsequently Mr. Nuttall met with them in his westward journey,
+in the central chain of the Rocky Mountains. This was in the month of
+July. Among the cedar and pine woods of Bear River, on the edge of Upper
+California, he found them inhabiting the decayed trunks of the pine-trees,
+and already feeding their young. Afterwards, at the close of August, he met
+them in flocks on the plains, sixty miles up the Wahlamet. He describes
+them as very unlike Woodpeckers in their habits, perching in dense flocks,
+like Starlings, neither climbing branches nor tapping in the manner of their
+tribe, but darting after insects and devouring berries, like Thrushes. He saw
+them but seldom, either in the dense forests of the Columbia or in any settled
+part of California.</p>
+
+<p>Townsend speaks of their arriving about the first of May on Bear River
+and the Columbia. Both sexes incubate, according to his observations.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gambel first observed this Woodpecker in a belt of oak timber near
+the Mission of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Gabriel, in California, and states that it was abundant.
+He also describes its habits as peculiar, and unlike the generality of Woodpeckers.
+Dr. Heermann, too, speaks of finding it in all the parts of California
+which he visited. Dr. Newberry, in his Notes on the zoölogy of
+Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, refers to it as most unlike the California
+Woodpecker in the region it occupies and in its retiring habits. He
+describes it as seeming to choose, for its favorite haunts, the evergreen
+forests upon the rocky declivities of the Cascade and Rocky Mountains.
+He first observed it in Northern California, but subsequently noticed it in
+the mountains all the way to the Columbia. Though often seen in low elevations,
+it was evidently alpine in its preferences, and was found most frequently
+near the line of perpetual snow; and when crossing the snow lines,
+in the mountain-passes, it was often observed flying far above the party. He
+describes it as being always shy, and difficult to shoot.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. S. W. Woodhouse describes this species as being common in the Indian
+<!--623.png--><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 563]</span>
+Territory and in New Mexico; while Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the
+zoölogy of Washington Territory, speaks of it as being common, during
+summer, in all the interior districts, but seldom or never approaching the
+coast. It arrives at Puget Sound early in May, and some even remain, during
+mild winters, in the Territory. According to his account, it burrows
+holes for its nests at all heights from the ground, but commonly in dead
+trees. The eggs are described as pure white, and, when fresh, translucent,
+like those of all the Woodpecker tribe, and hardly distinguishable in size
+and general appearance from those of the Golden-winged Woodpecker
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>). Its harsh call is rarely uttered in summer, when it
+seems to seek concealment for itself and nest. The flocks of young, which
+in fall associate together to the number of eight or ten, are more noisy. Dr.
+Suckley, in the same Report (page 162), speaks of this Woodpecker as being
+very abundant throughout the more open portions of the timbered region of
+the northwest coast, preferring oak openings and groves. At Fort Dalles, on
+the Columbia, they are extremely numerous, not only breeding there during
+summer, but also found as winter residents. Their breeding-places are generally
+holes in oak and other trees, which, from the appearance of all he
+examined, seemed to have been excavated for the purpose. At Puget Sound
+this species was found less frequently than at Fort Dalles, on the Columbia.
+At the latter place they were constant winter residents. Dr. Suckley also
+speaks of them as being semi-gregarious in their habits.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lord thinks that this Woodpecker is not to be met with west of the
+Cascade Mountains, but says it is very often found between the Cascades and
+the Rocky Mountains, where it frequents the open timber. The habits and
+modes of flight of this bird, he states, are not the least like a Woodpecker’s.
+It flies with a heavy flapping motion, much like a Jay, feeds a good deal on
+the ground, and chases insects on the wing like a Shrike or a Kingbird.
+Whilst mating they assemble in large numbers, and keep up a continual,
+loud, chattering noise. They arrive at Colville in April, begin nesting in
+May, and leave again in October. The nest is in a hole in a dead pine-tree,
+usually at a considerable height from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues says this bird is very common at Fort Whipple, in Arizona,
+where it remained in moult until November.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen found this the most numerous of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</i> in Colorado
+Territory. He also states that it differs considerably in its habits from
+all the other Woodpeckers. He frequently noticed it rising high into the
+air almost vertically, and to a great height, apparently in pursuit of insects,
+and descending again as abruptly, to repeat the same manœuvre. It was
+met with by Mr. Ridgway in the Sacramento Valley, along the eastern base
+of the Sierra Nevada, and in the East Humboldt Mountains. In the first-mentioned
+locality it was the most abundant Woodpecker, and inhabited the
+scattered oaks of the plains. In the second region it was very abundant&mdash;perhaps
+more so than any other species&mdash;among the scattered pines along
+<!--624.png--><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 564]</span>
+the very base of the eastern slope; and in the last-mentioned place was observed
+on a few occasions among the tall aspens bordering the streams in
+the lower portions of the cañons. In its habits it is described as approaching
+most closely to our common Red-headed Woodpecker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. erythrocephalus</i>),
+but possessing many very distinctive peculiarities. In the character
+of its notes it quite closely approximates to our common Redhead, but
+they are weaker and of a more twittering character; and in its lively playful
+disposition it even exceeds it. It has a very peculiar and characteristic
+habit of ascending high into the air, and taking a strange, floating flight,
+seemingly laborious, as if struggling against the wind, and then descending
+in broad circles to the trees.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are more spherical than are usually those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>,
+are of a beautiful crystalline whiteness, and measure 1.10 inches in length
+and .92 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus erythrocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 174.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807,
+60, <abbr title="plate 112, 113">pl. cxii, cxiii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1810, 142, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>, fig. 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst.
+Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 14.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Isis, 1829, 518 (young).&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 141;
+<abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 536, <abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 274, <abbr title="plate 271">pl. cclxxi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal Six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. J. VI</abbr>,
+1858, 419. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 316.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List,
+1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 115.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Jounrnal Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. Ac. Nat. Sc. Ph.</abbr> <abbr title="second series One">2d ser. I</abbr>, 1847,
+55.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 113.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 340.&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 102.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>,
+<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 402.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 307. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus obscurus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>,
+1788, 429 (young).&mdash;<cite>Red-headed Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <span class="sc">Kalm</span>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>. <cite>White-rumped
+Woodpecker</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head and neck all round crimson-red, margined by a narrow crescent of
+black on the upper part of the breast. Back, primary quills, and tail bluish-black. Under
+parts generally, a broad band across the middle of the wing, and the rump, white. The
+female is not different. Length, about 9.75; wing, 5.50. Bill bluish-white, darker terminally;
+iris chestnut; feet olive-gray. Young without any red, the head and neck being
+grayish streaked with dusky; breast with an ashy tinge, and streaked sparsely with
+dusky; secondaries with two or three bands of black; dorsal region clouded with grayish.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Eastern Province of United States to base of Rocky Mountains, sometimes straggling
+westward to coast of California (<span class="sc">Gambel</span>). Salt Lake City, Utah (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). Other
+<a name="note33" id="note33"></a>localities: Nueces to Brazos, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 469, breeds).</p>
+
+<p>Western specimens frequently have the abdomen strongly tinged with
+salmon-red, or orange-red, and are generally more deeply colored than
+eastern.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-headed Woodpecker is one of the most familiar birds
+of this family, and ranges over a wide extent of territory. Excepting where
+it has been exterminated by the persecutions of indiscriminate destroyers, it
+is everywhere a very abundant species. Once common, it is now rarely met
+<!--625.png--><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 565]</span>
+with in the neighborhood of Boston, though in the western part of Massachusetts
+it is still to be found. In the collections of the Smithsonian Institution
+are specimens from Pennsylvania, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas,
+Missouri, Louisiana, the Indian Territory, etc. Sir John Richardson speaks
+of it as ranging in summer as far north as the northern shores of Lake
+Huron. He also remarks that in the Hudson Bay Museum there is a specimen
+from the banks of the Columbia River. Dr. Gambel, in his paper on
+the birds of California, states that he saw many of them in a belt of oak timber
+near the Mission of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Gabriel. As, however, Dr. Heermann did not
+meet with it in California, and as no other collector has obtained specimens
+in that State, this is probably a mistake. With the exception of Dr. Woodhouse,
+who speaks of having found this species in the Indian Territory and
+in Texas, it is not mentioned by any of the government exploring parties.
+It may therefore be assigned a range extending, in summer, as far north as
+Labrador, and westward to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
+Throughout the year it is a permanent resident only of the more southern
+States, where it is, however, much less abundant in summer than it is in
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, at the time of his writing (1808), speaks of finding several of the
+nests of this Woodpecker within the boundaries of the then city of Philadelphia,
+two of them being in buttonwood-trees and one in the decayed
+limb of an elm. The parent birds made regular excursions to the woods
+beyond the Schuylkill, and preserved a silence and circumspection in visiting
+their nest entirely unlike their habits in their wilder places of residence.
+The species is altogether migratory, visiting the Middle and Northern States
+early in May and leaving in October. It begins the construction of its nest
+almost immediately after its first appearance, as with other members of its
+family, by excavations made in the trunk or larger limbs of trees, depositing
+six white eggs on the bare wood. The cavities for their nests are made
+almost exclusively in dead wood, rarely, if ever, in the living portion of the
+tree. In Texas, Louisiana, Kentucky, and the Carolinas, they have two
+broods in a season, but farther north than this they rarely raise more than
+one. Their eggs are usually six in number, and, like all the eggs of this
+family, are pure white and translucent when fresh. They vary a little in
+their shape, but are usually slightly more oval and less spherical than those
+of several other species. Mr. Nuttall speaks of the eggs of this bird as
+being said to be marked at the larger end with reddish spots. I have never
+met with any thus marked, and as Mr. Nuttall does not give it as from his
+own observations I have no doubt that it is a mistake. Mr. Paine, of
+Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, writes that he has only seen a single specimen of this
+Woodpecker in that part of Vermont, while on the western side of the
+Green Mountains they are said to be very common. He adds that it is a
+tradition among his older neighbors that these Woodpeckers were formerly
+everywhere known throughout all portions of the State.</p>
+
+<p><!--626.png--><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 566]</span>
+Mr. Ridgway saw a single individual of this species in the outskirts of
+Salt Lake City, in July, 1869.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs vary both in size and in shape, from a spherical to an oblong-oval,
+the latter being the more usual. Their length varies from 1.10 to 1.15
+inches, and their breadth from .80 to .90 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus formicivorus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Mexico">Birds Mex.</abbr> in <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 439 (Mexico).&mdash;<span class="sc">Vigors</span>,
+<abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom, 1839, 23 (Monterey).&mdash;<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, <abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr> 1840. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes
+formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 115.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">J. A. N. Sc. Phil.</abbr> <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> series,
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1853, 270.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Two">Illust. II</abbr>, 1853, 11, <abbr title="plate 2">pl. ii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of the California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> &amp; Oregon
+Route, 90, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Six">P. R. R. Surv. VI</abbr>, 1857.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1868, 114.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>,
+<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1865, 562 (correcting an error of Saussure).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr.
+A. N. S.</abbr> 63, 328.&mdash;<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, 58 (nesting).&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Report on Mexican Boundary Survey Two">Rep. M. Bound.
+II</abbr>, Birds, 6.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proccedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 305 (Oaxaca).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, 137 (Honduras).&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span>
+Jour.</abbr> 1862, 322 (Costa Rica).&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology of California One">Orn.
+Cal. I</abbr>, 1870, 403. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus melanopogon</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>, <abbr title="Plate">Pl.</abbr> Color. <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, (1829? <abbr title="plate 451">pl. ccccli</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+Isis, 1829, <abbr title="five">v</abbr>, 515.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 51.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_626.jpg"
+ width="250" height="246"
+ alt="Illustration: Melanerpes formicivorus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Fourth quill longest, third a little shorter. Above and on the anterior half
+of the body, glossy bluish or greenish black; the top of the head and a short occipital
+crest red. A white patch on the forehead,
+connecting with a broad crescentic
+collar on the upper part of the neck
+by a narrow isthmus, white tinged with
+sulphur-yellow. Belly, rump, bases of
+primaries, and inner edges of the outer
+quills, white. Tail-feathers uniform
+black. Female with the red confined
+to the occipital crest, the rest replaced
+by greenish-black; the three patches
+white, black, and red, very sharply defined,
+and about equal. Length about
+9.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.75.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Pacific Coast region of the
+United States and south; in Northern
+Mexico, eastward almost to the Gulf
+of Mexico; also on the Upper Rio
+Grande; south to Costa Rica. Localities:
+Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 305);
+Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 307); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 137); Honduras (<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 341);
+Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1862, 322); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 55).</p>
+
+<p>In most specimens one or two red feathers may be detected in the black
+of the breast just behind the sulphur-yellow crescent. The white of the
+breast is streaked with black; the posterior portion of the black of the
+breast and anterior belly streaked with white. The white of the wing only
+shows externally as a patch at the base of the primaries.</p>
+
+<!--627.png--><!--Plate 53-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_53.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 53"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="53">LIII</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_53-1" id="pl_53-1"></a><img src="images/pl_53-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5495.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_53-2" id="pl_53-2"></a><img src="images/pl_53-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 25035.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_53-3" id="pl_53-3"></a><img src="images/pl_53-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 25947.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_53-4" id="pl_53-4"></a><img src="images/pl_53-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 53 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 25949.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<!--628.png--><!--blank page-->
+<p><!--629.png--><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 567]</span>
+Dr. Coues calls attention to extraordinary differences in the color of the
+iris, which varies from white to red, blue, yellow, ochraceous, or brown. A
+mixture of blue, he thinks, indicates immaturity, and a reddish tinge the
+full spring coloration.</p>
+
+<p>The male of this species has a white forehead extending a little backwards
+of the anterior edge of the eye, the rest of the top of head to the nape being
+red. The female has the white forehead, and a quadrate occipito-nuchal red
+patch, a black band about as broad as the white one separating the latter
+from the occipital red. The length of the two anterior bands together is
+decidedly greater than that of the posterior red. In both sexes the jugulum
+is entirely and continuously black. Anteriorly (generally with a red spot in
+its anterior edge) and on the feathers of its posterior border only are these
+elongated white spots, on each side the shaft, the feathers of the breast being
+streaked centrally with black. The inner webs of the secondaries have an
+elongated continuous patch of white along their internal edge, with a very
+slight, almost inappreciable, border of black; this white only very rarely converted
+partly or entirely into quadrate spots, and that never on the innermost
+quills marked with white. Specimens from California are very similar
+to those from the Rocky Mountains and the Rio Grande Valley, except,
+perhaps, in being larger, with longer and straighter bill.</p>
+
+<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. flavigula</i> from Bogota, the male has the head marked with the red,
+black, and white (the red much less in extent, however) of the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M.
+formicivorus</i>, while the female has no red whatever. All, or nearly all, the
+feathers of the jugulum have the two white spots, and (as pointed out by
+Reichenbach) the white of the inner webs of the inner quills is entirely converted
+into a series of non-confluent quadrate spots. The black streaks on
+the sides and behind appear to be of greater magnitude, and more uniformly
+distributed. In both species all the tail-feathers are perfectly black.</p>
+
+<p>A Guatemalan bird, received from Mr. Salvin as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i>,&mdash;and indeed
+all specimens from Orizaba and Mirador to Costa Rica,&mdash;agrees in the
+main with the northern bird, except that all the black feathers of the jugulum
+have white spots, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. flavigula</i>. The outermost tail-feather of Mr.
+Salvin’s specimen has two narrow transverse whitish bands, and a spot indicating
+a third, as well as a light tip. The white markings on the inner
+quills are more like the northern bird, though on the outermost ones there
+is the same tendency to form spots as in a few northern specimens (as
+6,149 from Los Nogales, &amp;c.). The bill is very different from either in being
+shorter, broader, much stouter, and the culmen more decurved.</p>
+
+<p>These peculiarities, which are constant, appear to indicate a decided or
+strongly marked variety, as a series of almost a hundred specimens of
+the northern bird from many localities exhibit none of the characters
+mentioned, while all of an equally large series from Central America agree
+in possessing them.</p>
+
+<p>A series of Jalapan specimens from the cabinet of Mr. Lawrence show a
+<!--630.png--><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 568]</span>
+close relationship to skins from the Rio Grande, and do not approach the
+Guatemalan bird in the peculiar characters just referred to, except in the
+shortness and curvature of the bill. In one specimen there is an approach
+to the Bogotan in a moderate degree of barring on the white inner edgings
+of the tertials; in the rest, however, they are continuously white.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This handsome Woodpecker, distinguished both by the remarkable
+beauty of its plumage and the peculiarity of its provident habits, has a
+widely extended area of distribution, covering the Pacific Coast, from Oregon
+throughout Mexico. In Central America it is replaced by the variety
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i>, and in New Grenada by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i>, while at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr>
+Lucas we find another local form, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. angustifrons</i>. So far as we have the
+means of ascertaining their habits, we find no mention of any essential differences
+in this respect among these races.</p>
+
+<p>Suckley and Cooper did not meet with this bird in Washington Territory,
+and Mr. Lord met with it in abundance on his journey from Yreka to the
+boundary line of British Columbia. Mr. Dresser did not observe it at San
+Antonio. Mr. Clark met with it at the Coppermines, in New Mexico, in great
+numbers, and feeding principally among the oaks. Lieutenant Couch found
+it in the recesses of the Sierra Madre quite common and very tame, resorting
+to high trees in search of its food. He did not meet with it east of the
+Sierra Madre. Dr. Kennerly first observed it in the vicinity of Santa Cruz,
+where it was very frequent on the mountain-slopes, always preferring the
+tallest trees, but very shy, and it was with difficulty that a specimen
+could be procured. Mr. Nuttall, who first added this bird to our fauna,
+speaks of it as very plentiful in the forests around Santa Barbara. Between
+that region and the Pueblo de los Angeles, Dr. Gambel met with it in great
+abundance, although neither writer makes mention of any peculiarities of
+habit. Mr. Emanuel Samuels met with it in and around Petaluma, where
+he obtained the eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry, in his Report on the zoölogy of Lieutenant Williamson’s
+route (<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> Reports, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>), states that the range of this species extends to
+the Columbia, and perhaps above, to the westward of the Cascade Range,
+though more common in California than in Oregon. It was not found in
+the Des Chutes Basin, nor in the Cascade Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In the list of the birds of Guatemala given by Mr. Salvin in the Ibis, this
+Woodpecker is mentioned (<abbr title="One, page">I, p.</abbr> 137) as being found in the Central Region,
+at Calderas, on the Volcan de Fuego, in forests of evergreen oaks, where it
+feeds on acorns.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Heermann describes it as among the noisiest as well as the most abundant
+of the Woodpeckers of California. He speaks of it as catching insects
+on the wing, after the manner of a Flycatcher, and mentions its very extraordinary
+habit of digging small holes in the bark of the pine and the oak,
+in which it stores acorns for its food in winter. He adds that one of these
+acorns is placed in each hole, and is so tightly fitted or driven in that it is
+<!--631.png--><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 569]</span>
+with difficulty extracted. Thus, the bark of a large pine forty or fifty feet
+high will present the appearance of being closely studded with brass nails,
+the heads only being visible. These acorns are thus stored in large quantities,
+and serve not only the Woodpecker, but trespassers as well. Dr. Heermann
+speaks of the nest as being excavated in the body of the tree to a
+depth varying from six inches to two feet, the eggs being four or five in
+number, and pure white.</p>
+
+<p>These very remarkable and, for a Woodpecker, somewhat anomalous
+habits, first mentioned among American writers by Dr. Heermann, have
+given rise to various conflicting statements and theories in regard to the
+design of these collections of acorns. Some have even ventured to discredit
+the facts, but these are too well authenticated to be questioned. Too many
+naturalists whose accuracy cannot be doubted have been eyewitnesses to
+these performances. Among these is Mr. J. K. Lord, who, however, was
+constrained to confess his utter inability to explain why the birds did so.
+He was never able to find an acorn that seemed to have been eaten, nor a
+trace of vegetable matter in their stomachs, and at the close of his investigations
+he frankly admitted this storing of acorns to be a mystery for which
+he could offer no satisfactory explanation.</p>
+
+<p>M. H. de Saussure, the Swiss naturalist, in an interesting paper published
+in 1858 in the <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bibliothèque Universelle</cite> of Geneva, furnishes some very
+interesting observations on the habits of a Woodpecker, which he supposed
+to be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanoides</i> of Mexico, of storing collections of acorns in
+the hollow stems of the maguay plants. Sumichrast, who accompanied
+Saussure in his excursion, while recognizing the entire truth of the interesting
+facts he narrates, is confident that the credit of all this instinctive forethought
+belongs not to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, but to the Mexican race of this species.
+Saussure’s article being too long to quote in full, we give an abstract.</p>
+
+<p>The slopes of a volcanic mountain, Pizarro, near Perote, in Mexico, are
+covered with immense beds of the maguay (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agave americana</i>), with larger
+growths of yuccas, but without any other large shrubs or trees. Saussure
+was surprised to find this silent and dismal wilderness swarming with
+Woodpeckers. A circumstance so unusual as this large congregation of birds,
+by nature so solitary, in a spot so unattractive, prompted him to investigate
+the mystery. The birds were seen to fly first to the stalks of the
+maguay, to attack them with their beaks, and then to pass to the yuccas,
+and there repeat their labors. These stalks, upon examination, were all
+found to be riddled with holes, placed irregularly one above another, and
+communicating with the hollow cavity within. On cutting open one of
+these stalks, he found it filled with acorns.</p>
+
+<p>As is well known, this plant, after flowering, dies, its stalk remains, its outer
+covering hardens into a flinty texture, and its centre becomes hollow. This
+convenient cavity is used by the Woodpecker as a storehouse for provisions
+that are unusual food for the tribe. The central cavity of the stalk is only
+<!--632.png--><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 570]</span>
+large enough to receive one acorn at a time. They are packed in, one above
+the other, until the cavity is full. How did these Woodpeckers first learn
+to thus use these storehouses, by nature closed against them? The intelligent
+instinct that enabled this bird to solve this problem Saussure regarded
+as not the least surprising feature. With its beak it pierces a small round
+hole through the lower portion into the central cavity, and thrusts in acorns
+until the hollow is filled to the level of the hole. It then makes a second
+opening higher up, and fills the space below in a like manner, and so proceeds
+until the entire stalk is full. Sometimes the space is too small to receive
+the acorns, and they have to be forced in by blows from its beak. In
+other stalks there are no cavities, and then the Woodpecker creates one for
+each acorn, forcing it into the centre of the pith.</p>
+
+<p>The labor necessary to enable the bird to accomplish all this is very considerable,
+and great industry is required to collect its stores; but, once collected,
+the storehouse is a very safe and convenient one. Mount Pizarro is
+in the midst of a barren desert of sand and volcanic <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">débris</i>. There are no
+oak-trees nearer than the Cordilleras, thirty miles distant, and therefore the
+collecting and storing of each acorn required a flight of sixty miles.</p>
+
+<p>This, reasons Saussure, is obviously an instinctive preparation, on the
+part of these birds, to provide the means of supporting life during the arid
+winter months, when no rain falls and everything is parched. His observations
+were made in April, the last of the winter months; and he found
+the Woodpeckers withdrawing food from their depositories, and satisfied
+himself that the birds were eating the acorn itself, and not the diminutive
+maggots a few of them contained.</p>
+
+<p>The ingenuity with which the bird managed to get at the contents of each
+acorn was also quite striking. Its feet being unfit for grasping the acorn, it
+digs a hole into the dry bark of the yuccas, just large enough to receive the
+small end of the acorn, which it inserts, making use of its bill to split it
+open, as with a wedge. The trunks of the yuccas were all found riddled
+with these holes.</p>
+
+<p>There are several remarkable features to be noticed in the facts observed
+by Saussure,&mdash;the provident instinct which prompts this bird to lay by
+stores of provisions for the winter; the great distance traversed to collect
+a kind of food so unusual for its race; and its seeking, in a spot so remote
+from its natural abode, a storehouse so remarkable. Can instinct alone
+teach, or have experience and reason taught, these birds, that, better far than
+the bark of trees, or cracks in rocks, or cavities dug in the earth, or any
+other known hiding-place, are these hidden cavities within the hollow stems
+of distant plants? What first taught them how to break through the flinty
+coverings of these retreats? By what revelation could these birds have
+been informed that within these dry and closed stalks they could, by searching,
+find suitable places, protected from moisture, for preserving their stores
+in a state most favorable for their long preservation, safe from gnawing
+<!--633.png--><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 571]</span>
+rats, and from those acorn-eating birds whose bills are not strong or sharp
+enough to cut through their tough enclosures?
+
+M. Sumichrast, who afterwards enjoyed unusual opportunities for observing
+the habits of these Woodpeckers in the State of Vera Cruz, states that
+they dwell exclusively in oak woods, and that near Potrero, as well as in
+the alpine regions, trunks of oak-trees are found pierced with small holes in
+circular lines around their circumference. Into each of these holes these
+birds drive the acorns by repeated blows of their beaks, so as to fix them
+firmly. At other times they make their collection of acorns in openings between
+the raised bark of dry trees and the trunks. This writer states that
+he has sought in vain to explain such performances satisfactorily. The
+localities in which these birds reside, in Mexico, teem at all seasons with
+insects; and it seems absurd, therefore, to suppose that they can be in quest
+of the small, almost microscopic, larvæ contained in the acorns.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. C. T. Jackson sought to account for these interesting performances on
+the ingenious hypothesis that the acorns thus stored are always infested with
+larvæ, and never sound ones; that they are driven into the tree cup-end foremost,
+so as to securely imprison the maggot and prevent its escape, and thus
+enable the Woodpecker to devour it at its leisure. This would argue a wonderful
+degree of intelligence and forethought, on the part of the Woodpecker,
+and more than it is entitled to; for the facts do not sustain this hypothesis.
+The acorns are not put into the tree with the cup-end in, but invariably
+the reverse, so far as we have noticed; and the acorns, so far from
+being wormy, are, in nine cases out of ten, sound ones. Besides, this theory
+affords no explanation of the large collections of loose acorns made by these
+birds in hollow trees, or in the stalks of the maguay plants. Nor can we
+understand why, if so intelligent, they make so little use of these acorns, as
+seems to be the almost universal testimony of California naturalists. And,
+as still further demonstrating the incorrectness of this hypothesis, we have
+recently been informed by Dr. Canfield of Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, that occasionally
+these Woodpeckers, following an instinct so blind that they do not distinguish
+between an acorn and a pebble, are known to fill up the holes they
+have drilled with so much labor, not only with acorns, but occasionally with
+stones. In time the bark and the wood grow over these, and after a few
+years they are left a long way from the surface. These trees are usually the
+sugar-pine of California, a wood much used for lumber. Occasionally one
+of these trees is cut, the log taken to mill without its being known that it is
+thus charged with rounded pieces of flint or agate, and the saws that come
+in contact with them are broken.</p>
+
+<p>Without venturing to present an explanation of facts that have appeared
+so contradictory and unsatisfactory to other naturalists, such as we can claim
+to be either comprehensive or entirely satisfactory, we cannot discredit the
+positive averments of such observers as Saussure and Salvin. We believe
+that these Woodpeckers do eat the acorns, when they can do no better.
+<!--634.png--><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 572]</span>
+And when we are confronted with the fact, which we do not feel at liberty
+to altogether disregard, that in very large regions this bird seems to labor in
+vain, and makes no use of the treasures it has thus heaped together, we
+can only attempt an explanation. This Woodpecker is found over an immense
+area. It everywhere has the same instinctive promptings to provide,
+not “for a rainy day,” but for the exact opposite,&mdash;for a long interval
+during which no rain falls, for nearly two hundred days at a time, in all the
+low and hot lands of Mexico and Central America. There these accumulations
+become a necessity, there we are informed they do eat the acorns, and,
+more than this, many other birds and beasts derive the means of self-preservation
+in times of famine from the provident labors of this bird. That in
+Oregon, in California, and in the mountains of Mexico and elsewhere,
+where better and more natural food offers throughout the year, it is rarely
+known to eat the acorns it has thus labored to save, only seems to prove that
+it acts under the influences of an undiscriminating instinct that prompts it
+to gather in its stores whether it needs them or not.</p>
+
+<p>It may be, too, that writers have too hastily inferred that these birds never
+eat the acorns, because they have been unable to obtain complete evidence
+of the fact. We have recently received from C. W. Plass, <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr>, some interesting
+facts, which, if they do not prove that these birds in the winter visit
+their stores and eat their acorns, render it highly probable. Mr. Plass resides
+near Napa City, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, near which city, and on the edge of the pine
+forests, he has recently constructed a house. The gable-ends of this dwelling
+the California Woodpeckers have found a very convenient storehouse for
+their acorns, and Mr. Plass has very considerately permitted them to do so
+unmolested. The window in the gable slides up upon pullies its whole
+length, to admit of a passage to the upper verandah, and the open space in
+the wall admits of the nuts falling down into the upper hall, and this frequently
+happens when the birds attempt to extricate them from the outside.
+Nearly all these nuts are found to be sound, and contain no worm, while
+those that fall outside are empty shells. Empty shells have also been
+noticed by Mr. Plass under the trees, indicating that the acorns have been
+eaten.</p>
+
+<p>The Smithsonian Institution has received specimens of the American race
+of this Woodpecker, collected at Belize by Dr. Berendt, and accompanied
+by illustrations of their work in the way of implantation of acorns in the
+bark of trees.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs of this Woodpecker, obtained by Mr. Emanuel Samuels near
+Petaluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
+History, are undistinguishable from the eggs of other Woodpeckers in form
+or color, except that they are somewhat oblong, and measure 1.12 inches in
+length by .90 of an inch in breadth.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+<!--635.png--><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 573]</span>
+<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE NARROW-FRONTED WOODPECKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 405.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i>, the size is smaller. The light frontal bar is
+much narrower; in the female scarcely more than half the black one behind it, and not
+reaching anything like as far back as the anterior border of the eye, instead of exceeding
+this limit. The light frontal and the black bars together are only about two thirds the
+length of the occipital red, instead of exceeding it in length; the red patch reaches forward
+nearly or quite to the posterior border of the eye, instead of falling a considerable
+distance behind it, and being much broader posteriorly. The frontal band too is gamboge-yellow,
+much like the throat, and not white; the connection with the yellow throat-patch
+much broader. The white upper tail-coverts show a tendency to a black edge. Length,
+8.00; wing, 5.20; tail, 3.20.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>As the differences mentioned are constant, we consider the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas
+bird as forming at least a permanent variety, and indicate it as above. A
+single specimen from the Sierra Madre, of Colima, is very similar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> We have no information as to the habits of this singular race
+of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i>, found at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. John Xantus. It
+will be an interesting matter for investigation to ascertain to what extent
+the totally different character of the region in which this bird is met with
+from those in which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. formicivorus</i> is found, may have modified its
+habits and its manner of life.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">COLAPTEÆ</b>.</p>
+
+<p>This section, formerly embracing but one genus additional to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, has
+recently had three more added to it by Bonaparte. The only United States
+representative, however, is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">COLAPTES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1827, 353. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus auratus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p>
+<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicos</i>, <span class="sc">Malherbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Mémoires Académie">Mém. Acad.</abbr> Metz, 1849, 358. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. campestris.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill slender, depressed at the base, then compressed. Culmen much
+curved, gonys straight; both with acute ridges, and coming to quite a sharp point with
+the commissure at the end; the bill, consequently, not truncate at the end. No ridges
+on the bill. Nostrils basal, median, oval, and exposed. Gonys very short; about half
+the culmen. Feet large; the anterior outer toe considerably longer than the posterior.
+Tail long, exceeding the secondaries; the feathers suddenly acuminate, with elongated
+points.</p>
+
+<p><!--636.png--><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 574]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_636.jpg"
+ width="300" height="220"
+ alt="Illustration: Colaptes auratus."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1341</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>There are four well-marked representatives of the typical genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</i>
+belonging to Middle and North America, three of them found within the
+limits of the United States, in addition to what has been called a hybrid
+between two of them. The common and distinctive characters of these four
+are as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p>
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Head and neck ashy or brown, unvaried except by a
+black or red malar patch in the male. Back and wings brown, banded transversely
+with black; rump and upper tail-coverts white. Beneath whitish, with
+circular black spots, and bands on crissum; a black pectoral crescent. Shafts and
+under surfaces of quills and tail-feathers either yellow or red.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Mustache red; throat ash; no red nuchal crescent.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Under surface and shafts of wings and tail red.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanoides.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_133" id="fnanchor_133"></a><a href="#footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></span>
+Hood bright cinnamon-rufous; feathers of
+mustache black below surface. Upper parts barred with black and
+whitish-brown, the two colors of about equal width. Shafts, etc., dull
+brick-red. Rump spotted with black; black terminal zone of under
+surface of tail narrow, badly defined. Wing, 6.15; tail, 4.90; bill, 1.77.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico and Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_134" id="fnanchor_134"></a><a href="#footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></span>
+Hood ashy-olivaceous, more rufescent anteriorly,
+light cinnamon on lores and around eyes; feathers of mustache light
+ash below surface. Upper parts umber-brown, barred with black, the
+black only about one fourth as wide as the brown. Shafts, etc., fine
+salmon-red, or pinkish orange-red. Rump unspotted; black terminal
+<!--637.png--><!--Plate 54-->
+<!--638.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--639.png--><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 575]</span>
+zone of tail broad, sharply defined. Wing, 6.70; tail, 5.00; bill, 1.60.
+<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and Western Province of United States, south into
+Eastern Mexico to Mirador and Orizaba, and Jalapa.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Under surface and shafts of wings and tail gamboge-yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. chrysoides.</b> Hood uniform light cinnamon; upper parts raw
+umber with sparse, very narrow and distant, bars of black. Rump
+immaculate; black terminal zone of tail occupying nearly the terminal
+half, and very sharply defined. Wing, 5.90; tail, 5.70; bill, 1.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Colorado and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas region of Southern Middle Province of
+United States.</p>
+
+<p class="comchar"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Mustache black; a red nuchal crescent. Throat pinkish, hood ashy.</p>
+
+<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus.</b> Shafts, etc., gamboge-yellow; upper parts olivaceous-brown,
+with narrow bars of black, about half as wide as the brown.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Rump immaculate; black terminal zone of under surface of tail
+broad, more than half an inch wide on outer feather. Edges of
+tail-feathers narrowly edged, but not indented, with whitish.
+Outer web of lateral feathers without spots of dusky. Wing,
+6.10; tail, 4.80; bill, 1.58. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North
+America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent3">
+Rump spotted with black; black terminal zone of tail narrow,
+consisting on outer feather of an irregular spot less than a quarter
+of an inch wide. Edges of all the tail-feathers indented with
+whitish bars; outer web of lateral feathers with quadrate spots of
+dusky along the edge. Wing, 5.75; tail, 4.75; bill, 1.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+Cuba<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_135" id="fnanchor_135"></a><a href="#footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_54.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 54"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="54">LIV</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_54-1" id="pl_54-1"></a><img src="images/pl_54-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Arizona, 107.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_54-2" id="pl_54-2"></a><img src="images/pl_54-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_54-3" id="pl_54-3"></a><img src="images/pl_54-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 5214.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_54-4" id="pl_54-4"></a><img src="images/pl_54-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes erythrocephalus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 38303.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_54-5" id="pl_54-5"></a><img src="images/pl_54-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 54 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes torquatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6138.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLICKER; YELLOW-SHAFTED WOODPECKER; HIGH-HOLDER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus auratus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat., I</abbr>, (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10,) 1758, 112. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus auratus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat. 1</abbr>,
+(<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 12,) 1766, 174.&mdash;<span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">
+Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 383.&mdash;<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am.
+Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 66, <abbr title="plate 123">pl. cxxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1810, 45, <abbr title="plate three, figure">pl. iii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+<abbr title="Systema Avium">Syst. Av.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 84.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 191; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 540, <abbr title="plate 37">pl. xxxvii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="of America Four">Amer. IV</abbr>, 1842, 282, <abbr title="plate 273">pl. cclxxiii</abbr>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 71. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Zoölogical Journal Three"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Zoöl.
+Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 353.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 314.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+Conspectus, 1850, 113.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 118.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858,
+420.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, one specimen only seen).&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr>
+1862, 344.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 120.&mdash;<span class="sc">Fowler</span>, <abbr title="American Naturalist Three">Am. Nat. III</abbr>, 1869, 422.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp;
+Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chicago Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 105.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E.
+Fla.</abbr> 307.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Shafts and under surfaces of wing and tail feathers gamboge-yellow. Male
+with a black patch on each side of the cheek. A red crescent on the nape. Throat and
+stripe beneath the eye pale lilac-brown. Back glossed with olivaceous-green. Female
+without the black cheek-patch.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Additional Characters.</span> A crescentic patch on the breast and rounded spots on the
+belly black. Back and wing-coverts with interrupted transverse bands of black. Neck
+above and on the sides ashy. Beneath pale pinkish-brown, tinged with yellow on the
+<!--640.png--><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 576]</span>
+abdomen, each feather with a heart-shaped spot of black near the end. Rump white.
+Length, 12.50; wing, 6.00.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+All of eastern North America to the eastern slopes of Rocky Mountains;
+farther north, extending across along the Yukon as far at least as Nulato, perhaps to
+the Pacific. Greenland (<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>). Localities: San Antonio, Texas, only one specimen
+(<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470).</p>
+
+<p>Specimens vary considerably in size and proportions; the more northern
+ones are much the larger. The spots vary in number and in size; they
+may be circular, or transversely or longitudinally oval. Western specimens
+appear paler. In a Selkirk Settlement specimen the belly is tinged with
+pale sulphur-yellow, the back with olivaceous-green.</p>
+
+<p>This species, in general pattern of coloration, resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>,
+although the colors are very different. Thus the shafts of the quills, with
+their under surfaces, are gamboge-yellow, instead of orange-red. There is a
+conspicuous nuchal crescent of crimson wanting, or but slightly indicated, in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>. The cheek-patch is pure black, widening and abruptly truncate
+behind, instead of bright crimson, pointed or rounded behind. The shade
+of the upper parts is olivaceous-green, instead of purplish-brown. The top
+of the head and the nape are more ashy. The chin, throat, neck, and sides of
+the head, are pale purplish or lilac brown, instead of bluish-ash; the space
+above, below, and around the eye of the same color, instead of having
+reddish-brown above and ashy below.</p>
+
+<p>The young of this species is sufficiently like the adult to be readily recognizable.
+Sometimes the entire crown is faintly tipped with red, as characteristic
+of young Woodpeckers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Golden-winged Woodpecker is altogether the most common
+and the most widely distributed of the North American representatives
+of the genus. According to Sir John Richardson, it visits the fur
+countries in the summer, extending its migrations as far to the north as the
+Great Slave Lake, and resorting in great numbers to the plains of the Saskatchewan.
+It was found by Dr. Woodhouse very abundant in Texas and
+the Indian Territory, and it is given by Reinhardt as occurring in Greenland.
+Mr. McFarlane found it breeding at Fort Anderson; Mr. Ross at Fort Rae,
+Fort Resolution, and Fort Simpson; and Mr. Kennicott at Fort Yukon. All
+this testimony demonstrates a distribution throughout the entire eastern
+portion of North America, from the Gulf of Mexico almost to the Arctic
+Ocean, and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In the more northern portions of the continent this bird is only a summer
+visitant, but in the Southern and Middle, and to some extent in the
+New England States, it is a permanent resident. Wilson speaks of seeing
+them exposed for sale in the markets of Philadelphia during each month of
+a very rigorous winter. Wilson’s observations of their habits during breeding,
+made in Pennsylvania, were that early in April they begin to prepare
+their nest. This is built in the hollow body or branch of a tree, sometimes,
+<!--641.png--><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 577]</span>
+though not always, at a considerable height from the ground. He adds that
+he has frequently known them to fix on the trunk of an old apple-tree, at a
+height not more than six feet from the root. He also mentions as quite surprising
+the sagacity of this bird in discovering, under a sound bark, a hollow
+limb or trunk of a tree, and its perseverance in perforating it for purposes of
+incubation. The male and female alternately relieve and encourage each other
+by mutual caresses, renewing their labors for several days, till the object is
+attained, and the place rendered sufficiently capacious, convenient, and secure.
+They are often so extremely intent upon their work as to be heard at their
+labor till a very late hour in the night. Wilson mentions one instance where
+he knew a pair to dig first five inches straight forward, and then downward
+more than twice that distance, into a solid black-oak. They carry in no
+materials for their nest, the soft chips and dust of the wood serving for this
+purpose. The female lays six white eggs, almost transparent, very thick at the
+greater end, and tapering suddenly to the other. The young soon leave the
+nest, climbing to the higher branches, where they are fed by their parents.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Audubon this Woodpecker rears two broods in a season,
+the usual number of eggs being six. In one instance, however, Mr. MacCulloch,
+quoted by Audubon, speaks of having found a nest in a rotten stump,
+which contained no less than eighteen young birds, of various ages, and at
+least two eggs not quite hatched. It is not improbable that, in cases where
+the number of eggs exceeds seven or eight, more females than one have contributed
+to the number. In one instance, upon sawing off the decayed top
+of an old tree, in which these birds had a nest, twelve eggs were found.
+These were not molested, but, on visiting the place a few days after, I found
+the excavation to have been deepened from eighteen to twenty-four inches.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, writing in October, 1860, furnishes some
+interesting observations made in regard to these birds in the central part of
+that State. He says, “This Woodpecker is very common, and makes its appearance
+about the 20th of April. Between the 1st and the 15th of May it
+usually commences boring a hole for the nest, and deposits its eggs the last
+of May or the first of June.” He found three nests that year, all of which
+were in old stumps on the banks of a small stream. Each nest contained
+<em>seven</em> eggs. The boy who took them out was able to do so without any cutting,
+and found them at the depth of his elbow. In another nest there were
+but three eggs when first discovered. The limb was cut down nearly to a
+level with the eggs, which were taken. The next day the nest had been
+deepened a whole foot and another egg deposited. Mr. Paine has never
+known them go into thick woods to breed, but they seem rather to prefer
+the edges of woods. He has never known one to breed in an old cavity,
+but in one instance a pair selected a partially decayed stump for their operations.
+When they are disturbed, they sometimes fly around their nests, uttering
+shrill, squeaking notes, occasionally intermixing with them guttural or
+gurgling tones.</p>
+
+<p><!--642.png--><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 578]</span>
+It is probably true that they usually excavate their own burrow, but this
+is not an invariable rule. In the fall of 1870 a pair of these Woodpeckers
+took shelter in my barn, remaining there during the winter. Although there
+were abundant means of entrance and of egress, they wrought for themselves
+other passages out and in through the most solid part of the sides of the
+building. Early in the spring they took possession of a large cavity in an
+old apple-tree, directly on the path between the barn and the house, where
+they reared their family. They were very shy, and rarely permitted themselves
+to be seen. The nest contained six young, each of which had been
+hatched at successive intervals, leaving the nest one after the other. The
+youngest was nearly a fortnight later to depart than the first. Just before
+leaving the nest, the oldest bird climbed to the opening of the cavity, filling
+the whole space, and uttering a loud hissing sound whenever the nest was
+approached. As soon as they could use their wings, even partially, they
+were removed, one by one, to a more retired part of the grounds, where they
+were fed by their parents.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout Massachusetts, this bird, generally known as the Pigeon
+Woodpecker, is one of the most common and familiar birds. They abound
+in old orchards and groves, and manifest more apparent confidence in man
+than the treatment they receive at his hands seems to justify. Their nests
+are usually constructed at the distance of only a few feet from the ground,
+and though Wilson, Audubon, and Nuttall agree upon six as the average
+of their eggs, they frequently exceed this number. Mr. Audubon gives as
+the measurement of the eggs of this species 1.08 inches in length and .88
+of an inch in breadth. Their length varies from 1.05 to 1.15 inches, and
+their breadth from .91 to .85 of an inch. Their average measurement
+is 1.09 by .88 of an inch.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Synopsis Mexican Birds, in Philosophical Magazine One">Syn. Mex. Birds, in Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 440.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Fauna Boreali-Americana Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> F. Bor. Am.
+II</abbr>, 1831, 315.&mdash;<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon">Zoöl. Cal. &amp; Or.</abbr> Route, 91; <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six">P. R. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, 1857.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+<abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 120.&mdash;<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 420, mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Lord</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute One, four">Proc. R. Art. Inst. I, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 112.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper &amp; Suckley</span>, 163.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 309 (Oaxaca).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 344.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San
+Antonio, rare).&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 56.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>,
+1869, 562 (alpine district, Vera Cruz).&mdash;<span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Cat.</abbr> 1868, 121.&mdash;<span class="sc">Dall &amp; Bannister</span>,
+<abbr title="Proceedings Chicago Academy One">Pr. Chicago Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 275 (Alaska).&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 408. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus mexicanus</i>,
+<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 174, <abbr title="plate 416">pl. ccccxvi</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds America, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1842, 295,
+<abbr title="plate 274">pl. cclxxiv.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 72. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes collaris</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Four">Zoöl. Jour. IV</abbr>, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr>
+1829, 353.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Zoölogy Beechey's Voyage"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Zoöl. Beechey’s Voy.</abbr> 1839, 24, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus rubricatus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+Isis, 1829, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, May, 516. (“Lichtenstein <abbr title="Musei Zoologici Berolinensis">Mus. Berol.</abbr>”) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes rubricatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society Five"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Pr.
+Zoöl. Soc. V</abbr>, 1837, 108.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 114. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus cafer</i>,
+<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 431.&mdash;<abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Index Ornith. II</abbr>, 1790, 242. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Picus
+lathami</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, <abbr title="Systema">Syst.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 85 (Cape of Good Hope?).</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+<!--643.png--><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 579]</span>
+<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Shafts and under surfaces of wing and tail feathers orange-red. Male with a
+red patch on each side the cheek; nape without red crescent; sometimes very faint
+indications laterally. Throat and stripe
+beneath the eye bluish-ash. Back
+glossed with purplish-brown. Female
+without the red cheek-patch. Length,
+about 13.00; wing, over 6.50.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_643.jpg"
+ width="250" height="251"
+ alt="Illustration: Colaptes mexicanus"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><span class="sc">Additional Characters.</span> Spots on
+the belly, a crescent on the breast, and
+interrupted transverse bands on the
+back, black.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Western North America from
+Pacific to the Black Hills; north to
+Sitka on the coast. Localities:
+Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 305);
+Vera Cruz, alpine regions (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>,
+<abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 1869. 562); San
+Antonio, Texas (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865.
+470); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1866, 56).</p>
+
+
+<p>The female is similar in every
+way, perhaps a little smaller, but lacks the red mustache. This is, however,
+indicated by a brown tinge over an area corresponding with that of the red
+of the male.</p>
+
+<p>In the present specimen (1,886) there is a slight indication of an interrupted
+nuchal red band, as in the common Flicker, in some crimson fibres
+to some of the feathers about as far behind the eye as this is from the bill.
+A large proportion of males before us exhibit the same characteristic, some
+more, some less, although it generally requires careful examination for its
+detection. It may possibly be a characteristic of the not fully mature bird,
+although it occurs in two out of three male specimens.</p>
+
+<p>There is a little variation in the size of the pectoral crescent and spots;
+the latter are sometimes rounded or oblong cordate, instead of circular.
+The bill varies as much as three or four tenths of an inch. The rump,
+usually immaculate, sometimes has a few black streaks. The extent of the
+red whisker varies a little. In skins from Oregon and Washington the color
+of the back is as described; in those from California and New Mexico it is
+of a grayer cast. There is little, if any, variation in the shade of red in the
+whiskers and quill-feathers. The head is washed on the forehead with
+rufous, passing into ashy on the nape.</p>
+
+<p>There is not only some difference in the size of this species, in the same
+locality, but, as a general rule, the more southern specimens are smaller.</p>
+
+<p>This species is distinct from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanoides</i> of Lafresnaye, though
+somewhat resembling it. It is, however, a smaller bird; the red of the
+cheeks is deeper; the whole upper part of the head and neck uniform reddish-cinnamon
+without any ash, in marked contrast to that on the sides of the
+<!--644.png--><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 580]</span>
+head. The back is strongly glossed with reddish-brown, and the black
+transverse bars are much more distinct, closer and broader, three or four on
+each feather, instead of two only. The rump and upper tail-coverts are
+closely barred, the centre of the former only clearer white, but even here
+each feather has a cordate spot of white. The spots on the flanks posteriorly
+exhibit a tendency to become transverse bars.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Mount Orizaba, Mexico, are very similar to those from
+Oregon in color, presenting no appreciable difference. The size is, however,
+much less, a male measuring 10.50, wing 6.00, tail 4.60 inches, instead of
+12.75, 6.75, and 5.25 respectively. While, however, the feet are smaller
+(tarsus 1.00 instead of 1.15), the bill is fully as large, or even larger.</p>
+
+<p>Most young birds of this species have a tinge of red on top of the head,
+and frequently a decided nuchal crescent of red; but these are only embryonic
+features, and disappear with maturity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, the counterpart in so many respects of the Golden-winged
+Woodpecker, appears to take the place of that species from the slopes
+of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, throughout western North America.
+Dr. Woodhouse speaks of finding it abundant along the banks of the Rio
+Grande. And in the fine collection belonging to the Smithsonian Institution
+are specimens from the Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom, and Fort Vancouver,
+in Washington Territory, from the Columbia River, from various
+points in California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas,
+Mexico, etc. Dr. Gambel, in his Paper on the birds of California, first met
+with the Red-shafted Woodpecker soon after leaving New Mexico, and it
+continued to California, where he found it very abundant. He describes it
+as a remarkably shy bird, and adds that he always saw it on the margins of
+small creeks, where nothing grew larger than a willow-bush. Dr. Heermann
+also found it abundant in California. Dr. Newberry, in his Report on the
+zoölogy of Lieutenant Williamson’s expedition, speaks of the Red-shafted
+Flicker as rather a common bird in all parts of California and Oregon which
+his party visited. He describes many of its habits as identical with those of
+the Golden Flicker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus</i>), but regards it as much the shyer bird. Dr.
+Cooper also mentions the fact of the great abundance of this bird along the
+western coast, equalling that of its closely allied cousin on the eastern side
+of the Mississippi. It also resembles, he adds, that bird so exactly in
+habits and notes that the description of one will apply with exactness to the
+other. It is a constant resident in Washington Territory, or at least west
+of the Cascade Mountains. He observed it already burrowing out holes
+for its nests in April, at the Straits of Fuca. About June 1 he found a
+nest containing seven young, nearly fledged, which already showed in the
+male the distinguishing red mustache. Dr. Suckley, in the same report,
+also says that it is extremely common in the timbered districts of Washington
+Territory, and adds that its habits, voice, calls, etc., are precisely similar
+to those of the Yellow-Hammer of the Eastern States. Mr. Nuttall, as
+<!--645.png--><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 581]</span>
+quoted by Mr. Audubon, states that he first came upon this bird in the narrow
+belt of forest which borders Laramie’s Fork of the Platte, and adds
+that he scarcely lost sight of it from that time until he reached the shores
+of the Pacific. Its manners, in all respects, are so entirely similar to those
+of the common species that the same description applies to both. He also
+regards it as the shyer bird of the two, and less frequently seen on the
+ground. They burrow in the oak and pine trees, and lay white eggs, after
+the manner of the whole family, and these eggs are in no wise distinguishable
+from those of the Golden-wing.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report upon the birds of California, refers to this as a
+common species, and found in every part of the State except the bare plains.
+It even frequents the low bushes, where no trees are to be seen for miles.
+In the middle wooded districts, and towards the north, it is much more
+abundant than elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Their nesting-holes are at all heights from the ground, and are usually
+about one foot in depth. In the southern part of the State their eggs are
+laid in April, but farther north, at the Columbia, in May.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cooper attributes their shyness in certain localities to their being
+hunted so much by the Indians for their bright feathers. Generally he
+found them quite tame, so that their interesting habits may be watched
+without difficulty. He regards them as an exact counterpart of the eastern
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i>, living largely on insects and ants, which they collect without much
+trouble, and do not depend upon hard work, like other Woodpeckers, for their
+food. During the season they also feed largely on berries. Their curved
+bill is not well adapted for hammering sound wood for insects, and they only
+dig into decayed trees in search of their food. Like the eastern species, the
+young of these birds, when their nest is approached, make a curious hissing
+noise. They may be seen chasing each other round the trunk of trees, as
+if in sport, uttering, at the same time, loud cries like <i class="birdcall">whittoo, whittoo, whittoo</i>.
+Dr. Kennerly found these birds from the Big Sandy to the Great Colorado,
+but they were so shy that he could not obtain a specimen. They were seen
+on the barren hills among the large cacti, in which they nest. Their extreme
+shyness was fully explained afterwards by finding how closely they are
+hunted by the Indians for the sake of their feathers, of which head-dresses
+are made.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dresser states that this bird is found as far east as San Antonio, where,
+however, it is of uncommon occurrence. In December he noticed several
+near the Nueces River, and in February and March obtained others near
+Piedras Negras.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Coues gives it as abundant and resident in Arizona, where it is found
+in all situations. Its tongue, he states, is capable of protrusion to an extent
+far beyond that of any other North American Woodpecker.</p>
+
+<p>This bird, in some parts of California, is known as the Yellow-Hammer, a
+name given in some parts of New England to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>. Mr.
+<!--646.png--><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 582]</span>
+C. W. Plass, of Napa City, writes me that this Woodpecker “makes himself
+too much at home with us to be agreeable. He drills large holes though the
+weather-boards of the house, and shelters himself at night between them and
+the inner wall. He does, not nest there, but simply makes of such situations
+his winter home. We have had to shoot them, for we find it is of no use to
+shut up one hole, as they will at once make another by its side.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. A. Allen mentions finding this species, in the absence of suitable
+trees on the Plains, making excavations in sand-banks.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Ridgway, the Red-shafted Flicker does not differ from
+the Yellow-shafted species of the east in the slightest particular, as regards
+habits, manners, and notes. It is, however, more shy than the eastern species,
+probably from the fact that it is pursued by the Indians, who prize its
+quill and tail-feathers as ornaments with which to adorn their dress.</p>
+
+<p>Their eggs are hardly distinguishable from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i>, but range
+of a very slightly superior size. They average 1.12 inches in length by .89
+of an inch in breadth. Their greatest length is 1.15 inches, their least 1.10,
+and their breadth ranges from .87 to .90.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HYBRID FLICKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes ayresii</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 348, <abbr title="plate 494">pl. ccccxciv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes hybridus</i>,
+<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 122. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 422
+(mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picas hybridus aurato-mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Picidæ">Consp. Pic.</abbr>
+1866, 721.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Yellow shafts or feathers on wing and tail combined with red, or red spotted
+cheek-patches. Orange-red shafts combined with a well-defined nuchal red crescent, and
+pinkish throat. Ash-colored throat combined with black cheek-patch or yellow shafts.
+Shafts and feathers intermediate between gamboge-yellow and dark orange-red.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Upper Missouri and Yellowstone; Black Hills.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_55.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 55"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="55">LV</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_55-1" id="pl_55-1"></a><img src="images/pl_55-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 2122.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_55-2" id="pl_55-2"></a><img src="images/pl_55-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_55-3" id="pl_55-3"></a><img src="images/pl_55-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_55-4" id="pl_55-4"></a><img src="images/pl_55-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 55 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The general distribution of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>, as already indicated, is
+from the Pacific coast of the United States, eastward to the Black Hills and
+the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone; that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus</i> from the Atlantic
+Coast to about the eastern limits of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>. But little variation
+is seen in the two species up to the region mentioned; slight differences in
+shade of color, size, and frequency of spots, etc., being all. Where they
+come together, however, or overlap, a most remarkable race is seen, in which
+no two specimens, nay, scarcely the two sides of the same bird, are alike,
+the characters of the two species becoming mixed up in the most extraordinary
+manner. Thus, the shafts show every shade from orange-red to pure
+yellow; yellow shafts combine with red cheek-patch (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ayresii</i> of Audubon);
+a red nape, with orange-red shafts; cheek-patches red with black
+feathers intermixed, or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versa</i>; perhaps the feathers red at base and black
+<!--647.png--><!--Plate 55-->
+<!--648.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--649.png--><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 583]</span>
+at tip, or black at base and red at tip, etc. As the subject has been presented
+in sufficient detail in the Birds of North America, as quoted above,
+it need not be repeated here, except to say that collections received since
+1858 only substantiate what has there been stated.</p>
+
+<p>To the race thus noted, the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i> was given, not as of a variety,
+since it is not entitled to this rank, but as of a heterogeneous mixture, caused
+by the breeding together of two different species, and requiring some appellation.
+Whether the presumed hybrids are fertile, and breed with each other or
+with full-blooded parents, has not yet been ascertained; perhaps not, since
+the area in which they occur is limited, and it is only occasionally that
+individuals of the kind referred to have been found beyond the bounds mentioned.
+It is very rarely, however, that pure breeds occur in the district of
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>, a taint being generally appreciable in all.</p>
+
+<p>The conditions in the present instance appear different from those adverted
+to under the head of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus villosus</i>, where the question is not one of hybridism
+between two strongly marked and distinct species, but of the gradual change,
+between the Atlantic and the Pacific, from one pattern of coloration to another.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</b>, <abbr title="Malherbe"><span class="sc">Malh.</span></abbr></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CAPE FLICKER.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus chrysoides</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Revue et Magazine Zoölogique 4"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Rev. et Mag. Zoöl. IV</abbr>, 1852, 553.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Monograph Picidæ Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Mon. Pic. II</abbr>, 261,
+<abbr title="table">tab.</abbr> 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes chrysoides</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 125.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated">Ill.</abbr> Birds
+<abbr title="North America Six">N. Am. VI</abbr>, plate.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave).&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr.
+A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1866, 56 (Arizona).&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 344.&mdash;<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrated American Birds, One, plate 26">Illust. Am. B. I, pl.
+xxvi.</abbr>&mdash;<cite>Cooper</cite>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 410. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus chrysoides</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 72.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Markings generally as in other species. Top of head rufous-brown; chin,
+throat, and sides of head ash-gray. Shafts of quills and tail-feathers, with their under
+surfaces in great part, gamboge-yellow; no nuchal red. Malar patch of male red; wanting
+in the female. Length, 11.50; wing, 5.75; tail, 4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Colorado and Gila River, north to Fort Mohave, south to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Localities:
+Fort Mohave (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy">Pr. Cal. Ac.</abbr> 1861, 122); <abbr title="West">W.</abbr> Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+1866, 56).</p>
+
+<p>This interesting species is intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> in
+having the yellow shafts and quills of the former; a red malar patch, an
+ashy throat, and no nuchal crescent, as in the latter. To <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanoides</i> the
+relationship is still closer, since both have the rufous-brown head above. A
+hybrid between this last species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i> would in some varieties come
+very near <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</i>, but as it does not belong to the region of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</i>,
+and there is no transition from one species to the other in any specimens, as
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>, there is no occasion to take this view of the species.</p>
+
+<p>Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas specimens, where the species is exceedingly abundant, are
+considerably smaller than those from Arizona, and appear to be more strongly
+<!--650.png--><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 584]</span>
+marked with black above and below; otherwise there seems to be no difference
+of special importance.</p>
+
+<p>As neither <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. auratus</i> nor <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> has the top of the head rufous-brown,
+(though slightly indicated anteriorly in the latter), this character has not
+been noted in the hybrids between the two (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>), and its presence in
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</i> will serve to distinguish it from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This comparatively new form of Woodpecker was first described
+in 1852 by Malherbe, from a California specimen in the Paris
+Museum, which had been at first supposed to be a female or immature
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ayresii</i>. What Dr. Cooper thinks may have been this species was met with
+by Dr. Heermann among the mountains bordering upon the Cosumnes
+River, in California, where it was rare, and only two specimens were taken.
+In February, 1861, other specimens of this bird were taken at Fort Mohave
+by Dr. Cooper. They were feeding on larvæ and insects among the poplar-trees,
+and were very shy and wary. The bird is supposed to winter in the
+Colorado Valley, and wherever found has been met with in valleys, and not
+on mountains. It is an abundant and characteristic member of the Cape
+<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas fauna.</p>
+
+<p>According to Dr. Cooper these birds were already mated at Fort Mohave
+after February 20. They had the same habits, flight, and cries as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+mexicanus</i>. They appeared to be migratory, having come from the south.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Xantus, in his brief notes on the birds of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, makes mention
+of finding this bird breeding, May 19, in a dead <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cereus giganteus</i>. The
+nest was a large cavity about fifteen feet from the ground, and contained
+only one egg. The parent bird was also secured. In another instance
+two eggs were found in a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cereus giganteus</i>, at the distance of forty feet from
+the ground. The eggs were not noticeably different from those of the
+common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanus</i>.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Picinæ-->
+</div><!--end family Picidæ-->
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start family Psittacidæ-->
+<p class="p4">
+<!--651.png--><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 585]</span></p>
+<h2>
+<span class="sc">Family</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PSITTACIDÆ</span>.&mdash;<span class="sc">The Parrots.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr>
+Bill greatly hooked; the maxilla movable and with a cere at the base. Nostrils
+in the base of the bill. Feet scansorial, covered with granulated scales.</p>
+
+<p>The above diagnosis characterizes briefly a family of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</i> having
+representatives throughout the greater part of the world, except Europe, and
+embracing about three hundred and fifty species, according to the late
+enumeration of Finsch,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_136" id="fnanchor_136"></a><a href="#footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></span>
+of which one hundred and forty-two, or nearly one
+half, are American (seventy Brazilian alone). The subfamilies are as
+follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stringopinæ.</b> Appearance owl-like; face somewhat veiled or with a
+facial disk, as in the Owls.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plyctolophinæ.</b> Head with an erectile crest, of variable shape.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ.</b> Head plain. Tail long, or lengthened, wedge-shaped or
+graduated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ.</b> Head plain. Tail short or moderate, straight or rounded.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><abbr title="Five">V.</abbr> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichoglossinæ.</b> Tip of tongue papillose. Bill compressed; tip of
+maxilla internally smooth, not crenate; gonys obliquely ascending.</p>
+
+<p>Of these, <abbr title="Numbers Three and Four">Nos. III and IV</abbr> alone are represented in the New World, and
+only the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</i> occur in the United States, with one species.</p>
+
+
+<div class="chapter"><!--start subfamily Sittacinæ-->
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">SITTACINÆ</span></b>.</p>
+
+<p>The lengthened cuneate tail, as already stated, distinguishes this group
+from the American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ</i> with short, square, or rounded tail. The
+genera are distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace.</b> Culmen flattened. Face naked, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha</i>. Tail
+as long as or longer than wings.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus.</b> Culmen rounded. Face entirely feathered, except a curve around
+the eye. Tail shorter than wings.</p>
+
+<p>Of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace</i>, which embraces eighteen species, two come sufficiently
+near to the southern borders of the United States to render it not impossible
+that they may yet be found to cross the border. Of one of these, indeed,
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha</i>,) there is a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia
+Academy of Natural Sciences, presented by J. W. Audubon as shot on the
+Rio Grande of Texas; and another (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. militaris</i>) is common at Mazatlan, and
+perhaps even at Guaymas. There is considerable reason for doubt as to the
+authenticity of the alleged locality of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha</i>, but for the
+<!--652.png--><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 586]</span>
+purpose of identification, should either species present itself, we give
+diagnoses in the accompanying foot-note.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_137" id="fnanchor_137"></a><a href="#footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">CONURUS</b>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus</i>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>, <abbr title="Conspectus Psittacorum">Consp. Psittac.</abbr> 4, 1830.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Nova Acta <abbr title="Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie 10">K. L. C. Acad. X</abbr>, 1830.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr>
+Tail long, conical, and pointed; bill stout; cheeks feathered, but in some
+species leaving a naked ring round the eye; cere feathered to the base of the bill.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <img src="images/i_652.jpg"
+ width="300" height="193"
+ alt="Illustration: Conurus carolinensis"
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis.</i><br />
+  <b class="specimen-number">1228</b></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p>The preceding diagnosis, though not very full, will serve to indicate the
+essential characteristics of the genus among the Middle American forms
+with long pointed tails, the most prominent feature consisting in the densely
+feathered, not naked, cheeks. But one species belongs to the United States,
+<!--653.png--><!--Plate 56-->
+<!--654.png--><!--blank page-->
+<!--655.png--><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 587]</span>
+though three others are found in Mexico, and many more in South and
+Central America. A few species occur in the West Indies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <img src="images/pl_56.jpg"
+ width="100%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="56">LVI</abbr>.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_56-1" id="pl_56-1"></a><img src="images/pl_56-1.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 1"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</span>. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="Michigan">Mich.</abbr>, 1228.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_56-2" id="pl_56-2"></a><img src="images/pl_56-2.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 2"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</span>. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>, <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 54812.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_56-3" id="pl_56-3"></a><img src="images/pl_56-3.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 3"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>, 30705.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_56-4" id="pl_56-4"></a><img src="images/pl_56-4.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 4"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1723.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_56-5" id="pl_56-5"></a><img src="images/pl_56-5.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 5"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Selkirk Settlement, 51863.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px">
+ <a name="pl_56-6" id="pl_56-6"></a><img src="images/pl_56-6.jpg"
+ width="80%" height="auto"
+ alt="Illustration: Color plate 56 detail 6"
+ />
+ <div class="caption">
+  <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus thyroideus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16098.</p>
+ </div>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PARAKEET; CAROLINA PARROT; ILLINOIS PARROT.</b></p>
+
+<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittaca carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Ornithologie Two">Ornith. II</abbr>, 1762, 138. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systems Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst.
+Nat. I</abbr>, 1758, 97; 1766, 141 (nec <span class="sc">Scopoli</span>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 89, <abbr title="plate 26">pl.
+xxvi</abbr>, fig. 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography One"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 135, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. xxvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Kuhl</span>,
+Nova Acta <abbr title="Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie">K. L. C.</abbr> 1830.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.&mdash;<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Prince Maximilian Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie 5"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span> Cabanis Journ. für Orn.
+V</abbr>, March, 1857, 97.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 57.&mdash;<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Papageien">Papagei.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1857,
+478.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 347.&mdash;<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Eastern Florida">B. E. Fla.</abbr> 308. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span>
+Syn.</abbr> 1839, 189.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 306, <abbr title="plate 278">pl. cclxxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus ludovicianus</i>,
+<abbr title="Gmelin Systema One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> Syst. I</abbr>, 1788, 347. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus thalassinus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot [Tableau] encyclopédique et méthodique"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ency. Meth.</abbr> 1377. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus
+ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray.</span> <abbr title="Catalogue British Museuam Psittacidæ">Catal. Br. Mus. Psittac.</abbr> 1859, 36 (makes distinct species from
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>). <cite>Carolina parrot</cite>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina, One, table 11">Car. I, tab. xi.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis One">Syn. I</abbr>, 227.&mdash;<span class="sc">Pennant</span>,
+<abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 242. <cite>Orange-headed parrot</cite>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis One">Syn. I</abbr>, 304.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+ <img src="images/i_655.jpg"
+ width="250" height="313"
+ alt="Illustration: Conurus carolinensis."
+ />
+  <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus carolinensis.</i></p>
+</div><!--end figure-->
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>
+Head and neck all round gamboge-yellow; the forehead, from above the
+eyes, with the sides of the head, pale
+brick-red. Body generally with tail
+green, with a yellowish tinge beneath.
+Outer webs of primaries bluish-green,
+yellow at the base; secondary coverts
+edged with yellowish. Edge of wing
+yellow, tinged with red; tibiæ yellow.
+Bill white. Legs flesh-color. Length,
+about 13.00; wing, 7.50; tail, 7.10.
+Young with head and neck green.
+Female with head and neck green; the
+forehead, lores, and suffusion round the
+eyes, dark red, and without the yellow
+of tibiæ and edge of wing. Size considerably
+less.</p>
+
+<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr>
+Southern and Southwestern
+States and Mississippi Valley; north to
+the Great Lakes and Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>This species was once very
+abundant in the United States
+east of the Rocky Mountains, being
+known throughout the Southern
+States, and the entire valley of the Mississippi, north to the Great
+Lakes. Stragglers even penetrated to Pennsylvania, and one case of their
+reaching Albany, <abbr title="New York"><span class="sc">N. Y.</span></abbr>, is on record. Now, however, they are greatly
+restricted. In Florida they are yet abundant, but, according to Dr. Coues,
+they are scarcely entitled to a place in the fauna of South Carolina. In
+Western Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory, they are still found
+in considerable numbers, straggling over the adjacent States, but now seldom
+<!--656.png--><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 588]</span>
+go north of the mouth of the Ohio. We have seen no note of their occurrence
+south of the United States, and in view of their very limited area and
+rapid diminution in numbers, there is little doubt but that their total extinction
+is only a matter of years, perhaps to be consummated within the lifetime
+of persons now living. It is a question whether both sexes are similarly colored,
+as in most American Parrots, or whether the female, as just stated,
+lacks the yellow of the head. Several female birds killed in Florida in
+March agree in the characters indicated above for that sex; but the material
+at our command is not sufficient to decide whether all females are similarly
+marked, or whether the plumage described is that of the bird of the second
+year generally. There is no trace whatever of yellow on the head.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In determining the geographical distribution of the Carolina
+Parrot, a distinction should be made between its accidental occurrence and
+its usual and habitual residence. Strictly speaking, this species, though of
+roving habits, is not migratory. Its movements are irregular, and dependent
+upon the abundance or the scarcity of its food. Where it breeds, it is usually
+a permanent resident. An exceptional visit to a place cannot be taken
+as certain evidence that it will reappear in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>When Wilson wrote, it inhabited the interior of Louisiana and the country
+lying upon the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and their tributary
+waters, even beyond the Illinois River, to the neighborhood of Lake Michigan,
+in latitude 42<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> north. The same writer insisted that, contrary to the
+generally received opinion, it was at that time resident in all those places.
+Eastward of the great range of the Alleghanies it has been very seldom seen
+north of the State of Maryland, though straggling parties have been occasionally
+observed among the valleys of the Juniata. Barton states that a
+very large flock of these birds was observed in January, 1780, about twenty-five
+miles northwest of Albany.</p>
+
+<p>The occurrence of this species in midwinter so far to the north, and its
+constant residence west of the Alleghanies throughout the year in colder
+regions, justify the conclusion of its being a very hardy bird. In evidence
+of this, Wilson mentions the fact of his having seen a number of them, in
+the month of February, on the banks of the Ohio, in a snow-storm, flying
+about like Pigeons, and in full cry.</p>
+
+<p>The very evident preference which the Carolina Parakeet evinces for western
+localities, though in the same parallel of latitude with those east of the
+Alleghanies, which it rarely or never visits, is attributed by the same attentive
+observer to certain peculiar features of the country to which it is particularly
+and strongly attached. These are the low, rich alluvial bottoms
+along the borders of creeks, covered with a gigantic growth of buttonwood,
+deep and impenetrable swamps of the cypress, and those peculiar salines&mdash;or,
+as they are called, salt-licks&mdash;so frequent throughout that region, all of
+which are regularly visited by the Parakeets. The great abundance of the
+seeds of the cockle-bur (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthium strumarium</i>) is also given as a still greater
+<!--657.png--><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 589]</span>
+inducement for their frequenting the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi,
+where these plants are found in the greatest abundance. The seeds of the
+cypress-trees are another powerful attraction, while the abundance of the
+mast of the beech, on which it feeds freely, may explain their occasional
+visits to more northern regions, and even to places where they were before
+unknown.</p>
+
+<p>In descending the Ohio in the month of February, Wilson met the first
+flock of Parakeets at the mouth of the Little Scioto. He was informed by
+an old inhabitant of Marietta that they were sometimes, though rarely, seen
+there. He afterwards observed flocks of them at the mouth of the Great
+and Little Miami, and in the neighborhood of the numerous creeks which
+discharge themselves into the Ohio. At Big Bone Lick, near the mouth of
+the Kentucky River, he met them in great numbers. They came screaming
+through the woods, about an hour after sunrise, to drink the salt water, of
+which, he says, they are remarkably fond.</p>
+
+<p>Audubon, writing in 1842, speaks of the Parakeets as then very rapidly
+diminishing in number. In some regions where twenty-five years before
+they had been very plentiful, at that time scarcely any were to be seen. At
+one period, he adds, they could be procured as far up the tributary water of
+the Ohio as the Great Kanawha, the Scioto, the head of the Miami, the
+mouth of the Maumee at its junction with Lake Erie, and sometimes as far
+northeast as Lake Ontario. At the time of his writing very few were to be
+found higher than Cincinnati, and he estimated that along the Mississippi
+there was not half the number that had existed there fifteen years before.</p>
+
+<p>According to Nuttall, this species constantly inhabits and breeds in the
+Southern States, and is so hardy as to make its appearance commonly, in the
+depth of winter, along the wooded banks of the Ohio, the interior of Alabama,
+and the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri, around <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, and
+other places, when nearly all the other birds have migrated.</p>
+
+<p>Its present habitat seems to be the Southern and Southwestern States, as
+far west as the Missouri. They occur high up that river, although none were
+seen or collected much farther west than its banks. In the enumeration of
+the localities from which the specimens in the Smithsonian collection were
+derived, Florida, Cairo, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Riley, Kansas, Nebraska,
+and Bald Island, Missouri River, and Michigan are given.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the manner of nesting, breeding-habits, number of eggs in a
+nest, and the localities in which it breeds, I know nothing from my own
+personal observations, nor are writers generally better informed, with the
+single exception of Mr. Audubon. Wilson states that all his informants
+agreed that these birds breed in hollow trees. Several affirmed to him that
+they had seen their nests. Some described these as made with the use of no
+additional materials, others spoke of their employing certain substances to
+line the hollows they occupied. Some represented the eggs as white, others
+as speckled. One man assured him that in the hollow of a large beech-tree,
+<!--658.png--><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 590]</span>
+which he had cut down, he found the broken fragments of upwards of
+twenty Parakeet’s eggs, which he described as of a greenish-yellow color. He
+described the nest as formed of small twigs glued to each other and to the
+side of the tree in the manner of the Chimney-Swallow! From all these
+contradictory accounts Wilson was only able to gather, with certainty, that
+they build in companies and in hollow trees. The numerous dissections
+which he made in the months of March, April, May, and June led him to
+infer that they commence incubation late in spring or very early in summer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Audubon, who speaks from his own observations, describes their nests,
+or the places in which they deposit their eggs, as simply the bottom of such
+cavities in trees as those to which they usually retire at night. Many
+females, he thinks, deposit their eggs together; and he expresses the opinion
+that the number of eggs which each individual lays is two, although he
+was not able absolutely to assure himself of this. He describes them as
+nearly round, and of a light greenish-white. An egg of this species from
+Louisiana is of a rounded oval shape, equally obtuse at either end, and of a
+uniform dull-white color. It measures 1.40 by 1.10 inches.</p>
+</div><!--end subfamily Sittacinæ-->
+</div><!--end family Pisttacidæ, continued in Volume 3-->
+
+    <div class="multifootnote">
+
+     <p class="p2 footnote"> <a name="footnote_1" id="footnote_1"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_1"><span class="muchsmaller">[1]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pinetorum</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings of Zoological Society">Pr. Z.
+     S.</abbr> 1863, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 189. (“<span xml:lang="la" lang="la">Similis <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pusillæ</i>, ex <abbr title="America Septentrionali">Amer. Sept.</abbr> et
+     Mexico, sed coloribus clarioribus et rostro robustiore
+     differt.</span>”)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_2" id="footnote_2"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_2"><span class="muchsmaller">[2]</span></a>
+     <i class="plumage">Winter plumage.</i> Rusty prevailing above, but hoary whitish
+     edges to feathers still in strong contrast; streaks beneath with
+     a rufous suffusion externally, but still with the black in
+     excess.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_3" id="footnote_3"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_3"><span class="muchsmaller">[3]</span></a>
+     <i class="plumage">Winter plumage.</i> Gray above more olivaceous, the black
+     streaks more subdued by a rufous suffusion; streaks beneath with
+     the rufous predominating, sometimes without any black.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_4" id="footnote_4"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_4"><span class="muchsmaller">[4]</span></a>
+     <i class="plumage">Winter plumage.</i> Above rusty-olive, with little or no ashy,
+     the black streaks broad and distinct. Streaks beneath with the
+     black and rusty in about equal amount.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_5" id="footnote_5"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_5"><span class="muchsmaller">[5]</span></a>
+     In summer the streaks beneath are entirely intense black; in
+     winter they have a slight rufous external suffusion.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_6" id="footnote_6"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_6"><span class="muchsmaller">[6]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Ridgway</span>. Mexican Song Sparrow. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? ? Melospiza
+     pectoralis</i>, <span class="sc">von Müller</span>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> (Type,
+     60,046, Puebla, Mexico, <span class="sc">A. Boucard</span>.)
+     Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>, but ground-color above olive-brown;
+     inner webs of interscapulars pale ashy, but not in strong
+     contrast. Crown and wings rusty-brown, the former with broad
+     black streaks, and divided by a just appreciable paler line; back
+     with broad black streaks without any rufous suffusion.
+     Superciliary stripe pure light ash, becoming white anterior to
+     the eye; two broad, dark-brown stripes on side of head,&mdash;one
+     from the eye back along upper edge of auriculars, the other back
+     from the rictus, along their lower border. Lower parts pure
+     white, the flanks and crissum distinctly ochraceous; markings
+     beneath broad and heavy, entirely pure deep black; those on the
+     jugulum deltoid, on the sides linear. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.85;
+     bill, .37 and .24; tarsus, .85; middle toe without claw, .68.
+     This may possibly be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. pectoralis</i> of von Müller. The
+     description cited above, however, does not agree with the
+     specimen under consideration. The pectoral spots are expressly
+     stated to be brown, not even a black shaft-streak being
+     mentioned, whereas the pure black spots of the specimen before us
+     render it peculiar in this respect, being, in fact, its chief
+     characteristic.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_7" id="footnote_7"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_7"><span class="muchsmaller">[7]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia boucardi</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P.
+     Z. S.</abbr> 1867, 1, <abbr title="plate One">pl. I</abbr>, La Puebla, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> (scarcely definable as
+     distinct from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_8" id="footnote_8"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_8"><span class="muchsmaller">[8]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa botterii</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Cat. Am.
+     B.</abbr> 1862, 116 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia b.</i> <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 214), Orizaba.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus mexicana</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann.
+     N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1867, 474 (Colima).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">This form can scarcely be defined separately
+     from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</i>. The type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Lawr.</span>, is undistinguishable from Orizaba
+     specimens. A specimen in the worn summer plumage (44,752<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>,
+     Mirador, July) differs in having the streaks above almost wholly
+     black, with scarcely any rufous edge; the crown is almost
+     uniformly blackish. The feathers are very much worn, however, and
+     the specimen is without doubt referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">botteri</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa notosticta</i> of <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span> (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1868, 322) we have not seen;
+     it appears to differ in some important respects from the forms
+     diagnosed above, and may, possibly, be a good species. Its place
+     in our system appears to be with section “A,” but it differs from
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</i> in the median stripe on the
+     crown, and the black streaks in the rufous of the lateral
+     portion, the blacker streaks of the dorsal region, and some other
+     less important points of coloration. The size appears to be
+     larger than in any of the forms given in our synopsis (wing,
+     2.70; tail, 3.00). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> States of Puebla and Mexico,
+     <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_9" id="footnote_9"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_9"><span class="muchsmaller">[9]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella obscura</i>, <span class="sc">Verrill</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Natural History Society, Nine, December">Pr.
+     Bost. N. H. Soc. IX, Dec.</abbr> 1862, 143 (Anticosti). (Type in Museum
+     <abbr title="Comparative Zoölogy">Comp. Zoöl.</abbr>, Cambridge.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">“Size somewhat smaller than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+     iliaca</i>. Legs and wings a little shorter in proportion. Claws
+     less elongated. Bill somewhat shorter, thicker, and less acute.
+     Color above rufous-brown, becoming bright rufous on the rump and
+     exposed portion of the tail, but a shade darker than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.
+     iliaca</i>; head uniform brown, with a slight tinge of ash;
+     feathers of the back centred with a streak of darker brown. Wings
+     nearly the same color as the back, with no white bands; outer
+     webs of the quills rufous, inner webs dark brown; secondary
+     coverts rufous, with dark brown centres; primary coverts uniform
+     brown. Beneath dull white, with the throat and breast thickly
+     covered with elongated triangular spots and streaks of dark
+     reddish-brown; sides streaked with rufous-brown; middle of
+     abdomen with a few small triangular spots of dark brown; under
+     tail-coverts brownish-white, with a few small spots of bright
+     rufous; tibiæ dark brown. The auriculars are tinged with
+     reddish-brown. Bristles at the base of the bill are numerous,
+     extending over the nostrils. Tail rather long, broad, and nearly
+     even. Third quill longest; second and fourth equal, and but
+     slightly shorter; first intermediate between the fifth and sixth,
+     and one fourth of an inch shorter than the third.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">“Length, 6.75; extent of wings, 10.75; wing,
+     3.35; tarsus, 1 inch.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">“This species differs greatly in color from
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>. It is darker in all parts; the feathers of the
+     back are rufous-brown, centred with darker, instead of ash
+     centred with brownish-red; the two white bands on the wing are
+     wanting; the breast and throat are thickly streaked with
+     elongated spots of dark reddish-brown, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>
+     the spots are less numerous, shorter and broader, and bright
+     rufous, and the central part of the throat is nearly free from
+     spots; the under tail-coverts are brownish-white, with rufous
+     spots, instead of nearly pure white.”</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">There are some features in this bird, as
+     described by Mr. Verrill, which seem to characterize it as
+     different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. iliaca</i>, although it is barely possible
+     that it is this bird in immature dress. The streaked back at once
+     separates it from all our species excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i>.
+     Nothing is said of its habits. One specimen was killed in
+     Anticosti, July 1; the other, August 8. The true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</i>
+     was found on the island, which fact renders it still more
+     probable that this is its young.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_10" id="footnote_10"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_10"><span class="muchsmaller">[10]</span></a>
+     Atlantic Monthly, <abbr title="23">XXIII</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 707.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_11" id="footnote_11"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_11"><span class="muchsmaller">[11]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza leclancheri.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza leclancheri</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lafresnaye Magazin de Zoölogie"><span
+     class="sc">Lafr.</span> Mag. Zoöl.</abbr> 1841, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoologique"><span
+     class="sc">Less.</span> R. Z.</abbr> 1842, 74.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_12" id="footnote_12"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_12"><span class="muchsmaller">[12]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tiaris pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil.
+     Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 438. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara pusilla</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 159.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_13" id="footnote_13"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_13"><span class="muchsmaller">[13]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza olivacea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst.
+     Nat. I</abbr>, 309. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara olivacea</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 159.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_14" id="footnote_14"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_14"><span class="muchsmaller">[14]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia canora</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat.
+     I</abbr>, 858. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara canora</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span
+     class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_15" id="footnote_15"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_15"><span class="muchsmaller">[15]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_16" id="footnote_16"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_16"><span class="muchsmaller">[16]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?
+     Cardinalis carneus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoologique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> R. Z.</abbr> 1842,
+     209.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. I</abbr>, 501.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">According to the locality quoted (“Acapulco
+     et Realejo”) this name is the one to be applied to the variety
+     diagnosed in the synopsis; it is difficult, however, to make
+     anything out of the description, as it is evidently taken from a
+     female or immature bird. If the locality quoted be correct, this
+     form ranges along the Pacific Coast, probably from latitude 20<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>
+     south, as far at least as Nicaragua. North of 20<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and on the
+     Tres Marias Islands, it is replaced by <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</i>, and on
+     the Atlantic coast, from Tampico south to Honduras, is
+     represented by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">In the very long, stiff crest-feathers, and
+     light red rump, this variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. virginianus</i> closely
+     approximates to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. phœniceus</i>, but in other respects is
+     very distinct.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_17" id="footnote_17"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_17"><span class="muchsmaller">[17]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis phœniceus</i>, (<span class="sc">Gould</span>,)
+     <abbr title="Bonaparte Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1837, <abbr title="page 111; Conspectus One">p. 111; Consp. I</abbr>,
+     501.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Exotic Ornithology, Part Eight">Ex. Orn.
+     Pt. VIII</abbr>, 1868, <abbr title="plate 63">pl. lxiii</abbr>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_18" id="footnote_18"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_18"><span class="muchsmaller">[18]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo macronyx</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil.
+     Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 434. Real del Monte, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Animals in Menageries"><span
+     class="sc">Ib.</span> Anim. in Men.</abbr> 1838, 347.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span
+     class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 487.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater
+     &amp; Salvin</span>, 1869, 361. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo virescens</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr>
+     1863, 228, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Prevailing
+     color above olive-green; the head and neck all round black,
+     abruptly contrasted below with the white under parts; above
+     passing insensibly into the green of the back; feathers of
+     interscapular region obscurely dusky medially; sides and crissum
+     rufous. Scapulars and greater and middle coverts with outer webs
+     pale greenish-yellow at ends; these blotches faintly margined
+     externally with olive-green. Edge of wing yellow; outer primary
+     edged with whitish, edges of other primaries and of secondaries
+     uniform olive-green. Fifth quill longest, fourth and sixth
+     scarcely shorter; first shorter than ninth. Legs stout, claws
+     much curved. Tail wanting in the single specimen before us (a
+     male from the city of Mexico, belonging to Mr. G. N.
+     Lawrence).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i class="dimensions">Dimensions</i> (prepared specimen): Wing,
+     3.70. Exposed portion of first primary, 2.30; of second, 2.73; of
+     longest (measured from exposed base of first primary), 2.85.
+     Bill: Length from forehead, .75; from nostril, .45. Legs: Tarsus,
+     1.14; middle claw, .38; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone,
+     .52.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">In describing this species, Swainson mentions
+     an accompanying specimen as similar, but without any white spots
+     on wings, suggesting that it may be the female. A specimen in the
+     plumage from Oaxaca is characterized as follows.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_19" id="footnote_19"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_19"><span class="muchsmaller">[19]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo chlorosoma</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. 50,225
+     <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Oaxaca. Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. macronyx</i> in color, but without
+     any trace of white markings on the wings. Outer tail-feathers
+     with an obscurely defined greenish-white patch about an inch
+     long, at the end of inner web; similar, but successively smaller
+     patches on the second and third feathers, all whiter on upper
+     than lower surface. Fifth quill longest; first shorter than
+     ninth.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i class="dimensions">Dimensions</i> (prepared specimen): Total
+     length, 8.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80. Bill: Length from forehead,
+     .73; from nostril, .43. Legs: Tarsus, 1.24; middle toe and claw,
+     1.10; claw alone, .36; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .50.
+     <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 60,050, Mexico, is similar, in all essential respects.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">From the analogies of the black Pipilos,
+     it is reasonable to consider these two birds as distinct species,
+     or at least varieties, especially as the specimen before us of
+     that with unspotted wings is marked male. The general appearance
+     is otherwise much the same, the unspotted bird rather smaller,
+     and without the dusky interscapular markings described in
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</i>. Should <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 50,225 represent a distinct species,
+     it may be called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chlorosoma</i>, and distinguished as
+     above. (60,050, Mexico, <span class="sc">Boucard</span>.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_20" id="footnote_20"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_20"><span class="muchsmaller">[20]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo lateralis</i> (<abbr title="Natterer"><span class="sc">Natt.</span></abbr>).
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza lateralis</i>, <abbr title="Natterer Museum Vindobona, Manuscript"><span class="sc">Natt.</span> Mus.
+     Vind. MSS.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza lat.</i> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Burmeister Thiere Brasiliens 3"><span class="sc">Burm.</span> Th.
+     Bras. III</abbr>, <abbr title="Aves">Av.</abbr> 2, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 215. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo superciliosa</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Animals in Menageries"><span
+     class="sc">Swains.</span> An. Menag.</abbr> 311, 95, fig. 59.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_21" id="footnote_21"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_21"><span class="muchsmaller">[21]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Philos. Mag.</abbr>, 1827.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_22" id="footnote_22"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_22"><span class="muchsmaller">[22]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo carmani</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="manuscript">MSS.</abbr>; <span
+     class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Ten">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. X</abbr>, 7. (Specimens in
+     collection made by Colonel A. J. Grayson.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_23" id="footnote_23"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_23"><span class="muchsmaller">[23]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo maculatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>. <abbr title="Specific Characters"><span
+     class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Similar to the female of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo arcticus</i>, but rather more olivaceous; only the head
+     and neck all round black; shading above insensibly into the back.
+     The white markings mostly edged narrowly externally with black,
+     and clouded with rusty; the nape-feathers faintly, the
+     interscapular broadly, streaked centrally with blackish; lower
+     back and rump, with outer edges of quill and tail feathers,
+     olivaceous-brown. A narrow shaft-streak in white at end of tail.
+     Fourth quill longest; fifth scarcely shorter; first about equal
+     to secondaries. Claws moderate; perhaps larger than in
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i>. Length of skin, 7.80; wing, 3.15; tail,
+     4.20; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe and claw, .96; claw alone, .34;
+     hind toe and claw, .81; claw alone, .45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico
+     (Oaxaca; Real del Monte, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Philos. Mag.</abbr>, 1827).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> It is a serious question whether this
+     comparatively little known Mexican species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i> is
+     not to be considered as identical with some or all of the species
+     of the United States, with spotted wing-coverts, notwithstanding
+     the difference in the color of the body. It appears, however, to
+     be constant in the olivaceous character of the back,&mdash;no
+     reference being made to Mexican specimens entirely black
+     above,&mdash;and as such it may be considered a permanent
+     geographical race.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_24" id="footnote_24"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_24"><span class="muchsmaller">[24]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Sw.</span> Phil. Mag. I</abbr>,
+     1827, 434 (Temiscaltepec).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>
+     <abbr title="Animals in Manageries">Anim. in Menag.</abbr> 1838, 347.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span>
+     Consp.</abbr> 1851, 487.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>
+     1856, 304 (Cordova). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Kieneria fusca</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span
+     class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Comptes Rendus 40">C. R. XL</abbr>, 1855, 356.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Above dull
+     olive-brown; the top of head having the central portion of
+     feathers tinged (inconspicuously and obscurely) with rufous. Chin
+     and throat pale rufous, bordered by dusky streaks; a single dusky
+     spot in lower part of jugulum. Belly and flanks behind, anal
+     region and crissum, rather darker rufous. Sides grayish-olive,
+     lighter than the back, tingeing the breast, and leaving only a
+     small patch in the centre of under parts white, shading into the
+     surrounding ashy-brown. Fourth and fifth quills longest; first
+     shorter than ninth, or than secondaries.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i class="dimensions">Dimensions</i> (prepared specimen): Total
+     length, 7.75; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.20; exposed portion of first
+     primary, 2.30; of longest (measured from exposed base of first
+     primary), 3.03. Bill: Length from forehead, .65; from nostril,
+     .40. Legs: Tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; hind toe and
+     claw, .68; claw alone, .36. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Highlands of Mexico.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The specimen described is from the city of
+     Mexico, and belongs to Mr. G. N. Lawrence; others before us are
+     from Temiscaltepec (the original locality of Swainson’s type),
+     Guadalaxara, and Tepic.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">While admitting the strong probability that
+     the different brown <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilos</i> with rufous throat bordered by
+     black spots, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i>, and probably even
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</i>, are geographical modifications of the same
+     original type, the large collection before us vindicates the
+     action of those who have referred the California species to that
+     described by Swainson as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i>, and who have
+     distinguished the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i> from both. The original
+     description of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> agrees almost exactly with
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>, both actually scarcely separable; while the
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, intermediate in geographical position, is
+     decidedly different from either. The relationships of these
+     different forms will be found expressed in the general diagnosis
+     already given.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">Two descriptions given by Swainson, copied
+     below, of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. fuscus</i>, differ somewhat from each other,
+     and may not have been taken from the same specimen. The
+     identification of either with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. mesoleucus</i> would be a
+     difficult matter; while the first one expresses the peculiar
+     characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i> more nearly than any other. The
+     statement of “white beneath,” without any qualification, applies
+     better to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i> than to others, but the “pale rufous
+     tinge” observable in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</i> is very
+     different from the abruptly defined chestnut cap of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 434. “Gray,
+     beneath paler; throat obscure fulvous, with brown spots; vent
+     ferruginous. Length, 8.00; bill, .70; wings, 3.50; tail, 4.00;
+     tarsi, .90; hind toe and claw, .70.” <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table land;
+     Temiscaltepec.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo fuscus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Animals in Menageries">Anim. in Men.</abbr> 1838, 347.
+     “Grayish-brown above; beneath white; chin and throat fulvous,
+     with dusky spots; under tail-coverts fulvous; tail
+     blackish-brown, unspotted. Bill and legs pale, the latter
+     smaller, and the claws more curved than in any other known
+     species; crown with a pale rufous tinge. Length, 7.50; wings,
+     3.50; tail, 4.00; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw the same;
+     hinder toe, .65. Rather smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</i>.”</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_25" id="footnote_25"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_25"><span class="muchsmaller">[25]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo albicollis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. Above
+     uniform olivaceous-brown; the cap not differently colored. Lores,
+     chin, and throat white, the two last bordered and defined by
+     dusky spots; jugulum and breast white, the former clouded with
+     olivaceous, and with a dusky blotch in middle; middle of throat
+     crossed by an olivaceous band which curves round on each side
+     under the ear-coverts; sides grayish. Flanks behind, anal region,
+     and crissum, rufous. Middle wing-coverts with a whitish bar
+     across their tips. Fourth and fifth quills longest; first shorter
+     than ninth and secondaries. Length, 7.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.70.
+     Bill and legs light. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central Mexico.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">This “species” may fairly be considered as
+     one extreme of the series of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crissalis</i> is the
+     other; and differs from the rest merely in a greater amount of
+     white, and the absence of rufous tinge on top of head. The
+     fulvous of throat is concentrated in a band across its middle
+     portion, leaving chin and lower throat white; this, however, is
+     foreshadowed in the paler chin of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</i>, and the
+     whitish lower throat of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</i>. The uniformity of
+     coloring above is nearly equalled by that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. crissalis</i>.
+     The whitish band across the middle wing-coverts is the most
+     positive character.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_26" id="footnote_26"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_26"><span class="muchsmaller">[26]</span></a>
+     The name in manuscript on the label of a specimen in the Schlüter collection, from Astrachan.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_27" id="footnote_27"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_27"><span class="muchsmaller">[27]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys peregrina</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z.
+     S.</abbr> 1855, 110, <abbr title="plate 102">pl. cii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila per.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1862, 127.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_28" id="footnote_28"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_28"><span class="muchsmaller">[28]</span></a>
+     A specimen from Cleveland, Ohio (7,429 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, April 1, Dr. Kirtland),
+     and one from Washington, D. C. (28,246 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr>), have nearly as
+     distinct streaks above, but the white of lower parts is without
+     any tinge of yellow.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_29" id="footnote_29"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_29"><span class="muchsmaller">[29]</span></a>
+     It is an interesting fact in regard to the species of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, that, as a general rule, female birds of West
+     Indian representatives of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</i> and
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</i> are usually, or perhaps universally, uniformly
+     black, where the continental are brown, either concolored or
+     streaked. We know of no exception to the first part of this
+     statement as to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nesopsar</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>. The smaller North
+     American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i> have the females duller, but
+     not otherwise very different from the males, except in size. The
+     females of the large <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</i>, all continental, are much
+     smaller than the males, and totally different. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>
+     all the species in which the female is very different in color
+     from the male are Northern Mexican or continental North American
+     (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pustulatus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>, etc.). Most West Indian
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> also exhibit no difference in the sexes,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthomus</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonanæ</i>, etc.; in one alone (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopteryx</i>) is the
+     difference appreciable. The South American species have the
+     females pretty generally similar to the males, but smaller, as is
+     the case in the entire family.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_30" id="footnote_30"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_30"><span class="muchsmaller">[30]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius assimilis</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach Cabanis Journal Nine"><span class="sc">Gundl.
+     Cabanis</span>, Journal, IX</abbr>, 12 (nest).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span
+     class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Boston Journal, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 1853, 316.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_31" id="footnote_31"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_31"><span class="muchsmaller">[31]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis, 1861, 179.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_32" id="footnote_32"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_32"><span class="muchsmaller">[32]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella meridionalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, Ibis, 1861, 179.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_33" id="footnote_33"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_33"><span class="muchsmaller">[33]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella hippocrepis</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>,
+     Ibis, 1832, 281.&mdash;<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y.
+     <a name="note9" id="note9"></a>Lyc.</abbr> 1860.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_34" id="footnote_34"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_34"><span class="muchsmaller">[34]</span></a>
+     An attempt at division into subgenera is as follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i>, bill stout, conical, the
+     culmen and gonys nearly straight. Tail graduated. Species:
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</i>, bill slender, slightly
+     decurved. Tail graduated. Species: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes</i>, bill stout, conical; the
+     culmen and gonys straight. Tail slightly rounded. Species:
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">We do not find, however, that these subgenera
+     are very tangible, excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes</i>, which is rather
+     well marked by square tail and straight outlines of the bill, as
+     indicated above. The differences are really so minute, and the
+     characters so variable with the species, that it seems entirely
+     unnecessary to subdivide the genus.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_35" id="footnote_35"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_35"><span class="muchsmaller">[35]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus
+     prosthemelas</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, <abbr title="Jardine's Contributions to Ornithology">Jard. Cont.
+     Orn.</abbr> 1850, 120, <abbr title="plate 62">pl. lxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus p.</i> <span
+     class="sc">Cassin</span>, Icteridæ, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867, 56.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus lessoni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.
+     I</abbr>, 432, 1850.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_36" id="footnote_36"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_36"><span class="muchsmaller">[36]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus
+     dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 163,
+     1766. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus d.</i> <span class="sc">Cassin.</span> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A.
+     N. S.</abbr> 1867, 58. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus flavigaster</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 5"><span
+     class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. V</abbr></span>, 317, 1816. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus
+     viridis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 5"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. V</abbr>, 321,
+     1816?</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_37" id="footnote_37"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_37"><span class="muchsmaller">[37]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1866, 254. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus
+     portoricensis</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+     1867, 58. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ater</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> S. N.
+     I</abbr>, 830, 1788? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus jugularis</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span
+     class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 351, 1790?</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_38" id="footnote_38"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_38"><span class="muchsmaller">[38]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus
+     hypomelas</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus One"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp. I</abbr>, 433,
+     1850.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867,
+     59.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">There seems to be no reason for not referring
+     all the above forms to one species, the differences being merely
+     in the relative amount of black and yellow. The greater
+     predominance of the former color we should expect in specimens
+     from the West Indies, where in this family the melanistic
+     tendency is so marked.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_39" id="footnote_39"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_39"><span class="muchsmaller">[39]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus cucullatus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus
+     auricapillus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1847,
+     382.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Journal Academy of Natural Sciences One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Journ. A. N. S. I</abbr>, <abbr title="plate 16, figure">pl.
+     xvi, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1867,
+     60.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_40" id="footnote_40"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_40"><span class="muchsmaller">[40]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus bullocki</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus
+     abeillei</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 101.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes a.</i> <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+     1867, 62. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Oriolus costototl</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span>
+     Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 385, 1788.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The only essential difference from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I.
+     bullocki</i> is in the greater amount of black, it being merely
+     more extended, while the pattern is the same.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_41" id="footnote_41"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_41"><span class="muchsmaller">[41]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus melanocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius melanocephalus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 756. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus
+     melanocephalus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>,
+     Genera.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr>
+     1858, 97.&mdash;<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr>
+     1867, 53.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858,
+     543. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus melanocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span
+     class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 434 (description of young
+     only). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Icterus graduacauda</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 105.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Similar to
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. auduboni</i>, but without any white whatever on the wing.
+     Head and neck all round, wings, scapulars, and tail, uniform pure
+     black. Rest of body, including inside of wing and tibia and the
+     lesser wing-coverts, orange-yellow; clouded with olivaceous-green
+     on the back, less so on the rump. Bill and legs plumbeous, the
+     former whitish at base. Length, 7.70; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80.
+     <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Warm parts of Mexico.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">Very like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>, but smaller,
+     the bill much stouter, shorter, and the culmen more curved. The
+     third quill is longest; the fourth, fifth, and second
+     successively a little shorter; the first and seventh about equal.
+     The black of the head and neck comes farther behind and on the
+     sides than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>. The wings are totally destitute of
+     the white edges of quills and coverts as seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>,
+     and the middle coverts are black instead of pure yellow. The
+     tail, too, is entirely black.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_42" id="footnote_42"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_42"><span class="muchsmaller">[42]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus wagleri</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr.
+     Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1857, 7.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N.
+     Am.</abbr> 1858, 545, <abbr title="plate 57, figure">pl. lvii, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Mexican Boundary Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+     Mex. B. II</abbr>, Birds, 19, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr> 2.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings"><span
+     class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.</abbr> 1867, 55. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius
+     flavigaster</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1829, 756
+     (not of <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus
+     dominicensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 432
+     (not of <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> Bill much
+     attenuated and considerably decurved. Tail considerably
+     graduated. Head and neck all round, back (the color extending
+     above over the whole interscapular region), wings, and tail,
+     including the whole of the lower coverts and the tips of the
+     upper, black. Lesser and middle upper, with lower wing-coverts,
+     hinder part of back, rump, and under parts generally (except
+     tail-coverts), orange-yellow. Length, 9.50; extent, 12.00; wing,
+     4.50; tail, 4.25; tarsus, 1.15.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i class="age">Young or female.</i> Above
+     yellowish-green; more yellow on head; throat black; sides of neck
+     and body beneath dull yellow. Wings dark brown, the coverts edged
+     with white; middle tail-feathers brownish-black; outer
+     yellowish-green. Length about 8 inches.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">Younger birds are entirely dull olive-green
+     above; beneath greenish-yellow.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande
+     Valley; south to Guatemala. Oaxaca, <abbr title="January">Jan.</abbr> and March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 381); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 20); Vera Cruz, hot region,
+     resident (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">M. B. S. I</abbr>,
+     552).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">A close ally, and perhaps only a race, of
+     this species, is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. prosthemelas</i>, <abbr title="Strickland"><span
+     class="sc">Strickl.</span></abbr>, which differs in smaller size, and in
+     having the lower tail-coverts yellow instead of black (see
+     synoptical table, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 778).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This fine
+     species appears to be an abundant bird from Northern Mexico
+     throughout that republic and Central America to Costa Rica. I am
+     not aware that any specimens have been procured actually within
+     our territory. It was met with at Saltillo, in the state of
+     Coahuila, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, where only a single
+     specimen was obtained. It was taken at the rancho of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ojo
+     Caliente</i>, or Hot Springs. It was quite shy and difficult of
+     approach. Like all the other Orioles, it appeared to be quite
+     fond of the palm-tree known as the Spanish bayonet. It is given
+     by Sumichrast as occurring in the department of Vera Cruz, where
+     it appears to be confined to the hot region. It is quite common
+     in the district of Cordova, to the height of about three thousand
+     feet.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">Mr. Salvin states this to be the only
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</i> found by him about Dueñas, where it was not
+     uncommon. In a letter written by this naturalist, published in
+     the Ibis of October, 1859, he mentions having taken the nest and
+     eggs of this species. The structure, though of the same
+     character,&mdash;a hanging nest,&mdash;is very different from
+     that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. gularis</i>, the common species on the Yzabal road.
+     The nest has none of the depth of the other, but is comparatively
+     shallow.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_43" id="footnote_43"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_43"><span class="muchsmaller">[43]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus baritus</i> (<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>), <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"><span
+     class="sc">Cass.</span> Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.</abbr>, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 405.
+     (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N. I</abbr>,
+     165, 1766). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. crassirostris</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_44" id="footnote_44"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_44"><span class="muchsmaller">[44]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus brachypterus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.
+     A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 406.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_45" id="footnote_45"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_45"><span class="muchsmaller">[45]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus gundlachi</i>, <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr. A.
+     N. S.</abbr> 1866, 406.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_46" id="footnote_46"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_46"><span class="muchsmaller">[46]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus niger</i> (<span class="sc">Boddaert</span>), <abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">
+     <span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 407. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus
+     niger</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz, page">Tab. Pl. Enl. p.</abbr> 31,
+     1783.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">None of the continental forms are in the
+     collection, and therefore their relationship to each other and to
+     the West Indian species cannot be here given. They are: (1) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q.
+     lugubris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> (Cabinet
+     Cyclopædia, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 299, 1838.&mdash;<abbr title="Cassin Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences"><span class="sc">Cass.</span> Pr.
+     A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 408). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> <abbr title="South America">S. Am.</abbr>, Trinidad. (2) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q.
+     mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866,
+     408). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico. Besides these are the two following,
+     whose habitats are unknown: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. inflexirostris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span
+     class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Cabinet Cyclopædia">Cab. Cyc.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 300, 1838), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q.
+     rectirostris</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr>
+     1866, 409).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_47" id="footnote_47"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_47"><span class="muchsmaller">[47]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus palustris</i> (<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>),
+     <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. S., Phila.</abbr>, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr>
+     411. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scaphidurus pal.</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine"><span class="sc">Swains.</span>
+     Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, 437).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_48" id="footnote_48"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_48"><span class="muchsmaller">[48]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus tenuirostris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>
+     Cabinet Cyclopædia, 1838, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 299.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 411. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q.
+     assimilis</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862,
+     141, from Bogota, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. peruvianus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Cabinet Cyclopædia"><span
+     class="sc">Swains.</span> Cab. Cyc.</abbr> 1838, 354, of Peru, are not
+     in the collection; they are probably referrible to the
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</i> type.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_49" id="footnote_49"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_49"><span class="muchsmaller">[49]</span></a>
+     A series of twenty-nine specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Q. purpureus</i> from
+     Florida, has been kindly furnished for examination by Mr. C. J.
+     Maynard, chiefly from the northern and middle portions of the
+     State, and consequently intermediate between the varieties
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. In color, however, they are
+     nearly all essentially, most of them typically, like the former;
+     but in size and proportions they scarcely differ from more
+     northern specimens of the latter. Their common and nearly
+     constant features of coloration are, uniform soft dark greenish
+     body, with blue tinge on belly, and bluish-green tail-coverts and
+     tail, violet head, more blue anteriorly and more bronzy on the
+     foreneck, and with this color abruptly defined posteriorly
+     against the peculiar uniform blackish dull green of the body; the
+     wing-coverts usually tipped with vivid violet and green spots.
+     One male is a typical example of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>,
+     distinguished by the blending of the similar metallic tints on
+     the body and head, the broken tints on the body arranged in
+     transverse bars on the back, more purple tail-coverts, and lack
+     of the vivid metallic tips to the wing-coverts. There are also
+     four nearly typical specimens of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i>, these
+     probably from farther south on the peninsula, but with the
+     characteristics of the race less exaggerated than in the types
+     from the keys. The measurements of this series are as
+     follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> (one specimen). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.
+     Wing, 5.30; tail, 4.65; culmen, 1.38.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">Intermediate specimens. Typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i>
+     in colors, but like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i> in size. (16 males, and 17
+     females). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Wing, 4.85 to 5.50; tail, 4.60 to 5.50; culmen, 1.25
+     to 1.50. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Wing, 4.65 to 4.90; tail, 3.80 to 4.50; culmen, 1.10
+     to 1.30.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</i> (four specimens). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Wing,
+     5.30 to 5.60; tail, 5.00 to 5.30; culmen, 1.38 to 1.40.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_50" id="footnote_50"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_50"><span class="muchsmaller">[50]</span></a>
+     The measurements given are of a California specimen, in order the
+     better to show the great distinction to be made between this
+     species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</i>, which is probably not found in
+     California, being a more northern species, and having the coast
+     of Washington Territory, or perhaps Oregon, as about its southern
+     limit.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_51" id="footnote_51"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_51"><span class="muchsmaller">[51]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ, page"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> Syst. Nat. p.</abbr>
+     375. This species is perfectly distinct from all the others. The
+     plumage has a silky blended character, and very high lustre,
+     almost exactly as in the larger Grakles (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus major</i>,
+     etc.).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_52" id="footnote_52"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_52"><span class="muchsmaller">[52]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. nasicus</i>, <abbr title="Temminck Planches Coloriées"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> Pl. Col.</abbr>
+     413.&mdash;<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Revista y catalogo des las Aves Cubanas">Rev. y Catal. de las
+     Aves de Cuba.</abbr>, 1865, 290. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus</i>, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><abbr title="Lembeye"><span
+     class="sc">Lemb.</span></abbr> Aves de Cuba</span>, 1830, 65. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr>
+     Cuba.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_53" id="footnote_53"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_53"><span class="muchsmaller">[53]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucognaphalus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Daudin Traité d'Ornithologie 2"><span class="sc">Daud.</span> Tr.
+     d’Orn. II</abbr>, 231.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>
+     1857, 232.&mdash;<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr>
+     1866, <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>, 94. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico and Santo Domingo.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_54" id="footnote_54"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_54"><span class="muchsmaller">[54]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. jamaicensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> S. N. I</abbr>,
+     367.&mdash;<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr>
+     209.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1860,
+     146.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> 385.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 232.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 300.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1866, <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>, 94.
+     <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica and Santo Domingo.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minutus</i> of Cuba we have not
+     seen; it seems, however, to be rather nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+     ossifragus</i>, and possesses more lengthened nasal plumes than
+     the three West Indian species diagnosed above. Its synonomy is as
+     follows:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus minutus</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach Cabanis Journal"><span
+     class="sc">Gundl.</span> Cab. J.</abbr> 1856, 20, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 97.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid"><span
+     class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Revista y Catalogo des las Aves Cubanas">Rev. y Catal. de las Aves de Cuba.</abbr>
+     <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_55" id="footnote_55"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_55"><span class="muchsmaller">[55]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica caudata</i>, <abbr title="Fleming British Animals, page"><span class="sc">Flem.</span> Brit. An. p.</abbr>
+     87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus pica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Fauna Suecica"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> <a
+     name="note15" id="note15"></a>Faun. Suec.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 31. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica melanoleuca</i>,
+     <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 26"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> N. D. XXVI</abbr>, 121. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica
+     albiventris</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Fauna Française, page"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Faun. Franc. p.</abbr>
+     119, <abbr title="plate">t.</abbr> 55, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica european</i> (<abbr title="Cuvier"><span
+     class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1822,
+     551. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica rusticorum</i>, <span class="sc">Leach</span>,
+     <abbr title="Systematic Catalogue Mammals and Birds in British Museum, page">Syst. Cat. Mamm. and Birds in Brit. Mus. p.</abbr> 18.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_56" id="footnote_56"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_56"><span class="muchsmaller">[56]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura diademata</i> (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>),
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus diadematus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>
+     Consp.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 377. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta <abbr title="diademata">diad.</abbr></i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 143. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+     galeata</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>, from Bogota, we have
+     not seen.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_57" id="footnote_57"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_57"><span class="muchsmaller">[57]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine One"><span class="sc">Swains.</span> Phil.
+     Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 437.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_58" id="footnote_58"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_58"><span class="muchsmaller">[58]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sumichrasti</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>,
+     <abbr title="Report of U. S. Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr> All Mexican <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocittas</i>
+     with a whitish superciliary streak, blue edgings to jugular
+     feathers, etc., are to be referred to this strongly marked race.
+     A very conspicuous character of this variety is the strong “hook”
+     to the upper mandible; the tip beyond the notch being much
+     elongated, or unusually “produced.” In the collection is a
+     specimen (60,058 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Mexico, A. <span class="sc">Boucard</span>)
+     which we have referred to this race, but which differs in such an
+     important respect from all other specimens of the several races
+     referrible to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</i>, as extended, that it may belong
+     to a distinct form. Having the precise aspect of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i> in regard to its upper plumage, it lacks,
+     however, any trace of the blue edgings and pectoral collar, the
+     whole lower parts being continuously uninterrupted dull white,
+     purer posteriorly. The appearance is such as to cause a suspicion
+     that it may be a link between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</i> and one of the
+     races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</i>. It measures: wing, 5.50; tail, 6.00;
+     graduation of tail, .70.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_59" id="footnote_59"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_59"><span class="muchsmaller">[59]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta ultramarina</i>, (<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>)
+     <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus
+     ultramarinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Journal Academy of Natural Sciences Four"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> J. A. N. S. IV</abbr>,
+     1825, 386 (not of Audubon).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_60" id="footnote_60"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_60"><span class="muchsmaller">[60]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta sordida</i>, (<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>) (not
+     of <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr>, which is
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>).&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Cat. Am.
+     B.</abbr> 1862, 143. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus sordidus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine"><span
+     class="sc">Swains.</span> Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 437.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_61" id="footnote_61"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_61"><span class="muchsmaller">[61]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta unicolor</i>, (<span class="sc">Du Bus</span>)
+     <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 378.&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax
+     unicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Du Bus</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bulletins de l'Académie Bruxelles, 14, part 2, page">Bull. Acad. Brux.
+     XIV, pt. 2, p.</abbr> 103.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_62" id="footnote_62"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_62"><span class="muchsmaller">[62]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platypsaris affinis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Elliot</span>, Ibis, 1859, 394, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. xiii</abbr>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus aglaiæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds
+     <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 164, <abbr title="plate 47, figure">pl. xlvii, f.</abbr> 1.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Report of Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span
+     class="sc">Ib.</span> Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds, 7, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr>
+     1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus aglaiæ</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+     <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Two">Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 85 (Xalapa).&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span>
+     Journ.</abbr> 1861, 252.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>
+     1864, 176 (City <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico, Jalapa,
+     Nicaragua (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Catalogue, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 240);
+     Yucatan (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_63" id="footnote_63"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_63"><span class="muchsmaller">[63]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus major.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bathmidurus major</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Ornithologische Notizen"><span
+     class="sc">Cab.</span> Orn. Nat.</abbr> 1847, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 246.&mdash;<abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum Two"><span
+     class="sc">Cab. et Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. II</abbr>, 89.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 165, <abbr title="plate 47, figure">pl. xlvii, f.</abbr> 2
+     <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Report of Mexican Boundary Survey Two"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Rep. Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds,
+     7, <abbr title="plate 19, figure">pl. xix, f.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus major</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 78; 1864, 176 (City of
+    <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_64" id="footnote_64"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_64"><span class="muchsmaller">[64]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. tyrannus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus
+     violentus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 35, page"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> N. D. <span class="muchsmaller">XXXV</span>, p.</abbr> 89.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus v.</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr>
+     1862, 237), is the South American race of this species. It is
+     exceedingly similar, but differs slightly, though constantly, in
+     certain characters. We have not at present the means of comparing
+     the two.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_65" id="footnote_65"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_65"><span class="muchsmaller">[65]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus melancholicus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+     <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 35">Nouv. Dict. <span class="muchsmaller">XXXV</span></abbr>, 1819, 84.&mdash;<span class="sc">Baird</span>,
+     <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 176.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+     <abbr title="Catalogue American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1862, 235. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America. A more
+     northern race scarcely distinguishable (Panama, Costa Rica,
+     etc.), separated as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. satrapa</i>, <abbr title="Lichentenstein"><span
+     class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_66" id="footnote_66"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_66"><span class="muchsmaller">[66]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tyrannulus</i> (<abbr title="Müller"><span class="sc">Müll.</span></abbr>),
+     <span class="sc">Coues</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa tyrannulus</i>, <abbr title="Müller"><span
+     class="sc">Müll.</span></abbr> (G. R. <abbr title="Gray"><span class="sc">Gr.</span></abbr> Hand
+     List, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 5,527). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus <abbr title="tyrannulus">t.</abbr></i> <span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">P. A. N. S. Phila.</abbr> July, 1872, 71.
+     (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. aurora</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>;
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</i>, <abbr title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr>;
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferox</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>,
+     <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">panamensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span
+     class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">venezuelensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span
+     class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_67" id="footnote_67"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_67"><span class="muchsmaller">[67]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tyrannulus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus phæocephalus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 481.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1872, 73.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_68" id="footnote_68"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_68"><span class="muchsmaller">[68]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus validus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus crinitus</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr>
+     186 (<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="nec Auctor"><span class="sc">nec Auct.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus validus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Ornithologische Notizen"><span
+     class="sc">Caban.</span> Orn. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 351, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="et Auctor"><span class="sc">et Auct.</span></abbr> <span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 62.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_69" id="footnote_69"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_69"><span class="muchsmaller">[69]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Kaup</span>). <span class="sc">Baird</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>. <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>
+     1851, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cooperi</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 180. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus
+     crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>,
+     <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 67.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_70" id="footnote_70"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_70"><span class="muchsmaller">[70]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i> (<abbr title="Vieillot"><span
+     class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>), <span class="sc">Coues</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus irritabilis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Encyclopédique et Méthodique"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Enc.
+     Meth.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 847. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus crinitus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+     July, 1872, 65. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. erythrocercus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. mexicanus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Kaup</span>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M.
+     yucatanensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>&mdash;It is, perhaps, probable
+     that in Yucatan this race grades into the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. stolidus</i>
+     (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i>), since there is a specimen in the
+     collection from Merida (39,213, April 9, 1865, A. Schott) which
+     seems to be very nearly intermediate in every way between the
+     two. It has the very black hill, restricted rufous on inner webs
+     of rectrices, and pale yellow of lower parts of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M.
+     stolidus</i>, and the brown pileum and more robust proportions of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</i>. The specimen, however, is in poor condition,
+     being of worn and faded plumage, and much distorted, so that its
+     true characters cannot be ascertained satisfactorily.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_71" id="footnote_71"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_71"><span class="muchsmaller">[71]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</i> (<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span
+     class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr>), <span class="sc">Coues</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus phœbe</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> Sagra’s
+     Cuba, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 84. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</i>,
+     <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 78.
+     (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sagræ</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolida</i>,
+     <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucaysiensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_72" id="footnote_72"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_72"><span class="muchsmaller">[72]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>), <span class="sc">Coues</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus (Myiarchus) antillarum</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History">P. B. S. N. H.</abbr> 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus
+     stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 79.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_73" id="footnote_73"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_73"><span class="muchsmaller">[73]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus stolidus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Gosse</span>), <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius stolidus</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>. <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica">B. Jam.</abbr>
+     <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 168. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus s.</i> <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">J.
+     für Orn.</abbr> 1855, 479.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N.
+     S.</abbr> 1872, 77. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolidus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_74" id="footnote_74"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_74"><span class="muchsmaller">[74]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i> (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>), <span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius tristis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Gosse</span>, <abbr title="Birds of Jamaica 167, plate 41">B. Jam. 167 pl. xli</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus
+     <abbr title="tristis">t.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872,
+     80.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_75" id="footnote_75"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_75"><span class="muchsmaller">[75]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Giraud</span>), <span class="sc">Baird</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula lawrencei</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, 16
+     <abbr title="Species of Texas Birds, plate 2">sp. Tex. B. pl. ii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus l.</i> <span
+     class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 181, <abbr title="plate 47, figure">pl. xlvii, f.</abbr>
+     3.&mdash;<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872,
+     74.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>&mdash;The most typical specimens
+     are from Mazatlan and northward, across the northern portion of
+     Mexico. On the eastern coast, specimens from Mirador and Orizaba
+     already strongly incline toward <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_76" id="footnote_76"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_76"><span class="muchsmaller">[76]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Cabanis</span>. “<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus nigricapillus</cite>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span
+     class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am.
+     B.</abbr> 1862, 233, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="et Auctor"><span class="sc">et Auct.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. lawrencei</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1872, 74 (in part).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>&mdash;A very strongly
+     differentiated form, but unquestionably grading into <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> on the one hand, and <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i> on
+     the other.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_77" id="footnote_77"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_77"><span class="muchsmaller">[77]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus tristis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus nigriceps</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 68, 295.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> July, 1872, 75.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><abbr class="observation" title="Observation">Obs.</abbr>&mdash;The last three races appear
+     to be all reducible to one species, as, taking the large series
+     of specimens before us (over 30 skins), we find it impossible to
+     draw the line between them. Specimens from Southern Mexico are
+     referrible, with equal propriety, to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</i> or to
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</i>, while skins from Panama of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</i>
+     are less typical than those from Ecuador. This case of gradually
+     increasing melanistic tendency as we proceed southward affords an
+     exact parallel to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia gilvus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V.
+     josephæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. aquaticus</i>,
+     and many other cases.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_78" id="footnote_78"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_78"><span class="muchsmaller">[78]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Acad.</abbr> 1859, 303.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_79" id="footnote_79"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_79"><span class="muchsmaller">[79]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis
+     aquaticus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>,
+     Ibis, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 119 (Guatemala).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_80" id="footnote_80"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_80"><span class="muchsmaller">[80]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineracens</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis
+     cineracea</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lafresnaye Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Lafr.</span> Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1848, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr>
+     8.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1862,
+     200. The above races are clearly shown to be merely
+     modifications, with latitude, of one type, by the series of
+     specimens before us. Thus, specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nigricans</i> from
+     Orizaba show more or less dusky on the lower tail-coverts, while
+     in more northern specimens (i. e. typical <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i>)
+     there is not a trace of it. Typical specimens of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>, from Guatemala, show merely a more advanced
+     melanism, the lighter markings on the wings becoming greatly
+     restricted; there is still, however, a decided presence of white
+     on the lower tail-coverts. Specimens from Costa Rica (typical
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</i>) exhibit the maximum degree of melanism, the
+     white beneath being confined to a central spot on the abdomen. In
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineraceus</i> (from New Granada) the white beneath is
+     similarly restricted, but on the wings is very conspicuous,
+     showing a reversion back to the character of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</i>,
+     though surpassing the latter in the amount of white on the
+     coverts and secondaries.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. latirostris</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax l.</i>
+     <abbr title="Cabanis and Heine Museum Heineanum, two"><span class="sc">Cab. &amp; Hein.</span> Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 68;
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis l.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue of American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862,
+     200), from Ecuador, we have not seen. It is probably also
+     referrible to the same type.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_81" id="footnote_81"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_81"><span class="muchsmaller">[81]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus lugubris</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Eight"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N.
+     Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1865, 134 (Costa Rica, Baranca).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_82" id="footnote_82"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_82"><span class="muchsmaller">[82]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus brachytarsus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+     <abbr title="Catalogue of American Birds">Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 231. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax brachyt.</i> <abbr title="Sclater"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 441.) A strongly marked
+     race, but distinguishable from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</i> only by just
+     appreciable differences in color (being paler beneath), and
+     shorter wing and bill, the latter broader at the tip.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_83" id="footnote_83"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_83"><span class="muchsmaller">[83]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?), <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>,
+     1869, 202 (Yucatan). Very nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+     richardsoni</i>, but easily distinguished by the very different
+     proportions.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_84" id="footnote_84"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_84"><span class="muchsmaller">[84]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus caribæus</i> (<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr>)
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscipeta caribæa</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> (R. de
+     la Sagra), <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Histoire">Hist.</abbr> Cuba, 1839, 77.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_85" id="footnote_85"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_85"><span class="muchsmaller">[85]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus caribæus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula caribæa</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Eleven">Pr. Bost.
+     Soc. XI</abbr>, 1866, 91.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_86" id="footnote_86"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_86"><span class="muchsmaller">[86]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus caribæus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Gosse</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius pallidus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 166. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blacicus
+     pallidus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1861, 77.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus p.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr>
+     1862, 231.&mdash;<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. Ph. A. N. Sc.</abbr>
+     1863, 290.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_87" id="footnote_87"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_87"><span class="muchsmaller">[87]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax bahamensis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Bryant</span>, List of Birds of the Bahamas, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr>
+     7. Young with the colors more ashy above, and less yellowish
+     beneath; the upper parts with feathers faintly tipped with paler,
+     causing an obsolete transverse mottling; two distinct bands on
+     wing of pale ochraceous.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">Of the above, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</i> are clearly to be
+     referred to one species; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bahamensis</i> also has many
+     characters in common with them, and no violence would be done by
+     referring it, also, to the same type; it is, however, more
+     modified from the standard than any of the others, though the
+     modifications are not of importance.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_88" id="footnote_88"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_88"><span class="muchsmaller">[88]</span></a>
+     These measurements are not only those of United States and
+     Mexican examples, but also of Middle American examples
+     (“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidulus</i>,” <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, and
+     “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeius</i>,” <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>), and of a
+     series from Ecuador and New Granada (= “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</i>,” <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>). In comparing a quite large number of
+     such Middle American and Equatorial specimens with the large
+     series of Northern examples, we have been utterly unable to
+     appreciate even the slightest difference between them.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. punensis</i> (<abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Nine"><span
+     class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 1869, 237; Puna
+     Island, Guayaquil) is founded upon an immature specimen, so the
+     characters of the species cannot be given with exactness. The
+     relationship appears very close to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caribæus</i>, there
+     being the same large, very depressed bill, with the long bristles
+     reaching nearly to its tip, and the tail about as long as the
+     wing; while the upper plumage has the light faint transverse
+     mottling seen in the young <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, and the lining of the wing ochraceous. In
+     colors, however, the two are very different, the young of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">punensis</i> being ashy-green, instead of pure ash, on the
+     back, the crown very much darker, instead of not appreciably so;
+     the wing-bands are white instead of ochraceous, while the breast
+     and sides are dull sulphur-yellowish, instead of ashy, without
+     any yellow tinge. The measurements are as follows: Wing, 2.60;
+     tail, 2.60; culmen, .72; tarsus, .56.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ochraceus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span> (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1869, 419; <abbr title="Salvin"><span
+     class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1870, 115), of Costa Rica, we have
+     not seen. From the description, however, it seems to be scarcely
+     different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. lugubris</i>, and it is probably the same.
+     The size (wing, 3.30) appears to be a little smaller, and the
+     belly more deeply yellowish.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_89" id="footnote_89"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_89"><span class="muchsmaller">[89]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax brunneus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>. A
+     very distinct species, not needing comparison with any other.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_90" id="footnote_90"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_90"><span class="muchsmaller">[90]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax axillaris</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_91" id="footnote_91"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_91"><span class="muchsmaller">[91]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax flavescens</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> May be
+     the southern form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</i>, but differ in some apparently
+     essential features.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_92" id="footnote_92"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_92"><span class="muchsmaller">[92]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoological Society">P. Z.
+     S.</abbr> 1858, 301; Ibis, 1859, 442; <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862,
+     230.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, Ibis,
+     1860, 36. (<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cordova, Coban, Mazatlan, Mirador,
+     etc.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_93" id="footnote_93"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_93"><span class="muchsmaller">[93]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax fulvipectus</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum, February"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann.
+     N. Y. Lyc. Feb.</abbr> 1871, 11. (Type examined.) A very distinct
+     species, most nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</i>, from which it
+     differs totally in color and in much shorter tarsus.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_94" id="footnote_94"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_94"><span class="muchsmaller">[94]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax minimus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax
+     pectoralis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> It seems but
+     reasonable to consider this bird as the southern race of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>, as the differences&mdash;i. e. smaller size and
+     whiter wing-bands&mdash;are just what we find in several other
+     species of the same region, compared with allied and probably
+     co-specific northern types,&mdash;as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</i> and
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i>, southern specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> in which the wing-bands are much whiter than in
+     northern specimens of the same bird.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_95" id="footnote_95"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_95"><span class="muchsmaller">[95]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax griseipectus</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> May
+     possibly be another seasonal plumage of the same species as
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</i>, but differs in some seemingly important
+     respects.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_96" id="footnote_96"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_96"><span class="muchsmaller">[96]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</i>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax griseigularis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>
+     Differing from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</i> only in smaller size and whiter
+     wing-bands.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The remaining described American species of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</i>, which we have not seen, are the
+     following:<span class="lock">&mdash;</span></p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax magnirostris</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Voyage">Voy.</abbr> Beagle, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 8.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Gray</span>, Hand List.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax albigularis</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 122
+     (Orizaba).&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr>
+     1862, 229. This may possibly be the species described above as
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. axillaris</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_97" id="footnote_97"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_97"><span class="muchsmaller">[97]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus fulvifrons.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa fulvifrons</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Giraud</span>, 16 species Texas birds, 1841, <abbr title="plate 2">pl. ii</abbr>
+     (Mexico?). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax fulvifrons</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus
+     fulvifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859,
+     45. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax rubicundus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>,
+     <abbr title="Museum Heineanum, two">Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, 1859, 70 (Mexico). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern Mexico.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_98" id="footnote_98"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_98"><span class="muchsmaller">[98]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>,
+     <abbr title="Zoölogy Voyage of the Beagle, three">Zoöl. Voy. Beag. iii</abbr>, 45.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+     <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 46; <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 228 (Peru).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_99" id="footnote_99"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_99"><span class="muchsmaller">[99]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>, (<abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>)
+     <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa rubinea</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span
+     class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr> (ex <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Buffon planches enluminéz 265, figure">Buff. pl. enl. cclxv, f.</abbr> 1).
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus r.</i> <span class="sc">Cabanis</span> et <abbr title="Heine"><span
+     class="sc">Hein.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum, two">Mus. Hein. ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 67.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 227.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_100" id="footnote_100"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_100"><span class="muchsmaller">[100]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus rubineus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of the Beagle, three">Zoöl. Beag. iii</abbr>, 45, <abbr title="plate 7">pl.
+     vii.</abbr>&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 46,
+     144; 1860, 282, 295; <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 228. The last is
+     hardly separable by the characters given, as, although they are
+     never seen in southern specimens, they are not constant in the
+     northern ones. Specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i> are as large as any of
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</i>, there being in every region a great range of
+     variation in dimensions.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_101" id="footnote_101"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_101"><span class="muchsmaller">[101]</span></a>
+     This confounding of the two sexes has probably resulted from
+     guess-work of the collector, who, noticing the marked difference
+     between the male and female, and naturally supposing the former
+     to be the more brightly colored, marked the rufous-breasted
+     specimens accordingly; while the few marked correctly may have
+     been thus labelled after careful dissection.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_102" id="footnote_102"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_102"><span class="muchsmaller">[102]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus albicollis.</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus albicollis</i> and
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">guianensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788,
+     1030. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus americanus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>,
+     <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1851, 179. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus guianensis</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">derbyanus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallarius</i>,&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</i> of
+     authors. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus albicollis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+     <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 145. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> From Northern
+     Mexico southward to Ecuador and Brazil.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_103" id="footnote_103"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_103"><span class="muchsmaller">[103]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles popetue</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Cabanis</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles minor</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie"><span
+     class="sc">Cab.</span> Journ. f. Orn.</abbr> 1856, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 5.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 279. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="Chordeiles">Ch.</abbr>
+     gundlachi</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Six"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI</abbr>,
+     165.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_104" id="footnote_104"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_104"><span class="muchsmaller">[104]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles acutipennis</i>, (<abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>)
+     <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus acutipennis</i>,
+     <span class="sc">Boddært</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Table des Planches Enluminéz, page">Tab. Pl. Enl. p.</abbr> 46 (1783).
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles a.</i> <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr>
+     1851 (Catalogue of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>, in <abbr title="Museum Philadelphia Academy">Mus. Philad. Acad.</abbr>).
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus acutus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+     pruinosus</i>, <span class="sc">Tschudi</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. exilis</i>,
+     <span class="sc">Lesson</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles labeculatus</i>,
+     <span class="sc">Jardine</span>. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus
+     semitorquatus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus, Gmelin, Prince Maximillian"><span class="sc">L.</span>, <span
+     class="sc">Gm.</span>, <span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr>” <span
+     class="sc">Tschudi</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles peruvianus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Peale</span>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_105" id="footnote_105"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_105"><span class="muchsmaller">[105]</span></a>
+     The females differ simply in having the light tail-space much
+     reduced in size, and dull ochraceous, instead of whitish; in that
+     of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i> it is wanting altogether.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_106" id="footnote_106"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_106"><span class="muchsmaller">[106]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus macromystax</i> (<abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr>?)
+     <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 137 (La Parada,
+     <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>.). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Caprimulgus macromystax</i>, <abbr title="Wagler"><span
+     class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr> Isis, 1831, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 533.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_107" id="footnote_107"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_107"><span class="muchsmaller">[107]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus macromystax</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</i> (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span
+     class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus cubanensis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence Annals New York Lyceum Seven"><span
+     class="sc">Lawr.</span> Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, May, 1860, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 260.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_108" id="footnote_108"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_108"><span class="muchsmaller">[108]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila cayanensis</i> (<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>),
+     <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <cite>Hirundo cay.</cite> <span
+     class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1024. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila
+     cay.</i> <abbr title="Cabanis Wiegmann"><span class="sc">Caban.</span> Wiegm.</abbr> Archiv, <abbr title="Thirteen">XIII</abbr>, 345
+     (1847).&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 606.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_109" id="footnote_109"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_109"><span class="muchsmaller">[109]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila sancti-hieronymi</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>
+     (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, 190, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>; <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z.
+     S.</abbr> 1866, 607). May be the northern form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</i>,
+     which, however, we have not seen.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_110" id="footnote_110"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_110"><span class="muchsmaller">[110]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura poliura</i>, (<abbr title="Temminck"><span class="sc">Temm.</span></abbr>) <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat. Am. B.</abbr> 1862, 101; <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1866, 611.
+     (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus polivurus</i>, <abbr title="Temminck Tableau Méthodique, page"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> Tab.
+     Méth. p.</abbr> 78.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_111" id="footnote_111"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_111"><span class="muchsmaller">[111]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura cinereiventris</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.
+     Am. B.</abbr> 1862, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 283; <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1863, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 101, <abbr title="plate 14, figure">pl. xiv, f.</abbr> 1; <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical">P. Z.</abbr>
+     1866, 612. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. sclateri</i>, <span class="sc">Pelz.</span> <abbr title="Ornithology of Brazil One">Orn.
+     Braz. I</abbr>, 1868, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 16, 56, is also referrible to it as perhaps a
+     race.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_112" id="footnote_112"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_112"><span class="muchsmaller">[112]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura spinicauda</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Cypselus
+     spinicaudus, <abbr title="Temminck Tableau Méthodique, page"><span class="sc">Tem.</span> Tabl. Méth. p.</abbr> 78 (ex
+     <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Buffon Planches Enluminéz">Buff. Pl. Enl.</abbr> 726, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis s.</i> <span
+     class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 971; <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span
+     class="sc">Bonap.</span> Consp.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 64. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura s.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span
+     class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1862, 283. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo
+     pelasgia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind. Orn. II</abbr>,
+     581. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cayenne and Brazil.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_113" id="footnote_113"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_113"><span class="muchsmaller">[113]</span></a>
+     Genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Characteristics"><span
+     class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Size large (wing, 2.50); tail large, more
+     than half the wing, the feathers very broad; usually a little
+     rounded, sometimes slightly emarginated (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. mango</i>,
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. virginalis</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. aurulentus</i>). Bill
+     cylindrical, considerably curved, its vertical thickness least at
+     about the middle. Nasal opercula nearly covered by the frontal
+     feathers; tarsi naked. Wing very long, reaching to or beyond the
+     tip of the tail; first primary longest, only slightly bowed, and
+     not attenuated at tip; inner primaries normal.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote">The species of this genus belong chiefly to
+     the West India Islands and to Tropical America,&mdash;principally
+     on the Atlantic coast. They are all of more than the average
+     size, and distinguished by broad tail-feathers, and rather dull,
+     though handsome colors. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. porphyrurus</i> the sexes are
+     alike in color. The following species has been accredited to
+     North America, but probably upon erroneous data, since it belongs
+     to northern South America, not even being an inhabitant of any of
+     the West India Islands, except Trinidad. Still it is possible
+     that, as alleged for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</i> (see page 1064), it
+     may have wandered far from its usual habitat, and have reached
+     Florida, as stated by Mr. Audubon.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis mango</i>, (<abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>) <abbr title="Swainson"><span
+     class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>&mdash;The Mango Hummer. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus
+     mango</i>, <abbr title="Linnæeus Systema Naturæ One">L. S. N. I</abbr>, 191.&mdash;<abbr title="Gmelin Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span>
+     S. N. I.</abbr> 491.&mdash;<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II</abbr>,
+     1834, 486; <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 184.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am.
+     IV</abbr>, 1842, 186, <abbr title="plate 251">pl. ccli</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis mango</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Zoölogical Journal Three"><span
+     class="sc">Sw.</span> Zoöl. Journ. III</abbr>, 358.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">Birds N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 130. <abbr title="Specific Characters"><span
+     class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr>&mdash;<i class="sex">Male</i>: Above deep golden
+     green; beneath opaque velvety-black medially, from the bill to
+     the anal region, separated from the lateral and superior green by
+     a tint of metallic greenish-blue. Tail richly metallic
+     rufous-purple, the feathers bordered terminally with blue-black;
+     intermediæ plain dark bronzy-green. Primaries plain dull dusky.
+     <i class="sex">Female.</i> Similar, but white beneath, except laterally, and
+     with a medial stripe of black, from the bill to the anus. Wing,
+     2.60-2.70; tail, 1.50-1.70; bill, .90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South
+     America (Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, New Granada, Panama, and
+     Trinidad); accidental in Florida???</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_114" id="footnote_114"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_114"><span class="muchsmaller">[114]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte helenæ</i>, (<abbr title="Lembeye"><span class="sc">Lemb.</span></abbr>) <span
+     class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 136">Monog. Troch. III, pl. cxxxvi</abbr>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orthorhynchus helenæ</i>, <abbr title="Lembeye"><span class="sc">Lemb.</span></abbr> <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Aves
+     de l’Isle de Cuba</span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 70, <abbr title="plate 10, figure">pl. x, fig.</abbr> 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">O. boothi</i>, <abbr title="Gundlach manuscript"><span
+     class="sc">Gundl.</span> MSS.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Gould</span>,
+     <abbr title="Monograph">Monog.</abbr>).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_115" id="footnote_115"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_115"><span class="muchsmaller">[115]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte floresi</i>, (<abbr title="Loddiges"><span class="sc">Lodd.</span></abbr>)
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus floresi</i>, <abbr title="Loddiges manuscript"><span class="sc">Lodd.</span> MSS.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus floresi</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Three, plate 139">Monog.
+     Troch. III, pl. cxxxix</abbr>. There are certainly few reasons for
+     considering this bird as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i>, while there are
+     many for referring it to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>. The only feature that it
+     shares with the former is the peculiar coloration, and to some
+     extent the shape, of the tail. However, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> the
+     outer primary is always (in the male) attenuated and acute at the
+     tip, and the crown is never metallic, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i> the
+     outer primary is never attenuated nor acute, and the crown of the
+     male is always metallic. The form and coloration of the tail are
+     nothing more than a specific character, since no two species, of
+     either genus, agree in this respect. In view, then, of these
+     considerations, we find <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">floresi</i> to be strictly congeneric
+     with the other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_116" id="footnote_116"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_116"><span class="muchsmaller">[116]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</i>
+     (<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus flammula</i>,
+     <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1864 (Costa Rica).
+     (Described above from specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection.)</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_117" id="footnote_117"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_117"><span class="muchsmaller">[117]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> ?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</i> (<span
+     class="sc">Gould</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus scintilla</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1850, 162, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ Three">Monog. Troch. III</abbr>,
+    <abbr title="plate 138">pl. cxxxviii</abbr>. The foregoing species are so similar in all
+     essential respects to the northern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. platycercus</i> and
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. rufus</i>, that it is exceedingly probable that they are
+     merely the southern forms of those species. Both differ in
+     exactly the same respects from their northern representatives,
+     namely, in smaller size and less burnished throat, and to a very
+     slight degree only in form. The only specimen of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S.
+     flammula</i> that we have examined is a badly shot male in Mr.
+     Lawrence’s collection; what appears to be the outer primary in
+     this specimen is not attenuated at the tip, which is curved
+     inward, instead of acutely attenuated and turned outward as in
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</i>; the wings are badly cut with shot, however,
+     and the first primary may be wanting.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_118" id="footnote_118"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_118"><span class="muchsmaller">[118]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica melanotis</i>, (<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>)
+     <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Monograph Trochilidæ, Two, plate 64">Monog. Troch. II, pl. lxiv</abbr>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus melanotus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Philosophical Magazine"><span class="sc">Swains.</span> Phil.
+     Mag.</abbr> 1827, 441. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus leucotis</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span
+     class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismyia arsenni</i>, <abbr title="Lesson"><span
+     class="sc">Less.</span></abbr> <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_119" id="footnote_119"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_119"><span class="muchsmaller">[119]</span></a>
+     <abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Naturalist, 1869-70.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_120" id="footnote_120"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_120"><span class="muchsmaller">[120]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx affinis</i>, <span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev.
+     Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 215.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>
+     97.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858,
+     305.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater &amp; Salvin</span>, Ibis,
+     1859, 134.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862,
+     325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx velox</i>, <abbr title="Karwinsky Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Karw.</span> <span
+     class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> 97.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_121" id="footnote_121"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_121"><span class="muchsmaller">[121]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus melanocoryphus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>,
+     <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 8">Nouv. Dict. VIII</abbr>, 271.&mdash;<span class="sc">Sclater</span>,
+     <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1862, 323.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr>
+     1864, 122.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_122" id="footnote_122"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_122"><span class="muchsmaller">[122]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga major</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat.
+     I</abbr>, 363.&mdash;<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Maximilian Beiträge 4"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Beitr. <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>,
+     319.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Cat.</abbr> 1862, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C.
+     ani</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" class="sc" title="Vieillot Galerie des Oiseaux 2"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Gal. Ois. <span
+     class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 35, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_123" id="footnote_123"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_123"><span class="muchsmaller">[123]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga sulcirostris</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>,
+     <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 440.&mdash;<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>
+     Consp.</abbr> 89.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 309,
+     1859, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 59, 368, 388, et 1860, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 285, 297.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span
+     class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1862, 320. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. casasi</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Voyage Coquillle Zoölogique 1"><span
+     class="sc">Less.</span> Voy. Coq. Zoöl. I</abbr>, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii</abbr>, 619, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">et <abbr title="Centurie Zoologique">Cent.
+     Zoöl.</abbr></span> <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_124" id="footnote_124"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_124"><span class="muchsmaller">[124]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conspectus avium picinarum.</i> Stockholm, 1866.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_125" id="footnote_125"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_125"><span class="muchsmaller">[125]</span></a>
+     A character common to all the members of the genus, and
+     distinguishing them from the species of every other; this
+     peculiar form of the middle tail-feathers is caused principally
+     by a folding of the webs downward, almost against each other. The
+     under surfaces of the shafts have a very deep groove their whole
+     length, which is seen in no other genus.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_126" id="footnote_126"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_126"><span class="muchsmaller">[126]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A.
+     N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 322 (Cuba).&mdash;<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>,
+     Repertorium, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1866, 293.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Cab.
+     Jour.</abbr> 1866, 352. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_127" id="footnote_127"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_127"><span class="muchsmaller">[127]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+     tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ 12th edition One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N. 12th ed. I</abbr>,
+     177 (1766).&mdash;<span class="sc">Degland</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Orn. Eur. I</abbr>,
+     161 (1849). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span
+     class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Birds (1838), <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 9.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Gould</span>, Birds of Europe <abbr title="plate 232">pl. ccxxxii</abbr>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides europæus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lesson Ornithologie, page"><span class="sc">Less.</span> Orn. p.</abbr>
+     217 (1831).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_128" id="footnote_128"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_128"><span class="muchsmaller">[128]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+     crissoleucus</i>, <span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Museum Petropolitanum">Mus. Petrop.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus crissoleucus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span>
+     Consp.</abbr>&mdash;<abbr title="Reichenbach Synopsis"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Syn.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 362, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 836;
+    <abbr title="plate 631, figure">pl. dcxxxi, f.</abbr> 4197, 4198. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides crissoleucus</i>, <abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span
+     class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Pic. I</abbr>, 180. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus
+     kamtchatkensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr>”&mdash;<abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ One"><span
+     class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Pic. I</abbr>, 180 (in synonomy).
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus tridactylus</i>, <abbr title="Museum">Mus.</abbr> de Mayence.&mdash;<span
+     class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr title="Zoögraphica Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoogr. Ros. As. I</abbr>, 415.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_129" id="footnote_129"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_129"><span class="muchsmaller">[129]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus carolinus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus
+     tricolor</i>, <abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr> Isis, 1829, 512.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus tri.</i> <abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr>
+     1862, 343. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. subelegans</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P.
+     Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 162; 1856, 143.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_130" id="footnote_130"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_130"><span class="muchsmaller">[130]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus
+     hoffmanni</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal September">Journ. Sept.</abbr>
+     1862, 322 (Costa Rica).</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_131" id="footnote_131"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_131"><span class="muchsmaller">[131]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Ridgway</span>. In view of the very appreciable
+     difference from the other races named, it appears necessary to
+     name this one, in order that it may rank equally with the rest.
+     The almost entirely streaked breast is only an approach to what
+     we see, in its extreme phase, in the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i>. The
+     black vertex of the female appears broader than in specimens of
+     <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i>.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_132" id="footnote_132"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_132"><span class="muchsmaller">[132]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes formicivorus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</i>, <abbr title="Natterer"><span
+     class="sc">Natt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus flavigula</i> (<abbr title="Natterer"><span
+     class="sc">Natt.</span></abbr>), <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Malherbe Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Rev.
+     Zoöl.</abbr> 1849, 542, <abbr title="Monograph Picidæ Two">Monog. Pic. II</abbr>, 202, <abbr title="plate 99, figures">pl. xcix, f.</abbr> 5, 6.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes flavigularis</i>, <abbr title="Sclater Proceedings Zoölogical Society"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> P.
+     Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 161. This can only be considered the melanistic
+     extreme of a species of which the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</i> is the
+     rubescent one, the transition being gradual through the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</i> of the intermediate region.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_133" id="footnote_133"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_133"><span class="muchsmaller">[133]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes mexicanoides</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Lafresnaye Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Lafr.</span> Rev.
+     Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 42.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. &amp; Salv.</span></abbr>
+     Ibis, 1859, 137.&mdash;<abbr title="Sclater Catalogue American Birds"><span class="sc">Scl.</span> Catal. Am. B.</abbr>
+     1862, 344. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes rubricatus</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Genera of Birds, plate 111">Gen. B. pl. cxi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus rub.</i>
+     <abbr title="Malherbe Monograph Picidæ Two"><span class="sc">Malh.</span> Monog. Pic. II</abbr>, 265, <abbr title="plate 110">pl. cx</abbr>, figs.
+     1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus submexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Sundevall Conspectus Picidæ"><span class="sc">Sund.</span>
+     Consp. Pic.</abbr> 1866, 72.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_134" id="footnote_134"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_134"><span class="muchsmaller">[134]</span></a>
+     A series of hybrids between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</i>
+     is in the Smithsonian collection, these specimens exhibiting
+     every possible combination of the characters of the two.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_135" id="footnote_135"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_135"><span class="muchsmaller">[135]</span></a>
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes
+     chrysocaulosus</i>, <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, Boston
+     Journal.&mdash;<abbr title="Ibid Repertorium One"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Repert. I</abbr>, 1866, 294.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_136" id="footnote_136"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_136"><span class="muchsmaller">[136]</span></a>
+     <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Papageien. Monographisch bearbeitet von Otto Finsch.</span> 2 <abbr title="volumes">vols.</abbr> Leiden, 1867, 1868.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_137" id="footnote_137"></a>
+     <a href="#fnanchor_137"><span class="muchsmaller">[137]</span></a>
+     <b class="primary-subset">A.</b> Tail longer than the wings; lores and cheeks naked; the
+     latter with narrow lines of small feathers.</p>
+
+     <p class="fnindent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. militaris.</b> Green; forehead red;
+     posterior portion of back, upper and under tail-coverts with
+     quills and tip of tail, sky-blue; under side of tail dirty
+     orange-yellow. Wing, 14.00; middle tail-feathers, 15.00; tarsus,
+     1.08. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwestern Mexico to Bolivia.</p>
+
+     <p class="fnindent2">Synonymy: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus militaris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span
+     class="sc">Linn.</span> S. N.</abbr> 1767, 139. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace
+     militaris</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Finsch</span>, Die Papageien</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>,
+     1867, 396.</p>
+
+     <p class="footnote"><b class="primary-subset">B.</b> Tail about equal to the wings;
+     lores and cheeks feathered.</p>
+
+     <p class="fnindent1"><b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. pachyrhyncha.</b> Green; the forehead,
+     edge of wings, and the tibiæ red; greater under wing-coverts
+     yellow. Wing, 8.00 to 10.00; middle tail-feather, 6.50.
+     <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico (Jalapa and Angangueo), given
+     probably erroneously from the Rio Grande of Texas. Synonymy:
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrocercus pachyrhynchus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Synopsis Mexican Birds"><span class="sc">Sw.</span>
+     Syn. Birds Mex.</abbr> in <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 439, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 79.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>
+     <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> Tableau des Perroquets, <abbr title="Revue et Magazine de Zoölogie">Rev. et Mag. de Zoöl.</abbr></span> 1854, 149.
+     <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace pachyrhyncha</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Finsch</span>, Die
+     Papageien,</span> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1867, 428. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus pascha</i>, <span
+     class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 524. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus
+     strenuus</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Preis-Verzeichiss</span>,
+     1830.</p>
+    </div><!--end footnote-->
+
+
+<p class="p4"><!--659.png--><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg i]</span></p>
+<h3><a name="indextoplates" id="indextoplates"></a>INDEX TO PLATES OF LAND BIRDS.</h3>
+
+<table summary="index" class="ix">
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus brewsteri,</span></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">501,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>&nbsp;22,</td>
+    <td class="rightix">fig.</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">498,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">493,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 33,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_159">159</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_159">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &emsp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_159">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub">tricolor (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_165">165</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_165">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_165">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_136">136</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">557,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">560,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis cedrorum,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">401,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">396,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antenor unicinctus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">250.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">171,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">173,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_410">410</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_417">417</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_413">413</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aquila canadensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">314.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archibuteo ferrugineus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">300.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">304.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astur atricapillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">237.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asturina plagiata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">246.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_465">465</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus flaviceps</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. &ensp;7,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<!--/A-->
+<!--B-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bonasa sabinei</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />454.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">453,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"> “</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">448,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bubo arcticus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">64.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">65.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">62.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">167,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buteo borealis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">281.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">286.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">295.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">277.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">292.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">krideri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">284.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">275.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">285.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oxypterus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">266.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">259.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">263.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonocercus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">272.</td></tr>
+<!--/B-->
+<!--C-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_61">61</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 29,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#pl_29-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callipepla squamata,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">487,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_454">454</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub">costæ,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_457">457</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_496">496</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_496">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus affinis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">133,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;8,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">132,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canace canadensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_416">416</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_416">“</a></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 59,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_416">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">419,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">495.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">422,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">427,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis coccineus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 30,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a name="cardinalis" id="cardinalis"></a><a href="#pl_30-10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_103">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-8">9</a></td></tr><!--8 and 9 are both contained in illo 8-->
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_100">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus californicus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">465,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 21,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">460,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">465,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hœmorrhous</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">468,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">462,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharista atrata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">351.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">139,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;8,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">  “</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrocercus urophasianus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 60,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">429,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">531,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_557">557</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 52,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_557">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_554">554</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_554">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uropygialis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_558">558</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_558">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_52-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">125,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;8,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">128.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">428,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 19,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_392">392</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_396">396</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_432">432</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_435">435</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">84,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;6,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelia passerina,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">389,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_562">562</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 31,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_404">404</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-4">4</a>
+<!--660.png--><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg ii]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_406">406</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris lawrenci,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">478,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">476,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">480,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">474,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub">tristis (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">471,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“&ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus mexicanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">56,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;5,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Circus hudsonius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">214.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">161,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;9,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_477">477</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_484">484</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_482">482</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_575">575</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 55,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_575">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_583">583</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_583">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_582">582</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_578">578</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 55,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_578">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_55-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio borealis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">415,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 19,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“&ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">421,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">418,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">420.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columba fasciata,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">360,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">366,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">363,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_353">353</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_356">356</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsonii</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_360">360</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vireus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_357">357</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2">Conurus carolinensis, (<abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_587">587</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“&ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_587">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_243">243</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_234">234</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_248">248</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleucus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_242">242</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_247">247</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_233">233</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_251">251</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus henslowi,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">553,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leconti</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">552,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ochrocephalus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">553,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">556.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">353,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_488">488</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cupidonia cupido</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">440,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidicincta</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">446.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta arizonæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_292">292</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_288">288</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 40,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_285">285</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_292">292</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 40,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_291">291</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_40-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_84">84</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_84">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_87">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_82">82</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parellina</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_86">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 39,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_273">273</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_279">279</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 39,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_281">281</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_277">277</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_39-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyrtonyx massena</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">492,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 64,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<!--/C-->
+<!--D-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br />Dendroica æstiva,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />222,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 14,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">240,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>,</td>   <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">229,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">237,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">235,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">254,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">251,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">260,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">227,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">276,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">240,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">243,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">272,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">232,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">271,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">258,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">266,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 14,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">273,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">245,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">268,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">248,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">265,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">261,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx orizyvorus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_149">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<!--/D-->
+<!--E-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes migratoria,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />368,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 57,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanus leucurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">198.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_374">374</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_378">378</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondii</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_383">383</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_372">372</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_381">381</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_366">366</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">traillii</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_369">369</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_141">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_65">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-13">13</a></td></tr>
+<!--/E-->
+<!--F-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falco anatum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />132.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">111.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">144.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">155.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">171.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">113.
+<!--661.png--><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg iii]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradora</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">117.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pealei</span>,</td>     <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">137.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyagrus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">123.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">148.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sacer</span>,</td>      <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">115.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">169.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suckleyi</span>,</td>   <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr>
+<!--/F-->
+<!--G-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />52,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. &ensp;3,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_492">492</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_48-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis macgillivrayi,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">303,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">301,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">297,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucidium californicum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">81.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">85.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_77">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_260">260</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 38,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<!--/G-->
+<!--H-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Haliaëtus albicilla</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />324.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">326.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus cinereus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">40,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;4,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">41,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;3,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">44,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;4,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">39,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;3,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">43.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">45,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;4,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">37,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;3,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_70">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_73">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_467">467</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga bachmani,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">194,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 11,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span> (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Cape Lucas),</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">204,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Florida),</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">202,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">192,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2">luciæ,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">200,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in spring</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">205,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in autumn</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">195,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">196,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="variation" title="variation California">var. Calif.</abbr>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">199,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus swainsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">190,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivorus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">187,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona montana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">449,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">339,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_550">550</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_550">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<!--/H-->
+<!--I-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria longicauda</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />309.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><a name="note34" id="note34"></a><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">307,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_199">199</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_199">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_188">188</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_190">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_190">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 35,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ictinia mississippiensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">203.</td></tr>
+<!--/I-->
+<!--J-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco aikeni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />584,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 26,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">587,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">580,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">584,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<!--/J-->
+<!--L-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus albus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />457,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 62,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">464,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">462,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo cassini,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">376,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 17,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">379,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">377,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">373,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte arctous</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 23,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">australis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">507,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">508,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">507,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">504,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes atricristatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">90,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;6,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">87,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">91,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wollweberi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">93,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx californicus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">479,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 64,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">482,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">484,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">488,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td></tr>
+<!--/L-->
+<!--M-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_573">573</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 53,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_53-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_573">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_53-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_564">564</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_566">566</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 53,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_53-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_566">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_53-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_561">561</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_54-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagris gallopavo</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">404.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td>   <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">410.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melopeleia leucoptera,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">376,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_34">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micrathene whitneyi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">87.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_311">311</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">49,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;3,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus pallescens,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_386">386</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-13">13</a>
+<!--662.png--><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg iv]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">180,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_154">154</a>,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_154">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_32-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">165,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">409,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_337">337</a>,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencii</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes canadensis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">320,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">316,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">314,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">319.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">317,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<!--/M-->
+<!--N-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nauclerus forficatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />192.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">175,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_429">429</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisus cooperi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">230.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">224.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">231.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctale richardsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">40.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">43.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctea scandiaca</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">70.</td></tr>
+<!--/N-->
+<!--O-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Onychotes gruberi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />254.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis agilis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">290,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">293,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreopeleia martinica,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">393,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreortyx pictus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">475,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">32,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;3,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortalida macalli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">398,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyx texanus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">474,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">468,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otus brachyotus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">18.</td></tr>
+<!--/O-->
+<!--P-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion carolinensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />184.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_424">424</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">208,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">96,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;7,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">102,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">105,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>,</td>   <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">95,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">101,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">104,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">99,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus alaudinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">537,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">539,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">544,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">540,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">542,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">538,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">534,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><a name="megarhyncha" id="megarhyncha"></a>megarrhyncha,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_57">57</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-9">10</a></td></tr><!--9 and 10 are both contained in illo 9-->
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_53">53</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediœcetes columbianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">434,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 60,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">436,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_299">299</a>,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 42,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_302">302</a>,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_41-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_302">“</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa carbonata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">214,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">212,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon lunifrons,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">334,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2">arizonæ,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carpalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_28-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a name="note32" id="note32"></a>Phainopepla nitens,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">405,  </td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_93">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. &ensp;5,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_266">266</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 38,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_255">255</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_38-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides americanus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_532">532</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_530">530</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_526">526</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_526">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_524">524</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_521">521</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_521">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_509">509</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_509">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_515">515</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_515">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_50-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_503">503</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_503">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_503">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_49-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">453,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 21,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 31,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_119">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_109">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_116">116</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_31-12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes lapponicus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">515,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccowni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">523,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">521,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">512,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">520,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">518,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">78,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;6,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanura</span>,</td>   <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">81,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>,</td>    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">80,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polyborus auduboni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">178.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_545">545</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">593,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">590,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">594.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne cryptoleuca</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">332.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">329,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">184,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus melanotis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">108,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;7,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8
+<!--663.png--><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg v]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>,</td>    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">109,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>,</td>   <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">110,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudogryphus californianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">338.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_304">304</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">441,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 20,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">444,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">440,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">437,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">435,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">525,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_387">387</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_44-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula cassini,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">457,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_30-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<!--/P-->
+<!--Q-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus æneus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrourus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_225">225</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 36,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_225">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_222">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_36-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_37-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<!--/Q-->
+<!--R-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus calendula</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />75,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. &ensp;5,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">73,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinogryphus aura</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">344.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rostrhamus sociabilis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">209.</td></tr>
+<!--/R-->
+<!--S-->
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />135,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. &ensp;8,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">60,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;5,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_343">343</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_340">340</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_347">347</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_45-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scardafella inca,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">387,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecephalus cyanocephalus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_206">206</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_203">203</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scops asio</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">49.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammeola</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">58.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">57.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">53.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">52.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">280,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">287,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">283,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_462">462</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_459">459</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 46,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_46-7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix" colspan="2">pl. 56,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">322,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">67,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;5,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">65,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">62,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta aculeata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">117.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">118,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;8,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">114,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">122,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">120,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spheotyto hypogæa</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">90.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_29-17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_542">542</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 51,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_542">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_544">544</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_547">547</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_56-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_539">539</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 51,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_539">“</a></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_545">545</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_51-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella arizonæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">15,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_3">3</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_27-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnas cyanocephala,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">395,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx serripennis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">350,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_445">445</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strix pratincola</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">13.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_34-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_229">229</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_35-8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Surnia ulula</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">75.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnium cinereum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">30.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosum</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">34.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentale</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">38.</td></tr>
+<!--/S-->
+<!--T-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta bicolor,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />344,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 16,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">347,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus berlandieri</span>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">144,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;9,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewicki</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">145,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">142,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_450">450</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_448">448</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_47-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2">Troglodytes ædon,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">149,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;9,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">157,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">155,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">153.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">11,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;1,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">21,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">27,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;2,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">9,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;1,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliacus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">23,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;2,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">7,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;1,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">29,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;2,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">20,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> &ensp;1,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">18,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">14,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_316">316</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_329">329</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_319">319</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_324">324</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_327">327</a>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_43-5">5</a></td></tr>
+<!--/T-->
+<!--V-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo atricapillus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />383,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 17,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />6</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">389,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">387,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">385,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">391,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">393,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7
+<!--664.png--><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg vi]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">360,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoriridis</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">366.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">368,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">363,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphica</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">367,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">371.</td></tr>
+<!--/V-->
+<!--X-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_167">167</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 32,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_32-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_167">“</a></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 33,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_33-9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_295">295</a>,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_42-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<!--/X-->
+<!--Z-->
+<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaida amabilis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />379,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><br />pl. 58,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><br />“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz"><br />3</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidura carolinensis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">383,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia albicollis,</span></td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
+    <td class="rightix">574,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">573,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>,</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">569,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">566,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, (<abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightix">577,</td>
+    <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ &ensp;(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">autumn</i>)</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="centerix">“</td>
+    <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="p4 break index">
+<h3>INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.</h3>
+
+<ul><!--A-->
+  <li>Ani, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/A-->
+<ul><!--B-->
+  <li>Bee Martin, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+  <li>Bird of Paradise (Texas), <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+  <li>Birds of Prey, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1.</li>
+  <li>Blackbird, Brewer’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Cow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li>Crimson-shouldered, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+      <li>Crow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red and White shouldered, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+      <li>Redwing, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li>Rusty, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li>Savanna, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li>
+      <li>Swamp, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Black Warrior, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li>
+  <li>Bluebird, Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62.
+    <ul>
+      <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 65.</li>
+      <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 67.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Bobolink, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+  <li>Bob-White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+  <li>Bull-Bat, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li>
+  <li>Bullfinch, Cassin’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 457.</li>
+  <li>Bunting, Arctic, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Baird’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 531.</li>
+      <li>Bay-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li>
+      <li>Black-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li>Black-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li>Cañon, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+      <li>Chestnut-collared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.</li>
+      <li>Green-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li>Henslow’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 550.</li>
+      <li>Indigo, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li>Lark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+      <li>Leconte’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 552.</li>
+      <li>Long-clawed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
+      <li>Maccown’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 523.</li>
+      <li>Painted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li>Seaside, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li>
+      <li>Sharp-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li>
+      <li>Smith’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li>
+      <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+      <li>Varied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western Yellow-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 556.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Burion, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465, 466, 468.</li>
+  <li>Bush-Titmouse, Black-eared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 110.</li>
+      <li>Least, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Butcher-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.</li>
+  <li>Buzzard, Harris’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Turkey, III.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/B-->
+<ul><!--C-->
+  <li>Cardinal, Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Grosbeak, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Catbird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li>
+  <li>Cedar-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li>
+  <li>Chacalacca, Texas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li>
+  <li>Chaparral Cock, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+  <li>Chat, Long-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 309.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Yellow-breasted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 390.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Chatterer, Bohemian, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.</li>
+  <li>Chewink, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-eyed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Chickadee, Brown-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 105.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Chestnut-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 104.</li>
+      <li>Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96.</li>
+      <li>Hudson’s Bay, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 105.</li>
+      <li>Long-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 99.</li>
+      <li>Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 95.</li>
+      <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 102.</li>
+      <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 101.</li>
+      <li>White-browed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 95.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Chippy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+  <li>Chuck-Will’s Widow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li>
+  <li>Cock of the Plains, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li>
+  <li>Condor, California, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li>
+  <li>Cowbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+  <li>Creepers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124, 425.</li>
+  <li>Creeper, Bahama, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Brown, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125.</li>
+      <li>Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 128.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Crossbill, Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Red, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li>
+      <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Crow, Carrion, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Clarke’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li>Common, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li>Fish, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+      <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+      <li>Northwestern Fish, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-necked, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Cuckoos, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li>
+  <li>Cuckoo, Black-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Mangrove, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Curassows, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+</ul><!--/C-->
+<ul><!--D-->
+  <li>Dipper, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+  <li>Dove, Carolina, or Common, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Ground, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li>Red-billed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li>
+      <li>Scaly, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li>
+      <li>White-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li>Zenaida, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/D-->
+<ul><!--E-->
+  <li>Eagle, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Bald, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.</li>
+      <li>Caracara, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li>
+      <li>Golden, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li>Ring-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li>Emerald, Linnæus’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/E-->
+<ul><!--F-->
+  <li>Falcons, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103.</li>
+  <li>Falcon, American Peregrine, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Aplomado, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li>
+      <li>Black Peregrine, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137.</li>
+      <li>Prairie, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 123.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Finches, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li>
+  <li>Finch, Black-faced, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Blanding’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li>California Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465.</li>
+      <li>Cañon, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li>Cassin’s Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460.</li>
+      <li>Crimson-fronted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465, 466.</li>
+      <li>Eastern Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li>Gray-cheeked, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 507.</li>
+      <li>Gray-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li>
+      <li>Gray-eared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li>
+      <li>Hepburn’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 507.</li>
+      <li>Lazuli, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li>Lincoln’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li>Painted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li>Summer, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Flicker, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li>
+      <li>Hybrid, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-shafted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Flycatcher, Arkansas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Ash-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li>
+      <li>Buff-breasted Least, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li>
+      <li>Canada, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+      <li>Crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li>Fork-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+      <li>Great-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li>Green Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+      <li>Hammond’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li>
+      <li>Least, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li>
+      <li>Little, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
+      <li>Mexican Olive-sided, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
+      <li>Olive-sided, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li>
+      <li>Shining-crested, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li>
+      <li>Small-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li>
+      <li>Small Green-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li>
+      <li>Swallow-tail, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+      <li>Traill’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li>
+      <li>Wright’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/F-->
+<ul><!--G-->
+  <li>Gerfalcon, Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 117.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Iceland, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li>
+      <li>McFarlane’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 115.</li>
+      <li>White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Gnatcatcher, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 80.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li>Blue-gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li>
+      <li>Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li>
+      <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 80.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Goatsuckers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li>Goatsucker, Long-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Short-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Goldfinch, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 476.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Arkansas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li>
+      <li>Black, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li>Lawrence’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li>Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li>Pine, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 480.</li>
+      <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Goshawk, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li>
+  <li>Grakle, Boat-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Bronzed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+      <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+      <li>Great-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+      <li>Purple, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Greenlet, Florida, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Philadelphia, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 367.</li>
+      <li>Red-eyed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li>
+      <li>Warbling, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li>Western Warbling, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 371.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Grosbeak, Black-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li>Evening, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li>
+      <li>Pine, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li>Rose-breasted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Ground-Tits, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83, 84.</li>
+  <li>Grouse, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Canada, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li>
+      <li>Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422.</li>
+      <li>Franklin’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li>
+      <li>Oregon, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 454.</li>
+      <li>Oregon Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 425.</li>
+      <li>Pinnated, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li>
+      <li>Richardson’s Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li>Ruffled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li>
+      <li>Sharp-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li>
+      <li>Shoulder-knot, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li>
+      <li>Spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li>
+      <li>Willow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Gyrfalcon. <i class="see-alt-spelling">See</i> Gerfalcon.</li>
+</ul><!--/G-->
+<ul><!--H-->
+  <li>Hang-Nest, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+  <li>Harrier, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+  <li>Hawk, American Sparrow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Baird’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li>Band-tail, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 272.</li>
+      <li>Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li>Broad-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li>
+      <li>California Squirrel, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li>
+      <li>Cooper’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li>
+      <li>Cooper’s Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 295.</li>
+      <li>Duck, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li>Fish, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li>Gruber’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li>Harlan’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li>
+      <li>Marsh, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li>Mexican, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 246.</li>
+      <li>Mexican Blue-backed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 231.</li>
+      <li>Pigeon, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 277.</li>
+      <li>Red-shouldered, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li>Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 281.</li>
+      <li>Rough-legged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li>Sharp-shinned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224.</li>
+      <li>Sharp-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li>Swainson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li>Swallow-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Heathcock, Black-spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li>
+  <li>High-Holder, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+  <li>Hoot-Owl, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li>
+  <li>House-Finch, California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 468.</li>
+  <li>Hummer, Ruffed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li>
+  <li>Humming-Birds, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li>
+  <li>Humming-Bird, Anna, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Black-chinned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li>
+      <li>Broad-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li>
+      <li>Calliope, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li>
+      <li>Costa’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li>
+      <li>Heloisa’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li>
+      <li>Ruby-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li>
+      <li>Rufous-backed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li>
+      <li>Xantus’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/H-->
+<ul><!--I-->
+  <li>Indigo-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/I-->
+<ul><!--J-->
+  <li>Jackdaw, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+  <li>Jay, Alaskan Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li>Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
+      <li>California, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+      <li>Canada, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+      <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li>Green, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li>Long-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+      <li>Maximilian’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li>Rocky Mountain Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li>
+      <li>Sierra, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+      <li>Steller’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li>Ultramarine, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+      <li>Woodhouse’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/J-->
+<ul><!--K-->
+  <li>Kestrel, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li>
+  <li>Kingbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Couch’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li>
+      <li>Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>King-Buzzard, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li>
+  <li>Kingfishers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li>
+  <li>Kingfisher, Belted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Green, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Kinglet, Cuvier’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 73.</li>
+      <li>Ruby-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Kite, Black-shouldered, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Blue, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li>Everglade, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li>Fork-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li>Hook-bill, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li>Mississippi, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li>White-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/K-->
+<ul><!--L-->
+  <li>Lanner, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 123.</li>
+  <li>Lark, Meadow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Old Field, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Linnet, Brewster’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.
+    <ul>
+      <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465.</li>
+      <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 468.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Log-Cock, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+  <li>Loggerhead, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 421.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Longspur, Black-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Black-shouldered, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 521.</li>
+      <li>Chestnut-shouldered, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 523.</li>
+      <li>Lapland, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li>
+      <li>Painted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/L-->
+<ul><!--M-->
+  <li>Magpie, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Yellow-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Martin, Cuban, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 332.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li>
+      <li>Sand, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Marsh-Wren, Long-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Short-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Merlin, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 147.</li>
+      <li>Richardson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 148.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Mocking-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 49.</li>
+  <li>Moose-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/M-->
+<ul><!--N-->
+  <li>Night-Hawk, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Nonpareil, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li>Nuthatch, Brown-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 122.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Pygmy, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 120.</li>
+      <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 118.</li>
+      <li>Slender-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 117.</li>
+      <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/N-->
+<ul><!--O-->
+  <li>Orioles, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
+  <li>Oriole, Audubon’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Baltimore, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li>Bullock’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+      <li>Hooded, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+      <li>Orchard, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li>Scott’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Osprey, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+  <li>Owls, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 4.</li>
+  <li>Owl, American Barn, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.
+    <ul>
+      <li>American Hawk, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li>American Snowy, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li>
+      <li>American Sparrow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li>
+      <li>Barred, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li>
+      <li>Burrowing, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li>California Pygmy, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li>Feilner’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 58.</li>
+      <li>Great Gray, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li>
+      <li>Great Horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li>Kennicott’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 53.</li>
+      <li>Kirtland’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li>Lesser-horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li>Little Red, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li>Long-eared, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li>Marsh, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li>
+      <li>Mottled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li>Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li>
+      <li>Richardson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li>
+      <li>Saw-whet, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li>Short-eared, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li>
+      <li>Spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 38.</li>
+      <li>Western-barred, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 38.</li>
+      <li>Western Great-horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li>
+      <li>Western-mottled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 52.</li>
+      <li>White-fronted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li>Whitney’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 87.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/O-->
+<ul><!--P-->
+  <li>Paisano, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+  <li>Parakeet, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+  <li>Parrots, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li>Parrot, Carolina, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Illinois, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+      <li>Orange-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Partridge, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448, 466, 468.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Massena, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li>
+      <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li>Plumed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+      <li>Scaled or Blue, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li>
+      <li>Spruce, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Pewee, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li>Say’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+      <li>Short-legged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western Wood, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li>Wood, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Pheasant, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li>
+  <li>Phœbe-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+  <li>Pigeons, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li>
+  <li>Pigeon, Band-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Blue-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li>
+      <li>Key West, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+      <li>Passenger, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li>White-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li>
+      <li>Wild, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Pipit, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.
+    <ul>
+      <li>European, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 173.</li>
+      <li>Sprague’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Poor-Will, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li>
+  <li>Prairie-Chicken, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li>
+  <li>Prairie-Hen, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Ptarmigan, White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Rock, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li>White-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 464.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/P-->
+<ul><!--Q-->
+  <li>Quail, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.
+    <ul>
+      <li>California, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li>
+      <li>Gambel’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li>
+      <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/Q-->
+<ul><!--R-->
+  <li>Raven, American, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+  <li>Redbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Summer, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Redbreast, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 25.</li>
+  <li>Red-Poll, Lesser, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Mealy, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Redstart, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+  <li>Red-Tail, Eastern, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.
+    <ul>
+      <li><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li>
+      <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 284.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Reedbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+  <li>Ricebird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+  <li>Road-Runner, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+  <li>Robins, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 25.</li>
+  <li>Robin, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 27.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Golden, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li>Ground, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li>Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 29.</li>
+      <li>Oregon Ground, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/R-->
+<ul><!--S-->
+  <li>Sage-Cock, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li>
+  <li>Sapsucker, Larger, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Lesser, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Scissor-Tail, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+  <li>Screech-Owl, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+  <li>Sea-Eagle, Gray, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+  <li>Seed-Eater, Little, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li>Sharp-Tail, Columbia, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li>
+  <li>Shore-Lark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+  <li>Shrikes, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412.</li>
+  <li>Shrike, Great Northern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.</li>
+      <li>White-rumped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 421.</li>
+      <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 420.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Skylark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Missouri, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Snowbirds, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li>
+  <li>Snowbird, Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Red-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 587.</li>
+      <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Snow-Bunting, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li>
+  <li>Solitaire, Townsend’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li>
+  <li>Sparrows, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 528.</li>
+  <li>Sparrow, Arizona, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Artemisia, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 594.</li>
+      <li>Bachman’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li>Bell’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 593.</li>
+      <li>Black-chinned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+      <li>Black-hooded, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li>
+      <li>Black-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 590.</li>
+      <li>Brewer’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+      <li>California Shore, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 539.</li>
+      <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+      <li>Chipping, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+      <li>Clay-colored, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+      <li>Field, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li>Fox-colored, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li>Grass, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li>
+      <li>Harris’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li>
+      <li>Heermann’s Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+      <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li>
+      <li>Ipswich, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 540.</li>
+      <li>Kodiak Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+      <li>Lark, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li>
+      <li>Little Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li>Northwest Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li>
+      <li>Oregon Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li>Rufous-crowned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+      <li>Rusty Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 544.</li>
+      <li>Samuel’s Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li>San Diego, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 542.</li>
+      <li>Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534.</li>
+      <li>Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li>Swamp, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+      <li>Thick-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+      <li>Tree, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western Chipping, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 537.</li>
+      <li>Western Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+      <li>Western White-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 569.</li>
+      <li>White-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li>
+      <li>White-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Starlings, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+  <li>Starling, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+  <li>Swallows, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326.</li>
+  <li>Swallow, Aculeated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Bank, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li>
+      <li>Barn, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li>
+      <li>Chimney, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li>Cliff, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li>Eave, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li>Rough-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 350.</li>
+      <li>Violet-green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347.</li>
+      <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Swifts, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li>
+  <li>Swift, Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Oregon Chimney, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/S-->
+<ul><!--T-->
+  <li>Tanagers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li>
+  <li>Tanager, Louisiana, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Scarlet, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Thistle-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li>
+  <li>Thrasher, Brown, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 37.
+    <ul>
+      <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 45.</li>
+      <li>Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 40.</li>
+      <li>Gray Curve-Bill, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li>
+      <li>Leconte’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 44.</li>
+      <li>Palmer’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li>Red-vented, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 47.</li>
+      <li>Sage, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32.</li>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Thrushes, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1.</li>
+  <li>Thrush, Alice’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 11.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Dwarf Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 20.</li>
+      <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280.</li>
+      <li>Gray-cheeked, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 11.</li>
+      <li>Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li>Louisiana Water, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li>
+      <li>Rocky Mountain Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 21.</li>
+      <li>Olive-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li>
+      <li>Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 16.</li>
+      <li>Red-wing, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 23.</li>
+      <li>Rufous-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li>Small-billed Water, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li>Swainson’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li>
+      <li>Tawny, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9.</li>
+      <li>Varied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 29.</li>
+      <li>Wilson’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9.</li>
+      <li>Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 7.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Titlark, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+  <li>Titmice, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86.</li>
+  <li>Titmouse, Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Black-fronted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li>
+      <li>Black-tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91.</li>
+      <li>Gray-tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91.</li>
+      <li>Striped-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li>
+      <li>Texas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li>Tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li>
+      <li>Wollweber’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Towhees, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+  <li>Towhee, Abert’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Troupial, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+  <li>Turkey-Buzzard, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li>
+  <li>Turkeys, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 402.</li>
+  <li>Turkey, Mexican, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 410.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Wild, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Tyrant Flycatchers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/T-->
+<ul><!--V-->
+  <li>Vireo, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 393.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Bell’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li>Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li>Blue-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li>
+      <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li>Hutton’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 387.</li>
+      <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 377.</li>
+      <li>Least, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 391.</li>
+      <li>White-eyed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 385.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 366.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 379.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Vultures, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335, 338.</li>
+  <li>Vulture, Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/V-->
+<ul><!--W-->
+  <li>Wagler, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 578.</li>
+  <li>Wagtails, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164.</li>
+  <li>Wagtail, White, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 165.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 167.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Warblers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 177.</li>
+  <li>Warbler, Alaska Willow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 243.</li>
+      <li>Audubon’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li>
+      <li>Bachman’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li>
+      <li>Bay-breasted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li>
+      <li>Black and White, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li>
+      <li>Black and Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li>
+      <li>Blackburnian, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li>Black-masked Ground, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li>Black-Poll, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li>Black-throated Blue, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li>Black-throated Gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li>Black-throated Green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li>
+      <li>Blue Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 271.</li>
+      <li>Blue-winged Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li>Blue Yellow-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li>Cærulean, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li>Cape May, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li>Carbonated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li>Chestnut-sided, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li>
+      <li>Connecticut, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li>
+      <li>Creeping, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li>
+      <li>Golden Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li>Golden-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li>Hooded, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li>Kentucky, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li>
+      <li>Kirtland’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 272.</li>
+      <li>Lucy’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 200.</li>
+      <li>Macgillivray’s Ground, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+      <li>Maryland Yellow-throat, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li>Mourning, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 301.</li>
+      <li>Myrtle, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li>Nashville, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li>Olive-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li>Orange-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li>
+      <li>Orange-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li>Pacific Orange-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 204.</li>
+      <li>Pine-creeping, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li>
+      <li>Prairie, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li>
+      <li>Prothonotary, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 199.</li>
+      <li>Swainson’s Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li>
+      <li>Tennessee, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 265.</li>
+      <li>Virginia’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 199.</li>
+      <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li>Western Yellow-rump, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li>
+      <li>White-throated Blue, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li>Worm-eating Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+      <li>Yellow Red-poll, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-rump, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-throated Gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Water Ouzel, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+  <li>Waxwing, Northern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Wheat-Ear, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 60.</li>
+  <li>Whippoorwill, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Nuttall’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Whiskey-Jack, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+  <li>Woodcock, Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+  <li>Woodpecker, Black-backed Three-toed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Brown-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li>
+      <li>California, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li>
+      <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li>
+      <li>Downy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+      <li>Gairdner’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li>
+      <li>Gila, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li>
+      <li>Hairy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li>Harris’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li>
+      <li>Ivory-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+      <li>Ladder-backed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+      <li>Lewis’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li>Narrow-fronted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li>
+      <li>Nuttall’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li>
+      <li>Pileated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-breasted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-cockaded, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li>
+      <li>Red-naped, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-backed, Three-toed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li>
+      <li>White-rumped, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li>
+      <li>Williamson’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li>Yellow-shafted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>Wrens, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130.</li>
+  <li>Wren, Alaska, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 157.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Berlandier’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li>Bewick’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 145.</li>
+      <li>Cactus, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li>Cañon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 139.</li>
+      <li>Cape Cactus, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 133.</li>
+      <li>Great Carolina, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li>
+      <li>Long-tailed House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 145.</li>
+      <li>Parkman’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 153.</li>
+      <li>Rock, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 135.</li>
+      <li>Western Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 153.</li>
+      <li>White-throated Rock, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 139.</li>
+      <li>Winter, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 155.</li>
+      <li>Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li>
+      <li>Tit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 84.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/T-->
+<ul><!--Y-->
+  <li>Yellow-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.
+    <ul>
+      <li>Summer, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/Y-->
+</div><!--/index-->
+
+
+<div class="p4 break index">
+<h3>INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.</h3>
+
+<ul><!--A-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aburria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 491.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accipiter</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardosiacus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cauda furcata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222, 230.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 167.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco freti hudsonis  </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco piscator antillarum  </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco piscator carolinensis  </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringillarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringilloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 231.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">milvus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">piscatorius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trinotatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aëtos</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 491.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brewsteri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493, 501.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493, 498.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithaliscus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 111, 112.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægolius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 142.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longipes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agrodoma spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agrestis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arvensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cælipeta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">italica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 173.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170, 171; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">segetum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 174, 175.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 431; <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr>. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedinidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guacu</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jaguacate</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rudis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amazilia xantusi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 556.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 542.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 356, 395, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cedrorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396, 401.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396, 401.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœnicopterurn</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 63.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anorthura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 149.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antenor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 169.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 170.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">l’herminieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 284.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 170, 171, 175, 286; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pipiens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 170, 173.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reinhardti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 170.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinoletta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kamtchatkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aquila</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 312.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313, 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulva</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 326.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nobilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifraga</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">piscatrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">valeria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archibuteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 297.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 298, 300.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 298.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299, 304.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Argyrtria maculata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bubo virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 25.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scops carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245, 246.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latissimus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 236, 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225, 259.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plagiata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245, 246.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striolatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asturina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 244.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Athene cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gnoma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noctua</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 97.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalænoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">whitneyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 86, 87.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Attagen rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 111.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/A-->
+<ul><!--B-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Balbusardus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Basileuterus belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">culicivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bathmidurus major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bidens aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blacicus pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blagrus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bæolophus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 87.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cedrorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 401.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœnicopterum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 396.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bonasa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 446.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sabini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 447, 454.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 447, 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446, 448.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 17, 18.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li>
+      <li>cassini (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>.), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23, 102.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bubo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 60.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 64.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magellanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 64.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maximus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 65.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinicola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subarcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span> (<i class="plate">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 62, 64, 65, 98, 99, 100, 101.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus atlanticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64, 65.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 167.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 167, 168.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butaëtes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butaquila</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strophiata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 254.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicaudatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albonotatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 272.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 281, 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 292.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 275, 295.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costaricensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 277.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineocaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gallinivorus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galapagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 292.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">krideri</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 284.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299, 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leverianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oxypterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 266.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 259.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadiceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249, 250.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonocercus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 272.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/B-->
+<ul><!--C-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus alaudarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cæreba cyanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 425.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 163, 425, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callichelidon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 338.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 338.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callipepla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 487.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strenua</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">venusta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calliphlox anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanopogon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floresi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">helenæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">imperialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 131.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 133.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 132; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scolopaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canace</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421, 425.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421, 422.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422, 427.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pruinosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semitorquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caracara</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellineæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sinuatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 295; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_99">99–101</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis lawrenci</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 459.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460, 465.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459, 460.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466, 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460, 465, 466.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459, 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 460, 468.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharista</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 350.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 355, 356.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 339, 343, 350.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atratus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">burrovianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falklandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fœtens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345, 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficollis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulturinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 335.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharus melpomene</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 137.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 139; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 137–139.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrocercus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 428.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 510.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calcaratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 530.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 531, 540; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 514.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypopolius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">santacruzi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subelegans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfureiventer</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uropygialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceophloeus pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cerchneis sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125, 128.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caroliniana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124, 125.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124, 125.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 425, 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 125, 128.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158, 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiadæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 124.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 425.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427, 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bartholemica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloropyga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427, 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luteola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruviana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereiventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sclateri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes macrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83, 84; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæadæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 389.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albivitta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">granatina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelieæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpetes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chelidon thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li>
+  <li>Chlorœnas fasciata, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 562.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strigatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasilianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labeculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saptii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 470.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 476; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrenci</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 478.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macroptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 480.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 476, 478.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 471, 480.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, 470, 474; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470, 471.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ciccaba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cichlopsis nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 2, 55.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 58.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardesiacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55, 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mortoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Circus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 212.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frenatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">histrionicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 158.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">paludicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 160, 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159, 162; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæruleus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">julieni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocoryphus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pyrrhopterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ayresii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413–415.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 414, 420.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412, 414.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413, 415, 421.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413, 414, 418.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 413, 420; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 358.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilinea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">araucana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribœa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 381, 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 394, 395.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">denisea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 358, 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360, 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoilotl</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360, 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359, 364.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">livia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 358.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 392.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratoria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 367, 368.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystacea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359, 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trudeaui</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zenaida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 378.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbigallina montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum ornatum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ochraceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">punensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 249; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cooperastur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coræognathæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coragypys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 350.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corthylio</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corveæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243–247</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cacalotl</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corone</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucognaphalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nasicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palliatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264–266</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corythus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 452.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 548.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 531.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549, 550.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549, 552.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">manimbe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195, 549, 553.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 549, 556; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tixicrus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 353.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347, 353.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Craxirex</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 248, 254.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_486">486–488</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lævirostra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rugirostra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulcirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crucirostra leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Culicivora atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 81.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœrulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78, 81.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuncuma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cupidonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 439.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440, 446.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cureus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Curvirostra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax californicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanicapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yncas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanoloxia cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leclancheri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galeata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cymindis cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopygus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicaudus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyrtonyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 491.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">massena</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/C-->
+<ul><!--D-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dædalion</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitidum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dædalium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendragapus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopus principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 215.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">adelaidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 241.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 200, 215, 216, 222, 234, 237, 246, 277, 318, 324, 325.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 241; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 229, 260, 272; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 237; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bryanti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218, 223; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœrulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 219, 235; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218, 254, 267.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 248, 251, 271, 313; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 260, 262, 266, 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 227, 230, 231, 254, 260, 272.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 244; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 276.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 220, 240, 241; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eoa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220, 241, 243, 244, 260.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 216.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 221, 272.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 219, 232, 257.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 271.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 258; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niveiventris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 261, 262, 266, 268; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 218, 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 222, 269, 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 216, 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pharetra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 220.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 268, 271, 274.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pityophila</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215, 219, 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 261, 262, 265; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 217.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 221, 239, 261, 262.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diplopterus viaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agripennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">homorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">turati</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/D-->
+<ul><!--E-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 367.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratoria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yetapa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 196.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœruleus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197, 198.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scriptus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 531.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 593.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 590.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysops</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">glacialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 550.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 578, 580.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 510, 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 552.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 565, 566.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigro-rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 589.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 510, 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 520.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 542.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 538.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">shattucki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalaschkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blandingiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufivirgata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidias fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoxanthus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magnirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubicundus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wrighti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ephialitis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ephialtes asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">choliba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 52.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ergaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythraca arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 67.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 63.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 220, 222.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euhierax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eustrinx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euthlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eutolmaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+</ul><!--/E-->
+<ul><!--F-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 106, 107, 127.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æruginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142, 148.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anatum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 128, 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquilinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonelli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254, 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasiliensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176, 177.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buffoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254, 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteo</span>, β, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 111, 112.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candidus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayennensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysætos</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineraceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 115.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœruleus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143, 144, 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127, 128, 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, ζ, η, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212, 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">deiroleucus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 167.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dubius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">emerillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">feldeggii</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 154, 155.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190, 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190, 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscocœrulescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gabar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 108, 113.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco norvegicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 207, 209.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 248, 250.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hinularius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhoidalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icthyaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">imperator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intermixtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142, 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 111, 113, 114.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jugger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradora</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 117.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111, 297, 299, 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 109, 113.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latissimus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leverianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanogenys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 196–198.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109, 123.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202, 203.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137, 304, 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitidus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 244, 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">novæhollandiæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orientalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 128, 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 327.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236, 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pealei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129, 137.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225, 259.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127, 128, 132.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plancus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyagrus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109, 110, 123, 137.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pterocles</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213, 324, 327.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regulus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 148.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrhamus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigularis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129, 130.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rusticolus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sacer</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 110, 115.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadicens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadiceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159, 166, 169.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subæsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subbuteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sublanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suckleyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143, 147.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">temerarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tharus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thermophilus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thoracicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130, 155.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tinnunculus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulturinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 103.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 106.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula canadensis cinerea  </span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstiva</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ambigua</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arborea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 585.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blandingiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calcarata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">catatol</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553, 557.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 578; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">comata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 465, 466.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 569.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">georgiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 544, 545.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 562.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 550.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580, 585.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534, 580; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493, 501.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mariposa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 560.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoxantha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meruloides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 548, 553.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 480.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 474.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459, 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufidorsis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 532, 534.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 478.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470, 471.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xantomaschalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 449.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431, 446; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/F-->
+<ul><!--G-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 51.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gallopavo sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trachyrrhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gennaia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geophilus cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 295.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 295; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caninucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297, 303; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanops</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296, 298.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296, 297, 301, 303.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semiflavus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">speciosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296–298; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geotrygon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glabirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucidium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 79.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81, 83.</li>
+      <li>ferrugineum (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81, 85, 98–101.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gnoma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">infuscatum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">siju</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucopteryx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quiscala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">venustus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 306.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gryphinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gypagus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gyparchus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gypogeranidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 2.</li>
+</ul><!--/G-->
+<ul><!--H-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglaiæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmorrhous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Haliaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 320.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 323, 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icthyaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 323, 326.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vocifer</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">washingtoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harpes redivivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 45.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 35.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 36, 40.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 37, 40, 47; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 36, 41; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 44, 47.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39, 41, 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 36; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 43; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 37, 40, 45, 48; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33–37, 40, 46, 58; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliaptex arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 186.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 211, 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneocauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xantusi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 191.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 194.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 200, 202, 204, 205, 317.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 200; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lutescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 204; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 192, 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 196, 199, 201, 203, 206, 310.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192, 199; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 186.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 187, 190; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 187; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 279.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herpetotheres sociabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 448.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 449.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 4, 28.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieracospiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieraëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hierofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 338.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 185, 331, 344.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">horreorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 66, 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">opifex</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 329, 332.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">respublicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 353.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rustica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 339.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">serripennis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 350.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344, 347.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Holoquiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hybris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydrobata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 56.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylemathrous ædon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 22, 28.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypacanthus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 470.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypomorphnus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypotriorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/H-->
+<ul><!--I-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 306.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 309.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dumecola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307, 309, 310.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velasquezi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterianæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179, 306.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterieæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 306.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agripennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">emberizoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frenatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graduacauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanochrysura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scotti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icthierax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icthyætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ictinia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 202.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Idiotes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/I-->
+<ul><!--J-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jerafalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jeraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jerax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 578; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aikeni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 579, 584; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580, 584.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 579, 587.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580, 584.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 137, 274, 282, 579, 580.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 579, 584; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phænotus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/J-->
+<ul><!--K-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria aberti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufipilea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/K-->
+<ul><!--L-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 690; <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 456.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 457.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachydactylus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandorum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 464.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reinhardti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subalpinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurulentus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mango</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">porphyrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laniidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 356, 412, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardosiaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 420.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 412, 415.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 421.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395, 396.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lahtora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 420.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 418, 421.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 415.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 372.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373, 376.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 373, 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373, 377.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lepturus galeatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucospiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 502.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504, 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigenys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504, 507, 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504, 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hornemanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 493.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 534.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linota canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 498.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montium</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 501.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lithofalco columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 92.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galeatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 88, 91; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">missouriensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wollweberi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 87, 93.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 478.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479, 482.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483, 484.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 459.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">himalayana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483, 488.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 483, 488.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pityopsittacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 484.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rosea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/L-->
+<ul><!--M-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrocercus pachyrhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaceryle alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megascops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagridæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 402.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gallopavo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403, 404.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 410.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mellisuga heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melopelia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 376.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gouldi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 146, 158; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 517.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalashkensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Merula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Methriopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micrathene</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 86.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">whitneyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 87.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microglaux</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micronisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 196.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvus cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimimæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 31, 34.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 48.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orpheus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33, 46, 49, 52; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 180.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180, 181, 216, 243, 249.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotiltidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 298, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 182, 310; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Monedula purpurea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Montifringilla brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 504.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Morphnus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 165.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alba</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 165.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 279, 280.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 77, 78.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72, 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227, 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cincta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 183, 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eques</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 167.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicauda</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 60.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 319.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinguis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubiginosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 211, 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 180.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 187.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yarrelli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 165.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 163, 164, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 165.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">animosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cantatrix</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 385.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 51, 52; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">derhami</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18, 20.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 382, 385.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nunciola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 363.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rapax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rex</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">selbyi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semiatra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 306, 307.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadesteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 408.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 408.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">genibarbis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 408.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 22, 409.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">validus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yucatanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nunciola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioborus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioctonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodiocteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312, 313.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 316.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 319; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313, 314, 317, 319.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+</ul><!--/M-->
+<ul><!--N-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nauclerus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 190.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 191, 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 191, 192.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170, 174.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 175.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neophron iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nertus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Niphæa hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 580.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisastur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisus cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 230.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 231.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Noctua aurita minor  </span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brodiei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Notiocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164, 170.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga columbiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifrageæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctale</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 39.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abietum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40, 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">funerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">planiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39–41, 97–101.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tengmalmi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctalops stygius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 60, 61.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivea</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70, 98–102.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scandiaca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">derbyanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guianensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/N-->
+<ul><!--O-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ochthæca sayi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Odontophorus maleagris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Onychotes gruberi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 252–254.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279, 290.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290, 291, 301.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290, 293.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreopeleia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 392.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreophasinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreophasis derbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 475.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 31.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32, 33, 40, 41.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 556, 557.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costototl</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriturus wrangeli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arsenni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridissima</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meruloides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 29.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 31, 32.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortalida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397, 398.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyginæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 467.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 469.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">massena</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 491, 492.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montezumæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468, 474.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 467, 468.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 163, 326.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 17.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arboreus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 52.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurita</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18, 22, 24.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europæus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagœnsis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">italicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">siguapa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stygius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonianus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18, 98–101.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/O-->
+<ul><!--P-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus aglaiæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 182.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticeps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183, 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fluvialis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">indicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">planiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-hieronymi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 86, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paroides flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 207.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207–209, 259; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pitiayumi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 93.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 99.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207, 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">annexus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91–96, 100, 102, 103, 105, 128, 157.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 87.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 88, 94, 97, 102, 185.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 87.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 83, 84.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 97, 105.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 91.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 105.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 93.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 102.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 92–95, 118.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 100, 101, 104.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96, 103.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 104; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 94, 97, 99, 101, 107.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 95, 105.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domesticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 532.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 537; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 537, 539.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 544.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 540; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 542.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 538.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 533, 534.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalashkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerellinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 557.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 553.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Patagiænas</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocætes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 433.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434, 436, 446.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennikotti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 164.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lessoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelope</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelopina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelopinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Percnopterus aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdicidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdix borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">infaustus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 211.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212, 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 211, 212.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 381.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 334.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 334.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 347.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 517.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carpalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 517.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notosticta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phabotypus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænicosoma æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænisoma</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 432.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phæthornithinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phasianus columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motmot</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phlœotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pholeoptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 88.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">omissa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllobasileus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 70.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 71.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 71.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicultrix</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 71.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trochilus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 71, 72.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albiventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloronota</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">morio</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rusticorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pico cruzado</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 488.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picolaptes brunneicapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 132, 134.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrothorax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cafer</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrauchen</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus aurato-mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hylocopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lathami</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leconti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lewisii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">medianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanopogon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nataliæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orizabæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phillipsi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 103, 185; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubicatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">submexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_559">559</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">turati</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zebra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_535">535</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 452.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipile</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 34; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aberti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorosoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 589.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipra polyglotta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 307.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 22, 24, 28.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platypsaris affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platyrhynchus pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 374.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 448, 510.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 515.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccowni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 523.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 521.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 520.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 511, 518.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">smithi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 518.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ploceidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plyctolophinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podagrinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 96.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 102.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 109.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 104.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilopternis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilornis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilopteryx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 77, 201.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lembeyi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78, 79, 81; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 78, 80.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptilinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 77.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polyborus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 176.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasiliensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177, 178.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cheriway</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tharus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176–178.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177, 178.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pomatorhinus turdinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pontoaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529, 544.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gramineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 589.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33, 590, 593; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 589, 590.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystacalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 590, 594.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 326, 327.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">concolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 329, 332.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 329.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 330.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 329, 333.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">modesta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 332.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 328, 329, 332.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 183.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 183, 184, 289.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 112.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 110.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 107.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 107, 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108, 109, 120.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 108, 110.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius auricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudogryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 338.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338, 355, 356.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudoprocne</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">morio</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittaca carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus caroliniensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">militaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pascha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strenuus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pteroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pterocircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonateæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 404.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonatinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 395, 404.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonus cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 405.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 409.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo rufipileus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pulsatrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 432.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434, 441.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azaræ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434, 440.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bidentata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434, 444.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythromelæna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433, 435.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythropis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433, 440; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433, 435, 437.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">roseigularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 34, 432, 435.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubriceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 433.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saira</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 434.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 525.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitænas passerinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446, 524.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 522.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 447, 456.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 457; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccinea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 457.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cruentata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falcirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 466.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sinuata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/P-->
+<ul><!--Q-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ænius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baritus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inflexirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpuratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_213">213–215</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tenuirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/Q-->
+<ul><!--R-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Raptores</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69, 72.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguloides proregulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 72.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regula calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 34, 75; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 75, 104.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 215.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chryseolus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinogryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 343.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344, 355, 356.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">burrovianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinoptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinostrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchodon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 154.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rostrhamus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 207.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208, 209.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sociabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/R-->
+<ul><!--S-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sagræ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 134.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 135, 140; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saltator viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcorhamphidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcorhamphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 336, 337.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gryphus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 355, 356.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">papa</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 356.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera bottæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 59.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 59, 60; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 60.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 2, 59, 69.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 295; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scaphidurus palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scardafella</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 387.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203, 206.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 77; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 47.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li>asio (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 49, 51, 98–101.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enano</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammeola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 58.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 51.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 53, 55.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49, 52.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semitorques</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichopsis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 53.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zorca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotiaptex</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 28, 29.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereum</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29, 30, 98–102.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29, 30.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotophilus acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seirureæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 279.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 279, 280, 295, 304.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gosse</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 284.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280, 285, 287, 295; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 287.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280, 281, 283, 289.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfurascens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 284.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tenuirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 312, 322.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">miniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricincta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322, 323.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophageæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaginæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179, 311.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 59, 62.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 66–68.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 63.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæruleocollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 65.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macroptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 67.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 65, 66, 68; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 65.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62, 66, 68.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 62.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aculeata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 92, 114, 115, 117.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114, 117, 118, 121, 122.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114, 117, 122.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 114, 120, 122; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 92, 114, 120; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 118.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">militaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pachyrhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 86, 113.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sparvius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cirrhocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platypterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Speotyto</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 88.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domingensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89, 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89, 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallaria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guadeloupensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90, 93, 98–101.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">moreletti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spheotyto hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spilocircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticolus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 315; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 315; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizacircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizageranus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maxima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">shattucki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizelleæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 529.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446, 528.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiziacircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 446; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizognathæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">moreletti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnadeæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnas</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 394.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornithinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stegnolæma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 350.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">serripennis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 350.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolida lucaysiensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolidus dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stridula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 4.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stringopinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 10.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43, 80.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acclamator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aluco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64, 70.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47, 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 22.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bubo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 30.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 88, 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">delicatula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eluta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10, 11.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">freti hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">funerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 12.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 11.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">havanense</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huhula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">javanica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maximus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nacuruta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 43, 79.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perlata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 12, 13.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalænoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratincola</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 11, 13, 98–101.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tengmalmi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 40.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ulula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 74.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wapacuthu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strobilophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 452.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus atrimentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 587.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 584.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 33; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinclus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 55, 56.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">junceti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nove-hispaniæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">prædatorius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Surnia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 74.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ulula</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 75, 98–102.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pumilia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 322.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">autumnalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 214.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">childreni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrinella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">culicivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">halseii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogastra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141, 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magnolia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276, 316.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">missouriensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 271.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nashvillei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 283.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petasodes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 301.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195, 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">populorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 183, 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208, 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rathbonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222, 223.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 191, 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 63.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sphagnosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 186, 190.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212, 271.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tolmiæi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 265.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 239, 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">troglodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 155.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 296.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vigorsii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthopygia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocoa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 207, 215.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 229.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 235.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 251.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 192.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 227.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 276.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 293.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 245.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 272.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 232.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 212.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 314.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 271.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 266.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pannosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 254.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 320.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 237.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 240.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rathbonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 222.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 273.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 248.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 265.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 261.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicoleæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 211.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 69, 163, 164, 177.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Svlviidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 69, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 69.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnia nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 28.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aluco</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 97.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 30, 31.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 29, 34.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentale</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 29, 38.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sartorii</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/S-->
+<ul><!--T-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 327, 338, 344.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 344, 347.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachytriorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tænioptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Talpacota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 437.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 435.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 441.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 141, 158.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Teraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terestristeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terestristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetrao albus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonasia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 478, 479.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 416, 419.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 439, 440.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 419.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 457, 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 464.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 421, 423, 425.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429, 433, 436.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rehusak</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sabini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 454.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saliceti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">togatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tympanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 453.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448, 454.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urogallus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 428.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 467, 468.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetraonidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetrastes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thalassoaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 322.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linnæi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Theromyias saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryomanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 144.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 141, 142, 148, 158.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142, 145.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">berlandieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39, 141, 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">louisianæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39, 137, 141, 142; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 137.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147, 154.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 208.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tiaris omissa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tichornis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tinnunculus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 159.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">australis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166, 167, 171.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166, 167.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalœna</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparveroides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161, 162.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161, 166, 167, 169, 171.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tolmaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 41.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 44.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostre</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 39.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rediviva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 45.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vetula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 35, 41.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 295.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachydactylus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 301.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 290.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tolmiæi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vegata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 303.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichoglossinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Triorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 297.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alexandri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureigaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mango</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobaci</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobagensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobago</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131, 148.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 146, 148, 149, 162.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 157.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 136, 149, 151, 153.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 141, 142.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aztecus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 148.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 144, 145, 147.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brevirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 159.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 155, 158; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latisfasciatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 135.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 142, 146.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 138.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 134, 135.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 149, 155, 158.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 161.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 148, 153, 162.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 147.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 158, 159.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 153.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 130, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trupialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tryphæna heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 2, 59, 69, 130, 431.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 3, 31.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subgenus</i>), <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 2, 4, 22, 59.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aonalaschkæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 20.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 7, 15, 16, 21; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280, 286.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 52.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 24, 27.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 280.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">densus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 8.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 6, 9, 15–21.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 22, 23.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 24.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jugularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradorius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 8.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">merula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 27.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 13, 23–25, 27, 28, 30, 48.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 14, 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 32.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">musicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 30.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 19.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 28, 29.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 7, 16, 20, 21; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 14.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4–7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>–16, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pilaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 23.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 48, 49.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 37, 144.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">silens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9, 21.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 4, 5, 7, 11–13, 14, 16–18, 282.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 297.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 20, 46.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 131.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 306, 307.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viscivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 3, 22.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 9.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turtur carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula acadica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atriceps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forticatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intrepidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">matutinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pipiri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/T-->
+<ul><!--U-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ulula brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Uraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Uroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urospizia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urubitinga unicincta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li>
+</ul><!--/U-->
+<ul><!--V-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 194.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 202.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvicapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 258.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 187.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 205.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 184.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 196.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 195.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 190.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivoreæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 178, 183.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 358, 382.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 382, 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 81, 358, 383, 389.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmioli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 368.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 383, 387.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">musicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 385.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 358, 383, 385.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 363.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359, 367.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 383, 391; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 371.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 383, 393.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vigorsii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 268.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 363.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 382.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 382.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 70, 306, 356, 357.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 358.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">altiloqua</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadense</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 359, 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidras</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 358, 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cobanensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 367.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 359, 366.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359, 360, 368, 371.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magister</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 359.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 359, 363; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 357, 367.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 377.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquua</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 373.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 360, 371.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vultur albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 327.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atratus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 350, 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">audax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 343, 344, 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura niger</span>, β, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345, 351.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">papa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vulturinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li>
+</ul><!--/V-->
+<ul><!--W-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 313.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 316.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 317.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/W-->
+<ul><!--X-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 179, 182.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 526.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul><!--/X-->
+<ul><!--Y-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/Y-->
+<ul><!--Z-->
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kaupii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 378.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurita</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaideæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 374.</li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 381.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382, 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginella</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yucatensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 530, 565.
+    <ul>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 593.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">comata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 573.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566, 569; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 545.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 566.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 574.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeja</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+      <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> 577.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li>
+</ul><!--/Z-->
+</div><!--/index-->
+
+<h4 class="p4">Transcriber’s Note:</h4>
+
+<p>Archaic and obsolete spellings were left unchanged. Also unchanged:<br />
+&mdash;Lake ‘Winnipeg’ is spelled ‘Winnepeg’ in several locations<br />
+&mdash;‘woolly’ is also spelled ‘wooly’<br />
+&mdash;‘macrourus’ is spelled ‘macrurus’ in several locations<br />
+&mdash;‘Porto Rico’ is used instead of ‘Puerto Rico’<br />
+&mdash;plate number is missing in the original text of sources for Linnæs’s Emerald:
+   ‘<span class="sc">Gould</span>, Monog. Trochilid. pl. ’<br />
+&mdash;‘coccygus’ is also spelled ‘coccyzus,’ the latter usually in cites to other works.</p>
+
+<p>Images of individual birds from the color plates were added, and
+the name of each bird is presented as a caption. The index of English
+names and index of scientific names appear only in Volume <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>; they
+are reproduced at the end of this book for the convenience of readers.
+Hypertext links in the indices are provided only to birds in this
+volume.</p>
+
+<p>Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the book, preceding the indices.</p>
+
+<p>The tops of bird heads are truncated in the original of several plates.</p>
+
+<p>Missing punctuation was added to ends of sentences and
+abbreviations. Unprinted letters were added, where appropriate.
+Obvious printing errors were corrected, such as duplicate words,
+upside down letters, and letters or spacing in the wrong order;
+examples: ‘by. 75 in breadth.’ changed to ‘by .75 in breadth.’ and
+‘interrutped’ changed to ‘interrupted.’</p>
+
+<p>Changes made for consistency:<br />
+&mdash; periods were deleted from three abbreviations ending in ‘<abbr title="second">2d</abbr>’<br />
+&mdash; hyphens were removed from three instances of ‘red-wing’.<br />
+&mdash; hyphen was added to ‘<a href="#note11">barn-yard</a>.’<br />
+&mdash; hyphen was added to ‘<a href="#note23">cow-yard</a>’.<br />
+&mdash; Caption to Plate XXXIV, ‘bullockii’ changed to ‘<a href="#note10">bullocki</a>’.</p>
+
+<p>Added missing ‘<a href="#note35">1.</a>’ in list of Species and varieties of Coccygus.</p>
+
+<p>spelling changes:<br />
+&mdash; ‘albogularis’ to ‘<a href="#note3">albigularis</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘erythropthalmus’ to ‘erythrophthalmus’ in three places:<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ...2. P. <a href="#note4">erythrophthalmus</a>...<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ...var. <a href="#note5"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</i></a>...<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; illustration caption: 2135, <a href="#note7"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo erythropthalmus</i></a>...<br />
+&mdash; ‘supercilioss’ to ‘<a href="#note6">superciliosa</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘sucessively’ to ‘<a href="#note8">successively</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Lye’ to ‘<a href="#note9">Lyc</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Rosalie’ to ‘<a href="#note12">Rosalia</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘placeed’ to ‘<a href="#note13">placed</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Ianceolate’ to ‘<a href="#note14">lanceolate</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Fuan.’ to ‘<a href="#note15">Faun.</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Teritory’ to ‘Territory’:<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ...Washington <a href="#note16">Territory</a>,...<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ...Wyoming <a href="#note17">Territory</a>,...<br />
+&mdash; ‘prompts’ to ‘<a href="#note18">prompt</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Tyrannis’ to ‘<a href="#note19">Tyrannus</a>’, caption 2. of plate 43.<br />
+&mdash; ‘Nasas, in Duvango’ to ‘<a href="#note20">Nazas, in Durango</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘5.’ to ‘<a href="#note21">8.</a>’ caption to Plate 45.<br />
+&mdash; ‘Jamica’ to ‘<a href="#note22">Jamaica</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘In’ to ‘<a href="#note36">It</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Gambell’ to ‘<a href="#note24">Gambel</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘breed’ to ‘<a href="#note25">breeds</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘close’ to ‘<a href="#note26">closed</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘tranverse’ to ‘transverse’:<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ... <a href="#note27">transverse</a> wrinkles....<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ...spots or <a href="#note30">transverse</a>...<br />
+&mdash; ‘grove’ to ‘<a href="#note28">groove</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘guczuma’ to ‘<a href="#note29">guazuma</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘Phænopepla’ to ‘Phainopepla’:<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ...<a href="#note31">Phainopepla</a> nitens...<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; in the <a href="#note32">index</a>.<br />
+&mdash; ‘localties’ to ‘<a href="#note33">localities</a>’<br />
+&mdash; ‘vireus’ to ‘<a href="#note34">virens</a>’<br />
+&mdash; in the index:<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; ‘megarrhyncha’ to ‘<a href="#megarhyncha">megarhyncha</a>’<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; figure number of index entry for Cardinalis ignius from ‘0’ to ‘<a href="#cardinalis">10</a>.’<br />
+&emsp; &mdash; volume number from ‘II’ to III’ for Columba fasciata, Columba flavirostris, Columba leucocephala,
+Ectopistes migratoria, and Ortalida macalli.</p>
+
+<p> The abbreviation <a href="#BrMex">‘Br. Mex.’</a> may be a typographical error for ‘Br. Mus.’ (British Museum).<br />
+The abbreviation <a href="#RAS">‘R. A. S.’</a> is a typographical error for ‘P. A. N. S.’<br />
+The abbreviation <a href="#ARI">‘Pr. Avi.’</a> is a typographical error for ‘P. A. N. S.’</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of North American Birds, by 
+Spencer Fullerton Baird and Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ***
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-07 12:41:39 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-07 12:41:39 -0800
commit	b0daf05f99ecd5b27d090d9486bb7570410438a7 (patch)
tree	1991a273727f7d5800e3f71b76adddca2dfeebae